A REPORT ON
POLLUTION OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER
AND
MAJOR TRIBUTARIES
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
GREAT LAKES REGION
WIN CITIES-UPEER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
JULY 1966
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I INTRODUCTION AMD BACKGROUND
Introduction
Background
Acknowledgements
SECTION II CURRENT STATUS OF POLLUTION CONTROL -_ LEGAL
AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
Introduction
Minnesota Water Pollution Control Activities
Wisconsin Water Pollution Control Activities
Interstate Joint Resolutions Between
Minnesota and Wisconsin
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Coast Guard
Water Pollution Control Activities
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare Water Pollution Control Activities
Miscellaneous Federal Legislation
Appendix
SECTION III WATER USE INVENTORY
Introduction
Potable Water Supplies
Nonpotable Industrial Water Supplies
Irrigation and Stockwatering
Navigation
Commercial Fishing
Recreation
Aquatic Life
Waste Water Disposal
Summary of Present Water Uses
Recommended Water Use Requirements
SECTION IV WASTE DISCHARGES
Investigation of Federal Activities
Domestic Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Combined Sewer Overflows
Agricultural and Natural Pollution
Liquid Storage Facilities
Summary of Waste Discharges
PAGE NO.
1-1
1-11
1-32
II-l
II-l
11-13
n-2o
11-21
11-23
11-27
II-1A
III-l
III-l
III-3
III-7
III-8
111-10
III-ll
111-17
111-18
in-2i
111-25
IV-1
IV-8
IV-21
iv-kh
IV-51
IV-53
IV-55
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
PAGE NO,
SECTION V EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON WATER QUALITY
Introduction
Stream Survey Methods
Mississippi River Water Quality
During 196^ & 1965
Minnesota River Water Quality
During 196U & 1965
St. Crojjc River Water Quality
During 196U & 1965
Effects of Present Waste Loadings
on Water Quality at Low Stream Flows
Water Use Categories Applicable to Streams
of Study Area
Plan for Improvement of Mississippi River
Plan for Improvement of Minnesota River
Plan for Improvement of St. Croix River
Appendix
SECTION VI CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Conclusions
Recommendations
Schedule for Remedial Program
Appendix
V-l
V-2
V-29
V-58
V-66
V-70
V-1A
VI-1
vi-8
VI-2U
VI-1A
LIST OF TABLES
Section I Introduction and Background
1-1 Distribution of Employment in Twin Cities
Metropolitan Area in 1957
1-2 Anticipated Grcnrbh in Selected Minnesota
Urban Areas
1-3 Cities in Minneapolis-St. Paul Standard
Metropolitan Area
I-U Regional Population Estimates
1-5 I960 Population of Counties in West
Central Area of Wisconsin
1-6 Population Projections for Selected
Wisconsin Counties
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO,
1-16
1-20
1-21
1-22
1-22
1-22
ii
-------
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO.
Section III
IH-1
rci-2
m-3
m-k
m-5
in-6
m-7
m-8
in-9
m-io
XXX-12
Hi-is
HI-16
ni-17
111-18
m-2o
111-21
in-22
Water Use Inventory
Potable Water Demands in the Twin Cities
Metropolitan Area (Seven Counties)
Steam-Electric Generating Plants in the
Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River
Project Study Area
Estimate of Future Additional Power
Requirements
Hydro-Electric Generating Plants in the
Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River
Project Study Area
Quantity of Dredge Material Removed from
Mississippi River System by U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers
Barge Traffic Within Project Study Area
Commercial Lockages in and below Twin Cities-
Upper Mississippi River Project Study Area
Commercial Fish Catch in Twin Cities-Upper
Mississippi River Project Study Area
Swimming Beach Use on Warm, Sunny Weekends
Use of Rivers for Water Skiing on Warm,
Sunny Weekends
Recreational Boating on the Mississippi
River in 196*1
Number of Pleasure Boats Through Locks
Number of Fishermen Visible from Locks
and Dams During 196^
Annual Number of Fishermen Visible from
Locks and Dams (1961-1964)
Common Species of Game Fish in the Streams
Under Consideration
Common Species of Rough Fish in the Streams
Under Consideration
Percent Game Species in Total Fish Population
Major Waste Water Contributors to
Mississippi River
Major Waste Water Contributors to
Minnesota River
Major Waste Water Contributors to
St. Croix River
Estimated Future Sewage Flows in Greater
Minneapolis-St. Paul Area
Water Use Requirements
IH-3
IH-5
III-6
III-7
III-8
III-9
III-9
111-10
ni-ii
m-ii
in-12
111-12
IH-lk
iii-i?
in-17
111-17
111-19
m-i9
ni-19
111-26
iii
-------
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Section IV Waste Discharges
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO.
IV-1 Summary of Federal Installations IV-7
IV-2 Waste Characteristics of the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage
Treatment Plant Influent and Effluent IV-12
IV-3 Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage
Treatment Plant Effluent Loading Rates IV-12
IV-U Waste Characteristics on Weekdays of the
South St. Paul Sewage Treatment Plant
Influent and Effluent IV-13
IV-5 South St. Paul Sewage Treatment Plant
Effluent Loading Rates on Weekdays IV-13
IV-6 Summary of Domestic Waste Characteristics IV-19
IV-7 Summary of Domestic Waste Loading Rates to
Streams IV-19
IV-8 Domestic Wastes with Greatest 5-Day BOD
Concentrations IV-19
IV-9 Domestic Wastes with Greatest Suspended
Solids Concentrations IV-19
IV-10 Domestic Wastes with Greatest Total
Coliform Densities IV-19
IV-11 Largest Domestic Sources of 5-Day (20°C) BOD IV-19
IV-12 Largest Domestic Sources of Suspended Solids IV-19
IV-13 Largest Domestic Sources of Total Coliforms IV-19
IV-lU Summary of Operating Data for Riverside
Steam-Electric Generating Plant IV-23
IV-15 Summary of Operating Data for High Bridge
Steam-Electric Generating Plant IV-2^
IV-16 Summary of Plant Water Use Data at Green
Giant Company During 196U Season IV-36
IV-17 Summary of Operating Data for Blackdog
Steam-Electric Generating Plant IV-te
IV-13 Summary of Industrial Wastes Characteristics IV-^3
IV-19 Summary of More Significant Industrial
Waste Loading Rates to Streams IV-U3
IV-20 Industrial Wastes with Greatest 5-Day BOD
Concentrations IV-43
IV-21 Industrial Wastes with Greatest Suspended
Solids Concentrations IV-^3
IV-22 Industrial Wastes with Greatest Total
Coliform Densities IV-^3
IV-23 Industries Having the Greatest 5-Day BOD
Loading Rates IV-^3
IV-2^ Industries Having Greatest Total Suspended
Solids Loading Rates IV-^3
iv
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO,
IV-25 Industries Having the Greatest Total
Coliform Loading Rates IV-^3
IV-26 Preliminary Listings of Major Liquid
Storage Sites in Twin Cities-Upper
Mississippi River Project Study Area IV-5^
Section V Effects of Pollution on Water Quality
V-l Mississippi River Water Quality on
Entering Study Area in 196^ V-5
V-2 Results of Fish Flesh Palatability Study V-8
V-3 Enteric Pathogens Isolated from Waste and
River Samples V-ll
V-U Minnesota River Water Quality on Entering
Study Area in 196^ V-30
V-5 7-Consecutive-Day Lo\r Flows Expected
Once in 10-Years V-kQ
V-6 Recommended Water Use Program for
Mississippi River V-59
V-7 Total Coliform Removals Required by Waste
Sources Between MSSD and Lock & Dam No. 2 to
Achieve Effluent Densities of 5,000 MPN/100 ml V-62
V-8 Estimated Future Treatment Requirements at the
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage
Treatment Plant to Maintain at Least 3 mg/1
of DO in Mississippi River V-66
V-9 Recommended Water Use Program for Minnesota River V-6?
LIST OF FIGURES
Section I Introductipn and Background
1-1 Location Map, Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi
River Project 1-3
1-2 Program Control Chart 1-9
1-3 Project Study Area Watershed 1-12
I-U Expected Increase in Mining and Manufacturing
Jobs, 1960-1975 1-15
1-5 Expected Increase in Farm Income per Square
Mile, 1959-1975 1-15
1-6 Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area 1-21
1-7 Population Distribution in Metropolitan Area, 196U 1-21
1-8 Population Projections for Seven-County
Metropolitan Area 1-21
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
1-9
1-10
1-11
1-12
ni-i
in-2
III-3
ux-k
m-5
m-6
m-7
m-8
m-9
m-io
m-ii
rn-12
m-i3
in-i5
m-i6
m-i7
111-18
IV-l
IV-2
IV-3
IV-5
IV-6
Expected Population Distribution in
Metropolitan Area by Year 2000
Area Considered in Future Sewage Works
Requirements by Minneapolis, St. Paul,
and Sanitary District
1960 Population Density by Counter
Counties in West Central Area of Wisconsin
Section IH Water Use Inventory
Area Supplied by Minneapolis Water System
Area Supplied by St. Paul Water System
Users of River System for Non-Potable
Process Water
Users of River System for Cooling Water
Location Map of Hydroelectric Plants
Navigation System Maintained by Corps
of Engineers
Relative Barge Traffic on Midwest Inland
Waterways
Barge Docking Facilities
Barge Traffic in Project Study Area (195^-1963)
Commercial Fishing Sites
Swimming and Water Skiing Areas
Pleasure Boating Facilities
Areas Receiving Heaviest Use by Sport
Fishermen
River Oriented Paries and Wildlife Management
Areas
Significant Waste Water Contributors
Greater Minneapolis-St. Paul Area
Present Water Uses Along the Mississippi River
Present Water Uses Along the Minnesota River
Present Water Uses Along the St. Croix River
Section IV Waste Discharges
Federal Installations
Waste Sources
Mile Points
Waste Sources
Mile Points
v/aste Sources
Mile Points
Waste Sources
Mile Points
Waste Sources
Mile Points
on Mississippi River Between
872 - 832
on Mississippi River Between
032-791
on Mississippi River Between
791-763
on Minnesota River Between
110-1*0
on Minnesota River Between
Uo - 0
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO,
1-21
1-22
1-22
1-22
nx-i
III-2
in-3
m-5
ni-7
m-8
m-9
m-9
m-9
m-io
m-n
m-i2
UX-13
m-i5
111-18
m-i9
m-2i
in-23
iv-i
IV-8
IV-8
17-8
IV-8
IV-8
vi
-------
LISO? OF FIGURES (Continued)
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO.
IV-7 Waste Sources on St. Croix River Between
Mile Points 52-10 17-8
17-8 Combined Sewer Interceptors in Minneapolis,
St. Paul, and South St. Paul 17-^5
Section V Effects of Pollution on Water Quality
7-1 Range of Mean Monthly Discharges, Water Years
19^0-196U, Mississippi River at Lock & Dam
No. 1 V-4
7-2 Range of Mean Ifonthly Discharges, Water Years
1940-196U, Mississippi River at St. Paul,
Minnesota 7-^
7-3 Range of Mean Monthly Discharges, Water Years
19UO-196U, Mississippi River at Lock & Dam
No. 3 V-Ij-
V-k Temperature, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen and
Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Mississippi River,
June-October, 196^ 7-5
7-5 Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen, Ortho-phosphate and Phenol,
Mississippi River, June-October, 19&4 V-5
7-6 Total Coliform Density, Mississippi River,
June-October, 196*1 7-5
7-7 Fecal Coliform Density, Mississippi River,
June-October, 196^ 7-5
7-8 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Dissolved Oxygen, Mississippi River,
January 27 - January 28, 1965 7-5
7-9 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Dissolved Oxygen, Mississippi River,
August 2U - September 2, 1965 7-5
7-10 Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen and Ortho-phosphate, Mississippi
River, August 2k - September 2, 1965 7-5
7-11 Total Coliform Density, Mississippi River,
August 2k- - September 2, 1965 7-5
7-12 Fecal Coliform Density, Mississippi River,
August 2k - September 2, 1965 7-5
7-13 Monthly Average Total Phytoplankton Densities,
Mississippi River, April-December, 196U 7-5
7-lU Bottom Organism Data, Mississippi River, 196U 7-5
7-15 Distribution of Bottom Sediments 7-5
7-16 Water Uses Affected Along Mississippi River,
June-October, 196^ 7-28
7-1? Range of Mean Monthly Discharges, Water Years
19^0-196U, Minnesota River near Carver,
Minnesota 7-29
vii
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO.
V-l8 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand,
and Dissolved Oxygen, Minnesota River,
June-October, 196U V-29
V-19 Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen and Ortho-phosphate, Minnesota
Rivers June-October, 1964 V-29
V-20 Total and Fecal Coliforni Density, Minnesota
River, June-October, 1964 V-29
V-21 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Dissolved Oxygen, Minnesota River,
February 9 - February 11, 1965 V-29
V-22 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Dissolved Oxygen, Minnesota River,
September 0 - September l6, 1965 V-29
V-23 Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen and Ortho-phosphate, Minnesota River,
September 8 - September 16, 1965 V-29
V-24 Total and Fecal Coliform Density, Minnesota
River, September 8 - September l6, 1965 V-29
V-25 Monthly Average Total Phytoplanltton Densities,
Minnesota River, April-December, 1964 V-29
V-26 Bottom Organism Data, Minnesota River, 1964 V-29
V-2? Water Uses Affected Along Minnesota River,
June 2 - November 3, 1964 V-4l
V-28 Range of Mean Monthly Discharges, Water Years
1940-1964, St. Croix River at -Stillwater,
Minnesota V-42
V-29 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Dissolved Oxygen, St. Croix River,
June-October, 1964 V-42
V-30 Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen, and Ortho-phosphate, St. Croix
River, June-October, 196*4- V-42
V-31 Total and Fecal Coliform Density, St. Croix
River, June-October, 1964 V-42
V-32 Temperature, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, and
Dissolved Oxygen, St. Croix River,
September 0 - September l6, 1964 V-42
V-33 Organic Nitrogen, Ammonia Nitrogen, Nitrate
Nitrogen, and Ortho-phosphate, St. Croix
River, September o - September l6, 1964 V-42
V-34 Total and Fecal Coliform Density, St. Croix
River, September 0 - September 16, 1965 V-42
V-35 Bottom Organism Data, St. Croix River, 1964 V-U2
V-36 Predicted Dissolved Oxygen Profile at Low-
Flow, Mississippi River V-^9
viii
<2PO 828-84B-E-2
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
FOLLOWS
PAGE NO,
V-37 Predicted Nutrient Profile at Summer Low
Flow, Mississippi River V-50
V-38 Predicted Coliform Profile at Summer Low
Flow, Mississippi River V-52
V-39 Predicted Coliform Profile at Winter Low
Flow, Mississippi River V-52
V-UO Water Uses Affected Along Mississippi
River at Summer Low Flow V-52
V-lll Predicted Dissolved Oxygen Profile at Low
Flow, Minnesota River V-52
V-ii-2 Predicted Nutrient Profile at Summer Low
Flow, Minnesota River V-53
V-U3 Predicted Coliform Profile at Summer Low
Flow, Minnesota River V-53
V-Mj- Predicted Coliform Profile at Winter Low
Flow, Minnesota River V-5^
V-lj-5 Water Uses Affected Along Minnesota River
at Winter Low Flea; V-5^
V-!*6 Predicted Nutrient Profile at Summer Low
Flow, St. Croix River V-5^
V-^7 Effects of Waste Treatment Loadings on
Dissolved Ojcygen Profile, Mississippi River V-6l
V-U8 Effect of Waste Treatment Loadings on
Dissolved Oxygen Profile, Minnesota River V-69
ix
GPO 828-54S-E-3
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SECTION I
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
-------
IHTRODUCTIOE
Authority for Study
In letters from Governor Karl A. Holvaag of Minnesota and. Governor
John *.'. Reynolds of Wisconsin to Secretary Anthony J. Celebrezze of the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare on September 93 19^3» a
request was made for action to abate pollution in the area as provided
in Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1466
et seq.).
In response to the request of the Governors, on September 23, I$"o3,
Secretary Celebrezze sent letters calling for a conference on the matter
of pollution of the waters of the Mississippi River and its tributaries
to official water pollution control agencies for the States of Minnesota
Wisconsin.
A formal public announcement of the conference and the initiation
of a resident study was made by the late President, John F. Kennedy, in
a speech at Ashland, Wisconsin, on September 2^, 1963.
The concern of the public ac well as the urgency of the situation
was demonstrated at the conference held in St. Paul, Minnesota on February
7 and 8, 196U. Both Governor Rolvaag of Minnesota and Governor Reynolds
of Wisconsin participated in the conference and gave strong positive sup-
port to the need for effective pollution control action utilizing Federal,
State and local resources.
Conclusions of Enforcement Conference
In light of the conference discussions, the conferees unanimously
agreed to the following conclusions and recommendations:
1. Pollution in these waters from industries, municipalities and
storm overflow sources has created a health hazard to persons engaging in
1-1
-------
water contact activities, causes visual nuisances, interferes with fish
and fishing, causes sludge banks which give off noxious odors and floating
sludge, interferes with bottom aquatic life, and with feeding and spawning-
grounds for fish propagation. This pollution must be abated.
2, The Wisconsin and Minnesota water pollution control agencies have
active water pollution control programs. The delays, if any, are those
which may be expected to occur in the execution of the pollution abatement
program, of a large metropolitan area,
3. The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare in conjunction
with both State agencies and in keeping with State staff and fund limita-
tions, is to conduct an intensive survey of the Mississippi River. Partici-
pation is to be on a cooperative basis by all agencies, both on the tech-
nical level and in advisory and policy direction capacities. This study
project is to include but not be limited to investigation of municipal,
industrial, and Federal installation wastes, thermal sources of pollution,
agricultural sources of pollution, bulk storage areas, pipelines, barges,
coliform bacteria, BOD, suspended solids, sludge deposits, oil, algae,
tastes and odors, pesticides, and with the cooperation of the Corps of
Engineers, low flow augmentation. The study can be modified or expanded
at the request of the technical committee.*
k. At the suggestion of a Wisconsin member, the conferees agreed
that the study area be extended to include St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin,
and Taylors Falls, Minnesota.
5. The study and report is to be planned and carried out so that
features relating to Twin City metropolitan area sewage disposal will be
completed, if at all possible, in time to report the findings and recom-
* See section on Project organization for further information on techni-
cal committee.
1-2
-------
mendations by January, 19^5, the opening of the 19&5 Minnesota State
Legislature.
6. This study is not a substitute for, but a supplement to, already
existing state programs for pollution control and abatement.
7. At the completion of the study and the report of its findings,
the conference will be reconvened at the call of the chairman of the con-
ference to determine necessary action.
Objectives of Project
Based upon these conclusions the Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River
Project was established to carry out the following objectives:
1. To determine the extent of pollution in the rivers of the study
area. The study area extends on the Mississippi River for 107 miles be-
tween its confluences with the Rum and Chippewa Rivers, on the Minnesota
River from its mouth upstream 110 miles to Mankato, Minnesota, and on the
St. Croix River from its mouth 55 miles upstream to Taylors Falls, Minne-
sota. (See Figure I-l)»
2. To investigate the principal sources of pollution and contribu-
tions from these sources.
3. To determine the effect of pollution on the numerous water uses.
4. To develop programs for the achievement of various water uses
on rivers of the study area.
Proj ect Organization
The Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River Project was initiated as a
special project of the Enforcement Branch of the Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control, Public Health Service. Immediate supervision was
provided by the Project Director at Project Headquarters in Minneapolis,
Minnesota. Administratively the Project was an activity of the Region V,
Water Supply and Pollution Control Program.
1-3
-------
TAYLORS FALLS ©lO ST. CROIX FALLS
OV.STILLWATER
_ BAYPORT
ST. ANTHONY FALLS (0 HUDSON
LOCK a DAM X
MANKATO
0
L.i i
SCALE
5 10
i I I
20 MILES
_J
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
LOCATION MAP
TWIN CITIES - UPPER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REGION V
ADMIN.
CMCAGQ. ILUNOIS
GPO 824-408-A-2
FIGURE I •
-------
Organizationally the Project was divided into three principal sections.
They, in turn, were subdivided into units. The organizational structure and
personnel roster are shown on pages 1-55 1-6, and 1-7.
One of the recommendations of the conferees was the establishment of
a Technical Committee. Experience in similar Projects demonstrated the
need for a group of appropriate persons whom the Project could continually
inform of its activities. In consideration of the length and character of
the Project plus the administrative procedures required for the establish-
ment of technical advisory boards, a decision was made to appoint members
of Federal, State, municipal, civic, and industrial water oriented groups
to a Project Committee. The principal purpose of this committee was to
receive and disseminate information on Project activities and to suggest
areas of additional concern. A list of the committee members and their
affiliations is given on page 1-8.
Technical consultation was obtained from Dr. Richard S. Engelbrecht,
Professor of Sanitary Engineering, University of Illinois; Dr. Lawrence
B. Polkowski, Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Wisconsin;
and specialists in the Public Health Service.
Operation of Project
Immediately following the assignment of a Director and part of the
staff to the Project in late 19^3, a conference report was prepared and
procurement of adequate facilities, equipment, and personnel was initiated.
Space secured at the U.S. Naval Air Station in Minneapolis, Minnesota,
required extensive modification and renovation of office and laboratory
areas before occupancy. Office facilities were completed by mid-January,
196^-. It was necessary to set up temporary laboratory facilities in a
corridor for use from April until July, 196^, when the permanent labora-
tory became operational.
-------
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
ORGANIZATION CHART
REGIONAL PROGRAM DIRECTOR
Water Supply & Pollution Control
Region V
ADMINISTRATIVE
STAFF
LABORATORY SERVICES
SECTION
CHEMISTRY
MICROBIOLOGY
BIOLOGY
PROJECT DIRECTOR
DEPUTY
PROJECT DIRECTOR
REPORT COORDINATION
SECTION
DRAFTING
PROJECT COMMITTEE
PLANNING COMMITTEE
ENGINEERING
SECTION
DATA PROCESSING
FIELD OPERATIONS
HYDROLOGY
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
MUNICIPAL WASTES
SPECIAL STUDIES
1-5
GPO 824-408-A-3
-------
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
PROFESSIONAL STAFF
Albert C. Printz, Jr.
Resident Project Director
September 1963 - September
Project Director
September 196^ - Present
John M. Rademacher
Project Director
September 1963 - September
William T. Sayers
Chief, Engineering Section
November 1963 - August 1964
Deputy Project Director and
Chief, Report Coordination Section
August 1964 - Present
Dale S. Bryson
Chief, Engineering Section
August 1964 - Present
Thaddeus C. Kmieciak
Chief, Laboratory Services Section
March 1964 - November 1965
John VJ. Arthur
Biologist
Bobby Gene Benefield
Chemist
Ronald E. Gastineau
Chief, Field Operations Unit
Harry C. Grounds
Chief, Industrial Wastes Unit
Frank E. Hall
Chief, Hydrology Unit
Wm. Bliss Horning, II
Chief, Field Operations Unit & Biologist
William R. Norton
Chief, Data Processing Unit
William P. Schrader
Chemist
James L. Summers
Microbiologist
Wayne C. Tippets
Microbiologist
SUPPORTING STAFF
Marvin J. Schley
Administrative Officer
Michael A. Burg
Aquatic Sampler
June !i. Clarke
Secretary
Ronald A. Erickson
Laboratory Helper
Ronald B. Faanes
Chemist
Delores Fitch
Clerk-Stenographer
Curtis A. Golden
Aquatic Sampler
Eugene P. Hines
Boat Operator
Darlene M. Hundley
Clerk-Typist
Thomas A. Lee
Draftsman
1-6
-------
Willis J. Munson Robert V. Speer
Aquatic Sampler General Mechanic
R. Thomas Olson Bertha M, Thompson
Aquatic Sampler Clerk-Stenographer
Robert E. Pearson William E. White
Biological Technician Aquatic Sampler
Sharon A. Sovde
Clerk-Stenographer
NOTE: This list includes all permanent personnel participating in part
or all of study.
1-7
-------
PROJECT COMMITTEE
of
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT
State of Minnesota
L. H. Smith
F. L. Woodward
W. H. Olson
A. W. Winter
K. L. Mick
P. S. Duff,Jr.
R. A. Haik
Executive Engineer
Director
Commissioner
President
Supt. & Chief Engineer
Editor
Attorney
Water Pollution Control Commission
Div. of Environmental Sanitation,
Department of Health
Department of Conservation
Great Northern Oil Co.
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District
Downstream Communities
Member of President's Water
Pollution Control Advisory Board
State of Wisconsin
T. F. Wisniewski
0. J. Muegge
L. F. Motl
P. Pratt *
H. J. Krauss
L. V. Spriggle
Martin Hanson
Director
Sanitary Engineer
Chief Engineer
Director
Member
Citizen
President
Committee on Water Pollution
State Health Department
Conservation Department
Dept. of Resource Development
Advisory Committee to the Wisconsin
Department of Resource Development
Water Use Groups
Council of Resource Development
and Conservation
Public Health Service
H. W. Poston
(Chairman)
H. C. Clare
P. G. Kuh
Regional Program Director, DWS&PC, Region V, Chicago
Regional Program Director, DWS&PC, Region VI, Kansas City
Enforcement Branch, DWS&PC, Washington, D.C.
* Replaced F. P. Zeidler, former Director,
1-8
-------
Detailed program plans based on Project objectives were prepared
following review of available existing information. Planning began with
the development of a final report outline in sufficient detail to indicate
what information would be required. Then, individual studies needed to
obtain this information were formulated. Planning was completed with the
development of an operating schedule in the form of a program control chart
in which the dates for completion of the various phases of each study were
set.
As each study progressed and a greater familiarity with the problems
was achieved, plans and schedules were revised as necessary to maintain a
realistic program. The program control chart is shown in Figure 1-2.
The studies were divided into two general categories: those for
determination of waste sources and water quality and those for projecting
water uses.
The following studies were conducted for the purpose of determining
waste sources and water quality:
1. Municipal waste surveys
2. Industrial waste surveys
3. Routine and intensive stream surveys
k. Special studies
a. Storm water overflow
b. Accident potential
c. Virus and pathogenic bacteria
d. Fish flesh taste evaluation
e. Ice cover effects
5. Terminal monitoring program
1-9
GPO 824—408—A-
-------
-------
-------
Activities required for water use projections were:
1. Water use inventory
2. Compilation of existing information on economic and
demographic projections
3. Determination of flow regulation applicability
b. Development of mathematical expressions relating waste
loadings to stream quality
All studies or activities are described in detail in subsequent
sections.
Description of Report Contents
The Project's final report is divided into six major volumes. Sum-
maries of technical data in the form of charts, graphs, and tables are
given. Raw data and other similar material are available in the files of
the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Section I contains the introduction and background material and details
the assistance obtained from other governmental agencies, private organi-
zations, and individuals.
Section II discusses the legal and administrative aspects of current
pollution control activities in the Project's study area. Local, State,
and Federal aspects are presented.
Section III furnishes information on all present water uses in the
study area and provides estimates of future water uses.
Section IV includes all studies concerned with the measurement of exist-
ing waste discharges and their effect on stream quality.
Section V discusses the impact of present and anticipated waste load-
ings on water uses. Projections of water quality under different abatement
programs and future populations are covered.
1-10
-------
Section VI contains a summary of the first five sections and presents
the conclusions of the study along with recommendations for improvement
of water quality. A bibliography is also included.
BACKGROUND
Geology and Glacial History (l)
The extensive mantle of glacial deposits covering the entire Upper
Mississippi River watershed gives evidence of several invasions of the ice
sheet from the north at widely separated times and from different directions.
The earlier invasions brought dcwn from Manitoba the limestones which
are found imbedded in the lower part of the drift. The older drift de-
posits, composed largely of blue till (a compressed mixture of sand, clay,
and gravel), were eroded by the early drainage systems which became so
extensive that very few lakes and undrained basins remained upon them.
Today, the older drift deposits are visible on the Minnesota River Basin
and areas south, where lakes and swampy areas are almost entirely lacking.
Later ice movements from the northeast, brought down the stony red
drift from the Superior Basin as far as Mille Lacs Lake and St. Paul.
The younger drift deposits of red till still retain their lakes and poorly
drained areas, which the present river systems have not reached. This
younger formation, in the upper part of the main river basin, accounts
for the numerous lakes and swampy areas on this part of the watershed.
In the southwestern part of the 'basin, in Minnesota, the till is
covered by a layer of loam, separated from it by a distinct line of demar-
cation. Along the valleys of the Mississippi and most of the larger tri-
butaries flowing southerly there are ieposits of a mixture of stratified
sand and gravel covered with fine sani. The same formation is also found
in isolated plains in some of the counties.
I-1L
-------
General Features of Upper Mississippi River Area (l)(2)
The source of the Mississippi River is Lake Itasca in southeastern
Clean-rater County, Minnesota, 2,550 miles from its mouth at the Gulf of
Mexico. From its source the river flows northerly for a short distance,
then easterly and southerly to the mouth of the Crow Wing River. Although
covering a distance of 350 miles to this point, it is only about 75 miles
from its source, From this point on to the Gulf of Mexico the course of
the Mississippi River is almost consistently toward the south or southeast.
The topography of the area is gently rolling to hilly, with elevations
reaching 1500 feet above sea level in some areas. The numerous lakes and
swamps and the remaining forests in the northern area provide protection
against rapid runoff and aid in the maintenance of a more uniform flow.
An outline of the watershed contributing to those portions of Missis-
sippi River and its tributaries within the study area is shown in Figure
1-3. The maximum length of the watershed from north to south is about
220 miles. The width from east to west varies from an average of about
20 miles at the northern portion to about 70 miles at the central and
southern portions. The watershed area is estimated at 12,000 square
miles. Of this amount, 3^0 square miles or 3 percent lie within the State
of Iowa. About 1700 square miles or 1^ percent of the total lie in the
State of Wisconsin. The remaining 83 percent are within the State of
Minnesota.
That portion of the Mississippi River within the study area has seven
slack water pools formed by dams across the river constructed for naviga-
tion and/or power purposes. From the river's source through Anoka its
slope is moderate, but after entering the study area the river drops
rapidly with a 30 foot fall at Coon Rapids Dam, 75 feet more at the upper
1-12
GPO 824—408—A—6
-------
and lower St. Anthony Falls in downtown Minneapolis, and another 38 feet
at the Twin Cities Lock and Dam No. 1 some six miles further downstream.
Lock and Dams No. 2 and 3 located near Hastings and Red Wing, respectively,
cause the river to drop another 20 feet in the remaining 85 miles to the
outlet of Lake Pepin. A nine foot channel makes navigation possible up-
stream to within one mile of the northern city limits of Minneapolis.
The Minnesota River enters the Mississippi about 3«5 miles below Lock
and Dam Ho. 1. The Mississippi widens somewhat at this point, averaging
approximately 700 feet, with fertile flats between the river and the foot
of the bluffs. The interstate St. Croix River combines with the Missis-
sippi about 36 miles below the same dam and from that point the Mississippi
River continues as the common boundary between Wisconsin and Minnesota,
Approximately 63 miles below Lock and Dam No. 1 the river widens into
Lake Pepin. This Lake extends downstream for over 20 miles to the con-
fluence of the Chippewa River which marks the lower end of the study area.
The Lake was formed by a dam of sand which had been carried by the Chippewa
River and deposited in the main stream of the Mississippi River. Lake
Pepin has an average width of one and one-half miles and a maximum width
of two and one-half miles. It has an average depth of 25 to 35 feet
throughout its main portion. The upper end of the Lake is comparatively
shallow, the depth increasing to a maximum of approximately 60 feet just
F
above the outlet.
The climate of the area is continental with only slight variations
between the northern and southern portions. The average annual precipi-
tation is between 25 and 30 inches. Average air temperatures range from
about 12°F in January to approximately 73°F in July, while temperature
extremes range from -3^°F to 108°F. The average annual snowfall for the
area is approximately ko inches.
1-13
-------
Past Pollution Control
As early as 1885 the State Legislature passed an act to prevent pol-
lution of rivers and other sources of water supply. At that time and for
the next 60 years, responsibility for dealing with pollution problems was
vested in the State Board of Health, except for pollution harmful to fish
or aquatic life. In 1927 the Legislature charged the State Board of Health
with the power and the duty of administering and enforcing all laws relating
to pollution of any waters of the state and directed the formation of a
Metropolitan Drainage Commission. The act, however, did not provide a sub-
stantial basis for dealing with the major problems of disposal of sewage and
industrial wastes. The Board in 1917 adopted a regulation requiring the
responsible municipalities or agencies to submit plans for the design and
operation of sewers and sewage treatment plants before proceeding with con-
struction. The staff also conducted pollution surveys and made recommendation
for pollution abatement. As a result of these efforts, a number of such plant
were built in different communities of the state beginning about 191*4.
The earlier surveys and reports vere invaluable to many communities
concerned with constructing facilities, during the depression of the 30's.
This preplanning aided their projects and among the plants built with Federal
aid were those in the Twin Cities and South St. Paul.
In 19^5 the Legislature passed the "Water Pollution Control Act" which
established the Water Pollution Control Commission. This Act was regarded
at the time as one of the best pollution control acts in the country. It
was amended in 1951, 1959 and 1963.
Economic Projections
Introduction. Economic and demographic projections for the Upper Mid-
west, the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area, and the State of Wisconsin
-------
have been made "by various agencies including the Upper Midwest Research and
Development Council, the Twin Cities Metropolitan Planning Commission, and
the Wisconsin Department of Resource Development. The information in this
section,is, essentially, a summary of data presented in reports by the above
organizations.
Upper Midwest Economy. The area being considered in the Upper Mid-
west Economic Study by Borchert and Adams includes Montana, North Dakota,
South Dakota, Minnesota, northwest Wisconsin, and upper Michigan. {->) in
the past, agriculture has been the predominant activity in the Upper Mid-
west although industrial development has become more significant in latter
years. This trend is expected to continue with manufacturing and mining
making the biggest gains. Gains are also expected in other types of busi-
nesses oriented toward the Midwest and national market. The greatest in-
creases in manufacturing employment are expected to be centered in and
around the Twin Cities metropolitan area. This is due to the greater
access that this area has to the national market. Figure I-k indicates
the location and degree of gains that are to be expected in and around
the study area between I960 and 1975. Heavy emphasis is expected to con-
tinue on meat, dairy, and vegetable production which has encouraged the
development of processing industries, as well as .many specialized farm
service and equipment industries. Employment gains are also expected in
the large wholesale-retail centers.
In comparison to industrial development, relatively slight gains in
agriculture are expected. The increase in farm income per square mile
expected between 1959 and 1975 in this area is shown in Figure 1-5. At
present agriculture is an important source of basic income for most of the
Upper Midwest trade centers. The biggest gain in farm income is expected
1-15
-------
LEGEND
4000 and over
3000 - 3999
2000 - 2999
less than 2000
NOTE
Increase in number of mining and
manufacturing jobs within 35
miles of shopping trade centers.
SCALE
0 5 10 20 MILES
I... .1 I I
N
ULM
ALBERT
LEA
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
EXPECTED INCREASE
IN MINING AND
MANUFACTURING JOBS
I960 - 1975
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 1-4
-------
LEGEND
$20,000 and over
15,000 - 19,999
10,000 - 14,999
5,000 - 9,999
less than 5,000
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
EXPECTED INCREASE
IN FARM INCOME
PER SQUARE MILE
1959 - 1975
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AOMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
f
FIGURE 1-5
-------
in south central Minnesota around Fairmont. This area enjoys an optimum
combination of rainfall, growing season, soil, and level land resources.
The expected income gains grow smaller as one moves toward the Twin Cities,
principally because of poorer soils.
Both projected industrial employment and projected agricultural pro-
duction favor urban growth within the Project's study area. Although these
projections by Borchert and Adams (3) were made only up to 1975? the trend
toward increased urbanization in this area is expected to continue indefi-
nitely.
Twin Cities Economy. Economic development of the Twin Cities area
has been considered by Toltz et al (^' and the Twin Cities Metropolitan
Planning Commission V.5H6K7;. The following measures of economic activity
were utilized to develop an estimate for the future: labor force and em-
ployment trends, population trends, land utilization for commercial and
industrial purposes, and capital investment in industrial plants and
equipment.
The labor force is considered to be widely diversified, adding to
the stability of the local economy. In 1957> the metropolitan area pro-
vided employment to about 507?000 non-agricultural wage and salary workers
and about 50,000 self employed, domestics and family help employees.
Table 1-1 gives a breakdown of the 1957 labor force employment.
As might be expected, the relative importance of the various types
of manufacturing conducted over the past 60 years has shifted consider-
ably. Early in the century lumber and wood products industries were of
major importance. Today, however, they have conceded largely to the
metals and machinery manufacturers, chemicals, scientific instruments
and ordinance groups.
1-16
-------
TABLE 1-1
DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYMENT
IN TWIN CITIES METROPOLITAN AREA
IK 1957 3-
TYPE OF EMPLOYMENT PERCENT OF TOTAL
Manufacturing 29
Retail Trade 17
Service 12
Government 12
Wholesale Trade 8
Transportation 7
Finance, Insurance
and Real Estate 7
Construction 5
Public Utilities 3
1, Reference: Toltz et al in Report on the Expansion of
Sewage Works in the Minneapolis-St« Paul Metropolitan Area,
pp. 6-2, I960, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District.
-------
A comparison has been made of employment figures in the various em-
ployment fields between the years 1947 and 1957^ *"'. There appeared to be
a significant trend in the employment picture in that manufacturing employ-
ment increased more rapidly locally than nationally* Durable goods manu-
facturing employment increased by 21,000 while non-durable goods manufac-
turing employment decreased by 4,000.
Non-manufacturing employment, which accounts for some 70 percent of
total non-farm employment, has increased at a slower rate than the national
trend. Increases noted were primarily in the retail food store, service,
public utility, and trucking industries.
In I960 there were 6l6,700 persons in the seven county (Anoka, Wash-
ington, Hennepin, Ramsey, Dakota, Scott, and Carver) area labor force.
This figure is expected to increase to 973,900 by 1980, and by 2000, the
labor force is expected to be approximately I,6o4,50o'5;.
In 1960, about 42 percent of the 246 square miles of urban land in
the core area was used for residential purposes, 12.6 percent for indus-
trial, 2.5 percent for commercial, 29 percent for streets and alleys,
and l4 percent for other public and semi-public purposes^''. By 1980,
estimates indicate that an additional 155 square miles of land will be
needed for urban purposes. The area's abundance of usable land will more
than satisfy this need.
Of the land used for industrial purposes in I960, about 39 percent
of it was within Minneapolis and St. Paul, An increasing percentage of
industrial development is now taking place, however, in the suburbs and
will continue to do so because of industrial land shortage within the Twin
Cities.
1-17
-------
Between 19^6 and 1959, capital expenditures by the manufacturing,
wholesaling, transportation, and warehousing industries totaled $192 mil-
lion. The continued investments in new plants and equipment by local firms
indicate their intentions to continue operations in this area for some time
to come(^).
West Central Wisconsin Economy 1,8). The Wisconsin counties of Polk,
St. Croix, and Pierce border that portion of the St. Croix River included
in the Project study. The Wisconsin portion of the Project watershed area
lays almost entirely within these three counties. In 1960 there were five
industry groups representing approximately 55 percent of the 27,000 or
more employed persons in the general area of these three counties. The
predominent industrial activity was agriculture, which accounted for ap-
proximately 30 percent of the employment. Food and kindred industries
made up approximately 6 percent of the employment. Other retail indus-
tries made up approximately 9 percent. Educational, medical, and pro-
fessional employment made up another 10 percent.
Agriculture in the west central area was largely an outgrowth of
lumbering operations which were conceitrated to the north of it and not
due to high quality soils. The soils in this area are generally low in
fertility and the rugged topography adds to the problem of soil erosion.
Between 1930 and 1960, employment in the west central area expanded
about one-fourth as much as the State average and actually declined
slightly between 1950 and 1960. This slow rate of growth in employment
was due largely to the ko percent decline in agriculture between 1930
and 1960. There would not have been any increase in employment over this
period had manufacturing not doubled in those years.
1-18
-------
Total employment in the west central area is expected to advance by
about 3.6 percent between 1960 and 1980 and about 7.2 percent between 1980
and 2000. This is a relatively slow advance when compared to the State's
predicted increases of 27 and 26 percent, respectively, for the same two
periods,
The Wisconsin Department of Resource Development^-"' makes the follow-
ing statement concerning the principal economic problem in this area, which
includes eleven counties:
"The principal economic problem of the west central area is agriculture.
Employment decline is precipitous and will continue its direction if not its
rate of movement. This situation is aggravated by high soil erosion and
low fertility, which carry serious meaning for the future of the area's
important food processors. Foreign competition and technological change
lend a disturbing note of uncertainty to the future of the area's most
dynamic manufacturing groups of footwear, rubber goods, and paper".
It appears that agriculture will remain the principal employer in this
area. It probably will continue to decline through 1980 but can be ex-
pected to make some slight gains by 2000.
Polk, St. Croix, and Pierce Counties cover an area of approximately
2,330 square miles. Approximately h7 percent of this area is used as crop-
land, 22 percent for forests, 19 percent for pasture and woodlot, and k
percent for miscellaneous farmland. Water covers about 3 percent of the
area and the remaining 5 percent is utilized by rights-of-way, rural com-
munities, sub-marginal land, and urban land. Urban land makes up less
than one-half percent of the total^-".
No great shift in land uses is anticipated for this three-county area
in the next 30 years, except for some increased urbanization.
1-19
-------
Demographic Projections
Upper Midwest. At least half the population growth of the upper mid-
west in the next 15 years is expected to be in the Twin Cities area^3).
Outside of this area, rapid growth iai expected to continue in the non-farm
population around cities and in lake districts. Those communities with
fewer than 2500 population are genereily expected to experience a popula-
tion drop. Smaller communities near the Twin Cities, however, will con-
tinue their development as residential, areas for those employed in the
metropolitan area.
The reasons for this shift in population, according to Borchert and
/o\
Adamsv~v, can be attributed, to "an ur.derlying demand for urban living,
withdrawal of surplus farm labor, growth of new industries and services,
and development of new resources".
The results of 1975 population projections and interim growth rates
for urban areas in the general vicinity of the Twin Cities are given in
Table 1-2. The estimating formula assumes that both the population and
employment change in a city for any given decade approach the long-time
average. The method of estimating is described in detail elsewhere ^ .
From Table 1-2, it appears that the larger cities will continue to
grow at a high rate. In 1950, approximately 62 percent of the Minnesota
population lived in urban areas. By 1975 3 this figure is expected to
increase to 75 percent. As the population in urban areas increases, farm
population will decrease. Small towns and non-farm settlements, in total,
are expected to remain the same size or lose a portion of their share of
the total population.
Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. The Twin Cities area will be discussed
in terms of two metropolitan areas; the Standard Metropolitan Statistical
1-20
-------
TABLE 1-2
ANTICIPATED GROWTH IN SELECTED MINNESOTA URBAN AREAS1
Urban Area
Albert Lea
Anoka
Brainerd
Faribault
Hastings
Hut chins on
Le Sueur
Litchfield
Little Falls
Mankato
Mpls.-St. Paul-Urban
5 -Co. SMSA2
7-Co. TCMA3
New Ulm
Owatonna
Red Wing
St. Cloud
St. Peter
Shakopee - Chaska
Stillwater
I960
Population
(Thousands)
20.6
12.1
15.7
18.6
11.7
6.9
k.k
5.3
9.2
32.9
Area 1^01.5
(1U82.0)
(1525.3)
12.6
13.9
13.6
1*8.0
9.6
Ik.0
18.8
1. Reference: Borchert, J. R. and Adams,
Probable
1975
Population
(Thousands)
26.0
15.8
18.2
21.9
15.5
8.6
5-3
6.1
11.1
k2.0
1.86k. o
(1975.9)
(2055.0)
1U.8
17.3
15.1
60.2
11.9
22.1
23.6
Growth Rate i
Anticipated
w
Past
1960-1975 1950-1960
26
31
17
18
33
25
20
16
20
28
33
(33)
(35)
18
25
11
25
2k
58
26
25
51
10
11
W
11
17
11
31
32
30
(28)
(27)
20
32
11
2k
8
92
21
R. B, Projected Urban Growth
in the Upper Midwest: 1960-1975 > Upper Midwest Economic
Study, Urban
Report No. 8.
2. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area.
3. Twin Cities Metropolitan Area.
-------
Area (SMSA) which covers five countic's, and the Twin Cities Metropolitan
Area (TCMA) which covers the SMSA pli^s Carver and Scott Counties. The
Twin Cities Metropolitan Planning Corrmission has under consideration the
seven-county area^ '^ '.
This seven-county area shown in Figure 1-6 covers some 3,000 square
miles, 500 square miles of which are urban or are urbanizing. The 1960
census showed 1,525,3^3 people living in this area. All except h3,2.6j
of this number lived in the five-county standard metropolitan area. Of
those in the standard metropolitan area, 796,283 OT slightly more than
one-half resided in Minneapolis and St. Paul, proper. The I960 population
of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and each of their suburbs is given in Table 1-3.
The distribution of population as it existed in 196^ is shown in Figure I-7»
The population distribution in the watershed is in some respects un-
usual. The five-county area contains more than a third of Minnesota's
population, forming a standard metropolitan area that, in 1960, ranked
ikth among such areas in the United States. The population is rather
sparse throughout the remainder of the watershed with only four other
cities having a population in excess of 10,000.
In the early 19^0's, approximately 100 years after the first cabin
was built in the Twin Cities seven-county area, the population reached its
first million. The second million wilLl be added in about 30 years, the
third million in about 15 years, and the fourth million in about 12 years.
This growth, both past and anticipated, is shown in Figure 1-8. The ex-
pected distribution of this population is shown in Figure 1-9.
The Cities of Minneapolis and St., Paul and the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District, in planning future sewage works requirements divided
the metropolitan area likely to be served by the Sanitary District plant
GPO 824-408—A-8
-------
LEGEND
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
SCALE
5 10
. I I
20 MILES
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL
METROPOLITAN AREA
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
GPO 824-408—A-9
FIGURE 1-6
-------
TABLE 1-3
CITIES IN MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL STANDARD METROPOLITAN AREA
MINNEAPOLIS & SUBURBS
Minneapolis
Anoka
Bloomington
Brooklyn Center
Brooklyn Park
Columbia Heights
Coon Rapids
Crystal
Edina
Fridley
Golden Valley
Hopkins
Morningside
New Hope
Plymouth
Richfield
Rob~b ins dale
St. Anthony
St. Louis Park
Lake Minnetonka Area:
Deephaven
Excelsior
Minnetonka
Mound
Shorewood
Tonka Bay
Wayzata
ST. PAUL & SUBURBS
St. Paul
Arden Hills
Elaine
Circle Pines
Falcon Heights
Little Canada
Lauderdale
Maplewood
Mendota Heights
Mounds View
New Brighton
Newport
North St. Paul
Roseville
South St. Paul
Vadnais Heights
West St. Paul
White Bear Lake
Population
I960 Census
482,872
10,562
50,498
24,356
10,197
17,533
14,931
24,283
28,501
15,173
14,559
11,370
1,981
3,552
9,576
42,523
16,381
5,084
43,310
3,286
2,020
25,037
5,440
3,197
1,204
3,219
313,411
3,930
7,570
2,799
5,927
3,512
1,676
18,519
5,028
6,4l6
6,448
2,3^9
8,520
23,997
22,032
2,^59
13,101
12,8^9
-------
. i NE»r»»GUtl . ^IKO I
1 (^—^ 1
NOTE! One dot equals 200 people
SCALE
10
20 Miles
Courtesy of Twin Cities
Metropolitan Planning Program
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
IN
METROPOLITAN AREA
1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
CHICAGO. ILL
FIGURE r- r
-------
5.0
4.0
3.0
» 2.0
o
c
o
+-
o
3
Q.
£ 1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4t=u
I9OO
1920
1940 I960
Year
1980
2OOO
NOTE! Projections were made by
the Twin Cities Metropolitan
Planning Commission in 1963
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
FOR SEVEN COUNTY
METROPOLITAN AREA
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AOMIN.
:61ON V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 1-8
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
. L
NOTE! One dot equals
1000 people
Courtesy of Minneapolis
St. Paul Sanitary District
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
EXPECTED POPULATION
DISTRIBUTION IN
METROPLITAN AREA
BY YEAR 2QOO
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
GPO 824-408-A-|3
FIG
'HICAGO ILLJMOl
WRET^
-------
up into four major regions (see Figure 1-10) and considered the population
growth in each^12^1^1^. Boundaries were selected so that the entire
population of a given region could "be conveniently served by one collec-
tion system. Although the planning was done with a single treatment plant
to serve all regions "being considered, the regional population projections
are equally valuable in considering any alternate plans which would util-
ize several treatment plants. These projections are given in Table I-U.
West Central Wisconsin Area. As Figure 1-11 indicates, the popula-
tion is less dense on the Wisconsin side of the lower St. Croix River than
it is on the Minnesota side. In 1960 there was an average of between 35
and lj-5 persons per square mile in Pierce and St. Croix Counties as opposed
to between 125 and 250 persons per square mile across the river in Washing-
ton County, Minnesota. Further upstream, in Polk County, Wisconsin, and
Chisago County, Minnesota, the density was even lower, averaging between
25 and 35 persons per square mile ^5 J.
The Wisconsin Report^ ^' gives population projections for the west
central area as a whole. This area, shown in Figure 1-12, covers 11 coun-
ties, including Polk, St. Croix, and Pierce. Table 1-5 lists the 11 coun-
ties considered and their 1960 populations. Population projections made
for this area anticipate there will be 316,000 persons by 1980 and 3^1,000
by 2000. The percent increase, then, based on the 1960 population will
be 5.2 and 13.3 for 1980 and 2000, respectively.
Assuming this rate of population increase will occur in all counties
of the west central area, population projections for Polk, St. Croix, and
Pierce Counties would be as given in Table 1-6. According to these pro-
jections, there will be an average increase of only four persons per square
mile between 1960 and 2000 in this three-county area. The additional popu-
GPO 824-408-A-I4 1—22
-------
NORTHWEST
ON BAUDS
BLAINE
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REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
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(Persons/square mile)
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H 125-249.9
75 - 124.9
45 - 74.9
35 - 44.9
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TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
I960
POPULATION DENSITY
BY COUNTY
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FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
CHICAGO. HJJNOIS
FIGURE I- 11
-------
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I
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
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COUNTIES IN
WEST CENTRAL AREA
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WISCONSIN
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILUNOIS
FIGURE I- IJ
-------
TABLE 1-5
I960 POPULATION OF COUNTIES IN WEST CENTRAL AREA OF WISCONSIN
County Population
Barren 3^,270
Buffalo Ik,202
Chippewa ^5,096
Dunn 26,156
Eau Claire 58,300
Jackson 15,151
Pepin 7,332
Pierce 22,503
Polk 2^,968
St. Croix 29,16^
Trempealeau 23,377
Total 300,519
-------
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lation, however, will not be spread evenly throughout the entire area,
The biggest increase is expected to occur in rural non-farm areas with
the next largest increase occurring in urban areas. There is a large
decrease expected in the rural farm areas. Between 1960 and 1980 the
rural farm population in the eleven county area is expected to decrease
by over 20 percent.
1-23
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Past Stream Investigations and*Reports
There have been several noteworthy reports prepared in the past on
water quality conditions within the E^rea studied by the Project. The more
significant ones are listed below in their chronological order of prepara-
tion:
A. A Study of the Pollution and Natural Purification of the Upper
Mi s s i s sippi River, H. R. Crohurst, Public Health Service, Public Health
Bulletin No. 203, December 1932.
B. A Qualitative Inventory of the Upper Mississippi River (Prospectus),
Public Health Service, Region V, 1958.
C. Pollution and Recovery Characteristics of the Mississippi River,
Volume One (three parts), sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District, conducted by the University of Minnesota under the direction of
Professor G. J. Schroepfer.
D. Report on the Expansion of Sewage Works in the Minneapolis-St.
Paul Metropolitan Area, Volume Three, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St.
Paul Sanitary District, conducted by Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson and
Associates, Inc. 1960.
E. Report on the Expansion of Sewage Treatment Works in the Minne-
apolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area, Volume Four, sponsored by the llinne-
apolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, conducted by Toltz, King, Duvall,
Anderson and Associates, Inc. 1961.
F. Report on Investigation of the Mississippi River from the Mouth
of the Rum River to the Mouth of the St. Croix River, July and August, I960
and August and September, 19&1, Minnesota Department of Health, 1962.
G. Report on Oil Spills Affecting the Minnesota and Mississippi Rivers,
Winter of 1962-63, Public Health Service, 1963.
-------
H. Summary Report on the Pollution Status of the Mississippi River
and Major Tributaries from the Mouth of the Rum River to the Outlet of
Lake Pepin, Minnesota Department of Health, January, I$0+.
I. Report on Pollution of the Waters of the Upper Mississippi River
and its Significant Tributaries Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area,
J. M. Rademacher, Public Health Service, Region V, February, 196^.
J. Lower Minnesota River Study, Minnesota Department of Health,
October, 196^-.
A brief description of each of these reports is given below. The
order of presentation corresponds to the order in which they were listed
above.
Public Health Service 1932 Report^ . A deficiency in rainfall on
the Upper Mississippi River Basin, beginning in 1922, depleted reservoir
and ground water storage to an ex±ent that in the summer of 1925 the flow
in the river through Minneapolis and St. Paul became insufficient to prop-
erly dilute the wastes discharged from the metropolitan area without
creating objectionable conditions in the river.
The Minnesota and Wisconsin State Legislatures each appointed an
interim committee to study conditions in the river through Minneapolis
and St. Paul, and in the reaches of the St. Croix and Mississippi Rivers,
which form the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin. They were to
submit recommendations to the 1927 State Legislatures on methods of im-
proving the condition of these waters. These two committees, in turn,
combined to form a joint interim committee. This joint committee requested
the Public Health Service to assist them in the study. Funds for the
study were made available by the two States and the Cities of Minneapolis
and St. Paul. The Public Health Service furnished the necessary laboratory
1-25
-------
equipment and supplies and detailed one man to have general supervision
of the investigation.
The investigation was made during a 15-month period between June, 1926
and August, 1927? and covered approximately 137 miles of the Mississippi
River from above Minneapolis downstra-uti to above Winona, Minnesota. All
the information collected is contained in this report and includes data
relative to the physical features of the watershed and river channel;
summaries of total and sewered population, with estimates of sewered popu-
lation equivalent to the industrial waste pollution; estimates of discharge
and times of flow; and a summary of t'ae chemical and bacteriological find-
ings at various points on the reach of river studied. These data are pre--
sented in a series of basic tabulations, condensed to the form of monthly
averages, with a discussion of the salient features of each.
Public Health Service 1958 Inventory/ '. Region V of the Public
Health Service made a qualitative inventory of the Mississippi River from
the Twin Cities to the confluence of the Ohio River. This inventory was
a compilation of all available existing data from Federal, State, and
local agencies on water use, river flows, water quality, and pollution
contributors. It also provided a descriptive picture of the river with
respect to its sanitary, chemical, and physical condition.
This report was developed in three sections. The first section con-
siders the entire reach, dealing with all water uses, locations of sampling
stations, types of analyses made at each station, and changing water qual-
ity as one progresses downstream. The second section considers each sam-
pling station separately. Certain irformation for each station was evalu-
ated to give a graphic picture of the; river's condition and to predict
the probability that certain magnituc.es of observations will be reached.
1-26
-------
The third section is a complete tabulation of the raw data as received from
the Federal, State, and local contributors.
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Reports^ *"' ^17' ^ '^J < This
very extensive piece of work, in four volumes, was the result of a five-
year study sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District. The
overall objective of the study, begun in 1956, was to determine future
requirements of the Sanitary District sewage works and a means of financ-
ing them.
River water quality data collected periodically by the District over
a 30-year period since 1926 provided much of the necessary information
for Volume One of the report. Most of the data consisted of temperature,
pH, turbidity, DO, BOD, total bacteria, and coliform test results which
were run periodically on samples collected from 2k stations on the Missis-
sippi River in arid below the Twin Cities metropolitan area. This moni-
toring program, begun in 1926, is still in operation.
Volume One, Part One covers stream deoxygenation characteristics, DO
frequency studies, diurnal variations in DO, and bacteriological quality
studies.
Volume One, Part Two describes the activated sludge pilot plant study
and summarizes the results of the test program.
Volume One, Part Three covers river capacity investigations and a pre-
liminary algae study. An extension and reevaluation of parts of Part One
is also included.
Volume Two, Parts One, Two, and Three cover an analysis of the appor-
tionment, allocation, and distribution of sewage works costs in the metro-
politan area.
1-27
-------
Volume Three discusses a plan for the extension of the intercepting
sewer system in order to service outside areas anticipating large popula-
tion growths.
Volume Four gives a proposal for future plant expansion. It covers
the degree of treatment believed to be required, the applicability and
feasibility of various methods of sewage treatment and sludge disposal,
and the development of a design basis, preliminary plans, and cost esti-
mates for plant expansion.
Minnesota Department of Health_1962 Report. This report was prepared
from data collected in July and August of 1960 and August and September-of
196l on the Mississippi River between the confluences of the Rum and St.
Croix Rivers. This investigation was conducted to obtain information for
the legislature and others concerned and to provide a basis for classifi-
cation and adoption of standards on this reach by the Water Pollution Con-
trol Commission.
Topics covered in the report include the following:
1. Uses of the river.
2. Existing waste sources.
3. Field observations concerning sewer outfalls and the physical
appearance of the river water.
h. Discussion of bacteriological, biological, and chemical data
collected during the surveys.
Public Health Service 1963 Report.. This report, prepared by the
Water Supply and Pollution Control Technical Services Branch, Technical
Advisory and Investigations Section, is concerned with the two oil spills
that occurred during the winter of 1962-63. The report presents highlights
of events and results of activities and studies conducted by the various
1-28
-------
Federal, State, and local agencies during the period December 2.J62. to
June 1963, with particular emphasis on Public Health Service activities.
Minnesota Department of Health 196k Report^20'. This report was pre-
pared for use at the Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the Inter-
state Waters of the Upper Mississippi River held "by the U.S. Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare at St. Paul, Minnesota, February 7 and
8, 1964. The following items are covered on the major streams within the
Project study area:
1. Water uses within Minnesota.
2, Water quality and stream flow data.
3. Sewage works within Minnesota.
1*. Industrial waste disposal within Minnesota.
5. Liquid storage depots within Minnesota.
6. State of Minnesota long range water pollution control plan
and program from 1963 forward.
Public Health Service 196^4- Report *^lj. This report was also prepared
for the conference held in St. Paul on February 7 and 8, 196^. The follow-
ing general topics concerning the study area are covered in this report:
1. Water uses.
2. Sources of wastes.
3. Effects on water quality and water uses.
k. Control activities of State agencies.
(221
Minnesota Department of Health Lower Minnesota River Studyv '. This
report covers an investigation that was made between August, 1963, and
February, 196^, on the waters of the lower Minnesota River and tributaries
from Carver Rapids south of Carver, Minnesota to the mouth. The purpose
of the study was to obtain information for planning purposes and to provide
1-29
-------
a basis for possible classification ar.d adoption of water quality standards
for these waters by the Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission.
Topics covered in the report include the following:
1. Description of the river and geology of the area.
2. Existing waste discharges,
3. Uses of the river and bordering land.
h. Existing pollution conditions.
5. Bacteriological, biological, and chemical data obtained
from stream sampling.
6. Recommendations for classifications and standards.
Summary. Much useful information was provided in these reports.
However, more complete and more recent information was needed in several
areas of concern along part or all of the stream reaches under study. Some
of these areas are listed below:
1. Water uses.
2. Number, quantity, and quality of waste discharges.
3. General water quality in reaches not monitored by the
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District.
k. Measurements of fecal coliform, fecal streptococcus, pathogenic
bacteria, viruses, nutrients, and plankton organisms in the entire
study area in addition to those measurements made routinely by the
Sanitary District.
5. Time of travel measurements in reaches not covered by the
Sanitary District Report.
6. Stream deoxygenation and reaeration rates in reaches not
covered by the Sanitary District report and more recent information
in the areas that were covered to ensure the reported values are
still current.
1-30
-------
7. Waste loads anticipated in the future.
8. Treatment requirements necessary to allow for various water uses,
9. Treatment requirements "based on several plants as opposed to a
single plant.
Studies carried out "by the Project were designed to obtain the neces-
sary data not included in previous reports. These studies were carried
out to augment, not duplicate, previous work.
1-31
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REFERENCES
1. Crohurst, H. R., A Study of Pollution and Natural Purification of
the Upper Mississippi River, Public Health Bulletin No. 203, Public
Health Service, December 1932.
2. A Comprehensive Water Pollution Control Program for the Lower Portion
Upper Mississippi River Basin, Public Health Service Publication No. V?0,
State Water Pollution Control Agencies of Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin,
adopted by U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public
Health Service, 1955.
3. Borchert,J. R. and Adams, R. B., Projected Urban Growth in the Upper
Midwest; 1960-1975, Upper Midwest Economic Study, Urban Report No. 8, Upper
Midwest Research and Development Council, University of Minnesota, and Twin
Cities Metropolitan Planning Commission, September 196^.
k. Report on the Expansion of Sewage Works in the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, Volume Three, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District, conducted by Toltz, King, Puvall, Anderson and Associates,
Inc. I960.
5. Metropolitan Economic Study, Report No. 55 Twin Cities Metropolitan
Planning Commission, June 1960.
6. Interim Labor Force Projections, 1980 and 2000, Information Bulletin
No. 3, September 27, 1963, Twin Cities Metropolitan Planning Commission.
7. Metropolitan Land Study, Report No. U, Twin Cities Metropolitan
Planning Commission, April I960.
8. Wisconsin's Economy by State of Wisconsin Department of Resource
Development, December 1962.
9. Land Use in Wisconsin by State of Wisconsin Department of Resource
Development, June 1963.
-------
10. Metropolitan Population Study, Report No. 2, Twin Cities Metropolitan
Planning Commission, August 1959.
11. Metropolitan Population Study, Part III, Basic Characteristics,
Report No. 11, Twin Cities Metropolitan Planning Commission, March 19&2.
12. Report on Comprehensive Sewage Works Plan for the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, prepared for City of Minneapolis by Toltz, King, Duvall,
Anderson and Associates, Inc., May 196^-.
13. Metropolitan St. Paul Sanitary Sewerage Report, City of St. Paul Depart-
ment of Public Works, Bureau of Engineering, May 196U.
Ik. Report on Comprehensive Sewage Works Plan For The Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, prepared for Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District by
Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson and Associates, Inc., May 1964.
15. Wisconsin's Population 1962 by State of Wisconsin Department of
Resource Development.
16. A Qualitative Inventory of the Upper Mississippi River (Prospectus),
Public Health Service, Region V, 1958.
17. Pollution and Recovery Characteristics of the Mississj-nni River.
Volume One (Parts One, Two, and Three), sponsored by the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District, conducted by the University of Minnesota
under the direction of Dr. G. J. Schroepfer, 1958 - 1961.
18. Present Practice in the Apportionment, Allocation, and Distribution
of Sewage Works Costs in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area,
Volume Two (Parts One, Two, and Three), sponsored by the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District, conducted by Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson
and Associates Consulting Engineers, and prepared by Professor G. J.
Schroepfer, 1958.
-------
19- Report on the Expansion of Sewage Treatment Works in the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Metropolitan Area, Volume Four, sponsored "by the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District, conducted by Tolts, King, Duvall, Anderson
and Associates, Inc. 19ol.
20. Summary Report on the Pollution Status of the Mississippi River and
Major Tributaries from the Mouth of the Rum River to the Outlet of Lake
Pep in, Minnesota Department of Health, January 196^4.
21. Rademacher, J. M., Report on Pollution of the Waters of the Upper
Mississippi River and It's Significant Tributaries Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, Public Health Service, Region V, February lp6U.
22. Lower Minnesota River Study, Minnesota Department of Health, October
1961*.
GPO 824-408—A-I8
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Cooperation and services were received throughout the period of
investigation from many individuals, groups, and agencies. This valuable
assistance is gratefully acknowledged. Among those providing such
assistance were:
Federal
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Division of Technical Services
Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project
Bureau of Sport Fisheries & Wildlife
Geological Survey
Public Health Service
Communicable Disease Center Field Station
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
U. S. Navy
State of Minnesota Agencies;
Water Pollution Control Commission
Department of Health
Department of Conservation
State of Wisconsin Agencieg
Committee on Water Pollution
Board of Health
Department of Conservation
Department of Resource Development
Regional Agencies
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District
1-32
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Twin Cities Metropolitan Planning Commission
Upper Midwest Research and Development Council
Universities
University of Minnesota
Municipal Agencies
City of Minneapolis Water Works
City of St. Paul Water Department
Consultants
Dr. Richard S. Engelbrecht, University of Illinois
Dr. Lawrence B. Polkowski, University of Uisconsin
Project Committee Members
(Membership list is given on Page 1-8)
Grateful acknowledgement is also made to sewage treatment plant
personnel of all communities along the three major streams studied. Their
assistance in the collection of samples and in providing necessary data
added immeasurably to the success of the study.
1-33
GPO 828-545-1
-------
SECTION II
CURRENT STATUS OF POLLUTION CONTROL
LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS
-------
IKTRODUCTIOH
In the final analysis, water use (or abuse) is controlled by one
thing - law. With this idea in mind, a water quality investigation
conducted for the purpose of pollution abatement should include a review
of the existing laws that apply to the waters under study. A summariza-
tion of State and Federal laws pertinent to the rivers within the study
area is therefore included, Minnesota statutes are discussed first, with
a similar discussion of the Wisconsin statutes immediately following.
Interstate joint regulations between the two States are also discussed.
Federal jurisdiction, exercised by the Corps of Engineers, Coast Guard,
and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, is then reviewed.
MINNESOTA WAIEB POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES (l) (2)
General
The responsibility for controlling water pollution rests primarily
with the Water Pollution Control Commission. Matters relating to sources
of domestic water supplies and to public health are handled by the State
Department of Health.
The Water Pollution Control Commission was established by the "Water
Pollution Control Act" in 19*4-5 (Minnesota Statutes 115.01 to 115.09).
The Act has been amended by Chapter 517, Laws of 1951; Chapter 399, Laws
of 1959; and Chapter 8?^, Laws of 1963.
Water Pollution Control Commission
Organization. The Commission has seven members and an executive
engineer, it is comprised of the Secretary and Executive Officer of the
State Department of Health, the Commissioner of Conservation, the Commis-
II-l
-------
sioner of Agriculture, Dairy, and Food, the Secretary and Executive Officer "
of the State Livestock Sanitary Board, and three members at large appointed
by the Governor, with consent of the Senate, for six-year terms. In appoint-
ing the members at large, one is selected from each of the following three
categories: general public, municipal government, and industry. The exec-
utive engineer is furnished to the Commission by the State Department of
Health.
The Commission holds regular quarterly meetings each calendar year.
At its first regular meeting in January of each year it elects a Chairman
and a Vice-chairman to serve for the ensuing year. The Secretary and Exec-
utive Officer of the State Department of Health serves as Secretary of the
Commission. Special meetings may be called by the Chairman or by any two
members upon two day's written notice to each other member. A majority
of the members constitutes a quorum,
Powers and Duties. The powers and duties of the Commission are
summarized below. Unless indicated otherwise, they are found in Minnesota
Statutes 115.03, Sub-division 1 (as amended in 1951 and 1959) and Chapter
87k, Sec. 5, Laws of 1963.
1. Classification of waters and setting standards of water quality.
The Commission is authorized to classify the waters of the State as
soon as practicable and to adopt classifications and standards of purity
and quality therefor. In setting standards, consideration is given to
present and future public uses of the waters.
Thus far, classifications and standards have been set for the Missis-
sippi River from its confluence with the Rum River downstream to Lock and
Dam No. 2 at Hastings, Minnesota (see Appendix, pp.l).
II-2
-------
The Commission also adopted classifications and standards for the
Minnesota River and tributaries from Carver Rapids to the mouth (see
Appendix, pp. 15).
2. Issuance of permits and review of plans.
The Commission may require the submission of plans for disposal sys-
tems or any part thereof and the inspection of the construction thereof
for compliance with the approved plans. It"may also continue in effect,
modify, revoke, or deny permits, for the discharge of sewage or other
wastes, or for the installation or operation of disposal systems or parts
thereof.
3. Enforcement.
The Commission is authorized to issue final orders after a hearing
held before it or its authorized agent. Anyone affected by the order must
be given ten days written notice of the hearing, and must be afforded an
opportunity to submit evidence. A copy of the final order of the Commission
must be likewise served on all persons who have entered an appearance at
the hearing. When the Commission has determined that an emergency exists
affecting the public health, it may make a final order without notice or
hearing. Such final order must be served as indicated above.
An aggrieved party may appeal from a final order of the Commission,
or the Attorney General may appeal in behalf of the State, to the District
Court of Ramsey County. The Court on its own motion or on application of
any party may take additional evidence on any issue of fact or may try all
such issues de novo, but without a jury trial. If the Court determines that
the action of the Commission appealed from is lawful and reasonable, and is
warranted by the evidence, it affirms such action; otherwise, the Court
may vacate or suspend the action appealed from in whole or in part, and
thereupon the matter is remanded to the Commission for further action in
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conformity with the decision of the Court. The effectiveness of the Com-
mission's order is not stayed "by an appeal except by order of the Court
for cause shown by the appellant (Sec. iMu375(8))-
It is unlawful for anyone to construct, install or operate a dis-
posal system, or any part thereof, until plans therefor have been sub-
mitted to the Commission unless the Commission has waived such submission
and granted a written permit.
It is unlawful for anyone to make any changes in any existing disposal
system that would materially alter the method or the effect of treating the
sewage, or other wastes, or to operate such system, as so changed, until
plans therefor have been submitted to the Commission unless the Commission
has waived such submission and granted a written permit.
It is unlawful for anyone operating a watercraft or other marine
conveyance to permit the use of any marine toilet or similar device that
is not acceptable to the Commission (Minnesota Statutes 19&1, Sec. 361.29,
as amended by Chapter Wo. 313, Laws of Minnesota, 19&3).
"It is unlawful for anyone to store, keep, or allow any substance
to remain in or upon any site without reasonable safeguards adequate
to prevent the escape or movement of the substance or a solution thereof
from the site under any conditions of failure of the storage facility
whereby pollution of any waters of the State might result therefrom"
(WPC Ij- Regulation).
The pollution of any waters in violation of the Act or of any order
or regulation adopted by the Commission constitutes a public nuisance and
may be enjoined.
Violation of any provision of the Act or of any regulation adopted
by the Commission thereunder is a misdemeanor.
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U. Conduct of studies, investigations, and research.
The Commission is empowered to investigate the extent, character, and
effect of the pollution of the waters of the State and to gather informa-
tion necessary to the administration or enforcement of the pollution laws.
5. Cooperation with other public or private agencies.
The Commission may assist and cooperate with any agency of another
State, of the United States or of the Dominion of Canada or any province
thereof in any matter relating to water pollution control. It may also
receive and accept money, property, or services from any other source for
any water pollution control purpose within the scope of its functions.
6. Administrative powers.
The Commission is authorized to hold hearings, issue orders, permits,
rules, and regulations. It may administer oaths, examine witnesses, and
issue subpoenas. The Commission members or agents may enter upon any
property for the purpose of obtaining information or conducting surveys.
Anyone operating a disposal system, when requested by the Commission,
must furnish it any information which he may have relevant to the Act.
The Commission or an authorized agent may examine any books, papers,
records, or memoranda pertaining to the operation of a disposal system.
In situations where cooperation between two or more municipalities
is deemed necessary to abate pollution, the Commission may compel the
municipalities to enter into a contract with each other for that purpose.
When deemed necessary the Commission may issue, modify, or revoke
orders for the following purposes:
a. Prohibiting or directing the abatement of any waste discharge;
b. Prohibiting the storage of any liquid in a manner which may
result in pollution of the waters of the State;
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c. Requiring the construction (or alteration) and operation by
any municipality of any disposal system.
7. Preservation of existing rights and remedies.
The Water Pollution Control Act, as amended, does not repeal any
provisions of law relating to the pollution of any waters of the State,
but is construed as supplementing the same and is in addition to the
laws now in force, except as the same may be in direct conflict.
State Department of Health
The Department administers and enforces all laws relating to water
pollution where such pollution affects the public health. The Depart-
ment makes such investigations of water pollution and the plans for the
construction of works affecting water pollution as may be required by the
Water Pollution Control Commission. The Department is authorized to
cooperate with other departments of the State, municipalities, the United
States, the Dominion of Canada or any province thereof, industries,
corporations and individuals, to protfct and free the waters of the
State from pollution (Section lMi.38, Minnesota Statutes 19^9).
In carrying out its water pollution functions, the Department is
authorized to hold hearings and investigations, subpoena witnesses,
administer oaths, and compel the production of books, papers, records,
and other evidence (Sec. 1U4.39).
In furtherance of its water pollution functions, the Department is
authorized to receive funds, property and services from any person, firm
corporation, municipal corporation, the State, any of its departments or
officers, any other State, or the United States (Sec. iMt.Uo).
The Department is authorized to adopt and enforce reasonable regula-
tions regarding the disposal of sewage, the pollution of streams and the
distribution of water by private persons for domestic use. When such
II-6
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regulations are approved by the Attorney General and published, they have
the force of law, except insofar as they conflict with statute or with
the charter or ordinance of cities of the first class (Chapter 3&1, Laws
of 1957)•
Miscellaneous Statutory Provisions
It is •unlawful to throw or allow to run into any of the waters of
the State any refuse, lime, or other deleterious or poisonous substances
in quantities injurious to fish life therein. Each day the violation
continues is a separate offense. Recurrent violations are deemed a public
nuisance and may be enjoined (Sec. 101,1+2, Subdiv. 3(15)).
It is unlawful for anyone to furnish impure water for public or
private use (Sec. 616.09).
It is unlawful for anyone to willfully poison any spring, well, or
reservoir of water (Sec. 6l6.2l).
It is a gross misdemeanor to deposit or cast into any lake, creek,
or river wholly or partly in the State, or to deposit upon the ice of any
such lake, creek, or river, the offal from, or the dead body of, any
animal (Sec. 6l6.l6).
Miscellaneous Acts Relating to Water Pollution
An act, stated in Chapter 20, Laws of Minnesota, 1961, provides for
the establishment of sanitary regions and for the creation and administra-
tion of a water pollution control advisory committee and sanitary districts.
As set up, each congressional district of the State constitutes a sanitary
region. The advisory committee consists of two members from each region.
The members are appointed by the Governor, with the advice and consent of
the Senate. The purpose of the committee is to assist the Water Pollution
Control Commission in the performance of its duties and to maintain a
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liaison "between the Commission and communities, industries, and persons
concerned with water resources.
The Ashbach Bill (Chapter 882) enacted by the 1963 Legislature re-
quired the Board of Trustees of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District
to adopt a comprehensive plan for construction and financing of facilities
required by the entire area to be served by the District.
Such a plan, prepared jointly by Minneapolis, St. Paul, and the
Sanitary District (MSSD), was completed in 196^ and submitted to the Water
Pollution Control Commission. Before acceptance, the Commission held
numerous public hearings. After consideration to all testimony given,
the Commission accepted the District report with some reservations and, on
January 2, 1565, returned it to the District with the Commission's financ-
ing recommendations. At the same time, the Commission's report was given
to the legislature. The Commission recommended acceptance of the engineer-
ing part of the MSSD's comprehensive plan and also recommended the estab-
lishment of a metropolitan sanitary district to be managed by a board with
representation from the entire area. They recommended that there be only
one permanent treatment plant for the District, however, and if any other
plants should be built that they be strictly temporary, not to remain
beyond 1980. Other modifications included the following: arrangements
for financing be by an areawide general tax levy rather than on the use
basis as proposed in the MSSD plan; purchase by the new District of all
present sewerage facilities in the area including the MSSD and the North
Suburban Sanitary Sewer District, at market value; a speedup in the time-
table for construction of sewerage facilities in the metropolitan area;
boundaries of the new district should be the same as that set out by the
million proposed plan, but with procedures included for expansion,
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notably in areas of South St. Paul and the semi-rural area west of Lake
Minnetonka; and the authority for the new district to issue bonds and
levy taxes.
The State legislature during the '65 session had the opportunity to
establish effective long-range pollution controls in the Twin Cities
metropolitan area. The plan submitted to the legislature by the
Water Pollution Control Commission would have provided the area with
a new and enlarged metropolitan sanitary district which could have
effectively handled the metropolitan area sewage through the year
2000. These two proposals, the Commission's and the MSSD's, considered
by the legislature were thought by many to be the most comprehensive
and well researched pollution control measures ever to come to the
Capitol.
The board of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District elected in
January, 19^5» not to accept the recommendations of the Water Pollution
Control Commission since they were, in their opinion, beyond the scope
of the Ashbach Act of the 1963 Minnesota legislature. The District's
attorney said the intent of the Ashbach Act was to have a plan developed,
based on extension of the contract system, under which Minneapolis and
St. Paul charged suburbs for handling sewage.
State Representative Robert 0. Ashbach introduced a bill into the
House of Representatives designed to set up a fifteen member board
to run a metropolitan district, which would buy out the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District and could build regional sewage plants
on the Minnesota River. The bill as originally proposed would have
left the five northeast suburbs, who are members of the North Suburban
Sanitary Sewer District, out of the metropolitan district. These suburbs
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were involved. In court action with the Minnesota Hater Pollution Control
Commission for the right to build their own sewage treatment plant on the
Mississippi River in Fridley, Minnesota. Hearings on this bill were held
by the House Metropolitan and Urban Affairs Committee. A companion bill
was introduced into the Minnesota Senate where the bill was attacked by
the Senate Civil Affairs Committee after a series of amendments designed
to enlarge and strengthen the proposed metropolitan district were offered.
Among items questioned were: a provision which would nake the bill effec-
tive with the ratification by two-thirds of the members of the Minneapolis-
St. Paul Sanitary District board; the expansion of the membership of the
district board and deletion from the House version of a provision allow-
ing communities to detach themselves from the proposed metropolitan dis-
trict; and the amendments which would increase the size of the district
from about 55 communities to more than 70, placing in the district a
number of communities which have been aligned with either proposed sewage
districts or the North Suburban Sanitary Sewer District.
Although the House bill passed the House easily, the Senate sponsors
of companion legislation could not get the issue to a vote at the Civil
Administration Committee meeting. Thus, the metropolitan area sewage bill
died in the Senate Committee.
The Senate Committee, however, did pass out two regional bills allow-
ing construction of treatment plants on the Minnesota River. One regional
bill permitted Bloomington, Burnsville, and Egan Township to Join in a
Southeast Suburban Sanitary Sewer District and construct a temporary plant
on the Minnesota River. The other similar bill allowed Hopkins, Plymouth,
Medicine Lake, Minnetonha, Deephaven, Uoodlawn, and Eden Prairie to form
the Southwest Suburban Sanitary Sewer District. This southeast regional
U-10
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plan was approved on a 112-5 vote "by the House, "but never reached the Senate
floor for a vote.
Another regional sewage "bill, which would have allowed the North Sub-
urban Sanitary Sewer District to put treated sewage in the Mississippi
River above Minneapolis, ran into opposition in the Minnesota House. This
bill would have eliminated the need for the District to get permission from
the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, Minneapolis, St. Paul, and the
Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission before putting treated sewage
in the river.
At the conclusion of the 19&5 session there were no metropolitan sew-
age plans passed.
Recent Legislative Activities Relating to Water Pollution
The 196^ Minnesota legislature introduced and narrowly missed passage
of legislation which would have replaced the present Water Pollution Control
Commission. In presenting the legislation to the Senate, Senator Gordon
Rosenmeier said that it was apparent in 1963 when a water pollution control
law bearing his name was passed that the duties imposed upon the Commission
with its present part-time ex-officio membership would be too great. The
proposed Senate version, which had the backing of the administration of
Governor Karl Rolvaag, suggested that the new Commission would take over
the present Commission's duties of setting standards for the State's rivers
and streams and also make studies with an eye toward establishing similar
standards in the fields of air pollution and land use in areas affected by
pollution. The new agency to be created would contain five members selected
by the Governor with none from any State department and would have its own
full-time director. This Senate version passed by a vote of 56 to 1. The
11-11
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version, if approved, would have required the agency to set water quality
standards on rivers and bar the practice of prohibiting any treatment plant
on specific sections of rivers. The law also would have exempted industries
from having to get a permit from the Commission before dumping treated
waste into waterways. Governmental units, however, would still have had
to get a permit before constructing treatment facilities.
The companion House bill which was introduced received some modifications
before receiving House approval by a vote of 105 to 16. Under the House
version the new agency would have had the same powers as the present
Commission to set pollution standards for the State's waterways and to
grant permits for municipal sewage treatment plants. It differed from
the Senate version in that the Governor would appoint the five members
of the agency and the agency's director, for four-year terms. The Senate
bill prohibited the appointment of any State, Federal, or local government
official to the agency but the House version made the State Conservation
Commissioner one of the members. The House version also provided that
the present staff of the Water Pollution Control Commission and the Water
Pollution Control Section of the State Board of Health be transferred to
the new agency. The Senate bill made no provision for staff or financing.
The creation of the new agency died during the last hours of the
legislature when the House refused a Senate request to appoint a conference
committee to meet with a similar group from the Senate and iron out the
differences in the two pieces of legislation. In the last hour of
legislation the House agreed to appoint a conference committee but at that
time it was too late for passage of any legislation. Thus, the legisla-
ture adjourned without creating any changes in the present Water Pollution
Control Commission.
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WISCONSIN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES(3)
General
Citations in this topic refer to Wisconsin Statutes, 1955? unless
otherwise indicated.
In Wisconsin the Committee on Water Pollution, the State Board of
Health, and the Conservation Department exercise functions relating to
water pollution. The Committee exercises general supervision over the
administration and enforcement of all laws relating to the pollution of
the surface waters of the State (Sec. 1^.53 (l)). The functions of the
Board relate primarily to water supply, drainage, water systems, and
sewage and refuse disposal (Sees. lUU.Ol -.12; 162.01 -.06). Under
Sections 29.29 (3) and 29.65 the Conservation Department may take action
following investigation by the Committee of intermittent discharges.
The State Laboratory of Hygiene is authorized to examine water sup-
plies for domestic purposes, among other things. The examination of water
supplies includes the establishment of a water survey of the State and com-
prehends not only examination from a public health standpoint but may also
include the examination of water to ascertain its suitability for manu-
facturing and commercial purposes as determined by the rules and regula-
tions provided for by the State Board of Health (Sec. 36.225(2)(3)).
An Act of the 1953 legislature provides an exemption from local taxa-
tion for 5 years for all real and personal property installed as the re-
sult of a recommendation or order of the Committee on Water Pollution,
State Board of Health, City Council, Village Board or County Board, for the
purpose of eliminating pollution of surface waters or the air, provided the
operation of the facilities does not produce a net income during that
period. The law also provides for accelerated amortization for tax pur-
11-13
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poses of industrial waste treatment facilities, allowing the cost to be
written off in 60 months (Sees. 70.11 (2l)(a), 71.OU (2b)).
Any person operating a plant which creates waste material which, if
released without treatment would cause stream pollution, is permitted to
condemn property for the location of treatment facilities. The law defines
"person" as the State, a county, town, village, city, school district or
other municipal corporation, a board, commission, corporation, or housing
authority created under Sections 66. UO to 66.UOU. "Property" is defined
as including estates in lands, fixture, and personal property directly
connected with lands (Sees. 32.0l(l)(2), 32.02(12)).
Committee on Water Pollution
Organization. The Committee consists of the State Chief Engineer, a
member or representative of the Public Service Commission, a Conservation
Commissioner or an employee of the Conservation Commission, the State
Health Officer or a member of the Board of Health, and the State Sanitary
Engineer or an engineer appointed by the State Board of Health. The State
Board of Health, subject to the approval of the Committee, employs a full-
time Director of the Committee. The administrative and executive powers
and duties of the Committee are vested in the Director, subject to the
direction of the Committee, its orders, rules, and regulations. The Com-
mittee holds regular meetings in January and July of each year, and such
special meetings as are agreed upon, or upon call of the State Board of
Health, the State Health Officer or of any three members of the Commit-
tee (Sec. 1U4.52).
The Committee has a full-time staff, organized as the Division of
Water Pollution Control of the State Board of Health, which is also the
administrative agency for the Committee.
II-lU
GPO 824—4O8—B—I
-------
Powers and Duties. The powers and duties of the Committee summar-
ized below, are divided into six categories.
1. General powers
The Committee exercises general supervision over the administration
and enforcement of all laws relating to the pollution of the surface
waters of the State (Sec. lM*.53(l)).
2. Review of plans
The Committee may require the submission and approval of plans for
the installation of systems and devices for treating industrial and other
wastes (Sec. 1^.53(6)).
3. Enforcement
The Committee issues general orders, and adopts rules and regulations
for the installation of means for controlling water pollution from indus-
trial and other wastes. Such general orders, rules and regulations are
issued only after an opportunity to be heard thereon has been afforded
interested parties (Sec. 1^.53(4)).
The Committee is authorized to issue special orders directing parti-
cular owners to secure, within a specified time, such operating results
toward the control of water pollution as the Committee may prescribe.
Pending compliance with its order, the Committee may permit continuance of
operations under prescribed conditions. If such results are not secured
in the specified time, the Committee may direct the owner, within a
specific time, to take particular steps, or to use designated devices,
etc., for handling his wastes. The Committee may modify any of its
orders (Sec. 1^.53(5)).
Upon the verified complaint of six or more citizens filed with
the Committee and alleging water pollution, the Committee is authorized
11-15
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to hold a public hearing. The Committee serves a copy of the complaint
and a notice of hearing upon the alleged polluter at least 20 days prior
to the time set for the hearing which must be held not later than 90
days from the filing of the complaint. The respondent must file his
verified answer with the Committee and serve a copy on the person desig-
nated by the complainants as their representative by not later than 5
days prior to the date set for the hearing, unless the time for answering
is extended by the Committee. Within 90 days after the closing of the
hearing, the Committee must make its findings of fact, conclusions of
law, and order. An aggrieved party may appeal such order by either
asking for a rehearing or by appeal to the Courts. If a rehearing is
had and the aggrieved party is still not satisfied he may then appeal
to the Court (Sees. lM+,537, 1^.56).
In lieu of an appeal to the Court, any owner may agree in writing
to submit the matter to the arbitration of three reputable and experienced
sanitary engineers, one chosen by the owner, one by the Committee, and the
third by the other two. The decision of such arbitrators must be rendered
within 30 days after their selection, unless the time is extended by
agreement. No decision is binding, however, unless agreed to by all the
arbitrators. The expense of arbitration is borne by the owner (Sees.
1^.537, 1^.56).
AH orders of the Committee are enforced by the Attorney General.
Where the order of the Committee prohibits pollution, a violation thereof
is deemed a public nuisance (Sec. 1^.536).
Violations of the provisions of the Act or the failure to obey
any order of the Committee or any joint order of the State Board of
Health and the Committee is subject to a penalty of not less than $10
11-16
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nor more than $100, and in case the violation is willful the penalty may
"be up to $250. Each day the violatioii continues is considered a separate
offense. While the order of the Committee is suspended or stayed the
penalty does not accrue (Sec. l^U.57).
Where a problem of continued pollution is involved coming within
the jurisdiction of the Committee or the State Board of Health, or both,
and either or both such agencies have assumed jurisdiction, such juris-
diction is to be exclusive to these agencies notwithstanding the pro-
visions of any statutes other than Sections l^U.Ol to lVi.57 (Sec. iM*.
535).
The State Board of Health and the Committee may act jointly as to
all matters relating to water pollution coming within the jurisdiction
of either or both of said agencies. Any joint order may be subject to
joint review (Sec. 1^.565).
k. Conduct of studies, investigations and research
The Committee is authorized to study and investigate all problems
connected with surface water pollution and its control and to make reports
thereon (Sec. lUH.53(2)). The Committee may conduct scientific experi-
ments, investigations, and research to discover economical and practicable
methods for the treatment of industrial wastes. For this purpose, the
Committee is authorized to accept funds on behalf of the State from any
public or private agency (Laws of Wisconsin, 1957 5 Ch. 289, Sec. h,
added to the Statutes as Sec. lM*.53(3)). The Committee is further
authorized to make investigations and inspections to insure compliance
with any order, rule or regulations which it may issue (Sec. 1
5- Cooperation with other public and private agencies
The Committee is authorized to enter into agreements with other
States, subject to the approval of the Governor, relative to means
11-17
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and measures to be employed to control pollution of any interstate
streams and other waters and to carry out such agreement by appropriate
orders. This power does not extend to the modification of any agreement
with any other State concluded by direct legislative act, but, unless
otherwise expressly provided, the Committee is the agency for the
enforcement of any such legislative agreement (Sec. 1^.53(7)).
6. Administrative powers
The Committee is authorized to hold hearings, issue orders and sub-
poenas, and adopt rules and regulations. It can administer oaths, compel
the attendance of witnesses and the production of necessary data. It
may enter any establishment for the purpose of collecting necessary
information, and no owner is permitted to refuse such entry (Sees. lWf.537,
1^.5300(5), 1M*.55).
Exemption from Operation of Act. Nothing in the Act is to be con-
strued to limit or modify in any manner the powers and duties of the State
Board of Health relating to its functions regarding water supplies and
sewage disposal, or to select, employ and direct the sanitary engineer
and all other employees of its bureau of sanitary engineering (Sec. ikk.Q)
State Board of Health
The State Board of Health has general supervision and control over
the waters of the State, drainage, water supply, water systems, sewage
and refuse disposal, and the sanitary condition of streets, alleys,
outhouses, and cesspools, insofar as their sanitary and physical condition
affects health or comfort.
In carrying out its water pollution functions, the Board is author-
ized to conduct investigations, experiments, and research in the purifica-
tion and conservation of water and the treatment of sewage or refuse, hold
public hearings, and attend or be represented at such meetings inside or
11-18
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outside the State. For the conduct of said investigations, experiments,
and research, the Board may on behalf of the State accept funds from any
public or private agency.
The Board, upon request, and without charge for service or expense,
shall consult with and advise owners having installed or about to install
systems or plants, as to the most appropriate water supply and the best
method of providing for its purity, or as to the best method of disposing
of sewage or refuse, with reference to the existing and future needs of
all communities or persons which may be affected thereby. The Board shall
not be required to prepare plans.
Miscellaneous Statutory Provisions
It is unlawful for anyone to throw refuse into any waters of the
State or leave the same upon the ice thereof. Violation carries a fine
of up to $100.00 and/or imprisonment up to 30 days (Laws of Wisconsin,
1957, Ch. 353).
No one is permitted to take fish by the use of explosives, poison or
other stupefying substances; or throw any fish offal into the waters of
the State from any vessel; or deposit into any waters any lime, tanbark,
ship ballast, sand, sawdust, acids or other refuse arising from manufac-
turing or any other substance deleterious to game or fish life other than
authorized drainage from municipalities and industrial or other wastes
discharged from mines or other industries through treatment facilities
installed and operated in accordance with plans approved by the Committee
on Water Pollution under Ch. ikk, or in compliance with orders of that
Committee. Any such orders are subject to modification by subsequent
orders (Sec. 29.29).
It is unlawful for anyone to discharge untreated domestic sewage
into any surface water; or to discharge the effluents or pumpage by any
11-19
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Comparison of Authorizations and Delegated Functions
of State Agencies Concerned with Water Pollution Control
AGENCIES
Minn.
w
4H
o
n
X
X
X
X
i
X
X
X
X
s
X
X
X
Wise.
'
«
4-i
O
Q
X
X
X
*;
£5
•
X
X
X
X
X
X
FUNCTION
Classify waters of state and adopt classifications
and standards of purity and quality thereof.
Issue, continue in effect, modify, revoke or deny
permits for discharge of sewage or other waste or
for installation and operation of disposal system.
Issues final orders for pollution abatement after
hearing or issue, modify or revoke orders for pro-
hibiting or directing abatement of waste discharges,
prohibiting storage of liquids which might result
in pollution of waters.
Authorized to cooperate and enter into agreement
with other states relative to means and measures
to be employed to control pollution of interstate
streams .
Investigate extent, character and effect of pollu-
tion on waters (surface water only in Wisconsin)
of the state and issue reports thereof, conduct
research and studies as necessary to administration.
Authorized to hold hearings, issue orders, sub-
poenas, examine witnesses, enter property for
purposes of obtaining information or conducting
surveys .
Receive and accept money, property or services on
behalf of the state from any other source for any
water pollution purpose within the scope of its
function.
Issue general orders, and adopt rules and regula-
tions for installation of means for controlling
water pollution from industrial and other sources.
Issues special orders directing particular owners
to secure results of pollution control as pre-
scribed.
-------
Comparison of Authorizations and
Delegated Functions of State
Agencies Concerned with Water
Pollution Control
AGENCIES
Minn.
o
Q
X
X
o
Wise.
w
p
X
X
P«
0
FUNCTION
Adopt and enforce reasonable regulations regarding
the disposal of sewage and the pollution of streams.
Administers and enforces all laws relating to water
pollution where such pollution affects public health.
General supervision and control over waters, drain-
age, water supply, sewage and refuse disposal with-
in the state, and sanitary conditions of streets
etc., insofar as sanitary and physical conditions
affects health or comfort.
Shall consult with and advise owners of best methods
of water and waste treatment with reference to fu-
ture needs of communities or persons which may be
affected.
Jflote:
D of H refers to Department of Health
WPCC refers to Water Pollution Control Commission
Com W. P. refers to Committee on Water Pollution
-------
means from any septic tank, dry well, or cesspool into any surface water
(Sec. Ilt6.13(2)).
It is unlawful for anyone to deposit the carcass of any animal into
any stream, lake, or swale (Sec. 95«50)«
INTERSTATE JOUST RESOLUTIONS BETWEEN MINNESOTA. AMD WISCONSIN (k)
The water pollution control agencies of Minnesota and Wisconsin have
adopted three joint resolutions pertaining to pollution of interstate
streams and their tributaries.
The first resolution, adopted on February l4, 1952, concerns pollution
abatement on the St. Louis River, St. Louis Bay, Superior Bay, and Lake
Superior. Each agree to follow established programs for the improvement
of the quality of these interstate waters and their tributary streams to
the end that they may be maintained or rendered suitable for appropriate
public uses.
The second resolution, adopted on August 11, 1953> concerns the
interstate portion of the St. Croix River. Each agree that facilities
for treatment of sewage for all sewered municipalities shall provide at
least effective sedimentation, plus chlorination, with such design of
treatment plants that secondary or other higher degrees of treatment may
be added as conditions may require. They further agree that facilities
for treatment of industrial waste shall provide the .most effective treat-
ment warranted by conditions in each case with the understanding that
additional or special type treatment be required where water uses so
dictate.
The third resolution, adopted on August 11, 1953, concerns pollution
on the interstate portion of the Mississippi River and its tributaries.
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The States of Iowa and Illinois are also included in the resolution. It
was agreed that facilities for treatment of sewage and industrial wastes
shall provide at least effective sedimentation or equivalent, substan-
tially complete removal of floating solids or liquids, and reduction of
toxic materials to less than lethal limits for aquatic life, with the
understanding that additional or special type treatment be required in
those areas where water uses so dictate.
The 1965 legislatures of both Minnesota and Wisconsin passed bills
authorizing a joint compact for the purpose of reviewing proposed develop-
ment of the boundary waters between the two States. The Minnesota - Wis-
consin Boundary Area Commission to be formed as a result, would be financed
by each of the two States as well as being provided with matching federal
funds. Total appropriations for the first year of operation have been
established at $200,000.
The legislation does not provide the two-State Commission with any
real power to regulate development of the area. It must operate in an
advisory capacity and leave zoning and land use regulations to others.
In Minnesota this is generally the responsibility of the local political
subdivisions.
U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS AMD COAST GUARD
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES (5)
In 182U, Congress assigned the responsibility for development of
the nation's rivers and harbors to the Corps of Engineers. From that
date until 19&L, the Corps' responsibility in water pollution control
was limited to cases involving interference to navigation.
Early congressional acts concerned with pollution were oriented
toward protecting navigation from obstruction and injury. Section 13
11-21
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of the River and Harbor Act of 1899, "...prohibits the discharge into
navigable waters generally of refuse matter other than liquid sewage,
including the discharge of those materials which are obstructive or
injurious to navigation....". The Oil Pollution Act of 192^ prohibits
the discharge of oil into coastal waters, but does not apply to inland
waters. Oil discharged from vessels, however, has been held by the
courts to be refuse matter and therefore a violation of Section 13 of
the 1899 Act. Enforcement of these acts is carried out for the Corps
by the Coast Guard,
The general policy of the Corps has been directed toward prevention
of violations through public education. Where violations do occur, the
Chief of Engineers considers the seriousness of the pollution, the degree
of guilt on the part of the offender, his cooperation in corrective opera-
tions, and his past record in determining whether or not to recommend
prosecution to the Department of Justice.
The 1899 Act also makes the Corps responsible for the issuance of
permits for construction of structures such as wharfs, piers, and dolphins
which may present an unreasonable obstruction to navigation. Industrial
outfall sewers are also considered in this category and cannot be con-
structed without a permit. Comments are solicited from interested local
and State authorities on permit applications.
The Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961 spelled out addi-
tional responsibilities for the Corps in pollution abatement. The Act
"...provides that in the survey or planning of any reservoir by the Corps
of Engineers, Bureau of Reclamation, or other federal agency, consider-
ation shall be given to inclusion of storage for regulation of stream
flow for the purpose of water quality control,.". The need and value of
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such storage is determined with the advice of the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare.
U.S. DEPARTMEHT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES (6)
General
The Federal Government's Water Pollution Enforcement Program is carried
out by the Water Pollution Control Administration of the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare as prescribed by the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended * (33 U.S.C. U66 et seq..). The declaration of policy as
stated in this Act is divided into the following three parts: (a) The
purpose of this Act is to enhance the quality and value of our water re-
sources and to establish a national policy for the prevention, control,
and abatement of water pollution, (b) In connection with the exercise of
jurisdiction over the waterways of the nation and in consequence of the
benefits resulting to the public health and welfare by the prevention and
control of water pollution, it is hereby declared to be the policy of Con-
gress to recognize, preserve, and protect the primary responsibilities and
rights of the States in preventing and controlling water pollution, to sup-
port and aid technical research relating to the prevention and control of
water pollution, and to provide Federal technical services and financial
aid to State and interstate agencies and to municipalities in connection
with the prevention and control of water pollution. The Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare shall administer this Act through the Ad-
ministration created by Section 2 of this Act, and with the assistance of
an Assistant Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare designated by
* Basic Act (PL8W360), approved 7/9/56, amended by the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961 (PL87-88), approved 7/20/61
and by the Water Quality Act of 1965 (PL89-23U), approved 10/2/6?.
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him, aha.ll supervise and direct (l) the head of such Administration in
administering this Act and (2) the administration of all other functions
of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare related to water pol-
lution. Such Assistant Secretary shall perform such additional functions
as the Secretary may prescribe, (c) Nothing in this Act shall be con-
strued as impairing or in any manner affecting any right or jurisdiction
of the States with respect to the waters (including boundary waters) of
such States.
The Act permits the Department to either assist or work with other
Federal, State, and interstate agencies, municipalities and industries in
carrying out its many endeavors. These include in part the following:
A. Development of comprehensive programs for eliminating or reducing
the pollution of interstate waters and tributaries thereof.
B. "Encouragement of the enactment of improved and so far as practi-
cable, uniform State laws relating to the prevention and control of water
pollution.
C. Research, investigations, experiments, demonstrations and studies
relating to causes, control and prevention of water pollution.
D. Provide grants to assist in the development of new or improved
methods of controlling the discharge of wastes into any waters.
E. Grants to assist States and interstate agencies in meeting the
cost of establishing and maintaining pollution control measures.
F. Grants to assist in construction of necessary treatment works to
prevent pollution of any waters.
G. The requiring from States, the development of water quality cri-
teria applicable to interstate waters or portions thereof within such
State and a plan for implementation and enforcement of the criteria.
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H. Maintain jurisdiction over the pollution of interstate or navi-
gable waters in or adjacent to any State or States, which endangers the
health or welfare of any persons.
Enforcement
Enforcement procedures may be initiated in any of the following ways:
1. Upon request by the Governor of any State or a State water pol-
lution control agency, or the governing body of any municipality (with
the concurrence of the Governor and water pollution control agency), if
the request refers to pollution originating in another State;
2. Upon request by the Governor of any State, if the request refers
to intrastate pollution endangering the health or welfare of persons only
in the requesting State;
3. At the discretion of the Secretary of Health, Education, and
Welfare when, on the basis of reports, surveys, or studies, he has reason
to believe that any interstate pollution exists.
Upon initiation of an enforcement action, the Secretary calls a con«-
ference of the State and interstate water pollution control agencies con-
cerned with the problem. Discussions are held relative to the occurrence
of pollution subject to abatement under the Act, the adequacy of measures
taken toward abatement, and the nature of any delays being encountered in .
abating the pollution.
If, at the conclusion of a conference, the Secretary believes "...that
effective progress toward abatement of such pollution is not being made and
that the health or welfare of any persons is being endangered, he shall
recommend to the appropriate State water pollution control agency that it
take necessary remedial action". At least six months are allowed for the
taking of such recommended action.
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If the recommended action has not been taken by the end of the allot-
ted time, "...the Secretary shall call a public hearing ... before a Hear-
ing Board of five or more persons appointed by the Secretary". Each State
participating is given an opportunity to select one member of the Board.
"At least one member shall be a representative of the Department of Com-
merce and not less than a majority of the Board shall be persons other
than officers or employees of the Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare".
"...On the basis of the evidence presented at such hearing, the Board
shall make findings as to whether pollution ... is occurring and whether
effective progress toward abatement thereof is being made". If the Board
finds there is pollution and ineffective progress toward abatement, "...it
shall make recommendations to the Secretary concerning the measures, if
any, which it finds to be reasonable and equitable to secure abatement
of such pollution". The Secretary shall send these findings and recom-
mendations to the persons causing, the pollution, along with a notice
specifying a reasonable time (not less than six months) to secure abate-
ment.
If action to abate pollution has not been taken within the time
specified in the notice, the Secretary:
1. In the case of interstate pollution, may request the Attorney
General to bring suit on behalf of the United States to secure abatement;
2. In the case of intrastate pollution, may, with written consent
of the Governor of such State, request the Attorney General to bring suit
on behalf of the United States to secure abatement.
Pollution From Federal Installations
Any Federal department or agency having jurisdiction over any build-
ings, installation, or property shall cooperate with the Department of
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Health, Education, and Welfare, and with any State or interstate agency or
municipality in preventing or controlling pollution of waters into which
any matter is discharged from such Federal property.
Executive Order 11258 issued November 17, 19&5, prescribes the pro-
cedures and standards governing the treatment of wastes resulting from
activities of Federap. installations in the United States, outlines meas-
ures that are to be instituted to control or prevent water pollution in
connection with those activities and establishes water quality criteria.
ii s trat Ion
The Secretary is authorized to prescribe such regulations as are
necessary to carry out his functions under the Act. To this end, he may
utilize the officers and employees of any U.S. agency, with consent of its
head. The Act further authorizes appropriation to the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare such funds as may be necessary to enable it to carry
out its functions.
MISCELLANEOUS FEDERAL LEGISLATION
St. Croix Bill
A bill to provide for the establishment of the St. Croix National
Scenic Waterway in the State of Minnesota and Wisconsin, and for other
purposes, was introduced into the U.S. Senate as S. 897, 89th Congress,
1st Session. This legislation was still pending at the conclusion of the
1st Session.
This bill as it pertains to the area under study by the Project, is
for the purpose of promoting broad recreational usage and more intensive
types of recreational use of the portion of the St. Croix River downstream
from the dam near Taylors Falls, Minnesota to its confluence with the
Mississippi River.
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The bill provides for the expenditure of $6.5 million over a five
year period for development of a riverway over some 2kO miles of river.
The "bill will not permit new commercial or industrial uses not in
accord with recreational and scenic environment.
The Secretary of the Interior, under whose jurisdiction the bill
would be administered, shall also cooperate with the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare, and with the appropriate State water pollution
control agencies, to prepare and develop agreements for eliminating or
diminishing the pollution of waters, within the St. Croix National Scenic
Waterway.
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REFERENCES
1, Digest of Water Pollution Control Legislation — Minnesota,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
September 1958.
2. Proceedings of Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of the Upper Mississippi River, Volume II, pp. ¥4-9-5^2
held in St. Paul, Minnesota on February 8, 196^, U.S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare.
3. Digest of Water Pollution Control Legislation —Wisconsin,
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service,
September 1958.
k. Wisconsin Administrative Code, Rules of Committee on Water
Pollution, Chapter WP3.
5. Proceedings of Conference in the Matter of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of the Upper Mississippi River, Volume I, pp. 251-257}
and 295, held in St. Paul, Minnesota on February 8, 1964.
6. Federal Water Pollution Control Act - Public Law 660 (as amended
196l - PL 87-88 Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments).
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APPENDIX
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STATE OF KQJNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CLASSIFICATION Altt> STANDARDS FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
AND TRIBUTARIES FROli THE BUM RIVER TO THE UPPER LOCK AND DAM
AT ST. ANTHONY FALLS
The classification for use and the pollution standards as hereinafter
set forth are hereby adopted and established for that portion of the Mis-
sissippi River from but not including the mouth of the Bum River to the
upper lock and dam at St. Anthony Falls, approximately at the northeast-
ward extension of Fifth Avenue South in the City of Minneapolis, and
streams tributary thereto.
Section 1. Classification for Use.
(a) The primary use of the waters requiring maintenance of water
quality in accordance with the standards hereinafter prescribed
is as a source of public water supply for drinking, food pro-
cessing, and related purposes.
(b) Other uses for which waters of such quality are suitable are
industrial processing and cooling, navigation, pleasure boating,
fishing, bathing, swimming, and other recreational uses, subject
to such restrictions on any such uses which involve close, fre-
quent, or prolonged contact with the water as may be necessary
for protection of public health.
(c) Other beneficial uses for which water of lower quality may be
suitable may be exercised in the waters, provided the effects
do not actually or potentially conflict with the uses specified
in paragraphs (a) and (b).
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Section 2. Related Conditions
The waters should meet the recommended U. S. Public Health
Service raw water requirements for Group IV, as defined "in
Public Health Bulletin No. 296, Manual of Recommended Water
Sanitation Practice, 196i|-, so that after Class IV treatment
as specified in said manual the water will meet the require-
ments for drinking water as specified in U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards, 1962. Waters having the
quality aforesaid will be suitable for maintenance of game
fish of species commonly inhabiting waters of the vicinity
under natural conditions.
Section 3- Standards
(a) No raw sewage, and no industrial waste or other wastes,
treated or untreated, containing viable pathogenic organisms
or any substances which may cause disease, endanger the public
health, or otherwise iaipair the quality of the receiving
waters for public water supply shall be discharged into the
waters.
(b) No treated sewage effluent shall be discharged into the waters
from any source originating after the taking effect hereof,
including, without limitation, discharges from watercraft.
(c) No treated sewage effluent, industrial waste, or other wastes
shall be discharged into the waters so as to cause any nui-
sance conditions, including, without limitation, the presence
of substantial amounts of floating solids, scum, oil slicks,
suspended solids, material discoloration, obnoxious odors,
visible gassing, sludge deposits, substantial fungus growths,
or other offensive effects.
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(d) No treated sewage effluent, industrial waste, or other wastes
shall be discharged into the waters so as to cause any material
increase in taste, odor, color, or turbidity above natural
levels, or otherwise to impair the quality of the water so as
to render it objectionable or unsuitable as a source of water
supply.
(e) The discharge of oxygen-demanding treated sewage effluent,
industrial waste, or other wastes shall be restricted so that
after reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof
with the receiving waters the dissolved oxygen content of
such waters will be maintained at not less than 5 milligrams
per liter, based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded
by 90 per cent of the monthly average flows of record for the
month of August or February, whichever is lower, and so that
a level of not less than 4 milligrams per liter will be main-
tained under any instantaneous low flow conditions.
(f) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shal] be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges, after
reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof with
the receiving waters, does not raise the temperature of such
waters above 93°P at any point, based on the critical month
of August and the monthly average flow specified in paragraph (e).
(g) The discharge of treated sewage effluent, industrial waste, or
other wastes shall be restricted so that at any water supply
intake the maximum limits for chemicals in the waters shall be
such that after Class IV treatment has been provided as specified
in Section 2 (Public Health Bulletin No. 296), the concentrations
II-3A
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recommended in the U. S. Public Health Service Drinking Water
Standards, 1962, will not be exceeded in the treated water.
Such discharges shall also be restricted so that after reason-
able opportunity for mixing and dilution of the discharge with
the receiving waters, on the basis of the monthly average flow
specified in paragraph (e), the concentrations of the substances
specified below will not be exceeded in the waters.
Ammonia 2.0 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Chromium 1.0 milligrams per liter (as Chromium)
Copper 0.2 milligrams per liter (as Copper)
Cyanide 0.02 milligrams per liter (as Cyanide ion)
Oil Not to exceed a trace
pH range 6.5 - 9-0
Radioactive Not to exceed the lowest concentrations
materials permitted to be discharged to an uncontrolled
environment as prescribed by tne appropriate
Federal authority or by the State Board of
Health.
Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of such treated
sewage effluent, industrial waste, or other wastes in the
receiving waters shall be provided so far as practicable
whenever deemed necessary by the Commission to maintain the
quality of the receiving waters in accordance with applicable
standards.
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(h) No treated sewage effluent, industrial waste, or other wastes
shall be discharged into the waters in such quantity or in such
manner alone or in combination with other substances as to
cause pollution thereof as defined by law.
(i) In any case where, upon application of the responsible person
or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon that
by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict enforcement
of a provision of these standards would cause undue hardship
and would be unreasonable, that disposal of the sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes involved is necessary for public
health, safety, and welfare, and that no means for such dis-
posal in strict conformity with the standards is reasonably
available, the Commission, in its discretion, may permit a
variance therefrom upon such conditions as it may prescribe
for prevention, control, or abatement of pollution and in
harmony with the general purpose and intent of the standards.
Adopted March 28, 1963
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STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND
TRIBUTARIES FROM THE UPPER LOCK AND DAM AT ST. ANTHONY FALLS
TO THE OUTFALL OF THE MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL SANITARY DISTRICT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
The classification for use and the pollution standards as hereinafter
set forth are hereby adopted and established for that portion of the Mis-
sissippi River from the upper lock and dam at St. Anthony Falls, approxi-
mately at the northeastward extension of Fifth Avenue South in the City of
Minneapolis, to immediately above the outfall of the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District sewage treatment plant in the City of St. Paul, approxi-
mately at the eastward extension of Baker Street East in said city, and
streams tributary thereto except the Minnesota River.
Section 1. Classification for Use.
(a) The uses of the waters requiring maintenance of water quality in
accordance with the standards hereinafter prescribed are pleasure
boating, fishing, and other recreational uses, subject to such
restriction on any such uses which involve close, frequent, or
prolonged contact with the water as may be necessary for protec-
tion of public health.
(b) The waters may be used for navigation, general industrial pur-
poses, and other beneficial uses for which water of lower quality
may be suitable, provided the effects do not actually or poten-
tially conflict with the uses specified in paragraph (a).
Section 2. Related Conditions
The waters are suitable for the aforesaid uses and for maintenance
of game fish of species commonly inhabiting waters of the vicinity
under natural conditions, but not as a source of drinking water
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or special quality industrial process water, or for bathing or
swimming, subject to such restrictions on any such uses which
involve close, frequent, or prolonged contact with the water as
may be necessary for protection of public health.
Section 3- Standards
(a) fro major quantities of sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes,
treated or untreated, shall be discharged into the waters. No
treated sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes containing
viable pathogenic organisms shall be discharged into the waters
without effective disinfection during the summer months, except
under emergency conditions. Effective disinfection of any dis-
charges, including combined flows of sewage and storm water,
may be required to protect the aforesaid uses of the waters.
(b) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be discharged
into the waters so as to cause any nuisance conditions, including,
without limitation, the presence of substantial amounts of
floating solids, scum, oil slicks, suspended solids, material
discoloration, obnoxious odors, visible gassing, sludge deposits,
substantial fungus growths, or other offensive effects.
(c) The discharge of oxygen-demanding sewage, industrial waste, or
other wastes shall be restricted so that after reasonable oppor-
tunity for mixing and dilution thereof with the receiving waters
the dissolved oxygen content of such waters will be maintained
at not less than k milligrams per liter, based on the monthly
average flow which is exceeded by 90 per cent of the monthly
flows of record for the month of August or February, whichever
is lower, and so that a level of not less than 3 milligrams per
II-7A
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liter will be maintained under the minimum daily flow which is
exceeded by 98 per cent of the minimum daily flows of record
for the month of August or February, whichever is lower.
(d) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shall be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges, after
reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof with the
receiving waters, does not raise the temperature of such waters
above 93° F, based on the critical month of August and the
monthly average flow specified in paragraph (c).
(e) The discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes
shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the monthly average
flow specified in paragraph (c), the limits hereinafter speci-
fied will not be exceeded in the waters after reasonable oppor-
tunity for mixing and dilution:
Ammonia 2.0 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Chromium 1.0 milligrams per liter (as Chromium)
Copper 0.2 milligrams per liter (as Copper)
Cyanide 0.02 milligrams per liter (as Cyanide ion)
Oil 10 milligrams per liter
pH range 6.0 - 9.0
Phenolic
materials 0.01 milligrams per liter (as Phenol)
Radioactive
materials Not to exceed the lowest concentrations
permitted to be discharged to an uncon-
trolled environment as prescribed by
the appropriate Federal authority or
by the State Board of Health
Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of such sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes in the receiving waters shall be
provided so far as practicable whenever deemed necessary by the
II-8A
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Commission to maintain the quality of the receiving waters in
accordance with applicable standards.
(f) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be discharged
into the waters in such quantity or in such manner alone or in
combination with other substances as to cause pollution thereof
as defined by law.
(g) In any case where, upon application of the responsible person or
persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon that by
reason of exceptional circumstances the strict enforcement of
a provision of these standards would cause undue hardship and
would be unreasonable, that disposal of the sewage, industrial
waste, or other wastes involved is necessary for public health,
safety, and welfare, and that no means for such disposal in
strict conformity with the standards is reasonably available,
the Commission, in its discretion, may permit a variance there-
from upon such conditions as it may prescribe for prevention,
control, or abatement of pollution and in harmony with the
general purpose and intent of the standards.
Adopted March 28, 1963
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STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND
TRIBUTARIES FROM THE OUTFALL OF THE MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL
SANITARY DISTRICT SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT TO LOCK AND DAM
NO. 2 NEAR HASTINGS
The classification for use and the pollution standards as hereinafter
set forth are hereby adopted and established for that portion of the Mis-
sissippi River from immediately above the outfall of the Minneapolis-St.
Paul Sanitary District sewage treatment plant in the City of St. Paul,
approximately at the eastward extension of Baker Street East in said city
to the U. S. lock and dam No. 2 above Hastings.
Section 1. Classification for Use
The uses of the waters requiring maintenance of water quality in
accordance with the standards hereinafter prescribed are for
industrial processes, general cooling water, stock and wild life
watering, restricted irrigation, disposal of treated sewage and
waste effluents, fish survival, esthetic enjoyment of river
scenery, and passage of watercraft in connection with navigation
and pleasure boating in such manner as to avoid close, frequent,
or prolonged contact with the water.
Section 2. Related Conditions
The waters are suitable for the aforesaid uses and for survival
or passage of game fish of species commonly inhabiting waters
of the vicinity under natural conditions, and for disposal of
treated sewage and industrial waste effluents for which no
other means of disposal is available. Treatment of the waters
may be necessary for some industrial uses.
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Section 3. Standards
(a) No major quantities of untreated sewage, industrial waste,
or- other wastes shall be discharged intd the waters. No
treated sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes containing
viable pathogenic organisms shall be discharged into the
waters without effective disinfection during the summer
months, except under emergency conditions. Effective dis-
infection of any discharges, including combined flows of
sewage and storm Vater, may be required to protect the
aforesaid uses of the waters,
(b) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any nuisance condi-
tions, including without limitation, the presence of
substantial amounts of floating solids, scum, oil slicks,
suspended solids, material discoloration, obnoxious odors,
visible gassing, sludge deposits, substantial fungus
growths, or other offensive effects.
(c) The discharge of oxygen-demanding sewage, industrial waste,
or other wastes shall be restricted so that after reasonable
opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof with the re-
ceiving waters the dissolved oxygen content of such waters
will be maintained at not less than 2 milligrams per liter,
based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded by 90
per cent of the monthly average flows of record for the
month of August or February, whichever is lower, and so that
a level of not less than 1 milligram per liter will be
maintained under the minimum daily flow which is exceeded by
II-11A
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95 per cent of the minimum daily flows of record for the
month of August or February whichever is lower. In addition
to the aforesaid requirements, the highest levels of dis-
solved oxygen which are attainable by continuous operation
of all the units of the treatment works discharging into
this reach of the river at their maximum capability consis-
tent with practical limitations of such works shall be main-
tained in the waters, except for emergencies, in order to
improve conditions for fish and for other uses of the waters.
(d) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shall be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges, after
reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof with
the receiving waters, does not raise the temperature of such
waters above 93° F based on the critical month of August and
the monthly average flow specified in paragraph (c). Further
reduction in heat discharges may be required if necessary to
avoid substantial interference with or adverse effects upon
other uses.
(e) The discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes
shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the monthly
average flow specified in paragraph (c), the limits here-
inafter specified will not be exceeded in the waters after
reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution:
Ammonia 2.0 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Chromium 1.0 milligrams per liter (as Chromium)
Copper 0.2 milligrams per liter (as Copper)
GPO 824—4O8—B—3
II-12A
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Cyanide 0.02 milligrams per liter (as Cyanide
ion)
Fluoride 2.0 milligrams per liter (as Fluoride
ion)
Oil 10 milligrams per liter
pH range 6.0 - 9.5
Phenolic
materials 0.1 milligrams per liter (as Phenol)
Radioactive
materials Not to exceed the lowest concentra-
tions permitted to be discharged to
an uncontrolled environment as pre-
scribed by the appropriate Federal
authority or by the State Board of
Health.
Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of such treated sewage
effluent, industrial waste, or other wastes in the receiving
waters shall be provided so far as practicable whenever deemed
necessary by the Commission to maintain the quality of the re-
ceiving waters in accordance with applicable standards.
(f) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be
discharged into the waters in such quantity or in such
manner alone or in combination with other substances as
to cause pollution thereof as defined by law.
(g) In any case where, upon application of the responsible per-
son or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon
that by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict en-
forcement of a provision of these standards would cause
undue hardship and would be unreasonable, that disposal of
the sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes involved is
necessary for public health, safety, and welfare, and that
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no means for such disposal in strict conformity with the
standards is reasonably available, the Commission, in its
discretion, may permit a variance therefrom upon such
conditions as it may prescribe for prevention, control, or
abatement of pollution and in harmony with the general pur-
pose and intent of the standards.
Adopted March 28, 1963.
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STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CHAPTER FIVE: WPC 5
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR THE MINNESOTA RIVER AND TRIBUTARY WATERS
FROM CARVER RAPIDS TO THE OUTLET OF REILLY CREEK AND GRASS LAKE BELOW SHAKOPEE
ZONE 36 - 22.k
WPC 5 The classification for use and the standards of quality and
purity as hereinafter set forth are hereby adopted and established for that
portion of the Minnesota River from below the Carver Rapids, approximately
at the eastward extension of the Carver Village south boundary lying between
sections 30 and 31> Louisville Township, Scott County, to immediately below
the outlet of Reilly (Terrell) Creek and Grass Lake below Shakopee, approxi-
mately at the northward extension of the boundary between sections k and 5,
Eagle Creek Township, Scott County, and waters tributary thereto except
Reilly (Terrell), Bluff, Chaska (East), Chaska (West), Spring, Carver, and
Sand Creeks and waters tributary thereto.
(a) Classification for Use.
(l) The present or potential uses of the waters requiring mainte-
nance of water quality in accordance with the standards here-
inafter prescribed include fishing, pleasure boating, esthe-
tic enjoyment, irrigation, stock watering, wildlife, subject
to such restrictions on any such uses which involve close,
frequent, or prolonged contact with the water as may be
necessary for protection of public health.
(2) The waters also may be used for navigation or general indus-
trial purposes or any other beneficial uses for which the
waters may be suitable.
II-15A
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(b) Related Conditions. The waters are suitable for the aforesaid
uses and for maintenance of game fish of species commonly in-
habiting waters of the vicinity under natural conditions, and
for disposal of treated sewage and waste effluents for which
no other means of disposal is available.
(c) Standards.
(l) No untreated sewage shall be discharged into the waters.
No treated sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes con-
taining viable pathogenic organisms, shall be discharged
into the waters without effective disinfection. Effective
disinfection of any discharges, including combined flows
of sewage and storm water may be required to protect the
aforesaid uses of the waters.
(2) Existing discharges of untreated sewage, and untreated
industrial waste or other wastes, shall be abated or
treated and controlled so as to comply with these standards,
(3) No treated sewage, and no industrial waste or other wastes
shall be discharged into the waters so as to cause any
nuisance conditions such as the presence of floating solids,
scum, oil slicks, suspended solids, material discoloration,
obnoxious odors, visible gassing, sludge deposits, slimes
or fungus growths, or other offensive effects.
No treated sewage, and no industrial wastes or other wastes
shall be discharged into the waters so as to cause any
material increase in constituents or characteristics which
may impair the quality of the water so as to render it
II-16A
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objectionable or unsuitable for fish or wildlife or as a
source of water for general industrial use or agricultural
purposes, including irrigation.
(5) The discharge of oxygen demanding sewage or waste effluents
shall, be restricted so that after reasonable opportunity for
mixing and dilution thereof with the receiving waters the
dissolved oxygen content of such waters will be maintained
at not less than h milligrams per liter during April and May,
based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded by 90
per cent of the monthly flows of record for the month of
April or May, whichever is lower, and so that a level of not
less than 3 milligrams per liter will be maintained during
August and February, based on the minimum daily flow which
is exceeded by 90 per cent of the minimum daily flows of
record for the month of August or February, whichever is
lower.
(6) In addition to the aforesaid requirements, the highest
levels of dissolved oxygen which are attainable by contin-
uous operation of all the units of the treatment works dis-
charging into this reach of the river at their maximum
capability consistent with practical limitations of such
works shall be maintained in the waters, in order to im-
prove conditions for fish and for other uses of the waters.
(7) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shall be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges,
after reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution there-
of with the receiving waters, does not raise the temperature
of such waters above 93°F, based on the average natural
II-17A
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water temperature in the month of August and the August
monthly average flow which is exceeded by 90 per cent of
the monthly average flows of record for August.
(8) The discharge of treated sewage, industrial wastes, or other
wastes shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the
monthly average flow specified in paragraph (5), the limits
hereinafter specified will not be exceeded in the waters by
reason of such discharges, after reasonable opportimity for
mixing and dilution:
2 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Ammonia
Chlorides
Chromium
Copper
Cyanides
Oil
pH range
Phenolic
materials
Radioactive
materials
100 milligrams per liter (as Chloride
ion)
1 milligram per liter (as Chromium)
0.2 milligram per liter (as Copper)
0.02 milligram per liter (as Cyanide
ion)
10 milligrams per liter
6.0 - 9.5
0.01 milligram per liter (as Phenol)
Not to exceed the lowest concentra-
tions permitted to be discharged to
an uncontrolled environment as pre-
scribed by the appropriate Federal
authority or by the State Board of
Health.
(9) Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes in the receiving waters shall
be provided so far as practicable whenever deemed necessary
by the Commission to maintain the quality of the receiving
waters in accordance with applicable standards.
II-18A
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(10) Liquid substances which could constitute a pollution hazard
shall be stored in accordance with Regulation WPG k. Other
wastes as defined by law or other substances which could
constitute a pollution hazard shall not be deposited in
any manner such that the same may be likely to gain entry
into these waters in excess of or contrary to the standards
herein adopted, or cause pollution as defined by law.
(ll) No sewage, industrial waste or other wastes, shall be dis-
charged into the waters in such quantity or in such manner
alone or in combination with other substances as to cause
pollution thereof as defined by law. In any case where the
waters into which sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
effluents discharge are assigned different standards than
the waters into which^such receiving waters flow, the stand-
ards applicable to the waters which receive such sewage or
waste effluents shall be supplemented by the following:
The quality of any waters receiving sewage, industrial wastes
or other waste discharges shall be such that no violation of
the standards established for any other waters shall occur by
reason of such sewage, industrial wastes or other waste dis-
charges .
(12) In any case where, upon application of the responsible per-
son or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing there-
on that by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict
enforcement of a provision of these standards would cause
undue hardship and would be unreasonable, that disposal
of the sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes involved
is necessary for public health, safety, and welfare, and
II-19A
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that no means for such disposal in strict conformity with
the standards is reasonably available, the Commission in
its discretion, may permit a variance therefrom upon such
conditions as it may prescribe for prevention, control, or
abatement of pollution and in harmony with the general pur-
pose and intent of the standards. Upon similar application,
the Commission may permit a temporary variance from the
provisions of these standards without a hearing to enable
existing non-complying facilities to be brought into com-
pliance within a reasonable time period and under other such
conditions as it may prescribe.
Adopted: November 2, 1965
II-20A
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STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CHAPTER SIX: WPC 6
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR THE MINNESOTA RIVER AND TRIBUTARY WATERS
FROM THE OUTLET OF REILLY (TERRELL) CREEK AND GRASS LAKE BELOW
SHAKOPEE TO THE JUNCTION WITH THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AT FORT SNELLING
ZONE 22.U - 0
WPC 6 The classification for use and the standards of quality and
purity as hereinafter set forth are hereby adopted and established for that
portion of the Minnesota River fron a point immediately below the outlet of
Reilly Creek and Grass Lake below Shakopee, approximately at the northward
extension of the boundary between sections k and 5» Eagle Creek Township,
Scott County, to immediately above the junctions with the Mississippi River
at Fort Snelling, approximately at the due southward extension of Edgecumbe
Road from the intersection with West Seventh Street, and the due southward
extension of Lexington Parkway from the intersection with West Seventh
Street, in sections 21 and 22, St, Paul, and waters tributary thereto
except Nine Mile Creek, the Credit River, Eagle Creek, Purgatory Creek and
waters tributary thereto.
(a) Classification for Use.
(l) The present or potential uses of the waters requiring main-
tenance of water quality in accordance with the standards
hereinafter prescribed include pleasure boating, wildlife,
fishing, esthetic enjoyment, and other recreational uses,
subject to such restrictions on any such uses which involve
close, frequent, or prolonged contact with the water as may
be necessary for protection of public health.
H-21A
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(2) The waters also may be used for navigation, general indus-
trial purposes, agriculture, and other beneficial uses for
which the waters may be suitable and which do not conflict
with the uses stated above,
(b) Related Conditions. The waters are suitable for the aforesaid
uses and for maintenance of game fish of species commonly in-
habiting waters of the vicinity under natural conditions, but
not as a source of drinking water or special quality industrial
process water.
(c) Standards.
(l) No untreated sewage, and no untreated industrial waste or
other wastes containing viable pathogenic organisms or any
substances which may cause disease} endanger the public
health, or otherwise impair the quality Of the receiving
waters for the stated uses, shall be discharged into the
waters.
(2) No major quantities of treated sewage from any source
originating after the taking effect hereof shall be dis-
charged into the waters. No treated sewage, and no treated
industrial waste or other wastes containing viable patho-
genic organisms, shall be discharged into the waters without
effective disinfection. Effective disinfection of any dis-
charges, including combined flows of sewage and storm water,
may be required to protect the aforesaid uses of the waters.
(3) Existing discharges of major quantities of sewage, indus-
trial wastes, or other wastes, treated or untreated, shall
be abated, or diverted out of the watershed, or otherwise
controlled so as to comply with these standards.
II-22A
-------
(k) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any nuisance condi-
tions, such as the presence of floating solids, scum, oil
slicks, suspended solids, material discoloration, obnoxious
odors, visible gassing, sludge deposits, slimes or fungus
growths, or other offensive effects.
(5) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any material increase
in any constituents or characteristics which may impair the
quality of the water so as to render it objectionable or
unsuitable for fish and wildlife or as a source of water
for general industrial use or agricultural purposes, in-
cluding irrigation.
(6) The discharge of oxygen demanding sewage or waste effluents
shall be restricted so that after reasonable opportunity for
mixing and dilution thereof with the receiving waters the
dissolved oxygen content of such waters will be maintained
at not less than h milligrams per liter during April and May,
based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded by 90 per
cent of the monthly flows of record for the month of April or
May, whichever is lower, and so that a level of not less than
3 milligrams per liter will be maintained during August and
February, based on the minimum daily flow which is exceeded by
90 per cent of the minimum daily flows of record for the month
of August or February, whichever is lower.
(?) In"addition to the aforesaid requirements, the highest levels
of dissolved oxygen which are attainable by continuous opera-
II-23A
-------
tion of all the units of the treatment works discharging into
this reach of the river at their maximum capability consis-
tent with practical limitations of such works shall be main-
tained in the waters, in order to improve conditions for
fish and for other uses of the waters.
(8) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shall be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges, after
reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof with
the receiving waters, does not raise the temperatures of such
waters above 93°F, based on the average natural water tempera-
ture in the month of August and the August monthly average
flow which is exceeded by 90 per cent of the monthly average
flows of record for August.
(9) The discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes
shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the monthly
average flow specified in paragraph (6), the limits here-
inafter specified will not be exceeded in the waters by
reason of such discharges, after reasonable opportunity
fox mixing and dilution:
Ammonia 2 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Chlorides 100 milligrams per liter (as Chloride ion)
Chromium 1 milligram per liter (as Chromium)
Copper 0.2 milligram per liter (as Copper)
Cyanides 0.02 milligram per liter (as Cyanide ion)
Oil 10 milligrams per liter
pH range 6.0 - 9.5
Phenolic
materials 0.01 milligram per liter (as Phenol)
-------
Radioactive
materials Not to exceed the lowest concentra-
tions permitted to be discharged to
an uncontrolled environment as pre-
scribed by the appropriate Federal
authority or by the State Board of
Health.
(10) Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes in the receiving waters shall
be provided so far as practicable whenever deemed necessary
by the Commission to maintain the quality of the receiving
waters in accordance with applicable standards.
(ll) Liquid substances which could constitute a pollution hazard
shall be stored in accordance with Regulation WPC U. Other
wastes as defined by law or other substances which could
constitute a pollution hazard shall not be deposited in any
manner such that the same may be likely to gain entry into
these waters in excess of or contrary to the standards here-
in adopted, or cause pollution as defined by law.
(12) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters in such quantity or in such manner
alone or in combination with other substances as to cause
pollution thereof as defined by law. In any case where the
waters into which sewage industrial wastes or other waste
effluents discharge are assigned different standards than
the waters into which such receiving waters flow, the stand-
ards -applicable to the waters which receive such sewage or
waste effluents shall be supplemented by the following:
The quality of any waters receiving sewage, industrial wastes
or other waste discharges shall be such that no violation of
II-25A
-------
the standards established for any other waters shall occur
by reason of such sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
discharges.
(13) In any case where, upon application of the responsible person
or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon that
by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict enforcement
of a provision of these standards would cause undue hardship
and would be unreasonable, that disposal of the sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes involved is necessary for public
health, safety, and welfare, and that no means for such dis-
posal in strict conformity with the standards is reasonably
available, the Commission, in its discretion, may permit a
variance therefrom upon such conditions as it may prescribe
for prevention, control, or abatement of pollution and in
harmony with the general purpose and intent of the standards.
Upon similar application, the Commission may permit a tempo-
rary variance from the provisions of these standards without
a hearing to enable existing non-complying facilities to be
brought into compliance within a reasonable time period and
under other such conditions as it may prescribe.
Adopted: November 2, 1965
II-26A
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STATE OP MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CHAPTER SEVEN: WPC 7
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR RKTLT.Y (TERRELL) CREEK
BLUFF CREEK, THE CHASKA CREEKS, SPRING CREEK
CARVER CREEK AND SAND CREEK AND TRIBUTARY WATERS
WPC 7 The classification for use and the standards of quality and
purity as hereinafter set forth are hereby adopted and established for the
waters of Reilly (Terrell) Creek, Bluff Creek, Chaska Creek (East), Chaska
Creek (West), Spring Creek, Carver Creek, and Sand Creek, and waters tri-
butary thereto in Carver, Hennepin, Scott, LeSueur, and Rice Counties,
from the source to the junction with the Minnesota River in sections 32
and 33, Eden Prairie, Hennepin County, and sections 31 and 32, Eden Prairie,
Hennepin County, in section U, Chaska, Carver County, in section 9> Chaska,
Carver County, in section 20, Carver, Carver County, in section 20, Carver,
Carver County, in section 20, Louisville Township, Scott County, respeo
tively.
(a) Classification for Use.
(l) The present or potential uses of the waters requiring main-
tenance of water quality in accordance with the standards
hereinafter prescribed include fishing, swimming, esthetic
enjoyment and other recreational uses, subject to such re-
strictions on any such uses which involve close, frequent
or prolonged contact with the water as may be necessary
for protection of public health.
(2) The waters also may be used for general industrial purposes,
agriculture, and other beneficial uses for which the waters
may be suitable and which do not conflict with the stated
uses.
II-27A
-------
(b) Related Conditions. The waters are suitable for the aforesaid
us.es and for growth and propagation of game fish of species
commonly inhabiting -waters of the vicinity under natural condi-
tions, but not as a source of drinking water or special quality
industrial profcess water, and for disposal of treated sewage and
industrial waste effluents for which no other means of disposal
is available.
(c) Standards.
(l) No untreated sewage, and no untreated industrial waste or
other wastes containing viable pathogenic organisms or any
substances which may cause disease, endanger the public
health, or otherwise impair the quality of the receiving
waters for the stated uses, shall be discharged into the
waters.
(2) No treated sewage, industrial waste or other wastes con-
taining viable pathogenic organisms, shall be discharged
into the waters without effective disinfection. Effective
disinfection of any discharges, including combined flows of
sewage and storm water, may be required to protect the
aforesaid uses of the waters.
(3) Existing discharges of untreated sewage, and untreated indus-
trial wastes or other wastes, shall be abated, or treated, or
otherwise controlled so as to comply with these standards.
No treated sewage, and no industrial waste or other wastes,
shall be discharged into the waters so as to cause any nui-
sance conditions, such as the presence of floating solids,
II-28A
GPO 824—408—B-4
-------
scum, oil slicks, suspended solids, material discoloration,
obnoxious odors, visible gassing, sludge deposits, slimes
or fungus growths, or other offensive effects.
(5) No treated sewage, and no industrial waste or other wastes,
shall be discharged into the waters so as to cause any
material increase in any constituents or characteristics
which may impair the quality of the water so as to render it
objectionable or unsuitable for fish and wildlife or as a
source of water for general industrial use or agricultural
purposes, including irrigation.
(6) The discharge of oxygen demanding sewage or waste effluents
shall be restricted so that after reasonable opportunity for
mixing and dilution thereof with the receiving waters the
dissolved oxygen content of such waters will be maintained
at not less than 5 milligrams per liter during April and
May, based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded
by 90 per cent of the monthly flows of record for the month
of April or May, whichever is lower, and so that a level
of not less than 3 milligrams per liter will be maintained
during August and February, based on the minimum daily flow
which is exceeded by 90 per cent of the minimum daily flows
of record for the month of February or August, whichever is
lower. Where flow records are not available, the indicated
flows may be estimated on the basis of available information
on the watershed characteristics, precipitation, run-off and
other pertinent data.
II-29A
-------
(7) In addition to the aforesaid requirements, the highest levels
of dissolved oxygen which are attainable by continuous opera-
tion of all the units of the treatment works discharging into
these creeks at their maximum capability consistent with
practical limitations of such works shall be maintained in
the waters, in order to improve conditions for fish and other
uses of the waters.
(8) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shall be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges, after
reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof with
the receiving waters, does not raise the temperature of such
waters above 93°F> based on the average natural water tempera-
ture in the month of August and the August minimum daily flow
specified in paragraph (6), and during the months of December
through May does not raise the temperature of such waters
above 73 P> based on the applicable monthly average water
temperature and the applicable monthly average flow which
is exceeded by 90 per cent of such flows of record.
(9) The discharge of treated sewage, industrial wastes, or other
wastes shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the
minimum daily flow specified in paragraph (6), the limits
hereinafter specified will not be exceeded in the waters by
reason of such discharges, after reasonable opportunity for
mixing and dilution:
Ammonia 2 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Chlorides 100 milligram per liter (as Chloride
ion)
Chromium 1 milligram per liter (as Chromium)
II-30A
-------
Copper 0.2 milligram per liter (as Copper)
Cyanides 0.02 milligram per liter (as Cyanide
ion)
Oil Not to exceed a trace
pH range 6.5 - 9.0
Phenolic
materials 0.01 milligram per liter (as Phenol)
Radioactive
materials Not to exceed the lowest concentra-
tions permitted to be discharged to
an uncontrolled environment as pre-
scribed by the appropriate Federal
authority or by the State Board of
Health.
(10) Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes in the receiving waters shall
be provided so far as practicable whenever deemed necessary
by the Commission to maintain the quality of the receiving
waters in accordance with applicable standards.
(ll) Liquid substances which could constitute a pollution hazard
shall be stored in accordance with Regulation WPG k. Other
wastes as defined by law or other substances which could
constitute a pollution hazard shall not be deposited in any
manner such that the same may be likely to gain entry into
these waters in excess of or contrary to the standards here-
in adopted, or cause pollution as defined by law.
(12) In any instance where it is found that it may not be feasible
to provide for effective mixing or dispersion of an effluent,
or if at the applicable stream flows mentioned in the pre-
ceding sections on standards of water quality and purity, it
is evident that the stream flow may be less than the effluent
II-31A
-------
flow at any time, the aforesaid standards may be interpreted
as effluent standards for control purposes, where applicable.
In addition, the following effluent standards may be applied
in special situations where it is found necessary to protect
the waters for the stated uses:
Turbidity value 25
Total Phosphorous 1 milligram per liter (as Phosphorus)
Biochemical oxygen
demand 20 milligrams per liter (as 5-day
Demand)
Total suspended
solids 20 milligrams per liter
(13) No sewage, industrial waste or other wastes, shall be dis-
charged into the waters in such quantity or in such manner
alone or in combination with other substances as to cause
pollution thereof as defined by law. In any case where the
waters into which sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
effluents discharge are assigned different standards than
the waters into which such receiving waters flow, the stand-
ards applicable to the waters which receive such sewage or
waste effluents shall be supplemented by the following:
The quality of any waters receiving sewage, industrial wastes
or other waste discharges shall be such that no violation of
the standards established for any other waters shall occur
by reason of such sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
discharges.
In any case where, upon application of the responsible person
or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon that
II-32A
-------
by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict enforcement
of a provision of these standards would cause undue hardship
and would be unreasonable, that disposal of the sewage, in-
dustrial waste, or other wastes involved is necessary for
public health, safety, and welfare, and that no means for
such disposal in strict conformity with the standards is
reasonably available, the Commission, in its discretion,
may permit a variance therefrom upon such conditions as it
may prescribe for prevention, control or abatement of
pollution and in harmony with the general purpose and intent
of the standards. Upon similar application, the Commission
may permit a temporary variance from the provisions of these
standards without a hearing to enable existing non-complying
facilities to be brought into compliance within a reasonable
time period and under other such conditions as it may pre-
scribe.
Adopted: November 2, 1965
II-33A
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STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CHAPTER EIGHT: WPC 8
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR EAGLE CREEK
AND PURGATORY CREEK AND TRIBUTARY WATERS
WPC 8 The classification for use and the standards of quality and
purity as hereinafter set forth are hereby adopted and established for the
waters of Eagle Creek and Purgatory Creek and waters tributary thereto in
Scott, Dakota, Hennepin, and Carver Counties, from the source to the junc-
tion with the Minnesota River in section 7, Glendale Township, Scott County,
and in section 36, Eden Prairie, Hennepin County, respectively.
(a) Classification for Use.
(l) The present and potential uses of the waters requiring main-
tenance of water quality in accordance with the standards
hereinafter prescribed include fishing, swimming, esthetic
enjoyment, and other recreational use.
(2) The waters also may be used for general industrial purposes,
agriculture, and other beneficial uses for which the waters
may be suitable and which do not conflict with the stated
uses.
(b) Related Conditions. The waters are suitable for the aforesaid
uses and for growth and propagation of game fish, including trout,
and other species commonly inhabiting waters of the vicinity under
natural conditions, but not as a source of drinking water or
special quality industrial process water.
(c) Standards.
(l) No untreated sewage, and no untreated industrial waste or
other wastes containing viable pathogenic organisms or any
-------
substances which may cause disease, endanger the public
health, or otherwise impair the quality of the receiving
waters for the stated uses, shall be discharged into the
waters.
(2) No treated sewage effluent originating after the taking
effect hereof, shall be discharged into the waters. No
treated sewage, and no treated industrial waste or other
wastes containing viable pathogenic organisms, shall be
discharged into the waters without effective disinfection.
Effective disinfection of any discharges, including mix-
tures of sewage with storm water, may be required to protect
the aforesaid uses of the waters.
(3) Existing discharges of sewage, industrial wastes or other
wastes, treated or untreated shall be abated, or diverted
out of the watershed, or otherwise controlled so as to com-
ply with these standards.
(k) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any nuisance condi-
tions, such as the presence of visible floating solids,
scum, foam, oil slicks, suspended solids, material dis-
coloration, obnoxious odors, gas ebullition, sludge
deposits, slimes or fungus growths, or any other offensive
effects attributable to such discharges.
(5) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any material increase
in any constituents or characteristics which may impair the
quality of the water so as to render it objectionable or
II-35A
-------
unsuitable for the growth and propagation of fish and wild-
life or as a source of water for general industrial use or
agricultural purposes, including irrigation,
(6) The discharge of oxygen demanding sewage or waste effluents
shall be restricted so that after reasonable opportunity
for mixing and dilution thereof with the receiving waters
the dissolved oxygen content of such waters will be main-
tained at not less than 7 milligrams per liter during April
and May, based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded
by 95 per cent of the monthly flows of record for the month
of April or May, whichever is lower, and so that a level of
not less than 5 milligrams per liter will be maintained
during August and February, based on the minimum daily flow
which is exceeded by 95 per cent of the minimum daily flows
of record for the month of August or February, whichever is
lower. Where flow records are not available the indicated
flows may be estimated on the basis of available informa-
tion on the watershed characteristics, precipitation, run-
off and other pertinent data.
(7) In addition to the aforesaid requirements, the highest levels
of dissolved oxygen which are attainable by continuous opera-
tion of all the units of the treatment works discharging into
these creeks at their maximum capability consistent with
practical limitations of such works shall be maintained in
the waters, in order to naintain conditions suitable for
fish and for other uses of the waters.
-------
(8) The discharge of sewage, industrial waste or other wastes
shall be controlled so that the heat content of such dis-
charges does not materially raise the temperature of these
waters above naturally prevailing levels at any time.
(9) The discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes
shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the minimum
daily flow specified in paragraph (6), the limits herein-
after specified will not be exceeded in the waters by reason
of such discharges, after reasonable opportunity for mixing
and dilution:
Ammonia Not to exceed a trace (as Nitrogen)
Chlorides 50 milligrams per liter (as Chloride
ion)
Chromium Not to exceed a trace (as Chromium)
Copper Not to exceed a trace (as Copper)
Cyanides Not to exceed a trace (as Cyanide
ion)
Oil Not to exceed a. trace
pH range 6.5 - 8.5
Phenolic
materials Not to exceed a trace (as Phenol)
Radioactive
materials Not to exceed the lowest concentra*
tions permitted to be discharged to
an uncontrolled environment as pre-
scribed by the appropriate Federal
authority or by the State Board of
Health.
(10) Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of sewage, indus-
trial waste, or other wastes in the receiving waters shall
be provided so far as practicable whenever deemed necessary
II-37A
-------
by the Commission to maintain the quality of the receiving
waters in accordance with applicable standards.
(H) Liquid substances which could constitute a pollution hazard
shall be stored in accordance with Regulation WPC U. Other
wastes as defined by law or other substances which could
constitute a pollution hazard shall not be deposited in
any manner such that the same may be likely to gain entry
into these waters in excess of or contrary to the standards
herein adopted, or cause pollution as defined by law.
(12) In any instance where it is found that it may not be feasible
to provide for effective mixing or dispersion of an effluent,
or it at the applicable stream flows mentioned in the pre-
ceding sections on standards of water quality and purity it
is evident that the stream flow may be less than the effluent
flow at any time, the aforesaid standards may be interpreted
as effluent standards for control purposes where applicable.
In addition, the following effluent standards may be applied
in special situations where it is found necessary to protect
the waters for the stated uses:
Turbidity value 10
Total phosphorous 1 milligram per liter
(as Phosphorous)
Biochemical oxygen demand 10 milligrams per liter
(as 5-day demand)
Total suspended solids 10 milligrams per liter
(13) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters in such quantity or in such manner
alone or in combination with other substances as to cause
II-38A
-------
pollution thereof as defined by law. In any case where the
waters into which sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
effluents discharge are assigned different standards than
the waters into which such receiving waters flow, the stan-
dards applicable to the waters which receive such sewage or
waste effluents shall be supplemented by the following:
The quality of any waters receiving sewage, industrial
wastes or other waste discharges shall be.such that no
violation of the standards established for any other waters
shall occur by reason of such sewage, industrial wastes or
other waste discharges.
In any case where, upon application of the responsible per-
son or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon
that by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict en-
forcement of a provision of these standards would cause
undue hardship and would be unreasonable, that disposal of
the sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes involved is
necessary for public health, safety, and welfare, and that
no means for such disposal in strict conformity with the
standards is reasonably available, the Commission, in its
discretion, may permit a variance therefrom upon such
conditions as it may prescribe for prevention, control, or
abatement of pollution and in harmony with the general
purpose and intent of the standards. Upon similar applica-
tion, the Commission may permit a temporary variance from
the provisions of these standards without a hearing to
enable existing non-complying facilities to be brought into
compliance within a reasonable time period and under other
H-39A
-------
such conditions as it may prescribe.
Adopted: November 2, 1965
II-hOA
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STATE OF MINNESOTA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL COMMISSION
CHAPTER NINE: WPG 9
CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS FOR NINE MILE CREEK
AND THE CREDIT RIVER AND TRIBUTARY WATERS
WPC 9 The classification for use and the standards of quality and
purity as hereinafter set forth are hereby adopted and established for the
waters of the Nine Mile Creek and the Credit River and waters tributary
thereto in Hennepin, Dakota, and Scott Counties, from the source to the
junction with the Minnesota River in sections 28, and 29 in Bloomington,
Hennepin County, and in section 31, Savage, Scott County, respectively.
(a) Classification for Use.
(l) The present or potential uses of the waters requiring
maintenance of water quality in accordance with the stand-
ards hereinafter prescribed include fishing, swimming,
esthetic enjoyment, and other recreational uses, subject
to such restrictions on any such uses which involve close,
frequent, or prolonged contact with the water as may be
necessary for protection of public health.
(2) The waters also may be used for general industrial purposes,
agriculture, and other beneficial uses for which the waters
may be suitable and which do not conflict with the stated
uses.
(b) Related Conditions. The waters are suitable for the aforesaid
uses and for growth and propagation of game fish of species
commonly inhabiting waters of the vicinity under natural condi-
tions, but not as a source of drinking water or special quality
industrial process water.
II-UlA
-------
(c) Standards.
(l) No untreated sewage, and no untreated industrial waste or
other wastes containing viable pathogenic organisms or any
substances which may cause disease, endanger the public
health, or otherwise impair the quality of the receiving
waters for the stated uses, shall be discharged into the
waters.
(2) No major quantities of treated sewage from any source
originating after the taking effect hereof shall be dis-
charged into the waters. No treated sewage, and no treated
industrial waste or other wastes containing viable patho-
genic organisms, shall be discharged into the waters without
effective disinfection. Effective disinfection of any dis-
charges, including combined flows of sewage and storm water,
may be required to protect the aforesaid uses of the water.
(3) Existing discharges of major quantities of sewage, indus-
trial wastes, or other wastes, treated or untreated, shall
be abated, or diverted out of the watershed, or otherwise
controlled so as to comply with these standards.
(k) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any nuisance condi-
tions, such as the presence of floating solids, scum, oil
slicks, suspended solids, material discoloration, obnoxious
odors, visible gassing, sludge deposits, slimes or fungus
growths, or o£her offensive effects.
(5) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters so as to cause any material increase
II-U2A
-------
in any constituents or characteristics which may impair the
quality of the water, so as to render it objectionable or
unsuitable for fish and wildlife or as a source of water
for general industrial use or agricultural purposes, in-
cluding irrigation.
(6) The discharge of oxygen demanding sewage or waste effluents
shall be restricted so that after reasonable opportunity for
mixing and dilution thereof with the receiving waters the
dissolved oxygen content of such waters will be maintained
at not less than 5 milligrams per liter during April and
May, based on the monthly average flow which is exceeded
by 90 per cent of the monthly flows of record for the month
of April or May, whichever is lower, and so that a level of
not less than 3 milligrams per liter will be maintained
during August and February, based on the minimum daily flow
which is exceeded by 90 per cent of the minimum daily flows
of record for the month of August or February, whichever is
lower. Where flow records are not available, the indicated
flows may be estimated on the basis of available information
on the watershed characteristics, precipitation, run-off and
other pertinent data.
(?) In addition to the aforesaid requirements, the highest levels
of dissolved oxygen which are attainable by continuous opera-
tion of all the units of the treatment works discharging into
these creeks or rivers at their maximum, capability consistent
with practical limitations of such works shall be maintained
in the waters in order to maintain conditions suitable for
fish and for other uses of the waters.
-------
(8) The discharge of industrial waste or other wastes shall be
controlled so that the heat content of such discharges,
after reasonable opportunity for mixing and dilution thereof
with the receiving waters, does not raise the temperature
of such waters above 93°F> based on the average natural
water temperature in the month of August and the August
minimum daily flow specified in paragraph (6), and during
the months of December through May does not raise the tempera-
ture of such waters above 73°F> based on the applicable
monthly average water temperature and the applicable monthly
average flow which is exceeded by 90 per cent of such flows
of record.
(9) The discharge of sewage, industrial wastes, or other wastes
shall be restricted so that, on the basis of the minimum
daily flow specified in paragraph (6), the limits hereinafter
specified will not be exceeded in the waters by reason of
such discharges, after reasonable opportunity for mixing and
dilution:
Ammonia 2 milligrams per liter (as Nitrogen)
Chlorides 100 milligrams per liter (as Chloride
ion)
Chromium 1 milligram per liter (as Chromium)
Copper 0.2 milligram per liter (as Copper)
Cyanides 0.02 milligram per liter (as Cyanide
ion)
Oil Not to exceed a trace
pH range 6.5 - 9.0
Phenolic
materials 0.01 milligram per liter (as Phenol)
GP° 824-»°8-B-5
-------
Radioactive
materials Not to exceed the lowest concentra-
tion, permitted to be discharged to
an uncontrolled environment as pre-
scribed by the appropriate Federal
authority or by the State Board of
Health.
(10) Means for expediting mixing and dispersion of sewage, indus-
trial wastes, or other wastes in the receiving waters shall
be provided so far as practicable whenever deemed necessary
by the Commission to maintain the quality of the receiving
waters in accordance with applicable standards.
(ll) Liquid substances which could constitute a pollution hazard
shall be stored in accordance with Regulation WPG h. Other
wastes as defined by law or other substances which could
constitute a pollution hazard shall not be deposited in any
manner such that the same may be likely to gain entry into
these waters in excess of or contrary to the standards
herein adopted, or cause pollution as defined by law.
(12) In any instance where it is found that it may not be feasible
to provide for effective mixing or disperson of an effluent,
or if at the applicable stream flow raentioned in the pre-
ceding sections on standards of water quality and purity, it
is evident that the stream flow may be less than the effluent
flow at any time, the aforesaid standards may be interpreted
as effluent standards for control purposes, where applicable.
In addition, the following effluent standards may be applied
in special situations where it is found necessary to protect
the waters for the stated uses:
Turbidity value 25
-------
Total phosphorus 1 milligram per liter (as Phosphorus)
Biochemical oxygen
demand 20 milligrams per liter (as 5-day
demand)
Total suspended
solids 20 milligrams per liter
(13) No sewage, industrial waste, or other wastes shall be dis-
charged into the waters in such quantity or in such manner
alone or in combination with other substances as to cause
pollution thereof as defined by law. In any case where the
waters into which sewage, industrial wastes or other waste
effluents discharge are assigned different standards than the
waters into which such receiving waters flow, the standards
applicable to the waters which receive such sewage or waste
effluents shall be supplemented by the following:
The quality of any waters receiving sewage, industrial wastes
or other waste discharges shall be such that no violation of
the standards established for any other waters shall occur by
reason of such sewage, industrial waste or other waste dis-
charges .
In any case where, upon application of the responsible person
or persons, the Commission finds after a hearing thereon that
by reason of exceptional circumstances the strict enforcement
of a provision of these standards would cause undue hardship
and would be unreasonable, that disposal of the sewage,
industrial waste, or other wastes involved is necessary for
public health, safety, and welfare, and that no means for
such disposal in strict conformity with the standards is
<
reasonably available, the Commission, in its discretion, may
II-U6A
-------
permit a variance therefrom "upon such conditions as it may
prescribe for prevention, control, or abatement of pollution
and in harmony with the general purpose and intent of the
standards. Upon similar application, the Commission may
permit a temporary variance from the provisions of these
standards without a hearing to enable existing non-complying
facilities to be brought into compliance within a reasonable
time period and under other such conditions as it may pre-
scribe.
Adopted: November 2, 1965
GPO 824—408—B—6
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ADDENDUM TO WISCONSIN WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES
On August 1, 1966, legislation became effective in Wisconsin which
provided for the transfer of water quality functions fron the Committee
on Water Pollution and the State Board of Health and the water regulatory
functions of the Public Service Commission to the reconstituted Depart-
ment of Resource Development. There follows a digest of the new
legislation.
I. GENERAL STATEMENT
The Department of Resource Development serves as the central unit
of state government to protect, maintain and improve the quality and man*
agement of the waters of the State, ground and surface, public and
private. (Sec. 1U4.025 (l)).
The State Laboratory of Hygiene is charged with operating in such
manner so as to furnish complete laboratory services to the State Board
of Health and The Department of Resource Development and to make avail-
able to the University of Wisconsin, the State Board of Health, and the
Department of Resource Development such facilities for teaching in the
fields of public health and water quality as may be required. (Sec. $6.225
(6)).
Any waste treatment plant and pollution abatement equipment purchased
or constructed and installed pursuant to an order or recommendation of
the Committee on Water Pollution, Department of Resource Development,
State Board of Health, City Council, village board or county board may
for the purpose of taxation be deducted in the year of cash disbursement
for same (Sec. 71.05 (l) (b)5).
The Department may accept gifts and grants from any private or
public source for any purpose under its Jurisdiction and may expend or
II-U8A
-------
use such gifts and grants for the purposes for which received.
The Department is authorized to make studies, establish policies,
make plans, and authorize municipal shoreland zoning regulations for
the efficient use, conservation, development and protection of the
State's -water resources. The regulations shall relate to lands under,
abutting or lying close to navigable waters. Annual grants-in-aid, up
to $1,000, can be made for each county in which suitable regulations
are properly administered and enforced (Sees, lhh.26 (l)(4)).
The law defines "navigable water" or "navigable waters" as meaning
Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, all natural inland lakes within Wisconsin
and all streams, ponds, sloughs, flowages and other waters within the
territorial limits of the state, including the Wisconsin portion of
boundary waters, which are navigable under the laws of the State. "Water
resources," where the term is used in reference to studies, plans,
collection of publications on water and inquiries about water, means all
water whether in the air, on the earth's surface or under the earth's
surface (Sec. lUU.26 (2)).
II. ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
Department of Resource Development
1. Composition and organization
After January 1, 1967, the State will be divided into at least
12 regions based on criteria established by the Department. There will
be a Regional Water Resources Advisory Board for each region composed of
the Department of Resources Development regional director, an employee
of the state board of health serving in the region, an employee of the
conservation department serving in the region and five citizen members
appointed by and serving at the pleasure of the governor. Each Regional
II-49A
-------
This power does not extend to the modification of any agreement with
any other State concluded by direct legislative act, but, unless other,
wise expressly provided, the Department is the agency for the enforce-
ment of any such legislative agreement (Sec. 1^.^25 (2j)).
f) Administrati ve Powers
The Department is authorized to hold hearings} issue orders,
subpoena, and adopt rules and regulations. It can administer oaths,
compel the attendance of witnesses and the production of necessary data.
It may enter any establishment for the purpose of collecting necessary
information, and no owner is permitted to refuse such entry (Sees. lMi.537,
l»*. 55).
g) Intent of Legislature
It is the intention of the legislature that the Department of
Resource Development, as summarized, ^/ould become a part of the
Department of Natural resources upon creation of that new department.
The provisions relating to the reconstituting of the Department of
Resource Development will be in effect only until the effective date of
an act creating the Department of Natural Resources (Sec. l)
II— J)'|-A GPO 823—545-2
-------
SECTION III
WATER USE IMEHTORY
-------
IMTOODUCTION
Water quality should be maintained at a level that will provide the
greatest benefit to the water users. The quality of water needed varies
with each water use. Therefore, pollution does not affect all water uses
to the same degree. In fact, what may be considered pollution by one water
user may not be considered as such at all by another one. Pollution then
is a relative expression which can only be evaluated in terms of its effects
on legitimate water uses. All uses must be considered before a decision
can be made regarding what water pollution control measures are necessary.
For this reason, information has been gathered and presented on all sig-
nificant uses of the three major streams in the study area.
POTABLE WATER SUPPLIES
Public Supplies
Minneapolis and St. Paul use the Mississippi Biver system as a source
of water supply. Other communities depend on ground water sources.
The City of Minneapolis obtains its entire supply from the Mississippi
River at river mile 858.9. In addition to Minneapolis, this municipally
owned system also serves Columbia Heights, New Hope, Crystal, Bloomington,
Morningside, Golden Valley, Metropolitan Airport, and parts of Edina and
Port Snelling (see Figure III-l). Approximately 6l.l million gallons per
day (mgd) are supplied to an estimated 530,000 people (l).
The Minneapolis water treatment plants, located in Fridley and Columbia
Heights, employ prechlorination, softening with lime and soda ash, clarifi-
cation with alum, carbon, and carbon dioxide (as required), rapid sand
filtration, postchlorination, ammoniation, and fluoridation. Treatment
III-l
-------
MINNESOTA
LEGEND
I Water Intake
2 Treatment Plant
3 Treatment Plant
KSI Area Served
SCALE
12345 Miles
Source; Public Water Supplies of the 100
Largest Cities in the United States,
1962, Geological Survey Water Supply
Paper 1812
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
AREA SUPPLIED BY
MINNEAPOLIS
WATER SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE
-------
facilities have a rated capacity of 160 mgd (2).
The City of St. Paul obtains approximately 90 percent of its supply
from the Mississippi River at river mile 863.0. The remaining 10 percent
is obtained from the Vadnais Lake system. Water from the Mississippi is
pumped to the lake system, which provides about 150 days of storage, and
on to the McCarron purification plant. In addition to St. Paul, the system
serves Falcon Heights, Lauderdale, Maplewood, Mendota Heights, Roseville,
and West St. Paul (see Figure III-2). This system supplies approximately
1*6.6 mgd to an estimated 3^3,000 people (3).
The McCarron purification plant employs aeration, softening T-~lth lime,
recarbonation, coagulation with alum, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration,
Ghlorination and fluoridation. It has a rated capacity of 84 mgd (2).
Industrial and Commercial Supplies
The metropolitan area is supported by a variety of water-using indus-
tries including meat packing, brewing, paper products, petroleum refining,
milling, mineral and rubber products, as well as chemical and allied product
industries. Almost 70 percent of the potable water used by industry is
ground water. In 1960 approximately 31 mgd and 25 mgd were withdrawn from
wells in Minneapolis and St. Paul, respectively, by commercial and indus-
trial establishments. Of the potable water obtained from surface sources,
over 99 percent is supplied by the Minneapolis and St, Paul municipal
systems.
Future Requirements
The Twin Cities metropolitan area presently depends more upon ground
water than upon surface water for its source of supply. In 1960 the ratio
of ground water to surface water use was l.U to 1.
Ill-2
-------
-N-
L_
LEGEND
I Water Intake
2 Raw Water Supply Conduit
3 Treatment Plant
PSS3 Area Served
SCALE
0
5 Miles
Source'. Public Water Supplies of the IOO
Largest Cities in the United States,
1962, Geological Survey Water Supply
Paper 1812
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
AREA SUPPLIED BY
ST. PAUL
WATER SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REGION V ' CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE HE-2
-------
The Minnesota Department of Conservation Division of Waters prepared
estimates of water needs in the metropolitan area by 1980 (k). At this
future date the total water demand is expected to be about hOI. mgd, an
increase of 73 percent over the I960 use. Public supplies are expected
to increase by 110 mgd (ihl percent) in the 20-year period, while industrial
and commercial use is expected to increase by 50 mgd (39 percent). This
information is summarized in Table HI-1.
At this time no estimates have been made regarding the apportionment
of the future demand between surface and ground water sources. It is recog-
nized, however, that ground water supplies alone will not be adequate to
serve the future needs of the area. According to projections by the
Minnesota Department of Conservation, the natural flow in the Mississippi
River during periods of low flow must be greatly increased in the future
if the river is to supply enough water for all uses (5). They estimate
that by 1980 a flow of 1,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) in the Mississippi
River would not be sufficient to meet the combined requirements of public
water supply (est. 310 cfs average with a 620 cfs maximum), navigation
(350 cfs required to operate the locks at St. Anthony Falls), the Riverside
Power Plant (3^0 cfs required for cooling purposes), and hydro-electric
power generation.
NOMPOTABLE INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLIES
Process Water
Significant amounts of untreated water from the Mississippi River
system are used by four industries in their processes at seven locations
within the study area (see Figure III-3). The location of and use by each
of these industries are described below.
III-3
-------
TABLE III - 1
POTABLE WATER DEMANDS IN THE
TWIN CITIES METROPOLITAN AREA
(SEVEN COUNTIES)
(1)
WATER USE
Public Supply
Industrial & Conmercial
Supply
Individual Wells (Private)
Miscellaneous Uses
Total
Ground Water
Surface Water
I960 DEMAND
(Million Gallons)
Daily
78. k
126.0
15.5
11.6
231.5
13^.1
97.^
Annual
28,626
^5,985
5,668
M37
8^,516
1*8,967
35,5^9
1980 DEMAND
(Million Gallons)
Daily
189
175
7
30
1+01
-
-
Annual
68,985
63,753
2,555
10,950
146,2^3
-
-
PERCENT
INCREASE
iia
39
-55
159
73
-
-
(l) Information obtained from Metropolitan Water Study, Part II, Reports
No. 6, Twin Cities Metropolitan Planning Commission, July I960.
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ST. PAUL PARK
NEWPORT
HASTINGS
LEGEND
American Crystal Sugar Company
2 Twin City Shipyard (3 locations)
Minnesota Harbor Service
J, L. Shiely Company Larson Plant
J. L. Shiely Company- Nelson Plant
SCALE
0
Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
USERS OF RIVER SYSTEM
FOR NON-POTABLE
PROCESS WATER
CHASKA1
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE n-3
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American Crystal Sugar Company. The American Crystal Sugar Company,
located near Chaska, Minnesota, uses Minnesota River water for fluming and
washing of sugar beets. They operate 2^-hours a day, seven days per week,
from October through January of each year. While in operation they with-
draw between 1+.5 and 5.0 mgd of water at river mile 27.7 for this use.
Twin City Shipyard. This company, located on the Mississippi River at
river mile 837.3 and the Minnesota River at river miles 13.2 and 8.0, has
barge washing facilities at these locations which operate from April through
October of each year. The water is taken from the rivers, about 2,000 gal-
lons being required per barge. Approximately 800,000 gallons of water are
used from each river over a seven-month period.
Minnesota Harbor Service. This company also operates barge washing
facilities from April through October of each year. Located on the Missis-
sippi River at mile 8^0.^, it utilizes river water at a rate of 1,000,000
gal-Lons per season.
J. L. Shiely Company. The Shiely Coiupany operates gravel washing
facilities at their Larson and Nelson Plants on upper and lower Grey Cloud
Islands, respectively. Both plants operate seven months per year from
April through October. Water is withdrawn from the Mississippi River for
use in the gravel washing operations.
The Larson Plant, located at river mile 826.5, conducts washing opera-
tions an average of four hours each day, sixty days per year. A 1,000 gpm
pump supplies approximately 2k),000 gallons of river water each day washing
is conducted.
The Nelson Plant, located at river mile 825.0, operates washing facili-
ties about 12 hours per day, 5 days per week, over the 7-month period. Two
-------
pumps, with a total capacity of 6,000 gpm, supply water (^.33 million gal-
lons daily) from the river to the gravel washing facility.
Cooling Water
Waters of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers within the study area
are used for cooling purposes by one industry and five steam-electric
generating plants (see Figure III-U).
Swift and Company. This meat packing company, located on the Missis-
sippi River at mile point 833.^, withdraws an estimated 5 mgd of water from
the River for cooling purposes. The plant operates year-round, five to six
days per week.
Steam-Electric Generating Plants. The Northern States Power Company
operates five steam power plants within the study area. In warm weather
they withdraw a maximum of 1,500 mgd from the Mississippi and Minnesota
Rivers for cooling purposes. This is about ik times the amount of river
water withdrawn for potable use in the area.
The amount of water required by a given plant depends upon the genera-
ting load and incoming river temperature. Plant water use rates at full
load for given stream temperatures are given in Table III-2.
Northern States Power Company anticipates the need for four additional
steam-electric power plants by the year 2000. The first of these, the
Allen S. King Plant, is scheduled to go into operation on the St. Croix
River at mile point 21.2 early in 1968. Initially, this plant will have
a generating capacity of 550,000 kilowatts (KW) and will use cooling water
at a maximum rate of ^26 mgd. At a later date the plant may be enlarged
to a capacity of 1,000,000 KW. Cooling water use at this capacity would
be a maximum of about 970 mgd.
Ill-5
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•MANKATO
Wilmarth Power Plant
Blackdog Power Plant
Riverside Power Plant
(High Bridge Power Plant
Swift and Company
Red Wing Power Plant
SCALE
0 5
|5 Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
USERS OF RIVER SYSTEM
FOR COOLING WATER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE 1E-4
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TABLE III-2
STEAM-ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS IN THE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY AREA
LOCATION
(River
PLANT Mile)1^
Riverside UM 856.9
225 PSI Section
1+00 PSI Section
900 PSI Section
21+00 PSI Section
TOTAL
High Bridge UM 8U0.5
300 PSI Section
850 PSI Section
11+50 PSI Section
1800 PSI Section
TOTAL
Red Wing UM 789.!+
Wilmarth MN 105.2
Blackdog MN 8.1+
900 PSI Section
11+50 PSI Section
11+50 PSI
(reheat) Section
1800 PSI Section
TOTAL
RATED
GENER-
ATING
CAPA-
CITY
(KW)
1+78, ooo
1+23 5 250
23,000
25,000
l!l6y250
NET
CAPA-
BILITY
(KW)
72,200
81,500
135,600
223,000
512,300
76,200
123,600
n63Uoo
166,600
^82,000
29,000
27,900
72,200
102,200
112,200
17*+, 300
^60,900
CAPA-
CITY
FACT2)
TOR1^'
(*)
COOLING WATER INTAKE
RATE AT FULL LOAD FOR
GIVEN RIVER TEMPERATURES
INTAKE! RIVER
RATE 1 TEMP.
(MSD) (°F)
1
I
1.3
21+.3
57.8
95.1
17. 1+
76.2
10U.9
99.0
76.1
51.5
/i ^
73-5(3)
79.8
100.3
106.1*
176. ^rO
92.16
77,76
,76.32
1+22.61+
118.08
77.01+
72.50
72.58
31+0.28
26.93
2k.SU
^1. 76
65.38
55.07
87.8^
250.35
INTAKE
RATE
(MOD)
RIVER
TEMP.
(°F).
1
All 17S.UO
Temp.
<6l.5
<56
6l.5
>56
>^9-5
All
Temp.
>65
>l+2
>65
>70
>60
>62
>59
>1+0
>69
i
(l) UM refers to Upper Mississippi River
MN refers to Minnesota River
(2) Capacity Factor ,
except as noted.
Total KWH Generated
Plant Rated Capacity x Hours
(3) For year ending 12/31/61+
, for year ending 5/31/65
-------
Northern States Power Company has indicated, that another 1,000,000 KW
plant will be needed in the 1970-80 decade. The tentative site for this
plant is Prairie Island, near Mississippi River mile 800,
Based on the Power Company's estimates, Schroepfer, et al projected
data for the years between 1980 and 2000 (7). They determined that two
additional 1,000,000 KW power plants would "be required in this period.
They assume that one would be constructed in the 1980-90 decade and the
other in the 1990-2000 decade. Since these plants would be approximately
equal in capacity to the Allen S. King, it can be assumed that maximum
cooling water demands would also be in the order of 970 mgd for each.
It is not known where these latter two plants would be located. The
Power Company does, however, own property near Newport, Minnesota at
Mississippi River mile 832.5 which could be used for a plant site. Origi-
nal plans had called for a plant to be constructed there instead of on the
St. Croix River site. Information on future plants is summarized in Table
III-3.
Hydro-Electric Power
Most of the economical hydro-electric power sites in the Mississippi
River system have been developed, and it is likely that increasing power
demands will be met primarily by thermal plants.
The hydro-electric power generation capacity of the major streams in
the study area is limited to the Mississippi River above its juncture with
the Minnesota River and to the St. Croix River above Stillwater, Minnesota.
Within the study area watershed, there are five hydro-electric plants
on the Mississippi River, one on the St. Croix River, twelve on tributaries
to the St. Croix River, and one on the Blue Earth River, a tributary to the
III-6
-------
TABLE III - 3
ESTIMATE OF FUTURE ADDITIONAL POWER REQUIREMENTS
(1)
PERIOD OF
ANTICIPATED
CONSTRUCTION
1968-1975
1970-1980
1980-1990
1990-2000
PROBABLE, .
LOCATION t2'
(RIVER MILE)
SC 21.2
UM 800
UNKNOWN
UNKNOWN
ESTIMATED
GENERATING
CAPACITY (KW)
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
1,000,000
— "— — - — •' P.—-
ESTIMATED
COOLING WATER
USE AT FULL LOAD
(MGD)
970
970
970
970
(l) Estimates of power requirements are those given in Pollution and
Recovery Characteristics of the Mississippi River, Vol. 1, Part 3>
sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, conducted
by University of Minnesota under the direction of Professor G. J.
Schroepfer, 1958-1961.
(2) SC refers to St. Croix River
MM refers to Upper Mississippi
-------
Minnesota River (8) (9). Information on the plants located on the Missis-
sippi and St. Croix Rivers is summarized in Table III-^. Plants on the
above mentioned tributaries are not discussed since no serious pollution
problems exist in their vicinity. Figure HI-5 shows the locations of
all hydro-electric plants in the watershed area.
The total capacity of the plants on the Mississippi River is 1+2,260
KIT, only 3.2 percent of the total steam-electric power plant capacity in
the Twin Cities area. With increased municipal and navigational demands
for water above St. Anthony Falls, operation of those hydro-electric
units will be limited during low stream flows.
Only one potential site exists in the study area where additional
hydro-electric development is possible. This is on the St. Croix River
at Stillwater and has a potential capacity of only ^,200 KI7.
IRRIGATION A1"!) STOCKHATERETG
Very little use is made of the Mississippi River system for irrigation
and stockwatering. Permits for withdrawal of irrigation water have been
issued to persons along the Mississippi River near Fridley and North Lake
in Pool Wo. 3j along the Minnesota River at Jordan; and along the St. Croix
River just above Prescott. There may also be some use for irrigation by
truck farmers along the north bank of the Mississippi River just above
Lock and Dam No. 2 and along the lower 35 miles of the Minnesota River.
Most irrigation water for the Twin Cities area is obtained from wells.
Some very limited use is made of the rivers for stockwatering. Small
numbers of cattle have been seen drinking from the Minnesota River above
Chaska and from the Mississippi River along the north bank above Lock and
Dam No. 2. These are about the only two areas within the study area where
steep banks are absent and the shoreline is easily accessible to livestock.
GPO S2&-545—B—1
III-7
-------
TABLE
HYDRO-ELECTRIC GENERATING PLANTS
IN THE
TWIN CITIES-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY
:
NAME
!
Coon Rapids Dam
Upper St. Anthony
Falls (Main St.
Plant)
Upper St. Anthony
Falls (Hennepin
Island Plant)
Lower St. Anthony
Falls
Ford Unit (Lock &
Dam No. l)
St . Jroix Falls
OWNERSHIP
Northern States
Power Company
Northern States
Power Company
Northern States
Power Company
Northern States
Power Company
Ford Motor Co.
Northern States
Power Company
LOCATION
UM 866.2
UM 853.8
UM 853.7
UM 853.^
UM 8U7.7
sc 52.5
INSTALLED
CAPACITY
(KW)
6,500
960 J
V
)
12,1*00 )
8,000
1^,1*00
23,200
i
MAXIMUM
RIVER INTAKE
(MSB)
4,200
2,600
3,600
3,880
i
i
!
i
i
I
(l) Information obtained from the following Federal Power Commission,
Bureau of Power Reports:
1. Mississippi Basin above Twin Cities, Minnesota - South Dakota
Planning Status Report, 1964.
2. St. Croix River Basin above Twin Cities, Minnesota - South Dakota,
Planning Status Report, 1964.
-------
1—8
STILLWATERO
LEGEND
Rapidan
Coon Rapids
Upper St. Anthony Falls
Upper St. Anthony Falls
Lower St. Anthony Falls
Ford Plant
St. Croix Falls
Balsam LaKe
Black Brook
Huntington
McClure
Riverdale
App.e River
Mounds
Willow Falls
Little Falls
St. Croix
Powell Falls
Junction
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
»- f
s* t
LOCATION MAP
OF
HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
AOMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 3K-5
-------
NAVIGATION
River System
The present water transportation system serving the study area con-
sists of the Mississippi River, with its locks and dams and a nine-foot
channel extending upstream to mile point 857.6; the Minnesota River, with
its nine-foot channel reaching from the mouth to mile point 21.8 above
Savage and a four-foot channel to mile point 25.1 at Shakopee; and the
St. Croix River with a nine-foot channel to mile point 23.3 at Stillwater
and a four-foot dhannel to mile point 53.7 at Taylors Falls (see Figure
IH-6). The Corps of Engineers maintains the channel depths on the Mis-
sissippi and St. Croix Rivers. On the Minnesota River, however, the Corps
maintains only a four-foot channel above mile lU.7; the remaining five
feet are maintained by private interests up to mile 21.8.
The Corps has proposed plans for straightening the first 1^.2 miles
of the Minnesota River and deepening the channel to twelve feet. This
project, however, has not yet been formally approved.
Between St. Louis, Missouri and St. Paul, Minnesota the locks are at
least 110 feet wide, with a minimum length of 600 feet. At Lock and Dam
No. 1, however, the twin locks are each 56 feet by 1*00 feet. This is of
significance since the size of the barge tows are controlled by lock
dimensions. The longest manageable tow is one that will pass through
the locks in two sections by "double-locking."
Dredging Operations
Based on dredging operations conducted between 195^ and 1963> the
volume of material removed yearly between Minneapolis and Lake Pepin
averages 357,000 cubic yards. The breakdown for each pool is given in
Table m-5.
III-8
-------
ST. CROIX FALLS
-N-
LEGEND
I Upper St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam
2 Lower St. Anthony Falls Lock and Dam
3 Lock and Dam Number I
4 Lock and Dam Number 2
5 Lock and Dam Number 3
6 Lock and Dam Number 4
^•••H 9 Foot Channel
tnm: 4 Foot Channel
• Channel not Maintained
SCALE
505
I , i , , I I
15 MILES
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
NAVIGATION SYSTEM
MAINTAINED BY
CORPS OF ENGINEERS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE IK-6
-------
TABLE III - 5
QUANTITY OF DREDGE MATERIAL REMOVED
FROM MISSISSIPPI RIVER SYSTEM BY U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
YEARLY AVERAGE
VOLUME REMOVED2
LOCATION (CUBIC YARDS)
8t. Anthony Pools (River mile 85^.0 - 857.6) 30,000 (EST.)
Pool No. 1 (River mile 847.0 - 85*4.. 0) 73,287
Pool No. 2 (River mile 836.0 - 8^7.0) 11^,391
Pool No. 2 (River mile 815.0 - 836.0) 29,607
Pool No. 3 (River mile 797-0 - 815.0) 59,235
Pool No. U (River mile 78U.O - 797.0) 50,695
TOTAL 357,215
1. This information was obtained, from the U. S. Army Engineer District,
St. Paul, St. Paul, Minnesota.
2. Based on quantities removed during the 10-year period 195^ - 1963-
-------
Commercial Shipping
Although river traffic in the Twin Cities area is significant, it is
less than on the remainder of the Mississippi River and quite small in
comparison with the Illinois River and Great Lakes traffic (see Figure
III-7) (10).
There is a total of 53 barge docking facilities on the three streams
within the study area (see .figure HI-8), All except five are within the
seven-county metropolitan area.
In 1963 over 7*1 million tons of materials were received and shipped
along the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers within the area under
consideration. Table III-6 gives the tonnages received and shipped over a
10-year period at the Ports of Minneapolis and St. Paul and on the Minnesota
and St. Croix Rivers. This information is summarized in Figure HI-9«
Primary receipts at the ports of Minneapolis and St. Paul and on the
Minnesota River include coal, gasoline, other petroleum products, sand,
and gravel. Principal shipments are grain and soybeans.
In comparison to the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, barge traffic
on the St. Croix River is very light. Receipts consist generally of only
two products, coal and superphosphate. Of the 30,56? tons of material
received in 19&3, 17>939 tons were coal. The remainder was superphosphate.
Coal receipts are expected to increase significantly after the Allen S.
King power plant becomes operational. No materials are shipped out of the
St. Croix area by barge.
To accomodate the Twin Cities metropolitan area barge traffic in 19&1*,
there were 1556 commercial lockages made through Lock and Dam No. 2. Lock-
age data for the other locks and dams are given in Table HI-7 (ll).
HI-9
-------
YEAR 1958
LEGEND
All commodities except iron ore (millions of tons)
Iron ore
SOURCE: CORPS OF ENGINEERS
COURTESY OF! TWIN CITIES METROPOLITAN
PLANNING COMMISSION
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RELATIVE
BARGE TRAFFIC
ON MIDWEST
INLAND WATERWAYS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLUJCHS
FIGURE Iff*-
-------
CHASKA
LEGEND
Single Barge Facilities
Multiple Barge Facilities
SCALE
15 Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
BARGE
DOCKING FACILITIES
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE n-8
-------
TABLE III - 6
BARGE TRAFFIC WITHIN PROJECT STUDY AREAJ
I
YEAR
1951*
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
I960
1961
1962
1963
1961*
TOTAL RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENTS (IN TONS)
PORT OF
MINNEAPOLIS
4*1*6,090
61*5,01*8
692,291
773,105
762,136
81*9,385
606,073
770,525
569,605
825,1*29
l,203,l*0l*2
PORT OF
ST. PAUL
2,168,922
2,530,358
2,622,877
2,383,883
3, 081*, 91*3
3,283,221*
3,71*0,391
3,1*50,282
3,608,091
^,058,315
1*,317,1*282
MINNESOTA
RIVER
666,980
785,251
682,602
958,830
1,236,367
1,280,213
1,367,502
1,626,751*
1,923,190
2,231,671
-
ST. CROIX
RIVER
5,301*
11,259
16,566
16,873
26,891
3^,306
^3,1^5
36,752
33,357
30,567
-
1. This information was obtained from the U. S. Army Engineer District,
St. Paul, St. Paul, Minnesota.
2. Approximate figures, based on Lockage Reports.
-------
Q.
Q.
o
r
o
0)
or
V)
f,
"o
V)
o
1954 1955 1956 1957
1958 1959
Years
I960
1961
1962
1963
LEGEND
Port of Minneapolis
Minnesota River
Port of St. Paul
St. Croix River
Source.' Corps of Engineers
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
BARGE TRAFFIC
IN
PROJECT STUDY AREA
1954-1963
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE nr-9
-------
TABLE III - 7
COMMERCIAL LOCKAGES IN AND BELOW
TWIN CITIES-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY AREA
LOCK AND DAM I960 196! 1962 1963 196*+
Upper St. Anthony Falls
Lower St. Anthony Falls
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. U
0
71
1082
1302
1303
1313
0
317
1323
1191
1318
129U
0
69
995
1325
1302
1313
253
295
1367
1561
1U68
1373
519
523
1688
1556
H*63
lUlO
1. This information was obtained from the U.S. Army Engineer District,
St. Paul, St. Paul, Minnesota.
-------
COMMERCIAL FISHING
Commercial fishing is practiced on the Mississippi River in and below
Pool No. 2 and on the lower 23 miles of the St. Croix River, known as Lake
St. Croix (see Figure 111-10). The major source of fish in this area, how-
ever, has always been Lake Pepin in Pool No. k. In the five-year period
between 1958 and 1962, the average annual catch in Lake Pepin was 58.2
pounds/acre as compared to 32.6 pounds/acre in the remainder of Pool No. k.
During this same period, the average annual catches in Pools 2 and 3 were
28.0 and 3.!+ pounds/acre, respectively.
The principal species of fish caught are carp, buffalo fish, drum
(sheepshead) and channel catfish. About two-thirds of the weight of the
commercial catch, however, is carp. The total yearly catch in Lake St.
Croix and Pools 2, 3, and k averages about 2,800,000 pounds and is worth
approximately $110,000. A breakdown of catches and their values is given
in Table III-8.
111-10
-------
CHASKA
LEGEND
Areas where commercial
fishing is practiced
SCALE
505
i, ,, , i i
15 Miles
i
Source! Upper Mississippi River Conservation
Committee Annual Proceedings
1961 - 1965
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
COMMERCIAL
FISHING
SITES
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 3K-IO
-------
TABLE HI - 8
COMMERCIAL FISH
IN
TWIN CimS-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY AREA
r
YEAR
1961
1962
1963
1964
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
POOL NO. 2
Pounds
344,345
330,924
412,587
0
Value
$16,131
20,382
11,711
0
POOL NO. 3
Pounds
104, 180
46,035
39,199
88,921
Value
$4,591
2,198
1,441
2,979
POOL NO. k
Pounds
1,736,714
1,870,07S
2,182,912
2,592,750
Value
$76,418
69,009
72,902
88,341
LAKE ST. CROEC
Pounds
519,608
390,594
381,990
511,586
Value
$22,992
17,640
12,6l6
15,752
(l) Information obtained from Proceedings of the 17th through the 21st
Annual Meetings of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee,
-------
RECEEATIOH
Introduction
Recreation in Minnesota and Wisconsin is big business. It is con-
sidered the fourth largest in Minnesota and the third largest in Wisconsin.
In I960 tourists spent $325 million and $581 million in Minnesota and
Wisconsin, respectively.
Tourists come to Minnesota primarily to vacation at resorts on the
many lakes and to rough it in the northern wilds.
Wisconsin appeals to many tourists because of its numerous recreational
areas which include parks, forests, and scenic sites. Wisconsin also has
much to offer the sportsmen. The State boasts of 10,000 miles of trout
streams, 8,500 well-stocked lakes, and numerous game including deer, bear,
partridge, geese, and ducks.
Rivers within the study area are used fairly extensively by local
inhabitants, although they do not attract large numbers of out-of-state
tourists. Two areas, Lake Pepin and Lake St. Croix, are rather attractive
for water oriented vacationers and could possibly become resort centers.
Swimming
Swimming in the waters under consideration is generally confined to
seven beaches on the St. Croix River and eight beaches on Lake Pepin (see
Figure III-ll). The approximate number of swimmers normally found at
each beach on a typical warm, sunny weekend day is given in Table IH-9.
Water Skiing
Water skiing is practiced in four general areas in the waters under
consideration (see Figure III-ll). The approximate number of skiers
making use of each area is given in Table 111-10.
III-ll
-------
-N-
CHASKA
Woter skiing areas
Swimming beaches
Osceola, Wisconsin
Stillwater, Minnesota
Bayport, Minnesota
Hudson, Wisconsin
Afton, Minnesota
Prescott, Wisconsin
Opposite Prescott, Wisconsin
Bay City, Wisconsin
Wacouta, Minnesota
Maiden Rock, Wisconsin
Old Frontenac, Minnesota
Stockholm, Wisconsin
Lake City, Minnesota
Deer Island, Wisconsin
Pepin, Wisconsin
SCALE
5
15 Miles
I
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
SWIMMING AND
WATER SKIING
AREAS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
GPO 828—545—B—2
FIGURE m-ll
-------
TABLE III - 9
SWIMMING BEACH USE ON WARM, SUNNY
,(1)
SWIMMING BEACH
St. Croix River
Osceola
Stillwater
Bayport
Hudson
Afton
Prescott
Opposite Prescott
Lake Pepin
Bay City
Wacouta
Maiden Rock
Old Frontenac
Lake City
Stockholm
Deer Island
Pepin
LOCATION
SC kk.7
sc 23.3
sc 19.5
sc 17.0
SC 11.0
SC 1.0
sc 0.5
TM 786.0
UM 783.5
UM 779-5
UM 778.5
UM 77^-775
UM 77U.5
UM 770.0
UM 767.5
APPROXIMATE NO.
OF PERSONS
PER DAY
10
50
150
100
75
150
100
50
50
50
50
300
50
50
50
(l) Bather counts were made by Project staff during Summers of 196U
and 1965.
-------
TABLE III - 10
USE OF RIVERS FOR WATER SKIING
ON WARM, SUNNY WEEKENDS
(1)
LOCATION
DESCRIPTION
I RIVER MILE
~r
APPROXIMATE NO.
OF SKIERS PER DAY
Mississippi River
Below Anoka, Minnesota
Near Red Wing, Minnesota
St. Croix River
Near Hudson, Wisconsin
Near Afton, Minnesota
UM 869-871
UM 790-797
SC 15 - 19
SC 10 - 13
25
50
100
50
(l) Skier counts were made by Project staff during Summers of
and 1965.
-------
Pleasure Boating
General. Pleasure boating is practiced from April to September on all
three of the major streams under consideration. Greatest use, however, is
made of Lake St. Croix and the Mississippi River below Lock and Dam Wo. 2.
Mississippi River. In 1961+ there were about 3,350 boats moored along
the reach of the Mississippi River under consideration (lU). Of this number
over 85 percent were in Pools 3 and k (see Table III-11). Information on
pleasure boat lockages, found in Tables III-11 and 111-12, indicates that
Pool Wo. 2 also receives considerable usage even though only 13 percent of
the boats are moored there. Locks and Dams 2, 3, and k receive nearly the
same usage, each handling about 5,000 pleasure craft per year. At these
dams, pleasure boat lockages made up approximately 63 percent of the total
number of lockages in iy6k. Lock and Dam No. 1 had less than one-half as
many pleasure boat lockages, making up about kO percent of the total number
in that year. St. Anthony Falls had still fewer lockages, about one-half
as many as Lock and Dam No. 1.
To accomodate these boats, there are approximately 19 public launching
ramps, 19 marinas with permanent slips, and lU other privately owned facili-
ties offering a variety of services. Their locations are shown in Figure
III-12.
Minnesota River. At present, on the Minnesota River, there are k
launching ramps and two marinas with facilities for a total of about 100
boats (see Figure 111-12). The marinas are located along the lower 25
miles, where a channel is maintained. It is reported that in the near
future the marina at river mile 10.8 plans to construct a restaurant,
motel, and slips for an additional 200 to 300 boats (15).
111-12
-------
TABLE III-ll
RECREATIONAL BOATING ON THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER IN 196V
LOCK & DAM
Upper St. Anthony Falls
Lower St. Anthony Falls
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
NUMBER OF
BOATS
MOORED IN
TOTAL PLEA-
SURE BOAT
LOCKAGES
POOL
52
TOTAL NO.
OF PLEA-
SURE BOATS
THROUGH
LOCKS
668 ! 879
679
-
428
1483
1388
1155
2537
2488
2633
PEAK DAY
NUMBER OF
LOCKAGES PLEASURE
1 BOATS
16
LOCKED ON
PEAK DAY
31
887 ; 16 31
1890 j 22 58
5107
4784
-3*7
36 113
45
32
200
105
1. Information obtained from U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul, St.
Paul, Minnesota and Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting
of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee, pp. l6l, 1965.
-------
TABLE HI-12
NUMBER OF PLEASURE BOATS THROUGH LOCKS
LOCK AND DAM 1959 I 1960 I
Upper St. Anthony Falls 0 0
Lower St. Anthony Falls 0 0
No.
No.
No.
No.
L96l 1962 1963 j 1964
0 o 1 879
10 1 5 887
1 1080 1278 1211 959 1427 1890
2 5297 5137 5536 4270 5174 5107
3 4960 5486 5490 4501 5113 4784
^ 3568 4305 1
661 3943 4225 4347
1. Information obtained from U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Paul,
St. Paul, Minnesota.
-------
ST. CROIX FALLS
Launch ramps
Marinas (with slips and launch ramps)
Other small boat facilities
MANKATO
SCALE
505
i , i i i i i
15 Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PLEASURE BOATING
FACILITIES
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE TH-12
-------
Above Shakopee the river is used more for canoeing than for motor
boating. This reach has no maintained channel and during periods of low
flow, occasional sand bars present problems to the motor boats. Even so,
a regatta is held annually during the summer months from New Ulm (river
mile 1^2) to Bloomington (river mile 10) in which approximately 150 motor
boats participate without undue difficulty.
To improve boating conditions the 196! Minnesota legislature appro-
priated approximately $20,000 for channel clearing and removal of snags
between Shakopee and New Ulm. In 19&3} the appropriations for snag clear-
ance were doubled (15).
St. Croix River. Boating is very popular on the St. Croix River below
Taylors Falls, Minnesota. In 1963 there were reportedly U,378 boaters who
launched their crafts in this reach, By 1975 this number is expected to
increase by 55 percent to 6,800 (l6). To accomodate the boaters there are
13 launching ramps, 10 marinas, and 4 other facilities in this reach (see
Figure 111-12).
Canoeing is also popular on the St. Croix River, especially between
Taylors Falls and Stillwater. Wo figures are available, however, on the
number of canoeists.
Sport Fishing
Fishing is an important summer as well as winter recreational activity
in the area under consideration. The St. Croix River and the Mississippi
River below its confluence with the St. Croix receive the greatest use
although fishing is practiced to some extent over the entire area. Figure
111-13 indicates where sport fishermen generally concentrate.
Mississippi River. The Minnesota Department of Conservation conducts
111-13
-------
LOCK a DAM NO. 3
RED WING
LEGEND
Heavily used sport fishing areas
SCALE
5 O 5
I . i , , I I
15 Miles
I
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
AREAS RECEIVING HEAVIEST
USE BY
SPORT FISHERMEN
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE HT-13
-------
aerial flights several times a year to make counts of fishermen. The average
numbers found per flight in Pools 3 and ^ during the summer for the period
195£-1961j were 29 and 385, respectively. The average numbers found per
flight during the winter for the same period were 26 and Ik2, respectively.
In Pool No. 3, between 20 and 30 ice houses were found in use during the
winter over this same period. Approximately 100 ice houses can be found
on Lake Pepin on a typical winter day (lU).
The Corps of Engineers, over the past several years, has been making
once-daily counts of fishermen in boats and ashore visible from locks and
dams. Highest counts are generally made between May and September as
illustrated in Table 111-13, which gives monthly totals for 1961* at each
lock and dam. Yearly totals for the 1961-196^ period are given in Table
Ill-Ill .
Although most sport fishing on the Mississippi River is done at and
below the mouth of the St. Croix, the data indicate that significant num-
bers of fishermen do utilize the river above this point.
Surveys conducted by the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee
and the Minnesota and Wisconsin Conservation Departments indicate that the
sport fish harvest for Pools 1 and 2 is negligible. The reported average
annual catches for Pools 3 and h are 8,000 and 73,000 pounds, respectively
Minne s ot a River . Fishing in the Minnesota River is considered mediocre
and is not extensive. However, game fish are present and some sport fishing,
principally for catfish and walleye pike, is done. The reach in the vicin-
ity of Carver Rapids is visited more often by fishermen interested in cat-
fish. Some fishermen can be found almost anywhere along the entire reach,
however .
-------
TABLE 111-13
NUMBER OF FISHERMEN VISIBLE FRO! LOCKS AND DAMS
DURING 1964
MONTH
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
Hovember
December
St. Anthony
Falls
ASHORE (AFLOAT
4 0
15 0
23 0
132 o
422 3
310 3
582 6
270 2
236 6
66 0
37 0
0 0
Ho.
ASHORE
0
5
9
3
177
173
299
136
56
38
35
4
1
! AFLOAT
0
0
3
5
29
35
93
^5
28
6
5
0
LOCK AND
No.
ASHORE
0
0
0
12
44
51
19
25
20
5
0
0
DAM
2
AFLOAT
0
0
0
0
0
16
6
18
9
3
0
0
No
ASHORE
27
14
0
0
9
35
53
48
44
34
13
13
. 3
JAFLOAT
5
24
7
12
230
177
179
182
151
975
586
12
TOTAL 2097 20 935 249
Note: Counts were made daily at 3:00 p.m.
176
52
290 2540
1. Information obtained by Corps of Engineers and presented in the Proceedings
of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Upper Mississippi River Conser-
vation Committee, 1965, pp. 83 & 84.
-------
TABLE III - Ik
ANNUAL NUMBER OP
VISIBLE FROM LOCKS AND DAMS
1961 -
(1)
i.
YEAR i
|
1961
1962
1963
1961*
St. Anthony
Falls
ASHORE i AFLOAT
2606
2762
253^
2097
^7
5
20
20
LOCK AND
No. 1
ASHORE
1262
1110
1^77
935
i AFLOAT
457
427
1*01
249
DAM
No
ASHORE
264
301
169
176
. 2
AFLOAT
50
22
36
52
No
ASHORE
89
66
69
29
. 3
AFLOAT
3195
2667
2527
251*0
Note: Counts were made daily at 3 p.m.
(l) Information obtained from Corps of Engineers and presented in the
Proceedings of the Eighteenth through the Twenty-First Annual Meetings
of the Upper Mississippi River Conservation Committee.
-------
According to the Minnesota Department of Conservation, the proportion
of game fish to the total number of fish in the Minnesota River is rather
low. Between the River's mouth and Shakopee game fish make up less than
10 percent of the population. Between Shakopee and Henderson, less than
20 percent are game fish (15).
St. Croix River. Fishing on the St. Croix River is good along the
entire reach under consideration. The portion from Stillwater to the
mouth, known as Lake St. Croix, however, receives the greatest use. This
segment is more convenient to the center of population and also harbors
larger numbers of fish because of its greater depth.
Lake St. Croix, like Lake Pepin, is very popular with winter fishermen.
In February 19^U for instance, the Minnesota Department of Conservation
counted 120 fish houses on the Lake (l?).
Esthetic Enjoyment
The scenic beauty afforded by the streams in this area has resulted
in the location of many parks along their banks (see Figure III-lU). The
two parks receiving greatest use are located on the St. Croix River. They
are the Interstate and O'Brien State Parks. Attendance figures for 1961
were 2^6,720 and 61,3*4-0, respectively (l6). By the year 2000 with a
metropolitan area population of U,000,000, the St. Croix River is expected
to be a playground for at least 50 percent of Minnesota's population.
In addition to the existing scenic highways that border on the streams
under consideration, there is a plan to construct the Great River Road as a
national parkway generally following the course of the Mississippi River on
both sides from Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Plans for this scenic route
are being developed by the States with assistance from the U.S. Bureau of
111-15
-------
ST. CROIX FALLS
Existing parks
Proposed parks
Wildlife management and public hunting areas
''MANKATO
SCALE
0 5
15 Miles
_J
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RIVER ORIENTED
PARKS AND WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT AREAS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE TH-14
-------
Public Roads. Some of the existing highways, where suitable, have become a
part of this system. Other portions are being constructed as plans are
completed and funds become available.
Future Recreational Needs
The greatest population increase in this area over the next few decades
is expected to center around the Twin Cities. The seven-county metropolitan
area population is expected to more than double in the next 30 years. Along
with this striking growth, a very marked increase in recreational demands
can be expected. Greater demands for recreational usage will certainly be
exerted on all three of the major streams as well as on the numerous lakes
in the area.
Heaviest use will probably be centered around Lake St. Croix and Lake
Pepin since they excel in natural scenic beauty and have shorelines more
suitable for the development of bathing beaches. This is in addition to
their already existing fine fishing and boating qualities. Canoeists will
probably make greatest use of the St. Croix River above Stillwater and the
Minnesota River above Shakopee. Pleasure boaters, fishermen, and park
enthusiasts can be expected to make greater use of the entire length of all
three major streams within the area under consideration.
IIJ-16
-------
AQUATIC LIFE
Pish
As indicated previously in sections on commercial and sport fishing,
fish can be found in varying numbers and species over the entire length of
each stream under consideration. Tables 111-15 and III-16 list the
species of game and rough fish, respectively, found in the three major
streams being studied.
Game fish make up a relatively small percentage of the fish pop-
ulation in the Minnesota River and in a good portion of the Mississippi
River (see Table 111-17). In the Minnesota River, only 7 to 17 percent
are game fish. In the Mississippi's Pool No. 2 only 20 percent of the fish
are of the game species. By comparison, game species in Pools U and 5
make up 68 and 7^ percent, respectively, of the total fish population.
Game and Wildfowl
There is one Wildlife Management and Public Hunting Area within the
study area and another one immediately below it (see Figure Ill-lit). The
one within the study area is located on the bottom lands of Pool 3 and is
influenced by the Mississippi. It is the Gores-Pool 3 Unit which con-
tains 5 5 ^30 acres. It is estimated that several thousand hunting
enthusiasts make use of this facility yearly.
The Upper Mississippi River Wildlife and Fish Refuge, covering approx-
imately 195,000 acres, extends some 28k miles immediately below the outlet
of Lake Pepin. Activities include fishing, hunting, boating, picnicking,
camping, and swimming. Although not in the area specifically under
review, this major wildlife resource is dependent on good water quality.
Each year more than 3 million visitors are accommodated at the refuge.
111-17
-------
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TABLE 111-17
PERCENT GAME SPECIES IN TOTAL FISH POPULATION
I PERCENT
RIVER j GAME FISH
Mississippi
Coon Rapids Dam Pool 12
St. Anthony Falls Pool 28
Pool 2 20
Pool 3 1*6
Pool k 68
Minnesota
River Mile 110-70 13
River Mile 70-25 17
River Mile 25-0 7
Data composited from following sources:
1. Game and Fish Values of the Mississippi River between Rum River at
Anoka and the Chippewa River below Lake Pepin, State of Minnesota
Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish, 196U.
2. A Fisheries Survey of the Minnesota River, Mankato to Mouth, State
of Minnesota Department of Conservation, Division of Game and Fish,
1959.
3- Electro-'Fishing Survey of the Upper Mississippi River Wear Elk
River, Minnesota, State of Minnesota Department of Conservation,
Division of Fish and Game, 1961.
-------
The Mississippi River Valley is a major artery in the continental
system of flyways serving the wildfowl migrations. Each year thousands
of ducks, geese, and other migratory birds make their annual trek to and
from the north lands using the Mississippi River as a way station in their
travels. Pools 2, 3> and U are spring and fall concentration areas for
diving ducks, particularly scaup, ringnecked ducks, and goldeneyes. During
periodic surveys, conducted by the Bureau of Interior and the respective
State Conservation Departments, several thousand ducks have been seen in
this reach. As many as 10,000 ducks at a time have been seen in the Spring
Lake area. The entire river is a suitable wood duck breeding habitat
and substantial numbers are produced. Other breeding waterfowl include
mallard and blue-winged teal.
Fish, ducks, and other aquatic life will continue to inhabit these
waters as long as the water quality permits it. In general, the better
the water quality the greater will be the number of desirable species.
WASTE WATER DISPOSAL
General
There are 59 significant waste water contributors to the major
streams within the study area (see Figure 111-15). Their discharges total
1,768 mgd. The steam-electric generating plants contribute 85 percent of
this amount. Municipalities and industries contribute 12 and 3 percent,
respectively. In addition to the above contributors there are more than
100 combined and storm sewer outfalls which discharge during and immediately
after rains. Approximately 80 of these are located in Minneapolis and
St. Paul.
111-18
-------
o ST. CROIX FALLS
SC 50.0
STILLWATER
o PRESCOTT
M 810.0
Industrial waste
Sewage treatment plant
Power plant
Water treatment plant
Untreated domestic waste
SCALE
0 5
15 Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
SIGNIFICANT
WASTE WATER
CONTRIBUTORS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 3E-I5
-------
Mi s s i s s ipp i River
On the Mississippi River there are 32 significant contributors, 12 of
which are sewage treatment plants (see Table HI-18). Of the 1,336 mgd
discharged to the Mississippi, 15«5 percent are emitted by sewage treatment
plants. The three steam-electric generating plants discharge by far the
largest amount, a maximum of 1,096 mgd or 82 percent. Industries con-
tribute about 2 percent of the total,
Minnesota givey
There are 19 significant contributors of waste water to the Minnesota
River (see Table IU-19). Their discharges total 1*29 mgd, 9U percent of
which is cooling water from the two power plants. Municipalities con-
tribute 6.1 mgd or about 1.5 percent of the total. Industries contribute
18.3 mgd or about ^.3 percent.
St. Croix River
In comparison to the other two streams, the St. Croix River receives
a relatively small amount of wastes (see Table IH-20). A total of 3.60
mgd of waste water is discharged into the 5*1 miles of river under consid-
eration. Of this amount 3.09 mgd, or 86 percent, of it are contributed by
municipalities. The remaining Ik percent is contributed by two industries.
Future Waste Discharges
As discussed in Section I, it is expected that the greatest economic
and population growth along the Upper Mississippi River will be centered
in and around the Tviln Cities area. Toltz et al divided the metropolitan
area into five regions (see Figure III-16) and estimated the average annual
sewage flows expected from each at various future dates (l8) (19). This
information has been revised and is summarized in Table JII-21. The sewage
HI-19
-------
TABLE 111-18
MAJOR WASTE HATER CONTRIBUICRS TO MISSISSIPPI RIVER
WASTE WATER CONTRIBUTOR RIVER MILE
GAL/DAY
Anoka Sewage Treatment Plant 871.5 957
Cornelius Manufacturing Company (Rum R. 0.8) 871.U 125
Minneapolis Water Treatment Plant 858.7 2,300
NSP Riverside Steam-Electric Generating Plant 856.9 592,560 (Max.)
NSP High Bridge Steam-Electric Generating Plant 8k).5 ^9,280 (Max.)
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage
Treatment Plant . 836.3 188,600
Swift and Company 833.it 5,000
Union Stockyards 833.2 2,000
Armour and Company 833.0 2,^00
King Packing Company 832.5 1,730
So. St. Paul Sewage Treatment Plant 832.h 1*4,170
Newport Sewage Treatment Plant 831.0 58
Inver Grove Sewage Treatment Plant 830.3 20
Northwestern Refining Company 830.0 1,^0
St. Paul Park Sewage Treatment Plant 829.0 350
J. L. Shiely Company-Larson Plant 826.5 1,^40
J. L. Shiely Company-Nelson Plant 825.0 8,6^0
General Dynamics-Liquid Carbonic Division 82*4.2 698
St. Paul Ammonia Products Company 82U.2 655
Great Northern Oil Company 82*4.0 3,230
Northwest Cooperative Mills 823.8 146
Cottage Grove Sewage Treatment Plant 819.6 *425
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company 817.2 5,760
Hudson Manufacturing Company 8lU.2 0.6
Hastings Sewage Treatment Plant 813.8 800
Prescott Sewage Treatment Plant 809.8 135
S. B. Foot Tanning Company 792.8 1,030
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company 790-7 1,000
Red Wing Sewage Treatment Plant 790.2 2,200
NSP Red Wing Steam-Electric Generating Plant 789.*4 53,860 (Max.)
Lake City Sewage Treatment Plant 772.6 260
Pepin Sewage Treatment Plant 767.2 5^
-------
TABLE 111-19
MAJOR WASTE WATER CONTRIBUTORS TO MINNESOTA RIVER
WASTE WATER CONTRIBUTOR
RIVER MILE
DISCHARGE RATE
1000 GAL/DAY
Honeymead Products Company
Mankato Sewage Treatment Plant
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Blue Cross Rendering Company
NSP Wilmarth Power Plant
Green Giant Company
City of Henderson
Minnesota Valley Milk Producers Cooperative
Association
Chaska Sewage Treatment Plant
(includes Gedney Company Wastes)
American Crystal Sugar Company
Rahr Malting Company
Shakopee Sewage Treatment Plant
Owens-Illinois Forest Products
American Wheaton Glass Company
Savage Sewage Treatment Plant
Cargill, Inc.
Burnsville Sewage Treatment Plant
NSP Blackdog Power Plant
Cedar Grove Sewage Treatment Plant
109.2 i*,300
(Blue Earth 0.6)
106.5
106.0
105-5
105.2
75- 1*
70.0
1*9-8
29. h
27.7
25.1*
23-9
20.9
20.7
ll*.l*
13. U
10.5
8.1*
7.3
1*2
91*
33,120 (Max.)
230
1*0
270
1*60
7,000
2,800
311
20
200
215
3,320
510
371,520 (Max.)
90
-------
'-i SAND CREEK , SPRING LA
T LAWRENCE J0»°»» I | UKEVILLE j |?AIIMIN
Qgm'w THIEB I "I [
UN r i
T
o
i , .
SCALE
5 10
i i
Courtesy of Minneapolis
St. Paul Sanitary District
20 Miles
_\
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
GREATER
MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL
AREA
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. IU.IMOIS
FIGURE HT-16
-------
TABLE HI - 20
MAJOR WASTE WATER CONTRIBUTORS TO ST. CROEC RIVER
WASTE WATER CONTRIBUTOR RIVER
St. Croix Falls Sewage Treatment Plant 51.
Taylors Falls Sewage Treatment Plant 51.
Osceola Sewage Treatment Plant kk.
Stillwater Sewage Treatment Plant 21.
Andersen Window Company 20.
Bayport Sewage Treatment Plant 19.
United Refrigerator Company l6.
Hudson Sewage Treatment Plant 16.
DISCHARGE RATE
MILE 1000 GAL/DAY
9 180
8 70
3 97
2 1,786
2 M*D
U 1*00
5 59
3 560
-------
TABLE III - 21
ESTIMATED FUTURE SEWAGE FLOWS IN
GREATER MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL AREA
REGION
Northwest
Northeast
Core
Southwest
Southeast
TOTAL
AVERAGE ANNUAL SEWAGE CONTRIBUTION, MGD '
1965
5.7
1.0
187.6
9.1
29.1
232.5
1970 '
10.6
3.2
191.0
17.6
32.2
254.6
1980
20.9
7-5
206.0
33.9
39-0
307.3
..
1990
48.0
11.2
220.0
59.5
43.9
302.6
2000 !
70.0 I
30.9
i
234.0 !
82.8
48.8 j
486.5 i
Note: This information is a composite and reevaluation from the following
sources:
1. Report, .on. the 'Expansion^ of^ Sewage Works in the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, Volume Three, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District, conducted by Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson and
Associates, Inc. I960.
2. Report, pn ^Comprehensive Sewage Works Plan for the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, by Toltz et al Consulting Engineers, May 1964."~
3. Tables III-lS and HI-19 of this report.
-------
flows listed include contributions from all residential, commercial, and
industrial sources with the exception of cooling water discharges.
By the year 2000 the volume of sewage contributed by the five regions
listed is expected to be more than double its present value. Present plans
call for the transport of practically all sewage from all regions, except
the southeast one, to the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District plant
where it would be treated and discharged to the Mississippi River at that
point. At present the District plant treats sewage from the core region
and a small portion of the northeast region.
In addition to the above anticipated future waste sources, the
location of a steel mill has been proposed for an area adjacent to the
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District (MSSD) sewage treatment plant.
Future needs regarding steam-electric generating plants have already
been discussed under "Cooling Water".
111-20
-------
SUMMARY OF PRESENT WATER USES
Mississippi River (See Figure III-I?)
Rum River to St. Anthony Falls. The primary uses of the Mississippi
River between the Rum River and St. Anthony Falls at this time are as a
raw water supply for the cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul, a source and
sink of cooling water, for esthetic enjoyment by neighboring property own-
ers, and the maintenance of aquatic life. The Minnesota Water Pollution
Control Commission (MWPCC) has classified this reach to be used primarily
..."as a source of public water supply for drinking, food processing, and
related purposes" (20).
They consider the following as suitable secondary uses: "...indus-
trial processing and cooling, navigation, pleasure boating, fishing, bathing,
swimming, and other recreational uses, subject to such restrictions on any
such uses which involve close, frequent, or prolonged contact with the
water as may be necessary for protection of public health". The suitable
secondary uses as listed by the MWPCC generally agree with actual water use
practices in this reach (see Figure III-l?).
St. Anthony Falls to MSSD. The primary uses of this reach at the pre-
sent are as a source and sink of cooling water, for commercial shipping,
pleasure boating, esthetic enjoyment, and the maintenance of aquatic life.
The MWPCC has classified this reach to be used primarily for "...pleasure
boating, fishing, and other recreational uses, subject to such restrictions
on any such uses which involve close, frequent, or prolonged contact with
the water as may be necessary for protection of public health" (2l).
Present secondary uses include sport fishing, hydroelectric power gen-
eration, and barge washing. The MWPCC considers this reach as also being
111-21
-------
MISSISSIPPI
RIVER MILES
UM 870.0-
UM 860.0-
UM 850.0-
I JKI
UM 840.0
UM 830.0-
UM 820.0-
UM 810.0
UM 800.0
UM 790.0
UM 780.0
UM 770.O
1 IM ~7G.f\ f\
— RU
COON
• RAPIDS
DAM
ST ANTHONY
• FALLS
LOCK a DAM
. LOCK a DAM
NUMBER 1
— MSSD
.LOCK a DAM
NUMBER 2
; SC
LOCK a DAM
'NUMBER 3
CH
cc
III
POTABLE WATI
1
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NON-POTABL
INDUSTRIA
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-
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—
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IRRIGATION
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COMMERCIAL
SHIPPING
LEGEND
RU Rum River
MN Minnesota River
SC St. Croix River
CH Chippewa River
MSSD M nneapolis - St. Paul Sanitary
District
i
j COMMERCIAI
FISHING
-l
WASTE DISPO!
-
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-
ESTHETIC
ENJOYMENT
III
AQUATIC LIFI
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PRESENT WATER USES
ALONG THE
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FI6URE m-17
-------
suitable "... for navigation, general industrial purposes, and other bene-
ficial uses for which water of lower quality may be suitable, provided the
effects do not actually or potentially conflict with the ..." primary uses
stated above.
MSSD to I&D No. 2. At present the primary uses of this reach are waste
disposal, commercial shippingj pleasure boating, esthetic enjoyment, and
maintenance of aquatic life. The MWFCC has classified it to be used pri-
marily "... for industrial processes, general cooling water, stock and wild
life watering, restricted irrigation, disposal of treated sewage and waste
effluents, fish survival, esthetic enjoyment of river scenery, and passage
of watercraft in connection with navigation and pleasure boating in such
manner as to avoid close, frequent, or prolonged contact with the water"
(22).
Present secondary uses include industrial use for cooling and gravel
washing, irrigation and stockwatering, and some commercial fishing. Prac-
tically no sport fishing is carried out since carp is the predominant species
in this reach. The Commission does not specify any secondary uses but states
that the waters are suitable for the primary uses which they listed and for
the "... survival or passage of game fish of species commonly inhabiting
waters of the vicinity under natural conditions, and for disposal of
treated sewage and industrial waste effluents for which no other means of
disposal is available. Treatment of the waters may be necessary for some
industrial uses" (22).
Pool Ho. 3. The primary water uses in Pool 3 are commercial shipping,
pleasure boating, commercial and sport fishing, esthetic enjoyment, and
maintenance of aquatic life.
111-22
-------
Uaste disposal can be considered a secondary use since only two com-
munities discharge wastes (after treatment) to this reach.
All except the upper four miles of this pool are interstate waters
between Minnesota and Wisconsin and neither State has classified water
uses for the river below Lock and Dam Ho. 2.
L&D No. 3 to Chippewa River. Primary uses in this reach include
swimming, water skiing, sport and commercial fishing, commercial shipping,
esthetic enjoyment, and maintenance of aquatic life.
Secondary uses include a source and sink for cooling water and waste
disposal. There are two industries, one steam-electric generating plant,
and three municipalities discharging to this reach.
Minnesota River (See Figure III-lS)
Blue Earth River to Carver Rapids. The primary uses of this sparsely
developed reach of the Minnesota River are as a source and sink for cooling
water, for waste disposal, esthetic enjoyment, and maintenance of aquatic
life.
Secondary uses of this reach include stockwatering, sport fishing,
canoeing, and some pleasure boating.
Carver Rapids to River Mile 22.3. The primary uses of this reach at
the present are for waste disposal, esthetic enjoyment, and maintenance of
aquatic life. The MWPCC has proposed that its present or potential primary
uses be "... fishing, recreational boating, esthetic enjoyment, irrigation,
stockwatering, wildlife, and disposal of treated sewage and waste efflu-
ents" (23).
Secondary uses at this time include sport fishing, canoeing, pleasure
boating, some irrigation, a source of sugar beet wash water, and com-
111-23
-------
MINN
RIVER
MN 110.0-
BE
MN 100.0
MN 90.0
MN 80.0
MN 70.0
MN 60.0
MN 50.0
MN 40.0
CR
MN 30.0
MN 20.0
MN 10.0
MN 0.0
ESOTA
MILES
UM
POTABLE WATER
NON-POTABLE
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
-
-
COOLING
-
HYDROELECTRIC
IRRIGATION
AND/OR
STOCKWATERING
1
•
LEGEND
BE Blue Eorth River
CR Carver Rapids
KM Mississippi River
1
I
COMMERCIAL
SHIPPING
COMMERCIAL
FISHING
WASTE DISPOSAL
1
•
-
-
1
"""
^
SWIMMING
AND/OR
WATER SKIING
PLEASURE BOATING
SPORT FISHING
•
•
•
ESTHETIC
ENJOYMENT
Ld
U_
-J
O
H
<
D
O
<
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PRESENT WATER USES
ALONG THE
MINNESOTA RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REGION V ' CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
GPO 828—545—B—4
FIGURE IE-18
-------
mercial shipping along the lower three miles. The Commission proposed that
secondary uses include navigation or general industrial purposes or any
other beneficial uses for which the waters may be suitable.
River Mile 22«3 to Mouth. The primary uses of this portion of the
Minnesota River are commercial shipping, a source and sink for cooling
water, waste disposal, esthetic enjoyment, and maintenance of aquatic life.
The Commission has proposed that this reach be used primarily for "...
pleasure boating, water skiing, fishing, swimming, and other recreational
uses, subject to such restrictions on any such uses which involve close,
frequent, or prolonged contact with the water as may be necessary for
protection of public health". (2k).
Present secondary uses include pleasure boating, irrigation, and a
source of barge wash water. The Commission's proposal for secondary uses
include navigation, general industrial purposes, agriculture, and other
beneficial uses for which the waters may be suitable and which do not con-
flict with the above proposed primary uaes.
St. Croix River (see Figure HI-19)
Taylors Palls to Stillvater. This very sparsely developed reach is
used primarily for sport fishing, canoeing, esthetic enjoyment of the
natural scenic beauty, and maintenance of aquatic life.
Secondary uses include hydroelectric power generation, waste disposal
by three communities, and swimming.
StiHwater to Mouth. The primary uses of this portion, known as
Lake St. Croix are pleasure boating, swimming, water skiing, sport fishing,
esthetic enjoyment of the natural scenic beauty, and maintenance of
aquatic life.
111-2**
-------
ST. CROIX
RIVER MILES
SC 55.0-
SC 50.0
SC 45.0
SC 40.0
SC 35.0-
SC 30.0
SC 25.0
SC 20.0
SC 15.0
SC 10.0
SC 5.0
SC O.O1 UM
LEGEND
TF Taylors Falls
UM Mississippi River
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PRESENT WATER USES
ALONG THE
ST. CROIX RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE m-19
-------
Secondary uses of Lake St. Croix include commercial fishing, com-
mercial shipping, waste disposal, and seme ice harvesting.
RECOMMENDED WATER USE REQUIREMENTS
General
Each water use requires a different minimum water quality. For any
given use there is no sharp or distinct level of quality above which the
water is acceptable and below which it is unacceptable. But rather, as
water quality decreases, the water becomes less and less acceptable for a
given use until it finally becomes totally unacceptable. The point at
which this occurs depends on the particular use itself and upon the avail-
ability of other sources of water of higher quality. The water quality
guides used in this report for the various water uses are intended to in-
dicate the minimum water quality that is reasonably acceptable for each
particular use.
To completely characterize the quality of water suitable for a par-
ticular use, limits would have to be given for more than 50 parameters.
Of these, there are only seven or so that are in a range that may be of
concern within the study area. The remaining ones are at levels far
below threshold values. For this reason consideration is given in this
report to only those parameters whose values were found to approach sig-
nificant levels.
Source of Potable_Water Supply
Raw water used as a source of potable water supply should be of such
quality that after treatment consisting of coagulation, sedimentation,
filtration and chlorination, or the equivalent thereof, it will meet the
III-25
-------
mandatory and recommended requirements of the Public Health Service
Drinking Water Standards, 1962.
The only limits which might be violated ans^where within the study
area are temperature, turbidity, phenol, algae and coliform organisms.
The remaining constituents are well below the limits expressed in the
Drinking Water Standards for finished waters. Recommended limits for the
parameters mentioned are given in Table 111-22.
Ifon-Potable Industrial Process Water
Use of non-potable process water by industries within the study area
is limited to barge and gravel washing, and the fluming of sugar beets.
The waters are of sufficient quality to permit these uses. Some potato
washing is also done occasionally,
Cooling Water
Water to be used for cooling purposes on a "once through" basis need
not be of as high a quality as recycled cooling water. On the other hand,
the treatment required for water to be used only once and then wasted should
be minimal. The water should have an initial temperature low enough to per-
mit a sufficient exchange of heat and should not deposit scale, be
corrosive or encourage the growth of slimes (see Table IU-22). Most
waters of the study are already of sufficient quality to be able to meet
this criteria after simple chlorination.
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Water quality within the study area is already sufficient to permit
the use of streams for hydroelectric power generation.
Irrigation
Important characteristics to be considered of water used for irri-
111-26
GPO 828-545— B-5
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gation are teinperature, dissolved solids, sodium and boron. The "bacterio-
logical quality of irrigation water is also important when it is used on
crops normally eaten uncooked. The only parameters of possible concern
within the study area are temperature, algae, and coliforms. Recommended
limits for these parameters are given in Table 111-22. The remaining
parameters are well below threshold values.
Stock and Wildlife Watering
Parameters of principal concern in the evaluation of water for this
use are pH, temperature, dissolved solids and coliform organisms. Those
of possible concern within the study area are temperature and coliform
organisms. Recommended values for these parameters are given in Table 111-22.
Navigation
It is desirable that the water used for navigation be reasonably free
from the grosser forms of pollution. The most objectionable constituents
are acid, alkali, excessive suspended solids, hydrogen sulfide, foul odors
and pathogenic bacteria. Within the study area only dissolved oxygen and
bacterial concentrations approach limits of concern. The presence of dis-
solved oxygen is necessary to prevent foul odors. Exposure of work crews
handling lines and equipment in frequent contact with the water is similar
in many respects to the exposure received by recreational users (boaters
and fishermen) having limited body contact with the water. For this
reason, temperature and coliform limits are the same for both navigational
and limited body contact recreational uses. Recommended limits for the
parameters of concern are given in Table 111-22.
Recreational-Whole Body Contact
This category of water use includes swimming, wading, and waterskiing.
Water for this use should be free from excessive color and turbidity,
111-27
-------
odor, floating solids and oil, pathogenic bacteria, sludge banks, or
anything visible of an objectionable nature. In addition the water should
be of a comfortable temperature and void of anything injurious to public
health.
Parameters whose limits may be exceeded for this use within the
study area are temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and coliform
organisms. Recommended limits for these parameters are given in Table 111-22,
Recreational-Limited Body Contact
This category of water use includes boating and other similar acti-
vities involving less contact with the water than those listed under
whole body contact activities. Water for this use should be of the same
general quality as that used for whole body contact recreational activities,
except for temperature and bacterial content. The water may be of slightly
higher temperature and bacterial content and still be suitable for limited
body contact type of activities. Recommended limits for these and other
parameters are given in Table III-22.
Sport Fishing
For waters to be suitable for sport fishing, they must be fit for
the fisherman as well as the fish. The act of fishing is, itself, a
limited body contact activity and hence waters adequate for their use would
also be suitable for the fisherman. The fish sought by the
fishermen fallin the category of pollution sensitive aquatic life.
Therefore, the waters should also be suitable for the maintenance of
pollution sensitive species of fish. The parameters considered in re-
lation to use for sport fishing are discussed under limited body contact
recreational activities and maintenance of aquatic life.
111-28
-------
Commercial Fishing
As with sport fishing, the waters must be suitable for both the
fishermen and the fish. In the study area commercial fishing is limited
to the catching of rough fish (pollution tolerant species) only. Any
aport fish caught by the commercial fishermen must be thrown back. There-
fore, waters suitable for commercial fishing must also be suitable for
limited body contact activities and the maintenance of pollution tolerant
aquatic life. Parameters of concern are discussed under the latter two
activities,
Esthetic Enjoyment
Conditions that effect the esthetic enjoyment of a body of water are
visible floating, suspended or settled solids; floating grease and oil;
discoloration or high turbidity; foam; sludge banks; slimes; excessive
algal growths; evolution of dissolved gases; excessive acidity or alka-
linity that leads to corrosion or delignification of boats and docks; and
excessive temperatures that cause high rates of evaporation and cloudiness
over the water.
Within the study area, visible signs of pollution found were occas-
ional oil slicks and the evolution of dissolved gases in areas devoid of
oxygen. Those parameters of concern and their limits are given in Table
111-22.
Maintenance of Aquatic Life
The effect of a given pollutant on fish and other aquatic life varies
with each species. In general, however, the most desirable species are
the most sensitive to pollution; the least desirable ones usually being
the least sensitive. In a pollution free environment, the percentage of
desirable fish in the total fish population will be relatively high.
HI-29
-------
As the water quality is lowered beyond a certain point, the desirable fish
population decreases and conditions become more favorable for survival
of the less desirable species. As water quality deteriorates still
further, conditions become unfavorable for even the less desirable species.
Pollution sensitive species of fish (e.g. game fish) require -waters
containing no materials at harmful levels and having a temperature of
generally less than 86°F., a dissolved oxygen content of at least 5 mg/1,
a turbidity of generally less than 250 units, and a sufficient food supply.
Since a major fish food supply consists of the bottom organisms which
normally inhabit the stream bed, it is important to keep solids deposition
at a minimum. This includes silt and sand as well as organic sludge.
Pollution tolerant species of fish can withstand higher temperatures,
lower dissolved oxygen levels, and are willing to feed on organic sludges
and other materials not acceptable as a food by the more sensitive species.
Thus, at greater pollution levels, the tolerant species are better able
to compete in the struggle for existence and gradually win out over the
more sensitive species.
Water quality guides recommended for aquatic life in Table 111-22
are divided into two categories: pollution sensitive and pollution tol-
erant species. Water quality maintained at the "pollution sensitive" level
should result in a good, mixed fish fauna. Water quality maintained at
the "pollution tolerant" level should result in a fairly high percentage
of rough fish. This is considered as the lowest water quality level which
will support the propagation and maintenance of a rough fish population
without difficulty.
111-30
-------
REFERENCES
1. Letter from Mr. T. B. Corlett, Jr., Director of Minneapolis Water
Works, dated August 18, 1965.
2. 1963 Inventory of Municipal Water Facilities, A Cooperative State -
Federal Report, Volume VI by the U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare - Public Health Service.
3. Letter from Mr. Clifford W. Hamblin, General Manager of St. Paul
Water Department, dated August 19, 19^5-
h. Metropolitan Water Study^ Fart II, Report Wo. 6, Twin Cities Metro-
politan Planning Commission, July 1960.
5. Water Resources of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area,
Bulletin No. 11, by the Minnesota Department of Conservation.
6. Letter from Mr. D. E. Gilberts, Steam Plant Supervising Engineer,
Northern States Power Company, dated June 20, 1965.
7. Pollution and Recovery Characteristics of the Mississippi River,
Volume One, Part Three, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District, conducted by the University of Minnesota under the direction
of Professor G. J. Schroepfer, 1958-1961.
8. Mississippi Basin above Twin Cities, Minnesota-South Dakota, Planning
Status Report, by Federal Pover Commission, Bureau of Power, 196*1.
9. St. Croix River Basin above Twin Cities, Minnesota-South Dakota,
Planning Status Report, by Federal Power Commission, Bureau of Povrer, 196U.
10, Metropolitan Transportation Study, Part 1, Report No. 8, Twin Cities
Metropolitan Planning Commission, August 1960.
11. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Part 2, by U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, 1963.
-------
12. Proceedings of the Conference in the Matter_ of Pollution of the
Interstate Waters of the Upper Mississippi River, Statement by Minnesota
Department of Conservation, pp 11^6-1171, Feb. 8, 1961*.
13. Letter from Mr. Bernard Jones, Supervisor, Biological Services Unit,
Section of Research & Planning, Minnesota Department of Conservation,
dated October 13, 1965.
1^- Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Upper Missis-
sippi River Conservation Committee, January, 19^5 •
15. Lower Minnesota River Study, 1963-196^, by Minnesota Department of
Health, Section of Water Pollution Control.
16. Recreational Use of the St. Croix River, Report Ho. 11, by the
Minnesota Outdoor Recreation Resources Commission, April 19&5*
17. Report on Fish and Wildlife on the St. Croix River between Still-
water and St. Mary's Point, by the Minnesota Department of Conservation,
Division of Fish and Game, 196^.
18. Report on the Expansion of'Sewage_ Worlcs_ in the_ Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, Volume Three, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District, conducted by Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson and Assoc-
iates, Inc. 1960.
19• Report on Comprehensive Sewage Works Plan For The Minneapolis-St.
Paul Metropolitan Area, by Toltz et al, Consulting Engineers, May 196U.
20. Classification and Standards For The Mississippi River and_Tribu-
taries From The Rum River To The Upper Lock and Dam at St. Anthony Falls,
adopted March 28, 1963 by State of Minnesota Water Pollution Control
Commission.
-------
21. Classification and Standards for the Mississippi River and Tribu-
taries from the Upper Lock and Dam at St. Anthony Falls to the Outfall
of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage Treatment Plant,
adopted March 20, 19&3 "by State of Minnesota Water Pollution Control
Commission.
22. Classification and Standards for the Mississippi River and Tribu-
taries frQm__the Outfall of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District
Sewage Treatment Plant to Lock and Dam Ho. 2 near Hastings, adopted
March 28, 1963 "by State of Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission.
23. Proposal for Classification and Standards for the Minnesota River
and Tributary Waters from Carver Rapids to the Outlet of Reilly Creek
and Grass Lake below Shakopee by State of Minnesota Water Pollution
Control Commission.
2U. Proposal for Classification and Standards for the Minnesota River
and Tributary Waters from the Outlet of Reilly (Terrell) Creek and Grass
Lake beloj;_Shakopee to _the Junctionjwith the Mississippi River at Fort
Snelling, by State of Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission.
GPO 828—545—B—6
-------
SECTION IV
WASTE DISCHARGES
-------
\ 1U
An (evaluation of the plant's performance, made in April I960, deter-
1
mined that the BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies were 70 and
80 percent, respectively. During the recent visit the facilities appeared
to be still operating satisfactorily.
93l+th Troop Carrier Group Officers Club. A visit to the Post
Engineer on February 10, 196^, verified that sanitary sewage from this
facility is treated at the rate of 2,000 gpd by a septic tank, constructed
in 193^« The tank effluent discharges to a marsh area draining to the
Minnesota River on the Southeast and Gun Club Lake on the Northeast.
Plans and details of the size of this treatment device are not available.
During summer months the Air Force operates a 131,000 gallon swimming
pool at the site of the officers club. Operating practices during the
swimming season prior to 1966 were such that the pool was drained and
filled at weekly intervals with adequate disinfection of the pool water.
Pool wastewater was discharged to a sewer believed to be connected to
the septic tank receiving sanitary wastes from the club.
A water filtration system was installed during the Spring of 1966
which will permit recirculation in lieu of weekly draining and filling
operations. This device will be placed into operation at the beginning
of the 1966 swimming season.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Federal personnel, accompanied by a representative of the Minnesota
Department of Health, obtained information on the waste treatment fac-
ilities at the five locks in the study area from the Chief of the Lock
and Dam Section on January 30,
IV-2
-------
Upper St. Anthony Falls* Wastes generated at this Lock andjDam
emanate from the control station and are discharged to the municipal
sewage collection system.
Lower St. Anthony Fells, The only sanitary facilities located at
this site are in the control house. Wastes from this source are dis-
charged to a septic tank and in turn to a leaching pit.
Lock and Dam No. 1» Two sanitary facilities are provided at this
installation; one within the control building and one within the mainte-
nance shed located on the shore. The former discharges to a septic tank
constructed within the sand core of the structure and thence to a
leaching pit. On occasion, the rate of flow to the pit is greater than
the rate of seepage from it and ponding occurs. When this happens it is
pumped out and hauled away by a tank cleaning company.
The on-shore facility is not operational during the winter due to
possible freezing of the sewer lines. Wastes are discharged to a septic
tank and leaching pit when the facility is in use.
lock and Dam No^ 2. At this site, wastes emanate from two dwellings
provided for employees and the control building. Each of the two dwellings
discharge to its own septic tank and leaching pit. The sanitary facility
within the control building discharges to a septic tank beneath the struc-
ture. The effluent is pumped to a leaching pit on the shore. Each of
the three leaching pits is pumped out by a private firm as required and
hauled away to approved disposal points.
Lock and Dem No. 3. The same situation exists here as at Lock and
Dam No. 2, with the exception that the wastes going to the control building
leaching pit from its septic tank are gravity-fed rather thin piizroed.
IV-3
-------
*t r
Dredge and Work Boat Facilities. According to a letter dated
November 26, 1965 from the Chief of the Construction-Operations Division,
the Corps of Engineers plans to have waste treatment devices installed
on all of its vessels in the St. Paul District "by July 1, 1966.
U.S. Army
Nike Sites. There are four Nike sites in the Twin Cities area. The
individual site complex is comprised of an administrative (radar and con-
trol) area and a launch area each of which has separate waste treatment
facilities.
The administrative area consists of some personnel living quarters,
dining hall and kitchen, and office building serving approximately 100
personnel. All facilities are connected to a separate sanitary sewer
terminating at a secondary treatment facility. The treatment plant at
each of the sites is essentially the same and consists of a manually cleaned
bar screen, covered circular Imhoff tank with dosing chamber, covered
trickling filter, secondary sedimentation tank, sludge return pump, sludge
drying beds, and chlorination facilities. Each plant receives an average
of ^,000 - 5,000 gpd, which is well below the design capacity. The plants
were built -in late 1958. The final disposal of the effluent varies between
the different sites and therefore will be discussed below on an individual
basis.
The waste treatment at the launch area consists of a septic tank
system and subsurface tile field to handle approximately 500 gpd of domes-
tic sewage from approximately 25 personnel. A cesspool in the vicinity of
the launch area receives waste from dog kennels. Both the septic tank
and cesspool are periodically pumped out.
IV-U
-------
Variations from the general description above will be discussed for
each of the Nike sites.
Nike Site No. 90j. Bethel, Minnesota. An evaluation of the waste
treatment facilities at this site was made by Federal and State personnel
accompanied b3r the Battalion Medical Services Officer on August 10, 1965.
Effluent from the secondary treatment plant is discharged to a tributary
of the Rum River. WMle chlorination is generally practiced from May -
October of each year, the chlorination facilities were not in use at the
time of the visit. There was no discharge to the surface from the septic
tank system nor the cesspool. No laboratory analyses were being performed
at the plant.
Nike Site No. 70, St. Bonifacius, Minnesota. The most recent visit
to this site was made by Federal and State engineers in late September
1965. Effluent fr<"an the secondary treatment plant is discharged to a
lagoon having a surface area of approximately one acre and a liquid depth
ranging up to five feet. The pond effluent is discharged to a small land
locked slough. No laboratory tests are being performed on the plant influ-
ent or effluent. The chlorination facilities were not in use at the time
of the visit.
The 500 spd of waste generated at the launching site are treated by
an extended aeration sewage treatment plant, manufactured by the Chicago
Pump Companyj and a final effluent pond. The pond has a surface area of
approximately 1/2 acre and has never reached the overflow level during the
life of the installation. No laboratory analyses are being performed on
this waste, either. Flow from the cesspool does reach a roadside ditch
located on the station. This flow is assimilated by the soil after travel-
ing a short distance.
IV-5 GPO 82B-545-C-I
-------
Nike Site No. ^0, Farmington, Minnesota. The most recent evaluation
of waste treatment facilities serving Nike Site No. Uo was performed during
the early part of August 1965. The inspection was conducted "by a Federal
engineer accompanied by an engineer from the Minnesota Department of Health,
and the Battalion Medical Services Officer. At this installation the
launch area and control area discharge to a secondary treatment plant.
Final plant effluent is piped an estimated 3/^ mile through tilled farm
land and discharged to a roadside ditch. The effluent then continues
through the ditch approximately I/h mile to a small unnamed creek. No
laboratory tests are being conducted on the waste. Chlorination was not
being practiced.
The radar portion of the Nike Site is served by the septic tank and
tile field. No discharge to the surface was visible from this installa-
tion nor from the cesspool serving the dog kennels.
Nike Site No. 20, Roberts, Wisconsin. Waste treatment facilities at
Site No. 20, located approximately two miles north of Roberts, Wisconsin was
evaluated by members of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
the Wisconsin Board of Health, and the Third Missile Battalion. The final
effluent is discharged t^ a lagoon from which there is no discharge or over-
flow. The lagoon is approximately 1/2 acre in size and has a high water
depth of about four feet. There were no laboratory analyses being per-
formed on the wastes in order to evaluate treatment efficiency. Chlorina-
tion is practiced from May - October of each year.
The septic tank system at the launch area and the cesspool at the dog
kennels were not experiencing drain field or other clogging problems as no
surface discharge was visible.
IV-6
-------
Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant. During January 196U a represent-
ative of the Minnesota Department of Health accompanied a Federal engineer
to the ammunition plant to observe and discuss waste disposal practices.
At this time it was learned that all domestic and industrial wastes were
discharged to the municipal sewerage system. This amounts to approximately
one million gallons per day.
Cooling water in the amount of 750,000 gpd plus storm water are dis-
charged to the plant-owned Round Lake. Backwash water containing calcium
chloride, incident to the operation of the company's zeolite water soften-
ing process, is discharged to Rice Creek, a tributary to the Mississippi
River.
Summary
Information on the type of treatment and place of final disposal of
wastes from each of the Federal installations covered is summarized in
Table IV-1.
IV-7
-------
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-------
DOMESTIC WASTES
Introduction
There are 2k sewage treatment plants on the three major streams -within
the area studied (see Figures IV-2 through IV-?). They range in capacity
from 0.02 to 189 mgd, and discharge a total of about 220 mgd. Fifteen
(62 percent) have secondary treatment facilities presently in operation.
The largest plant, operated by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District
(MSSD), has secondary facilities which are under construction and are
expected to be in operation in 1966. With the exception of the two largest
ones, the plants treat very little industrial wastes. All sewage treat-
ment plants, together, discharge a total of 309>500 pounds of 5-day BOD
and 188,800 pounds of suspended solids to the Mississippi, Minnesota,
and St. Croix Rivers. Of these amounts, 97 and 96 percent of the 5-day
BOD and suspended solids, respectively, are contributed by the tiro largest
plants, MSSD and South St, Paul.
There is only one source of untreated domestic wastes known to be
discharging to the streams in the area. This is the City of Henderson,
Minnesota (population 750), which contributes about 0.0^ mgd to the
Minnesota River.
Survey Methods
After reviewing all available information on domestic waste dis-
charges within the study area, preliminary visits were made, in cooperation
with either the Minnesota or Wisconsin Departments of Health, to each
sewage treatment plant on which additional information was required.
During these visits, information was sought relating to average flows,
IV-8
-------
E S 0 T A
CORNELIUS STREET SEWER
TAYLOR STREET SEWER
TAYLOR STREET SEWER
-N-
ST. PAUL
UM 850
MINNEAPOLIS
SWIFT 8 COMPANY
UNION STOCKYARDS
ARMOUR 8 COMPANY
MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL
SANITARY DISTRICT
KING PACKING
COMPANY
NEWPORT
SCALE
0
Miles
LEGEND
• Sewoge Treatment Plant-Primary
o Sewage Treatment Plant-Secondary
-f Water Treatment Plant
• Power Plant
A Barge Washing Facility
./ Manufacturing or Processing Industry
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WASTE SOURCES ON
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
BETWEEN MILE POINTS
872 - 852
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE Bt-2
-------
ST. PJAUL
-N-
S C 0 N S I N
ST CROIX BEACH
MINNESOTA
INVER GROVE
NORTHWESTERN REFINING COMPANY
ST. PAUL PARK
J.L. SHIELY COMPANY
COTTAGE GROVE
MINNESOTA MINING a
MANUFACTURING CO.
PRESCOTT
UM 810
HUDSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY
NORTHWEST COOPERATIVE MILLS
- GREAT NORTHERN OIL COMPANY
ST, PAUL AMMONIA PRODUCTS COMPANY
a GENERAL DYNAMICS' LIQUID CARBONICS DIVISION
MINNESOTA
FOOT TANNING COMPANY
LEGEND
• Sewage Treatment Plant - Primary
° Sewage Treatment Plant - Secondary
./ Manufacturing or Processing Industry
SCALE
0
Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WASTE SOURCES ON
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
BETWEEN MILE POINTS
832 - 791
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE
-------
BAY CITY
MAIDEN ROCK
-N-
WISCONSIN
STOCKHOLM
MINNESOTA
UM 770
Limit of Study Area-
LE6END
• Sewage Treatment Plant - Primary
o Sewage Treatment Plant - Secondary
• Power Plant
./ Manufacturing or Processing Industry
SCALE
0
J L
_L
Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WASTE SOURCES ON
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
BETWEEN MILE POINTS
791 - 763
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE IZ-4
-------
-N-
M I N/N E S 0 T A
HENDERSON
MNSOI BELLE PLAINE
BLAKELY "~ MINNESOTA VALLEY MILK PRODUCTS
JORDAN
• Sewage Treatment Plant - Primary
* Untreated Domestic Waste
• Power Plant
/ Manufacturing or Processing Industry
SCALE
0
Miles
BLUE CROSS RENDERING PLANT
ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND COMPANY
-BLUE EARTH RIVER
NORTH STAR
TCONCRETE PRODUCTS
—HONEYMEAD PRODUCTS
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WASTE SOURCES ON
MINNESOTA RIVER
BETWEEN MILE POINTS
110 - 40
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 12-5
GPO 828-545—C—I
-------
J
MINNEAPOLIS
ST. PAUL
MINNE SOTA
I
CHASKA
MN 30
• AMERICAN CRYSTAL SUGAR COMPANY
• M.A. GEDNEY COMPANY
CEDAR GROVE
A
SAVAGE
I— AMERICAN WHEATON GLASS COMPANY
1 OWENS ILLINOIS COMPANY
0 BURNSVILLE
CARGILL INCORPORATED
MINNE SOTA
JORDAN
LEGEND
• Sewage Treatment Plant - Primary
o Sewage Treatment Plant- Secondary
• Power Plant
A Barge Washing Facility
./ Manufacturing or Processing Industry
SCALE
0
_L
Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WASTE SOURCES ON
MINNESOTA RIVER
BETWEEN MILE POINTS
40-0
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE 331-6
-------
ST. CROIX FALLS
-N-
LEGEND
• Sewage Treatment Plant - Primary
o Sewage Treatment Plant - Secondary
/ Manufacturing or Processing Industry
ANDERSEN WINDOW COMPANY
BAYPORV
SC 20
SCALE
0
Miles
HUDSON
UNITED REFRIGERATOR COMPANY
ST. CROIX
BEACH
SC 10
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WASTE SOURCES ON
ST. CROIX RIVER
BETWEEN MILE POINTS
52 - 10
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE T2-7
-------
waste characteristics, treatment practices, maintenance of records, and
laboratory control practices. After reviewing this additional information,
a domestic wastes sampling program was planned and executed to obtain
the remaining necessary data. The St. Croix Falls and Hudson, Wisconsin
plants were investigated by the Wisconsin Department of Health and the
analytical data were provided to the Project.
A cooperative study of the MSSD Plant, inkrolving the District, the
Minnesota Department of Health (MDH), and the Project, was conducted to
obtain information on this facility (l). Duriig two periods, composite
samples were collected around-the-clock for seven days and analyzed by
the three laboratories.
Information on the South St. Paul sewage treatment plant was obtained
from field surveys, plant records, and a reporb prepared for the City
of South St. Paul by two consulting engineering firms (2). The report
describes the design and performance of existing facilities and recommends
improvements that would provide the degree of treatment required to comply
with the present stream standards established
Pollution Control Commission. Nominal analyses were performed to insure
that results of the plant's laboratory were coiiipatible with those of
the Project's laboratory.
The remaining treatment plant studies begkn with the collection of
random grab samples on each influent and efflusnt. This procedure was
continued until either an adequate picture of the particular waste was
obtained or it became apparent that other methods would be required.
Where necessary, composite samples (weighted with flow) were taken to
supplement the random grab samples. Results of analyses on all these
Jff-9
the Minnesota Water
-------
samples, along with information provided by plant personnel, were used
to calculate the waste loading rates.
Mississippi River Domestic waste Sources
There are twelve municipal sewage treatment plants within the study
area discharging about 208 mgd of effluent directly to the Mississippi
River (see Figures IV-2 - Tf-k). Seven of the plants have secondary treat-
ment facilities. The two largest plants, Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District and South St. Paul, contribute a total of 203 mgd of effluent
containing 300,000 pounds of 5-day BOD and 180,700 pounds of suspended
solids. The remaining 10 plants discharge a total of 5.2 mgd of effluent
containing 35770 pounds of 5-day BOD and 2,830 pounds of suspended solids.
Three of the plants chlorinate their effluents the year-round; three
chlorinate only between May and Kfovember; and six do not chlorinate at
all.
Information obtained on each of the more significant plants is
summarized below. The order of presentation follows the sequence in
which they occur as one proceeds downstream. The terms "left bank" and
"right bank" apply as one faces downstream,
Anoka Sewage Treatment^ Plant. This plant, located on the left bank
of the Mississippi River at Mile 871.5 just above the mouth of the Rum
River, treats 0.957 mgd of sewage contributed by about 9>500 people and
over 100 commercial establishments in the area served. No known indus-
trial wastes presently enter the plant.
The plant, served by separate sanitary sewers, employs a high-rate
trickling filter system designed for a population equivalent of 21,600
and a flow of I.hk mgd. Disinfection of the effluent is practiced year-
IV-10
-------
round using 70 pounds of chlorine gas per day (8.7 tng/l). Sewage char-
acteristics and stream loading rates are given in Tables IV-6 and IV-7
in the domestic wastes summary. The efficiency of BOD and suspended
solids removal is typical of a well operated secondary plant.
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage Treatment Plant (MSSD).
This plant, located on the left bank of the Mississippi River at mile
836.3, treats about 188.6 mgd of sewage and industrial wastes produced
in the 150-square mile metropolitan area it serves. Within this area
are some 1.2 million people, 1,500 manufacturers, and numerous commercial
establishments. Approximately 39 percent of the organic waste load is
contributed by industry.
The existing plant, served by a combined sewer system, began oper-
ation in 1938 and was designed to provide primary treatment for an average
daily flow of 13^ mgd, expected from an estimated 910,000 people in 19^5.
The treatment process consists essentially of screening, grit removal,
and sedimentation. Sludge disposal consists of concentration, vacuum
filtration, and incineration. Facilities for chemical treatment and
effluent chlorination although available are not used.
Due to difficulties with clogging in one of the inverted siphons
conveying sewage across the river to the plant, the entire plant flow is
bypassed directly to the river for part of one day each month. This
produces higher velocities through the siphon, flushing it of debris
accumulated during the previous month. Bypassing of part of the plant
flow is also necessary during and shortly after rainfall to prevent over-
loading the plant. In 1963, a total of 2,089 million gallons of the
plant flow was bypassed directly to the river. Roughly an equal amount
IV-11
-------
also reached the river through an estimated 80 or more combined sewer
overflows which generally discharge during and shortly after periods of
rainfall. More information on combined sewer overflows is given else-
where in this section. Some wastes are also bypassed when the St. Paul
water treatment plant discharges lime sludge to the city sewer. This
occurs about one day per month.
The plant is presently undergoing an expansion which will provide
secondary treatment with the high-rate activated sludge process. It is
expected to be adequate for flows up to 1973. The general basis for
design is given below (3):
Sewered Population 1,5^5,000 persons
Industrial Population Equivalent 1,065,000 persons
Total Population Equivalent 2,610,000 persons
Average Annual Flow through Plant 218 mgd
Removal of Suspended Solids 85 percent
Removal of BOD with Basic Treatment Process 75 percent
Control of Effect of BOD by Supplemental Methods (as required to
meet river water
quality standards)
Destruction of Bacteria as measured by Coliform
Indicator Organisms 99 percent
Construction is expected to be completed in 1966.
Results of the cooperative survey on this plant, mentioned under
Survey Methods, are given in Tables TV-2 and IV-3. The plant efficiency
is typical for primary treatment.
South St. Pauj^ Sewage; Treatment Plant. This plant, located on the
right bank of the river at mile 832.k, treats wastes at the rate of about
lh.2 mgd on weekdays and 8.1 mgd on weekends. The wastes are contributed
by about 25,000 people, three meat packing industries, a stockyard, and
many small commercial and industrial establishments. Approximately 1.7
mgd of the total is domestic sewage; l.U mgd is infiltrated ground water;
IV-12
-------
TABLE IV-2
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
MINNEAPOLIS-ST. PAUL SANITARY DISTRICT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT
AVERAGE
(Results are in mg/1 unless specified otherwise) REMOVAL
INFLUENT CONCENTRATION1 EFFLUENT CONCENTRATION EFFICIENCY
CONSTITUENT
pH (units)
Alkalinity
5-Day BOD
COD
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
Tot. Sus. Solids
Vol. Sus. Solids
Organic Nitrogen
Ammonia Nitrogen^
Total Phosphate
Fluoride2
ABS
Phenol
Iron^
Manganese^
Copper
Cadmium
Chromium^
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tot. Coli,MPN3
Fecal Coli,MPN3
MAXIMUM AVERAGE MINIMUM MAXIMUM AVERAGE MINIMUM
326
305
756
1,850
52?
1*30
311
26.1
ll*.0
21.2
1.00
7.1*
0.90
6.1
0.1?
0.93
1.80
0.1*3
0.27
1.60
2.1*0
_
-
7.5
292
251
585
1,010
10*1*
316
226
13.2
11.5
13.8
0.60
3.9
0.1*7
3.1
0.13
0.1*9
0.19
0.22
0.16
0.29
0.89
..
-
181*
120
393
615
310
205
150
2.9
6.2
1*.8
0.31
1.1
O.li*
1.8
0.08
0,19
< 0.05
< 0.05
0.05
0.08
0.22
_.
-
301
225
667
1,535
363
ll*0
105
26.3
13.8
22.1*
0.85
7.3
1.00
1.7
0.17
0.78
0.23
0.30
0.17
0.51*
1.1*0
_
-
7.5
279 169
171* 61
378 196
770 1*1*5
296 205
107 81*
81.0 62
3.3 H.O
11.2 5.0
13.5 3.6
0.67 0.23
3.8 1.1
0.526 0.190
1.1* 1.0
0.13 o.io
0.33 0.17
0.10 < 0.05
0.18 < 0.05
0.09 0.03
0.26 0.08
0.58 0.20
> 1.6x10? .
I*.3xl06 _
.
13
31
35
2l*
33
66
61*
17
-
-
_
-
-
5.5
-
33
1*7
12
1*1*
-
35
-
1. Influent samples were taken after screening and grit removal
2. This constituent was measured in first Survey, only
3. This constituent was measured in two 10-day Surveys, sucaner of 1965.
-------
TABLE IV-3
MINNEAPOLIS ST. PAUL SANITARY DISTRICT
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT EFFLUFTTI LOADING RATESX
AVERAGE
CONSTITUENT LOADING RATE
_____ Ib./day
5-Day BOD 268,000
COD 573,000
Total Solids 1,270,000
Total Volatile Solids U63,000
Total Suspended Solids 170,000
Volatile Suspended Solids 126,000
Total Nitrogen 35,600
Total Phosphate 20,800
Fluoride 1,2202
ABS 5,900
Phenol 850
Iron
p
Manganese 235
Copper 515
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Zinc 880
(Total Coliform) (>1.1 x lO^ No./day)
(Fecal Coliform) _ (3.1 x 10l6 No./day)
1. Values are based on two round-the-clock surveys conducted Sept. 1^-23,
IS6k and January 5-12, 1965. Average plant flows were 218 and 168 mgd,
respectively. Annual average plant flow is 188.6 mgd.
2. This constituent was measured in the first survey, only.
-------
and the remaining amount is contributed by the meat industry complex
(including the stockyard) which processes 5 days per week. On weekdays,
the meat industry complex contributes about 98 percent of the BOD and
96 percent of the suspended solids going to the sewage treatment plant.
The existing plant, served by a combined sewer system, is equipped
with a bar screen, grit chamber, floculation and settling tanks, trickling
filters, intermediate settling tanks, and an anaerobic stabilization
pond. Chlorination facilities were included in the design but are not
used. Hydraulically, all facilities except the stabilization pond are
handling flows approximately 50 percent above those for which they were
designed. Organic loading is about 250 percent of the designed loading.
On weekdays, for example, the trickling filters handle about 22,800 pounds
of 5-day BOD per acre-ft. per day, 7.6 times the rate recommended for
high-rate filters. The pond, with a maximum volume of 72.6 million gal-
lons, provides a theoretical detention time of five days at the 1^.2 mgd
rate.
Portions of the combined sewer system serving South St. Paul are
overloaded and this results in frequent bypassing of part of the sewage
flow directly to the river at four locations. Additional information on
the combined sewer system is given elsewhere in this section (see Page
Influent and effluent waste characteristics and loading rates to the
river found during the Project's Survey are given in Tables IV-ij- and
IV-5. Removal efficiencies were generally typical of a secondary treat-
ment plant,
Since the Project's survey, two of the meat packing industries con-
IV-13
-------
TABLE IV-U
WASTE CHARACTERISTICS ON WEEKDAYS
OF THE
SOUTH SAINT PAUL.SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT
(Results are in mg/1 except where noted otherwise)
AVERAGE
CONSTITUENT INFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
5 -day BOD
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
Total Suspended
Solids
Volatile Suspended
Solids
Settleable Solids
1,298
2,723
1,200
855
750
15.2
AVERAGE
EFFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
272
1,662
280
92
70
1.0
AVERAGE
REMOVAL
EFFICIENCY
79.1
39.0
76.8
89.3
90.7
93.3
ml/1
Total Nitrogen
Total Phosphate
Total Coliform, MPN
Fecal Coliform, MPN
19.1
3.9 x
2.5 x 101
,6
1. Removal efficiency is based on influent and effluent concentrations.
Pond leakage and evaporation are not considered.
-------
TABLE IV-5
SOUTH SAINT PAUL SEWAGE TEEATMENT PLANT
EFFLUENT LOADING RATES ON WEEKDAYS
AVERAGE
CONSTITUENT LOADING RATE
TO RIVER!
5-day BOD, Ib/day 32,200
Total Solids, Ib/day 196,000
Volatile Solids, Ib/day 33,100
Total Suspended Solids, Ib/day 10,900
Volatile Suspended Solids, Ib/day 8,2?0
Total Nitrogen, Ib/day 5,200
Total Phosphate, Ib/day 2,300
Total Coliform, No./day 2.1 x 1015
Fecal Coliform, No./day 1.3 x lO1^
1. Pond leakage and evaporation are not considered.
-------
tributing wastes to the plant have reportedly instituted water saving
procedures which have reduced their flows by 1.8 mgd (^). The BOD
loading received by the sewage treatment plant is essentially the same,
however.
Other Sewage Treatment Plants on Mississippi River. There are nine
other sewage treatment plants discharging a total of 3.8 mgd to the
Mississippi River within the study area. Of these, seven treat less than
one-half million gallons per day each. The other two, belonging to the
Cities of Hastings and Red Wing, Minnesota, treat 0.8 and 2.0 mgd, respec-
tively. Chlorination is practiced either part or all of the time at five
of the nine plants. Additional information on each of these plants is
given in Tables IV-6 and TV-7 in the domestic wastes summary.
Of these nine plants, only the one at Hastings appears to be
operating at an efficiency well below the expected range. BOD and sus-
pended solids removal averaged approximately 5 and h2 percent, respec-
tively. A primary plant such as this one would be expected to maintain
a BOD removal of at least 25 percent. Also the efficiency of suspended
solids removal is near the lower limit expected of primary plants. Part
of the problem may be due to hydraulic overloading. It was designed
for a 0.60 mgd flow and receives about 0.80 mgd. Part of the problem is
also probably due to the manner of operation.
Minnesota River Domestic Waste Sources
Seven communities and a Masonic home were discharging a total of
6.2 mgd of sewage to the Minnesota River within the study area (see
Figures TV-5 and IV-6). Six of the communities and the Masonic home
provide treatment. The City of Henderson (population 750) is without
-------
treatment- facilities and discharges approximately 0,(A mgd to the river
through a combined collection system.
Three other communities on the Minnesota River have stabilization
ponds (each providing over 250 days of storage) for the treatment of
their wastes. None of these ponds as yet, however, is filled to the
point of overflow.
The six municipal plants, ranging in size from 0.09 to h.^k mgd,
discharge a total of i*,200 pounds of 5-day BOD and 3,900 pounds of sus-
pended solids to the river daily. The City of Henderson contributes an
estimated 85 and 100 pounds per day of 5-day BOD and suspended solids,
respectively, to the river. A very small amount of BOD and solids is
contributed by the Masonic home septic tank and overflowing tile field.
Four of the plants chlorinate their effluents the year-round; one
chlorinates only during periods of low stream flow; and one does not
chlorinate at all. Sewage from Henderson and the Masonic home are not
chlorinated.
Information obtained on each of the plants is presented below. The
method of presentation is similar to that used for the sources on the
Mississippi River.
Mankato _Sewage Treatment Plant. This municipal plant located on
the right bank of the Minnesota River at mile 106.6, treats k.5k mgd
of wastes contributed by about 21,500 people in Mankato, 5,i|00 people
in North Mankato, several industries, and a number of commercial estab-
lishments. It is the largest municipal plant on the Minnesota River with-
in the study area.
The plant, served by a combined sewer system, employs primary treat-
IV-15
-------
ment and is designed for a population equivalent of 72,700 and a flow of
5.82 mgd. Disinfection of the effluent is practiced on a continuous
basis using chlorine gas (8 mg/l). Sewage characteristics and loading
rates to the stream are given in Tables IV-6 and IV-7 in the domestic
wastes summary. Removal efficiencies are typical of a primary treatment
plant.
Henderson Domestic Waste Discharge.. This community of 750 people
is located on the left bank of the Minnesota River near mile 70. The
sewerage system, serving 500 persons, discharges an estimated 0.0l| mgd
of untreated domestic wastes to the river. Assuming the addition of
0.17 and 0.20 pound per capita per day of 5-day BOD and suspended solids,
respectively, the community contributes about 85 pounds of 5-day BOD
and 100 pounds of suspended solids to the stream each day.
Chaska Sewage Treatment Plant. This municipal plant, located on
the left bank of the Minnesota River at mile 29.h, treats 0.06 mgd of
sewage contributed by about 2,300 people, several commercial establish-
ments, and the Sugar City Creamery. Until recently, the plant also
received an additional 0.40 mgd of wastes from the M. A. Gedney Company,
which now has separate treatment facilities.
The plant, served by separate sanitary sewers, employs an activated
sludge system designed for a population equivalent of 7,200 and a flow
of 0.75 mgd. Disinfection is not practiced. The actual flow received
by the plant is far below the design flow now that it does not receive
the Gedney Company wastes.
The survey of this plant was conducted while it was still receiving
wastes from the Gedney Company. The waste characteristics and loading
IV-lS
-------
rates determined from this survey are given in Tables IV-6 and IV-7 in
the domestic wastes summary. The BOD removal efficiency was excellent
but the efficiency of suspended solids removal was less than expected
for a secondary plant. This condition should be improved now that the
plant no longer receives the Gedney Company wastes.
Shakopee Sewage Treatment Plant. ^This municipal plant, located on
the right bank of the river at mile 23.9» treats 0.311 mgd of sewage
contributed by about J*,700 people and several commercial establishments.
The plant, served by separate sanitary sewers, employs primary
treatment designed for a population equivalent of 13,500 and a flow of
0.90 mgd. Disinfection of the effluent is practiced only during periods
of low stream flow using chlorine gas at the rate of 25 pounds per day
(9.6 mg/l). Sewage characteristics and waste loading rates are given in
Tables IV-6 and IV-7 in the domestic wastes summary. BOD and solids data
indicate the plant was being operated satisfactorily.
Savage Sewage Treatment Plant. This municipal plant, located on
the right bank of the river at mile Ik.k, treats about 0.22 mgd of
sewage contributed by about 1,700 people, a £ew small industries, and
some commercial establishments.
The plant, served by separate sanitary sewers, employs a trickling
filter system designed for a population equivalent of 7,000 and a flow
of 0.39 mgd. Disinfection is practiced the year-round using about £
pounds of chlorine gas per day (3.3 mg/l). Sewage characteristics and
loading rates are given in Tables IV-6 and IV-7 in the domestic wastes
summary. BOD and suspended solids removals were in the range expected
for a secondary plant.
IV-1?
-------
Burnsville Sewage Treatment Plant. This plant, located on the right
bank of the river at mile 10.5 treats about 0.51 mgd of sewage contri-
buted by k,^00 people and several commercial establishments.
The plant, served by separate sanitary sewers, employs an activated
sludge system designed for a population equivalent of 5>000 and a flow
of 0.50 mgd. Disinfection is practiced the year-round using about 10
pounds of chlorine per day (2.^ mg/l). Effluent is discharged to Black
Dog Lake which drains into the Minnesota River. Sewage characteristics
and loading rates are given in Tables IV-6 and IV-7 in the domestic wastes
summary. BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies were satisfactory.
Cedar Grove Sewage Treatment Plant. This plant, located on the right
bank of the river at mile 7.3s treats about 0.09 ^gd °f sewage contri-
buted by about 2,200 people.
The plant, served by separate sanitary sewers, employs an extended
aeration system designed for a flow of 0.160 mgd. Disinfection is
practiced the year-round using 15 pounds of chlorine per day (20.0 mg/l).
Effluent is discharged to Black Dog Creek which drains into the Minnesota
River. The BOD and suspended solids removals were satisfactory. Tables
IV-6 and IV-7 give additional information on the waste characteristics
and loadings.
St. Croix River Domestic Waste Sources
There are six communities discharging about 3.1 mgd of treated
sewage to the St. Croix River within the study area (see Figure IV-7).
The sewage treatment plants range in size from 0.07 to 1.7 mgd. Four of
them have secondary treatment facilities. Year-round chlorination is
practiced at one plant; the remainder chlorinate only between May and
IV-18
GPO 828—S4S—C-2
-------
November. Together they discharge a total of 1,600 pounds of 5-day BOD
and 1,1*00 pounds of suspended solids. The BOD and suspended solids
removal efficiencies were generally as expected. Additional information
on each of these plants is given in Tables IV-6 and IV-7 in the domestic
wastes summary.
Summary of Domestic Waste Sources
Pertinent information on each of the plants, along with plant in-
fluent and effluent characteristics is given in Table IV-6. Waste
loadings contributed by each of the sources are given in Table TV-7.
Domestic waste effluents having 5-day BOD and suspended solids
concentrations greater than 50 and 60 mg/1, respectively, are listed in
Tables IV-8 and IV-9 in order of decreasing strength. Similar infor-
mation on coliform densities is summarized in Table IV-10.
Domestic waste effluents having 5-day BOD and suspended solids
loading rates greater than 500 pounds per day are listed in Tables IV-11
and IV-12, respectively, in order of decreasing load. Similar infor-
mation on coliform loadings is given in Table IV-13.
Properly designed and operated primary sewage treatment plants
exhibit BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies of 25 to kO percent
and UO to 75 percent, respectively. Of all the primary plants, only
the one at Hastings, Minnesota did not meet this criteria. BOD removal
was found to be only in the order of five percent. The Minneapolis-St.
Paul Sanitary District plant, although receiving 1^0 percent of its designed
flow, was able to maintain BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies
of 31 and 66 percent, respectively.
-------
Properly designed and operated secondary sewage treatment plants normally
exhibit BOD and suspended solids removal efficiencies of 65 to 95
percent. Of all the secondary plants, only the one at St. Croix Falls,
Wisconsin did not meet this criterion during its evaluation. BOD and
suspended solids removal efficiencies were found by the Wisconsin Department
of Health to be approximately h6 and h& percent, respectively. An oper-
ational problem which has been corrected was largely responsible for this
low efficiency. The mercury seal on the distributor of the high-rate
trickling filter had failed, allowing most of the filter influent to
discharge onto the center of the filter instead of being spread over the
entire surface.
Only one community, Henderson, Minnesota, does not have treatment
facilities. Approximately 500 of its 750 population are served by the
municipal sewerage system which discharges untreated sewage to the Minnesota
River at mile point 70.0.
The Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District (primary) plant receives
considerable amounts of industrial wastes. Because of this, it is the
largest contributor of metals and phenol to the rivers within the study
area. It is also the largest contributor of BOD, suspended solids,
nitrogen, phosphate, and coliforms within the study area. Secondary
units are under construction and will be completed this year.
The South St. Paul (secondary) plant is the second largest sewage
treatment plant within the study area. Its primary and secondary units
are grossly overloaded. Part of the difficulty, however, is overcome by
its anaerobic lagoon which follows the trickling filters and intermediate
settling tanks. The City has engaged an engineering firm to plan necessary
additional treatment facilities.
JV-20
-------
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-------
TABLE IV - 7
SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC «STF LOADING RATES TO STREAMS
SOUHCE
RIVER
MILE
AVG.
FLOW
RATE
MOD
AMOUNT OF GIVZN CONSTITUENT DISCHARGED
5- DAY
BOD
Ib./day
Suspended Solids
Total
Ib./da
Volatile
Ib./da;,
Nitr'^rn
TDtal
Ib /da-,'
N03
lo.,day
Tota
Ph':sD>iate
lo./day
Colifonr.s
Total
No. /day
Fecal
No. /day
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
Anoka STP
Mpls-St. P.San. Dist
So. St. Paul STP
Newport STP
Inver Grove STP
St. Paul Park STP
Cottage Grove STP
Hastings STP
Prescott STP
Red Vfing STP
Lake City STP
Pepln STP
"71.5
°36.3
"32. V
"31.3
"10.3
329.0
3m. <
313.3
^oo. 8
70Q.2
' ,'2 . '
767.2
0.06
188.6
1L.2
0.053
0.020
0.35
O.It?
0.80
0.135
2.20
0.26
0.0'jk
150
268,000
32,200
r
(Effluent
175
1°5
1,100
280
I,lt30
20 =
135
365
170,000
10,900
16
seeps ir
130
195
790
150
'"0
175
70
?•' 5
126 , 000
8,270
12
to ground
135
1 3
6nO
>5
220
U3
60
2U5
35. COO
5,200
2
before re;
113
lltO
1-5
;0
I'D
'"0
6
-
-
=
chiny Rivei
2
-
?
65
1
<1
195
20,300
2,100
10
)
155
190
200
L5
It20
53
>1.0 x IQiB
>1.1 x 1017
2.1 x lO1^
5.-' x 1012
1.1 7 1011*
6."' x lO^
2.0 x ID1?
1.1 x 1011*
1.7 x 101U
2.3 x lO1*4
2.2 x IQiS
>9.5 x 101?
3.1 x 1016
1.3 x 101?
1.2 x 1011
3.7 x 1013
2.1 x 1011
6.1 x Wlh
?.(- x 1013
1.7 x 10^8
2.3 x 101'1
1.1 x 101'
MINNESOTA RIVER
Mankato STP
Henderson
Chaska STP
Shakopee STP
Savage STP
Burnsville STP
Cedar Grove STP
106.5
70.0
29. k
23.0
1't. It
10.5
"7 ~>
U.5l»
0.0l<
0.146
0.31
0.22
0.51
0.09
3,560
85 (Est;
160
303
>20
1,0
13
2,b'0
lOO(Est)
560
235
'45
305
I,
2.0:30
?5(Est)
1-70
220
2)
150
35
5/0
15(Est.)
60
~G
2;
?3
15
50
]__
2
I
3
1
270
13(Est.)
>- ;
-'5
25
i5
t,.7 x 1011(
2.0 x lO^fEst
2.3 x 10lU
1.0 x lO1'*
3.6 x 1011
9.3 x 101?
1.2 x 1012
1.5 x 101U
-
6.9 X 101?
1.3 x 10l!j
2.^ x 10U
2. 7 X 1012
1.1 x 10n
SI. CROIX RIVER
St. Croix Falls STP
Taylors Falls STP
Osceola STP
Stillwater STP
Bayport STP
Hudson STP
51.0
51. 8
It It. 3
21.2
19. i*
16.3
0.18
0.070
0.00?
1.79
O.ltO
0.56
95
10
115
1,250
10
110
100
20
75
l.O'O
25
HO
30
20
60
775
20
120
^0
3
30
233
30
' 5
<1
2
<1
q
15
10
'.0(Est.)
10
25
2-3
35
100 (Est. )
-
?.0 x 1012
3.3 x lO1^
3/, x 10^
1.5 x lO1^
-
-
It. 5 x 10U
1.7 x 1013
8.3 x 1013
3.3 x 1012
.
-------
TABLE IV-8
DOMESTIC WASTES WITH GREATEST 5-DAY BOD CONCENTRATIONS1
(Listed in order of decreasing strength)
5-DAY BOD CONCENTRATION
SOURCE mg/1
Pepin STP 303
South St. Paul STP 272
Prescott STP 2k6
Hastings STP 180
MinneapcxLis-Pt. Paul Sanitary District STP 17^
Osceola STP llj.lt
Shakopee STP 118
Mankato STP > cjlj.
Lake City STP 9lt
Stillwater STP 8k
Red Wing STP 78
St. Paul Park STP 6l
Cottage Grove STP 56
1. Waste Sources with a 5-day BOD less than 50 mg/1 are not listed.
GPO 828-545-C-6
-------
TABLE IV-9
DOMESTIC WASTES WITH GREATEST SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS1
(Listed in order of decreasing strength)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION
SOURCE mg/1
Pep in STP 157
Chaska STP (while receiving Gedney Co. wastes) 1^5
Prescott STP 133
Hastings STP 118
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP .'.07
Osceola STP 95
South St. Paul STP 92
Shakopee STP 90
Lake City STP 8l
Mankato STP 71
Stillwater STP 71
St. Croix Falls STP 6h
St. Paul Park STP 6l
1. Waste sources with a suspended solids concentration less than 60 mg/1
are not listed.
-------
TABLE IV-10
DOMESTIC WASTES WITH GREATEST TOTAL COLIfORM DENSITIES-1
(Summer Values)
(Listed in order of decreasing strength)
SOURCE
Hastings STP
fihakopee STP
Lake City STP
Prescott STP
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP
Chaska STP (whi3e t-eoen'vJng Gedney Co. wastes)
Pepin STP
Osceola STP
St. Paul Park STP
Cottage Grove STP
South St. Paul STP
Mankato STP
TOTAL COLIFORM DENSITY
66,000,000
25,500,000
23,000,000
21,000,000
> 16,000,000
13,^00,000
11,000,000
9,000,000
8,700,000
1|, 200, 000
3,900,000
3,900,000
Waste sources with a total coliform density less than 3,000,000 MPH/100M/
are not listed.
-------
TABLE IV-11
LARGEST DOMESTIC SOURCES OF 5-DAY (20°C) BOD1
(Listed in order of decreasing rate)
SOURCE
Minneapolis -St. Paul Sanitary District STP
So. St. Paul STP
Mankato STP
Red Wing STP
Stillwater STP
Hastings STP
LOADING RATE
POUNDS/DAY
267,800
32,200
3,560
1,^30
1,250
1,190
TO STREAM
POPULATION2
EQUIVALENT
1,570,000
189,000
20,900
8,1^20
7,350
7,000
1. Sources contributing less than 500 pounds/day are not listed
2. Population equivalent based on 0.17 Ib/day contributed per capita.
-------
TABLE IV-12
LARGEST DOMESTIC SOURCES OF SUSPENDED SOLIDSJ
(Listed in order of decreasing rate)
LOADING RATE TO STREAM
SOURCE
Minneapolis -St. Paul Sanitary District STP
South St. Paul STP
Mankato STP
Stillwater STP
Red Wing STP
Hastings STP
Chaska STP (while receiving Gedney Co. wastes)
POUNDS/DAY POPULATION2
EQUIVALENT
169,800
10,900
2,680
1,060
880
790
560
81*8,000
5l|,500
13,^00
5,300
14,1*00
3,950
2,800
1. Sources contributing less than 500 pounds/day are not listed.
2. Population equivalent based on 0.20 Ib/day contributed per capita.
-------
!EABLE-IV-13
LARGEST DOMESTIC SOURCES OF TOTAL COLIFORMS1
(Summer Values)
(Listed in order of decreasing rate)
LOADING RATE TO STREAM
SOURCE
Mnnneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District
South St. Paul STP
Hastings STP
Mankato STP
Shakopee STP
Chaska STP (while receiving Gedney Co.
Lake City STP
Henderson
Red Wing STP
Prescott STP
St. Paul Park
Stillwater
Cottage Grove STP
Osceola STP
Pep in STP
Bayport STP
Anoka STP
NO. /DAY
STP > 1.1 x lO17
2.1 x IO15
2.0 x IO15
6.7 x I0lh
3.0 x 10
wastes) 2.3 x 10
2.3 x lO1^
2.0 x ID1**
1.7 x lO1^
1.1 x 10^
T -, 10lU
-L • a. -X, _LU
8.8 x 1013
6.8 x io13
3.3 x IO13
2.2 x IO13
1.5 x IO13
>1.0 x IO13
POPULATION^
EQUIVALE1MT
>1, 100, 000
21,^00
20,^00
6,700
3,000
2,300
2,300
(Est.) 2,000(Est.)
1,7 JO
1,100
1,100
880
680
330
220
150
>nc
1. Sources contributing less than 1.0 x 10 3 coliforms/day are not listed.
St. Croix Falls and Hudson sewage treatment plants were not considered,
2. Population equivalent based on 1.0 x 1011 coliforms/day contributed
per capita.
-------
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
Introduction
There are approximately 300 industries within the Project watershed
area that discharge wastes to various water courses. A review of available
industrial wastes information and field reconnaissance indicated that studies
of industrial facilities which are remote from the water course of primary
interest (Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers) were unwarranted.
Studies, therefore, were confined to those industries discharging wastes
either directly into the three rivers of concern or into tributaries there-
of a short distance above their confluences. In all, thirty-four industries
were investigated (see Figures IV-2 - IV-7). None of the industries which
discharge all their wastes to municipal facilities was studied, except the
Foot Tannery.
The industries investigated can be classified as food and kindred pro-
ducts, chemical and allied products, leather and leather products, and
petroleum refining and related industries. They discharge a total of
53,000 pounds of 5-day BOD and 63,000 pounds of suspended solids to the
Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers. Their combined BOD and suspended solids
loadings are about 20 and 37 percent, respectively, of those contributed
by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District sewage treatment plant.
Survey Met hod.
Preliminary visits were made in cooperation with State Departments of
Health to each industry investigated. During these visits information was
obtained relating to water usage, the industrial process, and waste dispo-
sal practices. This information was then utilized in planning the indus-
trial wastes sampling program.
IV-21
-------
Field work began with the collection of random grab samples from the
waste outfalls. This procedure was continued until each particular waste
was adequately characterized or until it became apparent that grab samples
alone were not adequate. Where necessary, composite samples, weighted
according to waste flow, were taken to supplement the random grab samples.
Results of the analyses on these samples, along with information pro-
vided by the industries, were used to calculate the waste loading rates.
Mississippi River Industries
Fourteen industries, one water treatment plant, three steam-electric
generating plants, and two barge washing facilities were investigated on
the Mississippi River.
The industries1 principal products are meats, petroleum products,
chemicals, fertilizers, printing and copying materials, and leather pro-
ducts. They discharge a total waste volume of about 30 mgd, containing
6,000 pounds of 5-&&y BOD and 1^,000 pounds of suspended solids. In
addition, three electric generating plants (when operating at full load)
discharge about 160 billion BTU/day of heat directly to the river.
Information obtained on each industry is presented below. The order
of presentation follows the sequence in which the industries occur as one
proceeds downstream. The terms "left bank" and "right bank" apply as
one faces downstream.
Minneapolis Water Treatment Plants. The City of Minneapolis owns
and operates the Fridley and Columbia Heights water treatment plants. Raw
water is pumped at an annual average rate of 6l.6 mgd from the Mississippi
River at mile 858.9 to the Fridley plant, located on the left bank at that
point. Here, the water is softened. After softening, the water is divided
IV-22
-------
about equally between the two plants for filtering and chlorination.
Together the plants produce potable water for an estimated 530,000 people.
Wastes from these plants consist of sand filter backwash water and a
lime slurry from the softening process. The Fridley plant pumps the lime
slurry waste to a settling basin from which supernatant overflows to the
river near mile 858.3 at a rate of about 1.6 mgd.
Backwashing operations are similar at both plants. In 196U, 252
mil]ion gallons were used for l600 backwashes at Fridley and 1300 back-
washes at Columbia Heights. On an average annual basis, then, both plants
together used 0.69 mgd of water for backwashing. This operation lasts
about five minutes and is carried out 6 to 10 times a day at each plant.
Both plants discharge this waste directly to the river without treatment.
The Fridley and Columbia Heights plants' outlets are located at mile 859-0
and 857.8, respectively. Waste characteristics and loading rates for all
waste generated are given in summary Tables IV-18 and IV-19-
Riverside Steam-Electric Generating Plant. This plant, owned and
operated by the Northern States Power Company (NSP), is located on the left
bank of the Mississippi River at mile 856.9 and uses river water for cool-
ing purposes. According to information obtained from NSP, the plant has
eight generating units with a total net capability of 512,300 KW(5). The
units are divided into four sections, each served by a separate circulating
water intake and discharge. The flow rate of the circulating water through
each unit is determined by the number of pumps being operated. Pump opera-
tion, in turn, is dependent on the generating load and incoming water
temperature. The higher the load or water temperature, the more pumps
there are in operation (see Table IV-lU). At full generating load, 80.7
IV-23
-------
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billion -BTU/day of heat is transferred to the cooling water which is dis-
charged directly to the river.
High Bridge Steam-Electric Generating Plant. This plant, also owned
and operated by NSP, is located on the left bank of the Mississippi River
at mile 8U0.5. River water, used for cooling purposes, is returned directly
to the river after use. This plant has six generating units with a total
net capability of U82,800 KW. The units are divided into four sections and
operated in a manner similar to the Riverside plant. At full generating
load, the heat rejection rate is 7^.1 billion BTU/day. A summary of the
operating information is provided in Table IV-15.
Minnesota Harbor Service. This company operates barge washing facili-
ties on the right bank of the Mississippi River at mile 840.4. In one
season (April through October), they clean approximately 500 coal barges,
25 salt barges, and 25 phosphate (fertilizer) barges. Water used for
cleaning is pumped from the river at a rate of 2,000 gallons per barge.
Waste water is pumped to a settling pit for removal of solids before dis-
charge back into the river. Visual inspection of the operation indicated
that the mass of wastes discharged was too small to warrant a detailed
evaluation.
Twin City Shipyard. This company operates barge cleaning facilities
from April through October on the left and right banks of the river near
mile 837.3 (and also on the Minnesota River at two locations). In one
season they clean approximately 315 coal barges, 30 phosphate barges, 5
grain barges, 12 molasses barges, and 1 or 2 gasoline barges at the Mis-
sissippi River location. Barges having contained dry cargos are vacuum
cleaned by special equipment that allows air borne solids and wash water
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(2000 gallons per barge) to be collected in two Ik cubic yard sediment tanks.
Each tank outlet is equipped with a 12 mesh screen to prevent larger par-
ticles from escaping when the water is drained out and returned to the river.
Visual inspection of the operation indicated that the mass of wastes dis-
charged was too small to warrant a detailed evaluation.
South St. Paul Meat Industries. The meat industry complex in South
St. Paul is comprised of Swift and Company, Union Stockyards, Morris Rifkin
& Sons, Inc., and Armour and Company. They are situated on the right bank
of the Mississippi River between mile points 833.4 and 833.0. In this
complex livestock is housed, slaughtered, and processed. Most of the wastes
are conveyed by an interceptor sewer to the South St. Paul sewage treatment
plant. This interceptor sewer, which runs parallel to the river, also
accepts flows from several combined trunk sewers serving the City of South
St. Paul. At each trunk sewer connection, there is a diversion chamber
designed to divert dry weather flow from the trunk sewer to the interceptor.
During periods of peak industrial activity or storm water runoff, flows in
excess of the interceptor sewer capacity are diverted to the river at each
diversion chamber. A more complete description of this situation is given
in the sections on domestic wastes and combined sewer overflows.
Some of the wastes generated by the stockyards, Swift, and Armour are
not received by the sewerage system at all, but are discharged directly to
the river. These wastes, however, are generally of much lower strength than
the wastes discharged to the interceptor system. Those discharged directly
by Swift and Company and Armour and Company are cooling water. Swift and
Company utilizes about 5 mgd of Mississippi River water for cooling purposes,
returning it directly to the river. Armour and Company utilizes approxi-
mately 2.4 mgd of well water for cooling purposes, discharging it directly
IV-25
-------
to the river. The latter three, designated as sewers No. 3, 4B, and 5, are
described in a report prepared for the City of South St. Paul by their con-
sulting engineers (2).
According to that report, wastewater in sewer Wo. 3 normally consists
of watering trough overflow and surface drainage having an average 5-day
BOD of k8 mg/1. During summer months, it also receives wastewater resulting
from the flushing or washing of hog pens for one and one-half to two hours
each day in the late afternoon. During this period each day, however, all
wastewater in Sewer No. 3 is supposedly pumped into the intercepting sewer.
The maximum dry weather flow rate in Sewer No. 3 during the flushing opera-
tion is about 4.3 mgd.
Stockyards sewer No. ks receives surface drainage and watering trough
overflow which is pumped directly to the river. The 5-day BOD of this waste
ranges from 12 to 51 mg/1. The maximum dry weather flow rate ever antici-
pated in this sewer is 1.7 mgd.
Stockyards sewer No. 5 receives surface drainage and watering trough
overflow with an average 5-day BOD of about 8 mg/1. It is discharged
directly to the river.
According to reference 2 the estimated average discharge rate to the
river from sewers No. 3, J+B, and 55 combined, is 2 mgd. The 5-day BOD
loading to the river from these three direct discharges is estimated to be
less than 500 pounds/day.
King Packing Company. This plant, located on the left bank of the
Mississippi River at mile 832.5> is engaged in the packaging of meats.
About 100 persons are employed by the Company which operates 12 months a
year, 5 days per week, 16 hours per day. The only waste discharged to the
IV-26
-------
river is cooling water, which is obtained from wells. It is discharged
continuously at an average rate of 1.73 nigd and has a BOD of only 2 mg/1.
Other wastes generated in the plant are discharged to a primary
settling tank and thence to a pond with no outlet for final disposal.
Northwestern Refining Company. This company, located on the left bank
of the Mississippi River at mile 830.0 employs 192 persons and processes
approximately 25,000 barrels of crude oil per day. Products include gaso-
line, kerosene, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 3 fuel oil, industrial fuel, asphalt,
and jet fuel. Operation is continuous throughout the year.
All wastes subject to oil contamination are passed through an API oil
separator before being discharged, along with other wastes, to a primary
lagoon. Prom there the wastes pass to a secondary lagoon which provides a
residence time of about 10 days. The secondary lagoon discharges at a rate
of l.kk mgd to the river through either a pipe at the bottom of the lagoon
or a hay filter at the surface. Waste characteristics and loading rates to
the river are given in Tables IV-18 and 17-19 in the summary at the end of
the discussion on industrial wastes.
J. L. Shiely Company. The Shiely Company operates gravel washing
facilities at their Larson and Nelson Plants, located on the left bank of
the river at mile points 826.5 and. 825.0, respectively. Both plants operate
seven months per year frcm April through October. Wash water is obtained
from the river at each installation.
The Larson Plant conducts washing operations at an average of four
hours per day, sixty days per year. A 1,000 gpm pump supplies about 2*10,000
gallons of water each of these days. Wastewater passes through a clarifica-
tion basin before being returned to the river.
IV-27
-------
The Nelson Plant conducts washing operations about 12 hours per day, 5
days per week over the 7-month period. Two pumps, with a total capacity of
6,000 gpm, supply 4.33 million gallons of water daily to the facility.
Wastewater passes through a clarification basin before being returned to
the river. Visual inspection of the operation indicated that the mass of
wastes discharged was too small to warrant a detailed evaluation.
General Dynamics Corporation-Liquid Carbonics Division. This plant,
located one mile back from the right bank of the Mississippi River near
Mle 82^.2, employs 20 persons and produces liquid carbon dioxide and dry
ice. Approximately 75 tons of carbon dioxide are processed daily. Opera-
tion is 2^ hours per day, 5-7 days per week, the year-round. Peak operation
occurs from June through August. Process wastes, including cooling water,
are pumped at a 0.7 mgd rate to a force main carrying the St. Paul Ammonia
Products Company wastes to the river. Waste characteristics and loading
rates to the river are given in Tables IV-18 and IV-19 of the industrial
wastes summary.
All sanitary wastes are treated "by means of a septic tank and seepage
field.
St. Paul Ammonia Products, Inc. This plant is about one mile back from
the right bank of the river near mile 82^,2 and employs 150 people. It
produces ammonia, ammonium, nitrate, nitric acid, and. carbon dioxide from
natural gas. Approximately 12 million cubic feet of natural gas is pro-
cessed per day.
Plant sanitary wastes are disposed of by means of septic tanks and
seepage fields.
IV-28
-------
Process wastes are passed through a basin equipped for oil removal and
the collection of chemical sludge before being discharged to the river via
a force main. The discharge rate averages 0.66 mgd. Waste characteristics
and loading rates to the river are given in Tables IV-18 and IV-19 of the
industrial wastes summary.
Great Northern Oil Company. This company, located about one mile back
from the right bank of the river at mile 82^.0, refines approximately 50,000
barrels of crude oil per day. Products include gasoline, heating oils, heavy
fuel oils, propane, coke, and sulfur. Operation is continuous year-round
with the exception of a two-week shutdown period.
Process wastes pass through a sour water stripper followed by a surge
tank and trickling filter. Oily waters pass through an API oil separator
into the same intermediate pond that receives the trickling filter effluent.
Prom there the wastes pass into a second intermediate pond, then through a
hay filter into the activated sludge unit and then into a final pond. Boi-
ler blowdown water is also discharged to the final pond. The final pond
effluent is pumped to the river at an average rate of 3.23 mgd. Waste
characteristics and loading rates are given in summary Tables IV-18 and
IV-19.
Northwest Cooperative Mills, Inc. This plant, located on the right
bank at mile 823.8 and employing about 100 persons, produces 2^0 tons of
ammonium phosphate fertilizer per day. About 100 tons per day of phospho-
ric acid are produced as an intermediate product. Water requirements of
about 239 gpm (0.34 mgd) are satisfied by a single well. Ammonium phosphate
and phosphoric acid process wastes, containing chiefly gypsum and fluorides,
are discharged at rates of 3!+ and 16 gpm, respectively, to a 22-acre storage
IV-29
-------
pond where the calcium sulfate slurry is collected. Supernatant from the
pond is reused elsevrhere in the plant. The only discharge ordinarily
resulting from pond operation is due to leakage, estimated by the company
to be four gpm. The plant also has what they refer to as a compositing
pond, primarily to collect storm water runoff. Approximately $6 gpm of
vastevater from miscellaneous plant sources are also discharged to this
pond, which has an overflow to the Mississippi River. All sanitary wastes
are treated separately with final disposal in the soil.
During the waste survey (June 28 - August 6, 1965) there was a leak
in the storage pond dike resulting in average flow of h8 gpm (0.0697 mgd)
in an adjacent ditch which discharges to the river. Eleven grab samples
were collected from this ditch, designated as INC 371. The fluoride con-
centration was checked in one of these samples and found to be 262 mg/1.
This leak has since been repaired.
Effluent from the compositing pond (BIG 370) was also sampled eleven
times during the same period. The discharge rate averaged 32 gpm (0.0^58
mgd). The fluoride concentration was checked in one of the samples and
found to be 19.5 tng/1. Further characteristics and loading rates of
wastes from INC 370 and 371 are given in Tables IV-18 and IV-19 of the
industrial wastes summary.
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, This company's Chemolite
Plant, located on the left bank of the river near mile 817.2, employs 1,200
people and operates continuously in some departments. The plant produces
a variety of products including dry copy paper, film developing paper, poly-
mers, resins, miscellaneous chemicals, coating products, reflective signs,
and printing products. Total water usage at the plant is approximately
37-30
-------
IK 5 mgd and is supplied by wells.
Plant cooling water (IMM 359) is discharged at an average rate of 4.08
mgd directly to a ravine a short distance above its confluence with the
river. Other plant wastes pass through neutralization and settling tanks
and then through three ponds. The final pond effluent (IMM 358) discharges
at an average rate of 1.68 mgd to the same ravine and together with the
cooling water enters the river. Further information on the wastes is given
in summary Tables IV-18 and Iv-19-
This company plans to begin construction of secondary biological treat-
ment facilities this year.
H. D. Hudson Manufacturing Company. This company, located on the right
bank of the river at mile 8lU.2 in Hastings, Minnesota manufactures hand
operated sprayers and dusters for use in the application of pesticides. The
plant operates year-round, 8 hours per day, 5 1/2 days per week, and employs
a maximum of 275 people. All wastes, except those from metal cleaning opera-
tions, are discharged to the Hastings sewerage system. Wastes consisting of
drippings fron the brass cleaning process, which utilizes chromic acid, is
collected in a sump and pumped to one of two holding tanks. When a tank
becomes full it is treated chemically to precipitate the Chromium. Super-
natant is then pumped to the river at a rate of about 600 gallons per day
(gpd). The Chromate sludge is hauled away to a dumping area by truck.
Analysis of a sample of holding tank waste before treatment showed it con-
tained 100 mg/1 of copper, 16 mg/1 of zinc, and 0.75 mg/1 of total chromium.
No nickel, cadmium, or lead was found to be present. At the 600 gpd rate,
only 0.5 pound of copper, 0.08 pound of zinc, and O.OOU pound of chromium
reach the tank daily for treatment.
XV-31
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S. B. Foot Tanning Company. This company, located about two miles dis-
tant from the right bank of the river near mile 792.8, employs 3^0 people
and operates year-round, 6 days per week, 18-2U hours per day. The company
processes 118,800 pounds of hides per day by both chrome and vegetable tan-
ning methods. Average daily water use is approximately 1.1 mgd and is
supplied by two wells.
All plant wastes are pumped to six anaerobic lagoons owned and operated
by the City of Red Wing for the sole use of the tannery. One lagoon is used
at a time. When one fills with sludge to the point where it is no longer
effective in removing solids, another one is placed into operation. Usual-
ly, all lagoons become filled with sludge in a year's time. When this occurs,
ail six lagoons are dredged and the same procedure is repeated. Effluent
from the lagoons is discharged to Hay Creek about three miles above its con-
fluence with the river.
Difficulties, observed by Project personnel, have been experienced with
the present waste treatment system. Occasionally lagoon influent lines clog
and wastes must be bypassed directly to Hay Creek. Waste characteristics
and loading rates when treating and when bypassing are given in summary
Tables IV-18 and IV-19.
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company - Linseed Oil Division. This plant,
located on the right bank of the river at mile 790.7 in Red Wing, Minnesota,
discharges cooling water obtained from wells directly to the river at a
rate of about 1.0 mgd. All process and sanitary wastes are discharged to
the municipal sewage treatment plant.
Red Winfe Steam-Electric Generating Plant. This plant, owned and oper-
ated by KSP, is located on the right bank of the river at mile 789.U. Hiver
IV-32
-------
water is used for cooling purposes, being returned directly to the river
after use. According to NSP, this plant has one unit with a net capability
of 29,000 KW(5). At full generating load, the heat rejection rate is k.lQ
billion BTCJ/day. The cooling water flow rate is determined by the number
of pumps in operation. This in turn, is dependent on the generating load
and incoming water temperature. When running at full load with an up-river
temperature in excess of 70°F, three pumps (capacities of 18,700, 11,200
and 7,500 gpm) are operated producing a flow of 37,^00 gpm. This produces
an increase in the cooling water temperature of 9«3 F. At up-river tempera-
tures below 38 F, only the large pump or the two small pumps are operated.
This causes an increase of l8,6°F in the cooling water temperature.
Blue Earth River Industry
Honeymead Products Company. This company, located on the right bank
of the Blue Earth River 0.6 mile above its confluence with the Minnesota
River, was the only industry on the Blue Earth River investigated. It was
the site of one of the two oil spills that occurred in the winter of 1962-63.
The company processes kO to 50 thousand bushels of soybeans daily and pro-
duces a variety of products therefrom, including: soybean oil, meal, leci-
thinated meal, lamisoy, soy flour, toasted soy flour, brew flakes, crude
oil, degummed oil, gums, lecithin, once refined oil (clearsoy), refined,
bleached oil (liistersoy), fully refined, deodorized oil (savorsoy), shell
drain oil, clabber oil, and acidulated soap stock. The company employs
approximately 75 people and operates 12 months per year, 7 days per week,
2k hours per day.
All process wastes and cooling water are discharged through an oil
separator unit to the Blue Earth River at a rate of k.$2 mgd. Waste
IV-33
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characteristics and loading rates to the river are given in summary Tables
IV-18 and IV-19.
Minnesota River Industries
Eleven industries, two steam-electric generating plants and two barge
cleaning facilities were investigated on the Minnesota River.
The industries' principal outputs are sugar and other food products,
dairy products, malt, and crude soybean oil. While in operation they dis-
charge a total waste volume of Ik mgd, containing U5,000 pounds of 5-day
BOD and 14-7,000 pounds of suspended solids (when existing waste treatment
facilities are functioning). In addition, th? --.wo electric generating
plants (when operating at full load) discharge about 6l billion BTU/day of
heat.
Information obtained on each industry is summarized below. The pre-
sentation is similar to that used in the previous discussion of Mississippi
River Industries.
North Star Concrete Products Company. This company's installation is
located on the right bank of the Minnesota River at mile 108.2. In addi-
tion to the manufacture of concrete products, the company is also engaged
in the washing of sand and gravel from April through October, 6 days per
week, 8 hours per day. Wash water is obtained from an adjacent flooded
quarry using a 1,000 gpm pump. Waste wash water is passed through a clari-
fication basin before being discharged to the river. The basin was designed
to provide a detention period of 7 days for a 600 gpm flow rate. Visual
inspection of the operation indicated that the mass of wastes discharged
was too small to warrant a detailed evaluation.
-------
Archer Daniels Midland Company. This company, located in Mankato,
Minnesota on the right bank of the river near mile 106.0, is engaged in
the production of crude soybean oil and employs about 50 people. The
plant, which operates year-round 2k hours per day, processes some 173000
bushels of soybeans daily. Approximately 187,000 pounds of crude oil and
80,000 pounds of soybean meal are produced daily.
All process and sanitary wastes are discharged to the Mankato sewer-
age system. About 0.0^2 mgd of cooling water, obtained from wells, is
discharged to a ditch leading to the Minnesota River. Waste characteris-
tics are given in summary Table IV-18.
Blue Cross Rendering Company. This company, located in Mankato, Minne-
sota on the right bank of the river at mile 105.5> processes about 50,000
pounds per day of dead animals, meat scraps, and animal offal to produce
nonedible fats and high-protein feed additives. It employs lU people and
operates year-round, 15 hours per day, 6 days per week. Peak operation
occurs from March through May each year. Minimum production occurs in
November and December. Average water flow through the plant is 65 gpm,
^0 gpm (0.058 mgd) of which is used for cooling.
Plant wastes, averaging 25 gpm (0.036 mgd) are treated by a tilt trough
trickling filter prior to discharge to the river. Cooling water is passed
through a grease trap before it is discharged to the river. Waste charac-
teristics and loading rates to the river are given in summary Tables IV-18
and IV-19.
WHmarth Steam-Electric Generating Plant. This plant, owned and
operated by NSP, is located on the right bank of the river at mile 105.2.
River water is used for cooling purposes, being returned directly to the
IV-35
-------
river after use. According to NSP, the plant has one unit with a net capa-
bility of 27,900 KW(4). At full generating load, the heat rejection rate
is 4.12 billion BTU/day. The cooling water flow rate is determined by the
number of pumps in operation. This, in turn, is dependent on the gener-
ating load and incoming water temperature. When running at full load with
an up-stream temperature in excess of 60 F, three pumps (capacities of
H>500, 5,750, and 5,750 gpm) are operated producing a flow of 23,000 gpm.
This produces an increase in the cooling water temperature of 14.9 F. At
up-river temperatures below 60 F, only the large pump and one small pump
are operated. This causes an increase of 19.9°F in the cooling water
temperature.
Green Giant Company. The Green Giant Company plant, located in LeSueur,
Minnesota, on the right bank of the river at mile 75.4, is engaged in the
canning of corn and peas. Approximately one million cases of 12 oz. cans
(24 cans per case) of corn and one-half million cases of 17 oz. cans (24
cans per case) of peas are produced each season. The canning season is
normally from June through September with peak operation during August.
Plant operation averages 15 hours per day, 7 days per week over the four-
month period. Approximately 140 and 400 people are employed during the "pea
pack" and "corn pack" operations, respectively. Process water is supplied
by the City of LeSueur. Water use data for the plant during the 1964
season are given in Table IV-16.
Wastes from the operation include sanitary wastes, process wastes,
cooling water, corn silage stack liquor, and clean-up water. The vast
majority of the sanitary wastes are discharged to the City of LeSueur
sewerage system. A small amount, however, is discharged directly to the
IV-36
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TABLE IV-16
SUMMARY OF PLANT WATER USE DATA
AT GREEN GIANT COMPANY DURING 19& SEASON
(Minnesota River Mile 75.U)
TYPE OF
WATER
USE
Cooling
Boiler
Sanitary
Process
WATER USE DURING PEA PACK
JUNE 13- JULY 25 (562 Hours)
Rate of Use
gpm
120
75
20
627
Total Use
Gallons
U,ote,ooo
2,527,000
67lf,000
21,155,000
WATER USE DURING CORN
AUGUST 1-SEPTEMBER 20
Rate of Use
gpm
120
75
20
1,015 1
PACK
(73^ Hoursl
Total Use
Gallons
5,310,000
3,317,000
885,000
A, 903, ooo
TOTAL
81*2
28,398,000
1,230
5^,1*15,000
-------
river along with other miscellaneous wastes (through the outlet designated
as IGG 235). Process wastes and silage liquor are normally discharged to
ridge and furrow irrigation fields. As a result of the spring floods in
1965, however, these fields were rendered inoperable during most of the "pea
pack" operation that year. The process wastes were discharged directly to
the river (through the outlet designated as IGG 236) until the fields could
be placed back into operation. Bypassing of process wastes also occurs when
the sump pump breaks down. Cooling water is discharged directly to the
river (through outlet IGG 233) at all times. Grab samples were collected
from all three discharge lines during the period between June 6 to July 23>
1965. A 21*-hour survey was conducted on July Ik and 15, 1965, while all
wastes were being discharged to the river. During the 2^hour survey, dis-
charge rates from IGG 236, 235, and 233 were 865, 10, and 150 gpm, respec-
tively. Waste characteristics and loading rates determined during the
survey are given in summary Tables IV-18 and IV-19. Since all wastes
discharged from outlet IGG 236 normally go to the ridge and furrow irriga-
tion fields, waste loadings from outlets IGG 235 and 233-represent "usual"
conditions.
Minnesota Valley Milk Processing Cooperative Association. The Belle
Plaine plant of this association is located on the right bank of the river
at mile U9.8. The plant, which employs 25 to 50 persons, processes 250 to
5H thousand pounds of skimmed milk daily, producing non-fat dry milk.
Deration is year-round, 9 to 16 hours per day, 7 days per week with peak
production from June through August. Average water use (estimated by the
company) is 0.27 mgd for all purposes.
Waste treatment facilities, consisting of a lift station and mechanical
IV-37
-------
ditch aeration, were completed in November, 19^5 and placed into operation
in the spring of 1966. These facilities receive an process and sanitary
wastes. Cooling water is and will continue to be discharged directly to
the river. Until these new facilities were placed into operation, sanitary
wastes were discharged to a septic tank and drain field system and process
and cooling waters were discharged directly to the river. Summary Tables
IV-18 and IV-19 present waste characteristics and loading rates before
operation of the treatment facilities.
American Crystal Sugar Company. This company's plant in Chaska, Minne-
sota at mile 27.7 on the left bank of the river produces refined granular
sugar and molasses from sugar beets using the straight house process. Nor-
mally, the plant operates from early October through January employing about
240 people. Operation is generally uniform 24 hours per day, 7 days per
week during this period. Process water is obtained from two sources, the
river and a well. The company estimates their water usage rate to be between
5.5 and 5.7 mgd. Measurements of waste discharge made by the Minnesota
Department of Health indicated it to be 6.2 mgd.
Sanitary wastes are discharged to the Chaska sewerage systsn. All pro-
cess wastes are discharged directly to the Minnesota River without treatment.
Condensate and screen and press water, however, are recirculated. Grab
samples were collected over a period fron October 11, 1964 to November 20,
1964. Composite samples were collected during a 48-hour survey on November
18, 19 and 20, 1964. During the 48-hour survey, the waste flow was rela-
tively constant, averaging 7.0 mgd. The wastes were high in BOD, suspended
solids, and colifonns. While in operation, this company is the greatest
industrial contributor of these constituents. Waste characteristics and
IV.. 38 Gp° 828-545-C-4
-------
loading rates to the river are given in summary Tables TV-18 and IV-19.
M« A, Gedney Company. This company, located in Chaska, Minnesota on
the left bank of the river near mile 27.5 produces pickles, salad dressing,
vinegar, and mustard. Operation is continuous year-round, 7 days per week,
2h hours per day. Peak operation occurs from July through September.
The company is presently building treatment facilities to handle all
process wastes. These facilities, when completed, will consist of a pump-
ing station, force main, and two stabilization ponds (Ponds A and B). All
except Pond B was completed by December, 1965. Pond B is'planned for
completion by August, 1966. Sanitary wastes will continue to be sent to
the municipal sewerage system.
Until Pond A was put into operation early in 1966, all wastes were
discharged to the municipal sewerage system. After this data all wastes
were stored in Pond A until occurrence of 1966 spring high rivers flows.
At that time the partially stabilized wastes from Pond A were drained to
the river at a controlled rate under conditions specified by the Water
Pollution Control Commission to avoid unsatisfactory conditions. Wastes
were again allowed to accumulate and will continue to accumulate in Pond A
until the completion of Pond B. At this time the two ponds will be oper-
ated as a series of cells in a waste stabilization pond system and no
wastes will be discharged until completely treated.
Rahr Malting Company. The Rahr Malting Company plant at Shakopee,
Minnesota is located on the right bank of the river at mile 25.U. The
company employing about 80 people, produces malt from barley, processing
an average of 18,000 bushels per day. Operation is uniform year-round,
2U hours per day, 7 days per week. Water use depends on such things as
17-39
-------
the type of malt and the ambient air temperature and can vary from 1 to 3
mgd.
Waste sources within the plant include steep tank drainage and over-
flow, germinating drum wash water, cooling water, and sanitary wastes.
Sanitary wastes are discharged to the Shakopee sewerage system. All other
wastes are discharged directly to the river without treatment except for
screening. Waste characteristics and loading rates, based on a US-hour
survey during which the discharge averaged 2.03 mgd, are given in summary
Tables IV-18 and IV-19.
Owens-Illinois Glass Company. This company's Paper Products Division,
located on the right bank of the river near mile 20.9, is engaged in the
fabrication of cardboard boxes.
All wastes (0.02 mgd) are treated in a "rated aeration" plant before
being discharged into a ditch leading to the river. Due to the low volume
of effluent, however, very little if any of it ever reaches the river. The
waste characteristics are given in Table IV-18 in the summary.
American Wheaton Glass Company. This company's plant, located on the
right bank of the river near mile 20.7, employs about 437 people and pro-
duces glass containers. Operation is continuous the year-round. Total
water usage at the plant averages 0.2 mgd.
Sanitary wastes are treated in septic tanks. The process waste is
discharged to a ditch leading to the river. Characteristics of the process
waste are given in Table IV-18 in the summary.
Cargill, Inc. Cargill, Inc., located in Savage, Minnesota on the right
bank of the river at mile 13.k, operates a soybean oil extraction plant and
stores certain commodities, including fertilizers, salt, and coal at the
rv-Vo
-------
site. The extraction plant, operating continuously, produces crude soybean
oil from approximately 18,000 bushels of soybeans daily. Water required
for this purpose is approximately 1.0 mgd.
Treatment of wastes consists of screening and oil separation. Fol-
lowing treatment, the wastes are discharged to a slough a short distance
from its confluence with the Minnesota River. The slough also carries
drainage from the plant property and could contain various amounts of the
materials stored thereon.
Samples were collected over a 5 1/2 month period at the mouth of the
slough and results, therefore, are indicative not only of plant processing
wastes but also of the drainage from the Cargill property. Waste charac-
teristics and loading rates are given in Tables IV-18 and 17-19 in the
summary.
Twin City Shipyard* This company operates barge cleaning facilities
from April through October on the right bank on the river at mile points
13,2 and 8.0. In one season they clean about 10 molasses barges at the
upper location. At mile 8.0, they clean approximately kid coal barges and
20 grain barges per season.
Barges having contained dry cargos are vacuum cleaned by special equip-
ment that allows air borne solids and wash water (2,000 gallons per barge)
to be collected in a 25 cubic yard sediment tank. The tank outlet is
equipped with a 12 mesh screen to prevent larger particles from escaping when
the water is drained out and returned to the river. Visual inspection of
the operation indicated that the mass of wastes discharged was too small
to warrant a detailed evaluation.
-------
Blackdog Steam-Electric Generating Plant. This plant, owned and oper-
ated by NSP, is located on the right bank of the river near mile 8.U and
uses river water for cooling purposes. The plant has four generating units
with a total net capability of k6o)900 KW. Each unit is equipped with two
cooling water pumps. Their operation, summarized in Table IV-17, is similar
to those of the other NSP plants already discussed. At full generating load,
tne heat rejection rate is 56.6 billion BTU/day. The discharged cooling
water can be returned directly to the river (at mile 8,U)or to Blackdog Lake,
which is used as a cooling pond. Blackdog Lake has two controlled outlets
to the river, one at mile 10.^ and the other at mile 7.5. The apportion-
ment of the discharged cooling water flow among the three outlets is varied,
depending on river flow, temperature, and plant load.
St. Croix River Industries
Only two industries were found on the St. Croix River within the study
area that discharged wastes directly to the river. They are the Andersen
Window Company in Bayport, Minnesota and the United Refrigerator Company in
Hudson, Wisconsin. Together, they discharge 0.5 mgd of wastes containing
16 pounds of 5-day BOD and 57 pounds of suspended solids.
Andersen Window Company. This company, located on the right bank of
the St. Croix River at Andersen Bay near mile 20.2, manufactures wooden
windows at a rate of 80 boxcar loads per day. Operation is uniform through-
out the year, 8 hours per day, 5 days per week. Plant employees number
about 1,000. Water usage averages 15,000 gallons per week in winter and
IjOOOjOOO gallons per week in summer.
Sanitary Wastes are discharged to the municipal sewerage system. Plant
wastes, which include cooling water, boiler blowdown water, and paint wash
IV-it-2
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water, axe discharged directly to the river from four outlets. The total
combined discharge rate averages 0.^5 mgd. Waste characteristics and stream
loading rates are given in summary Tables IV-18 and IV-19.
United Refrigerator Company. This company, located on the left bank of
the river at mile 16.5, produces refrigerators and freezers at a rate of 120
units per day. Operation is continuous the year-round, 8 hours per day, 5-6
days per week. Total plant water usage averages 0.073 mgd.
Sanitary wastes are discharged to the municipal sewerage system. Metal
cleaning and rinsing wastes and cooling water are discharged to the river at
an average rate of 0.059 mgd. Waste characteristics and stream loading
rates are given in summary Tables IV-18 and IV-19.
Summary of Industrial Wastes Information
Concentrations of the various constituents measured in each industrial
waste are summarized in Table IV-18. Waste loadings contributed by each of
the sources are summarized in Table IV-19.
Wastes having 5-day BOD and total suspended solids concentrations
greater than 50 and 60 rag/1, respectively, are listed in Tables IV-20 and
IV-21, in order of decreasing strength. Table IV-22 summarizes industrial
waste collform densities in a similar manner.
Wastes having 5-day BOD and total suspended solids loading rates equal
to or greater than 500 pounds per day are listed in Tables IV-23 and TV-24,
respectively, in order of decreasing load. Similar information on coliform
loading rates is given in Table IV-25.
-------
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TABLE IV-20
INDUSTRIAL WASTES WITH GREATEST 5-DAY BOD CONCENTRATIONS1
(Listed in order of decreasing strength)
5-DAY BOD CONCENTRATION
INDUSTRY mg/1
Blue Cross Rendering Company
(Treated process wastes) 1219
Green Giant Company
(IGG 236, when bypassing treatment facilities) 12lH
Blue Cross Rendering Company
(Cooling Water) 705
American Crystal Sugar Company 6k8
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
(When bypassing treatment facilities) 331
Rahr Malting Company 295
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
(Process wastes only) 218
Green Giant Company
(IGG 235> Sanitary and miscellaneous wastes) 202
S, B. Foot Tanning Company
(Treated Effluent)
Minnesota Valley Milk Processing Cooperative Association
(Untreated) 130
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
(Process and cooling wastewaters combined) 120
Honeymead Products Company 58
Green Giant Conrpany (Cooling Water) 5^
1. Wastes with a 5-&ay BOD less than 50 mg/1 are not listed.
-------
TABLE IV-21
INDUSTRIAL WASTES WITH GREATEST SUSPENDED SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS1
(Listed in order of decreasing strength)
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION
INDUSTRY mg/1
Northwest Cooperative Mills
(INC 371, flow resulting from dike leakages) 22^9
Minneapolis Water Treatment Plants 1900
Blue Cross Rendering Plant
(Treated waste) 1559
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
(Untreated waste) 1233
American Crystal Sugar Company 766
Northwest Cooperative Mills
(INC 370, compositing pond discharge) ^19
Green Giant Company
(IGG 236, when bypassing irrigation fields) 371
United Refrigerator Company 256
Green Giaiit Company
(IGG 235, Sanitary and miscellaneous wastes) 135
Minnesota Valley Milk Processing Cooperative Association
(Untreated) 120
Archer Daniels Midland Company 102
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
(Combined waste load) 86
1. Wastes with a Total Suspended Solids concentration less than 60 mg/1
are not listed.
-------
TABLE 17-22
INDUSTRIAL WASTES WITH GREATEST TOTAL COLIPOBM DENSITIES^
(Listed in order of decreasing strength)
TOTAL COUFORM
DENSITY. MPN/10QM/
Green Giant Company
(IGG 236, when bypassing treatment facilities) ^6,520,000
Blue Cross Rendering Company
(Treated process wastes) >27,000,000
Rahr Malting Company 13,^00,000
American Crystal Sugar Company 10,700,000
Green Giant Company (IGG 235) 5,700,000
Green Giant Company (KG 233) 1,100,000
Honeymead Products Company 920,000
Minnesota Valley Milk Processing Association
(Untreated wastes) 82^,000
Cargill, Inc. >386,000
1. Wastes with a total coliform density less than 300,000
are not listed.
-------
TABLE IV-23
INDUSTRIES HAVING THE GREATEST 5-DAY BOD LQADUJG RATES1
(Listed in order of decreasing rate)
LOADING RATE
TO STREAM
INDUSTRY Ib/day
.American Crystal Sugar Company
Green Giant Company
(All wastes combined, irrigation fields
not in use)
Rahr Malting Company
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing
Company
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
(Untreated wastes)
Honeymead Products Company
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
(Treated waste)
Blue Cross Rendering Company
(All wastes combined)
Cargill, Inc.
38,000
13,000
5,000
3,600
2,800
2,100
1,500
700
700
OPERATION POPULATION
hr/day EQUIVALENT2
21*
15!
24
2k
20!
2k
20l
15
2U
221* ,000
1*7,800
29,^00
21,200
13,800
12,1*00
7,350
2,580
If, 120
1. Waste loading rates less than 500 Ib/day are not listed
2. Population Equivalent based on 0.17 Ib/day contributed per capita.
-------
TABLE 17-21+
INDUSTRIES HAVING GREATEST TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADING RATES1
(Listed in order of decreasing rate)
LOADING RATE
INDUSTRY TO STREAM
Ib/day
American Crystal Sugar Company
Minneapolis Water Treatment Plants
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
(When bypassing)
Green Giant Company
(All wastes combined, irrigation
fields not in use)
Northwest Cooperative Mills
(All wastes, including dike leakage)
Great Northern Oil Company
Cargill, Inc.
Honeymead Products Company
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.
Rahr Malting Company
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
Mi, 800
11,000
10,600
3,900
1,500
1,000
900
860
800
600
500
OPERATION POPULATION2
hr/day EQUIVALENT
2k
2k
20+
15!
2k
2k
2k
2k
2k
2k
20i
22U,000
55,000
1^,200
12,200
7,500
5,000
^,500
U,300
1*,000
3,000
2,080
1. Waste loading rates less than 500 Ib/day are not listed.
2. Population equivalent based on 0.20 Ib/day contributed per capita.
-------
TABLE IV-25
INDUSTRIES HAVING THE GREATEST TOTAL COLIPORM LOADING RATES1
(Listed in order of decreasing rate)
LOADING RATE
INDUSTRY TO STREAM OPERATION POPULATION^
_ _ No./day hr/day EQUIVALENT
American Crystal Sugar Company 2.8 x lO1^ 2k S8/>00
Giant Company
(All wastes combined, irrigation fields
not in use) > 2.2 x 1015 15± >22,000
Rahr Malting Company 1.0 x lO1? 24 1^,000
Honeymead Products Company 1.5 x lO1^ 2U 1?500
Cargill, Inc. > U.8 x 1013 2U
Blue Cross Rendering Company
(All wastes combined)
Green Giant Company
(With irrigation fields
in use)
> 3.7
1.2
x lO^ 15:
x 1013 15-
>370
120
1. Waste loading rates less than 1.0 x 10 /day are not listed.
2. Population Equivalent based on 1.0 x 10^*- colifonus/day contributed
per capita.
-------
COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS
Introduction
In the development of sewer systems in our larger cities, a general
pattern has been followed. For a number of reasons early communities
were located on or near a major stream or body of water. In this era
before the adoption of public water supplies or indoor plumbing, the first
wastewater problem to be faced by these developing communities was the
disposal of runoff resulting from precipitation. The simplest solution
at the time was to channel this water through open or closed conduits to
the nearby-stream or body of water.
With the development of water supplies,, another problem was intro-
duced: the disposal of wastewater which necessarily accompanies a water
supply. Again3 the simplest solution was followed and these wastes were
also discharged to the existing drainage systems and ultimately to the
nearby receiving waters.
At some later date, the effects of the wastes being discharged and
the greater demands being placed on the receiving waters led to the con-
clusion that some type of waste treatment was required. The action usually
taken was the construction of a system of sewers which paralleled the
shoreline and intercepted the existing sewers just above the former
discharge points. These new interceptor sewers were generally designed
to convey the dry-weather flow to a single location for treatment. At
the time of construction, bypasses were provided at the junction points
so that flows in excess of the interceptor hydraulic capacity could spill
over to the receiving waters.
Herein lies the problem of combined sewer overflow. The waters
.. 11. GPO 828-545-C-5
-------
which are bypassed usually contain a fairly high percentage of the sani-
tary sewage which is present in the system immediately before and during
the period of storm flow. Also, the greater velocities which accompany
high flows often have the effect of "flushing" the sewer system and washing
material from the system which has been deposited during periods of dry-
weather flow.
Minneapolis-St. Paul Combined Sewer Overflow System
Interceptor System. The development of sewerage systems in the Twin
Cities follows very closely the pattern described above. The earliest
recorded sewer installations in Minneapolis and St. Paul date back to
1882 and 18733 respectively. By the year I960, Minneapolis had almost
1,000 miles of sewers and St. Paul had nearly 800 miles. These figures
include both separate and combined sewers.
In the period from 1931+ to 1938 approximately 50 miles of inter-
cepting sewers were built in the Twin Cities area (see Figure IV-8).
At the time of construction, provisions were made to divert combined
flows in excess of interceptor hydraulic capacity directly to the Missis-
sippi River. Presently there are more than 80 of these points in the
interceptor system where flow can be discharged directly to the river.
The diversion points are scattered along the entire length of the inter-
cepting system with no regularity in either placement or size.
Pour types of diversion regulators are in general use in the system.
These are float operated gates, tipping gates, orifice regulators and
leaping weirs. One of these four types is used at each of 67 overflow
points. The remainder of the overflows are simple diversion structures
built within the sewers.
-------
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
COMBINED SEWER
INTERCEPTORS IN
MINNEAPOLIS, ST. PAUL
AND SOUTH ST. PAUL
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICACO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE
GPO 828-545-C—6
-------
The original design of the intercepting •works provided a hydraulic
capacity to deliver approximately 620 mgd to the sewage treatment plant
operated by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District. It was expected
that 55 percent of this capacity would be required to carry the maximum
dry-weather flow in the year 1970 and the remaining capacity would be
sufficient to handle surface runoff resulting from a rainfall of O.Oh
inches per hour. The designers, of course, did not expect that this
allotment for storm flows would be adequate in all situations. It was
estimated that 1.1 percent of the 1970 sanitary flow would be lost
directly to the river 1.7 percent of the time. Investigations made in
1959 showed that actual losses were already somewhat higher than design
estimates (6). It was also found that access to the regulators is gen-
erally poor and that most of the structures need maintenance. Some
diversion structures were found to be discharging raw sewage directly to
the river even during dry-weather flows.
Separation Program. One means of reducing pollution from combined
sewers is separation of sanitary and storm sewers. The cities of
Minneapolis and St. Paul recognize this fact and have taken steps in this
direction. They require separate sanitary sewers in all suburban commun-
ities which connect to their sewer systems. No connections are made to
suburban combined or storm sewers.
Of the two cities, Minneapolis follows the more active sewer separ-
ation program. Prior to 1926 virtually all sewers built in Minneapolis
were of the combined type, but by 1932 the policy of building only sepa-
rate sewers had been established. At present the major portion of sewer
construction in Minneapolis is for the purpose of separating existing
-------
combined sewers. Separation is also carried out when sewers must be
altered because of other construction. In this respect free-way con-
struction, which has been active in various parts of the area, has greatly
aided separation, but the work is slow and costly. In I960 approximately
kO percent of Minneapolis was still served by combined sewers.
St. Paul has never followed an active separation program. Generally,
St. Paul will separate sewers in new construction if the cost is not too
great or if an existing storm sewer is easily accessible. If separate
sewer construction is not economical or if a long extension of a storm
sewer is required, the general policy is to extend existing combined
sewers. Exceptions to this policy, of course, are numerous especially
in areas of new freeway construction. In I960, however, over 9° percent
of St. Paul's sewered area was still served by combined sewers.
Effects of Combined Sewer Overflows on River. The effects of combined
sewer overflow are very difficult to evaluate due to the complex nature
of the entire overflow mechanism. Immediate problems encountered are non-
uniform rainfall distribution and non-uniform response to similar rainfalls.
Meaningful discharge-frequency relationships can be established only
after sampling the system over a period of time sufficiently long to
provide the required statistical confidence. The period of time required
for such a study was not available to the Twin Cities Project. However,
information sufficient to evaluate the general seriousness of the problem
had already been gathered in the investigation previously mentioned (6).
Although no accurate assessment of the overflow is purported in the
above reference, it was estimated that over a period of one year, up to
3.5 percent of the sewage reaching the diversion points and up to 3.1
-------
percent of sewage reaching the treatment plant may be lost without treat-
ment. The total of these figures would represent about 7.5 million pounds
of 5-day BOD and 9«5 million pounds of suspended solids on a yearly basis.
Even though this overflow occurs during only 10 percent of the time in
a given year, there is no appreciable effect on dissolved oxygen in the
Mississippi River above the MSSD outfall as indicated by sampling. The
suspended solids loading undoubtedly contributes to sludge deposits along
the stream bed.
A potentially more serious problem and one that is more difficult
to assess is the bacteriological pollution that is delivered to the river
by combined sewer overflows. Little data is available on this aspect
and estimates cannot be made as easily as for BOD. As an indication of
the magnitude of the problem, however, the results of ten consecutive days
of sampling at several locations within the reach affected can be used.
These stations are located between a point just above the first bypass
and a point just above the sewage treatment plant outfall which is down-
stream from all the bypasses in the intercepting system. Sampling took
place on the first day just prior to the first rainfall recorded at the
Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport in ^8 hours. Between 0.01 and
O.lf inches of rain per day fell during most of the 10-day survey. The
median fecal coliform MPK at the uppermost station (mile 858.5) during
the survey was 800. At the station below all bypass points (mile 836.If),
the median fecal coliform MPN was 75,000. Other than combined sever over-
flows, the most significant sources of fecal coliforms are Bassett Creek
and the Minnesota River. During the survey, they contributed amounts of
fecal coliforms sufficient to increase the median density in the Mississippi
17-1+8
-------
River by 200 and 350 MPN, respectively. The combined sewer overflows,
then, were responsible for a 73,600 MHT increase in the median fecal
coliform density of the river as it passed through the Twin Cities. These
figures are not intended to imply that the river always contains over
ninety times as many fecal coliform organisms after a rainstorm. However,
they are intended to point out that a health hazard may exist to down-
stream users for several days following a rainstorm and that the subject
of combined sewer overflow must be considered in any pollution control
program for the Twin Cities.
South St. Paul Combined Sewer Overflow System
Interceptor System. Of the 2,6l5 acres provided with sewerage within
the corporate limits of South St. Paul, 2,03^ acres (?8 percent) are
served by a combined system. This system is fairly similar to those of
the Twin Cities not only in the basis of design but also in that the inter-
ceptor sewer is located adjacent and parallel to the Mississippi River
and intercepts the trunk sewers that originally discharged to the river.
The interceptor, which receives flows from four trunk sewers and the meat
industry complex, discharges to the municipal sewage treatment plant (see
Figure IV-8). At each point of connection of a trunk sewer to the inter-
ceptor, there is a bypass to allow flows in excess of the interceptor
hydraulic capacity to spill over into the Mississippi River.
A recent investigation of this system made by City's consulting
engineers determined that there was a surcharging problem along a consid-
erable portion of the interceptor during periods of maximum dry-weather
flow (2). They concluded that the existing interceptor does not provide
any capacity for storm water at times of maximum dry-weather flow. In
17-1*9
-------
general, the interceptor has only about one-half the required capacity
to handle the maximum dry-weather flow plus the runoff resulting from a
rainfall intensity of O.Oh inches per hour.
The weekday dry-weather flow reaching the sewage treatment plant
via the interceptor ranges from 9 to 23 mgd, averaging lh.2 mgd. Reference
2 estimates the interceptor capacity necessary to handle the present
maximum dry-weather flow plus surface runoff resulting from a rainfall
of O.OU inches per hour to be about U6.5 mgd. To handle the ultimate
maximum dry-weather flow plus the same amount of surface runoff, the cap-
acity would have to be 53.7 mgd.
Separation Program. The City of South St. Paul at one time had a
master plan for complete separation of storm and sanitary wastes, but
it was never put into effect. The only storm sewer separation currently
being considered is in those areas where basement flooding occurs as a
result of surcharging during rainstorms.
Effects of Combined Sewer Overflows on River. As is the case with
the Twin Cities, no precise figures are available on the amount of wastes
diverted to the river through combined sewer overflows during periods of
rainfall. The hydraulic capacity of this interceptor is about h percent
of the capacity of the Twin Cities interceptor system; the average and
maximum dry-weather flow is about 8 and 10 percent, respectively, of the
Twin Cities'; and the week-day BOD concentration of the transported wastes
is about 500 percent of that of the Twin Cities'. This information
indicates that the BOD loading contributed by the South St, Paul combined
sewer overflows is something 3ess than 80 percent of that contributed by
Twin Cities system and occurs over about 20 percent of the time in a
17-50
-------
given year. Here again the most significant problem caused by the over-
flow is the possible health hazard imposed on downstream users due to the
presence of pathogens in the wastes.
AGRICULTURAL AND NATURAL POLLUTION
Pollutants of primary concern resulting from agricultural activities
and the natural death and decay of plant and animal life are nutrients.
Among the nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus are considered the most
important. Nutrients are of concern because along with the proper chemical
and physical conditions in a body of water, they can raise algal and
aquatic weed growths to nuisance proportions. Inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorus concentrations in excess of 0.3 and 0.01 mg/1, respectively,
are generally considered sufficient to support an algal bloom in lakes.
(At low flows, pools behind dams essentially become lakes.)
In order to evaluate what fraction of the nutrients present in the
Mississippi River within the study area was of natural and agricultural
origin a materials balance was made among the nutrients found entering
and leaving the study area and those being discharged to the waters with-
in the study area between August 2k and September 2, 1965. During this
10-day period the Mississippi River's flow at St. Paul averaged 6,^00 cfs.
(This flow condition has a recurrance interval of 1.5 years.) Since
nutrient concentrations in the waters entering the study area were found
not to decrease with increasing stream flows, it was a strong indication
that most of the nutrients present in the entering waters resulted from
surface runoff and hence were of natural or agricultural origin.
In the total nitrogen balance, 21,600 pounds/day entered the study
area via the Mississippi River from above Anoka. The Rum, Minnesota anfl
If-51
-------
St. Croix Rivers contributed 1,400, 3>900 and 10,000 pounds/day, respec-
tively. Municipal and industrial waste sources on the Mississippi River
within the study area contributed 4l,800 and 4,800 pounds/day, respectively.
At the outlet of Lake Pepin 63,000 pounds/day left the study area. This
meant that 20,500 more pounds/day were entering than leaving the waters
of the study area and were probably accumulating in sludge deposits or
escaping to the atmosphere. Municipal and industrial waste sources on
the Minnesota River Contributed only 1,300 of the 3,900 pounds/day
reaching its mouth. On the St. Croix River, municipal and industrial
sources were responsible for only 400 of the 10,000 pounds/day contributed.
Of the 83,500 pounds/day of nitrogen entering the waters of the Mississippi
River within the study area 35>200 pounds/day (42 percent) came from
sources outside the immediate study area. This amount, incidentally, is
approximately equal to the^Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District's
contribution of nitrogen.
In the phosphorus balance (values given as PO. ), 9?300 pounds/day
entered the study area via the Mississippi River from above Anoka. The
Rum, Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers contributed 1,300, 2,800, and 1,700
pounds/day, respectively. Municipal and industrial waste sources on
the Mississippi River within the study area contributed 24,400 and 73700
pounds/day, respectively. At the outlet of Lake Pepin 47,000 pounds/day
left the study area. Municipal and industrial waste sources on the
Minnesota River contributed only 1,100 of the 2,800 pounds/day reaching
its mouth. On the St. Croix River, municipal and industrial sources
contributed only 500 of the 1,700 pounds/day reaching its mouth. Of the
47»000 pounds/day of phosphorus entering the waters of the Mississippi
IV-52
-------
River within the study area, 15,000 pounds/day (32 percent) came from
sources outside the immediate study area. This is about 6,000 pounds/day
less than the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District's contribution.
As stated previously, most of the nutrients found in the rivers as
they entered the study area are believed to be of natural and agricultural
origin. Then most of the 35,200 pounds/day of nitrogen and 15,000 pounds/
day of phosphorus (as POj,.) found in the entering waters during the survey
were of natural or agricultural origin.
Assuming that the amount of nutrients coming from outside the
immediate study area is proportional to stream flow, approximately 52,000
and 22,000 pounds/day of total nitrogen and phosphorus (as PO^), respec-
tively, would be expected to enter the Mississippi River from these out-
side sources at the mean August flow (93^>2 cfs at St. Paul ). Even if
all the municipal and industrial waste sources evaluated, in the study
area ceased to discharge nutrients, the waters of the study area would
still contain concentrations sufficient to support algal populations
in nuisance proportions in lakes or in pools behind dams at low stream
flows.
LIQUID STORAGE FACILITIES
Two accidental oil spills on the Minnesota River in the winter of
1962-1963 created an awareness of the immense pollution potential of
liquid storage facilities. These spills, involving approximately 2.5
million gallons of oils, resulted in the fouling of the Minnesota and
Mississippi River for a distance of over 150 miles and in the killing of
several thousand ducxks and other birds during the spring migration.
The Governor of Minnesota declared the situation an emergency, activated
-------
two units of the National Guard, alerted State agencies, and obtained aid
from several Federal agencies in fighting the problem. As this experience
demonstrated, not only are valuable commodities lost as a result of a
spill but such spills can produce far-reaching damages to the receiving
waters and the uses made of them.
According to information gathered "by the Minnesota Department of
Health there are or soon will be, respectively, thirty-eight, nine, and
one liquid storage sites of significant size along the Mississippi,
Minnesota and St. Croix Rivers within the study area (see Table TV-26).
Together they contain well over 200 million gallons of liquids. Approx-
imately 30 percent of these sites have adequate safeguards to protect
river waters in the event of spillage. The adequacy of protective devices
at the remaining 70 percent is questionable.
In accordance with State legislation enacted in 19^3> the plans of
all proposed new liquid storage facilities in Minnesota must be approved
by the Water Pollution Control Commission and a permit issued before
construction of them can begin.
Existing storage facilities are being evaluated by the Minnesota
Department of Health for the Commission to determine the adequacy of
protective devices for containing spills.
There is also a potential hazard involved in the shipment by barge
of hundreds of tons of gasoline and other petroleum products annually.
The Corps of Engineers estimates that possibly 5 percent of the barges
in this traffic would develop as "leakers".
-------
TABLE 17-26
LISTINGS OF MAJOR LIQUID STORAGE SITES IN
TWIN CITIES-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY AREA
(Prepared by Minnesota Department of Health)
Minnesota River
Approx. Vol.
(Mankato Mouth)
Honeymead Products Co.
Northern States Power Co.
Wiljnarth Plant
St. Peter State Hospital
American Crystal Sugar Co.
M. A. Gedney Co.
Commercial Chemical Co.
Richards Oil Co.
Cargill, Inc.
Northern States Power Co.
Black Dog Plant
Mississippi River
(Anoka to Wabasha)
Cornelius Co.
Federal Cartridge Co.,
Anoka
Designware Industries, Inc.
Jbyner's,.Inc.
Howe, Inc.
Northern States Power Co.,
Location
Mankato
Mankato
St. Peter
Chaska
Chaska
Scott Co.
Scott Co.
Savage
Burnsville
Anoka
Anoka
Fridley
Brooklyn Park
Brooklyn Center
Minneapolis
S2£
Veg. Oil
Fuel Oil
Fuel Oil
Molasses
Brine
Solvents
Fuel Oil
and asphalt
Veg. Oil
Molasses
Fuel Oil
Plating
Chemicals
Plating
Chemicals
Anodizing
Chemicals
Platinc
Chemicals
Chemical
fertilizers
Fuel Oil
Gals.
Many Million
3,300
600,000
25,000
U, 000, 000
Many Million
12,000
25,500
Riverside Plant
-------
TABLE IV-26 (Continued)
PRELIMINARY LISTDTG OF MAJOR LIQUID STORAGE SITES IN
TWIN CITIES-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY AREA
Mississippi River
(Anoka to Wabasha)
Land-0-Lakes
Industrial Molasses Corp.
Chevron Asphalt Company
Northwestern Refining Co.
Farmer's Union Central
Exchange Inc.
Great Northern Oil Company
Northwest Cooperative Mills,
Inc.
Central Farmer's Fertilizer
Co.
Great Northern Oil Company
Hudson Manufacturing Company
Northern States Power Company
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
St. Croix River
iTaylors Falls to Mouth)
Northern States Power Co.,
A. S. King Plant
Location
St. Paul
St. Paul
St. Paul
St. Paul Park
Inver Grove
Heights*
Dakota Co.
Dakota Co.
Dakota Co.*
Hastings
Hastings
Red Wing
Red Wing
Oak Park
Heights
Type
Caustics
Molasses
Chemicals
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Chemical
fertilizers
Ammonia
Petroleum
Chemicals
Petroleum
Veg. Oil,
Solvents
Petroleum
Chemicals
Approx. Vol.
Gals.
600,000
6,264,000
79,700
Many Million
420,000
Many Million
21,150,000
500
19,000
* Under Construction
-------
TABLE IV-26 (Continued)
PRELIMINARY LISTING OF MAJOR LIQUID STORAGE SITES IN
TWIN CITIES-UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER PROJECT STUDY AREA
Mississi-ppi River
Approx. Vol.
iAnoka to Wabasha)
Western Oil and Fuel Oil
Barber Oil Company
Minneapolis -St. Paul
Sanitary District
Economics Laboratory, Inc.
Ford Motor Company
Mobile Oil Company
Texaco Oil Company
Shell Oil Company
Clark Oil Company
Pure Oil Company
Northern States Power Co . ,
High Bridge Plant
Industrial Steel Container
Company
Minnesota Harbor Service
American Mineral Spirits Co.
W. H. Sweney Conipany
Minnesota Mining and
Manufacturing Company
Gustafson Oil Company
Minnesota Farm Bureau Service
Company
Twin City Barge and Towing
Vel-Tex Chemical Company
Location
Minneapolis
Minneapolis
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
St.
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul
Paul*
Type
Petroleum
Gals.
7, 000, 'GOO
Petroleum Sol-: 2,500)000
vents Chemicals
Fuel Oil
Chemicals
Chemicals
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Petroleum
Chemicals
Petroleum
Solvents
Veg. Oil
Solvents
Solvents
Petroleum
Chemicals
Petroleum
Caustics
Several Hund
U9, ooo, ooo
38,000,000
1*0,000,000
12,000,000
28,000,000
1,500
11,000
10,000
3,800,000
57,000
272,000
3,8&,000
10,000
55,000
U20,000
-------
SUMMARY OF WASTE DISCHARGES
In all, 25 sources of domestic wastes and 3^ sources of industrial
wastes were investigated. The total BOD loading rate of these wastes was
362,409 pounds per day. Industries contributed 14.5 percent of the total.
The Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District and South St. Paul sewage treat-
ment plants, together, contributed about 83 percent of the total. The
remaining sewage treatment plants contributed 2.6 percent. Suspended
solids, nitrogen, and phosphate were contributed by the Twin Cities and
South St. Paul plants in about the same proportions as BOD. These two
plants were also responsible for about 92 percent of the coliform loading
rate.
The five greatest contributors of 5-day BOD were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (267,800 Ib/day)
2. American Crystal Sugar Co., while in operation (38,000 Ib/day)
3. South St. Paul STP (32,200 Ib/day)
U. Rahr Malting Company (55000 Ib/day)
5. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. (33600 Ib/day)
The five greatest contributors of suspended solids were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (169,800 Ib/day)
2. American Crystal Sugar Co., while in operation (M*,800 Ib/day)
3. Minneapolis Water Treatment Plants (11,000 Ib/day)
U. South St. Paul STP (l£,900 Ib/day)
5. Mankato STP (2,680 Ib/day)
The five greatest contributors of total nitrogen were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (35,600 Ib/day)
2. South St. Paul STP (5,200 Ib/day)
17-55
-------
3. Great Northern Oil Company (1,700 Ib/day)
4. Minnesota Mining £ Manufacturing Co. (1,600 Ib/day)
5. American Crystal Sugar Co., while in operation (7^0 Ib/day)
The five greatest contributors of total phosphate were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (20,800 Ib/day)
2. South St. Paul STP (2,300 Ib/day)
3. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. (1,200 Ib/day)
k. Northwest Cooperative Mills (1,070 Ib/day)
5. Red Wing STP (U20 Ib/day)
The five greatest contributors of total colifonns were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (>1.1 x K^'/day)
2. American Crystal Sugar Co., while in operation (2.8 x 10
3. South St. Paul STP (2.1 x 1015/day)
k. Hastings STP (2.0 x 10 5/day)
5. Rahr Malting Company (1.0 x 10 /day)
The three greatest contributors of fluoride were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (1,220 Ib/day)
2. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. (^50 Ib/day)
3. Northwest Cooperative Mills (150- Ib/day)
The three greatest contributors of phenol were:
1. Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District STP (850 Ib/day)
2. Northwestern Refining Company (23 Ib/day)
3. Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (10 Ib/day)
The five greatest contributors of thermal pollution were:
1. Riverside Power Plant (80.6 billion BTU/day, max.)
2. Highbridge Power Plant (?U.2 billion BTU/day, max.)
17-56
-------
3. Blackdog Power Plant (56.6 billion BTU/day, max.)
k. Red Wing Power Plant (k.2 billion BTU/day, max.)
5. Wilmarth Power Plant (4.1 billion BTU/day, max.)
The above lists were prepared on the assumption that all treatment
devices in existence at the time of the studies were in use. Contributions
from combined sewer overflows, boats, barges, agricultural sources, and
natural sources were not considered in these lists.
The most serious problem caused by combined sewer overflow is the
intermittent discharge of bacteria which results in a potential hazard to
the health of downstream users. Another undesirable effect is the dis-
charge of suspended solids, which can be expected eventually to settle out
and affect bottom life.
None of the Federal installations investigated have any measurable
effect on water quality in the portions of rivers under study. One how-
ever, the 93^th Troop Group Officers Club, has unsatisfactory waste treat-
ment facilities which discharge effluent to a marsh area adjacent to the
Minnesota River. These wastes present more of a potential than actual
health hazard to water users on the lower Minnesota River.
The numerous liquid storage facilities along the rivers do not ordi-
narily contribute pollution but many are potentially hazardous from the
standpoint of possible accidental spillage of the stored liquid.
IV-57
-------
REFERENCES
1. Cooperative Intrasystem Waste Water Study, A Joint Federal, State,
and Local Study of The Raw and Effluent Waste Characteristics of The
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, October, 1965 » prepared by DHEW,
PHS, Twin Cities-Upper Mississippi River Project, Minneapolis, Minnesota
(mimeographed) .
2. South St. Paul, Minnesota, Report on Sewerage and Sewage Treatment,
February, 19&5 ? prepared by Greeley and Hansen Engineers and Bannister
Engineering Co.
3. Summary Report on a Comprehensive Sewage Works Plan for the Minne-
apolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area, prepared by the Cities of Minneapolis
and St. Paul and the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District, October,
U. Report on Wastewater Treatment Plant Expansion for South St. Paul,
Minnesota, prepared by Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson & Associates, Inc.
5. Letter from Mr. D. E. Gilberts, Steam Plant Supervising Engineer,
Northern States Power Company, dated June 28, 1965.
6. Report on the Expansion of Sewage Works in the ^ Minneapolis-St. Paul
Metropolitan Area, Volume Three, sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District, prepared by Toltz, King, Duvall, Anderson and Assoc.,
Inc., September, 1960.
828-545-C-7
-------
SECTION V
EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON WATER QUALITY
-------
PmiOSUCTION
Sewage and other wastes contain many constituents, which affect
water quality (and hence, water uses) in different manners. The effects
may be rather subtle or very obvious and a complete discussion of them
could easily fill several volumes. The brief description which follows
regarding some of the more obvious effects, however, covers most of the
problems of concern in the Project study area.
Water pollution takes many forms. Visible signs of pollution such
as grease, oils, floating solids and offensive odors lower the esthetic
quality of a body of water, making it less attractive for all uses.
Decomposable organic matter can cause an excessive reduction of the
dissolved oxygen resources which, in turn, will result in a reduction
of desirable aquatic life, including both fish and fish food organisms.
Complete depletion of the dissolved oxygen results in the generation of
offensive odors. Nitrogen, phosphorous, and heat promote the growth of
algae which, in turn, create nuisance conditions affecting water supplies,
recreational uses, and esthetic quality. Some chemical pollutants such
as metals and fluoride are irritating or toxic to man and aquatic life.
Others, such as oils and phenol, impart undesirable tastes and odors to
the water and the flesh of fish. Suspended solids, including silt from
land erosion, create turbidity which not only makes the water less suit-
able for municipal, industrial, and recreational uses, but can also be
damaging to fish and inhibit the growth of algae. The latter effect may
or may not be favorable, depending upon the circumstances. The larger
suspended solids eventually settle out, forming a sludge blanket along
the stream bottom. This sludge is undesirable for several reasons: It
may smother the sensitive bottom organisms which serve as food for fish;
V-l
-------
the organic fraction exerts a demand on the oxygen resources; and on
navigable streams, dredging must be performed more often to maintain a
channel. Pathogenic bacteria and viruses make water less safe as a
source of water supply or for any other use requiring (occasional or
frequent) body contact. This includes such uses as swimming, boating,
fishing and commercial shipping. Many other constituents, such as
chlorides, boron, pesticides, and surface active agents, can affect water
uses but none of these were found in sufficient concentrations in the
Project study area to warrant concern at this time.
STREAM SURVEY METHODS
The stream sampling program for measuring physical, chemical, and
bacteriological parameters was conducted in three distinct phases. The
first phase, termed as routine sampling, was performed during the summer
and fall of 19&U. Approximately 90 stations were established covering
all of the major streams and their significant tributaries within the
study area. Most of these stations were sampled many times over the
four-month period on different days of the week and at different times
of the day. This program served to characterize the quality of all the
waters of concern and to point out areas requiring further study.
The second phase of the sampling program consisted of several
72-hour, around-the-clock intensive surveys of those areas found to be
of concern in the first phase. These surveys were conducted between
November 196^4 and February 1965. They provided much of the information
necessary to characterize hourly fluctuations of water quality in the
more polluted reaches and to establish "cause and effect" relationships
between waste discharges and stream quality.
V-2
-------
The third phase of the sampling program consisted of three 10-con-
secutive-day surveys, covering the entire study area. They were conducted
during August and September, 1965. These surveys provided further infor-
mation on daily fluctuations in water quality and on "cause and effect"
relationships over the entire study area during a fairly stable flow
regime.
No stream sampling of consequence was performed between February
and August, 19^5? because of the unusually high flow conditions.
The biological sampling program was conducted separately but gener-
ally over the same period of time. Bottom sampling was carried out at
6^ stations on the Mississippi River, 30 stations on the Minnesota River,
lh stations on the St. Croix River, and one station each on the Rum and
Blue Earth Rivers. Over the 18-month period of sampling, 1,110 bottom
samples and 22k qualitative shoreline samples were examined.
During summer, fall, and winter of 196^ bottom surveys were performed
on the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers and spring, fall, and winter
surveys were conducted on the Minnesota River. Because of high waters
resulting from the 1965 spring flood, bottom sampling was discontinued
until the summer of 1965 when surveys were again performed on all three
rivers. Further bottom sampling in the fall of 1965 was limited to the
critical reaches of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers.
Phytoplankton samples were collected at two-week intervals between
April and December, 196^, from 20 stations located throughout the study
area.
To evaluate the palatability of fish flesh, 11 species of fish were
collected on a one-time basis in late August and early September, 1.96k t
from fourteen stations on the Mississippi River, three on the Minnesota
V-3
-------
River, and one on the St. Croix River.
Information on the physical characteristics of the streams, necessary
to determine reaeration rates and times of flow between points, was
obtained in separate surveys and from other agencies.
Each stream sampling station used in the surveys is designated by
the river mile at its particular location preceded by a two-letter
initial of the river's name. Initials used for the Mississippi, Rum,
Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers are UM, RU, MDI and SC, respectively.
River mile 0 is usually located at the mouth of the particular river.
The only exception to this is the Upper Mississippi River where the
mileage system begins at the confluence of the Mississippi and Ohio
Rivers at Cairo, Illinois.
MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY DURBIG 196U & 1965
General Flow and Water Quality Conditions^
The Upper Mississippi River discharge rate is usually lowest between
December and February, Following this period the flow increases,
reaching a maximum in April and then decreases to a second low sometime
between July and September. It generally increases again in the fall
before dropping off to the winter low flow. This flow pattern is
illustrated in Figures V-l, V-2, and V-3, which give the range of mean
monthly discharges at three locations along the Mississippi River for
the period 19^0-196^. From the standpoint of flow then, the two most
critical periods are December-February and July-September. The lowest
flow occurs in the December-February period when ice cover prevents
reaeration. The second lowest flow occurs in the July-September period
when stream temperatures and, hence, deoxygenation rates are highest.
V-U
GPO 828—545
-------
•O
c
o
u
01
en
°- 9
*-
£ ®
7
u
I 6
O
, 5
o
r:
u
m
5
io3
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LOCK AND DAM NUMBER I
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
N
D
M A
Month
M
NOTE
MAXIMUM - MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN - MEAN OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MINIMUM - MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YEARS 1940 - 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REGION V ' CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-l
-------
o> 4
4-
01
2
o
!n
0 5
10
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
AT ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA
MAXIMUM
MEAN
-MINIMUM
N
M A
Month
M
A
NOTES
MAXIMUM - MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN MEAN OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MINIMUM MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YEARS 1940 - 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
EGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-9
-------
i a
9
8
7
6
5
•a
c
o
u
io
9
8
7
U
o
JC
icf
0
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
LOCK AND DAM NUMBER 3
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
D
F M A
Month
M
A
MAXIMUM - MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN - MEAN OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MINIMUM - MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YEARS 1940 - 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-3
-------
During the routine sampling surveys (first phase) the flow at St.
Paul varied between 2,200 and 16,500 cfs, averaging 7,250 cfs. During
the second and third phases, the flow at this location averaged approx-
imately 1*,100 and 8,1*00 cfs, respectively. Only samples collected in
the low (^>,000 cfs) and intermediate (5,000-15,000 cfs) flow ranges
(at St, Paul) were considered to be representative of usual conditions.
Mississippi River water quality was not evaluated during flows (at St.
Paul) greater than 15,000 cfs.
Results of the routine sampling survey which was conducted between
June 2l| and October 31 of 196U are given in Figures V-h through V-7.
The more significant data collected in one of the 72-hour surveys
(second phase) are summarized in Figure V-8. Results of one of the 10-
day surveys (third phase) conducted in August and September of 1965 are
given in Figures V-9 through V-12. Biological survey results are given
in Figures V-13 through V-15. These data are discussed below according
to river segments.
Mississippi River at Anoka
Uater quality of the Mississippi River as it entered the study area
at Anoka (UM 871.6) during 196^4 was generally good, with the exception
of bacterial content (see Table V-l). The water was high in dissolved
oxygen (DO), low in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and turbidity, and
there were no visible signs of pollution such as floating solids or
liquids or excessive color. The minimum total coliform density measured
was 2,100 MPN/100 ml, however, approximately twice the recommended limit
for the whole body contact activities practiced in this area. The
average fecal coliform density was 780 MPN/100 ml.
At low and intermediate flows the average concentration of any given
V-5
GPO 828—545
-------
r
~i
3
£o
I" «
5 E
30
35.0
30.0
25.0
"-320.0
O u
(M «i
•§ c 15.0
Si
5.0
0.0
15.0
10.0
11
01 '^
oii
0.0
I
840
S-
835
830
Mississippi
825
River
820
Miles
815
I i
810
LEGEND
J Maximum value
Average value
. Minimum value
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
TEMP., BOD, AND DO
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
JAN. 27-JAN. 28, 1965
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
GPO 828—545
FIGURE V-8
-------
,o ST. CROIX FALLS
AMERICAN CRYSTAL
'SUGAR COMPANY
LOCK AND DAM
NUMBER 3
RED WING
§}jf- GREEN GIANT COMPANY
^48 LE SUEUR
Sand and/or rocks and rubble bottom
Mixture of sand and organic sludge bottom
Organic sludge bottom
Minneapolis • St. Paul Sanitary District
South St. Paul Sewage Treatment Plant
SCALE
5 15
_J l_
25 Mi'les
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
DISTRIBUTION
OF
BOTTOM SEDIMENTS
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-15
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TABLE V-l
MISSISSIPPI RIVER WATER QUALITY ON
ENTERING STUDY AREA IN 196U
(at Plows Less than 15,000 cfs)
PARAMETER
pH
Temperature, °F
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) mg/1
% DO Saturation
5-Day (20°C) BOD
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Turbidity, Jackson Units
Organic Nitrogen, mg/1
Ammonia Nitrogen, mg/1
Nitrate Nitrogen, mg/1
Total Phosphate (as PO^), mg/1
Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml
MAXIMUM
8.6
80
10.1
98
6.0
30
21
<25
1.79
0.38
0.16
0.52
lU,ioo
2,1*00
VALUES
AVERAGE
«• i
•
7.9
86
3.0
17
10
m
1.17
0.23
0.0?
0.3U
6,000
780
MINIMUM
7.0
-
6.8
78
1.3
3
2
*•
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.14
2,100
lU
-------
constituent was generally the same, regardless of the flow. Stated
another way, the number of tons per day of a given constituent passing
station UM 871.6 was roughly proportional to the stream flow rate for
flows less than 15,000 cfs.
Mississippi River - Anoka to St.. Anthony Falls
Chemical and Physical Quality. Immediately below station UM 8?1.6
the Anoka secondary sewage treatment plant and the Rum River discharge
to the Mississippi River. The quality of the sewage treatment plant
effluent is covered in the previous Section on waste discharges. Although
viruses were found occasionally in the plant effluent none were detected
in the river downstream from the plant.
The Rum River water quality was found to be approximately the same
as that of the Mississippi River at station UM 871.6. During the surveys
the Rum River flow was about 5 percent of that of the Mississippi River
where they join.
Except for a temporary slight increase in the coliform density, the
water quality below Anoka was found to be about the same as that of the
incoming Mississippi River, In dry weather the water quality was
essentially uniform throughout the segment between Anoka (UM 871.6)
and Upper St. Anthony Falls (UM 853.7). The DO was never detected
below 6.5 mg/1 and averaged about 8.0 mg/1 during the first sampling
phase. Ammonia nitrogen never exceeded 0.5 mg/1 and the maximum turbidity
was less than 25 units. The maximum temperature found above the Riverside
Steam-Electric Generating Plant (UM 856.9) was 82°F. at UM 867.2 (four
miles below Anoka) on July 30, 196^4. The Riverside Plant increased the
average river temperature by 3 to 3«5°F. immediately downstream. Within
one mile below the plant the temperature had dropped by almost 1°F.
V-6
-------
The rate of decrease was much slower beyond this point.
Bacteriological Quality. The coliform density decreased steadily
with distance downstream below UM 867, averaging 4,000 MPN/100 ml at
TJM 858.5 (4.8 miles above St. Anthony Falls) during the first sampling
phase. Below UM 855 the density increased somewhat especially during
wet weather as a result of storm runoff and combined sewer overflows.
Bassett Creek, which enters at UM 854.7> had a high coliform density
at all times. During the 1964 routine survey, the coliform density in
Bassett Creek averaged 219,000 MPN/100 ml. During the 1965 surveys it
averaged about 50,000 MPN/100 ml. The flow in Bassett Creek generally
ranged from 10 to 50 cfs during the surveys. On one occasion during
heavy rainfall the flow was as high as 190 cfs.
Biological Quality. Phytoplankton are of basic importance in aquatic
environments since they provide the first steps in the food chain of
fishes. Excessive numbers, however, can create nuisances including prob-
lems with water treatment, tastes and odors, and unsightly conditions.
Phytoplankton in the waters entering this reach during 1964 were
of varied species. The density near Anoka measured at the one-foot
depth was relatively high, averaging 7,400/ml between April and December
of 1964. The density increased during passage through this reach, aver-
aging 11,100/ml at UM 855.0 (l,3 miles above St. Anthony Falls) over the
same period. (At this station total inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate
(as FO^) levels averaged 0.43 and 0.17 mg/1 respectively during the first
sampling phase.) According to the Minneapolis Water Works Department
(located at UM 858.9)? the phytoplankton occasionally cause taste and
odor problems in the drinking water.
Bottom organisms found in this reach during 1964 were indicative of
a non-polluted environment. Based on qualitative and quantitative sampling,
V-7
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a wide variety of bottom organisms (l6 to 2k kinds) were found in this
reach with clean water associated animals generally comprising over 50
percent of the total. The mean total number of organisms was less than
50 per square foot at the eight stations sampled. Similar conditions
were found on the Rum River at RU 0.5.
During the late summer and early fall of 1965 another check was
made of bottom organisms in this reach of the Mississippi River through
the use of artificial substrates. At stations UM 073.0, 871.7, and
859.0 between 88.2 and 99.0 percent of the organisms collected were
sensitive or clean-water associated forms. This corroborated the 196^
data which indicated the river to be unpolluted in this reach.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation has determined that game
fish make up 12 and 28 percent of the total fish population in the
pools above Coon Rapids Dam (UM 866.2) and St. Anthony Falls (UM 853.7),
respectively. Game species included walleyed and northern pike, small-
mouth and rock bass, black crappie, and bluegill. Species of rough fish
commonly found in this area include carp, bigmouth buffalo, northern
redhorse, common sucker, and yellow and black bullheads.
A fish flesh evaluation study was conducted by the Project in
cooperation with the Minnesota Department of Conservation. Fish tasting
was handled by the University of Minnesota under contractual agreement.
In this study it was determined that the flesh of fish caught in the
vicinity of Anoka had high palatability levels in comparison to fish
caught elsewhere within the study area (see Table V-2). In a scoring
system of 0 to 10, smallmouth bass caught at Anoka were rated highest
with a mean score of 6.2. Carp, also caught at Anoka, were given a
mean palatability rating of 5.1. The highest rating given carp by the
ir <~>
V-0
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taste panel was 5.7. A score of h or below is considered unacceptable.
Effects on Water Uses. This segment of the Mississippi River was
relatively clean. During low and intermediate flows in l$6k and 1965
it was suitable for all the water uses listed in Table 111-22 except
whole body contact activities. The total coliform density averaged
nearly 5,000 MPN/100 ml, or about five times the maximum recommended
density for this use.
Mississippi River - St. Anthony Falls to MSSD Outfall
Chemical and Physical Quality. During dry weather, the water quality
in this segment was essentially the same as that in the preceding seg-
ment. During and immediately following rainfall, however, some or all
of more than 80 combined sewer overflows discharge into this reach. These
discharges impair the bacteriological quality creating a health hazard
for downstream water users.
Occasional discharges have been reported to come from the Ford
Motor Co. plant near UM 8V7.6. Project personnel, however, never wit-
nessed any such discharges during stream sampling activities.
The Minnesota River enters the Mississippi River at UM 8^5•5 and
UM OMt.O, the latter point receiving the major portion of the flow. The
Minnesota River water quality is usually lower than that of the Mississippi
River just above the point of confluence. The flow of the Minnesota
River is generally 10 to 20 percent of that of the Mississippi River at
this point.
Although the Minnesota River was usually of lower quality, it had
no serious effect on the chemical quality of the Mississippi River, due
primarily to the greater flow in the latter. During the first sampling
phase the DO concentration in the Mississippi above and below the con-
v-9
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fluence averaged 8.0 and 7.7 mg/1, respectively. The percent DO satur-
ation ranged from 86 to 105 over the entire segment. The maximum ammonia
nitrogen level measured was 0.85 mg/1 and averaged about 0.3 mg/1. The
turbidity was generally less than 25 units with a maximum of i;0 units
recorded above the Minnesota River confluence. Below the confluence,
however, the turbidity ranged between 30 and 110 units, averaging about
60 units. The turbidity of the Minnesota River as it entered the
Mississippi ranged between 60 and 160 units, averaging about 110 units.
The river water temperature on entering this segment at lower St.
Anthony Falls (UM 853.1*) is slightly above equilibrium because of the
heat added by the Riverside plant. At UM 852.3 and 81*5.5, the maximum
temperatures found in 196** were 85.5 and 83.5°F., respectively. Addi-
tional heat is added to the river by the Minnesota River (UM 81*U.O) and
the Highbridge Steam-Electric Generating Plant (UM 81*0.5). During 1961+
the Minnesota River at its mouth was, on the average, 3.5°F. warmer than
the Mississippi at the point of confluence. This produced an increase
in the Mississippi River temperature of about 0.5°F. The Highbridge
Plant added an amount of heat sufficient to increase the river temperature
temporarily by another 1°F. The highest temperature measured at UM 836.U
(just above MSSD Outfall) was 85°F.
Bacteriological Quality. The total and fecal coliform densities
in this segment of the Mississippi River were somewhat higher than those
found in the segment above St. Anthony Falls. During the first phase of
sampling the total coliform density at UM 852.3 averaged 26,000 MEN/100 ml.
The fecal coliform density was approximately one-tenth of the total
coliform density. Stream data collected by the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District (MSSD) personnel showed the 196U yearly average total
V-10
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coliform density to be 23,000 MEM/100 ml at UM 852.6. Their data
indicate that the average total coliform density at UM 852.6 between
May and August, inclusive, was 12,000 MEN/100 ml.
At UM 8^5.5, just above the Minnesota River confluence, the total
and fecal coliform densities during the first phase of sampling averaged
17,000 and 2,000 MEW/100 ml, respectively. Data collected at this
station by MSSD personnel indicated an average total coliform density
of lf-3,000 MEM/100 ml during this same period. This difference is not
too great considering the great fluctuation in bacterial quality in this
reach produced by intermittent overflows from combined sewers.
At UM 836.U, below the Minnesota River confluence and just above
the MSSD plant outfall, the total coliform density ranged from k,600 to
88,000 MPN/100 ml, averaging 3htb
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TABLE V-3
ENTERIC PATHOGENS ISOLATED FROM WASTE AND RIVER SAMPLES3
ENTERIC PATHOGENS ISOLATED
SAMPLING LOCATION
SALMONELLA
VIRUS
UM 836.k
(Above MSSD Outfall)
MSSD Effluent
(Discharges at UM 836.3)
UM 836.2
(100 yards -below MSSIV Outfall)
UM 835.0
UM 83^.0
South St. Paul Effluent
(Discharges at UM 832.^)
Typhimurium
Montevideo
Newport
Infantis
Java
Heidelberg
Virginia
Montevideo
Newport
Panama
Infantis
Tennessee
Litchfield
Muenchen
Oranienburg
Kentucky
San Diego
Derby
Paratyphi B
Heidelberg
Infantis
Bredney
Blockley
Worthington
St. Paul
Heidelberg
Montevideo
Typhimurium
Newport
Chester
St. Paul
Oranientturg
Anatum
Ohio
Binza
Typhimurium
Newington
Polio
Polio
Coxsackie, type B-5
ECHO, type 12
(unidentified enteric virus)
/unidentified enteric virxis)
None found
(unidentified enteric virus)
ECHO, type 7
Wo tests made
-------
TABLE V-3 (Continued)
ENTERIC PATHtOENS ISOLATED FROM WASTE AND RIVER SAMPLES
SAMPLING LOCATION
ENTERIC PATHOGENS ISOLATED
SALMONELLA
VIRUS
UM 330.3
UM 826.0
Heidelberg (unidentified enteric virus)
Newport
Typhimurium
Oranienburg
Anatum
Muenchen
Montevideo
Cubana
Kentucky
Tennessee
Heidelberg
Newport
Typhimurium
Oranienburg
Infantis
Anatum
Java
None found
1. Study was conducted in cooperation \r±th the Minnesota Department of
Health, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration Great Lakes-
Illinois River Basins Project, and the Public Health Service Commun-
icable Disease Center Field Station.
-------
The diversity of bottom animals decreased in Pool No. 1 compared to
areas sampled above St. Anthony Falls. In this pool there was a general
lack of rocks and rubble to house a wide variety of organisms as compared
to upstream conditions. A slight accumulation of organic sludge (mostly
natural) was found throughout the pool. This also accounts for the decrease
found in the ratio of clean-water associated animals to pollution tolerant
animals.
Biologically, the river at UM 81+6.0 (2.0 miles above the Minnesota
River) was still a relatively unpolluted water. A variety of bottom
organisms was present, with a significant number of them being clean-
water associated. A sparsity of rocks and rubble in this area prevented
inhabitance by an even greater variety of animals.
The Minnesota River had an adverse effect on the aquatic biota in
the Mississippi River. There was a decrease in the number of kinds of
organisms from 13 at UM 81+6.0 (2.0 miles above the confluence) to 7 and
6 at stations UM 81+1.if and UM 836.k, respectively. The density of
organisms, however, remained essentially the same over the entire segment
as far downstream as UM 836.14 (just above the MSSD outfall). Here the
density of bottom organisms increased sharply with a maximum of 139 per
square foot found during the fall of 196!*. Sludge worms constituted the
bulk of the animal population in this reach below the confluence.
Clean-water associated, forms averaged less than 50 percent of the total
kinds. This adverse effect reflects the influence of organic materials
carried into the Mississippi River by the Minnesota River.
Studies conducted by the Minnesota Department of Conservation
determined that game fish make up 50 percent of the total fish population
in the reach between Lock and Dam No. 1 (UM 84?.6) and the Minnesota River
V-12
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(UM 8Mt.O). Game fish present in greatest numbers were black crappie
and white bass, northern pike, bluegill, white crappie, and smallmouth
bass were also present, but in smaller numbers. Approximately 90 percent
of the rough fish population were carp. Both game and rough fish are
present in Pool Ho. 1. However, the relative proportions of each are
not known. There is also no specific information on relative game and
rough fish populations in the reach between the Minnesota River and MSSD
plant outfall (UM 836.3).
Smallmouth bass and carp caught at UM 852.2 were evaluated in the
fish flesh evaluation study mentioned previously. The smallmouth bass
received a mean palatability rating of ^.9, which is considered to be in
the intermediate range. The highest rating given smallmouth bass by
the taste panel was 6.2. Carp were given a mean rating of k.2 which is
in the low palatability range. The highest rating given carp by the test
panel was 5«7«
Effects on Water Quality. This segment of Mississippi River was
generally more polluted than the segment above St. Anthony Falls mainly
because of frequent overflows from combined sewers during the survey
period. The recommended limit of 25 units of turbidity for sources of
a potable water supply and for whole-body contact activities was exceeded
in a few samples above the Minnesota River confluence and in all samples
collected below it. The average total coliform density exceeded all
limits for various water uses. Under the conditions found, the waters
in this segment were unsuitable for body contact activities (e.g. swimming,
boating, fishing, and navigation), irrigation of crops normally eaten
raw and stock and wildlife watering. These waters are presently
being used for boating, fishing, and navigation, and this use con-
stitutes a health hazard.
V-33
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Mississippi River - MSSD Outfall to Lock & Dam No. 2
Chemical and Physical Quality. This segment of the river receives
wastes from approximately 18 sources, including the two greatest con-
tributors in the study area. As a result this 21.1-mile reach of river
has the lowest water quality of the entire study area.
Immediately above the MSSD plant outfall (IM 836.5), the DO
averaged 7.8 mg/1 during the first sampling phase. Wastes added prin-
cipally by MSSD and South St. Paul (UM 832.10 caused the DO to decrease
progressively with distance downstream as far as UM 821. DO levels in
this reach were particularly low between July 29 and August 18, 196^4,
where the stream flow rate was 3>000 cfs and the river temperature averaged
79.5°F., reaching a maximum of 85°F. At UM 835.0 (l.U miles below MSSD)
the DO was much lower, ranging from 0.6 to 9.6 mg/1 and averaging 5-5 mg/1
during the first sampling phase. Between July 29 and August 18, it
averaged only 0.8 mg/1 at this station. At UM 830.3 (2.1 miles below
the South St. Paul plant outfall) the average DO over the first sampling
phase was U.3 mg/1. The DO was generally lowest at UM 821.2 (six miles
above Lock & Dam No. 2) during the first phase. It ranged from 0.5 to
7.1 mg/1, averaging 2.9 mg/1. Below this point the DO increased, reaching
an average of 5.2 mg/1 at UM 817.2.
Ammonia nitrogen levels were highest at station UM 830.3. The
concentration at this point ranged from 0.57 to 2.01 mg/1, averaging
0.96 mg/1. Ammonia nitrogen levels exceeded 1.0 mg/1 one or more times
during the survey at all stations in the entire segment of river being
considered.
The water quality during winter, under conditions of ice cover and
low stream flow, was nearly as critical as during summer low flow conditions.
V-lU
-------
During two intensive surveys conducted January 27-20 and February 2k-26,
1965, the DO level at UM 839• 2 (above the major waste sources) averaged
8.3 and 7.7 mg/1, respectively. At UM 817.6, however, the average DO
levels during these surveys were, respectively, 2.2 and 2.3 mg/1. The
highest DO measured at the latter station during both surveys was 3.1
mg/1. The water temperature remained at 32°F. during both surveys.
Ammonia nitrogen levels were also generally higher during the winter.
At UM 822.5, the average levels during the two winter surveys were 1.66
and 1.96 mg/1, respectively. The average stream flows at Lock £ Dam No. 2
during these surveys were U,100 and 35900 cfs, respectively.
According to data collected by MSSD personnel, the turbidity at
any given time was quite uniform over the entire segment during the first
sampling phase. It ranged between 30 and 120 units, averaging about 55
units between June and October of 196U.
During August, 196^ when the stream flow was low, there were gas
bubbles and some floating sludge rising from the bottom in the reach
between UM 835 and UM 830. There were also dense growths of fungi along
the shoreline in this reach. Small oil slicks were sighted occasionally
in the segment between MSSD and Lock £ Dam No. 2.
Approximately 890 pounds of phenol were being discharged to this
segment of the river daily, 850 pounds of it by MSSD. At the minimum
flow experienced within the reach during the first sampling phase
(2,200 cfs), the contribution from MSSD increased the average phenol
concentration in the river just below the plant by 0.07 tag/1. The MSSD,
in its stream monitoring program, measures phenol concentrations above
and below their plant outfall. Between June and October of 196^ their
data indicate that an average of hOt 620, 210, and 200 pounds/day passed
V-15
-------
stations UM 839.2, 832.5, 830.3, and 022.5, respectively. For the first
six miles below the MSSD plant outfall then, the phenol loading was
reduced naturally at an average rate of approximately 110 pounds/mile.
The maximum concentration of phenol measured at UM 832.5 (3-9 miles
belov MSSD) was 0.05 mg/1 when the stream flow was 3,100 cfs.
The maximum temperature measured in this reach during the summer of
196U was 85°F.
Bacteriological Quality. The bacteriological quality of the river
decreased markedly below the MSSD outfall, which discharged an average
of about 1.1 x 101' coliform organisms per day. Of this number 28$ were
found to be fecal coliform. At UM 835.0 data collected by MSSD during
the first sampling phase showed that the total coliform density averaged
3,760,000 MEM/100 ml. The density increased, due to multiplication in
the stream and to discharges from South St. Paul's combined sewer over-
flows, reaching a maximum at UM 832.5 (about one-half day below the MSSD
outfall). At this point the density ranged from WJO,000 to 17,000,000
MEN/100 ml, averaging 6,500,000 MPN/100 ml. At UM 032.1* the South St.
Paul sewage treatment plant discharged an average of 2.1 x 10^ coliform
organisms per day to the river. This contribution, being only 2 percent
of that added by MSSD, did not appreciably increase the coliform density
in the stream. The coliform density in the river continued to decrease
with distance downstream, averaging 5,000,000, 1,500,000, and 100,000
MEM/100 ml at UM 830.3, UM 822.5, and UM 815.2, respective^.
The river and the MSSD and South St. Paul effluents were also
monitored for enteric pathogens. The results are given in Table V-3.
Polio virus and five species of Salmonella were found in the river at
UM 836.U, just upstream from the MSSD outfall. They were most likely
V-16
GPO 828—545
-------
discharged, either from the Twin Cities' combined sewer overflows or from
the Minnesota River, Polio, Coxsackie, and ECHO viruses and fourteen
species of Salmonella bacteria were isolated from the MSSD effluent.
Five species of Salmonella were isolated from the South St. Paul plant
effluent. Salmonella were found in river samples taken at UM 836.2,
UM 835.0, UM 83!*.0, UM 830.3, and UM 826.0. Viruses were also isolated
at several of these stations. Shigella flexneri 2 was also isolated
from 826.0, the lowermost station sampled for enteric pathogens in this
reach. Positive identification of these disease producers in the waters
of the study area validates the use of the coliform group as indicators
of pathogens.
Biological Quality. Still greater numbers of phytoplankton were
found in this reach than in the previous ones. At UM 830.3 (six miles
below MSSD) between April and December of 196if, the phytoplankton density
averaged 15,710/ml. Nutrient levels were also higher in this reach.
Total inorganic nitrogen and orthophosphate levels averaged 0.86 and
0.68 mg/1, respectively.
To evaluate the relative abundance of periphyton (attached algae)
in various sectors of the river, the amount of chlorophyll-a in the plant
cells attached to the artificial substrates was measured. Results indi-
cated little change in the relative abundance of periphyton downstream
I
to UM 829.7. However, from UM 82U.5 (ll.8 miles below MSSD) to the outlet
of Lake Pepin (UM 76^.7) there was a significant and progressive increase
in periphyton as demonstrated by the increase of chlorophyll-a to as
much as six times the upstream values.
This increase in phytoplankton and periphyton was largely a response
to the nutrient and organic load received from upstream sources. An
V-17
-------
immediate response to the nutrients did not take place since they were
in the less readily available state of organic nitrogen, ammonia, and
insoluble phosphates. Once converted to nitrate and soluble phosphate
through chemical and biochemical action in the stream, the nutrients
were readily available and quickly utilized by the phytoplankton and
periphyton.
Studies were also conducted in this reach to evaluate the signifi-
cance of oxygen production by algae during the second sampling phase.
Oxygen production and respiration rates were measured at stations UM 8^0.2
(3.9 miles above MSSD), UM 830.3 (six miles below KSSD), and UM 817.2
(19.1 miles below MSSD) using light and dark bottles. Results showed
that the effects of algal photosynthesis and respiration on the oxygen
balance were minimal in this critical reach and need not be further
considered
The varieties of bottom organisms were reduced from six at UM 836.^
(just above MSSD) to two, and one at stations UM 835.0 (1.3 miles below
MSSD), and UM 833.1 (3.2 miles below MSSD), respectively. All pol-
lution sensitive animals wer.e eliminated. The river bottom materials in
this reach were composed mainly of organic sludge with a septic odor.
Sewage fungus was commonly found growing on shoreline rocks. This reach
between the MSSD outfall and UM 832.0 was clearly a zone of degradation.
The zone of active decomposition began at UM 829.7 and extended
downstream to Lock £ Dam Ho. 2 (UM 815.2). The sludge worm population
markedly increased in this river reach (;for example from 8 per square
ft. at UM 829.7 to 162 per square ft. at UM 815.6 in the fall survey).
The bottom materials in this reach were organic sludge. Soybean oil
deposits were found at UM 815.6 in 1965.
V-18
-------
Artificial substrates were placed at UM 835-0, UM 833.1, UM 829.7
and UM 82U.5 in the summer of 1965. All became coated with slick, slimy
brcnmish-colored organic materials and growths of sewage fungus were
microscopically identified and confirmed by laboratory culture. The
sludge worm populations found growing on the substrates at UM 835.0 and
UM 833.1 were low (258 and 396 respectively) when compared to the much
higher sludgeworm populations (12,000 and 1,600, respectively) at UM 829.7
and UM 82^.5-
In the reach between UM 830 (six miles below MSSD) and UM 823 the
Minnesota Department of Conservation found that only six percent of the
total fish population were game fish. In Spring and Baldwin Lakes, the
backwater areas near UM 823, game fish made up approximately 25 percent
of the fish population. In the two-mile reach (UM 817.2-UM 815.2) just
above Lock £ Dam No. 2, game fish made up only nine percent of the popu-
lation. Carp was the predominant species throughout Pool No. 2, mailing
up about 7^ percent of the total fish population.
Flesh palatability tests were made on fish caught at UM 830.3 and
UM 821.2. Carp caught at these stations were given ratings of It.3 and
3.8, respectively, which places them in the lowest level of palatability.
Walleye pike, caught at UM 821.2, was given a rating of h.h. Again,
palatability ratings of h or below indicate the fish flesh to be unacceptable.
Effects on Water Uses. This segment of the Mississippi River was
heavily polluted. The two greatest contributors of pollution were the
MSSD and the South St. Paul sewage treatment plants. During part or all
of the stream survey period, some of the requirements for every water use
listed in Table 111-22 except cooling water, were exceeded. The fishing,
pleasure boating, and navigation currently practiced in this segment of
7-19
-------
river represent a health hazard.
Mississippi River - Loci: & Dam No. 2 to Loclc & Dam ITo. 3
Chemical and Physical Quality. This reach of the river, which
receives three minor waste discharges, lies in the pollution recovery
zone. Water quality in this reach is also enhanced by the St. Croix
River which enters at UM 811.3.
The DO level was generally increased by 1 to 2 mg/1 during passage
of the water over Lock & Dam No. 2. At UM 8lU.O (1.2 miles below the
Dam) the DO ranged from 3.1 to 9«1 rog/1, averaging 6.3 mg/1 between June
and October of 196*1. Below the confluence of the St. Croix River, the
DO ranged from h.h to 9.0 mg/l> averaging about 5.5 mg/1.
During the two winter surveys of 1965, the DO levels at UM Ql'k.O
were lower than the summer values. They ranged from 2.1 to 5-8 mg/1,
averaging k.k mg/1 for both surveys. Below the confluence of the St.
Croix, winter and summer levels were more nearly the same. At UM 80G.5
(2.8 miles below the St. Croix River) during the second winter survey,
the DO ranged from 5.7 to 7-5 mg/1 and averaged 5.1 mg/1.
Ammonia nitrogen levels, measured at UM 805.0 (5.3 miles below the
St. Croix River) between June and October, 195^, ranged from 0.^2 to
1.10 mg/1 and averaged 0.75 mg/1. Higher values were obtained during
winter months, however. At UM 814.0 (2.7 miles above the St. Croix
River) during the two winter surveys, the levels ranged from 1.1*9 to
2.59 rag/1» averaging 2.12 mg/1. At UM 308.5 winter values ranged from
1.33 to 1.63 mg/1, averaging 1.53 mg/1.
Data collected by MSSD over the June-October period indicated that
the turbidity of the river above the St. Croix averaged 65 units. Below
the St. Croix River the turbidity averaged 50 units.
V-20
-------
Bacteriological Quality. The bacteriological quality of this rive-
segment was better than the previous segment, but still rather poor. At
UM 8l^.O (2.7 miles above the St. Croix River) the total coliform density
(as indicated by MSSD data) averaged 7^,500 MEN/100 ml during the first
sampling phase. Less than 2 percent of the total were fecal coliforms.
Below the confluence of the St. Croix River (at UM 810.2) the total
coliforms avcrcged 67,500 MEN/100 ml. The improvement in bacteriological
-------
were three to four times as many different kinds of animals at UM 813.9
as compared to just above Lock & Dam No. 2, but all were pollution
tolerant. The number of organisms per square foot below the dam during
196^ was, on the average, 50 percent greater than above it. The density
of bottom organisms decreased somewhat immediately below the mouth of
the St. Croix River and then increased progressively down to Lock £ Dam
Ho. 3 where, during the fall of 196^, it reached 26l per square foot.
AH bottom organisms in this reach were also of the pollution tolerant
type. Bottom materials in the entire segment varied from sand to a mixture
of sand and organic sludge having a moderately septic odor.
Greater numbers of game fish were found in this segment of the
Mississippi River than in any of the previous segments discussed. The
Minnesota Department of Conservation determined that in l$6k game fish
made up 1*6 percent of the total fish population in this pool.
The flesh of carp caught at UM 811.5 (just above the St. Groix
River) was evaluated by the taste panel and given a mean palatability
rating of U.O, indicating unacceptable quality. No fish in Pool No. 3
below the mouth of the St. Croix River were evaluated.
Effects on Water Uses. This segment of the river is a part of the
pollution recovery zone. The water quality was unsuitable for use as
a source of potable water, for irrigation of crops normally eaten raw,
stock and wildlife watering, body contact activities, and pollution
sensitive aquatic life. The reach above the St. Croix was also considered
unsuitable for pollution tolerant species because the ammonia nitrogen
level exceeded 2.0 mg/1 and the DO fell below 3.0 mg/1. The fishing,
pleasure boating, and navigation currently practiced in this segment of
river represent a health hazard.
V-22
-------
Mississippi River - Lock & Dam No. 3 to Chippewa River
Chemical and Physical Quality. This segment of the river, which
also lies in the pollution recovery zone, receives wastes from three
sewage treatment plants, two industries, and one steam-electric generating
plant. These waste sources have little measurable effect on the water
quality.
The DO level at UM 79^.5 (2.1* miles below Lock & Dam No. 3) ranged
from k.8 to 8.3 mg/1, averaging 6.5 mg/1 during the period between June
and October, 196*1. The average DO increased only slightly between this
point and the outlet of Lake Pepin. At UM 761*.7 (the outlet) the DO
ranged from k.6 to 13.0, averaging 7.5 mg/1. The greater fluctuation
in DO levels in Lake Pepin (kO-lk&fo of saturation) \TB.S due more to
algal activity rather than to varying BOD loadings.
The ammonia nitrogen level was lower in this segment and diminished
with distance downstream. The average decreased from 0.53 mg/1 at UM 79^*
to 0.38 mg/1 at UM 76^.7 (the outlet of Lake Pepin).
Turbidity, as measured by MSSD personnel, decreased from an average
of It5 units at UM 792.0 (7 miles above head of Lake Pepin) to 10 units
at UM 76U.9 during the June-October, 196U period.
The maximum temperature of the water measured in 196^ as it entered
this segment was 85°F. The largest source of thermal pollution below
this point is the steam-electric generating plant at Red Wing, Minnesota
(UM 789.M, which produced no detectable increase in the river temper-
ature. Water temperatures measured throughout Lake Pepin did not exceed
86°F.
Bacteriological Quality. There was a very marked improvement in the
bacteriological quality of the water during passage through this segment.
V-23
-------
Data collected by MSSD personnel during the June-October, 1961* period
showed that the average coliform density decreased from 31,000 MEN/100 ml
at UM 796.9 (Lock & Dam No. 3) to 20,000, 2,500, 230, and<250 at 792.0,
UM 779.0, UM 772.8, and UM 761*.9, respectively. Fecal coliforms usually
made up less than 2 percent of the total number.
The Red Wing sewage treatment effluent was monitored on ten occasions
for Salmonella and enteric viruses. Positive results were obtained nine
of the ten times. In all, seven species of Salmonella, in addition to
polio, Coxsackie, and ECHO viruses were isolated from the effluent which
discharges to the river at UM 790.2. The river was also monitored on
three occasions at a point 100 yards downstream from the outfall. Two
of the samples were negative. The third one contained Salmonella infantis.
Biological Quality. Phytoplankton densities continued their decrease
during passage through this segment after having reached a peak at UM 813.9
(1.3 miles below Lock £ Dam No. 2). During the period from April to
December, 196U the Phytoplanlcton density at UM 790.6 (6.3 miles below
Lock & Dam No. 3), averaged l8,590/ml. Just belov the outlet of Lake
Pepin (DM 760.2), the density averaged 12,^90/ml during the same period.
Phytoplanlcton densities in many shallow areas along the shorelines
of Lake Pepin, however, were very high. During the summer of 1965, a
greenish algae bloom of pea soup consistency was observed in Lake Pepin
at Stockholm, Wisconsin's bathing beach (UM 77^.3). Rocks along the
bathing beach were coated with a green slimy mass of algae cells.
Decaying cells created a putrescible odor in the area and attracted
hordes of flies. A water sample from this area revealed 12,511,000
blue-green algae/ml, with 12,U87,OOO/ml being Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
and 2U,000/ml being Anabaena sp. During the summer of 196U, an algal
V-21*
-------
bloom was observed at the Lake City Marina (UM 77^.3). The water was
colored pea-green and a thick green slime coated the boat hulls. These
and other observations demonstrate that algae populations can and do
become a problem in the lower part of the study area.
The chlorophyll-a content of the plant cells attached to artificial
substrates showed that periphyton were about six times as abundant on
those substrates in Lake Pepin as on those located elsewhere upstream.
As mentioned previously, this increase was largely a response to the
nutrient and organic load received from upstream sources.
Hutrient concentrations, although more than sufficient to support
large numbers of algae, were somewhat lower in this segment. Inorganic
nitrogen levels became progressively lower during passage downstream.
The average conoentratirm decreased from 0.70 mg/1 at UM 79^-5 (l.^
miles below Lock & Dam No. 3) to 0.5^ mg/1 at UM 76^.7 (outlet of Lake
Pepin). The orthophosphate level remained fairly constant throughout the
entire segment, averaging 0.56 mg/1 (as PO^).
Bottom organisms found in the 10-mile reach between Lock & Dam No. 3
and the head of Lake Pepin were all pollution tolerant and ranged in
density from h6 to 2lU animals per square foot during the fall of 196U.
Both the number of animals per square foot and the number of kinds of
animals increased beyond this point. At UM "jQh.2 (the head of Lake
Pepin) there was a maximum of 1*91 animals per square foot during this
same period. Twenty kinds of animals were found at this station with
clean-water-associated or pollution sensitive animals mailing up 20 per-
cent of the total kinds. This marked the first reappearance of pollution
sensitive organisms below the MSSD outfall.
Hay Creek, which enters the Mississippi River at UM 792.8, was
grossly polluted, biologically, by wastes from Foot Tannery but had no
V-25
-------
significant effect on the river quality. Only 5 bottom-associated animals
per square foot were found in Hay Creek 0.5 mile from its mouth and
these were pollution tolerant sludgeworms and midges. Hay Creek bottom
materials consisted of sand and organic sludge. Growths of sewage fungus
were also commonly found along the creek edges.
Throughout Lake Pepin (between the UM 78^.2 and UM 76U.7) a gelatinous
organic sludge bottom, sometimes mixed with natural organics and silt,
supported a large mean total number of animals (318 to 903 per square
foot during the fall of 1961*) made up of from 16 to 20 kinds. Sludgevorm
populations exceeded 100 per square foot at all stations in the lake.
(Sludgeworm populations in excess of 100 per square foot are generally
considered indicative of polluted conditions.) The highly tolerant
Tendipes sp. midges (as many as 60 per square foot at UM 77^.3), absent
in upstream segments, were found in significant numbers throughout the
lake. These populations of sludgeworms and midges indicate that Lake
Pepin serves as a natural settling basin for silt and organic sludges
carried in from upstream. Pollution sensitive animals, such as unionid
clams, mayflies, caddis flies, and riffle beetles, represented less
than 50 percent of the total kinds and were found only in the sandy
shoreline areas. Even at the south end of Lake Pepin (DM 7&U.7), "the
total numbers and kinds of clean-water associated (pollution sensitive)
animals were far fewer than in the reach between Anoka (UM 871.6) and
the upper confluence of the Minnesota River (UM 8^5.5)*
Game fish were present in far greater numbers in this segment than
anywhere else in the study area. The Minnesota Department of Conservation
reports that 68 percent of the fish population in Pool Ho. h are game
fish. The average annual catches of all types of fish by sport and com-
V-26
-------
mercial fishermen in Pool No. k are approximately 73,000 and 2,500,000
pounds, respectively.
Flesh palatability tests were made on carp and walleyed pike caught
at UM 79^.5 (1.U miles below Lock & Dam Ho. 3), UM 790.0, UM 785.** (head
of Lake Pepin), UM 77^.3, and UM 76**. 7 (outlet of Lake Pepin). Carp
were caught at all these stations while walleyed pike were caught only
at UM 79^.5, UM 77H.3, and UM 76U.7. Generally, the fish flesh palat-
ability improved with distance downstream as far as UM 77^.3. Below
this point there was no significant further improvement. Carp caught
at UM 77^.3 received the highest rating (5.7) of all those tested from
the entire study area. Those caught at UM 761+.7 received the second
highest rating (5.^). Walleyed pike caught at the three stations mentioned
above were given ratings of h.6t U.9, and 5.0, respectively. Walleye
caught on the St. Croix and Minnesota Rivers received still higher ratings
(6.2 and 5«2, respectively).
Effects on Water Uses. This segment of the Mississippi River
is still within but near the end of a pollution recovery zone. The
waters of the entire segment are suitable for the maintenance of
pollution-sensitive as well as pollution-tolerant aquatic life, esthetic
enjoyment., and as a source of cooling water. The reach below UM 785
(head of Lake Pepin) was suitable for limited body contact activities,
stock and wildlife watering, and irrigation. The reach below UM 775
was also suitable for whole body contact recreational activities and
as a source of potable water supply.
The practice of swimming and water skiing above UM 775 and sport
and commercial fishing, pleasure boating, and navigation above UM 785
represents a health hazard.
V-27
-------
Summary of Mississippi River Water Quality
Above the Minnesota River the Mississippi was unpolluted from a
physical, chemical, and biological standpoint, but bacteriologically it
was contaminated. The water quality in the 7-7-mile reach between the
Minnesota River and the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District sewage
treatment plant was degraded further at times by the Minnesota River.
This usually occurred between November and February when the Minnesota
River was most heavily polluted. The six-mile reach immediately below
the Sanitary District plant was a zone of degradation and severely pol-
luted in all respects. The zone of active decomposition encompassed the
next 15 miles, down to Lock & Dam Ho. 2. The remainder of the river
within the study area below Lock £ Dam No. 2 (to the outlet of Lake
Pepin) was in the pollution recovery zone.
Many water uses were affected to varying degrees over most of the
length studied. The particular reaches unsuitable for each water use
are illustrated, in Figure V-l6,
V-28
-------
MISSI
RIVER
UM 870.0-
UM 8600
UM 850.0
MN —
UM 840.0-
UM 830.0
UM820.0-
UM8IOO-
UM 800.0
UM 7900
UM 78O.O
UM 770.0
UM 760.0:
SSIPPI
MILES
— RU
COON
-RAPIDS
DAM
ST ANTHONY
FALLS
LOCK 9 0AM
LOCK 8 DAM
NUMBER 1
— MSSD
LOCK ft DAM
"NUMBFR 2
— SC
LOCK 8 DAM
'NUM8FR 1
. f ij
\~ n
_EGEND
POTABLE WATER
NON- POTABLE
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
COOLING
HYDROELECTRIC
IRRIGATION
RU Rum River
V1N Minnesota River
STOCK AND
WILDLIFE
WATERING
SC St. Croix River
CH Chippewa River
MSSD Minneapolis St Paul Sanittiry
District
B Indicates where water was unsuitable
for the designated use
For use on crops not normally cooked before
eaten.
WASTF
ASSIMILATION
1
WHOLE SOOT
CONTAC*
ACT! viTltS
LIMI TED BODY
CONTACT
ACTIVITIES
ESTHETIC
ENJOYMENT
1
UJ
* u, ^
0 > _|
D - ^
3 £ ,:
?M
POLLUT ION
TOLERANT
AQUATIC LIFE
1
1
1
•
TWIN CHIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WATER USES AFFECTED
ALONG MISSISSIPP RIVER
JUNE 24 -OCTOBER 31, 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REG ON V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-16
-------
MINNESOTA RIVER QUALITY DURING 1964 AND
General Flow and Water Quality Conditions
The pattern of variation of the Minnesota River's discharge rate is
very similar to that of the Mississippi River. Flow is generally lowest
in the December-February period and second lowest in the July-September
period. Maximum flow usually occurs in April. This flow pattern is
illustrated in Figure V-l? which gives the range of mean monthly dis-
charges near Carver, Minnesota (MN 36.0) for the period 19^0-19614-.
As with the Mississippi River, the two most critical periods with
respect to pollution are December-February and July-September. Because
of greater waste contributions by the American Crystal Sugar Company
between November and February, the former period has been the more critical
from a dissolved oxygen standpoint.
During the first phase of stream sampling, (June 2-November 3, 196*0
the flow at Carver varied between 500 and i|-,200 cfs, averaging 1,750 cfs.
During the second and third phases, the flow at this location averaged
approximately 399, and 9^0 cfs, respectively. Only samples collected
at flows in the low (<1,000 cfs) and intermediate (1,000-5,000 cfs) ranges
were considered to be representative of usual conditions. Minnesota
River water quality was not evaluated during flows (at Carver) greater
than 5,000 cfs.
Results of the routine sampling survey (first phase) are given in
Figures V-l8 through V-20. Figures V-21 through V-2U give results of
the second and third phases. Biological survey results are given in
Figures V-25 and V-26. These data are discussed below by river segments.
Minnesota River at Mankato
Water quality of the Minnesota River as it entered the study area
V-29
-------
0)
o
5
3
o
o
-C
o
I/)
idl
9
8
7
10
0
MINNESOTA RIVER
NEAR CARVER, MINNESOTA
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
N
M A
Month
M
NOTES
MAXIMUM- MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN - MEAN OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MINIMUM - MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YEARS 1940 - 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-17
-------
r r
45
LL
o
.- 40
35
301-
8.0r-
7.0
6.0
5.0
<_> t>
o .t: 4
o -1
> >- T n
X «J J'«
O Q-
? E 2.0
± 2
« _; |.o
0.0
L L
30
J L
I I I I I I I I I I
25
20
Minnesota
15
River
IO
Miles
i I i
LEGEND
J Maximum value
Average value
Minimum value
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
TEMP., BOD, AND DO
MINNESOTA RIVER
FEB. 9 - FEB. II, 1965
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
GPO 828-545
FIGURE V-21
-------
at MN 109.3 was generally good with the exception of bacterial content
(see Table V-U). The water was high in DO, suspended solids, and
phytoplankton, moderately high in BOD and coliforms, and relatively low
in turbidity. There were no visible signs of pollution such as floating
solids or liquids or excessive color. The rather high suspended solids
content is probably a result of erosion and generally inadequate land
management practices as opposed to the discharge of domestic or industrial
wastes. With one exception, the total coliform density was always greater
than 1,000 MFW/100 mi, indicating the water was not suitable for whole
body contact activities. Coliform data collected by the Project in 196k
and 1965 and by the Minnesota Department of Health since 1957 indicate
that the water entering the study area at this point is normally safe
for limited body contact activities. Phytoplankton densities (31,690/ml)
along with nutrient concentrations -(inorganic nitrogen = 1.29 Tng/1 and
orthophosphate = 0.23 ni§/l as POij), were rather high as the river
entered the study area.
Immediately below station MN 109.3, the Blue Earth River enters the
Minnesota River with a flow of about one-half that of the Minnesota River.
The water of the Blue Earth River just upstream from the Honeymead
Products Company's point of discharge (BE 0.6) was of slightly higher
quality than the Minnesota River at MN 109.3. The waste from Honeymead
had little effect on the Blue Earth and Minnesota Rivers except for
total coliform densities. In the Minnesota River it increased the
density by an average of approximately 5,000 MPW/100 ml during the first
phase of sampling. This resulted in an average total coliform density
of approximately 1O,OOO MPK/100 ml in the reach "between MN 109.2 and
MH 106.5. The average BO a,ad BOD in this 2.7 mile reach were 7.6 and
5.3 mg/1, respectively.
V-30
-------
TABLE V-U
MINNESOTA RIVER WATER QUALITY ON ENTERING STUDY AREA IN
(At Plows Less than 5,000 cfs)
PARAMETER
pH
Temperature,0]?.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), mg/1
% DO Saturation
5-Day (20°C) BOD, mg/1
Total Suspended Solids, mg/1
Volatile Suspended Solids, mg/1
Turbidity, Jackson Units
Organic Nitrogen, mg/1
Amonia Nitrogren, mg/1
Nitrate Nitrogen, mg/1
Orthophosphate (as P0^)5 mg/1
Total Coliform, MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliform, MPN/100 ml
Phytoplankton (Monthly averages ) ,
MAXIMUM
3.8
82
9.U
116
Q.h
205
35
80
1.89
0.55
2.00
O.U3
iif,ioo
»f03
63,2^0
VALUES
AVERAGE
8.U
97
7.h
110
22
_
1.72
O.U5
O.Qk
0.23
5,ooo±
31,690
MINIMUM
8.3
6.U
82
5.8
62
19
<25
1.57
0.33
0.0?
0.00
5^2
37
6,120
No. /ml
-------
Minnesota River - Mankato to Chaska
Chemical and Physical Quality. This segment of river receives three
waste discharges within the first 1.3 miles. The Marikato sewage treat-
ment plant and Blue Cross Rendering Company effluents and cooling water
from the Wilmarth steam-electric generating plant are discharged at
MN 106.5, MIT 105.5, and MN 105.2, respectively. Except for an increase
in the coliform density these discharges have very little effect on the
-water quality. The minimum DO measured during the first sampling phase
at MW 103.6 was 6.U mg/1, (?9«5$ of saturation). The maximum temperature
recorded was 82.5°F. The total coliform density was highest at this
station and ranged from 9,200 to 700,000 MEN/100 ml.
Only three other wastes were being discharged to the river above
Chaska (MN 29.U) and they were less significant during 196^ than the four
previously mentioned. During the summer of 1965, however, one of these
three (the Green Giant Company) discharged all wastes directly to the
river (at MN 75.^) for several months because of flood damages to their
ridge and furrow irrigation fields which usually received a majority of
the wastes. Abnormally high stream flows, coincident with the period of
waste bypassing, prevented serious damage to water quality.
Except for a rather high turbidity and coliform density, the water
in this 79«9-mile segment between Mankato and Chaska was of acceptable
quality. The minimum DO measured anywhere in this reach during the first
sampling phase was 5.7 mg/1. The DO and 5-day (20°C) BOD averaged 8.2
and 5-7 mg/1, respectively. The maximum temperature measured in 196^
was 8U°F. Ammonia nitrogen levels ranged from <0.01 to 0.85 mg/1 in
this segment, averaging 0.36 mg/1. The turbidity generally ranged from
25 to 220 units in this segment. The higher values occurred during and
V-31
-------
Immediately following periods of surface runoff. No one portion of
this segment was consistently more turbid than another.
Bacteriological Quality. During the first sampling phase, the
Mankato sewage treatment plant discharge increased the total coliform
density in the river by approximately 89,000 MPN/100 ml ( at point of
maximum density). The Blue Cross Rendering Company produced an additional
1,000 MPN/100 ml increase. Dilution and bacterial die-off produced a
steady reduction in the density with distance downstream. At MN 77.3,
(Le Sueur), the coliform density averaged 8,000 MPN/100 ml. At MN 70.0
the City of Henderson discharge increased the density at this point
by an estimated 5,000 MEN/100 ml. Further dilution and die-off accounted
for the gradual decrease in density below this point to Chaska. At
MN 1*9.4 (Belle Plaine), and MN 29.6 (Chaska), the total coliform density
averaged approximately 6,000 MEN/100 ml.
Biological Quality. Fhytoplankton densities at the one-foot depth
were high throughout the entire segment, but were generally highest at
MN 1*9.4 (Belle Plaine). Between April and December of 196^, the density
at this station averaged 46,U20/ml. Phytoplankton, during the same
period, were least numerous at MN 7*1.7 (below Le Sueur), with the density
averaging 27,580/ml. Even at these high densities, they produced no
reported problems. Their presence in these numbers was generally obvious
only upon microscopic examination, due partly to the natural turbidity
of the water. At times, however, the water had a greenish color.
Nutrient concentrations were more than sufficient to support nuisance
growths of algae (provided other conditions are suitable). Total inor-
ganic nitrogen levels were highest just below Mankato (average of 1.33
mg/l) and decreased progressively downstream. At Chaska (MN 29.6) the
inorganic nitrogen level averaged 0.69 mg/l. As expected, the organic
V-32
-------
nitrogen level increased progressively downstream along with the phytcr-
planlcton population. Orthophosphate levels were about the same over
the entire reach, averaging about 0.29 mg/1 (&s POlj).
Bottom organism populations were very sparse (generally less than
10 mean numbers per square foot) throughout the entire segment. This
was due to the sand and gravel bottom vhich provided few areas for organisms
to attach themselves. Spring floods also keep populations down through
scouring of the sand and gravel bottom and thus creating an abrasive
action which physically eliminates many of the organisms that would have
otherwise survived. The only region of organic sludge deposition was
below the Green Giant Company between MN 75^0 and MM 70.0.
Pollution sensitive animals were present at most of the stations
in this 79»9 mile segment but generally accounted for less than 50 percent
of the total kinds.
The Minnesota Department of Conservation reports that game fish
make up less than 15 percent of the total fish population in this segment
and were represented mainly by white bass and sauger. Channel and
flathead catfish make up about 5 percent of the total. The rough fish
were chiefly carp, quillback, northern redhorse, and sheepshead. Most
of the fish inhabiting this segment are found in pools formed at the
outside of the extremely sharp bends in the river. The shifting sand
bottom, turbid waters, and extreme range of flows undoubtedly limit the
development of a reasonable game fish population.
The palatability of fish caught at Mankato (MN 108.0) and Belle
Plaine (MM ^9«M was also evaluated. Carp and walleye pike found in the
vicinity of Mankato were given mean palatability ratings of h.Q and 5-2,
respectively, which placed them in the intermediate range of palatability.
V-33
-------
Only carp were found at MN k$.k and they were given a mean rating of H.5.
This placed them only slightly higher than carp caught at UM 830.3 below
the MSSD and South St. Paul outfalls on the Mississippi River.
Effects on Water Uses. Hie water quality of the entire segment
between June and October of 196U was suitable for use as a source of
cooling water, for esthetic enjoyment, and maintenance of pollution
sensitive aquatic life. Although the water quality was satisfactory
fnr both game and rough fish, the absence of bottom animals restricted
the number that could be maintained in this segment.
The waters were unsuitable for irrigation, stock and wildlife
watering, and limited body contact activities due to high coliform densities.
The excessive turbidity of the water also interfered with its meeting
the criteria for whole body contact activities or as a source of potable
supply. As mentioned previously, most of the turbidity is a result of
erosion of the river banks and inadequate land management practices in
the drainage area. Stock watering, sport fishing, and pleasure boating
were practiced although the water quality was considered unsuitable.
Minnesota River - Chaska to Mouth, Summer Conditions
Chemical and Physical Quality. This segment of the river, which
receives far greater quantities of wastes than the previous one, is of
lower quality. Its quality is lowest during late fall and winter while
the American Crystal Sugar Company plant (located at MR 27.7) is in
operation.
During the first sampling phase (when American Crystal Sugar
Company plant was not operating) the DO at MN 27.5 averaged 9-1 rag/1.
It decreased rather abruptly below MN 25.0 (at Shakopee), and continued
to decrease with distance downstream reaching 6.6 mg/1 at MN 1.9. At
-------
this point the range was from 3-1 to 10.7 mg/1. The minimum DO measured
anywhere in the segment during this phase was 2.7 mg/1 at MN 10.8.
Ammonia nitrogen levels ranged from ^0.01 to 0.58 mg/1 in this
segment, both values occurring at MN 1.9« The average concentration
over the whole reach was about 0.3
Turbidity levels in this reach were generally slightly higher than
those found in the previous segment, especially near the lower end. The
turbidity ranged from <25 to 2ijO units, averaging approximately 70
units near the upper end and 110 units at the lower end. The higher
values occurred during and after periods of rainfall.
The maximum temperature recorded in this segment above the Blackdog
steam-electric generating plant (MN 8.if) was 82°F. at MN 27.5. At MN 7.^
the first station located below the power plant, the maximum temperature
measured at the four foot depth was 90°F« On this particular occasion
the power plant was discharging cooling water directly to the river at
MR 8.U rather than to Blackdog Lake which serves as a cooling pond. The
temperature immediately below the point of discharge was calculated to
be approximately 100°F. By the time the flow reached MN 1.9 the temp-
erature had dropped to 85.6°F.
Bacteriological Quality. The coliform density of the water entering
this segment during the first sampling phase averaged about 6,700 MEN/100ml.
Effluent from the Chaska sewage treatment plant, discharged at MN 29.^,
increased the average density by about 15,000 MEN/100 ml. At MN 27.5
the density was found to range from 7,900 to 5^,200 MEN/100 ml. Rahr
Malting Company, located at MN 25.^, produced an increase of about 60,000
MEN/100 ml in the river coliform density. At MN 23.9 the Shakopee sewage
treatment plant added enough coliforms to increase the density in the
V-35
-------
river "by another 10,000 MHT/100 ml. At station MN 23.0, the coliform
density ranged from 2^,000 to 2UO,000 MPN/100 ml. These values were
the highest found at any of the stations located in this 29.U mile segment
during the summer. Due to die-off and dilution, the coliform density
decreased progressively vith distance downstream. At MN 13.^> Cargill,
Inc. added an amount sufficient to increase the density by 1,000 MPN/100 ml.
By the time the flow reached MN 1.9 the coliform density ranged from
2,780 to 27,600 MPN/100 ml, averaging 13,700 MPN/100 ml.
Biological Quality, Phytoplankton densities were of the same
magnitude as those found in the previous segment. The density decreased
progressively from MH 25.1 (Shakopee) to MN 7.^ and then increased
slightly beyond this point. At MN 25.1 and MN 7.^ the average densities
for the period between April and December, 196U were 38,6UO/ml and
21,850/ml, respectively. Densities at MN 1.9 were measured during July
and September-November, only. The average density over these months
was 38>870/ml, 125 percent of the average density at MN 7.k over the
same four-month period. Although the phytoplankton density was quite
high over the entire segment, they created no nuisance conditions.
Nutrient levels were of the same magnitude in this segment as in
the previous segment. Total inorganic nitrogen averaged from 1.72 to
2.01 mg/1 over the reach and orthophosphate concentrations were about
the same throughout, averaging O.h6 mg/1 (as PO^).
There was a general increase in the number of bottom organisms from
MN 27.7 to the mouth. A wide range in total numbers per square foot was
found over the l8-month period. Pollution tolerant sludgeworms com-
prised the largest portion of the benthic population with as many as
237 per square foot occurring at the mouth during the fall survey.
V-36
-------
Pollution sensitive animals were even less abundant in this reach than
in the upper one. The river bottom was composed of organic sludge and
sand and the sludgeworm population increased markedly, as compared to
the upper river reach. The deposition of solids is due to the lower
stream velocities and larger solids loadings in this reach.
Until the 1930's the Minnesota River supported an abundant and
diverse population of fresh water clams. During the bottom surveys,
however, this rich and varied clam population was found to be markedly
reduced. Only one living mussel was found (at MN 7«*0 and clam shells
were especially numerous between MN 16.8 and the mouth. Their demise
can be attributed to such factors as heavy organic pollution and dredging
of the barge channel. Only seven percent of the total fish population
in this lower segment are game fish. They consist primarily of catfish
and crappie.
Effects on Water Uses. The water during the summer of 196^ was
suitable for use as cooling water, esthetic enjoyment, and pollution
tolerant aquatic life. Above MN 25.0, it was also suitable for pollution
sensitive aquatic life. In the O.U-mile reach below the Blackdog power
plant, however, the temperature sometimes exceeded 93°F«> the maximum
temperature adequate for pollution tolerant species.
High coliform densities made the waters unsuitable for irrigation,
stock and wildlife watering, and any body contact activities, such as
swimming or boating. These activities were practiced in this segment,
however, and constitute a health hazard.
The minimum DO was too low below MN 25.0 and the maximum temperature
too high between MN 8.U and MN 3.0 for the waters to be suitable for
pollution sensitive aquatic life. The game fish population was further
limited by the small available food supply.
V-37
-------
The waters are usually too turbid for use as a source of water
supply or for whole body contact activities. It is doubtful that any
measure short of lining the stream bed or constructing impoundments
would be sufficient to maintain a-turbidity of less than 25 units.
Minnesota River - Chaska to Mouth, Winter Conditions
Chemical and Physical Quality. An intensive survey (second sampling
phase) of this lower segment of the river was conducted in February 19^5
under conditions of ice cover while the American Crystal Sugar Company
(located at ME 27.7) was in operation. The average stream flow during
the survey was 399 cfs. The BOD loading rate contributed by this company
was more than three times the loading rate contributed by all other
sources on the Minnesota River below Mankato combined.
The DO level in the river was moderately low (35 percent of saturation)
as it entered this segment because of ice cover which prevented reaeration.
At MN 29.6 the DO averaged 5.0 mg/1. The 5-day (20°C) BOD at this
station averaged 2.6 mg/1 and the water temperature remained at 32°F.
throughout the survey. The DO dropped progressively from the American
Crystal Sugar Company's outfall to the vicinity of the Blackdog power
plant where ice cover was absent. At MN 1^.3 the DO ranged from 0.9
to 2.6 mg/1, averaging l.h mg/1. At MN 7.1*, below the power plant, the
DO ranged from 2.lj to 3.8 mg/1, averaging 3.0 mg/1. The water temperature
at this point ranged from 36 to 1*1°F. Several miles below the power
plant ice cover formed again, preventing further reaeration. At MN 1.9
the DO ranged from 0.0 to H.O mg/1, averaging 1.8 mg/1.
Ammonia nitrogen levels were about four times higher during the
winter than in summer. Highest values were measured at MH 29.6 where
the range was from 1,12 to 1,58 mg/1, averaging 1.37 mg/1. The average
values found at MN lU.3 and MN 1.9 were 1.2U and 1.07 mg/1, respectively.
V-38
-------
Bacteriological Quality. Coliform densities were also considerably-
higher during the winter survey below the American Crystal Sugar Company.
Above their outfall, the total colifonn density averaged 220 MPN/100 ml.
The average density h.7 miles below the outfall was 500,OCX) MPN/100 ml.
At MN 1.9 (25.8 miles below the outfall) the average density wae 9,600
MFN/100 ml. Fecal colifonn made up 25 to ho percent of the total numbers
at these points.
Biological Quality. The reach of the river between MN 28.0 and
the mouth was also sampled biologically during the winter of 1964-1965>
several months after the American Crystal Sugar Company had been in
operation that season. Above their waste discharge the sandy bottom
supported 62 midges per square foot. Immediately downstream from the
discharge and for almost 1,000 feet, organic sludge and parts of whole
sugar beets were found. At MN 27.7 (point of discharge) there were
only 3 sludgeworms per square foot and h.7 miles beloxv this point, only
one per square foot was found. At MN l6.8 the animal numbers, primarily
represented by sludgeworms, were 33 per square foot and increased pro-
gressively to a maximum of k&7 per square foot at MK 7.1*. The total
numbers then dropped to 150 per square foot at MN 1.9« During this winter
period the stream velocities were low enough to allow suspended solids
to settle out in significant quantities anywhere below MN h^.k. The
data indicate that organics from American Crystal Sugar Company wastes
and other sources were, in fact, deposited in this lower reach.
Artificial substrates were placed in the river for about two months
above and below the American Crystal Sugar Company and removed one week
after the company began processing in the fall of 1965. A large number
of clean-water associated (pollution sensitive) organisms were recovered
V-39
-------
from the substrates suspended at MfT 29.1, MN 16.8, and MN 0.3. Five
to twelve kinds of animals were found with over $0 percent of them being
of the pollution sensitive type. These results contrasted sharply with
the seasonal bottom survey results, suggesting that the factor limiting
river biota in the lower reach is a lack of suitable natural habitats
rather than the chemical quality.
There was a 90 percent reduction in the total numbers of organisms
on the substrates suspended at MN 27.7 (immediately below the American
Crystal Sugar Company outfall) as compared to the other three stations
and only three kinds of animals were found. Growths of sewage fungus
were found on the substrates at this station only,
Effects on Water Uses. During the winter survey this segment was
suitable only for use as cooling water.
Low dissolved oxygen and high coliform levels made it unsuitable
for other uses.
The low DO levels throughout this segment, due in part to ice cover,
made the waters unsuitable for even the pollution tolerant species of
fish. The MSSD personnel sited from 75 to 100 dead bass along the shore
near MN 1.9 on January 30, 196U when the DO level was zero. On February 20,
196^ they counted a dozen more dead fish (carp and bass) in this same
area.
Summary of Minnesota River Water Quality
The lower 109 miles of the Minnesota River was rather turbid (<25 to
250 units) and during the summer had a coliform density in excess of
5,000 MPK/100 ml. The minimum DO level with no ice cover was in excess
of 5 mg/1 everywhere except in the lower 25 miles where it was greater
than 3.0 mg/1. The ammonia nitrogen level was less than 0.8 mg/1 during
-------
the summer over the entire length. The maximum temperature was less than
86°F everywhere except in the reach between MM 8.U and. MN 3.0.
During periods of ice cover, the DO level in the lower 25 miles
became critically low. Ammonia nitrogen levels were also higher in this
reach (
-------
MINNESOTA
RIVER MILES
MN J10 0-
BE-1
MN 100.0-
MN 90.0-
MN 80.0
MN 70.0
MN 60.0
MN 50.0
MN 40.0
CR —
MN 3O.O
MN 20.0
MN 10.0
MN O.O1-—UM
LEGEND
BE Blue Earth River
CR Carver Rapids
UM Mississippi River
• Indicates where water was unsuitable
for the designated use
I. For use on crops not normally cooked before
eaten
NOTE'. During wmter, the lower 29 miles were
suitable for use as cooling water and
esthetic enjoyment, only.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WATER USES AFFECTED
ALONG MINNESOTA RIVER
JUNE 2-NOVEMBER 3, 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-27
-------
July-September period, Maximum flow usually occurs in April. This flow
pattern is illustrated in Figure V-28 which gives the range of mean
monthly discharges near Stillwater, Minnesota (SC 23.3) for the period
The river is a free flowing stream "between St. Croix Falls (SC 52.5)
and Stillwater (SC 23.3) with three domestic waste discharges and one
significant tributary, the Apple River. Below Stillwater the river is
known as Lake St. Croix and is part of the pool formed "by Lock and Dam
No. 3 on the Mississippi River. Lake St. Croix receives wastes from
three •municipalities and two industries.
Stations along the 52-mile segment were sampled periodically between
July 23 and September 21, 196^ and on a daily basis over the September
8-16, 1965 period. The station located nearest the mouth (SC 1.0) \/as
sampled periodically from June 2k, ll96h to October 28, 1961* and on a
bi-hourly basis between February 2k and 26, 1965. This station was also
monitored during the third sampling phase of the Mississippi River survey.
During the July 23-September 21, 196U period the flow at Stillwater
varied from 1520 to 6202 cfs, averaging 2600 cfs. The flow at this point
averaged 2370 cfs during the nine-consecutive day survey in 19^5* Water
quality was not evaluated at flows in the high range ( .£,000 cfs at
St. Croix Falls). Only samples collected in the low (less than 1,000 cfs)
and intermediate (1,000-6,000 cfs) ranges were considered to be repre-
sentative of usual conditions.
Survey results are given in Figures V-29 through V-35. These data
are discussed below by river segments.
St. Croix River at Taylors Falls
Water quality of the St. Croix River as it entered the study area
-------
I05
9
8
7
6
•a
c
o
u
0)
0.
o
IS
U
I
U
I/)
9
8
7
6
5
to3
0
NOTE
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
ST. CROIX RIVER
AT STILLWATER, MINNESOTA
MAXIMUM
MEAN
MINIMUM
N
D
F M A
Month
M
MAXIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MEAN OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
MINIMUM OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
RANGE OF MEAN
MONTHLY DISCHARGES
WATER YEARS 1940 - 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-28
-------
Dissolved Oxygen BOD (5 day, 20°C) Maximum
Milligrams Per Liter Milligrams Per Liter Temperature, °F
O m oo yi o OB co <0
o b bo b bomo
P 1 1 | 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 F 1 | 1 1 1 1 | 1 1 1 1 | |
• . ~
•
• -
•
- -
:[ |,,H 1:
(rt
2 u
H
V) <
_ * *
O _l
-J _J
_ f ft J
1 | | { 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 | 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 [ 1 1 1 1 I I I I | 1 1 1 1 1 I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1
50 40 30 20 10 0
St. Croix River Miles
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
-EGEND TPMD HHR AMD no
r Maximum value TLTMP., DOD, AND DO
Average value ST CRO|X RIVER
Minimum value
Less than value JUNE -OCTOBER, 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
' ADMIN
REGION V ' CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-29
-------
o>
o
c —
o v
0> 0>
6E
r~ i i i • • • ' i
2 .Oi—
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1.0
I I I I I I
1 -I
Is
o.o
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.3
0.2
± O.I
0.0
L i . I i i . i I
1 I I I I 1 I 1 1
50
LEGEND
I Maximum value
Average value
Minimum value
40
St. Croix
30
20
River Miles
10
J J
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
ORG-N, NH3-N, N03-N
AND ORTHO-P04
ST. CROIX RIVER
JUNE -OCTOBER, 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
EGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-30
-------
r i
•E iff
o
o
£.
D
Q
E 10
k_
o
O
O
iov
-•= Iff
O
O
c
HI
O
E 10'
io°L Z
L I
i ' ' ' ' i • ' ' ' i ' ' !~n
i
50
LEGEND
Maximum value
Minimum value
Less than value
40
St. Croix
30
River
20
Miles
10
_J
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
TOTAL AND FECAL
COLIFORM DENSITY
ST. CROIX RIVER
JUNE-OCTOBER, 1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-31
-------
r <~T
• 70
•>
tl
60
5.0
4.0
u 3-°
o £
c\j >-
„£ 2.0
m o
~ I* 1.0
o -
o -
O.O1-
IS.Oi-
10.0
*o 6
52
5.0
0.0
h I
L i i I i i i i I i i i i I . i . i I . i
50
LEGEND
I Maximum value
Average value
Minimum value
40
St Croix
I I | | i | | | XI i 1J
30 20
River Miles
i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I _J
10 0
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
TEMP., BOD, AND DO
ST. CROIX RIVER
SEPT. 8-SEPT. 16, 1965
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-32
-------
|— r i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i > i i i < i i i i i i f i i i i i
I.Oi-
c
I)
c —
O X
0> 01
0.5
0.0
1.0
0.5
z -
II
0.0
1.0
c
V
ft
H
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.2
O.? 0.
0.0
tl
L
50
| ||| | 1
| |i IJil 1
40
St. Cro'at
30
River
20
Miles
10
J
LEGEND
Maximum
Average
Minimum
value
value
value
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
ORG-N, NH3-N, N03-N
AND ORTHO-P04
ST. CROIX RIVER
SEPT. 8 - SEPT. 16, 1965
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-33
-------
r i
10'
t>
o
E 10
k.
o
o
o
1
k»
£
a
I01
o
o
—
-------
o
p
Oi
o
CT
V)
8.
c.
o
CT
01
CT
O
250
200
150
100
50
-o w
E E
£6
10
15
20
ST. CROIX
FALLS
DAM
I1
50 40 RIVER 30 MILES
1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
From both
quantitative and qualitative samples
LEGEND
Pollution tolerant organisms
Pollution sensitive organisms
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
BOTTOM ORGANISM DATA
ST. CROIX RIVER
1964
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-35
-------
at Taylors Falls during l$6k and 1965 was good. The water was high in
DO, low in BOD, turbidity, and coliforms and there were no visible signs
of pollution such as floating solids or liquids or excessive unnatural
color. The water quality remained essentially unchanged between this
point and Stillwater, 27 miles downstream.
St. Crpix River - Taylors. Falls to Stillwater
Chemical and Physical Quality. The waters of this segment were
found to be of good quality. The minimum DO during the summer of 196*1
was 5»5 ing/1; (62 percent of saturation) the average DO was 7.3 mg/1.
The 5-day (20°C) BOD averaged 3.5 mg/1. The maximum temperature measured
was 85°F. Ammonia nitrogen levels ranged from 0.06 to O.U8 mg/1,
averaging 0.20 mg/1.
Although the turbidity was always low (<25 units) the water had a
rusty color, apparently caused by the leaching of natural pigments from
bog areas further upstream.
The organic and nutrient loadings received from the Taylors Falls,
St. Croix Falls, and Osceola sewage treatment plants were too small to
be detected in the river.
Bacteriological Quality. The coliform density at SC 51.8 during the
summer was low, ranging from 130 to 1300 MEN/100 ml. It was slightly
higher at SC ¥*.8, ranging from UOO to 2210 MEN/100 ml. At Stillwater
(SC 23.3) the density ranged from 300 to 2,^00 MEN/100 ml, averaging about
1,000 MEN/100 ml. Fecal coliform made up approximately 10-30 percent
of the total at SC 51.3, 1-60 percent of the total at SC W.8, and 1-17
percent of the total at SC 23.3. The density of fecal streptococci was
also determined on several occasions at SC 23.3 and found to range
between 5 and 92 per 100 ml. Total coliform densities during the nine-
V-43
-------
consecutive day survey in 1965 were lower, averaging 350 and 165 MM/100
ml at SO 51.8 and SO 23.3, respectively.
BiologicaJL Quality^ Algae populations did not approach nuisance
levels in this segment even though nutrient concentrations were sufficient
to allow it (provided other conditions were also suitable). Total inor-
ganic nitrogen and orthophosphate concentrations averaged 0.32 and 0.09
mg/1, respectively, during the summer of 196k. Similar levels were also
found during the nine-consecutive day survey conducted in 19&5.
The stream bed of this segment is composed of sand, gravel, rocks,
and boulders which supported a wide variety of animals including pol-
lution sensitive stoneflies, mayflies, caddis flies, and unionid clams.
Small numbers of pollution tolerant midges and sludgeworms were also
present.
No quantitative information was available on relative proportions
of game and rough fish in this segment. However, field observations
by staff of the Project and the Minnesota Department of Conservation
lend evidence of a substantial sports fishery in this segment.
Effects on Water Uses. The waters were suitable for all uses,
although occasionally the bacteriological quality of the water in the
vicinity of Osceola, Wisconsin (SC M*.8) became marginal for whole body
contact activities.
St. Croix River - Stillwater to Mouth
Chemical and Physical Quality, This segment, known as Lake St.
Croix, ds more characteristic of a lake than a river, At flows under
6,000 cfs the mean velocity is less than 0.2 ft/sec and the mean depth
is 31 feet. At low and intermediate flows the volume of water in this
segment is constant, regardless of the flow rate because of Lock and Dam
-------
No, 3. The wastes discharged into this large volume of water by the three
communities and two industries along its "banks produce no detectable
change in the water quality.
During the summer of 196U the DO ranged from 5.7 to 8.9 mg/1 at the
upper end (SC 23.3) and from 5.1 to 9.2 mg/1 at the lower end (SC 1.0).
The minimum DO measured in the winter at SC 1.0 was 8.8 mg/1. This
wide fluctuation in DO during the summer was caused by algal activity
rather than by a varying pollution loading. The average BOD ranged from
3«5 wg/1 a
-------
end Anabaena sp, The total algae densities at SC l*uO and SC 8.0 out
in midstream were ^,188 and 1,19^ per ml, respectively* Another algal
"bloom consisting primarily of Anacystis sp, (a blue-green algae), was
observed during the same period along the western shoreline of Lake St.
Croix near SC 0.3. The algal cells covered shoreline rocks with a green
slime.
The bottom survey verified what was indicated by the extremely low
velocity of flow; that Lake St. Croix is a settling basin for organics
and other materials carried in from upstream. Bottom materials were
composed of sand, natural organics such as decaying leaves and plant
fragments, and organic sludges. Further indication of organic accumula-
tions was the presence of significant sludgeworm populations. These
populations were low during the summer of l$6h, ranging from an average
of 12 per square foot at SC 12.0 to 122 per square foot at SC 3.8. The
latter station was the only one where the density exceeded 100 per square
foot. These densities increased to a maximum at SC 7.0 of 296 and 289
per square foot during the fall and winter, respectively, with a general
increase to greater than 100 per square foot at the other stations
sampled. Where samples were collected at depths greater than 15 feet,
invariably there was an association of Tendipes sp, midges, phantom
midges, and sludgeworms which are typical of eutrophic ("food rich")
lakes. In the shallows (-<5 feet deep) where qualitative samples were
collected, a typical association of animals was found which included
both the clean-water associated mayflies, caddis flies, unionid clams,
and pollution tolerant snails, dragon flies, damsel flies, scuds, sow
bugs, leaches, midges and sludgeworms.
V-U6
-------
Based, on the benthic and nutrient data, this lake reach of the river
is unpolluted with a strong eutrophic tendency. Surface runoff from
agricultural lands and natural sources contributes the majority of the
nutrients and organic materials that maintain the fertility of the lake.
The fact that a large and varied fish population is maintained in
this segment is evidenced by the considerable amount of commercial and
sports fishing that is practiced each year in this reach. A yearly
average of 369,225 pounds of rough fish (including catfish) was obtained
by commercial fishermen during the years from 1950 through 1962. This
amounted to about ^5 pounds of fish per acre per year. During the same
period the annual commercial catch in Lake Pepin averaged 58 pounds per
acre.
The flesh of fish caught near Bayport, Minnesota (SC 20.o) was
evaluated in the fish palatability test mentioned previously. Carp,
smallmouth bass, and walleye pike received mean palatability ratings of
5.1, 6.0, and 6.2, respectively, which were among the highest ratings
received by any of the fish evaluated from the entire study area.
Effects on Water Uses. The waters were suitable for all uses
being practiced in this segment. In certain areas along the shoreline,
however, excessive algal growths in the summers threatened the esthetic
quality of the water. This condition can only be reduced or eliminated
through more effective land management practices which would reduce the
amount of nutrients reaching the stream.
Summary of St. Croix Eiyer Quality
The lower 52 miles of the St. Croix River was found to be unpolluted
and suitable for all water uses practiced along it. The minimum DO
measured was 5,1 mg/1; the maximum temperature was 85°F. Average coliform
V-4?
-------
densities -were less them 1,000 MPN/100 ml. Bottom organism data, nutrient
data, and observed algal "blooms indicate, however, that Lake St. Croix
is eutrophic.
No water uses presently in practice along the length of the river
studied were adversely affected by the water quality except, possibly,
for the esthetic quality in those shoreline areas where algal blooms
occurred,
EFFECTS OF PRESENT WASTE LOADINGS ON WATER QUALITY AT LOW STREAM FLOWS
General
The effect that a given waste loading has on stream quality depends
upon the flow in the stream. At low flows there is less dilution and
hence the effect is more severe. As a minimum requirement waste loadings
should not exceed an amount that will affect water uses during the 7-con-
secutive day once in ten-year siamner or winter low flow, whichever is
t£ie more critical.
The summer (July - September) and winter (December - February)
7-consecutive day low flows with a recurrence interval of 10 years were
determined for several gaging stations using data collected by the U.S.
Geological Survey between 19^-0 and 1964, These values, given in Table
V-5> are used in the following evaluations which determine the water
quality that can be expected at low flows with the waste loadings found
during the Project's Survey.
Mississippi River
Pis solved Oxygen. At the 7-consecutive day, once in 10-year low
summer flow the DO level will remain essentially the same over the reach
between Anoka and the MSSD outfall. Below this point it -vail drop from
-------
TABLE V-5
7-CONSECUTIVE DAY LOW FLOWS EXPECTED ONCE Bl 10 YEARS*
STATION
UM 81*7.6 (Lock & Dam Ho. l)
UM 839.14 (St. Paul)
UM 795.9 (Lock & Dam No. 3)
MtT 36.0 (Carver)
SC 23.3 (Stillwater)
STREAM FLOWj_
SUMMER
1,700
1,950
if, 200
320
1,570
CFS
WHITER
i,V70
1,900
^,250
180
1,650
^Calculated from USGS data collected during water years 19^0-196^, inclusive.
-------
about 7^0 mg/1 just above the outfall to 0.0 mg/1 near UM 835.0 (l.3
miles "below the MSSD outfall) and remain at this level on downstream to
Lock and Dam No. 2. From this point on, the stream will recover, reach-
ing 3«0 rag/1 or more after passage over Lock and Dam Ho. 2 at DM 015.2
and reaching 5.0 mg/1 at the confluence of the St. Croix River at U M
811.3 (provided the Taintor gates at Lock and Dam Wo. 2 are bulkheaded).
Thus at the summer low flow the existing waste loadings will lower the
DO level below 5 mg/1 in a 25-mile segment and "below 3 mg/1 in a 21-mile
segment (See Figure V-36).
During the winter low flow of similar frequency, the DO level will
remain essentially the same as far downstream as the Minnesota River. It
will drop slightly at this point as a result of the comparatively low DO
level of the \rater entering from the Minnesota River. Near the High Bridge
power plant open water will permit reaeration with an accompanying in-
crease in DO. A little father downstream the waste contributions by the
MSSD and South St. Paul sewage treatment plants will cause the DO level to
decrease steadily, reaching a low of zero about 3«5 miles above Lock and
Dam Ho. 2. This decrease in DO with distance downstream occurs at a much
lower rate in the winter than summer because the winter deoxygenation
rate is less than 10 percent of the summer rate. Even though the de-
oxygenation rate is low it is very significant because of the restricted
reaeration due to ice cover.
The DO level will increase to at least 3 mg/1 as the water is reaer-
ated during its passage over Lock & Dam No. 2 (provided the Taintor gates
are bulkheaded). Four miles father downstream the St. Croix River, with
its high quality water, will serve to increase the DO level still more, to
greater than 5 mg/1. Thus at low stream flows approximately the same seg-
ment of river is affected in summer as in winter. The effect on DO, how-
ever, is more vridespread in the summer.
-------
Nutrients (Summer Conditions). The nutrients of primary concern
are inorganic nitrogen and soluble phosphorus. Total nitrogen and phos-
phorus are considered here, however, since most if not all, of the total nitro-
gen and phosphorus found entering the water of the study area will event-
ually be transformed to the inorganic and soluble forms, respectively.
During the Project survey, total nitrogen and phosphorus concen-
trations in the waters entering the study area were generally about the
same, regardless of stream flow rates. This indicates that a predominant
amount of the nitrogen and phosphorus loadings accompanied surface runoff.
For this reason the total nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in the
waters entering the study area during the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10
year low flow were assumed to be equal to the values found during the Pro-
ject survey, which was carried out at higher stream flows. The increase in
concentrations resulting from present nitrogen and phosphorus loadings to
the stream were calculated for the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year low
summer flow and plotted in Figure V-37. No nutrient losses were assumed
to take place.
During this low flow period the total nitrogen concentration in the
water entering the study area at Anoka would be approximately 0.79 rag/1 •
Contributions by the Anoka sewage treatment plant and the Minnesota River
will increase it to 0.82 mg/1. The contribution of nitrogen from the
Minnesota River will increase it to 0.90 mg/1. The Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District, by far the largest single source will more than quadruple
the concentration, bring it up to 3.72 mg/1. Contributions from South St.
Paul and the industrial complex in the Spring Lake area will increase it
to k.kl mg/1. The St. Croix River, entering at UM 811.3, will have a
diluting effect, producing a nitrogen concentration of 2.69 mg/1 below
V-50
-------
_,,
"I i . I
Q
(M
SUIDJ6i||!W
J IDIOI
o i
o
_l
-------
its mouth and throughout the remainder of the river within the study
area.
The variation in total phosphorus concentration along the Mississippi
River will be similar to that of the nitrogen concentration just des-
cribed. The phosphorus level (measured in POj^) would be about 0.3k mg/1
upon entering the study area, increase to a maximum of 2.^9 mg/1 before
reaching the St. Croix River, and decrease to about l.ljl mg/1 below the
mouth of the St. Croix River.
During periods of low flow that portion of the Mississippi River
within the study area will exhibit very low velocities because of the
pooling effect of the dams. Each pool will, in many respects, resemble
a lake. It is generally agreed that a 0.30 mg/1 concentration of in-
organic nitrogen and 0.03 rag/1 concentration of soluble phosphorus (as
PO^) in a lake at the start of the active growing season could produce
nuisance algal blooms(l). Uith the nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations
anticipated during low flow periods, there is little doubt that there would
be more than enough nutrients to support nuisance algal blooms throughout
the entire length of the stream studied. For blooms to actually occur,
of course, other chemical and physical characteristics (e. g., pH,
temperature, and sunlight) must also be favorable.
Coliform Bacteria. The coliform density of the water upon enter-
ing the study area just below Anoka during low flow was assumed to be
5,000/100 ml, the average density found during the Project's survey. Die-
off rates during the low flow periods were assumed to follow those given
by Kittrell and Ftirfari. (2). Actual coliform die-off rates found dur-
ing the Project's survey agreed very closely with those given in this
reference.
Coliforras densities anticipated during the summer low flow
V-51
-------
(assuming no overflow from combined sewers) are given in Figure V-38.
During this period, the waters would be unsafe for even limited body
contact activities between DM 836.3 and Um 785. Whole body contact
activities would be safe only in the following reaches: UM 853 -
UM 836.U, UM ?80 - UM 772, and UM 771 - UM 763.5.
Coliform densities anticipated at the winter low flow are given
in Figure V-39* Limited body contact activities would be safe every-
where except in the reach between UM 836.3 and UM 781. Whole body
contact activities are not considered in winter.
Effects on Water Uses. The effects of existing pollution loadings
on water uses at the summer low flow are summarized in Figure V-^0.
Conditions during the winter low flow would be very similar and there-
fore are not shown.
Minnesota River
Dissolved Oxygen. At the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year rjmmer
low flow the DO level will remain essentially the same over the reach
between Mankato and Shakopee. Below this point it will drop, reaching
a lov/ of approximately 5 mg/1 at MN 10 and then increase slowly, to
approximately 5.5 mg/1 near the mouth (see Figure V-*fl).
During the winter low flow of similar frequency the DO profile will
show a slight but steady decrease from Mankato to the American Crystal
Sugar Company outfall, reflecting the satisfaction of BOD under ice
cover when reaeration is absent. Below the American Crystal Sugar out-
fall additional loadings will cause the DO profile to drop rather abruptly
reaching 0 mg/1 at MN 17. The DO level will remain at zero from this
point on downstream.
V-52
-------
I I
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10-
i
5
I I
10
I
15
I '
20
25
30
I '
35
Flow Time - Days
NOTE
Summer low flow is considered as the 7-
consecutive day, once in 10 year low flow.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PREDICTED
COLIFORM PROFILE
AT SUMMER LOW FLOW
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL'WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-38
-------
10
I I I I I I I I I I I I I
10
Flow Time - Days
NOTE ! Winter low flow is considered as the 7-
consecutive day, once in 10 year low flow.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PREDICTED
COLIFORM PROFILE
AT WINTER LOW FLOW
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-39
-------
MISSIS
RIVER
UM 870.0
UM 86O.O
UM 850.0-
MN —
UM 840.0-
UM 83O.O-
UM 820.0
UM 810.0-
UM 800.0-
UM 790.0
UM 780.0
UM 770.0
UM 760.0J
>S|PPI
MILES
RU
COON
•RAPIDS
DAM
ST ANTHONY
-FALLS
LOCK 8 DAM
LOCK 8 DAM
NUMBER 1
— MSSD
LOCK 8 DAM
NUMBER 2
— sc
LOCK 9 DAM
"NUMBFR 3
— CH
LEGEND
POTABLE WATER
NON -POTABLE
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
COOLING
HYDROELECTRIC
IRRIGATION
STOCK AND
WILDLIFE
WATERING
RU RUM R1VFR
WN MINNESOTA HIVER
SC ST CROIX HIVER
CM CHIPPEAA RIVER
MSSD MINNEAPOLIS - ST. PAUL SANITARY DISTRICT
• INDICATES WHERF WATFH WAS UNSUITABLE FOR THE
DESIGNATED USL
1 FOR USE ON CROPS NOT NORMALLY COOKED BEFORE EATEN
NOTE A LOW FLOW IS CONSIDERED AS THE 7 - CONSFCUTlVE
DAY, ONCE IN O-YEAR LOW FLOW
B PROVIDED TAINTQR GATES AT LOCK & DAM NUMBER 2
ARE 8ULKHEAOED N ORDER TO PROVIDE OPTIMUM
REAERATlON.
C NO STORM RUNOFF IS ASSUMED TO OCCUR
WASTE
ASSIMILATION
WHOLE BODY
CONTACT
ACTIVITIES
-
LIMITED BODY
CONTACT
ACTIVITIES
ESTHETIC
ENJOYMENT
POLLUTION
SENSITIVE
AQUATIC LIFE
POLLUTION
TOLERANT
AQUATIC LIFE
1
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WATER USES AFFECTED
ALONG MISSISSIPPI RIVER
AT SUMMER LOW FLOW
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN
REGION V CHICAGO, ILUNOIS
FIGURE V-40
-------
Thus conditions in the lower Minnesota River from a dissolved
oxygen standpoint will be much more critical at low flow during winter
rather than summer because of the greater organic loading and almost
complete ice cover at this time of year,
Nutrients (Summer Conditions), The procedure for evaluating nutrients
in the Minnesota Biver under low flow conditions follows closely that
used for the Mississippi River, Ground water infiltration, which accounts
for most of the increase in flow between Mankato and the mouth, was
assumed to be void of any nitrogen or phosphorus. This produced a diluting
effect on the nutrient concentrations in the stream.
The total nitrogen and phosphorus profiles expected in the Minnesota
River at the summer low flow are given in Figure V-^2. The anticipated
nitrogen concentrations range from 0.57 to 1.15 mg/1 while the phosphorus
concentrations (as P%) range between 0.38 and 0.76 mg/1. Here also, there's
little doubt there will be sufficient concentrations of nutrients to
support nuisance algal blooms throughout the entire length of the stream
studied. Again, it is emphasized that other conditions (e.g,, pH,
temperature, and sunlight) must also be suitable for blooms to actually
occur,
Coliform Bacteria, The procedure for evaluating coliform densities
on the Minnesota River was also similar to that used for the Mississippi
River, The coliform density of the water entering the study area just
above Mankato was assumed to be 5,000/100 ml, the average density found
during the Rroject's srjrvey.
The coliform profile anticipated at the summer low flow is given in
Figure V-l*3. During this period the waters will be suitable for limited
body contact activities between river miles MK M* and MN 29.1*, only,
V-53
-------
I \
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II
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0)
II
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c
NOTE! Summer low flow is considered as the 7
consecutive day, once in 10 year low flow.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PREDICTED
NUTRIENT PROFILE
AT SUMMER LOW FLOW
MINNESOTA RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-42
-------
10-
o
o
•I
Q.
ti
XI
E
3
«l
O
E
k_
o
o
o
I04H
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10-
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13
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V
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£ Z"1
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ui gt-
Ci: _
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in
.
o
ocx
K
i
-------
The waters vrill not be suitable for whole body contact activities any-
where along the entire reach studied.
The coliform profile anticipated at the winter low flow is given in
Figure V-M. During this period the waters will be suitable for limited
body contact activities between river miles MN 52 and MN 29.^ only. Whole
body contact activities are not considered in winter.
Effects on Water Uses., The water uses that will be affected by exist-
ing pollution loadings at the winter low flow are given in Figure V-^5.
The same water uses will be affected at the summer low flow, with the
exception of maintenance of pollution tolerant aquatic life.
St. Croix River
Waste sources along the St. Croix River within the study area would
not produce any significant changes in water quality even at the low flow
being considered here. Water quality at the low flow can be expected to
be essentially the same as that found during the Project's survey.
Nutrient concentrations, which were found to be sufficient to support
nuisance algal blooms, will continue to be high until natural and agricul-
tural sources in the St. Croix drainage area are brought under greater
control. Total nitrogen and phosphorus profiles expected in the St. Croix
River at the summer low flow are given in Figure V-46.
WATER USE CATEGORIES APPLICABLE TO STREAMS OF STUDY AREA
General
As a minimum requirement, all waters of the study area should be
of sufficient quality to support the following water uses: Maintenance
of pollution tolerant fish and aquatic life, navigation and esthetic
enjoyment. Waters of this quality will also generally support the
following uses: Irrigation, stock and wildlife watering,
-------
10'-
I06H
I05H
o
o
s.
.0
E
3
M
C
u
Q
o
u
a
,o
10'-
5 10
Flow Time - Days
I
15
20
NOTE:
Winter low flow is considered as the 7-
consecutive day, once in 10 year low flow.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PREDICTED
COLIFORM PROFILE
AT WINTER LOW FLOW
MINNESOTA RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
EGION V CHICAGO. ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-44
-------
MINNE
RIVER
MN 110.0-
BE-T"
MN 1000-
MN 90.0
MN 80.0-
MN 70.0-
MN 60.0-
MN 50.0-
MN 40.0-
f D
(^r\
MN 30.0
MN 20.O-
MN 100-
MN 0.0-
ISOTA
MILES
1 I ft J
POTABLE WATER
NON POTABLE
INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS
COOLING
HYDROELECTRIC
IRRIGATION
.
1
1
STOCK AND
WILDLIFE
WATERING
.
1
1
LEGEND
BE Blue Earth River
CR Carver Rapids
UM Mississippi River
• Indicates where water was unsuitable
for the designated use
NOTE. A. Low flow is considered as the 7-
consecutive day, once in 10- year
winter low flow.
B. No storm water runoff is assumpd
ro occur.
WASTE
ASSIMILATION
WHOLE BODY
CONTACT
ACTIVITIES
LIMITED BODY
CONTACT
ACTIVITIES
.
1
1
ESTHETIC
ENJOYMENT
POLLUTION
SENSITIVE
AQUATIC LIFE
1
L POLLUTION
TOLERANT
AQUATIC LIFE
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
WATER USES AFFECTED
ALONG MINNESOTA RIVER
AT WINTER LOW FLOW
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V- 45
-------
o
,J
III
9
I I I I
I-
I I I
I
10
in
ti
m ~
o »
to a;
m
o
q
6
in
ci
a aj
p
6
UOIIDJIU33UO3
NOTE: Summer low flow is considered os the 7
consecutive day, once in 10 year low flow.
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
PREDICTED
NUTRIENT PROFILE
AT SUMMER LOW FLOW
ST. CROIX RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
REGION V ' CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-46
-------
limited body contact recreational activities, commercial fishing, and a
source of cooling and industrial non-potable process water. These uses
would require maximum temperature, turbidity, ammonia, and phenol limits
of 90°!", 250 units, 2.0, and 0,01 mg/1, respectively; a minimum DO of
3 mg/1; and an average coliform density of < 5,000 /100 ml. Of course,
floating liquids and solids should also be absent. (An additional decrease
in the turbidity and coliform density to less than 25 units and 1,000/100
ml, respectively, would also permit whole body contact activities).
By increasing the minimum dissolved oxygen concentration to 5 mg/lj
decreasing the maximum temperature and ammonia values to 86°F and 1.0
mg/1, respectively, waters suitable for the uses described in the pre-
ceding paragraph would also be suitable for the maintenance of a well-
mixed population of fish. If the turbidity, phenol, and coliform limits
were decreased still further, to 25 units, 0.001 mg/1 and -^,000/100 ml,
respectively, the water would also be suitable as a source of raw water
for a potable supply.
For the major rivers within the study area, then, it is convenient
to group water uses into four general categories: Groups A, B, C, and
D.
Water JJse Group D
Water uses in this group include the following:
1. Maintenance of pollution tolerant aquatic life
2. Irrigation
3. Stock and wildlife watering
h. Limited body contact recreational activities
5. Source of non-potable industrial process water
6, Source of cooling water
V-55
-------
7. Commercial fishing
8. Navigation
9. Waste assimilation
10. Hydroelectric
11. Esthetic enjoyment
The minimum water quality necessary to maintain these water uses
should be as follows:
Parameter Limiting Value
Temperature (Maximum) 90°F
Dissolved Oxygen (Minimum) 3.0 mg/1
Ammonia, as nitrogen (Maximum) 2.0 mg/1
Turbidity (Maximum) 250 Units
Phenol (Maximum) 0.01 mg/1
Coliform (Average) <5,000 /IQQ ml,
In addition, there should be an absence of visible floating, sus-
pended, or settled solids; floating grease and oil; discoloration; foam;
slimes; excessive algal growths, acidity, alkalinity, and materials in
concentrations sufficient to be harmful to aquatic life.
Water Use Grojip C
Water uses in this group include all uses in Group D plus whole
body contact recreational activities.
The water quality parameter limits qucrted for Group D apply for
Group A, except as listed below:
Parameter Limiting Value
Turbidity (Maximum) 25 Units
Coliform (Average) < 1,000 /mo ml.
V-56
-------
Water Use Group B
Water uses in this group include all uses in Group D plus the main-
tenance of pollution sensitive aquatic life and sport fishing.
The water quality parameter limits quoted for Group D uses apply
for Group B uses, except as listed below:
Parameter Limiting
Temperature (Maximum) 86°F
Dissolved Oxygen (Minimum) 5.0 mg/1
Ammonia, as nitrogen (Maximum) 1.0 mg/1
Water Use Group A
Water uses in this group include all those in Group B plus the use
as a source of potable water supply.
The water quality parameter limits quoted for Group B apply for
Group A, except as listed below:
Parameter Limiting Value
Turbidity (Maximum) 25 Units
Phenol (Maximum) 0.001 mg/1
Coliform (Average) ^,000 /10D ml
Water Use Groups A^ and B^
These subscripted groups are used to define stream reaches that
have or should have water of a quality designated by the corresponding
non-subscripted group, but which have sandy beds and cannot support
much, if any, bottom life regardless of the quality of the overlying
water. This condition results in a fairly high percentage of rough fish
in the total fish population, even in the absence of pollution. Many
species of game fish will generally occupy these waters, but in relatively
low numbers in comparison to rough fish.
V-57
-------
PLAN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MISSISSIPPI RIVER
General
The parameters of real concern are dissolved oxygen and coliforms
since they will "be the most difficult ones to bring to acceptable
levels. In most cases the treatment required to obtain the desired DO
levels will also be sufficient to obtain the desired ammonia, turbidity,
and phenol levels. In the evaluation then, only the DO and coliform re-
movals necessary to meet the limits given for each water use group will
be discussed.
The criteria for each water use group in this discussion are re-
duced, then, to the following:
WATER USE GROUP DO (Min) TOTAL COLIFORMS
mg/1 (Avg.)
No/100 ml
D 3 < 5,000
C 3 < 1,000
B 5 < 5,000
A 5 < ^,000
The location of waste sources and certain water use practices
along the Mississippi River makes it convenient and logical to divide
the river into five discrete segments for consideration of a water use
program. These are the same segments into which the river was divided
in the discussion on present Mississippi River water quality.
Recommended Water Use Program
The highest water use program felt to be practicable for each segment
Y-58
-------
of the Mississippi River studied is shown in Table V-6. The waters
should be fit for all the stated uses at stream flows equal to or
greater than the 7-consecutive day once in 10-year low flow. Under
this program, Segment I (Anoka to St. Anthony Falls) would be suitable
for all uses considered in this report (Groups A and C). Segment II
(St. Anthony Falls to MSSD) would be suitable for Groups B and C uses,
which includes all those except for a source of potable water supply.
At times the Peach between the Minnesota River and MSSD may be too
turbid for whole body contact activites because of the Minnesota River's
inflow. Segment III (MSSD to Lock & Dam No. 2) would be suitable for
Group D uses, which includes all those listed under Group B, except for
the maintenance of pollution sensitive aquatic life and sport fishing.
Actually, at stream flows greater than 5»000 cfs, this segment would be
fairly suitable for these uses as well. The two remaining segments
extending from (Lock and Dam No. 2 to the Chippewa River) would be suitable
for Groups B and C which include all uses except for a source of potable
water supply.
Abatement Requirements
Anoka to St. Anthony Falls.j No improvements are needed in this seg-
ment to maintain a minimum DO of 5 mg/1. The most significant source of
oxygen demanding wastes here during dry weather is the Anoka sewage treat-
ment plant whose discharge of 150 Ib/day of 5-day BOD produces no detect-
able effect on the consistently high DO level in the river even at the
7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year low flow.
The average coliform density of the incoming waters of the
Mississippi and Rum Rivers is approximately 5,000 MEN/100 ml. The
Anoka plant effluent, which contains about 300,000 MM/100 ml, increases
the coliform density along the east bank above 5,000 MPW/100 ml for a
V-59
-------
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short distance downstream.
To maintain a coliform density not exceeding 1,000 MPK/100 ml in
this segment during the summer, sources above the study area on the
Mississippi and Rum Rivers would have to be brought under greater con-
trol.
The Anoka plant effluent coliform density would also have to be
reduced to not greater than 1,000 MEN/100 ml during the summer to con-
form with these conditions. In winter, a stream coliform density not
exceeding 5,000 MM/100 ml would be accpetable.
St. Anthony Falls to MSSD Outfall. During low flow it is especially
important to maintain the DO level in this segment higher than the 5 Kg/1
required for maintenance of pollution sensitive aquative life so that
wastes from MSSD and South St. Paul can be assimilated with a minimum
of detrimental effect. It would be desirable from this standpoint to
maintain a DO level of about 7 wg/1 or more in the river at DM 836.^,
immediately above the MSSD outfall.
At UM 81*5 • 5 (above the Minnesota River) the August and January DO
exceeded 7.5 and 11.0 mg/1, respectively, 50 percent of the time between
19^42 and 1955 (3). Values were independent of stream flow.
The most significant contribution of BOD and coliforms in this
segment are combined sewer overflows and the Minnesota River. In dry
weather, then, the only source of consequence is the Minnesota River.
To maintain a DO of 7 rag/1 or more 50 percent of the time in the Mississippi
River during August at UM 836.^ then, the minimum DO level that can be
tolerated during August in the Minnesota River at its mouth is 5.0 mg/1.
(During January, the Minnesota River DO could drop to zero without lower-
ing the DO in the Mississippi River below 8.8 mg/1 50 percent of the time).
Since the minimum DO level (hourly average) anticipated in the Minnesota
V-60
-------
River at its mouth during the summer low flow, even without any improve-
ments, above 5 *ng/l> there should be no problem in maintaining a DO
level of 7 mg/1 or more in the reach immediately above the MSSD outfall.
If the coliform density of wastes discharged to the Minnesota
.River do not exceed 5,000/100 ml, dilution and die-off in the stream
should result in a coliform density of about 1,000/100 ml at the mouth
during dry weather. The coliform density of the water entering this seg-
ment of the Mississippi River from above during dry weather (and with no
combined sewers overflowing) is also expected to be about 1,000/100 ml.
Hence, by making the minimum of improvements on Minnesota River coli-
form levels, a coliform level not exceeding 1,000/100 ml will be assured
in this segment of the Mississippi River during dry weather. Practice
of whole body contact activities should not be considered in this seg-
ment, however, until a solution is found to the combined sewer overflow
problem. Once a solution is found, the average coliform density in this
segment should not exceed 1,000/100 ml, the limit specified for whole
body contact activities.
MSSD Outfall to Lock & Dam No. 2. This segment of the river has
only two waste sources which produce a measurable effect on the stream's
DO level. These are the MSSD and South St. Paul sewage treatment plants.
At the 1965 loading rates these plants will cause the DO level in the
Mississippi River to drop to zero at low summer and winter flows (see
Figure V-^7),
To ensure a minimum DO of 3 mg/1 in the river at the 7-consecutive-
day, once in 10-year low summer flow, (the more critical condition) the
maximum discharge of 5-day (20°) BOD permitted in the reach occupied by
V-61
-------
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LEGEND
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SUMMER LOW FLOW -
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830 820 810 800
River Miles
CURVE COMBINED MSSD a SSPSTP LOADING
TYPE POUNDS PER DAY, 5- DAY, 20°C BOD
267,800 (1965 loading)
68.5OO
NOTES! . It is assumed that taintor gales at Lock and
Dam Number 2 are bulkheaded.
2. Summer and winter low flows are considered
as the 7
low flow.
lunseiui i vc uuy, uncc in iwycur
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
EFFECTS OF TREATMENT PLANT
.OADINGS ON MISSISSIPPI RIVER
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE
AT LOW FLOW
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-47
-------
the two plants is 68,500 pounds/day. (At present MSSD and South St.
Paul are the only sources that need be considered). If this loading were
apportioned in a manner that would result in equal effluent concentrat-
ions, MSSD and South St. Paul could discharge kO mg/1 of BOD, based on
their 1965 flow rates. If, however, the loading were apportioned in a
manner that would result in equal removal efficiencies, they would each
have to provide 87.5 percent removal, based on 1965 loading rates.
The effect on the stream DO level of reducing the maximum BOD
loading by the waste contributors to 68,500 pounds/day is illustrated
in Figure V-V7. Information on data used to calculate these curves is
given in the appendix.
To ensure a maximum coliform density of 5,000/100 ml in this seg-
ment of the river during dry weather, none of the discharges to the
river should contain more than 5,000 coliforms/100 ml. At this level,
dilution provided by the stream would be sufficient to maintain the
density in the stream at the point of maximum regrowth to less than
5,000/100 ml. To meet this requirement, the sources listed in Table V-7
would have to remove between 60.63 and 99»97 percent of coliforms presently
in their effluents. The greatest removal, 99.97 percent, would have to
be provided by the MSSD plant. Judging from the performance of other
metropolitan plants, this degree of removal is not unreasonably difficult
to attain. The Detroit, Michigan primary sewage treatment plant, for
example, receives about 2.7 times as much sex-rage (-with a geometric mean
coliform density of 31,600,000 MPN/100 ml) as the MSSD plant. It can
consistently provide 99.999 percent removal, producing an effluent with
a geometric mean coliform density of 2^5 MPN/100 ml.
V-62
-------
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To minimize the tainting of fish flesh, the concentration of phenolic
compounds should not exceed 0.01 mg/1 at the 7-consecutive day, once in
10-year low winter flow. The maximum allowable discharge of these com-
pounds to this segment, then, is 110 pounds/day. During 1965, 88? pounds/day
were being discharged to this segment, 850 pounds/day of it by MSSD. The
loading rate of phenolic compounds will have to be reduced by 87 percent,
then, in order to meet the recommended level.
Loclt & Dam No. 2 to Lock & Dam No. 3, The DO level in this segment
of the River is controlled primarily by the DO level and oxygen demanding
materials associated with the water coming in from the above segment.
Hone of the waste sources along the segment have a measurable effect on
the DO. The St. Croix River, entering four miles below lock & Dam Ho. 2,
provides a favorable effect below the confluence because of its con-
sistently high quality. Hence, the DO level in the reach between Lock
& Dam Ho, 2 and the mouth of the St. Croix River, as in the above segment,
is influenced principally by the MSSD and South St. Paul sewage treatment
plant discharges.
If sufficient treatment is provided by the two plants to maintain
a. 3 mg/1 DO level in the above segment at low flows, no additional treat-
ment will be required to maintain 5 mg/1 of DO in this segment (provided
the Taintor gates at Lock & Dam Ho. 2 are bulkheaded).
If the coliform density of all wastes discharged to the previous
segment do not exceed 5,000/100 ml, then the coliform density of the
water entering this segment from above would be in the range of 1,000/100
ml because of dilution and die-off. The St. Croix River, also having a
relatively low bacteriological density, would not produce any increase
in the density.
V-63
-------
There ore only two waste sources that could affect the bacteriolog-
ical quality here. These are the Hastings, Minnesota and Prescott,
Wisconsin sewage treatment plants. To preserve tne bacteriological
quality that will result from upstream abatement efforts, then the coli-
form density of these plants' effluents should not exceed 1,000/100 ml.
During winter when a density of up to 5,000 coliforms/100 ml would be
acceptable, the colifurm density of the two effluents may be as high as
5,000/100 ml.
Lock & Dam No, 3 to Chippewa River. If sufficient treatment is pro-
vided by the MSSD and South St. Paul plants to maintain a 3 mg/1 DO level
in the critical reach below them during low flows, no additional treat-
ment will be required to ensure a DO level in this segment of at least
5 mg/1. Hone of the waste sources in this segment produce a measurable
effect on the DO level.
If the coliform density of all upstream waste discharges is held to
5,000/100 ml or less, the coliform density of the waters entering this
segment should be wen below 1,000/100 ml. To preserve the high quality
resulting from upstream abatement efforts, the wastes discharged to this
segment should contain no more than 1,000/100 ml. During winter when a
density of up to 5,000 coliforms/100 ml in the river is acceptable, the
coliform density in the discharges may be as high as 5,000/100 ml.
Suwnary of Abatement Requirements. To attain the recommended water
use program, the following abatement measures are imperative:
1. Reduce coliform levels in the Mississippi and Rum River waters
entering study area to< 1,000/100 ml during the bathing season
and to< 5>000/100 ml during the rest of the time.
-------
2. Reduce coliform levels in all waste discharges to Segments I
and II of the river to 1,000/100 ml during the bathing season
and to 5,000/100 ml during the rest of the time.
3. Maintain a coliform density of 5,000/100 ml in the Minnesota
River at its mouth,
k, Reduce waste loads from the MSSD and South St. Paul sewage treat-
ment plants so that combined discharges of 5-day BOD do not
exceed 68,500 pounds/day.
5. Reduce loading of phenolic compounds to-110 pounds/day in
Segment HI.
6. Reduce coliform densities to <5,000/100 ml in all wastes dis-
charged to Segment III.
7. In Segments IV and V, reduce coliform densities to <1,000/100
ml during the bathing season and to 5*000/100 ml during the
rest of the time.
It is emphasized that these are the minimum improvements necessary
to obtain a water quality suitable for the recommended water use pro-
gram. In addition to these measures, all waste contributors should
provide the greatest amount of treatment practicable in order to make
the river as clean as possible. More specific information concerning
what is expected of all waste contributors is given in the Recommendations.
In order to maintain this recommended water use program in the
future, successively higher BOD removal efficiencies will be required as
greater waste quanities are generated, especially in the areas served by
the MSSD and South St. Paul sewage treatments plants. If, for instance,
the population served by MSSD increased as predicted and equal effluent
concentrations are maintained by MSSD and South St. Paul, MSSD will have
V-65
-------
to provide BOD removals of 88, 90, and 9U percent by the years 1970} 1980,
and 2000, respectively. The information on which these estimates are
based is given in Table V-8.
Flow augmentation may be considered for the purpose of water quality
control in lieu of additional treatment once adequate treatment has been
provided. In this instance adequate treatment is felt to be 9° percent
removal of biologically oxidizable materials. Thus, flow augmentation
need not be considered for use before approximately 1980.
PLAIT FOR IMPROVEMENT OF MINNESOTA RIVER
General
As with the Mississippi River the parameters of primary concern are
DO and coliforms. In most cases the treatment required to obtain the de-
sired DO levels will also be sufficient to obtain the desired ammonia
levels*
Criteria for the possible water use groups in this discussion are
reduced, then, to the following:
WATER USE GROUP
D
C
Bb
DO (Min)
mg/1
3
3
5
5
TOTAL COLIPORM
No/ 100 ml
< 5,000
< 1,000
< 5,^00
< U ,000
(Avg)
The location of waste sources and certain water use practices along
the Minnesota River makes it convenient and logical to divide the river
V-66
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into two discrete segments for consideration of a water use program.
Recommended Water Use Program
The highest water use program felt to be practicable for each
segment of the Minnesota River studied is shown in Table V-9. The
waters should be fit for all the stated uses at stream flows equal to
or greater than the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year low flow. Under
this program, the water quality in the segment of river between Mankato
to Chaska would be suitable for all uses normally practiced in the study
area except whole body contact activities (e, g, swimming and water
skiing) and as a source of potable water supply. Excessive natural
turbidity in the water makes it impracticable to consider these uses at
this time. If the turbidity should be reduced sufficiently in the future
through some means, such as by the construction of in-stream reservoirs,
then only a greater coliform reduction in the waste effluents would be
necessary to permit the practice of these uses as well.
The segment between Chaska and the river's mouth under this program
would have water quality suitable for all uses except whole body contact
activities, source of potable water supply, and the year-round maintenance
of pollution sensitive aquatic life. The first two uses were not con-
sidered here for the same reason they were not considered in the previous
segment. The additional expense required to raise the winter DO level
from 3 to 5 mg/1 in order to make the water suitable for pollution sensitive
aquatic life is not felt to be justified since the lack of a suitable
habitat on the river bottom would prevent any significant increase in the
population of pollution sensitive species, regardless of the quality of
the overlying water.
V-6?
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Abatement Requirements
Mankato to Chaska. In this segment of the river there are two waste
sources which have a slight, but measurable effect on the stream's DO
level. They are the Honeymead Products Company and Mankato sewage treat-
ment plant. At present loadings, however, these sources do not depress
the DO level below 5 mg/1 during the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year
summer or winter low flows.
The average of coliform density of the incoming waters of the
Minnesota River above Mankato and the Blue Earth River above Honeymead
Products Company is approximately 5,000/100 ml. To maintain the density
below 5»000 organisms/100 ml over the length of this segment during dry
weather, none of the discharges to the Blue Earth and Minnesota Rivers
within the study area should contain more than 5,000 coliforms/100 ml.
Turbidity, occurring naturally, is considerably more than 25
jackson units except on occasions of low stream flows after long absences
of surface runoff. The sand-silt-clay mantle, through which the river
flows is largely responsible for this condition. It is doubtful that any
measure short of lining the river channel or constructing in-stream
reservoirs would be successful in producing a turbidity consistently
below 25 units, the limit for use as a bathing water and as a source of
•pobahl-e water supply.
Except for during periods of heavy surface runoff, the turbidity
is practically always less than 250 units. No remedial measures to keep
the turbidity below 250 units are necessary since this condition occurs
so infrequently.
Chaska to Mouth, There are two waste sources along this segment
which have a measurable effect on the stream's BO level. They are the
V-68
-------
American Crystal Sugar Company (ACSC) and Rahr Malting Company (FKC).
The former operates only from November through February discharging
38,000 pounds/day of 5-day BOD over that period. The latter operates the
year-round and discharges approximately 5>000 pounds/day of 5-day BOD.
The remaining sources in this segment contribute 1,2^0 pounds/day. Thus,
conditions are far more serious in this segment during winter because of
the greater waste loading and the restricted reaeration caused by ice cover.
The 1965 loadings produce a DO level of zero between river mile 17 and the
mouth during the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year v?inter low flow (see
Figure V-U8).
No improvements are needed to maintain a DO level in the river of
greater than 3 rog/1 during the summer low flow. To ensure a minimum DO
of 3 nig/1 in this segment at the winter low flow (with an incoming DO
level of 6 mg/l) the maximum discharge of 5-day BOD that could be permitt-
ed by ACSC and RMC combined, is 12,000 pounds/day. If this loading were
apportioned in a manner that would result in equal effluent concentrations,
ACSC and RMC could discharge l60/ mg/l of BOD. Apportioning the allow-
able loadings on the basis of equal removal efficiencies, each would have
to provide 72 percent removal, based on 19^5 loading rates. No treat-
ment less than 75 percent should be considered for these or any other waste
sources. If additional waste contributors should locate within this reach,
then the maximum allowable loading would have to be redistributed among
all of them.
The effect on the stream DO level of reducing the maximum BOD load-
ing to 12,000 pounds/day is illustrated in Figure V-U8. Information on
data used to calculate these curves is given in the appendix.
If the maximum coliform density of all upstream waste discharges
V-69
-------
r i • • • • i • ' ' T
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M
M
5 1.0
o.o1-
lO.Oi-
9.0
' 8.0
II
a.
2 6.0
5.0
u 4.0
0>
° 3.0
•o
ii
I 2.0
1.0
0.0
-r [ i I i i . -r—p
SUMMER LOW FLOW
1 1
WINTER
LOW FLOW
QTO
OO.
L L
1 1
1 1 1 1
30
LEGEND
25
20
J J
River
15
10
Miles
Result of loadings found during
All sources with effluent concentration
of 160 milligrams per liter
NOTES'. I. American Crystal Sugar Company
operates only during winter.
2. Summer and winter low flows are
considered as the 7 -consecutive
day, once in 10'year low flow
TWIN CITIES UPPER MISSISSIPPI
RIVER PROJECT
EFFECT OF
WASTE TREATMENT LOADINGS
ON DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILE
MINNESOTA RIVER
DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
ADMIN.
REGION V
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
FIGURE V-48
-------
is held to 5/000/100 ml, the coliform density of the waters entering this
segment (at river mile 30.0) should be well below 1,000/100 ml. The
coliform density in the discharges along this segment should not be
greater than 5,000/100 ml.
Turbidity in this segment, occurring naturally, is generally above
25 units but less than 250 units. As with the previous segment, it is
not considered practicable at this time to attempt to reduce the turbidity
within a range that would make the waters consistently suitable for bath-
ing purposes or as a source of potable water supply.
Summary of Abatement Requirements.
To attain the recommended water use program, the following abatement
measures are necessary:
1. Reduce coliform levels in all discharges to the river to <5,000/100 ml.
2. Reduce waste loads from American Crystal Sugar Company and Rahr
Malting Company so that combined discharges of 5-day BOD do not
exceed 12,000 pounds/day during the winter.
Again, these are the minimum improvements necessary to obtain a
water quality suitable for the recommended water use program. In addition
to these measures, all waste contributors should provide the greatest
amount of treatment practicable in order to make the river as clean as
possible. More specific information concerning what is expected of all
waste contributors is given in the Recommendations.
PLAN FOR IMPROVEMENT OF ST. CR03X RIVER
The ;/ater quality of the St. Croix River is already suitable (except
in the immediate vicinity of waste discharges) and occasional shoreline
algal blooms for all water uses without additional remedial measures.
GPO 828-545
V-70
-------
To make the waters completely suitable from a bacteriological
standpoint, the coliform density in all waste discharges should be main-
tained at a level no greater than 1,000/100 ml during the bathing season
and no greater than 5?000/100 ml at any other time where they are in the
vicinity of areas used for whole body contact activities. Other waste
dischargers should maintain a coliform density of no greater than
5,000/100 ml in their effluents at all times. In addition to these
measures all waste contributors should provide the greatest amount of
overall treatment practicable in order to make the river as clean as
possible. More specific information concerning what is expected of all
waste contributors is given in the Recommendations,
V-71
-------
REFERENCES
1. Sawyer, C. K., Some ITew Aspects of Phosphates in Relation to Lake
Pertilization, Sewage and Industrial Wastes, Vol. 2k, No. 6, pp. 768-776.
2. Kittrell, F. W. and Furfari, S. A., Observations of Coliform Bacteria
in Streams, JWPCF, Vol. 35, I!o. n, pp. 1361-1385.
3- Pollution and Recovery- Characteristics of the Mississippi River^ Volume
One, Part Three, pp. 159> sponsored by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District, conducted by the University of Minnesota under the direction of
Prof. G. J. Schroepfer, 1958-1961.
-------
APPENDIX
-------
The primary purpose of waste treatment is the improvement of stream
water quality. Despite the efforts to reduce the volume and strength of
the waste, some waste still remains for disposal. In any specific case
the amount of treatment and hence the desirable degree of stream improve-
ment is directly related to planned water use.
The natural capacity of a stream to assimilate organic pollution
without suffering serious oxygen depletion is a real asset - it has con-
siderable dollar value in terms of reduced costs of waste treatment.
This capacity of a stream to assimilate pollution is not a fixed capacity
but rather a range in variability of capacity involving several inter-
related factors including hydrology, natural purification, and stream
biota. It is the purpose of this appendix to review briefly the principles
of self-purification with reference to organic wastes and to present the
significant variables that were considered in subsequent calculations.
The introduction of organic wastes into a stream brings about an
oxygen demand with a resulting depletion of the dissolved oxygen of the
flowing stream. The amount of oxygen depletion which takes place is
known as the biochemical oxygen demand or BOD. The satisfaction of
pollution loads, or BOD, in a stream is a time-temperature function that
usually takes place in two stages and whose rate of satisfaction or de-
crease can be predicted or measured directly. The concentration of dis-
solved oxygen in the stream, however, depends not only on the rate of
satisfaction (oxidation) of decaying organic matter but also on the rate
of reaeration of the stream. When water is in contact with the atmos-
phere, the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water tends to-
ward a "saturation" level at which the partial pressures of oxygen in
V-1A
-------
the two media are equal. VJhen the DO in the water is lower than its
possible saturation concentration, oxygen from the atmosphere is taken
up by the water. This process is known as atmospheric reaeration.
The simultaneous action of deoxygenation and reaeration produces a
pattern in the DO concentration along the stream known as the dissolved
oxygen Bog curve. This concentration pattern can be mathematically
iy the fli-ff erwtia.1. equation
® 1 T 1 ^
-rr = ki L - koD
at •*• <~^
~~= change of dissolved oxygen deficient with time.
at
L = concentration of organic matter {BOD)
k-|_ = rate of oxidation of organic matter.
D = dissolved oxygen deficit from a saturated value.
k£ = rate of reaeration.
This equation states that the rate of change of dissolved oxygen in
a stream is a function of two independent rates proceeding at the same
time. The dissolved oxygen tends to be decreased by its use in the
satisfaction of decaying organic matter and to be increased by reaeration
from the atmosphere, which is a function of the hydraulic factors of the
stream. Integration of equation (l) gives:
rt " kl fe (10 -k-jt - 10 -kgt) + D0 (10 -kgt) (2)
where: D+ = dissolved oxygen deficit at time t.
k-j_ = rate of oxidation of organic matter in the stream.
LO = concentration of organic material (BOD) in the stream
just below the waste discharge.
V-2A
-------
k2 ** rate of reaeration.
t = time of travel in the stream.
Other factors such as photosynthesis, second stage BOD and oxygen
demand from the bottom deposits may be incorporated into the original
differential equation. The resulting integration will yield an equation
similar in form to equation (2), but with the effect of these additional
variable included in the resulting dissolved oxygen deficit.
The biochemical oxygen demand of a waste exerted in any time inter-
val is expressed by the equation:
Yt = LO L-K
(3)
where: Yt = BOD exerted at time t.
L0 = ultimate or total amount of organic material available for
oxidation.
ki = rate of deoxygenation.
The most common measure of the BOD of a waste in the 5-day BOD value
( 5)» Since it is the total amount of material that is depleting the
oxygen resources of the stream that is important, the 5-day BOD value is
nothing more than an indicator. This 5-day value coupled with the labor-
atory deoxygenation rate (k]_) allows the calculation of the total amount
of material available for oxidation. There are methods available for a
determination of this kj_ rate and these have been used in evaluating
the BOD data obtained during the survey. Consequently, the total quantity
of BOD available in the stream at each point of interest has been cal-
culated.
The rate of removal of BOD in the stream (k^,) is given by
kr = LOG Loi - LOG Lo2
V-3A
-------
where: L0j_ = ultjxiate BOD at the upstream station in the reach.
LOo = ultimate BOD at the downstream station in the reach.
t = time of travel through the reach.
The initial dissolved oxygen deficit (Do) may be determined from
observed data. The reaeration coefficient (kg) has been defined by
several researchers as a function of velocity and depth. These measur-
able physical factors were obtained by cross-sections at numerous stations
and values of ko then claculated using O'Conners method, (l)
The temperature influence of the deoxygenation and reaeration co-
efficients may be expressed as follows:
where: kw = the rate at temperature T0
*2 d
lr«p- = the rate at temperature T^_
For the reaeration rate, 0 has a value of 1.016, and for the summer
and winter deoxygenation rates, Q had values of 1.0^7 and 1.11 respectively.
When a quantity of thermal pollution is discharged to a stream the
water temperature rises at the outlet and then becomes progressively
cooler downstream. A formulation for the determination of the temperature
at any point downstream from an outlet has been reported by LeBosquet (2)
as follows:
F - F 10 ~°»0102 KHD (6)
a -Q~
where: F = excess temperature in °F (of water over air) at distance D.
Fa = initial excess temperature in °F.
W = average width of stream in feet.
D = distance downstream in miles.
Q, = flow in cubic feet per second.
-------
K = heat exchange coefficient in BTU per square foot per
op excess temperature per hour.
The heat exchange coefficients for the affected reaches of river within
the study area were determined by field measurements of existing temper-
ature profiles. The above formula was then used in the stream analysis
calculations.
Dissolved oxygen sag curves were calculated below each significant
waste source or complex of waste sources for the two critical flow
periods (see main report). The significant variables that were con-
sidered in these profile calculations were:
l) Income river discharge.
2) Incoming river dissolved oxygen concentration.
3) Incoming river biochemical oxygen demand concentration and de-
oxygenation rate.
k) River temperature.
5) Treatment plant waste loadings and deoxygenation rates.
The values for these variables for the various reaches of river
are presented in the Tables A-l and A-2.
Certain general factors and assumptions that were considered are as
follows:
l) The dissolved oxygen concentration in the waste effluents was
considered to be zero.
2) The streams were assumed to be completely covered with ice of
zero thickness for winter conditions. The only open water was
that below a "source of thermal pollution for a distance as cal-
culated by equation 6 such that the excess temperature was less
than 0.5°F.
3) Aeration at Lock & Dam No. 2 was assumed to follow the pattern
presented in Figure 1, reference 3«
H) It was assumed there was a uniform water temperature over the
entire reach of river under study.
V-5A
-------
TABLE A-l
VALUES USED 3N CALCULATION OF
DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
MISSISSIPPI RIVER
I Incoming River Discharge (St. Paul Gage)
7-Consecutive day once in 10-year low flow
II
Incoming River DO
Concentrations
UM 81*5.0
UM 836.5
Summer
1,950
Concentrations
Summer
7.5
7.0
Winter
1,900
, Mg/1
Winter
11.0
10.2
III Incoming River BOD Concentration and Deoxygenation Rate
IV
V
River Temperature
River Mile
UM 81*5.0
UM 036.5
Treatment Plant Waste Loadings and
EFFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
5 -Day
BOD
126
63
50
38
13
MSSD*
5 -Day BOD k
Ibs/day ±
197,000 0.255
90,700 0.255
79,1*00 0.20
59,200 O.ll^
19,800 o.ok
Summer
5 -Day BOD 1^
2.5 0.05
2.5 0.05
Summer
30°C
Deoxygenation Rates
South St. Paul
5-Day BOD
Ibs/day
ll*,900
7,^30
5,960
1*,1*SO
1,1*90
Winter
5 -Day Bod
3.0
3.0
Winter
0°C
SEP**
k
1
0.1
o.oi*
0.0k
0.0k
o.ok
kl
0.05
0.05
* Minneapolis - St. Paul Sanitary District, Flow = 138.6 MGD
** South St. Paul Sewage Treatment Plant, Flow = ll*.2 MGD
-------
TABLE A-2
VALUES USED IN CALCULATION
OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN PROFILES
MINNESOTA RIVER
I Incoming River Discharge (Carver Gage)
7-Consecutive day once in 10-year low flow
Summer
m 109.3 250
MI 30.0 320
II Incoming River DO Concentration
Winter
180
Concentration, mg/1
Summer Winter
MN 109.3 6.5
MH 30.0 7.0
6.0
III Incoming River BOD Concentration and Deoxygenation Rate
River Mile Summer Winter
5-Day BOD k 5-Day BOD
IV River Temperature
MN 109.3
MM 30.0
5.0
2.0
0.10
0.05
2.6
2.0
0.05
0.05
Summer
26.7°C
Winter
0°C
V Treatment Plant Waste Loadings & Deoxygenation Rates
EFFLUENT
CONCENTRATION
5-Day
BOD
200
150
100
75
50
25
ACS*
5-Day BOD
Ibs/day
11,700
8,750
5,81*0
^,380
2,920
l,ltSo
*1
0.26
0.26
0.15
0.13
0.10
0.05
HMC**
5 -Day BOD
Ibs/day
U,670
3,500
2,3^0
1,750
1,170
581*
*1
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.15
0.13
*- American Crystal Sugar Company, Flow = 7.0 MOD
*-*Rahr Malting Company, Flow = 2.8 M3D
-------
5) The effect of photosynthesis was investigated and found not
to be significant and therefore was not included in the cal-
culations .
6) Under 1965 conditions benthal deposits in the Mississippi
River were significant. It was assumed, however, that with
the increased treatment at the various sources, benthal demands
would cease being significant.
V-6A
GPO 828—545
-------
APPENDIX RKb'ilKEIICES
l) O'Conner, Donald. J., "The Effect of Stream Plow on Waste Assimilation
Capacity" Proceedings Seventeenth Purdue Industrial Waste Conference,
May 1962.
2) LeBosquet, M,, Jr. "Cooling^Water Benefits from Increased River
Flows" Journal. N.E.W..W.A., June
-------
SECTION VI
CONCLUSIONS AND BECOMMENUAIIONS
-------
CONCLUSIONS
Sewage and industrial wastes discharged to the Mississippi River
from Minnesota cause pollution in the interstate waters of the Mississippi
River which endangers the health and welfare of persons in Wisconsin and,
therefore, is subject to abatement under the provisions of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act.
1. The following sources of waste water discharged to the Mississippi
during the period of investigation:
Anoka Sewage Treatment Plant
Minneapolis Water Treatment Plants
NSP Riverside Steam-Electric Generating Plant
NSP High Bridge Steam-Electric Generating Plant
Minnesota Harbor Service
Twin City Shipyard
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District Sewage Treatment Plant
Swift and Company
Union Stockyards
Armour and Company
King Packing Company
So. St. Paul Sewage Treatment Plant
Newport Sewage Treatment Plant
Inver Grove Sewage Treatment Plant
Northwestern Refining Company
St. Paul Park Sewage Treatment Plant
J. L. Shiely Company - Larson Plant
J. L. Shiely Company - Nelson Plant
VT-1
-------
General Dynamics - Liquid Carbonic Division
St. Paul Ammonia Products Company
Great Northern Oil Company
Northwest Cooperative Mills
Cottage Grove Sewage Treatment Plant
Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company
Hudson Manufacturing Company
Hastings Sewage Treatment Plant
Prescott Sewage Treatment Plant
S. B. Foot Tanning Company
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company
Red Wing Sewage Treatment Plant
NSP Red Wing Steam - Electric Generating Plant
Lake City Sewage Treatment Plant
Pepin Sewage Treatment Plant
2. The following sources of waste water discharged to the Minnesota
River during the period of field investigation:
Honeymead Products Company
Mankato Sewage Treatment Plant
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Blue Cross Rendering Company
NSP Wilmarth Power Plant
Green Giant Company
City of Henderson
Minnesota Valley Milk Producers Cooperative Assoc.
Chaska Sewage Treatment Plant (includes Gedney Co. wastes)
American Crystal Sugar Company
VI-2
-------
Rahr Malting Company
Shallopee Sewage Treatment Plant
Owens-Illinois Forest Products
American Wheatcn Glass Company
Savage Sewage Treatment Plant
Minnesota Masonic Home
Cargillj Inc.
Twin City Shipyard
Burnsville Sewage Treatment Plant
NSP Blackdog Power Plant
Cedar Gri-ove Sewage Treatment Plant
3. The following sources of waste water discharged to the St. Croix
River during the period of investigation:
St. Croix Falls Sewage Treatment Plant
Taylors Falls Sewage Treatment Plant
Osceola Sewage Treatment Plant
Stillwater Sewage Treatment Plant
Andersen Window Company
Bayport Sewage Treatment Plant
United Refrigerator Company
Hudson Sewage Treatment Plant
k. The discharge of excessive amounts of wastes produced oxygen
concentrations below S rag/I in the following stream reaches:
a. Mississippi River between the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District sewage treatment plant and Lock and Dam Wo. 3
(39-^-"mil-e reach) during summer of 196^.
b. Mississippi River between the Minneapolis-St. Paul
VI-3
-------
Sanitary District sewage treatment plant and St. Croix
River (25.0-mile reach) during the winter of 196U-1965.
c. Minnesota River between Shakopee and its mouth (25.^-mile
reach) during the summer of 1.96k.
d. Minnesota River between Chaska and its mouth (27.7-mile
reach) during the winter of 1961*-1965.
5. The discharge of excessive amounts of wastes produced oxygen
concentrations below 3 rog/1 in the following stream reaches:
a. Mississippi River between the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District sewage treatment plant and Lock £ Dam
No. 2 (21.1-mile reach) during the summer of 196^ and the
winter of 19614-1965.
b. Minnesota River between Chaska and the mouth (27.7-fflile
reach) during the winter of 196^-1965.
6, Minnesota River Temperatures exceeded 9° and 93°F on occasion
in a one-mile reach immediately below the northern States Power Company's
Blackdog steam-electric generating plant.
7. The average turbidity exceeded 25 jackson units in the follow-
ing stream reaches during the summer of 196^:
a, Mississippi River between the Minnesota River and the head
of Lake Pepin (59.0-mile reach).
b. Minnesota River from some point above Mankato (the limit
of the study area) to the mouth,
8. Ammonia nitrogen levels exceeded 2,0 mg/1 in the Mississippi
River between Lock & Dam No, 2 and the St. Croix River (3.9-mile reach)
during the winter of
Vl-k
-------
9. Ammonia nitrogen levels exceeded 1.0 mg/1 in the following
stream reaches:
a. Mississippi River "between the Minneapolis-St. Paul
Sanitary District sewage treatment plant and Lock & Dam
No. 3 (SS^-mile reach) during the period of the survey.
b. Lower 15 miles of the Minnesota River during the winter
of 196^-1965.
10. Phenol levels occasionally exceeded 0.01 mg/1 in a 20-mile
reach immediately below the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District sewage
treatment plant,
11. The average concentration of the nutrients, inorganic nitrogen
and phosphorus, exceeded 0.3 (as N) and 0.03 (as P) mg/1, respectively,
throughout the three major streams studied.
12. Average coliform densities exceeded 1,000 MPN/100 ml in the
following stream reaches during all surveys:
a. Mississippi River from some point above Anoka (limit of
study area) to Lake City.
b. Minnesota River from some point above Mankato (limit of
study area) to the mouth).
13. Average coliform densities exceeded 5,000 MPN/100 ml in the
following stream reaches during all surveys:
a, Mississippi River between St. Anthony Falls and the head
of Lake Pepin (70-mile reach).
b. Minnesota River between the Blue Earth River at Mankato
and the mouth (109.2-mile reach).
lU» Pathogenic bacteria and enteric viruses were present in the
following stream reaches:
VI-5
-------
a. Mississippi River between St. Paul and Grey Cloud Island
(10 miles below the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District
Plant).
b» Mississippi River immediately below Red Wing sewage
treatment plant,
15. Algae reached nuisance proportions in the following locations:
a. Mississippi River's Lake Pepin in shallow areas along the
shorelines.
b, St. Croix River's Lake St. Croix in shallow areas along the
shorelines.
16. Bottom sediment consisted of a mixture of organic sludge and
sand in the following stream reaches during IS6k:
a. Mississippi River between Lock & Dam No. 1 and the
Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District sewage treatment
plant (ll.3-mile reach).
b. Mississippi River between Lock & Dam No. 2 and the head
of Lake Pepin (30-mile reach).
c. Minnesota River along a five-mile reach immediately below
the Green Giant Company (at LeSueur).
d, ^Minnesota River between American Crystal Sugar Company
(at Chaska) and the mouth (27.7-ndle reach).
e. All of Lake St. Croix (lower 23 miles of the St. Croix
River),
17» Bottom sediment consisted almost solely of organic sludge in
the ^.lowing stream reaches during 196^:
a. Mississippi River between the Minneapolis-St. Paul
VT-6
-------
Sanitary District sewage treatment plant and Lock
& Laiu No. 2 (21.1 mile reach).
b. All of Lake Pepin (lover 22 miles of Mississippi River
under study).
18. Fish caught in the lover 10 miles of the Minnesota River and
in the segment of Mississippi River between South St. Paul and the St.
Croix River had lower levels of palatability than fish caught else-
where in the study area.
VI-7
-------
RECOMMENDATIONS
GENERAL
River water quality shall be preserved or upgraded, as required,
to permit maximum use and full recreational enjoyment of the waters.
Remedial measures necessary to attain this goal are given in the recom-
mendations . The recommendations are given in two groups: General and
specific. General recommendations cover the broad objectives of pollution
abatement in the Project area. Specific recommendations are given for
the solution of particular problems and are offered iir addition to, not
in place of, the general recommendations.
These recommendations represent the.initial phase of a long-range
and more comprehensive water resource development program for the entire
Upper Mississippi River Basin. They apply to problems needing immediate
correction.
Although fertilization of the rivers and backwater areas is undesir-
able, no recommendations are made at this time concerning the installation
of specialized treatment facilities designed to reduce nitrogen and phos-
phorus compounds in the waste effluents. Operation of treatment facilities
so as to optimize nutrient removal will reduce the problem.
MUNICIPALITIES, INSTITUTIONS, AMD INDUSTRIES
General Recommendations
It is recommended that:
Protection of_ Existing Water Quality
1. There be no further decrease in quality of any of the waters
within the Study Area (Mississippi River between Anoka, Minnesota and the
outlet of Lake Pepin; Minnesota River in and below Mankato, Minnesota;
and St. Croix River in and below St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin.)
VT-3
-------
Enhancement of Water Quality
2. Water quality be enhanced as stipulated in the remaining recom-
mendations to provide the following dissolved oxygen and coliform levels
in the given segments of the Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers
during flows equal to or greater than the 7-consecutive-day, once in
10-year summer and winter low flows.
RIVER SEGMENT
FROM TO
(RIVER MILE) (RIVER MILE)
Mississippi River
871.6 (Anoka) 836.3 (MSSD)
(MAXIMUM OR MINIMUM CONCENTRATIONS
FOR ANY ONE SAMPLE)
DO (Min.) COLIFORM GUIDE
mg/1
No deterioration
in present level
(>5 mg/1)
836.3 (MSSD) 815.2 (L&D NO.2)
815.2 (L&£ No.2) 763.5 (Chippewa River)
Minnesota River
109.2 (Mankato) 30.0 (Chaska)
3
5
No deterioration
in present level
mg/1)
30.0 (Chaska)
St. Croix River
52.0 (Taylors
Falls)
0.0 (Mouth)
0.0 (Mouth)
No deterioration
in present level
(>5 mg/1)
(Maximum)
A&C2
B
A
B
B
A&C
(l) See following pages for explanation of Coliform Guide.
(2) Coliform Guide C applies to the segment between Anoka
and St. Anthony Falls, only.
VT-9
-------
(l) Coliform Guides
Coliform Guide A - Recreational whole "body contact use.
The water uses for which this guide is intended are those that
entail total and intimate contact of the whole tody with the
water. Examples of such use are swimming, skin diving, and
water skiing, in which the body is totally immersed and some
ingestion of the water may be expected. The recommended guide
value for coliforms is 1,000 per 100 milliliters (1,000/100 ml).
For all waters in which coliform levels are below the guide
value of 1,000/100 ml, the water is considered suitable pro-
vided there is proper isolation from direct fecal contamination
as determined by a sanitary survey. Situations may arise where-
in waters having coliform counts somewhat higher than the guide
value can be used, provided supplemental techniques are used
to determine safe bacterial quality. The analysis for fecal
streptococci is more definitive for determining the presence
of organisms of intestinal origin, and is suggested as the
supplemental technique to be employed. A coliform level of
5,000/100 ml is considered satisfactory, provided the fecal
streptococcus count is not more than 20/100 ml, and provided
also that there is proper isolation from direct fecal contami-
nation as determined by a sanitary survey.
The waters designated for whole body contact use should
be maintained acceptable for this use at least between May
and October, inclusive. During the remainder of the year
when the weather is unsuitable for whole body contact activi-
ties > these waters should conform to Coliform Guide B.
Coliform Guide B - Recreational, limited body contact use
and commercial shipping (barge traffic). The water uses for
which this guide is intended are those that entail limited
contact between the water user and the water. Examples of
such uses are fishing, pleasure boating, and commercial ship-
ping. Recommended guide value for coliforms is 5>000/100 ml.
For all waters in which coliform levels are below this guide
value, the water is considered suitable for use, provided
there is proper isolation from direct fecal contamination as
determined by a sanitary survey.
Coliform Guide C - Applies to municipal water source.
Where municipal water treatment includes complete rapid-sand
filtration or its equivalent, together with continuous post-
chlorination, source water may be considered acceptable if
the coliform concentration (at the intake) averages not more
than ^,000/100 ml.
VT-10
-------
If the foregoing water quality is assured, then the water will "be
suitable for the following uses in each of the given river segments.
WATER USE
a. Source of municipal water supply
b. Maintenance of habitat for Group
fish
c. Whole body contact recreational
activities
d. Maintenance of habitat for Group
fish
e. Irrigation
f. Stock and wildlife watering
g. Limited body contact recreational
activities
h. Source of non-potable industrial
process water
i. Source of cooling water
j. Commercial fishing
k. Navigation
1. Hydroelectric power generation
m. Esthetic enjoyment
RIVER SEGMENT
Mississippi River:
Anoka - St. Anthony Falls
St. Croix River:
Taylors Falls - Mouth
Mississippi River:
Anoka - MSSD
L&D Wo. 2 - Chippewa River
Minnesota River:
Mankato - Chaska
St. Croix River:
Taylors Falls - Mouth
Mississippi River:
Anoka - Minnesota River
LSD No. 2 - Chippewa River
St. Croix River:
Taylors Falls - Mouth
All portions of three major
streams
(3) &
See following page for explanation of Group I and
Group II fish.
vi-n
-------
(3) Group I Fish - Are those generally sought after by sport
fishermen and include but are not limited to the following
species : Walleyed Pike, Sauger, Northern Pike, Black Crappie,
White Crappie, Largemouth Bass, Smallmouth Bass, Rock Bass,
White Bass, Bluegill, Channel Catfish, Sturgeon, Flathead
Catfish, Green Sunfish, Pumpkinseed Sunfish, and Brown. Trout.
Group II Fish - Are those generally sought after by com-
mercial fishermen in this area and include but are not limited
to the following species: Carp, Quillback, Sheepshead, Brown
Bullhead, Bigmouth Buffalo, Northern Carpsucker, Northern
Redhorse, Longnose Gar, Shortnose Gar, Bowfin, Mooneye, Gizzard
Shad, Common Sucker, Spotted Sucker, Yellow Bullhead, Black
Bullhead, Golden Shiner, Perch-^and River Sucker.
Treatment of Municipal Wastes
3- All municipalities and other institutions discharging sewage to
the rivers under investigation provide at least secondary biological
treatment plus continuous disinfection of the effluent. This treatment
is to produce an effluent containing no more than:
a. 20 percent of the mass of 5-day (20°C) BOD
originally contained in the influent.
b. 20 percent of the mass of suspended solids
originally contained in the influent.
c. 5,000 coliforms/100 ml (except where "d" applies).
d. 1,000 coliforms/100 ml between May and October,
inclusive, where receiving waters are used for
whole body contact activities (see preceding list).
These limits are to be followed except where more stringent ones
are given in the specific recommendations or are required by State Water
Pollution Control agencies.
Reports by_ Municipal Treatment Plants
h. Municipal waste treatment plants maintain at least the minimum
laboratory control and records as recommended by the Conference of State
VI-12
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Sanitary Engineers at their 38th Annual Meeting in 19^3 (See Appendix).
In addition, all plants should maintain a record of chlorine feed rates
and those plants of 2 million gallons/day capacity, or greater, should
provide analyses for total and fecal coliforms on a once per week basis.
Results of laboratory tests and other pertinent records should be summar-
ized monthly and submitted to the appropriate State agency for review
and evaluation. These records are to be maintained in open files of
the State agency for use by all persons with a legitimate interest.
Phosphate Removal
5. New waste treatment facilities be designed to provide adequate
capacity of individual units and components as well as maximum flexi-
bility in order to permit later modification in operating procedures so
as to effect the greatest amount of phosphate removal. Existing plant
facilities should be operated so as to optimize phosphate removal.
Monitoring of Water Quality
6. The States of Minnesota and Wisconsin establish a program of
monitoring and surveillance in area waters for evaluating progress in
improvement of stream quality resulting from implementation of actions
recommended by the conferees. The FWPCA should establish monitoring
stations where appropriate on portions of the Mississippi and Minnesota
Rivers within the State of Minnesota to aid in the evaluation. Water
quality surveillance activities should be coordinated and all information
made available to the States, the FWPCA, and other parties with a legiti-
mate interest.
Bypassing and Spilling £f Wastes
7. All present and future sewerage and sewage treatment facilities
be modified or designed and operated to eliminate bypassing of untreated
VI-13
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wastes during normal maintenance and renovation operations. The appro-
priate State agency (Minnesota Water Pollution Control Commission or
Wisconsin Department of Resource Development) is to be contacted for
approval prior to any expected "bypassing of waste. All accidental or
emergency bypassing or spillage should be reported immediately.
Pretreatment of Bastes
3. Wastes (such as sludge from the St. Paul water treatment plant)
which discharge into a municipal sewerage system be pretreated to avoid
any detrimental effect on waste treatment operation.
Protection Against Spillage
9. Programs be developed by those responsible for the facilities
to prevent or minimize the adverse effect of accidental spills of oils,
gases, fuels, and other material capable of causing pollution. The ele-
ments of such programs should include:
a. Engineering works such as catchment areas, relief
vessels, and dikes to trap spillage.
b. Removal of all spilled materials in a manner
acceptable to the regulatory agencies.
c. Immediate reporting (by those responsible for the
facilities) of any spills to the appropriate State
agency.
d. In-plant surveys and programs to prevent accidental
spills.
Combination Storm and Sanitary Sewers
10. Combined storm and sanitary sewers be prohibited in all newly
developed areas and be eliminated in existing areas wherever opportunity
to do so is afforded by redevelopment. Present combined sewers should be
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continuously patrplled and operated so as to convey the maximum possible
amount of combined flows to and through the waste treatment plant. In
addition, studies to develop effective control of wastes from this source
should be continued by the L3SSD and should be initiated by the City of
South St. Paul. Although the immediate problem is a bacterial one, both
studies should also consider the discharge of BOD and solids. Methods to
be used to control wastes from combined sewers and a time schedule for
their accomplishment should be reported to the Conferees within two
years after issuance of the Conference Summary.
Treatment of Industrial Wastes
11. All industries discharging wastes to the rivers under investi-
gation, unless otherwise specified, provide treatment sufficient to pro-
duce an effluent containing no more than 20 percent of the mass of 5-day
(20°C) BOD and suspended solids originally contained in the untreated
process waste. Settleable solids and coliforms in the effluent are not
to exceed the following:
a. Settleable solids - 5 ml/1
b. Coliforms - 5,000/100 ml (except where "c" applies)
c. Coliforms - 1,000/100 ml between May and October,
inclusive, where receiving waters are used for whole
body contact activities (see preceding list).
Reporting _of Industrial Wastes
12. Industries discharging wastes to the waters maintain operating
records containing information on waste discharge rates and concentrations
of constituents found in significant quantities in their wastes.
This information should be summarized and submitted to the appro-
priate State agency at monthly intervals for review and evaluation.
YI-15
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Those records are to be maintained in open files of the State agency for
use "by all persons with a legitimate interest.
Vessel Hastes
13. All watercraft provide adequate treatment on board or arrange
for suitable on-shore disposal of all liquid and solid wastes.
Garbage and Refuse Dumps
lh. Garbage or refuse not be dumped along the banks of the river and
no open dumps be allowed on the flood plain. Material in present dump
sites along the river banks should be removed and the appearance of the
bank restored to an esthetically acceptable condition. Present open
dumps on the flood plain should be converted to sanitary landfills oper-
ated acceptably to the appropriate State agencies.
Upsjbrearn. Bacterial Control
15. Waste sources upstream from and outside of the study area on the
Mississippi, Minnesota, and St. Croix Rivers and their tributaries be
sufficiently controlled so that waters entering the study area conform
to General Recommendation No. 2.
Specific Recommendations - Mississippi. River
Specific recommendations are offered in addition to, and not in
place of, the general recommendations.
Municipal Sources
It is recommended that:
MSSD to South St. Paul - Maximum BOD
and. Suspended Solids Loadings
1. Maximum waste loadings from all sources between and including
the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary District and the South St. Paul Sewage
Treatment Plants be such that a minimum dissolved oxygen content of
VI-16
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3.0 mg/l can be maintained during the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year
low summer flow in the reach of river between Mississippi River miles
836.4 and 815.2. To attain this, combined wastes loads from these
sources should not exceed 68,500 pounds/day of 5-day (20°C) BOD, exclu-
sive of combined sewer overflows. Suspended solids loadings discharged
to this reach (exclusive of combined sewer overflows) should not exceed
85,500 pounds/day in order to minimize sludge deposits.
Maximum Phenolic Loadings
2. Maximum loadings of phenolic wastes from the Minneapolis-St.
Paul Sanitary District sewage treatment plant, Northwestern Refining
Co., Great Northern Oil Co., and Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing
Co., all combined, not exceed 110 pounds/day in order to maintain the
stream concentration of this material under 0.01 mg/l at stream flows
equal to or greater than the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year low flow.
Bypassing at MSSD
3. An engineering study of the Minneapolis-St. Paul Sanitary
District sewerage system be undertaken to determine what changes are
required to make unnecessary the practice of bjrpassing wastes period-
ically for the purpose of cleaning the inverted siphon under the
Mississippi River.
Hastings Plant
4. The BOD removal efficiency at the Hastings, Minnesota primary
sewage treatment plant be increased from the 5 percent figure found
during the survey to a minimum of 30 percent until secondary biological
treatment facilities are in operation.
VI-17
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Industrial Sources
It is recommended that:
Water Treatment Plants of the City of Minneapolis
1. Treatment facilities be provided capable of producing an
effluent with a suspended solids concentration not exceeding that
found in other treated effluents being discharged to the same reach
of river. At no time should the daily average suspended solids con-
centration exceed 50 mg/1.
The two water treatment plants of the City of Minneapolis dis-
charge sand filter "backwash water to the river without prior treatment.
Together the two plants discharge approximately 0.69 mgd of backwash
water having an average suspended solids concentration of 1,900 mg/1.
Swift & Cjo., Armour & Co., and So. St. Paul Union Stockyards
2. The industries in the South St. Paul area (Swift & Company,
Armour & Company, and the St. Paul Union Stockyards) provide an effec-
tive method of control and correction of direct discharges to the Missis-
sippi River. These include so-called clean waste waters> watering trough
overflows, truck washing wastes, surface drainage, and hog pen flushings.
The coliform densities of any of these discharges should not exceed
5,000/100 ml once the control devices are in operation.
Northwest Cooperative Mills
3. Additional treatment be provided to reduce the suspended solids
concentrations of the compositing pond effluent to substantially the
same levels found in other effluents being discharged to the same reach
of river after satisfactory treatment. In no instance should the daily
average suspended solids concentration exceed 50 mg/1.
The discharge from the compositing pond averages ^6,000 gallons/day
(gpd) and contains about k20 rag/1 of suspended solids.
vr-18
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Foot Tanning
k. Any additional facilities constructed for the company's waste
produce an effluent of a quality acceptable to the Minnesota Water
Pollution Control Commission (MWPCC) and in conformity with recommend-
ations in this report. The possibility of discharging the settled waste
to the Red Wing sewerage system in lieu of additional treatment should
be considered and a report on the conclusions of such questions sub-
mitted to the MWPCC.
On April 1, 1966 the company submitted to the MWPCC plans and
specifications for a primary clarifier and a study plan for evaluating
secondary treatment methods.
Specifi_c Recommendations - Minnesota River
Municipal Sources
No specific recommendations.
Industrial Sources
It is recommended that :
Green Giant Company
1. An additional pump be provided for standby purposes at the
waste water sump for use when the main pump fails. The sanitary and
miscellaneous process wastes should be handled as specified by General
Recommendations 3 and 11.
This company had pump failures at the waste water collection sump
where process waste is collected and pumped to ridge and furrow fields.
When pump failure occurs, the waste is discharged directly to the river.
Some sanitary and miscellaneous process wastes are discharged directly
to the river without treatment as a normal practice.
VI-19
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American Crystal Sugar; Co. and Rahr Malting Co.
Hajciraum BOD and Suspended Solids Loadings
2. Maximum waste loadings from all sources between and including
the American Crystal Sugar Co. and the Rahr Malting Co. be such that a
minimum dissolved oxygen content of 3-0 nig/1 can be maintained during
the 7-consecutive-day, once in 10-year low winter flow in the reach of
river between Minnesota River miles 29 and 0. To attain this, combined
waste loads from these sources should not exceed 12,000 pounds/day of
5-day (20°C) BOD during winter when there is no ice cover in the vicinity
of the Blackdog power plant. At times of complete ice cover, the maxi-
mum waste loading of 5-day (20°C) BOD from these sources should not
exceed 6,500 pounds/day. In no case, however, should treatment effi-
ciency be less than that specified in the General Recommendations.
Northern States Power Company Blackdog Plant
3. A water temperature of not greater than 90°F be maintained in
the lower Minnesota River. To attain this, the existing cooling pond
should be utilized to its fullest extent during the summer at stream
flows less than 1500 cfs. During these periods the thermal addition to
the Minnesota River should not exceed 13.5 billion BTU/day.
Specific Recommendations - St. Croix River
Municipal Sources
Ho specific recommendations.
Industrial Sources
Wo specific recommendations
FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
Federal installations contribute less than 0.1 percent of the pollu-
tion entering the three major streams studied. Although their contri-
VI-20
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butions are sfaall, full consideration is still given to Federal instal-
lations, in compliance with Section 11 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C. U66 et seq..)
U.S. Amy ~ Nike Missile Installations
General Recommendations
It is recommended that:
1. A minimum of one hour per day be devoted to proper treatment
plant operation and maintenance.
2. The treatment facilities be operated such that removal effi-
ciencies approach those for which the plants were designed.
3. Laboratory analyses and records maintenance consistent with
recommendations of the Conference of State Sanitary Engineers for plants
of 0.25 mgd capacity be carried out. A report of these functions, in-
cluding results of analyses, are to be furnished to the Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration upon request.
SpecificRecommendations
Nike Site No. 20, Roberts, Wisconsin
No specific recommendations.
Nike Site No. to, Farmington, Minnesota
It is recommended that:
1. Discharge of effluent to the roadside ditch be terminated
as soon as possible. The present outfall sewer line should be
extended so as to discharge the effluent into the unnamed creek
which at present ultimately receives the waste.
2. Continuous chlorination facilities be activated immediately
with disinfection sufficient to produce a free chlorine residual
of 0.5 mg/1 after a 15 minute contact at peak flow rates.
VI-21
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Nike Site Ho. 70, St. Bonifacius, Minnesota
No specific recommendations.
Hike Site No. 90, Bethel, Minnesota
It is recommended that continuous chlorination facilities
be activated immediately with disinfection sufficient to pro-
duce a free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg/1 after a 15 minute
contact at peak flow rates.
U^S. Air Force _-_Air D efens e_Command
Osceola, Wisconsin Station
It is recommended that a schedule of maintenance practices be
instituted consistent with accepted procedures for operation of
oxidation ponds so as to insure satisfactory treatment.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Locks 8Jid Dams
It is recommended that:
1. Present plans be continued concerning improvement or
replacement of inadequately sized treatment facilities.
2. At stream flows of 7,000 cubic feet per second (cfs) or
less (as measured at the St. Paul gage), as much water as possible
be passed over bulkheads before the Taintor gates at Lock & Dam
No. 2. At flows of 3,000 cfs or less, the equivalent of the inflow
to Pool No. 2 should be passed over the bulkheads.
Floating Dredge Thompson
It is recommended that a planned schedule of analyses be con-
tinued on effluent from the waste treatment facilities so as to
insure adequate removals prior to overboard discharge of effluent.
VI-22
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U.S. Air Force - 93Uth.Troop Carrier Group
Officers Club
It is recommended that the present single compartment septic
tank be changed to a two compartment tank. A subsurface tile field
of adequate size should be installed to supplement the present field.
YI-23
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SCHEDULE FOR REMEDIAL PROGRAM
MUNICIPALITIES. THSTITUTIOHB, AND INDUSTRIES
In light of the excellent progress the M'JPCC has made in making
various industrial firms and municipalities aware of the need for
abatement facilities, the following time schedule for the foregoing
remedial program is recommended. The time periods given commence with
the issuance of the Conference Summary by the Secretary of the Interior.
a. Submission of preliminary plans for remedial facilities
within 6 months.
b. Submission of final design for remedial facilities
within 12 months.
c. Financing arrangements for municipalities completed
and construction started within 18 months.
d. Construction completed and plants placed into
operation within 36 months.
e. Existing schedules of the State agencies calling
for earlier completion dates are to be met.
FEDERAL INSTALLATIONS
Schedules for Federal installations requiring only operational and
maintenance changes shall be initiated*immediately. Changes required
at Nike Site No. kO and the Ft. Snelling Officers Club should be com-
pleted and made operational within 6 months.
SCHEDULE MODIFICATIONS
It is recognized that modifications in this schedule may be
necessary. These may include:
VI-2U
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a, A lesser time where the control agency having jurisdiction
considers that a practical method of control can be in
operation prior to the time stated.
"fa. In a few industries and municipalities some variation from
this schedule may be sought from the appropriate State and
local pollution control agencies. In such cases after review
the conferees may make appropriate recommendations to the
Secretary of the Department of the Interior.
VI-25
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APPENDIX
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EXCERPTS FROM
"RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MINTMDM PERSONNEL, LABORATORY CONTROL
AND RECORDS FOR MUNICIPAL WASTE TREATMENT WORKS"
BY
The Conference of State Sanitary Engineers
in cooperation with
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
Public Health Service
1963
VX-2A
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PLANT CAPACITY 0.25
Laboratory Control
In a plant of this size, the operator should conduct the
following tests:
(l) Settleable solids (imhoff Cone) once or twice a week
using grab samples. The grab samples should be taken
at a time of representative flow and should reflect
varying days of the week and hours of the day.
(2) Relative stability (methylene blue) daily, ..Monday
through Friday.
(3) Chlorine residual of effluent daily, Monday through
Friday; twice daily when stream conditions require.
(If) For activated sludge plants, in addition to the above
tests, sludge index tests daily and a colorimetric
dissolved oxygen test weekly.
RECORDS
Usually personnel and time limitations will permit the keeping of
only minimal records. However, two types of records should be kept:
(l) a diary-type log showing a necessarily wide variety of useful and
important information "Such as unusual maintenance work, failure of a
piece of equipment, accidents, unusual weather, flooding, bypassing,
complaints, visitors, etc; and (2) a tabular record showing the obser-
vation or results of each laboratory test made and other available
measured data such as plant flow, volume of sludge, or time sludge
pumped. Emphasis is placed here on the need for the operator to record
the data available to him with strict regularity and in a form best
suited to his schedule.
PLATO CAPACITY 0.5 M3D
Laboratory Control
For a plant other than activated sludge the following tests
should be conducted:
(l) Settleable solids (imhoff Cone) daily, Monday through
Friday. Tests should be made at varying hours during
the day.
(2) Relative stability (methylene blue) daily, Monday through
Friday. Tests should be made at varying hours during
the day.
(3) Colorimetric pH of raw waste water occasionally.
VI-2A
OPO 828-B4B-E-S
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(U) Chlorine residual of effluent daily; twice daily when
stream conditions require.
(5) Total solids of digested sludge occasionally and when
the sludge is drawn to the drying beds.
(6) pH of digested sludge occasionally and when the sludge
is drawn to the drying beds.
For an activated sludge plant the following tests should be
conducted:
(l) Settleable solids (imhoff Cone) daily.
(2) Relative stability (methylene blue) daily.
(3) Sludge index daily.
Mixed liquor dissolved oxygen ( color imetrically) daily.
(5) Sludge depth -measurements in primary and secondary settling
tanks daily.
(£) pH of digested sludge when sludge is drawn.
(?) Total solids of digested sludge when sludge is drawn.
RECORDS
A diary should be kept similar to the 0.25 MGD plant, but with a
full-time operator it should be more comprehensive. Regularity is emphasized.
The laboratory control record also is slightly more detailed because
of the additional tests specified and with a full-time operator should
be maintained vithease. Consultation with State regulatory agency
representatives, university personnel, and/ or other experienced person-
nel, and attendance at short courses in his State will assist the
operator to establish and maintain suitable records. These records
should be accurate and complete for the items specified.
FLAM* CAPACITY 1.0 M5D
Laboratory Control
For primary and trickling filter plants the following tests
are specified:
(l) Settleable solids (imhoff Cone) daily.
(2) Relative stability (methylene blue) daily.
(3) BOD's of raw waste, final effluent, and of such other
components as possible once a week and preferably twice
a week. Samples should be 3-hcm*' composites taken at
11 a.m., 12 noon, and J. p.m.
VI-3A
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EECOEDS
Suspended solids of rax; waste, final effluent and of such
other components as possible once a week and preferably
twice a week* Samples should be 3-hour composites taken
at 11 a.m., 12 noon, and 1 p.m.
(5) pH of digested sludge when drawn or when operating
difficulties are experienced or anticipated.
(6) Total solids of digested sludge when drawn or when operating
difficulties are experienced or anticipated.
(?) "DO of receiving stream at least twice a week above and
below the plant discharge.
(8) Chlorine residuals of effluent daily; twice daily, when
stream conditions require.
For cultivated sludge plants the following tests are specified:
(l) Settleable solids (imhoff Cone) daily.
(2) Relative stability (methylene blue) daily.
(3) BOD's of raw waste, final effluent, and of such other
components as possible twice a week. Samples should be
3-hour composites taken at 11 a.m., 12 noon, and 1 p.m.
(*0 Suspended solids of raw waste, mixed liquor, and final
effluent once a week. Samples should be 3-hour composites
taken at 11 a.m., 12 noon, and 1 p.m.
(5) pH of digested sludge when drawn or when operating
difficulties are experienced or anticipared.
(6) Total solids of digested sludge when drawn or when operating
difficulties are experienced or anticipated.
(?) Depth of sludge in primary and final settling tanks daily.
(8) Sludge index daily.
(9) Dissolved oxygen (colorimetric) of mixed liquor daily.
(10) DO of receiving stream at least twice a week above and
below the plant discharge.
(ll) Chlorine residual of effltfent daily; twice daily,
when stream conditions require.
For a plant of this size considerable care and technical competence
is required in assembling and recording the data. Included in the
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supervision should be the understanding and patience needed to interpret
the control procedure carried on. To establish and maintain adequate
records, some guidance will be needed from State regulatory agency rep-
resentatives, university personnel, and/or other experienced individuals.
PLANT CAPACITY 5.0 MSD
Laboratory Control
Following are recommended test procedures for plants other
than activated sludge:
(l) Settleable solids daily.
(2) Relative stability daily.
(3) Dissolved oxygen of raw waste, effluent and receiving
stream above and below the plant discharge 5 days per week.
(U) pH of raw waste and effluent 5 days per week.
(5) BOB's of raw waste and effluents 3 times per week on 2k-
hour composite samples.
(6) Suspended solids of raw waste and effluents 3 times per
week on 2U-hour composite samples.
(?) pH of digested sludge when drawn or as necessary to control
digester operation.
(8) Total and volatile solids of digested sludge when drawn
or as necessary to control digester operation.
(9) Volatile acids of digested sludge when drawn or as
necessary to control digester operation.
(10) Chlorine residual of effluent daily, twice daily when
stream conditions require.
For activated sludge plants the recommended test procedures
are as follows:
(l) Settleable solids daily.
(2) Relative stability or nitrates 5 days per week on 2lj-hour
composite samples.
(3) Dissolved oxygen of raw waste, effluent and receiving
stream above and below discharge 5 days per week.
pH of raw waste and final effluent daily.
BOD's of raw waste and effluents 5 days per week on 2U-hour
composites.
VI-5A
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(6) Suspended solids of raw waste and effluents 5 days per
week on composite samples.
(?) Sludge index daily on each shift.
(8) Mixed liquor DO (colorimetric) daily on each shift.
(9) Sludge depth in primary and final settling tanks daily
on each shift.
(10) pH of digested sludge when drawn or as needed to control
digester operation.
(ll) Total and volatile solids of digested sludge when drawn
or as needed to control digester operation.
(12) Volatile acids of digested sludge when drawn or as needed
to control digester operation.
(13) Chlorine residual of effluent daily, twice daily when
stream conditions require.
RECORDS
The size of this plant makes it desirable to keep daily records of
all operations - many of them on a shift "basis. With a full-time super-
intendent and a staff of trained men, including a chemist in an activated
sludge plant, there should be no difficulty in maintaining the records
in a highly competent manner. The specified personnel should assure
the interpretation and use of the control information in such a way as
to obtain the maximum treatment efficiency.
Since this falls in the large plant category there may be considerable
flexibility in the form of records and various control procedures. In
addition to the recorded laboratory control and diary-type log information,
this plant may need to record a number of other determinations. Some of
these might include alkalinity, ORP, heavy metals, or certain components
indicative of particular industrial waste problems.
There are frequent needs to record other information which contributes
markedly to the control procedure. Some of these data include the
following:
(l) Weather and wind direction in the event of odor problems.
(2) In addition to the raw waste flow, a record of bypassing.
(3) Amount of course solids handled; i.e., grit screening,
dried sludge hauled from beds, or sludge removal from
digesters.
Primary and secondary settling tank cleanup - hours of
hosing or skimming and/or maintenance, etc.
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(5) Trickling filter maintenance - nozzle cleaning, dosing
or recirculating pump operation, humus sludge pumping
to primary tanks,etc.
(6) Activated sludge operation - air volume and blower
operation, volume of sludge return and waste, replace-
ment or cleaning diffusers, etc.
(?) Sludge handling - in addition to volume of sludge pumped
and time, such information as amount of recirculation or
transfer of digested sludge, gas mixing, supernatant with-
drawal, final sludge to drying beds or filters , disposal
of sludge from beds, conditioning chemicals for filters,
incineration, etc.
Records of the above operations may be kept in a fqrm most convenient
to the superintendent. Because of the wide variation in plants of this
size and individual needs, the way these records are kept^will vary con-
siderably.
PLAIW CAPACITY 10.0 MOD (or larger)*
Laboratory Control
Required test procedures for plants other than activated sludge are:
(l) Settleable solids daily.
(2) Relative stability daily.
(3) Dissolved oxygen of raw waste, effluent and receiving
stream above and below discharge 5 days per week.
(k) pH of raw waste and effluent daily.
(5) BOD's of raw waste and effluents daily, Monday through
Friday, based on 2^-hour composite samples.
(6) Suspended solids of raw waste and effluents daily, Monday
through Friday, based on 2k-hour composite samples.
(7) pH of digested sludge when drawn or as needed to control
digester operation.
(8) Total and volatile solids of digested sludge when drawn
or as needed to control digester operation.
(9) Volatile acids of digested sludge when drawn or as needed
to control digester operation.
(lO) Chlorine residuals of effluent daily, twice daily when
stream conditions require.
* Note enclosed in parentheses has been added by the Twin Cities-Upper
Mississippi River Project.
VI-7A
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For an activated sludge plant the required test procedures
are:
(l) Settleable solids daily.
(2) Relative stability or nitrates da,ily on 2U-hour composite
samples.
(3) Dissolved oxygen of raw waste, final effluent and receiving
stream above and below discharge 5 days per week.
(U) pH of raw waste and final effluent daily.
(5) BOD's of raw waste and effluents daily, Monday through
Friday, on 2k-hour composite samples.
(6) Suspended solids of raw waste and final effluents daily,
Monday through Friday, on 2i*-hour composite samples.
(7) Sludge index daily on each shift. Solids should be
determined in conjunction with the BOD and suspended
solids determinations.
(8) Mixed liquor DO (colorimetric) daily on each shift.
(9) Sludge depth in primary and final settling tanks daily
on each shift.
(10) pH of digested sludge when drawn or as needed to control
digester operation.
(ll) Total and volatile solids of digested sludge when drawn
or as needed to control digester operation.
(12) Volatile acids of digested sludge when drawn or as needed
to control digester operation.
(13) Chlorine residual of effluent daily, twice daily when
stream conditions require.
RECORDS
The comments on records for the 5.0 MOD plant also apply to the
10.0 MGD plant. The administrative personnel should select the record
style best suited to their specific needs. Many more items of control
data also may be desirable, based on the superintendent's judgment and
on special conditions.
With a larger staff the 10.0 MSD plant may be able to carry on
special projects beyond that possible in the smaller plants. Such
projects may include special studies on industrial wastes or operational
research projects. These projects may result in published information
which can be valuable to many others with similar problems.
VI-8A
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A plant of this size normally is expected, to produce an annual
operating report containing comprehensive records of the year's activities
and performance. This procedure enables the superintendent to transform
the daily records into summary and unusual information which is quite
helpful to others.
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