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-0.0554 Tc 0.16 Tw (December 1999) Tj -294 -44.4 TD /F0 30 Tf 0.057 Tc 0.003 Tw (1999 Update ) Tj 0 -35.52 TD 0 Tc 0.06 Tw (of ) Tj -0.1714 Tc 0.2314 Tw (Ambient ) Tj T* 0.0545 Tc 0.0055 Tw (Water Qualit) Tj -1.08 Tc 0 Tw (y) Tj T* 0.0712 Tc -0.0113 Tw (Criteria ) Tj T* 0.03 Tc 0.03 Tw (for ) Tj 0 -71.04 TD -0.1886 Tc 0 Tw (Ammonia) Tj 0 -303.12 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0523 Tc 0.0225 Tw (Supersedes 1998 Update) Tj ET endstream endobj 375 0 obj <> endobj 376 0 obj <> endobj 377 0 obj [/PDF/Text] endobj 1 0 obj <>/Type/Page>> endobj 2 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 3 0 obj <>stream BT 257.04 607.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0661 Tc 0.0364 Tw (1999 Update of) Tj -95.76 -33.12 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.018 Tw (Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia) Tj 98.64 -205.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (September 1999) Tj -25.2 -29.28 TD 0.0348 Tc -0.0108 Tw (Supersedes 1998 Update) Tj -37.92 -146.4 TD -0.0247 Tc 0.0487 Tw (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) Tj 66.24 -29.28 TD 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (Office of Water) Tj -53.76 -14.64 TD 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (Office of Science and Technology) Tj 47.04 -14.64 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (Washington, D.C.) Tj -55.2 -29.28 TD 0.0172 Tc 0.0068 Tw (Office of Research and Development) Tj 14.64 -14.64 TD -0 Tc 0.0244 Tw (Mid-Continent Ecology Division) Tj 38.4 -14.64 TD -0.0217 Tc 0.0457 Tw (Duluth, Minnesota) Tj ET endstream endobj 4 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 5 0 obj <>stream BT 298.8 39.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (iv) Tj -17.76 667.44 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0513 Tc (Notices) Tj -209.04 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (This update provides guidance to States and Tribes authorized to establish water) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.062 Tc -0.038 Tw (quality standards under the Clean Water Act \(CWA\), to protect aquatic life from acute) Tj T* 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (and chronic effects of ammonia. Under the CWA, States and Tribes are to establish) Tj T* 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (water quality criteria to protect designated uses. State and tribal decision makers) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-by-case basis that differ from this) Tj T* 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (guidance when appropriate. While this update constitutes EPA\222s scientific) Tj T* 0.0208 Tc 0.0032 Tw (recommendations regarding ambient concentrations of ammonia that protect freshwater) Tj T* 0.0598 Tc -0.0358 Tw (aquatic life, this update does not substitute for the CWA or EPA\222s regulations; nor is it a) Tj T* 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (regulation itself. Thus, it cannot impose legally binding requirements on EPA, States,) Tj T* 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (Tribes, or the regulated community, and might not apply to a particular situation based) Tj T* 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw (upon the circumstances. EPA may change this guidance in the future.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (This document has been approved for publication by the Office of Science and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (Technology, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade) Tj T* 0.0145 Tc 0.0095 Tw (names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for) Tj T* 0.03 Tc 0 Tw (use.) Tj 176.88 -86.64 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0717 Tc (Acknowledgment) Tj -176.88 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (This update is a modification of the ) Tj 190.56 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for) Tj -190.56 -14.16 TD -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (Ammonia) Tj 50.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0374 Tc -0.0134 Tw (. The 1999 modifications were written by Charles Delos and Russ Erickson. ) Tj -50.64 -14.16 TD 0.0281 Tc -0.0041 Tw (The 1998 Update, most of the text of which was carried unchanged into the 1999) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (Update, was written by Charles Stephan, Russ Erickson, Charles Delos, Tom) Tj T* 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (Willingham, Kent Ballentine, and Rob Pepin \(with substantial input from Alex Barron of) Tj T* 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality, Dave Maschwitz of the Minnesota) Tj T* 0.0495 Tc -0.0255 Tw (Pollution Control Agency, and Bob Mosher of the Illinois Environmental Protection) Tj T* 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (Agency\) under the auspices of the Aquatic Life Criteria Guideline Committee. Please) Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.0058 Tw (submit comments or questions to: Charles Delos, U.S. EPA, Mail Code 4304,) Tj T* 0.0612 Tc -0.0372 Tw (Washington, DC 20460 \(e-mail: delos.charles@epa.gov\).) 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Tj 132 0 TD 0.048 Tc (104) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (Appendix 3: Conversion of Results of Toxicity Tests) Tj 288.96 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (.......................) Tj 158.88 0 TD 0.048 Tc (107) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (Appendix 4: Acute Values) Tj 147.84 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (............................................) Tj 300 0 TD 0.048 Tc (109) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (Appendix 5: Histopathological Effects) Tj 208.32 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (...................................) Tj 239.52 0 TD 0.048 Tc (118) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (Appendix 6: Results of Regression Analyses of Chronic Data) Tj 336 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (................) Tj 111.84 0 TD 0.048 Tc (122) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (Appendix 7: Acute-Chronic Ratios) Tj 188.16 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (......................................) Tj 259.68 0 TD 0.048 Tc (135) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.0357 Tc -0.0117 Tw (Appendix 8: A Field Study Relevant to the CCC) Tj 262.08 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (...........................) Tj 185.76 0 TD 0.048 Tc (139) Tj -447.84 -25.44 TD 0.054 Tc -0.03 Tw (Appendix 9: Water-Effect Ratios) Tj 181.44 0 TD 3.384 Tc 0 Tw (.......................................) 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The purpose of the 1998 Update was to) Tj T* 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (revise the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document \(U.S. EPA 1985a\) and replace Heber) Tj T* 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (and Ballentine \(1992\) and U.S. EPA \(1996\) by addressing selected important issues to) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (the extent possible in a short-term effort without additional research.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0133 Tc 0.0107 Tw (EPA obtained public comment on the 1998 Update. In response to those comments) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0278 Tc -0.0038 Tw (EPA modified its criteria recommendations and prepared the current document, the) Tj T* 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (1999 Update, which replaces and supersedes the 1998 Update. A supporting) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 0.036 Tw (document, ) Tj 59.28 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0177 Tc 0.0063 Tw (Response to Comments on 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria) Tj -59.28 -14.16 TD 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (for Ammonia) Tj 68.16 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0012 Tc 0.0228 Tw ( \(U.S. EPA 1999\) presents the comments and EPA\222s responses.) Tj -68.16 -28.32 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (This 1999 Update first presents an overview of ammonia toxicology in order to provide) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (the background needed to explain the revisions of the freshwater ammonia criterion. ) Tj T* 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (Then the equations used in the older documents to address the temperature- and pH-) Tj T* 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (dependence of ammonia toxicity in fresh water are revised to take into account newer) Tj T* 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (data, better models, and improved statistical methods. Next, a CMC \(acute criterion\) is) Tj T* 0.0382 Tc -0.0142 Tw (derived from the acute toxicity data in the 1984/1985 criteria document, pH-normalized) Tj T* 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (using the new equations. Then, new and old chronic toxicity data are evaluated and) Tj T* 0.0617 Tc -0.0377 Tw (used to derive a CCC \(chronic criterion\). Lastly, the chronic averaging period is) Tj T* 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (addressed. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (The 1999 Update differs from the 1998 Update primarily in the handling of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (temperature-dependency for the CCC, and therefore the formulation of the CCC, and) Tj T* 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (the expression of the national criterion. One facet of the chronic averaging period was) Tj T* 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (also slightly changed. Neither the 1998 Update nor the 1999 Update were intended to) Tj T* 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (address \(1\) the CMC averaging period, or \(2\) the frequency of allowed exceedances. ) Tj T* 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (The Updates address only the freshwater criterion and do not affect the saltwater) Tj T* 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (criterion for ammonia \(U.S. EPA 1989\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0338 Tc -0.0098 Tw (Concentrations of un-ionized ammonia and total ammonia are given herein in terms of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.0064 Tw (nitrogen, i.e., as mg N/L, because most permit limits for ammonia are expressed in) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (terms of nitrogen. CMCs and CCCs are given to three significant figures to minimize) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (the effect of round-off error in the calculation of permit limits.) Tj ET endstream endobj 12 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 13 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj -53.04 521.52 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 19.2 6.24 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (%) Tj -1.92 -9.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (4) Tj 12 3.36 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (X) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 17.28 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (3) Tj 9.6 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (H) Tj 10.56 4.56 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (%) Tj 182.4 -4.8 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(1\)) Tj -265.68 -49.92 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.084 Tc (K) Tj 13.2 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 284.64 512.16 52.56 0.72 re b BT 286.08 519.36 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 17.28 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (3) Tj 4.32 3.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 3.36 0 TD ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (H) Tj 10.56 4.56 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (%) Tj 4.8 -4.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj -37.2 -22.8 TD ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 19.2 6.24 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (%) Tj -1.92 -9.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (4) Tj 6.72 3.36 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 200.4 10.32 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(2\)) Tj -302.16 -90.72 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.018 Tc (pK) Tj 19.92 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (09018) Tj 38.88 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 316.08 418.56 57.6 0.48 re S BT 323.52 422.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (2729) Tj 26.88 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (92) Tj -36.24 -16.8 TD (273) Tj 20.16 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.108 Tc (T) Tj 158.16 7.92 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(3\)) Tj -276.72 -131.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (f) Tj 3.36 -3.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0418 Tc (NH) Tj 11.52 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.024 Tc (3) Tj 8.64 6 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 283.68 285.12 65.28 0.48 re S BT 313.44 289.44 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -28.32 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.16 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0431 Tc (pK) Tj 9.6 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj -92.4 -36.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (f) Tj 3.36 -4.08 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0418 Tc (NH) Tj 12.72 4.32 TD /F4 6 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj -1.2 -6.96 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.024 Tc (4) Tj 10.08 6.72 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 284.16 241.2 65.28 0.72 re b BT 313.68 245.52 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -28.32 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.4 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0431 Tc (pK) Tj -79.92 -36 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (f) Tj 3.36 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0418 Tc (NH) Tj 11.52 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.024 Tc (3) Tj 6 6.24 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (f) Tj 3.36 -4.08 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0418 Tc (NH) Tj 12.72 4.32 TD /F4 6 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj -1.2 -6.96 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.024 Tc (4) Tj 10.08 6.72 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 187.68 37.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(4\)) Tj -322.08 473.52 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0898 Tc 0.0601 Tw (Overview of Ammonia Toxicology) Tj -123.6 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (The 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document reviewed data regarding the dependence of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (the toxicity of ammonia to aquatic organisms on various physicochemical properties of) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (the test water, especially temperature, pH, and ionic composition. A key factor in these) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (relationships is the chemical speciation of ammonia. In aqueous solution, ammonia) Tj T* 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (primarily exists in two forms, un-ionized ammonia \(NH) Tj 287.76 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0113 Tc 0.0353 Tw (\) and ammonium ion \(NH) Tj 133.92 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj 4.08 7.68 TD 0.1152 Tc (+) Tj 4.32 -5.04 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.054 Tc (\),) Tj -434.16 -14.16 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (which are in equilibrium with each other according to the following expressions:) Tj 0 -127.44 TD 0.0553 Tc -0.0313 Tw (The equilibrium constant K depends significantly on temperature; this relationship has) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (been described by Emerson et al. \(1975\) with the following equation:) Tj 0 -70.8 TD 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw (where pK = -log) Tj 84.72 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (K and T is temperature in degrees Celsius.) Tj -94.32 -28.32 TD 0.0548 Tc -0.0308 Tw (From Equation 2, the definition of pK, and the definition) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw (pH = -log) Tj 49.44 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ([H) Tj 12 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0058 Tc (+) Tj 5.04 -6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0509 Tc -0.0269 Tw (], the following expressions can be derived for the fraction of total) Tj -76.08 -14.16 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0311 Tw (ammonia in each of the two forms:) Tj 0 -184.08 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (The individual fractions vary markedly with temperature and pH. The pH-dependence) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.0059 Tw (of the relative amounts of un-ionized ammonia and ammonium ion at 25) Tj 382.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0133 Tc 0.0107 Tw (C, at which) Tj -388.8 -14.16 TD 0.0629 Tc -0.0389 Tw (pK=9.24, is illustrated in the following graph:) Tj ET endstream endobj 14 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 15 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 154.8 504 302.4 215.52 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 215.52 547.2 210.24 131.04 re b BT 226.08 693.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.36 Tf 0.6951 Tc -0.0711 Tw (Chemical Speciation of Ammonia) Tj 88.32 -168 TD 0.744 Tc 0 Tw (pH) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 215.52 547.2 m 425.76 547.2 l S 236.64 547.2 m 236.64 550.8 l S 278.64 547.2 m 278.64 550.8 l S 320.64 547.2 m 320.64 550.8 l S 362.64 547.2 m 362.64 550.8 l S 404.64 547.2 m 404.64 550.8 l S BT 234.48 539.04 TD /F2 6.24 Tf 0.576 Tc (6) Tj 42 0 TD (7) Tj 42 0 TD (8) Tj 42 0 TD (9) Tj 40.08 0 TD 0.456 Tc (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 182.64 550.56 Tm /F2 8.4 Tf 0 Tc (Fraction of Total Ammonia) Tj ET 215.52 547.2 m 215.52 678.24 l S 215.52 570 m 219.84 570 l S 215.52 602.88 m 219.84 602.88 l S 215.52 635.76 m 219.84 635.76 l S 215.52 668.4 m 219.84 668.4 l S BT 191.04 568.56 TD /F2 6.24 Tf 0.48 Tc (0.001) Tj 4.08 32.64 TD 0.456 Tc (0.01) Tj 4.32 32.88 TD 0.496 Tc (0.1) Tj 8.4 32.88 TD 0.576 Tc (1) Tj ET 215.52 668.4 m 219.6 668.4 l 223.92 668.4 l 228 668.4 l 232.32 668.4 l 236.64 668.4 l 240.72 668.4 l 245.04 668.4 l 249.12 668.4 l 253.44 668.4 l 257.52 668.4 l 261.84 668.4 l 265.92 668.4 l 270.24 668.4 l 274.32 668.4 l 278.64 668.4 l 282.72 668.4 l 287.04 668.4 l 291.12 668.4 l 295.44 668.4 l 299.52 668.4 l 303.84 668.4 l 307.92 668.4 l 312.24 668.4 l 316.32 668.4 l 320.64 668.4 l 324.72 668.4 l 329.04 668.4 l 333.12 668.4 l 337.44 668.4 l 341.52 668.4 l 345.84 668.4 l 349.92 668.4 l 354.24 668.4 l 358.32 668.4 l 362.64 668.4 l 366.72 668.4 l 371.04 668.4 l 375.36 668.4 l 379.44 668.4 l 383.76 668.4 l 387.84 668.4 l 391.92 668.4 l 396.24 668.4 l 400.56 668.4 l 404.64 668.4 l 408.96 668.4 l 413.04 668.4 l 417.36 668.4 l 421.44 668.4 l 425.76 668.4 l S 217.2 547.2 0.24 0.24 re f 217.2 547.2 m 217.2 547.2 l S 219.84 549.12 0.24 0.24 re f 219.6 549.12 m 219.84 549.12 l S 225.12 553.2 0.24 0.24 re f 224.88 553.2 m 225.12 553.2 l S 230.4 557.28 0.24 0.24 re f 230.4 557.28 m 230.4 557.28 l S 235.68 561.6 0.24 0.24 re f 235.68 561.36 m 235.68 561.6 l S 240.96 565.68 0.24 0.24 re f 240.96 565.68 m 240.96 565.68 l S 246.24 569.76 0.24 0.24 re f 246.24 569.76 m 246.24 569.76 l S 251.52 573.84 0.24 0.24 re f 251.52 573.84 m 251.52 573.84 l S 256.8 577.92 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 577.92 m 256.8 577.92 l S 262.08 582.24 0.24 0.24 re f 262.08 582.24 m 262.08 582.24 l S 267.36 586.32 0.24 0.24 re f 267.36 586.32 m 267.36 586.32 l S 272.64 590.4 0.24 0.24 re f 272.64 590.4 m 272.64 590.4 l S 277.92 594.48 0.24 0.24 re f 277.92 594.48 m 277.92 594.48 l S 283.2 598.56 0.24 0.24 re f 283.2 598.56 m 283.2 598.56 l S 288.48 602.64 0.24 0.24 re f 288.48 602.64 m 288.48 602.64 l S 293.76 606.72 0.24 0.24 re f 293.76 606.72 m 293.76 606.72 l S 299.28 610.8 0.24 0.24 re f 299.04 610.8 m 299.28 610.8 l S 304.56 614.88 0.24 0.24 re f 304.32 614.88 m 304.56 614.88 l S 309.84 618.96 0.24 0.24 re f 309.6 618.96 m 309.84 618.96 l S 315.12 623.04 0.24 0.24 re f 315.12 622.8 m 315.12 623.04 l S 320.4 626.88 0.24 0.24 re f 320.4 626.88 m 320.4 626.88 l S 325.68 630.72 0.24 0.24 re f 325.68 630.72 m 325.68 630.72 l S 330.96 634.56 0.24 0.24 re f 330.96 634.56 m 330.96 634.56 l S 336.24 638.16 0.24 0.24 re f 336.24 638.16 m 336.24 638.16 l S 341.52 641.76 0.24 0.24 re f 341.52 641.76 m 341.52 641.76 l S 346.8 645.12 0.24 0.24 re f 346.8 645.12 m 346.8 645.12 l S 352.08 648.48 0.24 0.24 re f 352.08 648.48 m 352.08 648.48 l S 357.36 651.36 0.24 0.24 re f 357.36 651.36 m 357.36 651.36 l S 362.64 654.24 0.24 0.24 re f 362.64 654.24 m 362.64 654.24 l S 367.92 656.64 0.24 0.24 re f 367.92 656.64 m 367.92 656.64 l S 373.2 658.8 0.24 0.24 re f 373.2 658.8 m 373.2 658.8 l S 378.72 660.72 0.24 0.24 re f 378.48 660.72 m 378.72 660.72 l S 384 662.4 0.24 0.24 re f 383.76 662.4 m 384 662.4 l S 389.28 663.6 0.24 0.24 re f 389.04 663.6 m 389.28 663.6 l S 394.56 664.8 0.24 0.24 re f 394.56 664.8 m 394.56 664.8 l S 399.84 665.52 0.24 0.24 re f 399.84 665.52 m 399.84 665.52 l S 405.12 666.24 0.24 0.24 re f 405.12 666.24 m 405.12 666.24 l S 410.4 666.72 0.24 0.24 re f 410.4 666.72 m 410.4 666.72 l S 415.68 667.2 0.24 0.24 re f 415.68 667.2 m 415.68 667.2 l S 420.96 667.44 0.24 0.24 re f 420.96 667.44 m 420.96 667.44 l S 215.52 668.4 m 219.6 668.4 l 223.92 668.4 l 228 668.4 l S 231.36 668.4 0.24 0.24 re f 228 668.4 m 231.36 668.4 l S 236.64 668.4 m 240.72 668.4 l 245.04 668.4 l 249.12 668.4 l S 252.24 668.4 0.24 0.24 re f 249.12 668.4 m 252.24 668.4 l S 257.52 668.4 m 261.84 668.4 l 265.92 668.4 l 270.24 668.4 l S 273.36 668.4 0.24 0.24 re f 270.24 668.4 m 273.36 668.4 l S 278.64 668.4 m 282.72 668.4 l 287.04 668.4 l 291.12 668.4 l S 294.24 668.4 0.24 0.24 re f 291.12 668.4 m 294.24 668.4 l S 299.52 668.16 m 303.84 668.16 l 307.92 668.16 l 312.24 667.92 l S 315.36 667.92 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 667.92 m 315.36 667.92 l S 320.64 667.68 m 324.72 667.44 l 329.04 667.2 l 333.12 666.96 l S 336.48 666.72 0.24 0.24 re f 333.12 666.96 m 336.48 666.72 l S 341.52 666.24 m 345.84 665.52 l 349.92 664.8 l 354.24 664.08 l S 357.36 663.36 0.24 0.24 re f 354.24 664.08 m 357.36 663.36 l S 362.64 661.92 m 366.72 660.72 l 371.04 659.28 l 375.36 657.6 l S 378.48 656.16 0.24 0.24 re f 375.36 657.6 m 378.48 656.16 l S 383.76 653.76 m 387.84 651.6 l 391.92 649.2 l 396.24 646.8 l S 399.36 644.64 0.24 0.24 re f 396.24 646.8 m 399.36 644.64 l S 404.64 641.28 m 408.96 638.4 l 413.04 635.52 l 417.36 632.64 l S 420.48 630.24 0.24 0.24 re f 417.36 632.64 m 420.48 630.24 l S BT 292.56 672.96 TD 1 0 0 rg /F2 7.2 Tf 0.56 Tc -0.08 Tw (Total Ammonia) Tj -70.08 -50.16 TD 0.5647 Tc -0.0847 Tw (Un-ionized Ammonia) Tj 133.2 0 TD 0.5673 Tc -0.0873 Tw (Ammonium Ion) Tj -283.68 -130.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (Ammonia speciation also depends on ionic strength, but in fresh water this effect is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (much smaller than the effects of pH and temperature \(Soderberg and Meade 1991\) and) Tj T* 0.0527 Tc -0.0287 Tw (is sufficiently small compared to the typical uncertainty in LC50s that it will not be) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (considered here as a variable affecting ammonia toxicity. \(As discussed later, ionic) Tj T* 0.0129 Tc 0.0111 Tw (composition might affect ammonia toxicity in ways other than its effect on ammonia) Tj T* 0.067 Tc 0 Tw (speciation\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (These speciation relationships are important to ammonia toxicity because un-ionized) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0053 Tc 0.0187 Tw (ammonia is much more toxic than ammonium ion. The importance of un-ionized) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (ammonia was first recognized when it was observed that increased pH caused total) Tj T* 0.0262 Tc -0.0022 Tw (ammonia to appear to be much more toxic \(Chipman 1934; Wuhrmann and Woker) Tj T* 0.0363 Tc -0.0123 Tw (1948\). It is not surprising that un-ionized ammonia is the more toxic form, because it is) Tj T* 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (a neutral molecule and thus is able to diffuse across the epithelial membranes of) Tj T* 0.0082 Tc 0.0158 Tw (aquatic organisms much more readily than the charged ammonium ion. Ammonia is) Tj T* 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (unique among regulated pollutants because it is an endogenously produced toxicant) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (that organisms have developed various strategies to excrete, which is in large part by) Tj T* 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (passive diffusion of un-ionized ammonia from the gills. High external un-ionized) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (ammonia concentrations reduce or reverse diffusive gradients and cause the buildup of) Tj T* 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw (ammonia in gill tissue and blood.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Because of the importance of un-ionized ammonia, it became a convention in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (scientific literature to express ammonia toxicity in terms of un-ionized ammonia, and) Tj T* 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (water quality criteria and standards followed this convention. However, there are) Tj T* 0.0326 Tc -0.0086 Tw (reasons to believe that ammonium ion can contribute significantly to ammonia toxicity) Tj T* 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (under some conditions. Observations that ammonia toxicity is relatively constant when) Tj T* 0.0132 Tc 0.0108 Tw (expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia come mainly from toxicity tests conducted at) Tj T* 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (pH>7.5. At lower pH, toxicity varies considerably when expressed in terms of un-) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (ionized ammonia and under some conditions is relatively constant in terms of) Tj T* 0.021 Tc 0.003 Tw (ammonium ion \(Erickson 1985\). Also, studies have established that mechanisms exist) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (for the transport of ammonium ion across gill epithelia \(Wood 1993\), so this ion might) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (contribute significantly to ammonia exchange at gills and affect the buildup of ammonia) Tj ET endstream endobj 16 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 17 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (4) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 237.6 213.6 302.4 222.48 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 298.32 259.44 210.24 139.44 re b BT 343.44 408.24 TD 0 0 0 rg /F2 9.84 Tf 0.4066 Tc -0.0706 Tw (Toxicity of Ammonia) Tj 53.76 -172.08 TD 0.456 Tc 0 Tw (pH) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 298.32 259.44 m 508.56 259.44 l S 319.44 259.44 m 319.44 263.52 l S 361.44 259.44 m 361.44 263.52 l S 403.44 259.44 m 403.44 263.52 l S 445.44 259.44 m 445.44 263.52 l S 487.44 259.44 m 487.44 263.52 l S BT 317.28 250.8 TD /F2 6.72 Tf 0.288 Tc (6) Tj 42 0 TD (7) Tj 42 0 TD (8) Tj 42 0 TD (9) Tj 40.08 0 TD 0.168 Tc (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 265.92 278.88 Tm /F2 8.88 Tf 0 Tc (Toxic Concentration) Tj ET 298.32 259.44 m 298.32 398.88 l S 298.32 283.92 m 302.64 283.92 l S 298.32 318.72 m 302.64 318.72 l S 298.32 353.52 m 302.64 353.52 l S 298.32 388.32 m 302.64 388.32 l S BT 273.84 282.24 TD /F2 6.72 Tf 0.192 Tc (0.001) Tj 4.08 34.8 TD 0.168 Tc (0.01) Tj 4.32 34.8 TD 0.208 Tc (0.1) Tj 8.4 34.8 TD 0.288 Tc (1) Tj ET 298.32 388.08 m 302.4 388.08 l 306.72 388.08 l 310.8 387.84 l 315.12 387.84 l 319.44 387.6 l 323.52 387.36 l 327.84 387.12 l 331.92 386.88 l 336.24 386.4 l 340.32 385.92 l 344.64 385.44 l 348.72 384.72 l 353.04 383.76 l 357.12 382.8 l 361.44 381.6 l 365.52 380.4 l 369.84 378.72 l 373.92 377.04 l 378.24 375.12 l 382.32 372.96 l 386.64 370.8 l 390.72 368.4 l 395.04 365.76 l 399.12 363.12 l 403.44 360.24 l 407.52 357.6 l 411.84 354.72 l 415.92 351.84 l 420.24 348.96 l 424.32 346.32 l 428.64 343.44 l 432.72 340.8 l 437.04 338.4 l 441.12 336 l 445.44 333.6 l 449.52 331.68 l 453.84 329.76 l 458.16 328.08 l 462.24 326.64 l 466.56 325.2 l 470.64 324.24 l 474.72 323.28 l 479.04 322.32 l 483.36 321.6 l 487.44 321.12 l 491.76 320.64 l 495.84 320.16 l 500.16 319.92 l 504.24 319.68 l 508.56 319.44 l S 300.48 259.44 0.24 0.24 re f 300.48 259.44 m 300.48 259.44 l S 302.64 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 302.4 261.12 m 302.64 261.12 l S 307.92 265.44 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 265.44 m 307.92 265.44 l S 313.2 269.76 0.24 0.24 re f 313.2 269.76 m 313.2 269.76 l S 318.48 273.84 0.24 0.24 re f 318.48 273.84 m 318.48 273.84 l S 323.76 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 323.76 278.16 m 323.76 278.16 l S 329.04 282 0.24 0.24 re f 329.04 282 m 329.04 282 l S 334.32 286.08 0.24 0.24 re f 334.32 286.08 m 334.32 286.08 l S 339.6 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 339.6 289.92 m 339.6 289.92 l S 344.88 293.52 0.24 0.24 re f 344.88 293.52 m 344.88 293.52 l S 350.16 296.88 0.24 0.24 re f 350.16 296.88 m 350.16 296.88 l S 355.44 300.24 0.24 0.24 re f 355.44 300.24 m 355.44 300.24 l S 360.72 303.12 0.24 0.24 re f 360.72 303.12 m 360.72 303.12 l S 366 305.76 0.24 0.24 re f 366 305.76 m 366 305.76 l S 371.28 308.16 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 308.16 m 371.28 308.16 l S 376.56 310.32 0.24 0.24 re f 376.56 310.08 m 376.56 310.32 l S 382.08 312 0.24 0.24 re f 381.84 312 m 382.08 312 l S 387.36 313.44 0.24 0.24 re f 387.12 313.44 m 387.36 313.44 l S 392.64 314.64 0.24 0.24 re f 392.4 314.64 m 392.64 314.64 l S 397.92 315.6 0.24 0.24 re f 397.92 315.6 m 397.92 315.6 l S 403.2 316.32 0.24 0.24 re f 403.2 316.32 m 403.2 316.32 l S 408.48 316.8 0.24 0.24 re f 408.48 316.8 m 408.48 316.8 l S 413.76 317.28 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 317.28 m 413.76 317.28 l S 419.04 317.76 0.24 0.24 re f 419.04 317.52 m 419.04 317.76 l S 424.32 318 0.24 0.24 re f 424.32 318 m 424.32 318 l S 429.6 318 0.24 0.24 re f 429.6 318 m 429.6 318 l S 434.88 318.24 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 318.24 m 434.88 318.24 l S 440.16 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 440.16 318.48 m 440.16 318.48 l S 445.44 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 445.44 318.48 m 445.44 318.48 l S 450.72 318.48 0.24 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0.24 re f 353.04 383.76 m 356.16 383.04 l S 361.44 381.6 m 365.52 380.16 l 369.84 378.72 l 373.92 376.8 l S 377.04 375.36 0.24 0.24 re f 373.92 376.8 m 377.04 375.36 l S 382.32 372.72 m 386.64 370.32 l 390.72 367.92 l 395.04 365.28 l S 398.16 363.12 0.24 0.24 re f 395.04 365.28 m 398.16 363.12 l S 403.44 359.52 m 407.52 356.4 l 411.84 353.52 l 415.92 350.16 l S 419.28 347.76 0.24 0.24 re f 415.92 350.16 m 419.28 347.76 l S 424.32 343.68 m 428.64 340.32 l 432.72 336.96 l 437.04 333.6 l S 440.16 331.2 0.24 0.24 re f 437.04 333.6 m 440.16 331.2 l S 445.44 326.88 m 449.52 323.52 l 453.84 319.92 l 458.16 316.56 l S 461.28 313.92 0.24 0.24 re f 458.16 316.56 m 461.28 313.92 l S 466.56 309.6 m 470.64 306.24 l 474.72 302.64 l 479.04 299.28 l S 482.16 296.64 0.24 0.24 re f 479.04 299.28 m 482.16 296.64 l S 487.44 292.32 m 491.76 288.72 l 495.84 285.36 l 500.16 281.76 l S 503.28 279.12 0.24 0.24 re f 500.16 281.76 m 503.28 279.12 l S BT 417.36 358.08 TD 1 0 0 rg /F2 7.68 Tf 0.272 Tc -0.08 Tw (Total Ammonia) Tj -103.2 -38.16 TD 0.2767 Tc -0.0847 Tw (Un-ionized Ammonia) Tj 109.44 -34.8 TD 0.2793 Tc -0.0873 Tw (Ammonium Ion) Tj -351.6 423.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.0526 Tc -0.0286 Tw (in tissues if its external concentration is sufficiently high. Thus, the very same) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0341 Tc -0.0101 Tw (arguments employed for the importance of un-ionized ammonia can also be applied in) Tj T* 0.0104 Tc 0.0136 Tw (some degree to ammonium ion. This is not to say that ammonium ion is as toxic as un-) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (ionized ammonia, but rather that, regardless of its lower toxicity, it can still be important) Tj T* 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (because it is generally present in much greater concentrations than un-ionized) Tj T* -0.045 Tc 0 Tw (ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0212 Tc 0.0028 Tw (Also, when expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia, ammonia toxicity is usually not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (constant with temperature, on average being about four-fold greater at 5) Tj 385.68 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (C than at) Tj -391.68 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (C for fish \(Erickson 1985\). Because the relative amount of ammonium ion is also) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.0348 Tc -0.0108 Tw (higher at low temperatures, this raises the possibility that ammonium ion might be in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (part responsible for this temperature dependence. However, temperature might also) Tj T* 0.0153 Tc 0.0087 Tw (alter ammonia toxicity by affecting membrane permeability, endogenous ammonia) Tj T* 0.0591 Tc -0.0351 Tw (production, and other physiological processes.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (Various authors have evaluated models that might explain the pH and temperature) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (dependence of ammonia toxicity. Tabata \(1962\) and Armstrong et al. \(1978\) suggested) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (that the observed pH dependence is due to joint toxicity of un-ionized ammonia and) Tj T* -0.037 Tc 0.061 Tw (ammonium ion.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0177 Tc 0.0063 Tw (The adjacent graph shows an) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (idealized picture of ammonia) Tj T* 0.0287 Tc -0.0047 Tw (toxicity assuming that \(a\)) Tj T* -0.0085 Tc 0.0325 Tw (ammonium ion and un-) Tj T* 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (ionized ammonia jointly) Tj T* 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw (determine toxicity and \(b\) un-) Tj T* 0.0205 Tc 0.0035 Tw (ionized ammonia is 100 times) Tj T* -0.0371 Tc 0.0611 Tw (more toxic than ammonium) Tj T* 0.0619 Tc -0.0379 Tw (ion. At sufficiently high pH,) Tj T* 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (the more toxic un-ionized) Tj T* -0.0169 Tc 0.0409 Tw (ammonia comprises a) Tj T* 0.0693 Tc -0.0453 Tw (sufficiently large fraction of) Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw (total ammonia to dominate) Tj T* 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (toxicity, and so toxicity is) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (relatively constant when) Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 0.0069 Tw (expressed in terms of un-) Tj T* 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (ionized ammonia. As pH) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (decreases, the relative amount of ammonium ion increases until it contributes) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (significantly to toxicity, so that toxicity expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* 0.044 Tc -0.02 Tw (increases \(i.e., it appears that less un-ionized ammonia is necessary to cause toxicity) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (because ammonium ion is responsible for some of the toxicity\). At sufficiently low pH,) Tj T* 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw (ammonium ion dominates toxicity, and so toxicity is relatively constant when expressed) Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.0184 Tw (in terms of either ammonium ion or total ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (In contrast to this theory, Lloyd and Herbert \(1960\) suggested that the apparent effect) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (of pH on un-ionized ammonia toxicity is due to the data being plotted in terms of the pH) Tj ET endstream endobj 18 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 19 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (5) Tj -230.64 669.84 TD 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw (of the bulk exposure water rather than the pH at the gill surface. The release of carbon) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (dioxide at the gill lowers pH when pH is moderately alkaline, but has less effect when) Tj T* 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (pH is already low; this results in an apparent effect of pH on toxicity when the pH of the) Tj T* 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (bulk exposure water is used even if there is no such effect if the pH at the gill surface is) Tj T* 0.0348 Tc -0.0108 Tw (used. Szumski et al. \(1982\) suggested that this theory explained not only much of the) Tj T* 0.0254 Tc -0.0014 Tw (pH dependence of ammonia toxicity, but also the temperature dependence.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (Erickson \(1985\) reviewed available information concerning the effects of pH and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0181 Tc 0.0059 Tw (temperature on acute toxicity of ammonia when expressed in terms of un-ionized) Tj T* 0.0338 Tc -0.0098 Tw (ammonia and tested its adherence to these theories. He concluded that effects) Tj T* 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (associated with pH changes at the gill could not account for the effect of temperature) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (and only a small part of the effect of pH. In contrast, the additive joint toxicity model) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (explained a large part of the dependence of ammonia toxicity on pH and predicted) Tj T* 0.0516 Tc -0.0276 Tw (important features of the data, specifically a slope of zero at high pH and a slope of one) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (at low pH. The joint toxicity model could also be fit to the temperature data, but led to) Tj T* 0.0379 Tc -0.0139 Tw (values of the model parameters that were questionable because they indicated that) Tj T* 0.0188 Tc 0.0052 Tw (ammonium ion is as toxic or more toxic than un-ionized ammonia. Clearly, joint toxicity) Tj T* 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (could not possibly account for both pH and temperature effects, and Erickson \(1985\)) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (concluded that joint toxicity is likely responsible for much of the pH effect, but not for) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (the temperature effect. In the 1984/1985 criteria document, it was noted that the one) Tj T* 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (available dataset concerning the dependence of chronic toxicity on pH \(Broderius et al.) Tj T* 0.0223 Tc 0.0017 Tw (1985\) also suggested joint toxicity of un-ionized ammonia and ammonium ion.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0512 Tc -0.0272 Tw (Therefore, a major consideration in deriving the aquatic life criterion for ammonia is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (whether the mathematical model used to describe pH dependence should be based on) Tj T* 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (joint toxicity theory. Since the 1984/1985 criteria document was issued, several) Tj T* 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (additional studies \(Sheehan and Lewis 1986; Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1995; Ankley et) Tj T* 0.0302 Tc -0.0062 Tw (al. 1995; Johnson 1995\) of the pH dependence of ammonia toxicity have provided more) Tj T* 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw (information regarding the relative importance of un-ionized ammonia and ammonium) Tj T* 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (ion, including indications of more diversity of pH behavior among species than was) Tj T* 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (apparent in the data reviewed by Erickson \(1985\). ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (The report of Sheehan and Lewis \(1986\) requires special consideration here because) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.0032 Tw (they suggest that the toxicity of ammonia at low pH is due to the effect of osmotic shock) Tj T* 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (on unacclimated organisms and that this has major implications for the derivation of a) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (criterion for ammonia. In their investigations concerning the pH-dependence of acute) Tj T* 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (ammonia toxicity to channel catfish, Sheehan and Lewis \(1986\) found that LC50s) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia increased with increasing pH, but less so) Tj T* 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (than reported in most studies, although Tomasso et al. \(1980\) also reported little effect) Tj T* 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (of pH) Tj 28.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ($) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (7 on un-ionized ammonia toxicity to the channel catfish. Sheehan and Lewis) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (noted that lethal concentrations at pH=6 were associated with very high total ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (concentrations \(2000 mg N/L\) and exhibited steeper concentration-effect curves than at) Tj T* 0.053 Tc -0.029 Tw (higher pH. They also reported that other salts were lethal at similar concentrations and) Tj T* 0.0147 Tc 0.0093 Tw (suggested that the toxicity of ammonia at low pH was due to the effect of osmotic shock) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (on unacclimated organisms rather than a specific action of the ammonium ion per se. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 20 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 21 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj -230.64 669.84 TD 0.0379 Tc -0.0139 Tw (However, the implication of this work for the ammonia criterion is doubtful for the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (following reasons:) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Any concern that the effects of high concentrations of ammonia would be less for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0548 Tc -0.0308 Tw (acclimated organisms is really not relevant. To be adequately protective, criteria) Tj T* 0.0263 Tc -0.0023 Tw (cannot assume that acclimation takes place, because if such high ammonia) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (concentrations are discharged, they would create a plume of high concentrations) Tj T* 0.0274 Tc -0.0034 Tw (compared to ambient levels. Organisms entering that plume would not be) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (acclimated to the high concentrations. ) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (It is doubtful that the effects of high salt concentrations observed by Sheehan and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (Lewis were strictly due to osmotic effects. In their experiments, potassium chloride) Tj T* 0.0581 Tc -0.0341 Tw (caused higher mortality than the physiologically balanced salt they also used. In) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (fact, the toxicities of such salts vary quite widely, with potassium salts generally) Tj T* 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (being more toxic \(Mount et al. 1997\), probably due to effects of potassium beyond) Tj T* 0.0238 Tc 0 Tw (any osmotic effects. Ammonium chloride also caused higher mortality than the) Tj T* 0.0591 Tc -0.0351 Tw (physiologically balanced salt, although this might be in part due to effects of un-) Tj T* 0.0176 Tc 0.0064 Tw (ionized ammonia.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0254 Tc -0.0014 Tw (As part of their evidence for supporting osmotic effects as a toxic mechanism at low) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0299 Tc -0.0059 Tw (pH, Sheehan and Lewis noted that the dose-response curves were steeper at low) Tj T* 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (pH, suggestive not only of a different mechanism, but one that is less variable) Tj T* 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (among organisms within a test. However, Broderius et al. \(1985\) found the) Tj T* 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (opposite effect of pH on dose-response curves. ) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (The LC50s for channel catfish at low pH are generally much higher than those for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (other fishes that have been tested at low pH. When expressed in terms of total) Tj T* 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (ammonia, the LC50 for channel catfish at pH=6 is four-fold higher than any other) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (LC50 reported for a fish species. For many other fishes, LC50s at pH) Tj 372 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.04 Tc (6.5) Tj -379.2 -14.16 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (represent salt concentrations of only a few hundred mg/L and less than a factor of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (two greater than that of control water. A role of osmotic effects in such cases is) Tj T* 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw (doubtful. Of all of the fish species tested, the pH curves for channel catfish show) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (the least indication for an effect of ammonium ion, so it is a very questionable) Tj T* 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (species upon which to base broad conclusions.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (In contrast to Sheehan and Lewis, Knoph \(1992\) reported no mortality of Atlantic) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (salmon at pH=6 in KCl or in physiologically balanced salt solutions with) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (concentrations equivalent to ammonium chloride solutions causing 45% mortality. ) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (Similarly, Mount et al. \(1997\) found acute LC50s for fathead minnows for various) Tj T* 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (salts and combinations \(except those including potassium\) to be at least several-) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (fold higher than the total ammonia LC50s reported at pH=6.5 by Thurston et al.) Tj T* 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (\(1981b\). Although for an invertebrate, the likely role of ammonium ion other than in) Tj T* 0.0609 Tc -0.0369 Tw (association with high salt concentrations is also evident in the daphnid data of) Tj T* 0.0495 Tc -0.0255 Tw (Tabata \(1962\) and Mount et al. \(1997\).) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (6.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0363 Tc -0.0123 Tw (Even if a different mechanism for toxicity exists at low pH, these tests still identify) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.053 Tc -0.029 Tw (concentrations that are unacceptably toxic and this is still joint toxicity in the broad) Tj T* 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (sense of the term. Although the joint toxicity might not be strictly additive, as would) Tj T* 0.0018 Tc 0.0222 Tw (be expected if the two forms of ammonia operate by the same mechanism, it is joint) Tj T* 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (toxicity nonetheless and should exhibit a similar pH dependence and be) Tj T* 0.0766 Tc -0.0526 Tw (considered in criteria derivation.) Tj ET endstream endobj 22 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 23 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (7) Tj -230.64 669.84 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (Although there is considerable reason to consider the effects of pH on ammonia toxicity) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0259 Tc -0.0019 Tw (to be largely due to the joint toxicity of ammonium ion and un-ionized ammonia, pH can) Tj T* 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (have other effects on membrane function and other physiological processes that could) Tj T* 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (also alter ammonia toxicity, especially at very low and high pHs, and these are poorly) Tj T* 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (established. The state of knowledge for the pH dependence is incomplete in terms of) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (understanding specific mechanisms, variation among species, and interactions with) Tj T* 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (various physicochemical processes. Lacking a definitive, thorough theoretical) Tj T* 0.0423 Tc -0.0183 Tw (approach for describing pH effects, the most reasonable approach is to adopt the best) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (empirical description that can be obtained from available data. However, the shape of) Tj T* 0.0592 Tc -0.0352 Tw (this empirical equation can be guided by consideration of the evidence for the role of) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (speciation in ammonia toxicity. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0285 Tc -0.0045 Tw (The effects of temperature on ammonia toxicity are even less well understood, and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0589 Tc -0.0349 Tw (there is no adequate theoretical basis or scientific understanding for specifying how) Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (temperature adjustments to the ammonia criterion should be made. Therefore, an) Tj T* 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (empirical approach will also be used for temperature dependence, as developed in the) Tj T* 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (next section.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0211 Tc 0.0029 Tw (As reviewed in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document, ammonia toxicity can also) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (depend on various aspects of the ionic composition of the exposure water, but the) Tj T* 0.0509 Tc -0.0269 Tw (effects were not clear and consistent enough to warrant inclusion of other variables in) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (the criterion. Although Soderberg and Meade \(1992\), Yesaki and Iwama \(1992\),) Tj T* 0.0219 Tc 0.0021 Tw (Ankley et al. \(1995\), Johnson \(1995\), Borgmann and Borgmann \(1997\), and Iwama et) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (al. \(1997\) have provided new data concerning interactions between various ions and) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (ammonia toxicity and excretion, there is still insufficient understanding and information) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (to account for these effects in the criterion and they will have to be addressed using) Tj T* 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (water-effect ratios or other site-specific approaches.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (In summary, the available evidence indicates that the toxicity of ammonia can depend) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (on ionic composition, pH, and temperature. The mechanisms of these effects are) Tj T* 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (poorly understood, but the pH dependence strongly suggests that joint toxicity of un-) Tj T* 0.0148 Tc 0.0092 Tw (ionized ammonia and ammonium ion is an important component. For the reasons) Tj T* 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (presented above, the following approach will be used to account for these effects.) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (Because the effects of ionic composition on ammonia speciation in fresh water are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0495 Tc -0.0255 Tw (small and its other effects on toxicity are poorly established, the ionic composition) Tj T* 0.053 Tc -0.029 Tw (of the exposure water will not be considered in the derivation of the criterion.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (Even though temperature can strongly affect the relative amounts of un-ionized) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0109 Tc 0.0131 Tw (ammonia and ammonium ion, its effect on the toxicity of ammonia is not strongly) Tj T* 0.0554 Tc -0.0314 Tw (indicative of joint toxicity and will be described strictly by an empirical approach.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0516 Tc -0.0276 Tw (The effect of pH will be described by equations that include basic features of joint) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.02 Tc 0.004 Tw (toxicity of un-ionized ammonia and ammonium ion, but with an empirical) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (component that recognizes the incomplete knowledge of these effects.) Tj ET endstream endobj 24 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 25 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj -151.44 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0657 Tc 0.0359 Tw (Temperature-Dependence of Ammonia Toxicity) Tj -79.2 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0508 Tc -0.0268 Tw (This section presents the temperature analysis published in the 1998 Update, followed) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (by the re-analysis performed for this 1999 Update.) Tj 0 -42.72 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.0143 Tc 0.0097 Tw (1998 Analysis of Temperature-Dependence) Tj 0 -28.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (The 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document identified temperature as an important) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (factor affecting the toxicity of ammonia. When expressed in terms of ) Tj 369.6 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0636 Tc 0 Tw (un-ionized) Tj -369.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0183 Tc 0.0057 Tw (ammonia, the acute toxicity of ammonia was reported in the criteria document to be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (inversely related to temperature for several species of fish, whereas limited data on) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (acute ammonia toxicity to invertebrates showed no significant temperature) Tj T* 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (dependence. No direct data were available concerning the temperature dependence of) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (chronic toxicity. It was noted, however, that the differences between chronic values for) Tj T* 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (salmonid fish species tested at low temperatures and chronic values for warmwater fish) Tj T* 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (species tested at higher temperatures paralleled differences in acute toxicity known to) Tj T* 0.0213 Tc 0.0027 Tw (be caused by temperature. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (In the 1984/1985 criteria document, an average temperature relationship observed for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0137 Tc 0.0103 Tw (fish was used to adjust fish acute toxicity data to a common temperature \(20) Tj 405.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (C\) for) Tj -411.36 -14.16 TD 0.044 Tc -0.02 Tw (derivation of the CMC for ) Tj 137.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0636 Tc 0 Tw (un-ionized) Tj 54.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0182 Tc 0.0058 Tw ( ammonia; this same relationship was used to) Tj -192.48 -14.16 TD 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (extrapolate this CMC to other temperatures. \(Invertebrate toxicity data were not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0222 Tc 0.0018 Tw (adjusted, but invertebrates were sufficiently resistant to ammonia that adjustment of) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (invertebrate data was not important in the derivation of the CMC.\) This temperature) Tj T* 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw (relationship for fish resulted in the un-ionized ammonia CMC being higher at warm) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (temperatures than at cold temperatures. Additionally, because of concerns about the) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (validity of extrapolating the temperature relationship to high temperatures, the un-) Tj T* 0.0292 Tc -0.0052 Tw (ionized ammonia CMC was "capped" to be no higher than its value at a temperature,) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (called TCAP, near the upper end of the temperature range of the acute toxicity data) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (available for warmwater and coldwater fishes. Similarly, the CCC was capped at a) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (temperature near the upper end of the temperature range of the available chronic) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (toxicity data.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (Although the un-ionized ammonia criterion is lower at low temperatures, this does not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.0012 Tw (result in more restrictive permit limits for ammonia because the ratio of ammonium ion) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (to un-ionized ammonia increases at low temperatures, resulting in the total ammonia) Tj T* 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw (criterion being essentially constant at temperatures below TCAP. In practice, however,) Tj T* 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (the criterion at low temperatures can be more limiting for dischargers than the criterion) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (at high temperatures because biological treatment of ammonia is more difficult at low) Tj T* 0.0345 Tc -0.0105 Tw (temperatures. Above TCAP, the constant un-ionized ammonia criterion results in the) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (total ammonia criterion becoming progressively lower with increasing temperature,) Tj T* 0.0598 Tc -0.0358 Tw (which can also result in restrictive discharge limitations.) Tj ET endstream endobj 26 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 27 0 obj <>stream BT 302.64 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj -230.64 669.84 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (Because more data are available at moderate temperatures than at lower and higher) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0186 Tc 0.0054 Tw (temperatures, the ammonia criterion is most uncertain for circumstances when) Tj T* 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (compliance can be most difficult, either because of the low total ammonia criterion at) Tj T* 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (high temperatures or because of treatment difficulties at low temperatures. This) Tj T* 0.0331 Tc -0.0091 Tw (section examines the data used in the 1984/1985 criteria document and newer data to) Tj T* 0.0328 Tc -0.0088 Tw (determine \(1\) whether the use of TCAPs should be continued and \(2\) whether a lower) Tj T* 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (un-ionized criterion at low temperature is warranted. Data used include those analyzed) Tj T* 0.031 Tc -0.007 Tw (by Erickson \(1985\), which are shown in Figure 2 of the 1984/1985 document, and more) Tj T* 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (recent data reported by Arthur et al. \(1987\), DeGraeve et al. \(1987\), Nimmo et al.) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (\(1989\), and Knoph \(1992\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (Data not used include those reported by the following:) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (Bianchini et al. \(1996\) conducted acute tests at 12 and 25) Tj 308.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (C, but one test was in) Tj -314.88 -14.16 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.0032 Tw (fresh water, whereas the other was in salt water.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Diamond et al. \(1993\) conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests on ammonia at 12) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (and 20) Tj 36.96 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0598 Tc -0.0358 Tw (C using several vertebrate and invertebrate species. When expressed in) Tj -42.96 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (terms of un-ionized ammonia, they reported that vertebrates \(i.e., fishes and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0138 Tc 0.0102 Tw (amphibians\) were more sensitive to ammonia at 12) Tj 272.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (C than at 20) Tj 65.76 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0013 Tc 0.0227 Tw (C, whereas) Tj -349.92 -14.16 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (invertebrates were either less sensitive or no more sensitive at 12) Tj 351.12 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.025 Tc -0.001 Tw (C, compatible) Tj -357.12 -14.16 TD 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (with the relationships used in the 1984/1985 criteria document. However, such) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (factors as dilution water and test duration varied between tests at different) Tj T* 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (temperatures and possibly confounded the results \(see Appendix 1\), raising doubts) Tj T* 0.0345 Tc -0.0105 Tw (about the temperature comparisons for the vertebrates and invertebrates.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\) measured the acute toxicity of ammonia to several fish and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (invertebrate species at ambient temperature during different seasons of the year. For) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (three of the five fish species \(rainbow trout, channel catfish, and white sucker\), the) Tj T* 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (relationship of toxicity to temperature was similar to that used in the 1984/1985 criteria) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (document. When expressed in terms of ) Tj 216.48 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0636 Tc 0 Tw (un-ionized) Tj 54.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw ( ammonia, no clear relationship) Tj -271.2 -14.16 TD 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (existed between temperature and toxicity for the other fish species \(fathead minnow) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (and walleye\). This result for the fathead minnow is different from those of three other) Tj T* 0.0608 Tc -0.0368 Tw (studies \(Reinbold and Pescitelli 1982a; Thurston et al. 1983; DeGraeve et al. 1987\)) Tj T* 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (reporting a significant effect of temperature on the acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* 0.0348 Tc -0.0108 Tw (to the fathead minnow. For five invertebrate species, each tested over a temperature) Tj T* 0.0533 Tc -0.0293 Tw (range of at least 10) Tj 103.68 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (C, there was no consistent relationship between temperature and) Tj -109.68 -14.16 TD 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (un-ionized ammonia toxicity. An initial report of these results \(West 1985\) was the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (basis for no temperature adjustment being used for invertebrate data in the 1984/1985) Tj T* 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (criteria document. Further analysis of the Arthur \(1987\) data is discussed later.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) studied the effect of temperature \(from 6 to 30) Tj 371.76 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (C\) on the toxicity) Tj -377.76 -14.16 TD 0.0305 Tc -0.0065 Tw (of ammonia to juvenile fathead minnows and channel catfish using acute \(4-day\) and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (chronic \(30-day\) ammonia exposures. As shown for both fish species in Figure 1,) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (log\(96-hr un-ionized ammonia LC50\) versus temperature was linear within the reported) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (uncertainty in the LC50s; the slopes were similar to those reported in the 1984/1985) Tj T* 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw (criteria document. Problems with the channel catfish chronic tests precluded effective) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (use of those data and the highest tested ammonia concentrations in the fathead) Tj ET endstream endobj 28 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 29 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (minnow chronic tests at 15 and 20) Tj 182.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (C did not cause sufficient mortality to be useful. ) Tj -188.88 -14.16 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (However, sufficient mortality did occur in the fathead minnow chronic tests at 6, 10, 25,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (and 30) Tj 36.96 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (C. Based on regression analysis of survival versus log concentration) Tj -42.96 -14.16 TD 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (\(discussed in more detail in the section concerning the CCC below\), 30-day LC20s for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (un-ionized ammonia were 0.11, 0.18, 0.48, and 0.44 mg N/L at 6, 10, 25, and 30) Tj 428.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C,) Tj -434.16 -14.16 TD 0.0511 Tc -0.0271 Tw (respectively. This temperature dependence \(Figure 1\) is similar to that for acute) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (toxicity and that used in the 1984/1985 criteria document. The actual effect of) Tj T* 0.0272 Tc -0.0032 Tw (temperature on these 30-day LC20s is probably somewhat greater, because test pH) Tj T* 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (decreased with increasing temperature.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (Nimmo et al. \(1989\) conducted acute toxicity tests on ammonia at 6 and 20) Tj 399.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.063 Tc -0.039 Tw (C in a well) Tj -405.6 -14.16 TD 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (water using Johnny darters and in a river water using both Johnny darters and juvenile) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (fathead minnows. In all three sets of tests, LC50s expressed in terms of un-ionized) Tj T* 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (ammonia were significantly higher at the warmer temperature, by factors ranging from) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (3.5 to 6.2.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (Knoph \(1992\) conducted acute toxicity tests at temperatures ranging from 2 to 17) Tj 433.2 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj -439.2 -14.16 TD 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw (using Atlantic salmon parr, one series of tests at pH) Tj 276.24 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw (6.0 and the other at pH) Tj 123.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (6.4. In) Tj -414.24 -14.16 TD 0.0301 Tc -0.0061 Tw (both series of tests, LC50s expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia increased) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (substantially with temperature.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (Even with these additional data, the shape of the temperature relationship is not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (completely resolved, especially for chronic toxicity. Nevertheless, the acute data for) Tj T* 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (fishes overwhelmingly indicate that ammonia toxicity, expressed in terms of ) Tj 404.64 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0636 Tc 0 Tw (un-ionized) Tj -404.64 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0204 Tc 0.0036 Tw (ammonia, decreases with increasing temperature. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (Most importantly, the data of DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) show \(Figure 1\) that \(a\) a linear) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0463 Tc -0.0223 Tw (relationship of log un-ionized ammonia LC50 versus temperature applies within the) Tj T* 0.0498 Tc -0.0258 Tw (reported uncertainty in the LC50s over the range of 6 to 30) Tj 314.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0247 Tc -0 Tw (C and \(b\) temperature) Tj -320.16 -14.16 TD 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (effects on long-term mortality are similar to those on acute mortality. For invertebrates,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0167 Tc 0.0073 Tw (acute toxicity data suggest that ammonia toxicity, when expressed in terms of un-) Tj T* 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw (ionized ammonia, does not decrease, and possibly even increases, with increasing) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (temperature. Quantifying and adjusting data for this relationship is not necessary) Tj T* 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (because even at warm temperatures invertebrates are generally more resistant to acute) Tj T* 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (ammonia toxicity than fishes and thus their precise sensitivities are of limited) Tj T* 0.035 Tc -0.011 Tw (importance to the criterion. At low temperatures, they are even more resistant relative) Tj T* 0.0567 Tc -0.0327 Tw (to fishes and thus their precise sensitivity is even less important to the criterion.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (Based on this information, the two issues raised above were resolved as follows:) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (TCAPs will not be used in the ammonia criterion. This does not mean that the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (notion of high temperature exacerbating ammonia toxicity is wrong; rather, it) Tj T* 0.0503 Tc -0.0263 Tw (reflects the fact that such an effect is not evident in the available data, which cover) Tj T* 0.0229 Tc 0.0011 Tw (a wide temperature range.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0196 Tc 0.0044 Tw (A CMC, if it were expressed as un-ionized ammonia \(rather than total ammonia,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0305 Tc -0.0065 Tw (used in this document\) would continue to be lower at lower temperatures,) Tj T* 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (consistent with the observed temperature dependence of ammonia toxicity to the ) Tj ET endstream endobj 30 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 31 0 obj <>stream BT 389.28 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 18 62.16 756 477.36 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 103.92 160.32 171.84 280.8 re b BT 140.88 125.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 10.8 Tf 1.3193 Tc -0.7217 Tw (Temperature \(C\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 103.92 160.32 m 275.76 160.32 l S 103.92 160.56 m 103.92 166.08 l S 129.12 160.56 m 129.12 166.08 l S 154.32 160.56 m 154.32 166.08 l S 179.76 160.56 m 179.76 166.08 l S 204.96 160.56 m 204.96 166.08 l S 230.16 160.56 m 230.16 166.08 l S 255.36 160.56 m 255.36 166.08 l S BT 100.08 145.2 TD 1.4352 Tc 0 Tw (0) 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213.12 m 107.28 213.12 l S 103.92 265.92 m 107.28 265.92 l S 103.92 296.88 m 107.28 296.88 l S 103.92 318.72 m 107.28 318.72 l S 103.92 388.56 m 107.28 388.56 l S 103.92 441.12 m 107.28 441.12 l S BT 78.72 209.52 TD 1.156 Tc (0.2) Tj 0 52.8 TD (0.4) Tj 0 30.72 TD (0.6) Tj 0 22.08 TD (0.8) Tj 11.04 69.6 TD 1.4352 Tc (2) Tj 0 52.8 TD (4) Tj -11.04 -280.8 TD 1.156 Tc (0.1) Tj 11.04 175.2 TD 1.4352 Tc (1) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 327.36 160.32 171.84 280.8 re b BT 364.32 125.76 TD 0 0 0 rg 1.3193 Tc -0.7217 Tw (Temperature \(C\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 327.36 160.32 m 499.2 160.32 l S 327.36 160.56 m 327.36 166.08 l S 352.56 160.56 m 352.56 166.08 l S 377.76 160.56 m 377.76 166.08 l S 402.96 160.56 m 402.96 166.08 l S 428.4 160.56 m 428.4 166.08 l S 453.6 160.56 m 453.6 166.08 l S 478.8 160.56 m 478.8 166.08 l S BT 323.52 145.2 TD 1.4352 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 25.2 0 TD (5) Tj 21.6 0 TD (10) Tj 25.2 0 TD (15) Tj 25.44 0 TD (20) Tj 25.2 0 TD (25) Tj 25.2 0 TD (30) Tj ET 0.48 w 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653.9846 269.28 651.6 269.28 c 649.2153 269.28 647.28 267.7747 647.28 265.92 c 647.28 264.0653 649.2153 262.56 651.6 262.56 c 653.9846 262.56 655.92 264.0653 655.92 265.92 c b BT 0 1 -1 0 512.4 227.04 Tm 0 Tc (Un-ionized A) Tj (mmon) Tj (ia \() Tj (mg N) Tj (/L\)) Tj ET 0.96 w 550.56 160.32 m 550.56 441.12 l S 550.8 213.12 m 557.52 213.12 l S 550.8 388.56 m 557.52 388.56 l S 550.56 174.48 m 554.16 174.48 l S 550.56 196.32 m 554.16 196.32 l S 550.56 265.92 m 554.16 265.92 l S 550.56 318.72 m 554.16 318.72 l S 550.56 349.68 m 554.16 349.68 l S 550.56 371.52 m 554.16 371.52 l S 550.56 441.12 m 554.16 441.12 l S BT 517.92 170.64 TD 1.2258 Tc (0.06) Tj 0 21.84 TD (0.08) Tj 7.44 69.84 TD 1.156 Tc (0.2) Tj 0 52.8 TD (0.4) Tj 0 30.72 TD (0.6) Tj 0 22.08 TD (0.8) Tj 11.28 69.6 TD 1.4352 Tc (2) Tj -11.28 -228 TD 1.156 Tc (0.1) Tj 11.28 175.2 TD 1.4352 Tc (1) Tj ET 0.48 w 581.04 230.64 m 702.24 339.84 l S 581.04 220.32 m 581.04 250.32 l S 577.44 250.32 m 584.4 250.32 l S 581.04 220.32 m 581.04 190.32 l S 577.44 190.32 m 584.4 190.32 l S 585.12 220.56 m 585.12 222.361 583.2384 223.92 580.92 223.92 c 578.6016 223.92 576.72 222.361 576.72 220.44 c 576.72 218.519 578.6016 216.96 580.92 216.96 c 583.2384 216.96 585.12 218.519 585.12 220.44 c b 601.2 257.04 m 601.2 309.6 l S 597.6 309.6 m 604.56 309.6 l S 601.2 257.04 m 601.2 204.48 l S 597.6 204.48 m 604.56 204.48 l S 605.28 257.28 m 605.28 259.081 603.3984 260.64 601.08 260.64 c 598.7616 260.64 596.88 259.081 596.88 257.16 c 596.88 255.239 598.7616 253.68 601.08 253.68 c 603.3984 253.68 605.28 255.239 605.28 257.16 c b 677.04 334.08 m 677.04 356.88 l S 673.44 356.88 m 680.4 356.88 l S 677.04 334.08 m 677.04 311.04 l S 673.44 311.04 m 680.4 311.04 l S 681.12 334.32 m 681.12 336.121 679.2384 337.68 676.92 337.68 c 674.6016 337.68 672.72 336.121 672.72 334.2 c 672.72 332.279 674.6016 330.72 676.92 330.72 c 679.2384 330.72 681.12 332.279 681.12 334.2 c b 702.24 324.96 m 702.24 378.96 l S 698.64 378.96 m 705.6 378.96 l S 702.24 324.96 m 702.24 271.2 l S 698.64 271.2 m 705.6 271.2 l S 706.32 325.2 m 706.32 327.0009 704.4384 328.56 702.12 328.56 c 699.8016 328.56 697.92 327.0009 697.92 325.08 c 697.92 323.159 699.8016 321.6 702.12 321.6 c 704.4384 321.6 706.32 323.159 706.32 325.08 c b BT 147.36 207.6 TD 1.3822 Tc -0.5446 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 15.84 -12 TD 1.3445 Tc -0.7469 Tw (96-hr LC50) Tj 206.16 14.64 TD 1.4964 Tc 0 Tw (Channe) Tj 1.0191 Tc -0.1815 Tw (l Catfish) Tj 13.92 -12.24 TD 1.3445 Tc -0.7469 Tw (96-hr LC50) Tj 200.16 194.64 TD 1.3822 Tc -0.5446 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 11.04 -12.24 TD 1.3892 Tc -0.7916 Tw (30-day LC20) Tj ET 626.4 283.44 m 626.4 267.12 l S 622.08 270 m 626.4 283.44 l 630.72 270 l S 651.6 286.56 m 651.6 267.12 l S 647.04 272.88 m 651.6 286.56 l 655.92 272.88 l S BT 72 528.72 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (Figure 1. The effect of temperature on ammonia toxicity in terms of un-ionized ammonia) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw ( \(DeGraeve et al. 1987\). Symbols denote LC50s or LC20s and 95% confidence) Tj T* 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw ( limits and lines denote linear regressions of log LC versus temperature.) Tj ET endstream endobj 32 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 33 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (most sensitive species, i.e., fishes. Although it is possible that the temperature) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (relationship differs among fish species and that using the same relationship for all fish) Tj T* 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (species introduces some uncertainty, specifying a relationship for each fish species is) Tj T* 0.0543 Tc -0.0303 Tw (not possible with current data and would also introduce considerable uncertainty.) Tj T* 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (Therefore, for a criterion expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia, available data) Tj T* 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (support the continued use of a generic temperature relationship similar to that in the) Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 0.0069 Tw (1984/1985 ammonia criteria document, but without TCAPs.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (This raised a new issue, however, because the criterion expressed in terms of total) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (ammonia is nearly constant over all tested temperatures, and the small effect of) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (temperature on the total ammonia criterion in the 1984/1985 criteria document is) Tj T* 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (largely an artifact of conducting regression analyses in terms of un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (and is not indicative of any established, significant trend. It was thought that the) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (expression and implementation of the ammonia criterion might have been simplified if) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (temperature were dropped as a modifying factor, which might have been possible if) Tj T* 0.0118 Tc 0.0122 Tw (ammonia toxicity is expressed in terms of total ammonia. Furthermore, permit limits) Tj T* 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (and compliance are usually expressed in terms of total ammonia nitrogen, and so) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (expressing the criterion in terms of total ammonia nitrogen would simplify its) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (implementation by eliminating conversions to and from un-ionized ammonia. Because) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (of such benefits and because there are no compelling scientific or practical reasons for) Tj T* 0.0331 Tc -0.0091 Tw (expressing the criterion in terms of un-ionized ammonia, the freshwater toxicity data) Tj T* 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (concerning temperature dependence were reanalyzed in terms of total ammonia) Tj T* 0.0653 Tc 0 Tw (nitrogen.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (The data analyzed are from the studies included in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0302 Tc -0.0062 Tw (document and the studies of DeGraeve et al. \(1987\), Nimmo et al. \(1989\), and Knoph) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (\(1992\). All analyses were conducted in terms of total ammonia nitrogen, either as) Tj T* 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (reported by the authors or as converted by us from reported values for un-ionized) Tj T* 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (ammonia, pH, and temperature using the speciation relationship of Emerson et al.) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (\(1975\). The data are presented in Figure 2 and show considerable diversity, with some) Tj T* 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (datasets showing decreasing toxicity with increasing temperature, some showing) Tj T* 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (increasing toxicity, and some showing virtually no change. There are even differences) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (among studies using the same test species. However, in no case is the effect of) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (temperature particularly large, being no more than a factor of 1.5 over the range of any) Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (dataset, except for the Johnny darter data of Nimmo et al. \(1989\). In some studies, test) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (pH was correlated with test temperature. To reduce the confounding effect of pH, the) Tj T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0078 Tw (total ammonia LC50 was adjusted to the mean pH of the data for the study using the pH) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (relationship discussed in the next section of the Update. These adjusted data are) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (shown in Figure 3 and also show neither large effects nor any clear consistency among) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (or within species or studies. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0608 Tc -0.0368 Tw (For each dataset containing at least three data points, a linear regression of log LC50) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (versus temperature was conducted \(Draper and Smith 1981\) and the resulting) Tj T* 0.0708 Tc -0.0468 Tw (regression lines are plotted as solid lines in Figures 2 and 3. These regressions are) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (significant at the 0.05 level for only one dataset \(the unadjusted fathead minnow data of) Tj T* 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983\); for this dataset, however, the regression is not significant when) Tj ET endstream endobj 34 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 35 0 obj <>stream BT 389.28 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 18 47.76 756 477.36 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 665.28 241.2 89.28 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 665.28 241.2 m 754.56 241.2 l S 694.08 241.44 m 694.08 246.96 l S 722.88 241.44 m 722.88 246.96 l S 751.68 241.44 m 751.68 246.96 l S BT 662.88 231.6 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.96 Tf 0.9302 Tc (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 665.28 241.2 m 665.28 342.48 l S 665.28 264.72 m 672 264.72 l S 665.28 254.64 m 668.64 254.64 l S 665.28 283.44 m 668.64 283.44 l S 665.28 296.64 m 668.64 296.64 l S 665.28 315.36 m 668.64 315.36 l S 665.28 328.56 m 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Tf 0.8765 Tc (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 18.72 TD (60) Tj 0 13.2 TD (80) Tj -5.28 29.04 TD (150) Tj 0 -18.72 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 81.12 466.8 m 170.4 398.88 l S 81.12 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 81.12 430.32 m 81.12 430.32 l S 91.44 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 91.44 430.32 m 91.44 430.32 l S 101.76 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 101.76 430.32 m 101.76 430.32 l S 112.32 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 112.08 430.32 m 112.32 430.32 l S 122.64 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 122.64 430.32 m 122.64 430.32 l S 132.96 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 132.96 430.32 m 132.96 430.32 l S 143.28 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 143.28 430.32 m 143.28 430.32 l S 153.84 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 153.6 430.32 m 153.84 430.32 l S 164.16 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 164.16 430.32 m 164.16 430.32 l S 0.48 w 120.48 426.48 m 120.48 427.6723 119.2435 428.64 117.72 428.64 c 116.1965 428.64 114.96 427.6723 114.96 426.48 c 114.96 425.2877 116.1965 424.32 117.72 424.32 c 119.2435 424.32 120.48 425.2877 120.48 426.48 c S 120.96 452.16 m 120.96 453.2986 119.6698 454.32 118.08 454.32 c 116.4902 454.32 115.2 453.2986 115.2 452.04 c 115.2 450.7814 116.4902 449.76 118.08 449.76 c 119.6698 449.76 120.96 450.7814 120.96 452.04 c S 120.96 459.36 m 120.96 460.4986 119.6698 461.52 118.08 461.52 c 116.4902 461.52 115.2 460.4986 115.2 459.24 c 115.2 457.9814 116.4902 456.96 118.08 456.96 c 119.6698 456.96 120.96 457.9814 120.96 459.24 c S 121.2 442.8 m 121.2 443.9386 119.9635 444.96 118.44 444.96 c 116.9165 444.96 115.68 443.9386 115.68 442.68 c 115.68 441.4214 116.9165 440.4 118.44 440.4 c 119.9635 440.4 121.2 441.4214 121.2 442.68 c S 121.44 424.56 m 121.44 425.7523 120.2035 426.72 118.68 426.72 c 117.1565 426.72 115.92 425.7523 115.92 424.56 c 115.92 423.3677 117.1565 422.4 118.68 422.4 c 120.2035 422.4 121.44 423.3677 121.44 424.56 c S 121.44 437.76 m 121.44 438.8986 120.2035 439.92 118.68 439.92 c 117.1565 439.92 115.92 438.8986 115.92 437.64 c 115.92 436.3814 117.1565 435.36 118.68 435.36 c 120.2035 435.36 121.44 436.3814 121.44 437.64 c S 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435.12 122.88 436.1414 122.88 437.4 c S 123.84 431.52 m 123.84 432.6586 122.5498 433.68 120.96 433.68 c 119.3702 433.68 118.08 432.6586 118.08 431.4 c 118.08 430.1414 119.3702 429.12 120.96 429.12 c 122.5498 429.12 123.84 430.1414 123.84 431.4 c S 124.32 441.6 m 124.32 442.7386 123.0835 443.76 121.56 443.76 c 120.0365 443.76 118.8 442.7386 118.8 441.48 c 118.8 440.2214 120.0365 439.2 121.56 439.2 c 123.0835 439.2 124.32 440.2214 124.32 441.48 c S 124.8 437.28 m 124.8 438.4185 123.5635 439.44 122.04 439.44 c 120.5165 439.44 119.28 438.4185 119.28 437.16 c 119.28 435.9015 120.5165 434.88 122.04 434.88 c 123.5635 434.88 124.8 435.9015 124.8 437.16 c S 129.12 431.76 m 129.12 432.8986 127.8835 433.92 126.36 433.92 c 124.8365 433.92 123.6 432.8986 123.6 431.64 c 123.6 430.3814 124.8365 429.36 126.36 429.36 c 127.8835 429.36 129.12 430.3814 129.12 431.64 c S 129.6 421.68 m 129.6 422.8185 128.3098 423.84 126.72 423.84 c 125.1302 423.84 123.84 422.8185 123.84 421.56 c 123.84 420.3015 125.1302 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l 344.16 422.16 l S 345.84 419.52 m 348.72 415.44 l 342.72 415.44 l 345.84 419.52 l S 349.92 451.92 m 352.8 447.84 l 346.8 447.84 l 349.92 451.92 l S 349.92 433.92 m 352.8 429.6 l 346.8 429.6 l 349.92 433.92 l S 350.4 429.84 m 353.28 425.52 l 347.52 425.52 l 350.4 429.84 l S 356.16 430.32 m 359.04 426 l 353.28 426 l 356.16 430.32 l S 358.56 436.56 m 361.44 432.48 l 355.44 432.48 l 358.56 436.56 l S 358.56 431.28 m 361.44 427.2 l 355.44 427.2 l 358.56 431.28 l S 359.76 435.12 m 362.64 430.8 l 356.64 430.8 l 359.76 435.12 l S 368.64 423.12 m 371.52 418.8 l 365.52 418.8 l 368.64 423.12 l S 371.52 446.16 m 374.4 442.08 l 368.4 442.08 l 371.52 446.16 l S 376.08 420.96 m 378.96 416.64 l 373.2 416.64 l 376.08 420.96 l S 376.08 422.4 m 378.96 418.08 l 373.2 418.08 l 376.08 422.4 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 431.52 381.6 89.28 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 431.52 381.6 m 520.8 381.6 l S 460.32 381.84 m 460.32 387.36 l S 489.12 381.84 m 489.12 387.36 l S 517.92 381.84 m 517.92 387.36 l S BT 429.12 372 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 431.52 381.6 m 431.52 482.88 l S 431.52 432.24 m 438.48 432.24 l S 431.52 390 m 434.88 390 l S 431.52 408.72 m 434.88 408.72 l S 431.52 421.92 m 434.88 421.92 l S 431.52 450.96 m 434.88 450.96 l S 431.52 464.16 m 434.88 464.16 l S 431.52 482.88 m 434.88 482.88 l S BT 422.4 387.84 TD (4) Tj 0 18.48 TD (6) Tj 0 13.2 TD (8) Tj -4.8 29.04 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 -50.64 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 431.52 433.68 m 520.8 435.12 l S 431.52 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 431.52 434.88 m 431.52 434.88 l S 442.08 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 441.84 434.88 m 442.08 434.88 l S 452.4 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 452.4 434.88 m 452.4 434.88 l S 462.72 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 462.72 434.88 m 462.72 434.88 l S 473.04 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 473.04 434.88 m 473.04 434.88 l S 483.6 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 483.36 434.88 m 483.6 434.88 l S 493.92 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 493.68 434.88 m 493.92 434.88 l S 504.24 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 504.24 434.88 m 504.24 434.88 l S 514.56 434.88 0.24 0.24 re f 514.56 434.88 m 514.56 434.88 l S 0.48 w 494.88 432.72 m 492 436.8 l 497.76 436.8 l 494.88 432.72 l S 506.4 430.56 m 503.52 434.88 l 509.52 434.88 l 506.4 430.56 l S 517.92 432.96 m 515.04 437.28 l 521.04 437.28 l 517.92 432.96 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 548.4 381.6 89.28 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 548.4 381.6 m 637.68 381.6 l S 577.2 381.84 m 577.2 387.36 l S 606 381.84 m 606 387.36 l S 634.8 381.84 m 634.8 387.36 l S BT 546 372 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 548.4 381.6 m 548.4 482.88 l S 548.4 405.12 m 555.36 405.12 l S 548.4 395.04 m 551.76 395.04 l S 548.4 423.84 m 551.76 423.84 l S 548.4 437.04 m 551.76 437.04 l S 548.4 455.76 m 551.76 455.76 l S 548.4 468.96 m 551.76 468.96 l S BT 539.28 379.2 TD (6) Tj 0 13.44 TD (8) Tj -4.8 28.8 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 -63.84 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 548.4 419.04 m 637.68 449.52 l S 548.4 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 548.4 428.4 m 548.4 428.4 l S 558.72 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 558.72 428.4 m 558.72 428.4 l S 569.28 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 569.04 428.4 m 569.28 428.4 l S 579.6 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 579.6 428.4 m 579.6 428.4 l S 589.92 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 589.92 428.4 m 589.92 428.4 l S 600.24 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 600.24 428.4 m 600.24 428.4 l S 610.8 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 610.56 428.4 m 610.8 428.4 l S 621.12 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 621.12 428.4 m 621.12 428.4 l S 631.44 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 631.44 428.4 m 631.44 428.4 l S 0.48 w 557.04 416.88 m 560.4 414.24 l 557.04 411.36 l 553.44 414.24 l 557.04 416.88 l S 562.8 446.4 m 566.16 443.76 l 562.8 440.88 l 559.2 443.76 l 562.8 446.4 l S 584.4 408.72 m 587.76 405.84 l 584.4 403.2 l 581.04 405.84 l 584.4 408.72 l S 600.24 452.88 m 603.6 450.24 l 600.24 447.36 l 596.64 450.24 l 600.24 452.88 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 81.12 241.2 89.28 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 81.12 241.2 m 170.4 241.2 l S 109.92 241.44 m 109.92 246.96 l S 138.72 241.44 m 138.72 246.96 l S 167.52 241.44 m 167.52 246.96 l S BT 78.72 231.6 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 54.48 210 Tm /F1 10.8 Tf 0 Tc (TOTAL AMMON) Tj (IA LC50 \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 81.12 241.2 m 81.12 342.48 l S 81.12 273.12 m 87.84 273.12 l S 81.12 249.6 m 84.48 249.6 l S 81.12 263.04 m 84.48 263.04 l S 81.12 291.84 m 84.48 291.84 l S 81.12 305.04 m 84.48 305.04 l S 81.12 323.76 m 84.48 323.76 l S 81.12 336.96 m 84.48 336.96 l S BT 72 247.44 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 0.9302 Tc (6) Tj 0 13.2 TD (8) Tj -4.8 28.8 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 -63.84 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 81.12 296.4 m 170.4 284.16 l S 81.12 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 81.12 286.56 m 81.12 286.56 l S 91.44 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 91.44 286.56 m 91.44 286.56 l S 101.76 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 101.76 286.56 m 101.76 286.56 l S 112.32 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 112.08 286.56 m 112.32 286.56 l S 122.64 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 122.64 286.56 m 122.64 286.56 l S 132.96 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 132.96 286.56 m 132.96 286.56 l S 143.28 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 143.28 286.56 m 143.28 286.56 l S 153.84 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 153.6 286.56 m 153.84 286.56 l S 164.16 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 164.16 286.56 m 164.16 286.56 l S 0.48 w 147.12 288 m 147.12 289.1385 145.8835 290.16 144.36 290.16 c 142.8365 290.16 141.6 289.1385 141.6 287.88 c 141.6 286.6214 142.8365 285.6 144.36 285.6 c 145.8835 285.6 147.12 286.6214 147.12 287.88 c S 144.24 287.04 0.24 1.44 re S 143.52 287.52 1.92 0.48 re S 144.72 288 m 144.72 288.0787 144.5587 288.24 144.36 288.24 c 144.1613 288.24 144 288.0787 144 287.88 c 144 287.6813 144.1613 287.52 144.36 287.52 c 144.5587 287.52 144.72 287.6813 144.72 287.88 c S 164.4 285.6 m 164.4 286.7386 163.1635 287.76 161.64 287.76 c 160.1165 287.76 158.88 286.7386 158.88 285.48 c 158.88 284.2214 160.1165 283.2 161.64 283.2 c 163.1635 283.2 164.4 284.2214 164.4 285.48 c S 161.52 284.64 0.48 1.44 re S 160.8 285.12 1.92 0.48 re S 162 285.6 m 162 285.6787 161.8387 285.84 161.64 285.84 c 161.4413 285.84 161.28 285.6787 161.28 285.48 c 161.28 285.2813 161.4413 285.12 161.64 285.12 c 161.8387 285.12 162 285.2813 162 285.48 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 197.76 241.2 89.52 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 197.76 241.2 m 287.28 241.2 l S 226.56 241.44 m 226.56 246.96 l S 255.36 241.44 m 255.36 246.96 l S 284.4 241.44 m 284.4 246.96 l S BT 195.36 231.6 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 29.04 0 TD (30) Tj ET 197.76 241.2 m 197.76 342.48 l S 197.76 259.92 m 201.36 259.92 l S 197.76 273.12 m 201.36 273.12 l S 197.76 291.84 m 201.36 291.84 l S 197.76 305.04 m 201.36 305.04 l S 197.76 323.76 m 201.36 323.76 l S 197.76 336.96 m 201.36 336.96 l S BT 184.08 257.52 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 18.72 TD (60) Tj 0 13.2 TD (80) Tj 0 -95.76 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 197.76 273.12 m 287.28 294 l S 198 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 197.76 289.92 m 198 289.92 l S 208.32 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 289.92 m 208.32 289.92 l S 218.64 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 218.64 289.92 m 218.64 289.92 l S 228.96 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 228.96 289.92 m 228.96 289.92 l S 239.52 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 239.28 289.92 m 239.52 289.92 l S 249.84 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 249.84 289.92 m 249.84 289.92 l S 260.16 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 260.16 289.92 m 260.16 289.92 l S 270.48 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 270.48 289.92 m 270.48 289.92 l S 281.04 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 289.92 m 281.04 289.92 l S 0.48 w 258.72 285.84 5.04 4.08 re S 261.12 287.04 0.24 1.68 re S 260.16 287.76 2.16 0.24 re S 261.36 288 m 261.36 288.1325 261.1987 288.24 261 288.24 c 260.8013 288.24 260.64 288.1325 260.64 288 c 260.64 287.8675 260.8013 287.76 261 287.76 c 261.1987 287.76 261.36 287.8675 261.36 288 c S 276 289.92 5.04 4.08 re S 278.4 291.12 0.24 1.68 re S 277.44 291.84 2.16 0.24 re S 278.88 292.08 m 278.88 292.2125 278.7187 292.32 278.52 292.32 c 278.3213 292.32 278.16 292.2125 278.16 292.08 c 278.16 291.9475 278.3213 291.84 278.52 291.84 c 278.7187 291.84 278.88 291.9475 278.88 292.08 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 314.64 241.2 89.52 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 314.64 241.2 m 404.16 241.2 l S 343.44 241.44 m 343.44 246.96 l S 372.24 241.44 m 372.24 246.96 l S 401.04 241.44 m 401.04 246.96 l S BT 312.24 231.6 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 314.64 241.2 m 314.64 342.48 l S 314.88 257.76 m 321.6 257.76 l S 314.64 247.44 m 318.24 247.44 l S 314.64 276.48 m 318.24 276.48 l S 314.64 289.68 m 318.24 289.68 l S 314.64 308.4 m 318.24 308.4 l S 314.64 321.6 m 318.24 321.6 l S 314.64 340.08 m 318.24 340.08 l S BT 305.52 245.04 TD (8) Tj -4.8 29.04 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 18.72 TD (60) Tj 0 -82.56 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 314.64 321.12 m 404.16 278.4 l S 314.88 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 314.64 285.36 m 314.88 285.36 l S 325.2 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 324.96 285.36 m 325.2 285.36 l S 335.52 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 335.52 285.36 m 335.52 285.36 l S 345.84 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 345.84 285.36 m 345.84 285.36 l S 356.16 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 285.36 m 356.16 285.36 l S 366.72 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 366.48 285.36 m 366.72 285.36 l S 377.04 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 285.36 m 377.04 285.36 l S 387.36 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 285.36 m 387.36 285.36 l S 397.68 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 285.36 m 397.68 285.36 l S 0.48 w 378 293.52 m 381.12 289.44 l 375.12 289.44 l 378 293.52 l S 377.76 289.92 0.48 1.68 re S 377.04 290.64 2.16 0.24 re S 378.24 290.88 m 378.24 291.0125 378.0787 291.12 377.88 291.12 c 377.6813 291.12 377.52 291.0125 377.52 290.88 c 377.52 290.7475 377.6813 290.64 377.88 290.64 c 378.0787 290.64 378.24 290.7475 378.24 290.88 c S 401.04 282.48 m 404.16 278.4 l 398.16 278.4 l 401.04 282.48 l S 401.04 278.88 0.24 1.68 re S 400.08 279.6 2.16 0.24 re S 401.28 279.84 m 401.28 279.9725 401.1187 280.08 400.92 280.08 c 400.7213 280.08 400.56 279.9725 400.56 279.84 c 400.56 279.7075 400.7213 279.6 400.92 279.6 c 401.1187 279.6 401.28 279.7075 401.28 279.84 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 431.52 241.2 89.28 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 431.52 241.2 m 520.8 241.2 l S 460.32 241.44 m 460.32 246.96 l S 489.12 241.44 m 489.12 246.96 l S 517.92 241.44 m 517.92 246.96 l S BT 429.12 231.6 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 431.52 241.2 m 431.52 342.48 l S 431.52 273.12 m 438.48 273.12 l S 431.52 249.6 m 434.88 249.6 l S 431.52 263.04 m 434.88 263.04 l S 431.52 291.84 m 434.88 291.84 l S 431.52 305.04 m 434.88 305.04 l S 431.52 323.76 m 434.88 323.76 l S 431.52 336.96 m 434.88 336.96 l S BT 422.4 247.44 TD (6) Tj 0 13.2 TD (8) Tj -4.8 28.8 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 -63.84 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 431.52 288.96 m 520.8 297.6 l S 431.52 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 431.52 291.36 m 431.52 291.36 l S 442.08 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 441.84 291.36 m 442.08 291.36 l S 452.4 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 452.4 291.36 m 452.4 291.36 l S 462.72 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 462.72 291.36 m 462.72 291.36 l S 473.04 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 473.04 291.36 m 473.04 291.36 l S 483.6 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 483.36 291.36 m 483.6 291.36 l S 493.92 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 493.68 291.36 m 493.92 291.36 l S 504.24 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 504.24 291.36 m 504.24 291.36 l S 514.56 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 514.56 291.36 m 514.56 291.36 l S 0.48 w 440.16 278.64 m 437.28 282.72 l 443.04 282.72 l 440.16 278.64 l S 439.92 280.32 0.48 1.92 re S 438.96 281.28 2.16 0.24 re S 440.4 281.52 m 440.4 281.6525 440.2387 281.76 440.04 281.76 c 439.8413 281.76 439.68 281.6525 439.68 281.52 c 439.68 281.3875 439.8413 281.28 440.04 281.28 c 440.2387 281.28 440.4 281.3875 440.4 281.52 c S 441.12 287.52 m 438 291.6 l 444 291.6 l 441.12 287.52 l S 440.88 289.44 0.24 1.68 re S 439.92 290.16 2.16 0.24 re S 441.36 290.4 m 441.36 290.5325 441.1987 290.64 441 290.64 c 440.8013 290.64 440.64 290.5325 440.64 290.4 c 440.64 290.2675 440.8013 290.16 441 290.16 c 441.1987 290.16 441.36 290.2675 441.36 290.4 c S 445.92 295.68 m 443.04 300 l 448.8 300 l 445.92 295.68 l S 445.68 297.6 0.48 1.92 re S 444.72 298.32 2.16 0.48 re S 446.16 298.56 m 446.16 298.6925 445.9987 298.8 445.8 298.8 c 445.6013 298.8 445.44 298.6925 445.44 298.56 c 445.44 298.4276 445.6013 298.32 445.8 298.32 c 445.9987 298.32 446.16 298.4276 446.16 298.56 c S 468.48 289.68 m 465.36 293.76 l 471.36 293.76 l 468.48 289.68 l S 468.24 291.6 0.24 1.68 re S 467.28 292.32 2.16 0.24 re S 468.72 292.56 m 468.72 292.6925 468.5587 292.8 468.36 292.8 c 468.1613 292.8 468 292.6925 468 292.56 c 468 292.4275 468.1613 292.32 468.36 292.32 c 468.5587 292.32 468.72 292.4275 468.72 292.56 c S 472.32 309.12 m 469.44 313.44 l 475.44 313.44 l 472.32 309.12 l S 472.32 311.04 0.24 1.68 re S 471.36 311.76 2.16 0.24 re S 472.56 312 m 472.56 312.1325 472.3987 312.24 472.2 312.24 c 472.0013 312.24 471.84 312.1325 471.84 312 c 471.84 311.8675 472.0013 311.76 472.2 311.76 c 472.3987 311.76 472.56 311.8675 472.56 312 c S 474.48 270.96 m 471.36 275.28 l 477.36 275.28 l 474.48 270.96 l S 474.24 272.88 0.48 1.92 re S 473.28 273.6 2.16 0.48 re S 474.72 274.08 m 474.72 274.1587 474.5587 274.32 474.36 274.32 c 474.1613 274.32 474 274.1587 474 273.96 c 474 273.7613 474.1613 273.6 474.36 273.6 c 474.5587 273.6 474.72 273.7613 474.72 273.96 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 548.4 241.2 89.28 101.28 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 548.4 241.2 m 637.68 241.2 l S 577.2 241.44 m 577.2 246.96 l S 606 241.44 m 606 246.96 l S 634.8 241.44 m 634.8 246.96 l S BT 546 231.6 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 548.4 241.2 m 548.4 342.48 l S 548.4 273.12 m 555.36 273.12 l S 548.4 249.6 m 551.76 249.6 l S 548.4 263.04 m 551.76 263.04 l S 548.4 291.84 m 551.76 291.84 l S 548.4 305.04 m 551.76 305.04 l S 548.4 323.76 m 551.76 323.76 l S 548.4 336.96 m 551.76 336.96 l S BT 539.28 247.44 TD (6) Tj 0 13.2 TD (8) Tj -4.8 28.8 TD (15) Tj 0 13.2 TD (20) Tj 0 18.72 TD (30) Tj 0 13.2 TD (40) Tj 0 -63.84 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 548.4 285.36 m 637.68 307.2 l S 548.4 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 548.4 295.68 m 548.4 295.68 l S 558.72 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 558.72 295.68 m 558.72 295.68 l S 569.28 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 569.04 295.68 m 569.28 295.68 l S 579.6 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 579.6 295.68 m 579.6 295.68 l S 589.92 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 589.92 295.68 m 589.92 295.68 l S 600.24 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 600.24 295.68 m 600.24 295.68 l S 610.8 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 610.56 295.68 m 610.8 295.68 l S 621.12 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 621.12 295.68 m 621.12 295.68 l S 631.44 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 631.44 295.68 m 631.44 295.68 l S 0.48 w 559.92 292.32 m 563.28 289.68 l 559.92 286.8 l 556.32 289.68 l 559.92 292.32 l S 559.68 288.72 0.48 1.68 re S 558.72 289.44 2.16 0.24 re S 560.16 289.68 m 560.16 289.8125 559.9987 289.92 559.8 289.92 c 559.6013 289.92 559.44 289.8125 559.44 289.68 c 559.44 289.5475 559.6013 289.44 559.8 289.44 c 559.9987 289.44 560.16 289.5475 560.16 289.68 c S 559.92 289.68 m 563.28 287.04 l 559.92 284.16 l 556.32 287.04 l 559.92 289.68 l S 559.68 286.08 0.48 1.68 re S 558.72 286.8 2.16 0.24 re S 560.16 287.04 m 560.16 287.1725 559.9987 287.28 559.8 287.28 c 559.6013 287.28 559.44 287.1725 559.44 287.04 c 559.44 286.9075 559.6013 286.8 559.8 286.8 c 559.9987 286.8 560.16 286.9075 560.16 287.04 c S 620.4 310.8 m 623.76 307.92 l 620.4 305.04 l 617.04 307.92 l 620.4 310.8 l S 620.16 306.96 0.48 1.92 re S 619.2 307.68 2.4 0.48 re S 620.64 308.16 m 620.64 308.2387 620.4787 308.4 620.28 308.4 c 620.0813 308.4 619.92 308.2387 619.92 308.04 c 619.92 307.8413 620.0813 307.68 620.28 307.68 c 620.4787 307.68 620.64 307.8413 620.64 308.04 c S 620.4 300.96 m 623.76 298.08 l 620.4 295.2 l 617.04 298.08 l 620.4 300.96 l S 620.16 297.12 0.48 1.92 re S 619.2 297.84 2.4 0.48 re S 620.64 298.32 m 620.64 298.3987 620.4787 298.56 620.28 298.56 c 620.0813 298.56 619.92 298.3987 619.92 298.2 c 619.92 298.0013 620.0813 297.84 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-0.4378 Tw (\(Roseboom & Richey 1977\)) Tj 133.44 6.48 TD /F6 6.96 Tf 0.7239 Tc -0.3908 Tw (Largemouth Bass) Tj -15.84 -7.92 TD 0.7057 Tc -0.1326 Tw (\(Roseboom & Richey 1977\)) Tj 140.64 6.72 TD 0.6797 Tc -0.1066 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj -22.32 -7.92 TD 0.6141 Tc -0.2009 Tw (\(Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a\)) Tj 150 9.12 TD 0.5506 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill) Tj -33.84 -8.16 TD 0.6141 Tc -0.2009 Tw (\(Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a\)) Tj -452.4 -133.92 TD 0.735 Tc -0.4019 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -19.2 -7.92 TD 0.6141 Tc -0.2009 Tw (\(Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a\)) Tj 140.4 10.32 TD 0.65 Tc -0.3169 Tw (Striped Bass) Tj -8.88 -7.92 TD 0.623 Tc -0.2099 Tw (\(Hazel et al. 1971\)) Tj 113.76 7.92 TD 0.6435 Tc -0.3103 Tw (Three-Spined Stickleback) Tj 11.28 -7.92 TD 0.623 Tc -0.2099 Tw (\(Hazel et al. 1971\)) Tj 112.32 7.92 TD 0.735 Tc -0.4019 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -9.84 -7.92 TD 0.6435 Tc -0.1504 Tw (\(DeGraeve et al. 1987\)) Tj 123.84 7.92 TD 0.6416 Tc -0.0685 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj -10.8 -8.16 TD 0.6435 Tc 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Tw (\(Knopf 1992\)) Tj -12.48 -132.96 TD 0.6652 Tc -0.3321 Tw (Johnny Darter) Tj -8.88 -8.16 TD 0.6605 Tc -0.2474 Tw (\(Nimmo et al. 1989\)) Tj 9.12 -133.44 TD 0.735 Tc -0.4019 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -4.8 -7.92 TD 0.6605 Tc -0.2474 Tw (\(Nimmo et al. 1989\)) Tj -608.16 343.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0195 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Figure 2. The effect of temperature on acute ammonia toxicity in terms of total ammonia.) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw ( Symbols denote LC50s, solid lines denote regressions for individual datasets,) Tj T* 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw ( and dotted lines denote pooled regressions over all datasets.) 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0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 -55.68 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 101.76 248.16 m 170.4 301.2 l S 81.12 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 81.12 287.76 m 81.12 287.76 l S 91.44 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 91.44 287.76 m 91.44 287.76 l S 101.76 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 101.76 287.76 m 101.76 287.76 l S 112.32 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 112.08 287.76 m 112.32 287.76 l S 122.64 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 122.64 287.76 m 122.64 287.76 l S 132.96 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 132.96 287.76 m 132.96 287.76 l S 143.28 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 143.28 287.76 m 143.28 287.76 l S 153.84 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 153.6 287.76 m 153.84 287.76 l S 164.16 287.76 0.24 0.24 re f 164.16 287.76 m 164.16 287.76 l S 0.48 w 147.12 281.28 m 147.12 282.3398 145.8835 283.2 144.36 283.2 c 142.8365 283.2 141.6 282.3398 141.6 281.28 c 141.6 280.2202 142.8365 279.36 144.36 279.36 c 145.8835 279.36 147.12 280.2202 147.12 281.28 c S 144.24 280.32 0.24 1.44 re S 143.52 281.04 1.92 0.24 re S 144.72 281.28 m 144.72 281.4125 144.5587 281.52 144.36 281.52 c 144.1613 281.52 144 281.4125 144 281.28 c 144 281.1475 144.1613 281.04 144.36 281.04 c 144.5587 281.04 144.72 281.1475 144.72 281.28 c S 164.4 294.72 m 164.4 295.7261 163.1635 296.64 161.64 296.64 c 160.1165 296.64 158.88 295.7261 158.88 294.6 c 158.88 293.4739 160.1165 292.56 161.64 292.56 c 163.1635 292.56 164.4 293.4739 164.4 294.6 c S 161.52 293.76 0.48 1.44 re S 160.8 294.24 1.92 0.48 re S 162 294.48 m 162 294.6125 161.8387 294.72 161.64 294.72 c 161.4413 294.72 161.28 294.6125 161.28 294.48 c 161.28 294.3475 161.4413 294.24 161.64 294.24 c 161.8387 294.24 162 294.3475 162 294.48 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 197.76 248.16 89.52 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 197.76 248.16 m 287.28 248.16 l S 226.56 248.16 m 226.56 253.2 l S 255.36 248.16 m 255.36 253.2 l S 284.4 248.16 m 284.4 253.2 l S BT 195.36 239.76 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 29.04 0 TD (30) Tj ET 197.76 248.16 m 197.76 336.48 l S 197.76 264.48 m 201.36 264.48 l S 197.76 276 m 201.36 276 l S 197.76 292.32 m 201.36 292.32 l S 197.76 303.84 m 201.36 303.84 l S 197.76 320.16 m 201.36 320.16 l S 197.76 331.68 m 201.36 331.68 l S BT 184.08 262.56 TD (15) Tj 0 11.52 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 16.32 TD (60) Tj 0 11.52 TD (80) Tj 0 -83.52 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 204.72 248.16 m 287.28 301.92 l S 198 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 197.76 290.64 m 198 290.64 l S 208.32 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 290.64 m 208.32 290.64 l S 218.64 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 218.64 290.64 m 218.64 290.64 l S 228.96 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 228.96 290.64 m 228.96 290.64 l S 239.52 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 239.28 290.64 m 239.52 290.64 l S 249.84 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 249.84 290.64 m 249.84 290.64 l S 260.16 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 260.16 290.64 m 260.16 290.64 l S 270.48 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 270.48 290.64 m 270.48 290.64 l S 281.04 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 290.64 m 281.04 290.64 l S 0.48 w 258.72 283.2 5.04 3.6 re S 261.12 284.16 0.24 1.68 re S 260.16 284.88 2.16 0.24 re S 261.36 285.12 m 261.36 285.2525 261.1987 285.36 261 285.36 c 260.8013 285.36 260.64 285.2525 260.64 285.12 c 260.64 284.9875 260.8013 284.88 261 284.88 c 261.1987 284.88 261.36 284.9875 261.36 285.12 c S 276 294.48 5.04 3.6 re S 278.4 295.44 0.24 1.68 re S 277.44 296.16 2.16 0.24 re S 278.88 296.4 m 278.88 296.5325 278.7187 296.64 278.52 296.64 c 278.3213 296.64 278.16 296.5325 278.16 296.4 c 278.16 296.2675 278.3213 296.16 278.52 296.16 c 278.7187 296.16 278.88 296.2675 278.88 296.4 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 314.64 248.16 89.52 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 314.64 248.16 m 404.16 248.16 l S 343.44 248.16 m 343.44 253.2 l S 372.24 248.16 m 372.24 253.2 l S 401.04 248.16 m 401.04 253.2 l S BT 312.24 239.76 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 314.64 248.16 m 314.64 336.48 l S 314.88 262.56 m 321.6 262.56 l S 314.64 253.68 m 318.24 253.68 l S 314.64 278.88 m 318.24 278.88 l S 314.64 290.4 m 318.24 290.4 l S 314.64 306.72 m 318.24 306.72 l S 314.64 318.24 m 318.24 318.24 l S 314.64 334.56 m 318.24 334.56 l S BT 305.52 251.52 TD (8) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD (15) Tj 0 11.76 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 16.32 TD (60) Tj 0 -72 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 314.64 293.52 m 404.16 285.36 l S 314.88 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 314.64 286.56 m 314.88 286.56 l S 325.2 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 324.96 286.56 m 325.2 286.56 l S 335.52 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 335.52 286.56 m 335.52 286.56 l S 345.84 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 345.84 286.56 m 345.84 286.56 l S 356.16 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 286.56 m 356.16 286.56 l S 366.72 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 366.48 286.56 m 366.72 286.56 l S 377.04 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 286.56 m 377.04 286.56 l S 387.36 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 286.56 m 387.36 286.56 l S 397.68 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 286.56 m 397.68 286.56 l S 0.48 w 378 290.16 m 381.12 286.56 l 375.12 286.56 l 378 290.16 l S 377.76 287.04 0.48 1.44 re S 377.04 287.52 2.16 0.48 re S 378.24 287.76 m 378.24 287.8925 378.0787 288 377.88 288 c 377.6813 288 377.52 287.8925 377.52 287.76 c 377.52 287.6275 377.6813 287.52 377.88 287.52 c 378.0787 287.52 378.24 287.6275 378.24 287.76 c S 401.04 288 m 404.16 284.4 l 398.16 284.4 l 401.04 288 l S 401.04 284.88 0.24 1.44 re S 400.08 285.36 2.16 0.48 re S 401.28 285.6 m 401.28 285.7325 401.1187 285.84 400.92 285.84 c 400.7213 285.84 400.56 285.7325 400.56 285.6 c 400.56 285.4675 400.7213 285.36 400.92 285.36 c 401.1187 285.36 401.28 285.4675 401.28 285.6 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 431.52 248.16 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 431.52 248.16 m 520.8 248.16 l S 460.32 248.16 m 460.32 253.2 l S 489.12 248.16 m 489.12 253.2 l S 517.92 248.16 m 517.92 253.2 l S BT 429.12 239.76 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 431.52 248.16 m 431.52 336.48 l S 431.52 276 m 438.48 276 l S 431.52 255.6 m 434.88 255.6 l S 431.52 267.12 m 434.88 267.12 l S 431.52 292.32 m 434.88 292.32 l S 431.52 303.84 m 434.88 303.84 l S 431.52 320.16 m 434.88 320.16 l S 431.52 331.68 m 434.88 331.68 l S BT 422.4 253.44 TD (6) Tj 0 11.76 TD (8) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD (15) Tj 0 11.52 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 -55.68 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 431.52 298.08 m 520.8 272.64 l S 431.52 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 431.52 290.64 m 431.52 290.64 l S 442.08 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 441.84 290.64 m 442.08 290.64 l S 452.4 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 452.4 290.64 m 452.4 290.64 l S 462.72 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 462.72 290.64 m 462.72 290.64 l S 473.04 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 473.04 290.64 m 473.04 290.64 l S 483.6 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 483.36 290.64 m 483.6 290.64 l S 493.92 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 493.68 290.64 m 493.92 290.64 l S 504.24 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 504.24 290.64 m 504.24 290.64 l S 514.56 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 514.56 290.64 m 514.56 290.64 l S 0.48 w 440.16 282.96 m 437.28 286.8 l 443.04 286.8 l 440.16 282.96 l S 439.92 284.64 0.48 1.68 re S 438.96 285.36 2.16 0.24 re S 440.4 285.6 m 440.4 285.7325 440.2387 285.84 440.04 285.84 c 439.8413 285.84 439.68 285.7325 439.68 285.6 c 439.68 285.4675 439.8413 285.36 440.04 285.36 c 440.2387 285.36 440.4 285.4675 440.4 285.6 c S 441.12 303.84 m 438 307.68 l 444 307.68 l 441.12 303.84 l S 440.88 305.52 0.24 1.68 re S 439.92 306.24 2.16 0.24 re S 441.36 306.48 m 441.36 306.6125 441.1987 306.72 441 306.72 c 440.8013 306.72 440.64 306.6125 440.64 306.48 c 440.64 306.3475 440.8013 306.24 441 306.24 c 441.1987 306.24 441.36 306.3475 441.36 306.48 c S 445.92 291.12 m 443.04 294.72 l 448.8 294.72 l 445.92 291.12 l S 445.68 292.8 0.48 1.44 re S 444.72 293.28 2.16 0.48 re S 446.16 293.76 m 446.16 293.7062 445.9987 293.76 445.8 293.76 c 445.6013 293.76 445.44 293.7062 445.44 293.64 c 445.44 293.5738 445.6013 293.52 445.8 293.52 c 445.9987 293.52 446.16 293.5738 446.16 293.64 c S 468.48 281.04 m 465.36 284.64 l 471.36 284.64 l 468.48 281.04 l S 468.24 282.72 0.24 1.68 re S 467.28 283.44 2.16 0.24 re S 468.72 283.68 m 468.72 283.8125 468.5587 283.92 468.36 283.92 c 468.1613 283.92 468 283.8125 468 283.68 c 468 283.5475 468.1613 283.44 468.36 283.44 c 468.5587 283.44 468.72 283.5475 468.72 283.68 c S 472.32 288.72 m 469.44 292.32 l 475.44 292.32 l 472.32 288.72 l S 472.32 290.4 0.24 1.44 re S 471.36 291.12 2.16 0.24 re S 472.56 291.36 m 472.56 291.4925 472.3987 291.6 472.2 291.6 c 472.0013 291.6 471.84 291.4925 471.84 291.36 c 471.84 291.2275 472.0013 291.12 472.2 291.12 c 472.3987 291.12 472.56 291.2275 472.56 291.36 c S 474.48 282 m 471.36 285.6 l 477.36 285.6 l 474.48 282 l S 474.24 283.68 0.48 1.44 re S 473.28 284.16 2.16 0.48 re S 474.72 284.64 m 474.72 284.5862 474.5587 284.64 474.36 284.64 c 474.1613 284.64 474 284.5862 474 284.52 c 474 284.4538 474.1613 284.4 474.36 284.4 c 474.5587 284.4 474.72 284.4538 474.72 284.52 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 548.4 248.16 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 548.4 248.16 m 637.68 248.16 l S 577.2 248.16 m 577.2 253.2 l S 606 248.16 m 606 253.2 l S 634.8 248.16 m 634.8 253.2 l S BT 546 239.76 TD 0 0 0 rg (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 548.4 248.16 m 548.4 336.48 l S 548.4 276 m 555.36 276 l S 548.4 255.6 m 551.76 255.6 l S 548.4 267.12 m 551.76 267.12 l S 548.4 292.32 m 551.76 292.32 l S 548.4 303.84 m 551.76 303.84 l S 548.4 320.16 m 551.76 320.16 l S 548.4 331.68 m 551.76 331.68 l S BT 539.28 253.44 TD (6) Tj 0 11.76 TD (8) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD (15) Tj 0 11.52 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 -55.68 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 548.4 295.68 m 637.68 294.48 l S 548.4 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 548.4 295.2 m 548.4 295.2 l S 558.72 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 558.72 295.2 m 558.72 295.2 l S 569.28 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 569.04 295.2 m 569.28 295.2 l S 579.6 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 579.6 295.2 m 579.6 295.2 l S 589.92 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 589.92 295.2 m 589.92 295.2 l S 600.24 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 600.24 295.2 m 600.24 295.2 l S 610.8 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 610.56 295.2 m 610.8 295.2 l S 621.12 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 621.12 295.2 m 621.12 295.2 l S 631.44 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 631.44 295.2 m 631.44 295.2 l S 0.48 w 559.92 308.4 m 563.28 306 l 559.92 303.6 l 556.32 306 l 559.92 308.4 l S 559.68 305.28 0.48 1.44 re S 558.72 305.76 2.16 0.48 re S 560.16 306 m 560.16 306.1325 559.9987 306.24 559.8 306.24 c 559.6013 306.24 559.44 306.1325 559.44 306 c 559.44 305.8675 559.6013 305.76 559.8 305.76 c 559.9987 305.76 560.16 305.8675 560.16 306 c S 559.92 287.52 m 563.28 284.88 l 559.92 282.48 l 556.32 284.88 l 559.92 287.52 l S 559.68 284.16 0.48 1.68 re S 558.72 284.88 2.16 0.24 re S 560.16 285.12 m 560.16 285.2525 559.9987 285.36 559.8 285.36 c 559.6013 285.36 559.44 285.2525 559.44 285.12 c 559.44 284.9875 559.6013 284.88 559.8 284.88 c 559.9987 284.88 560.16 284.9875 560.16 285.12 c S 620.4 302.64 m 623.76 300.24 l 620.4 297.84 l 617.04 300.24 l 620.4 302.64 l S 620.16 299.52 0.48 1.44 re S 619.2 300 2.4 0.24 re S 620.64 300.24 m 620.64 300.3725 620.4787 300.48 620.28 300.48 c 620.0813 300.48 619.92 300.3725 619.92 300.24 c 619.92 300.1075 620.0813 300 620.28 300 c 620.4787 300 620.64 300.1075 620.64 300.24 c S 620.4 291.6 m 623.76 289.2 l 620.4 286.8 l 617.04 289.2 l 620.4 291.6 l S 620.16 288.48 0.48 1.68 re S 619.2 289.2 2.4 0.24 re S 620.64 289.44 m 620.64 289.5725 620.4787 289.68 620.28 289.68 c 620.0813 289.68 619.92 289.5725 619.92 289.44 c 619.92 289.3075 620.0813 289.2 620.28 289.2 c 620.4787 289.2 620.64 289.3075 620.64 289.44 c S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 81.12 125.52 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 81.12 125.52 m 170.4 125.52 l S 109.92 125.76 m 109.92 130.56 l S 138.72 125.76 m 138.72 130.56 l S 167.52 125.76 m 167.52 130.56 l S BT 78.48 116.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.72 Tf 1.5437 Tc (0) Tj 26.16 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 81.12 125.52 m 81.12 213.84 l S 81.12 134.64 m 87.84 134.64 l S 81.12 150.96 m 84.48 150.96 l S 81.12 162.48 m 84.48 162.48 l S 81.12 178.8 m 84.48 178.8 l S 81.12 190.32 m 84.48 190.32 l S 81.12 206.64 m 84.48 206.64 l S BT 72 123.6 TD /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc (8) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD (15) Tj 0 11.52 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 16.32 TD (60) Tj 0 -72 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 81.12 182.16 m 170.4 147.36 l S 81.12 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 81.12 166.08 m 81.12 166.08 l S 91.44 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 91.44 166.08 m 91.44 166.08 l S 101.76 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 101.76 166.08 m 101.76 166.08 l S 112.32 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 112.08 166.08 m 112.32 166.08 l S 122.64 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 122.64 166.08 m 122.64 166.08 l S 132.96 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 132.96 166.08 m 132.96 166.08 l S 143.28 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 143.28 166.08 m 143.28 166.08 l S 153.84 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 153.6 166.08 m 153.84 166.08 l S 164.16 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 164.16 166.08 m 164.16 166.08 l S 0.48 w 95.52 171.84 m 95.52 172.8998 94.2835 173.76 92.76 173.76 c 91.2365 173.76 90 172.8998 90 171.84 c 90 170.7802 91.2365 169.92 92.76 169.92 c 94.2835 169.92 95.52 170.7802 95.52 171.84 c b 96.96 184.08 m 96.96 185.0861 95.7235 186 94.2 186 c 92.6765 186 91.44 185.0861 91.44 183.96 c 91.44 182.8339 92.6765 181.92 94.2 181.92 c 95.7235 181.92 96.96 182.8339 96.96 183.96 c b 152.64 144.24 m 152.64 145.2461 151.4035 146.16 149.88 146.16 c 148.3565 146.16 147.12 145.2461 147.12 144.12 c 147.12 142.9939 148.3565 142.08 149.88 142.08 c 151.4035 142.08 152.64 142.9939 152.64 144.12 c b 156.24 164.64 m 156.24 165.6461 155.0035 166.56 153.48 166.56 c 151.9565 166.56 150.72 165.6461 150.72 164.52 c 150.72 163.3939 151.9565 162.48 153.48 162.48 c 155.0035 162.48 156.24 163.3939 156.24 164.52 c b 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 197.76 125.52 89.52 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 197.76 125.52 m 287.28 125.52 l S 226.56 125.76 m 226.56 130.56 l S 255.36 125.76 m 255.36 130.56 l S 284.4 125.76 m 284.4 130.56 l S BT 195.36 116.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.72 Tf 1.5437 Tc (0) Tj 25.92 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 29.04 0 TD (30) Tj ET 197.76 125.52 m 197.76 213.84 l S 198 201.84 m 204.72 201.84 l S 197.76 137.28 m 201.36 137.28 l S 197.76 153.36 m 201.36 153.36 l S 197.76 165.12 m 201.36 165.12 l S 197.76 181.2 m 201.36 181.2 l S 197.76 192.96 m 201.36 192.96 l S BT 184.08 123.6 TD /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc (15) Tj 0 11.52 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.52 TD (40) Tj 0 16.32 TD (60) Tj 0 11.52 TD (80) Tj -4.8 9.12 TD 1.3306 Tc (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 197.76 190.08 m 287.28 143.28 l S 198 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 197.76 161.28 m 198 161.28 l S 208.32 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 161.28 m 208.32 161.28 l S 218.64 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 218.64 161.28 m 218.64 161.28 l S 228.96 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 228.96 161.28 m 228.96 161.28 l S 239.52 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 239.28 161.28 m 239.52 161.28 l S 249.84 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 249.84 161.28 m 249.84 161.28 l S 260.16 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 260.16 161.28 m 260.16 161.28 l S 270.48 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 270.48 161.28 m 270.48 161.28 l S 281.04 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 161.28 m 281.04 161.28 l S 0.48 w 238.56 159.12 5.04 3.6 re b 238.56 171.84 5.04 3.84 re b 261.6 150.48 5.04 3.6 re b 261.6 156.48 5.04 3.6 re b 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 314.64 125.52 89.52 88.32 re b BT 366.48 103.44 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.6 Tf 2.5693 Tc -1.6381 Tw (TEMPERATURE ) Tj 1.7984 Tc 0 Tw (\(C\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 314.64 125.52 m 404.16 125.52 l S 343.44 125.76 m 343.44 130.56 l S 372.24 125.76 m 372.24 130.56 l S 401.04 125.76 m 401.04 130.56 l S BT 312 116.16 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 1.5437 Tc (0) Tj 26.16 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 314.64 125.52 m 314.64 213.84 l S 314.88 162.48 m 321.6 162.48 l S 314.64 141.84 m 318.24 141.84 l S 314.64 153.36 m 318.24 153.36 l S 314.64 178.8 m 318.24 178.8 l S 314.64 190.32 m 318.24 190.32 l S 314.64 206.64 m 318.24 206.64 l S BT 300.72 123.6 TD /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc (40) Tj 0 16.32 TD (60) Tj 0 11.52 TD (80) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD 1.3306 Tc (150) Tj 0 11.52 TD (200) Tj 0 16.32 TD (300) Tj 0 -44.16 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 314.64 180.48 m 404.16 150 l S 314.88 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 314.64 161.76 m 314.88 161.76 l S 325.2 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 324.96 161.76 m 325.2 161.76 l S 335.52 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 335.52 161.76 m 335.52 161.76 l S 345.84 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 345.84 161.76 m 345.84 161.76 l S 356.16 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 161.76 m 356.16 161.76 l S 366.72 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 366.48 161.76 m 366.72 161.76 l S 377.04 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 161.76 m 377.04 161.76 l S 387.36 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 161.76 m 387.36 161.76 l S 397.68 161.76 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 161.76 m 397.68 161.76 l S 0.48 w 357.84 166.32 m 360.96 162.48 l 354.96 162.48 l 357.84 166.32 l b* 357.84 170.16 m 360.96 166.32 l 354.96 166.32 l 357.84 170.16 l b* 380.88 153.12 m 384 149.52 l 378 149.52 l 380.88 153.12 l b* 380.88 167.28 m 384 163.68 l 378 163.68 l 380.88 167.28 l b* 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 431.52 125.52 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 431.52 125.52 m 520.8 125.52 l S 460.32 125.76 m 460.32 130.56 l S 489.12 125.76 m 489.12 130.56 l S 517.92 125.76 m 517.92 130.56 l S BT 428.88 116.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.72 Tf 1.5437 Tc (0) Tj 26.16 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 431.52 125.52 m 431.52 213.84 l S 431.52 162.48 m 438.48 162.48 l S 431.52 141.84 m 434.88 141.84 l S 431.52 153.36 m 434.88 153.36 l S 431.52 178.8 m 434.88 178.8 l S 431.52 190.32 m 434.88 190.32 l S 431.52 206.64 m 434.88 206.64 l S BT 417.6 123.6 TD /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc (40) Tj 0 16.32 TD (60) Tj 0 11.52 TD (80) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD 1.3306 Tc (150) Tj 0 11.52 TD (200) Tj 0 16.32 TD (300) Tj 0 -44.16 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 431.52 179.76 m 520.8 164.64 l S 431.52 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 431.52 170.64 m 431.52 170.64 l S 442.08 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 441.84 170.64 m 442.08 170.64 l S 452.4 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 452.4 170.64 m 452.4 170.64 l S 462.72 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 462.72 170.64 m 462.72 170.64 l S 473.04 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 473.04 170.64 m 473.04 170.64 l S 483.6 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 483.36 170.64 m 483.6 170.64 l S 493.92 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 493.68 170.64 m 493.92 170.64 l S 504.24 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 504.24 170.64 m 504.24 170.64 l S 514.56 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 514.56 170.64 m 514.56 170.64 l S 0.48 w 448.8 176.88 m 445.92 180.72 l 451.68 180.72 l 448.8 176.88 l b* 460.32 178.8 m 457.44 182.4 l 463.2 182.4 l 460.32 178.8 l b* 474.72 162.72 m 471.84 166.32 l 477.6 166.32 l 474.72 162.72 l b* 489.12 163.44 m 486.24 167.28 l 492 167.28 l 489.12 163.44 l b* 489.12 161.04 m 486.24 164.64 l 492 164.64 l 489.12 161.04 l b* 503.52 169.68 m 500.64 173.52 l 506.4 173.52 l 503.52 169.68 l b* 503.52 166.32 m 500.64 170.16 l 506.4 170.16 l 503.52 166.32 l b* 517.92 166.08 m 515.04 169.92 l 521.04 169.92 l 517.92 166.08 l b* 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 548.4 125.52 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 548.4 125.52 m 637.68 125.52 l S 577.2 125.76 m 577.2 130.56 l S 606 125.76 m 606 130.56 l S 634.8 125.76 m 634.8 130.56 l S BT 545.76 116.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.72 Tf 1.5437 Tc (0) Tj 26.16 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 548.4 125.52 m 548.4 213.84 l S 548.4 153.36 m 555.36 153.36 l S 548.4 132.96 m 551.76 132.96 l S 548.4 144.48 m 551.76 144.48 l S 548.4 169.68 m 551.76 169.68 l S 548.4 181.2 m 551.76 181.2 l S 548.4 197.52 m 551.76 197.52 l S 548.4 209.28 m 551.76 209.28 l S BT 534.48 131.04 TD /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc (60) Tj 0 11.52 TD (80) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD 1.3306 Tc (150) Tj 0 11.52 TD (200) Tj 0 16.32 TD (300) Tj 0 11.52 TD (400) Tj 0 -55.68 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 548.4 180.48 m 637.68 155.04 l S 548.4 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 548.4 164.88 m 548.4 164.88 l S 558.72 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 558.72 164.88 m 558.72 164.88 l S 569.28 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 569.04 164.88 m 569.28 164.88 l S 579.6 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 579.6 164.88 m 579.6 164.88 l S 589.92 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 589.92 164.88 m 589.92 164.88 l S 600.24 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 600.24 164.88 m 600.24 164.88 l S 610.8 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 610.56 164.88 m 610.8 164.88 l S 621.12 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 621.12 164.88 m 621.12 164.88 l S 631.44 164.88 0.24 0.24 re f 631.44 164.88 m 631.44 164.88 l S 0.48 w 565.68 171.12 m 569.04 168.72 l 565.68 166.32 l 562.08 168.72 l 565.68 171.12 l b* 577.2 182.88 m 580.56 180.48 l 577.2 178.08 l 573.84 180.48 l 577.2 182.88 l b* 591.6 174.24 m 594.96 171.84 l 591.6 169.44 l 588.24 171.84 l 591.6 174.24 l b* 606 164.88 m 609.36 162.48 l 606 160.08 l 602.64 162.48 l 606 164.88 l b* 606 159.84 m 609.36 157.44 l 606 155.04 l 602.64 157.44 l 606 159.84 l b* 620.4 163.2 m 623.76 160.56 l 620.4 158.16 l 617.04 160.56 l 620.4 163.2 l b* 620.4 165.84 m 623.76 163.44 l 620.4 161.04 l 617.04 163.44 l 620.4 165.84 l b* 634.8 156.72 m 638.16 154.32 l 634.8 151.92 l 631.44 154.32 l 634.8 156.72 l b* BT 107.52 452.64 TD /F6 6.24 Tf 1.0581 Tc -0.5609 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -7.68 -7.2 TD 0.8961 Tc -0.3989 Tw (\(Thurston et al. 1983\)) Tj 127.92 7.2 TD 1.2902 Tc 0 Tw (Ra) Tj 0.9251 Tc -0.1878 Tw (inbow Trout) Tj -19.92 -7.2 TD 0.9955 Tc -0.4182 Tw (\(Thurston and Russo 1983\)) Tj 126.72 8.16 TD 0.9299 Tc -0.1926 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 6.48 -6.96 TD 0.969 Tc -0.4717 Tw (\(Cary 1976\)) Tj 117.36 6 TD 0.9299 Tc -0.1926 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj -20.88 -7.2 TD 0.9847 Tc -0.4874 Tw (\(Colt & Tchobanoglous 1976\)) Tj 134.4 7.2 TD 1.2902 Tc 0 Tw (Ra) Tj 0.9251 Tc -0.1878 Tw (inbow Trout) Tj -13.2 -7.2 TD 0.9093 Tc -0.332 Tw (\(Ministry of Tech 1968\)) Tj -437.28 -115.68 TD 0.7885 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill) Tj -31.92 -6.96 TD 1.0276 Tc -0.2903 Tw (\(Roseboom & Richey 1977\)) Tj 135.84 7.92 TD /F1 6.24 Tf 1.1702 Tc -0.505 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj -22.08 -6.72 TD 1.2955 Tc -0.6302 Tw (\(Roseboom & Richey 1977\)) Tj 133.44 5.76 TD /F6 6.24 Tf 1.0427 Tc -0.5455 Tw (Largemouth Bass) Tj -15.84 -6.96 TD 1.0276 Tc -0.2903 Tw (\(Roseboom & Richey 1977\)) Tj 140.64 6 TD 1.2902 Tc 0 Tw (Ra) Tj 0.9251 Tc -0.1878 Tw (inbow Trout) Tj -22.32 -7.2 TD 0.8867 Tc -0.3094 Tw (\(Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a\)) Tj 150 8.16 TD 0.7885 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill) Tj -33.84 -6.96 TD 0.8867 Tc -0.3094 Tw (\(Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a\)) Tj -452.4 -117.12 TD 1.0581 Tc -0.5609 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -19.2 -6.96 TD 0.8867 Tc -0.3094 Tw (\(Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a\)) Tj 140.4 9.12 TD 0.9394 Tc -0.4421 Tw (Striped Bass) Tj -8.88 -7.2 TD 0.8938 Tc -0.3165 Tw (\(Hazel et al. 1971\)) Tj 113.76 7.2 TD 0.9288 Tc -0.4315 Tw (Three-Spined Stickleback) Tj 11.28 -7.2 TD 0.8938 Tc -0.3165 Tw (\(Hazel et al. 1971\)) Tj 112.32 7.2 TD 1.0581 Tc -0.5609 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -9.84 -7.2 TD 0.9337 Tc -0.2764 Tw (\(DeGraeve et al. 1987\)) Tj 123.84 6.96 TD 0.9299 Tc -0.1926 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj -10.8 -6.96 TD 0.9337 Tc -0.2764 Tw (\(DeGraeve et al. 1987\)) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 665.28 370.8 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 665.28 370.8 m 754.56 370.8 l S 694.08 370.8 m 694.08 375.84 l S 722.88 370.8 m 722.88 375.84 l S 751.68 370.8 m 751.68 375.84 l S BT 662.88 362.4 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 665.28 370.8 m 665.28 459.12 l S 665.28 387.12 m 672 387.12 l S 665.28 378.24 m 668.64 378.24 l S 665.28 403.44 m 668.64 403.44 l S 665.28 414.96 m 668.64 414.96 l S 665.28 431.28 m 668.64 431.28 l S 665.28 442.8 m 668.64 442.8 l S 665.28 459.12 m 668.64 459.12 l S BT 651.36 376.08 TD (80) Tj -4.8 25.44 TD 1.3306 Tc (150) Tj 0 11.52 TD (200) Tj 0 16.32 TD (300) Tj 0 11.52 TD (400) Tj 0 16.08 TD (600) Tj 0 -72 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 665.28 442.32 m 754.56 432.48 l S 665.28 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 665.28 439.68 m 665.28 439.68 l S 675.6 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 675.6 439.68 m 675.6 439.68 l S 685.92 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 685.92 439.68 m 685.92 439.68 l S 696.48 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 696.24 439.68 m 696.48 439.68 l S 706.8 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 706.8 439.68 m 706.8 439.68 l S 717.12 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 717.12 439.68 m 717.12 439.68 l S 727.44 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 727.44 439.68 m 727.44 439.68 l S 738 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 737.76 439.68 m 738 439.68 l S 748.32 439.68 0.24 0.24 re f 748.32 439.68 m 748.32 439.68 l S 0.48 w 671.28 435.36 m 673.68 434.16 l 673.68 432 l 671.28 430.8 l 668.64 432 l 668.64 434.16 l 671.28 435.36 l S 672.24 444.48 m 674.88 443.52 l 674.88 441.36 l 672.24 440.16 l 669.84 441.36 l 669.84 443.52 l 672.24 444.48 l S 686.16 454.32 m 688.8 453.12 l 688.8 450.96 l 686.16 449.76 l 683.76 450.96 l 683.76 453.12 l 686.16 454.32 l S 701.28 440.88 m 703.68 439.68 l 703.68 437.52 l 701.28 436.32 l 698.64 437.52 l 698.64 439.68 l 701.28 440.88 l S 714.48 434.88 m 717.12 433.68 l 717.12 431.52 l 714.48 430.32 l 711.84 431.52 l 711.84 433.68 l 714.48 434.88 l S 1.44 w 665.28 394.56 m 754.56 441.36 l S 665.28 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 665.28 405.6 m 665.28 405.6 l S 675.6 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 675.6 405.6 m 675.6 405.6 l S 685.92 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 685.92 405.6 m 685.92 405.6 l S 696.48 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 696.24 405.6 m 696.48 405.6 l S 706.8 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 706.8 405.6 m 706.8 405.6 l S 717.12 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 717.12 405.6 m 717.12 405.6 l S 727.44 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 727.44 405.6 m 727.44 405.6 l S 738 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 737.76 405.6 m 738 405.6 l S 748.32 405.6 0.24 0.24 re f 748.32 405.6 m 748.32 405.6 l S 0.48 w 1 1 1 rg 670.32 397.44 m 672.96 396.48 l 672.96 394.32 l 670.32 393.12 l 667.92 394.32 l 667.92 396.48 l 670.32 397.44 l b* 686.4 412.08 m 689.04 410.88 l 689.04 408.72 l 686.4 407.76 l 684 408.72 l 684 410.88 l 686.4 412.08 l b* 701.28 413.52 m 703.68 412.32 l 703.68 410.16 l 701.28 409.2 l 698.64 410.16 l 698.64 412.32 l 701.28 413.52 l b* BT 693.12 453.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9224 Tc -0.4251 Tw (Atlantic Salmon) Tj 4.08 -6.96 TD 0.9526 Tc -0.2153 Tw (\(Knopf 1992\)) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 665.28 248.16 89.28 88.32 re b 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 665.28 248.16 m 754.56 248.16 l S 694.08 248.16 m 694.08 253.2 l S 722.88 248.16 m 722.88 253.2 l S 751.68 248.16 m 751.68 253.2 l S BT 662.88 239.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 6.24 Tf 1.3306 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 26.4 0 TD (10) Tj 28.8 0 TD (20) Tj 28.8 0 TD (30) Tj ET 665.28 248.16 m 665.28 336.48 l S 665.28 268.8 m 672 268.8 l S 665.28 259.68 m 668.64 259.68 l S 665.28 285.12 m 668.64 285.12 l S 665.28 296.64 m 668.64 296.64 l S 665.28 312.96 m 668.64 312.96 l S 665.28 324.48 m 668.64 324.48 l S BT 656.16 246.24 TD (6) Tj 0 11.52 TD (8) Tj -4.8 25.2 TD (15) Tj 0 11.52 TD (20) Tj 0 16.32 TD (30) Tj 0 11.76 TD (40) Tj 0 -55.92 TD (10) Tj ET 1.44 w 665.28 258.72 m 754.56 332.88 l S 665.28 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 665.28 290.88 m 665.28 290.88 l S 675.6 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 675.6 290.88 m 675.6 290.88 l S 685.92 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 685.92 290.88 m 685.92 290.88 l S 696.48 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 696.24 290.88 m 696.48 290.88 l S 706.8 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 706.8 290.88 m 706.8 290.88 l S 717.12 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 717.12 290.88 m 717.12 290.88 l S 727.44 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 727.44 290.88 m 727.44 290.88 l S 738 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 737.76 290.88 m 738 290.88 l S 748.32 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 748.32 290.88 m 748.32 290.88 l S 0.48 w 1 1 1 rg 683.04 275.76 m 685.68 274.8 l 685.68 272.64 l 683.04 271.44 l 680.64 272.64 l 680.64 274.8 l 683.04 275.76 l b* 682.8 272.88 0.48 1.44 re b 682.08 273.36 2.16 0.48 re b 683.28 273.84 m 683.28 273.7862 683.1187 273.84 682.92 273.84 c 682.7213 273.84 682.56 273.7862 682.56 273.72 c 682.56 273.6537 682.7213 273.6 682.92 273.6 c 683.1187 273.6 683.28 273.6537 683.28 273.72 c b 724.56 310.32 m 726.96 309.12 l 726.96 306.96 l 724.56 305.76 l 721.92 306.96 l 721.92 309.12 l 724.56 310.32 l b* 724.32 307.2 0.48 1.68 re b 723.36 307.92 2.16 0.24 re b 724.8 308.16 m 724.8 308.2925 724.6387 308.4 724.44 308.4 c 724.2413 308.4 724.08 308.2925 724.08 308.16 c 724.08 308.0275 724.2413 307.92 724.44 307.92 c 724.6387 307.92 724.8 308.0275 724.8 308.16 c b 1.44 w 665.28 276.72 m 754.56 326.64 l S 0 0 0 rg 665.28 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 665.28 297.6 m 665.28 297.6 l S 675.6 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 675.6 297.6 m 675.6 297.6 l S 685.92 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 685.92 297.6 m 685.92 297.6 l S 696.48 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 696.24 297.6 m 696.48 297.6 l S 706.8 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 706.8 297.6 m 706.8 297.6 l S 717.12 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 717.12 297.6 m 717.12 297.6 l S 727.44 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 727.44 297.6 m 727.44 297.6 l S 738 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 737.76 297.6 m 738 297.6 l S 748.32 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 748.32 297.6 m 748.32 297.6 l S 0.48 w 1 1 1 rg 681.84 288.24 m 684.48 287.04 l 684.48 284.88 l 681.84 283.92 l 679.44 284.88 l 679.44 287.04 l 681.84 288.24 l b* 681.6 285.36 0.48 1.44 re b 680.88 285.84 2.16 0.48 re b 682.08 286.32 m 682.08 286.2662 681.9187 286.32 681.72 286.32 c 681.5213 286.32 681.36 286.2662 681.36 286.2 c 681.36 286.1338 681.5213 286.08 681.72 286.08 c 681.9187 286.08 682.08 286.1338 682.08 286.2 c b 723.12 311.28 m 725.52 310.08 l 725.52 307.92 l 723.12 306.96 l 720.48 307.92 l 720.48 310.08 l 723.12 311.28 l b* 722.88 308.4 0.48 1.44 re b 721.92 308.88 2.16 0.24 re b 723.36 309.12 m 723.36 309.2525 723.1987 309.36 723 309.36 c 722.8013 309.36 722.64 309.2525 722.64 309.12 c 722.64 308.9875 722.8013 308.88 723 308.88 c 723.1987 308.88 723.36 308.9875 723.36 309.12 c b BT 684.72 330 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9606 Tc -0.4633 Tw (Johnny Darter) Tj -8.88 -6.96 TD 0.9538 Tc -0.3765 Tw (\(Nimmo et al. 1989\)) Tj 9.12 -116.64 TD 1.0581 Tc -0.5609 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj -4.8 -6.96 TD 0.9538 Tc -0.3765 Tw (\(Nimmo et al. 1989\)) Tj -608.16 329.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0215 Tc 0.0025 Tw (Figure 3. The effect of temperature on pH-adjusted acute ammonia toxicity in terms of) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0062 Tw ( total ammonia. LC50s are adjusted to the mean pH of the dataset based on the) Tj T* 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw ( pooled relationship of acute toxicity to pH. Symbols denote LC50s, solid lines) Tj T* 0.0622 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( denote regressions for individual datasets, and dotted lines denote pooled) Tj T* 0.0595 Tc -0.0355 Tw ( regression over all datasets.) Tj ET endstream endobj 38 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 39 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (15) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.026 Tc -0.002 Tw (the data are adjusted for the fact that pHs were lower in the low-temperature tests than) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (in the high-temperature tests. Slopes from regression analyses of datasets in Figure 3) Tj T* 0.0176 Tc 0.0064 Tw (range from -0.015 to 0.013, compared to a range from 0.015 to 0.054 when expressed) Tj T* 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (in terms of un-ionized ammonia \(Erickson 1985\). This narrower range of slopes in) Tj T* 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (terms of total ammonia nitrogen also argues for use of total ammonia, rather than un-) Tj T* 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (ionized ammonia, because there is less uncertainty associated with the generic) Tj T* 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (relationship. For datasets with just two points, Figures 2 and 3 also show the slopes for) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (comparative purposes. Based on the typical uncertainty of LC50s, these slopes also) Tj T* 0.0382 Tc -0.0142 Tw (would not be expected to be significant, except perhaps for the Johnny darter data of) Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0127 Tw (Nimmo et al. \(1989\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.054 Tc -0.03 Tw (A multiple least-squares linear regression \(Draper and Smith 1981\) using all datasets) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (\(with a common slope for all datasets and separate intercept for each dataset\) was) Tj T* 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (conducted, both with and without pH adjustment. The results of these pooled analyses) Tj T* 0.0573 Tc -0.0333 Tw (are plotted as dotted lines in Figures 2 and 3 to show that the residual errors for the) Tj T* 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (common regression line compared to the individual regression lines are not large) Tj T* 0.0541 Tc -0.0301 Tw (relative to the typical uncertainty of LC50s. To better show the overall fit of the) Tj T* 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (common regression line, the data are also plotted together in Figure 4 by dividing each) Tj T* 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw (point by the regression estimate of the LC50 at 20) Tj 267.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0518 Tc -0.0277 Tw (C for its dataset. This normalization) Tj -273.36 -14.16 TD 0.0566 Tc -0.0326 Tw (is done strictly for data display purposes because it allows all of the datasets to be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (overlaid without changing their temperature dependence, so that the overall scatter) Tj T* 0.0252 Tc -0.0012 Tw (around the common regression line can be better examined. The data show no) Tj T* 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (obvious trend, with the best-fit slope explaining only 1% of the sum of squares around) Tj T* 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (the means for the pH-adjusted data and 0% for the unadjusted data. The one available) Tj T* 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (chronic dataset \(DeGraeve et al. 1987\) also shows no significant temperature effect) Tj T* 0.0253 Tc -0.0013 Tw (when expressed in terms of total ammonia nitrogen \(Figure 5\) and adjusted for pH) Tj T* 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (differences among the tests. \(These tests and the calculation of the LC20s are) Tj T* 0.075 Tc -0.051 Tw (discussed in detail later.\)) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (Based on the small magnitude and the variability of the effect of temperature on total) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (ammonia acute and chronic toxicity values for fish, the 1998 Update did not include) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (temperature as a modifying factor for a total ammonia criterion. For invertebrates, it) Tj T* 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (should be noted that the 1998 Update\222s assumption that temperature had no effect on) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (the toxicity of ) Tj 73.92 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (total) Tj 22.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0172 Tc 0.0068 Tw ( ammonia differs from the 1984/1985 criteria document\222s assumption) Tj -96.72 -14.16 TD 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (that temperature has no effect on the toxicity of ) Tj 254.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0636 Tc 0 Tw (un-ionized) Tj 54.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.001 Tc 0.023 Tw ( ammonia. This) Tj -309.6 -14.16 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (inconsistency is resolved during the 1999 re-examination of data, to be discussed) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (shortly, by incorporating a relationship between temperature and total ammonia toxicity) Tj T* 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (to invertebrates. That relationship, however, does not affect the CMC because) Tj T* 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (invertebrates are not among the acutely sensitive taxa. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (The amount of uncertainty in this approach to the CMC can be demonstrated to be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (small by considering how the criterion would differ if total ammonia toxicity was) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (adjusted based on the slopes in various datasets. Because the bulk of the toxicity data) Tj T* 0.0557 Tc -0.0317 Tw (used in the derivation of the criterion is within a few degrees of 20) Tj 351.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0143 Tc 0.0097 Tw (C, the temperature) Tj -357.6 -14.16 TD 0.0566 Tc -0.0326 Tw (relationship used has very little effect on the criterion near this temperature, but rather) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (has the greatest effect on the criterion at much higher or lower temperatures. 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re f 231.84 374.4 m 231.84 374.4 l S 242.16 374.4 0.24 0.24 re f 242.16 374.4 m 242.16 374.4 l S 252.48 374.4 0.24 0.24 re f 252.48 374.4 m 252.48 374.4 l S 263.04 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 262.8 374.16 m 263.04 374.16 l S 273.36 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 273.36 374.16 m 273.36 374.16 l S 283.68 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 283.68 374.16 m 283.68 374.16 l S 294 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 294 374.16 m 294 374.16 l S 304.56 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 304.32 374.16 m 304.56 374.16 l S 314.88 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 314.88 374.16 m 314.88 374.16 l S 325.2 374.16 0.24 0.24 re f 325.2 374.16 m 325.2 374.16 l S 335.52 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 335.52 373.92 m 335.52 373.92 l S 346.08 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 345.84 373.92 m 346.08 373.92 l S 356.4 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 373.92 m 356.4 373.92 l S 366.72 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 366.72 373.92 m 366.72 373.92 l S 377.04 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 373.92 m 377.04 373.92 l S 387.36 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 373.92 m 387.36 373.92 l S 397.92 373.92 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 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345.36 m 588.72 345.4925 588.5587 345.6 588.36 345.6 c 588.1613 345.6 588 345.4925 588 345.36 c 588 345.2275 588.1613 345.12 588.36 345.12 c 588.5587 345.12 588.72 345.2275 588.72 345.36 c S 588.48 328.8 m 593.52 324.72 l 588.48 320.4 l 583.2 324.72 l 588.48 328.8 l S 588.24 323.28 0.48 2.88 re S 586.8 324.48 3.36 0.48 re S 588.72 324.72 m 588.72 324.8525 588.5587 324.96 588.36 324.96 c 588.1613 324.96 588 324.8525 588 324.72 c 588 324.5875 588.1613 324.48 588.36 324.48 c 588.5587 324.48 588.72 324.5875 588.72 324.72 c S 0 0 0 rg 592.56 304.32 m 592.56 306.1209 590.6784 307.68 588.36 307.68 c 586.0416 307.68 584.16 306.1209 584.16 304.2 c 584.16 302.279 586.0416 300.72 588.36 300.72 c 590.6784 300.72 592.56 302.279 592.56 304.2 c b 584.64 280.32 7.68 6.24 re b 588.48 267.12 m 592.8 260.88 l 583.92 260.88 l 588.48 267.12 l b* 588.48 238.08 m 583.92 244.32 l 592.8 244.32 l 588.48 238.08 l b* 588.48 225.84 m 593.52 221.76 l 588.48 217.44 l 583.2 221.76 l 588.48 225.84 l b* 588.48 204.96 m 592.32 203.04 l 592.32 199.2 l 588.48 197.28 l 584.64 199.2 l 584.64 203.04 l 588.48 204.96 l S 588.48 184.32 m 592.32 182.4 l 592.32 178.8 l 588.48 176.88 l 584.64 178.8 l 584.64 182.4 l 588.48 184.32 l S 588.24 179.28 0.48 2.64 re S 586.8 180.48 3.36 0.24 re S 588.72 180.72 m 588.72 180.8525 588.5587 180.96 588.36 180.96 c 588.1613 180.96 588 180.8525 588 180.72 c 588 180.5875 588.1613 180.48 588.36 180.48 c 588.5587 180.48 588.72 180.5875 588.72 180.72 c S 588.48 163.68 m 592.32 161.76 l 592.32 158.16 l 588.48 156.24 l 584.64 158.16 l 584.64 161.76 l 588.48 163.68 l b* BT 621.12 445.2 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.9241 Tc (ChannelCatfish) Tj 1.92 -20.4 TD 0.9787 Tc -0.5006 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 17.28 -20.64 TD 0.7492 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill) Tj -19.2 -20.64 TD 0.9241 Tc (ChannelCatfish) Tj -3.6 -20.64 TD 1.0093 Tc (LargemouthBass) Tj 5.52 -20.4 TD 0.9787 Tc -0.5006 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 17.28 -20.64 TD 0.7492 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill) Tj -21.84 -20.64 TD 1.0135 Tc -0.5354 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 8.88 -20.64 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0.48 2.88 re S 201.84 182.16 3.36 0.48 re S 203.76 182.64 m 203.76 182.7187 203.5987 182.88 203.4 182.88 c 203.2013 182.88 203.04 182.7187 203.04 182.52 c 203.04 182.3213 203.2013 182.16 203.4 182.16 c 203.5987 182.16 203.76 182.3213 203.76 182.52 c S 379.2 240.72 m 383.04 238.8 l 383.04 235.2 l 379.2 233.28 l 375.36 235.2 l 375.36 238.8 l 379.2 240.72 l S 378.96 235.44 0.24 2.88 re S 377.28 236.88 3.6 0.24 re S 379.44 237.12 m 379.44 237.2525 379.2787 237.36 379.08 237.36 c 378.8813 237.36 378.72 237.2525 378.72 237.12 c 378.72 236.9875 378.8813 236.88 379.08 236.88 c 379.2787 236.88 379.44 236.9875 379.44 237.12 c S 198.72 195.36 m 202.56 193.44 l 202.56 189.6 l 198.72 187.68 l 194.88 189.6 l 194.88 193.44 l 198.72 195.36 l S 198.48 190.08 0.48 2.88 re S 197.04 191.28 3.36 0.48 re S 198.96 191.76 m 198.96 191.8387 198.7987 192 198.6 192 c 198.4013 192 198.24 191.8387 198.24 191.64 c 198.24 191.4413 198.4013 191.28 198.6 191.28 c 198.7987 191.28 198.96 191.4413 198.96 191.64 c S 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0.24 re f 190.32 212.16 m 190.32 212.16 l S 200.64 211.92 0.24 0.24 re f 200.64 211.92 m 200.64 211.92 l S 210.96 211.68 0.24 0.24 re f 210.96 211.68 m 210.96 211.68 l S 221.52 211.44 0.24 0.24 re f 221.28 211.44 m 221.52 211.44 l S 231.84 211.2 0.24 0.24 re f 231.84 211.2 m 231.84 211.2 l S 242.16 210.96 0.24 0.24 re f 242.16 210.96 m 242.16 210.96 l S 252.48 210.72 0.24 0.24 re f 252.48 210.72 m 252.48 210.72 l S 263.04 210.48 0.24 0.24 re f 262.8 210.48 m 263.04 210.48 l S 273.36 210 0.24 0.24 re f 273.36 210 m 273.36 210 l S 283.68 210 0.24 0.24 re f 283.68 210 m 283.68 210 l S 294 209.76 0.24 0.24 re f 294 209.76 m 294 209.76 l S 304.56 209.28 0.24 0.24 re f 304.32 209.28 m 304.56 209.28 l S 314.88 209.28 0.24 0.24 re f 314.88 209.28 m 314.88 209.28 l S 325.2 208.8 0.24 0.24 re f 325.2 208.8 m 325.2 208.8 l S 335.52 208.56 0.24 0.24 re f 335.52 208.56 m 335.52 208.56 l S 346.08 208.32 0.24 0.24 re f 345.84 208.32 m 346.08 208.32 l S 356.4 208.08 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 208.08 m 356.4 208.08 l S 366.72 207.84 0.24 0.24 re f 366.72 207.84 m 366.72 207.84 l S 377.04 207.6 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 207.6 m 377.04 207.6 l S 387.36 207.36 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 207.36 m 387.36 207.36 l S 397.92 207.12 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 207.12 m 397.92 207.12 l S 408.24 206.88 0.24 0.24 re f 408.24 206.88 m 408.24 206.88 l S 418.56 206.64 0.24 0.24 re f 418.56 206.64 m 418.56 206.64 l S 428.88 206.4 0.24 0.24 re f 428.88 206.4 m 428.88 206.4 l S 439.44 206.16 0.24 0.24 re f 439.2 206.16 m 439.44 206.16 l S 449.76 205.92 0.24 0.24 re f 449.76 205.92 m 449.76 205.92 l S 460.08 205.68 0.24 0.24 re f 460.08 205.68 m 460.08 205.68 l S 470.4 205.44 0.24 0.24 re f 470.4 205.44 m 470.4 205.44 l S 480.96 205.2 0.24 0.24 re f 480.72 205.2 m 480.96 205.2 l S 491.28 204.96 0.24 0.24 re f 491.28 204.96 m 491.28 204.96 l S BT 408.48 264 TD /F1 14.16 Tf 1.9465 Tc -1.3229 Tw (pH Ad) Tj 1.3435 Tc 0 Tw (justed) Tj -25.92 171.6 TD 1.9918 Tc (No) Tj 1.4755 Tc -0.612 Tw (t pH Adjusted) Tj -310.56 93.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0284 Tc -0.0044 Tw (Figure 4. The effect of temperature on normalized acute ammonia toxicity in terms of total) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( ammonia. Data were normalized by dividing measured LC50s by regression) Tj T* 0.0186 Tc 0.0054 Tw ( estimates of LC50s at 20) Tj 183.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0682 Tc -0.0442 Tw (C for individual datasets for Figure 2 \(top plot\) and) Tj -189.6 -13.92 TD 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw ( Figure 3 \(bottom plot\).) 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135.6 TD 1.4352 Tc (5) Tj -7.44 129.84 TD (20) Tj 0 85.92 TD (50) Tj 0 -150.96 TD (10) Tj -7.44 216 TD (100) Tj ET 169.68 233.52 0.24 0.24 re f 1.92 w 169.44 233.52 m 169.68 233.52 l S 179.28 238.56 0.24 0.24 re f 179.28 238.56 m 179.28 238.56 l S 188.88 243.84 0.24 0.24 re f 188.88 243.84 m 188.88 243.84 l S 198.72 248.88 0.24 0.24 re f 198.72 248.88 m 198.72 248.88 l S 208.32 254.16 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 254.16 m 208.32 254.16 l S 218.16 259.2 0.24 0.24 re f 217.92 259.2 m 218.16 259.2 l S 227.76 264.48 0.24 0.24 re f 227.76 264.48 m 227.76 264.48 l S 237.36 269.52 0.24 0.24 re f 237.36 269.52 m 237.36 269.52 l S 247.2 274.8 0.24 0.24 re f 246.96 274.8 m 247.2 274.8 l S 256.8 279.84 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 279.84 m 256.8 279.84 l S 266.4 285.12 0.24 0.24 re f 266.4 285.12 m 266.4 285.12 l S 276.24 290.16 0.24 0.24 re f 276.24 290.16 m 276.24 290.16 l S 285.84 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 285.84 295.44 m 285.84 295.44 l S 295.68 300.48 0.24 0.24 re f 295.44 300.48 m 295.68 300.48 l S 305.28 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359.04 l S 323.28 331.44 m 323.28 303.84 l S 319.68 303.84 m 326.64 303.84 l S 327.36 331.68 m 327.36 333.481 325.4784 335.04 323.16 335.04 c 320.8416 335.04 318.96 333.481 318.96 331.56 c 318.96 329.639 320.8416 328.08 323.16 328.08 c 325.4784 328.08 327.36 329.639 327.36 331.56 c b 363.6 322.32 m 363.6 389.76 l S 360.24 389.76 m 367.2 389.76 l S 363.6 322.32 m 363.6 254.88 l S 360.24 254.88 m 367.2 254.88 l S 367.68 322.56 m 367.68 324.361 365.7984 325.92 363.48 325.92 c 361.1616 325.92 359.28 324.361 359.28 322.44 c 359.28 320.519 361.1616 318.96 363.48 318.96 c 365.7984 318.96 367.68 320.519 367.68 322.44 c b BT 181.92 405.36 TD /F1 12.48 Tf 1.5537 Tc -0.7832 Tw (Data Not pH Ad) Tj 1.2106 Tc 0 Tw (justed) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 430.32 139.2 275.04 280.8 re b BT 518.88 104.4 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 10.8 Tf 1.3193 Tc -0.7217 Tw (Temperature \(C\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 430.32 139.2 m 705.36 139.2 l S 470.88 139.2 m 470.88 144.72 l S 511.2 139.2 m 511.2 144.72 l S 551.52 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478.68 252.24 c 480.9984 252.24 482.88 253.799 482.88 255.72 c b 515.28 281.28 m 515.28 283.081 513.3984 284.64 511.08 284.64 c 508.7616 284.64 506.88 283.081 506.88 281.16 c 506.88 279.239 508.7616 277.68 511.08 277.68 c 513.3984 277.68 515.28 279.239 515.28 281.16 c b 636.72 320.88 m 636.72 322.681 634.7847 324.24 632.4 324.24 c 630.0154 324.24 628.08 322.681 628.08 320.76 c 628.08 318.8391 630.0154 317.28 632.4 317.28 c 634.7847 317.28 636.72 318.8391 636.72 320.76 c b 677.04 302.64 m 677.04 304.441 675.1584 306 672.84 306 c 670.5216 306 668.64 304.441 668.64 302.52 c 668.64 300.599 670.5216 299.04 672.84 299.04 c 675.1584 299.04 677.04 300.599 677.04 302.52 c b 478.8 255.36 m 478.8 292.32 l S 475.44 292.32 m 482.4 292.32 l S 478.8 255.36 m 478.8 218.4 l S 475.44 218.4 m 482.4 218.4 l S 482.88 255.6 m 482.88 257.4547 480.9984 258.96 478.68 258.96 c 476.3616 258.96 474.48 257.4547 474.48 255.6 c 474.48 253.7453 476.3616 252.24 478.68 252.24 c 480.9984 252.24 482.88 253.7453 482.88 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403.68 TD /F1 12.48 Tf 1.3736 Tc -0.583 Tw (Data Adjusted to pH 7.5) Tj -421.92 125.04 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (Figure 5. The effect of temperature on chronic ammonia lethality to fathead minnows in) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0187 Tc 0.0053 Tw ( terms of total ammonia \(DeGraeve et al. 1987\). Symbols denote LC20s and 95%) Tj T* 0.0602 Tc -0.0362 Tw ( confidence limits and lines denote linear regressions of log LC versus) Tj T* 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw ( temperature. Figure on left is for estimated LC50s at test pH and figure on) Tj T* 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw ( right is for LC50s adjusted to pH=7.5 based on pooled relationship of) Tj T* 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw ( chronic toxicity to pH.) Tj ET endstream endobj 44 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 45 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (18) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0316 Tc -0.0076 Tw (average slope for the pH-adjusted acute data from Figure 4 is used, the total ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.014 Tc 0.038 Tw (CMC at 5) Tj 50.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0444 Tc -0.0204 Tw (C would be only about 6% higher than at 20) Tj 234.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0183 Tw (C. The smallest and largest) Tj -297.12 -14.16 TD 0.0561 Tc -0.0321 Tw (slopes from the acute regressions for individual species in Figure 3 would produce a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (range from 40% lower to 68% higher at 5) Tj 219.12 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (C than at 20) Tj 65.76 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (C, but this greatly overstates) Tj -296.88 -14.16 TD 0.0275 Tc -0.0035 Tw (the uncertainty because effects on a CMC derived from many datasets should not be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw (near these extremes.) Tj 0 -42.48 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (1999 Re-examination of Temperature Dependence \226 Acute Toxicity) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (The previous section, reproduced with relatively few changes from the 1998 Update,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (included an analysis of available data on the temperature dependence of acute) Tj T* 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (ammonia toxicity to fish. These data \(in Figures 2, 3, and 4\) consisted of 20 different) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (data sets drawn from 11 different studies and included nine different species, four of) Tj T* 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (these species being in more than one study. Data from Arthur et al. \(1987\) were not) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (used in the 1998 analysis because those authors reported concerns about factors) Tj T* 0.0568 Tc -0.0328 Tw (confounding temperature in their data set. Linear regression analysis of log LC50 \(total) Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (ammonia basis\) versus temperature was conducted on each data set, both with and) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (without correcting for pH as a confounding factor. No consistent trend with temperature) Tj T* 0.0387 Tc -0.0147 Tw (was observed and only one data set showed a slope different than zero at the 0.05) Tj T* 0.0675 Tc -0.0435 Tw (level of statistical significance. Therefore, a pooled linear regression analysis was) Tj T* 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (conducted across all data to derive an average slope, which was very close to zero and) Tj T* 0.0628 Tc -0.0388 Tw (also not statistically significant. On the basis of this analysis, the 1998 Update did not) Tj T* 0.0326 Tc -0.0086 Tw (include any temperature dependence for criteria to protect fish from acute ammonia) Tj T* 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (toxicity. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0062 Tw (In response to public comment \(U.S. EPA, 1999\), the 1998 analysis was re-examined. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (This re-examination indicated that it is appropriate to handle the temperature) Tj T* 0.0589 Tc -0.0349 Tw (dependencies of fish and invertebrates separately. For invertebrates, the inclusion of) Tj T* 0.0609 Tc -0.0369 Tw (the Arthur et al. \(1987\) data in the regression analysis, yields a change in the) Tj T* 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (temperature dependency that is ultimately reflected in the difference between the 1999) Tj T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0042 Tw (CCC and the 1998 CCC. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (In the 1998 Update, EPA did not use the Arthur et al. \(1987\) data because of those) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (authors concerns that other variable factors in their tests, conducted during different) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (seasons, might have had a potential to confound their results. In re-examining their) Tj T* 0.0044 Tc 0.0196 Tw (data in response to comments, however, EPA found that most of the ) Tj 366.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.048 Tc 0 Tw (fish) Tj 18.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.009 Tc 0.033 Tw ( data from) Tj -385.2 -14.16 TD 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (Arthur et al. showed behavior similar to that from numerous other investigators: that is,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (little relationship with temperature when expressed as total ammonia. Consequently, it) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (was concluded that the other variable factors were unlikely to be confounding the) Tj T* 0.0555 Tc 0 Tw (results.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (For fish, although the temperature dependency is unchanged from 1998, additional) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (documentation is provided here, primarily because the apparent difference between) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (fish acute and chronic temperature dependencies is now used in the projection of the) Tj T* 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw (invertebrate chronic temperature dependency. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 46 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 47 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (19) Tj ET q 179.76 646.56 338.4 11.52 re W n BT 192.24 649.2 TD 0.104 Tc (log) Tj ET Q q 196.08 646.56 322.08 11.52 re W n BT 208.56 649.2 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj ET Q q 200.16 646.56 318 11.52 re W n BT 212.64 649.2 TD 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj ET Q q 233.28 645.12 284.88 7.92 re W n BT 241.68 645.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj ET Q q 234.24 646.56 283.92 11.52 re W n BT 246.72 649.2 TD 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj ET Q q 244.32 648.96 273.84 9.12 re W n BT 256.08 649.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET Q q 256.08 646.56 262.08 11.52 re W n BT 268.56 649.2 TD 0.104 Tc (log) Tj ET Q q 272.4 646.56 245.76 11.52 re W n BT 284.88 649.2 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj ET Q q 276.48 646.56 241.68 11.52 re W n BT 288.96 649.2 TD 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj ET Q q 309.36 645.12 208.8 7.92 re W n BT 317.76 645.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (20) Tj ET Q q 313.92 646.56 204.24 11.52 re W n BT 326.4 649.2 TD 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj ET Q q 324 648.96 194.16 9.12 re W n BT 335.76 649.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET Q q 335.76 646.56 182.4 11.52 re W n BT 348.24 649.2 TD -0.084 Tc (S) Tj ET Q q 344.4 646.32 173.76 11.76 re W n BT 357.6 649.2 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj ET Q q 349.44 646.56 168.72 11.52 re W n BT 361.92 649.2 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj ET Q q 354.96 646.56 163.2 11.52 re W n BT 367.44 649.2 TD 0.108 Tc (T) Tj ET Q q 364.32 648.96 153.84 9.12 re W n BT 376.08 649.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (&) Tj ET Q q 372.24 646.56 145.92 11.52 re W n BT 384.72 649.2 TD (20) Tj ET Q q 386.88 646.56 131.28 11.52 re W n BT 399.36 649.2 TD 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj ET Q BT 517.68 647.28 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(5\)) Tj -445.68 61.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0612 Tc -0.0372 Tw (First presented here will be more details on the regression analyses of the individual) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (data sets conducted for the Update, plus similar analyses of the data of Arthur et al. A) Tj T* 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (linear regression was conducted on each data set using the equation:) Tj 0 -70.8 TD 0.0093 Tc 0.0147 Tw (where LC50) Tj 64.8 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw ( is the total ammonia LC50 at temperature T, S is the slope of log LC50) Tj -69.36 -14.16 TD 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw (versus temperature, and LC50) Tj 162.72 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 8.16 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0194 Tc 0.0046 Tw ( is the estimated total ammonia LC50 at 20) Tj 228.96 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (C. For) Tj -405.84 -14.16 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (completeness, this effort included data sets with just two points, although the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.0348 Tw (regression analysis then provides a perfect fit and has no residual error, so that) Tj T* 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (confidence limits, significance levels, etc. cannot be evaluated using normal methods. ) Tj T* 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw (In such cases, the mean squared error \(MSE\) of data around the regression was) Tj T* 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (assumed to be equal to the weighted mean residual MSE for the larger data sets, so) Tj T* 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw (that approximate significance levels could be determined.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Fish acute data:) Tj T* /F1 12 Tf 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (Table 1 presents the results of the regression analysis for each data set, with data) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (adjusted to pH=8 based on the average pH relationship used in the 1998 and 1999) Tj T* 0.0551 Tc -0.0311 Tw (Updates. Plots of these relationships \(except for Arthur et al. 1987\) are in Figure 3 in) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (the previous section.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (Of the 24 entries in Table 1, nearly half \(11\) have very small slopes of between -0.006) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (and +0.006, a range which corresponds to a factor of 1.3 change or less in LC50 for a) Tj T* 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (C temperature change and is less than normal data variability. Of these 11, five) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (have positive slopes and six have negative slopes. Of the 13 entries with steeper) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0463 Tc -0.0223 Tw (slopes, five have positive slopes and eight have negative slopes. Among the data sets) Tj T* 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (used in the Update, only two of the regressions are statistically significant at the 0.05) Tj T* 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (level, one with a negative slope and one with a positive slope, although two other sets) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (\(for fathead minnows from DeGraeve et al. 1987 and Reinbold and Pescitelli 1982\) are) Tj T* 0.0632 Tc -0.0392 Tw (close to being significant. \(The level of significance for the Johnny darter data set) Tj T* 0.0328 Tc -0.0088 Tw (differs from what was reported in the previous section because it consists of two) Tj T* 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (different sets which were analyzed separately in the 1998 analysis, but combined here ) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (because they were not significantly different.\) Of the five data sets from Arthur et al.) Tj T* 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (\(1987\), only one is significant at the 0.05 level. For species with more than one entry,) Tj T* 0.0633 Tc -0.0393 Tw (slopes vary considerably. This general lack of statistical significance and consistency) Tj T* 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (precludes any reliable assessments based on these individual analyses. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (The 1998 Update therefore conducted a pooled regression analysis to determine) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (whether the combined acute toxicity data sets indicated any significant average trends) Tj T* 0.0261 Tc -0.0021 Tw (with temperature. Table 2 summarizes the mean trends determined in various pooled) Tj T* 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (analyses. The first entry is the pooled analysis conducted for the 1998 Update, which) Tj T* 0.0583 Tc -0.0343 Tw (included all the data in Table 1 above except the fish data of Arthur et al. \(1987\). The) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (slope from this pooled analysis was very small \(-0.0023\), and was not statistically) Tj T* 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (significant despite the large number of data. 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81.36 1.2 re f 333.12 201.36 1.2 24.72 re f 333.12 224.88 81.12 1.2 re f 414 201.36 1.2 24.72 re f 414 224.88 63.36 1.2 re f 477.12 201.36 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 224.88 63.12 1.2 re f 539.04 201.36 1.2 24.72 re f 72 176.88 1.2 24.72 re f 72 200.4 180.24 1.2 re f 252 176.88 1.2 24.72 re f 252 200.4 81.36 1.2 re f 333.12 176.88 1.2 24.72 re f 333.12 200.4 81.12 1.2 re f 414 176.88 1.2 24.72 re f 414 200.4 63.36 1.2 re f 477.12 176.88 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 200.4 63.12 1.2 re f 539.04 176.88 1.2 24.72 re f 72 152.4 1.2 24.72 re f 72 175.92 180.24 1.2 re f 252 152.4 1.2 24.72 re f 252 175.92 81.36 1.2 re f 333.12 152.4 1.2 24.72 re f 333.12 175.92 81.12 1.2 re f 414 152.4 1.2 24.72 re f 414 175.92 63.36 1.2 re f 477.12 152.4 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 175.92 63.12 1.2 re f 539.04 152.4 1.2 24.72 re f 72 127.92 1.2 24.72 re f 72 151.44 180.24 1.2 re f 252 127.92 1.2 24.72 re f 252 151.44 81.36 1.2 re f 333.12 127.92 1.2 24.72 re f 333.12 151.44 81.12 1.2 re f 414 127.92 1.2 24.72 re f 414 151.44 63.36 1.2 re f 477.12 127.92 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 151.44 63.12 1.2 re f 539.04 127.92 1.2 24.72 re f 72 103.44 1.2 24.72 re f 72 126.96 180.24 1.2 re f 252 103.44 1.2 24.72 re f 252 126.96 81.36 1.2 re f 333.12 103.44 1.2 24.72 re f 333.12 126.96 81.12 1.2 re f 414 103.44 1.2 24.72 re f 414 126.96 63.36 1.2 re f 477.12 103.44 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 126.96 63.12 1.2 re f 539.04 103.44 1.2 24.72 re f 72 78.96 1.2 24.72 re f 72 102.48 180.24 1.2 re f 72 78.96 180.24 1.2 re f 252 78.96 1.2 24.72 re f 252 102.48 81.36 1.2 re f 252 78.96 81.36 1.2 re f 333.12 78.96 1.2 24.72 re f 333.12 102.48 81.12 1.2 re f 333.12 78.96 81.12 1.2 re f 414 78.96 1.2 24.72 re f 414 102.48 63.36 1.2 re f 414 78.96 63.36 1.2 re f 477.12 78.96 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 102.48 63.12 1.2 re f 539.04 78.96 1.2 24.72 re f 477.12 78.96 63.12 1.2 re f BT 78 707.76 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0147 Tc 0.0925 Tw (Table 1. Results of regression analysis of logLC50 \(mg/L total ammonia\) versus temperature \() Tj 424.08 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0324 Tc 0.0453 Tw (C\) for) Tj -429.12 -11.52 TD 0 Tc 0.0777 Tw (individual data sets on the temperature dependence of acute ammonia toxicity.) Tj 65.28 -15.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1057 Tc 0 Tw (Reference/) Tj 5.04 -9.36 TD -0.0816 Tc (Species) Tj 134.4 9.36 TD -0.1623 Tc (Slope) Tj -5.76 -9.36 TD -0.0613 Tc 0.0196 Tw (\(95% ) Tj 20.4 0 TD /F1 6.24 Tf -0.0274 Tc 0 Tw (CL) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 51.12 9.36 TD -0.0992 Tc (logLC50) Tj 28.8 -1.92 TD /F1 4.8 Tf -0.0288 Tc (20) Tj -27.12 -7.44 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0613 Tc 0.0196 Tw (\(95% ) Tj 20.4 0 TD /F1 6.24 Tf -0.0274 Tc 0 Tw (CL) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 38.64 9.36 TD -0.1011 Tc 0.0593 Tw (Residual ) Tj 32.16 0 TD /F1 6.24 Tf -0.0137 Tc 0 Tw (SD) Tj -17.04 -9.36 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\(r) Tj 5.28 3.36 TD /F1 4.8 Tf -0.0288 Tc (2) Tj 2.64 -3.36 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 51.12 9.36 TD -0.0391 Tc (F) Tj 4.8 -1.92 TD /F1 4.8 Tf -0.0468 Tc (REGR) Tj -0.96 -7.44 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD /F8 7.92 Tf 0.0077 Tc (") Tj 5.52 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj -386.16 -15.12 TD -0.0753 Tc 0.0335 Tw (Thurston et al. \(1983\)) Tj 8.88 -9.36 TD -0.1618 Tc 0.12 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 145.2 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0014) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.013,+0.013\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.641) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.582,1.700\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.112) Tj -0.96 -9.36 TD -0.0449 Tc (\(<1%\)) Tj 66 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.06) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.81\)) Tj -383.76 -15.12 TD -0.0562 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Thurston and Russo \(1983\)) Tj 22.56 -9.36 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.0661 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 141.12 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0059) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.017,+0.029\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.350) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.204,1.495\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.121) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(2%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.30) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.59\)) Tj -356.64 -15.12 TD -0.0968 Tc 0.055 Tw (Cary \(1976\)) Tj -7.2 -9.36 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.0369 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 143.76 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0028) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.008,+0.013\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.676) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.593,1.758\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.093) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(2%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.32) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.58\)) Tj -390.24 -15.12 TD -0.0989 Tc 0.0571 Tw (Colt and Tchobanoglous \(1976\)) Tj 26.4 -9.36 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.0369 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 143.76 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0004) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.037,+0.038\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.604) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.350,1.858\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.016) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(2%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.02) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.91\)) Tj -387.12 -15.12 TD -0.0934 Tc 0.0517 Tw (Ministry of Technology \(1967\)) Tj 25.92 -9.36 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.0661 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 141.12 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0008) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.018,+0.019\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.231) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.010,1.452\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.051) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(1%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.03) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.88\)) Tj -387.36 -15.12 TD -0.1233 Tc 0.0815 Tw (Roseboom and Richey \(1977\)) Tj 24.48 -9.36 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Bluegill Sunfish) Tj 144.96 9.36 TD -0.0735 Tc 0 Tw (+0.024) Tj -14.64 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.025,+0.073\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.089) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(0.803,1.375\)) Tj 93.84 9.36 TD 0.0026 Tc (-) Tj 56.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.95) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.33\)) Tj -387.36 -15.12 TD -0.1233 Tc 0.0815 Tw (Roseboom and Richey \(1977\)) Tj 23.52 -9.36 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.0369 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 145.92 9.36 TD -0.0735 Tc 0 Tw (+0.020) Tj -14.64 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.029,+0.069\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.482) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.196,1.768\)) Tj 93.84 9.36 TD 0.0026 Tc (-) Tj 56.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.68) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.41\)) Tj -387.36 -15.12 TD -0.1233 Tc 0.0815 Tw (Roseboom and Richey \(1977\)) Tj 20.88 -9.36 TD -0.1105 Tc 0.0688 Tw (Largemouth Bass) Tj 147.36 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0029) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.040,+0.034\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.237) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(0.972,1.502\)) Tj 93.84 9.36 TD 0.0026 Tc (-) Tj 56.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.02) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.88\)) Tj -387.36 -15.12 TD -0.0962 Tc 0.0544 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982\)) Tj 26.16 -9.36 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.0661 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 142.08 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0088) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.028,+0.010\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.396) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.159,1.632\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.088) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(29%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (1.63) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.27\)) Tj -387.36 -15.12 TD -0.0962 Tc 0.0544 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982\)) Tj 24.48 -9.36 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Bluegill Sunfish) Tj 143.76 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0004) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.027,+0.026\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.370) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.059,1.681\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.128) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(0%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.00) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.96\)) Tj -387.36 -15.12 TD -0.0962 Tc 0.0544 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982\)) Tj 23.04 -9.36 TD -0.1618 Tc 0.12 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 145.2 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0153) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.031,+0.009\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.429) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.243,1.615\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.076) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(89%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (16.6) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.06\)) Tj -367.44 -15.12 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.0796 Tw (Hazel et al. \(1971\)) Tj 9.12 -9.36 TD -0.0633 Tc 0.0216 Tw (Striped Bass) Tj 139.2 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0163) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.057,+0.025\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.274) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.105,1.443\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.076) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(60%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (2.93) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.23\)) Tj -367.44 -15.12 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.0796 Tw (Hazel et al. \(1971\)) Tj -12.72 -9.36 TD -0.0918 Tc 0.05 Tw (Three-Spined Stickleback) Tj 161.04 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0106) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.053,+0.032\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.390) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.214,1.567\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.081) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(36%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (1.14) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.40\)) Tj -375.12 -15.12 TD -0.1405 Tc 0.0987 Tw (DeGraeve et al. \(1987\)) Tj 10.8 -9.36 TD -0.1618 Tc 0.12 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 145.2 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0052) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.012,+0.002\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.617) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.563,1.670\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.061) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(36%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (3.33) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.12\)) Tj -375.12 -15.12 TD -0.1405 Tc 0.0987 Tw (DeGraeve et al. \(1987\)) Tj 11.28 -9.36 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.0369 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 144.72 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0088) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0522 Tc (\(-0.016,-0.002\)) Tj 97.2 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.648) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.595,1.701\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.061) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(62%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (9.76) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.02\)) Tj -358.8 -15.12 TD -0.0567 Tc 0.0149 Tw (Knopf \(1992\)) Tj -4.08 -9.36 TD -0.1042 Tc 0.0624 Tw (Atlantic Salmon) Tj 143.76 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0035) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.027,+0.020\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.715) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.406,2.025\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.097) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(7%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.22) Tj -4.8 -9.36 TD -0.0529 Tc (\(0.067\)) Tj -356.64 -15.12 TD -0.0567 Tc 0.0149 Tw (Knopf \(1992\)) Tj -4.08 -9.36 TD -0.1042 Tc 0.0624 Tw (Atlantic Salmon) Tj 142.8 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0163) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.075,+0.108\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.636) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(0.405,2.866\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.054) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(84%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (5.18) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.26\)) Tj -370.08 -15.12 TD -0.1083 Tc 0.0665 Tw (Nimmo et al. \(1989\)) Tj 9.84 -9.36 TD -0.1213 Tc 0.0796 Tw (Johnny Darter) Tj 142.32 9.36 TD -0.0735 Tc 0 Tw (+0.021) Tj -15.6 -9.36 TD -0.0612 Tc (\(+0.000,+0.043\)) Tj 99.12 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.463) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.248,1.678\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.072) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(90%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (18.1) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.05\)) Tj -370.08 -15.12 TD -0.1083 Tc 0.0665 Tw (Nimmo et al. \(1989\)) Tj 5.76 -9.36 TD -0.1618 Tc 0.12 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 144.24 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0070) Tj -12.48 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.014,+0.028\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.568) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.353,1.782\)) Tj 93.84 9.36 TD 0.0026 Tc (-) Tj 56.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.42) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.52\)) Tj -368.4 -15.12 TD -0.079 Tc 0.0373 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\)) Tj 4.08 -9.36 TD -0.1618 Tc 0.12 Tw (Fathead Minnow) Tj 147.36 9.36 TD -0.0622 Tc 0 Tw (-0.032) Tj -14.64 -9.36 TD -0.0522 Tc (\(-0.059,-0.004\)) Tj 97.2 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.762) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.493,2.030\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.105) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(92%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (24.8) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.04\)) Tj -368.4 -15.12 TD -0.079 Tc 0.0373 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\)) Tj 7.2 -9.36 TD -0.1078 Tc 0.0661 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 142.08 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0100) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.053,+0.033\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.348) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(0.937,1.758\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.158) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(16%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.56) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.51\)) Tj -368.4 -15.12 TD -0.079 Tc 0.0373 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\)) Tj 4.56 -9.36 TD -0.0787 Tc 0.0369 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 144.72 9.36 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0058) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.038,+0.027\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.558) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.230,1.886\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.030) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(84%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (5.15) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.26\)) Tj -368.4 -15.12 TD -0.079 Tc 0.0373 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\)) Tj 8.88 -9.36 TD -0.0228 Tc -0.019 Tw (White Sucker) Tj 139.44 9.36 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0007) Tj -8.16 -9.36 TD -0.0526 Tc (\(-0.23,+0.25\)) Tj 93.84 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.902) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0606 Tc (\(1.657,2.147\)) Tj 85.44 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.048) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(1%\)) Tj 63.6 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.01) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.92\)) Tj -368.4 -15.12 TD -0.079 Tc 0.0373 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\)) Tj 18.48 -9.36 TD 0.6835 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj -0.2478 Tc (alleye) Tj 132.96 9.36 TD -0.0622 Tc (-0.038) Tj -15.6 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.327,+0.250\)) Tj 98.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (1.216) Tj -14.88 -9.36 TD -0.0561 Tc (\(-1.911,4.343\)) Tj 86.88 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.306) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(74%\)) Tj 65.76 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (2.84) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.34\)) Tj ET endstream endobj 50 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 51 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (21) Tj ET 70.8 360.72 1.2 29.04 re f 70.8 388.56 468.24 1.2 re f 537.84 360.72 1.2 29.04 re f 70.8 336.24 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 359.76 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 336.24 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 359.76 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 336.24 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 359.76 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 336.24 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 359.76 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 336.24 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 311.76 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 335.28 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 311.76 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 335.28 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 311.76 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 335.28 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 311.76 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 335.28 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 311.76 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 287.28 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 310.8 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 287.28 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 310.8 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 287.28 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 310.8 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 287.28 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 310.8 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 287.28 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 262.8 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 286.32 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 262.8 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 286.32 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 262.8 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 286.32 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 262.8 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 286.32 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 262.8 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 238.32 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 261.84 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 238.32 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 261.84 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 238.32 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 261.84 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 238.32 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 261.84 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 238.32 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 213.84 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 237.36 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 213.84 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 237.36 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 213.84 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 237.36 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 213.84 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 237.36 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 213.84 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 189.36 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 212.88 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 189.36 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 212.88 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 189.36 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 212.88 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 189.36 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 212.88 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 189.36 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 164.88 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 188.4 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 164.88 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 188.4 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 164.88 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 188.4 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 164.88 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 188.4 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 164.88 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 140.4 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 163.92 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 140.4 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 163.92 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 140.4 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 163.92 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 140.4 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 163.92 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 140.4 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 115.92 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 139.44 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 115.92 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 139.44 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 115.92 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 139.44 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 115.92 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 139.44 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 115.92 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 91.44 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 114.96 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 91.44 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 114.96 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 91.44 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 114.96 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 91.44 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 114.96 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 91.44 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 66.96 1.2 24.72 re f 70.8 90.48 198.24 1.2 re f 70.8 66.96 198.24 1.2 re f 268.8 66.96 1.2 24.72 re f 268.8 90.48 90.24 1.2 re f 268.8 66.96 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 66.96 1.2 24.72 re f 358.8 90.48 90.24 1.2 re f 358.8 66.96 90.24 1.2 re f 448.8 66.96 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 90.48 90.24 1.2 re f 537.84 66.96 1.2 24.72 re f 448.8 66.96 90.24 1.2 re f BT 76.8 377.52 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0147 Tc 0.0925 Tw (Table 2. Results of regression analysis of log LC50 \(mg/L total ammonia\) versus temperature \() Tj 426.96 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0372 Tc (C\)) Tj -432 -11.52 TD -0.008 Tc 0.0858 Tw (for pooled data sets on the temperature dependence of acute ammonia toxicity to fish.) Tj 63.12 -15.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.145 Tc 0.1032 Tw (Data Sets Pooled) Tj 164.16 0 TD -0.1623 Tc 0 Tw (Slope) Tj -5.76 -9.36 TD -0.0613 Tc 0.0196 Tw (\(95% ) Tj 20.4 0 TD /F1 6.24 Tf -0.0274 Tc 0 Tw (CL) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 56.64 9.36 TD -0.1011 Tc 0.0593 Tw (Residual ) Tj 32.16 0 TD /F1 6.24 Tf -0.0137 Tc 0 Tw (SD) Tj -17.04 -9.36 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\(r) Tj 5.28 3.36 TD /F1 4.8 Tf -0.0288 Tc (2) Tj 2.64 -3.36 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 78.24 9.36 TD -0.0391 Tc (F) Tj 4.8 -1.92 TD /F1 4.8 Tf -0.0468 Tc (REGR) Tj -0.96 -7.44 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD /F8 7.92 Tf 0.0077 Tc (") Tj 5.52 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj -378.48 -15.12 TD -0.1065 Tc 0.0647 Tw (All Data excluding Arthur et al.) Tj 182.4 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0023) Tj -17.76 -9.36 TD -0.0599 Tc (\(-0.0057,+0.0011\)) Tj 111.36 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.105) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(2%\)) Tj 90.72 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (1.79) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.18\)) Tj -364.8 -15.12 TD -0.0872 Tc 0.0454 Tw (All Data including Arthur et al.) Tj 181.68 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0058) Tj -16.8 -9.36 TD -0.0559 Tc (\(-0.0094,-0.0022\)) Tj 110.4 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.122) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(8%\)) Tj 90.72 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (10.3) Tj -5.04 -9.36 TD -0.0503 Tc (\(<0.01\)) Tj -393.12 -15.12 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.0427 Tw (All Data including Arthur et al. except "Outliers") Tj 212.4 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0030) Tj -19.2 -9.36 TD -0.0564 Tc (\(-0.0063,+0.0002\)\)) Tj 112.8 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.105) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(3%\)) Tj 90.72 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (3.52) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.06\)) Tj -379.2 -15.12 TD -0.1291 Tc 0.0873 Tw (Fathead Minnow excluding Arthur et al) Tj 196.08 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0063) Tj -16.8 -9.36 TD -0.0559 Tc (\(-0.0122,-0.0005\)) Tj 110.4 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.106) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(11%\)) Tj 92.88 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (4.76) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.04\)) Tj -379.44 -15.12 TD -0.1106 Tc 0.0689 Tw (Fathead Minnow including Arthur et al.) Tj 196.32 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0105) Tj -16.8 -9.36 TD -0.0559 Tc (\(-0.0169,-0.0049\)) Tj 110.4 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.120) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(25%\)) Tj 92.88 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (13.4) Tj -5.04 -9.36 TD -0.0503 Tc (\(<0.01\)) Tj -399.36 -15.12 TD -0.1023 Tc 0.0605 Tw (Fathead Minnow including Arthur et al. exc "Outlier") Tj 218.64 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0073) Tj -16.8 -9.36 TD -0.0559 Tc (\(-0.0129,-0.0017\)) Tj 110.4 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.106) Tj -0.72 -9.36 TD -0.0485 Tc (\(15%\)) Tj 92.88 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (6.85) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.01\)) Tj -377.28 -15.12 TD -0.1051 Tc 0.0633 Tw (Rainbow Trout excluding Arthur et al.) Tj 194.16 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0013) Tj -16.56 -9.36 TD -0.0638 Tc (\(0.0122,+0.0096\)) Tj 110.16 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.109) Tj -0.96 -9.36 TD -0.0449 Tc (\(<1%\)) Tj 93.12 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.06) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.80\)) Tj -376.32 -15.12 TD -0.0888 Tc 0.047 Tw (Rainbow Trout including Arthur et al.) Tj 193.2 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0034) Tj -17.76 -9.36 TD -0.0599 Tc (\(-0.0133,+0.0064\)) Tj 111.36 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.115) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(2%\)) Tj 90.72 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.51) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.48\)) Tj -379.68 -15.12 TD -0.0932 Tc 0.0515 Tw (Channel Catfish excluding Arthur et al.) Tj 196.56 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0030) Tj -17.76 -9.36 TD -0.0599 Tc (\(-0.0091,+0.0031\)) Tj 111.36 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.088) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(4%\)) Tj 90.72 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (1.05) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.32\)) Tj -378.96 -15.12 TD -0.0779 Tc 0.0361 Tw (Channel Catfish including Arthur et al.) Tj 195.84 0 TD -0.0652 Tc 0 Tw (-0.0034) Tj -13.44 -9.36 TD -0.0567 Tc (\(-0.088,+0.021\)) Tj 107.04 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.085) Tj 1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0398 Tc (\(6%\)) Tj 90.72 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (1.64) Tj -1.44 -9.36 TD -0.0579 Tc (0.21\)) Tj -341.76 -15.12 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Bluegill Sunfish) Tj 156.48 0 TD -0.0749 Tc 0 Tw (+0.0006) Tj -16.8 -9.36 TD -0.0599 Tc (\(-0.0172,+0.0184\)) Tj 111.36 9.36 TD -0.0752 Tc (0.120) Tj -0.96 -9.36 TD -0.0449 Tc (\(<1%\)) Tj 93.12 9.36 TD -0.0731 Tc (0.01) Tj -2.64 -9.36 TD -0.0478 Tc (\(0.92\)) Tj -411.6 636.72 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0606 Tc -0.0366 Tw (Arthur et al.; it does result in a statistically significant trend. The mean slope \(-0.0058\)) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (is still small, but does amount to a 23% decrease in LC50 per 20) Tj 344.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0665 Tc -0.0425 Tw (C increase in) Tj -350.64 -14.16 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (temperature. However, this slope is heavily influenced by two points with high residual) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.028 Tc 0 Tw (\(>3) Tj 17.76 0 TD /F8 12 Tf 0.012 Tc (F) Tj 6.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (\) deviations. One of these points is a test at 3.4) Tj 255.84 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (C by Arthur et al. \(1987\) with) Tj -286.56 -14.16 TD 0.0122 Tc 0.0118 Tw (fathead minnows, which showed much greater effects of low temperature than other) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (studies with the same species. The other point is for a test at 22.6) Tj 354.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (C by Arthur et al.) Tj -360.72 -14.16 TD 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (\(1987\) with walleye, which showed very high sensitivity and was part of a set of three) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (tests which used fish from different sources, potentially confounding the temperature) Tj T* 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (effects. Without these two data, the regression has an even lower slope and is not) Tj T* 0.0669 Tc -0.0429 Tw (significant at the 0.05 level \(third entry in Table 2\). Overall, these analyses of the fish) Tj T* 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (acute data suggest a weak overall trend of higher LC50s at low temperatures, with a) Tj T* 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (logLC50 versus temperature slope in the -0.002 to -0.006 range, but of questionable) Tj T* 0.073 Tc -0.049 Tw (statistical significance.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (It is also useful to consider separately the overall trends for different fish species. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw (Table 1 includes multiple studies with fathead minnows, rainbow trout, channel catfish,) Tj T* 0.0653 Tc -0.0413 Tw (and bluegill sunfish. Table 2 includes the results of pooled analyses for each of these) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (species, both with and without data from Arthur et al. \(1987\). For rainbow trout,) Tj T* 0.0657 Tc -0.0417 Tw (bluegill, and channel catfish, the regressions were not statistically significant. The) Tj T* 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (bluegill data indicated virtually no temperature effect, whereas weak trends similar to) Tj T* 0.0512 Tc -0.0272 Tw (the pooled analyses over all data sets were suggested in the channel catfish data) Tj T* 0.0427 Tc -0.0187 Tw (\(slope = -0.0030 without and -0.0034 with Arthur et al. data\) and rainbow trout data) Tj ET endstream endobj 52 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 53 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (22) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0363 Tc -0.0123 Tw (\(slope = -0.0014 without and -0.0034 with Arthur et al. data\). For fathead minnow, the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (pooled analyses were statistically significant and stronger, with slopes ranging from -) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (0.0063 to -0.0105 depending on the treatment of data from Arthur et al. Such slopes) Tj T* 0.0278 Tc -0.0038 Tw (for fathead minnow would result in moderate effects over a broad temperature range: a) Tj T* 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (C decrease in temperature would result in a 33% to 62% increase in LC50. ) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (However, this species is not sensitive enough that this would affect the acute criterion) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (values. For the species used in the acute criterion calculations, no temperature) Tj T* 0.0561 Tc -0.0321 Tw (correction for acute toxicity is appropriate due to the lack of any significant trend over) Tj T* 0.062 Tc -0.038 Tw (all data sets.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (Invertebrate acute data:) Tj T* /F1 12 Tf 0.0603 Tc -0.0363 Tw (Unlike fish, available acute toxicity data for invertebrates indicates that their acute) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (sensitivity to ammonia decreases substantially with decreasing temperature. The 1998) Tj T* 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (Update noted this temperature dependence, but did not present any analysis of it) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (because tested invertebrates were sufficiently tolerant to acute ammonia exposures) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (that this dependence would not affect the acute ammonia criterion. The 1998 Update) Tj T* 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (also noted that this temperature dependence should be a consideration in setting low) Tj T* 0.0597 Tc -0.0357 Tw (temperature chronic criterion, but did not provide any specific analysis regarding this. ) Tj T* 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (This section will provide an analysis of available information on the temperature-) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (dependence of invertebrate ) Tj 150.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0336 Tc 0 Tw (acute) Tj 29.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw ( ammonia toxicity, to be used later for estimating the) Tj -180.24 -14.16 TD 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (temperature-dependence of ) Tj 152.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (chronic) Tj 38.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0045 Tc 0.0285 Tw ( ammonia toxicity.) Tj -190.8 -28.32 TD 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (Arthur et al. \(1987\) provide the only available data on the temperature dependence of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (acute ammonia toxicity to invertebrates. As noted earlier, these toxicity tests did not) Tj T* 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (specifically test temperature effects, but rather were seasonal tests in which various) Tj T* 0.0341 Tc -0.0101 Tw (chemical characteristics of the tests water varied as well as temperature. Test) Tj T* 0.0222 Tc 0.0018 Tw (organisms were whatever were available in outdoor experimental streams at the time of) Tj T* 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (the test, so the size, life stage, and condition of the organisms also varied. The authors) Tj T* 0.0125 Tc 0.0115 Tw (of this study expressed some doubt as to how much of the effects they observed were) Tj T* 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (actually due to temperature. However, for invertebrates, they did observe strong) Tj T* 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (correlations of total ammonia toxicity with temperature. Confounding factors might) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (contribute somewhat to this correlation, but temperature is still likely the primary) Tj T* 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (underlying cause. If other factors were largely responsible for the apparent effects of) Tj T* 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (temperature, it would be expected that strong correlations with temperature would also) Tj T* 0.0512 Tc -0.0272 Tw (be evident in their fish data. However, as discussed above, the fish data usually) Tj T* 0.0152 Tc 0.0088 Tw (showed much weaker effects of temperature, similar to other studies with fewer) Tj T* 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (confounding factors.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (These invertebrate acute data were analyzed using the same regression model and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (techniques as discussed above for fish. The study of Arthur et al. \(1987\) included data) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (sets for nine invertebrate species, but two of these sets were not included in the) Tj T* 0.0331 Tc -0.0091 Tw (analysis because they consisted of two tests at temperatures only 3) Tj 360.96 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (C apart. For the) Tj -366.96 -14.16 TD 0.0186 Tc 0.0054 Tw (other species, the number of tests ranged from 2 to 6, with temperature ranges of from) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (9) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (C to 21) Tj 38.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (C. Table 3 summarizes the regression results for the data sets of each) Tj -57.6 -14.16 TD 0.0554 Tc -0.0314 Tw (species and for pooled analyses conducted on \(a\) all seven species, and \(b\) three) Tj ET endstream endobj 54 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 55 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (23) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0271 Tc -0.0031 Tw (species that had more than two tests and a temperature range of at least 15) Tj 404.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0696 Tc -0.0456 Tw (C. All) Tj -410.88 -14.16 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (data were corrected to pH 8 based on the average acute pH relationship \(described) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (later\). All species show substantially greater tolerance to ammonia at lower) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (temperatures, and in most cases the significance level of the regression is better than) Tj T* 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (0.05. \(As for the analysis of the fish data, when there were just two tests for a species,) Tj T* 0.0577 Tc -0.0337 Tw (the significance level for the individual analysis is based on the MSE from the pooled) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (analysis.\) The slope of log LC50 versus temperature does not vary widely, ranging) Tj T* 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw (from -0.028 to -0.046 and being -0.036 for both pooled analyses. Figure 6 provides) Tj T* 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (plots of this data and the regression lines comparable to those for fish previously) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (shown in Figures 3 and 4.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (Again, because invertebrates are not among the species acutely sensitive to ammonia,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw (the invertebrate acute temperature slope does not affect the formulation of the acute) Tj T* 0.0509 Tc -0.0269 Tw (criterion. It will be used subsequently, however, in formulating the invertebrate ) Tj 424.08 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (chronic) Tj -424.08 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (temperature slope, which ultimately will affect the formulation of the chronic criterion.) Tj 0 -42.48 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (1999 Re-examination of Temperature Dependence \226 Chronic Toxicity) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0016 Tc 0.0224 Tw (Fish chronic data) Tj T* /F1 12 Tf 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (As in the 1998 Update, the only available data on the temperature dependence of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (chronic ammonia toxicity are from the study by DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) on survival of) Tj T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0078 Tw (juvenile fathead minnows during 30-day exposures to ammonia at temperatures) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (ranging from 6) Tj 77.76 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (C to 30) Tj 38.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0218 Tc 0.0022 Tw (C. In contrast to acute toxicity, which for fathead minnows) Tj -128.64 -14.16 TD 0.0571 Tc -0.0331 Tw (showed sensitivity to be slightly ) Tj 171.84 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0463 Tc 0 Tw (reduced) Tj 43.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw ( at low temperatures, this data on chronic) Tj -215.52 -14.16 TD 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (toxicity suggested ) Tj 99.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0549 Tc 0 Tw (greater) Tj 38.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0262 Tc -0.0022 Tw ( sensitivity at low temperatures. However, this trend was) Tj -137.76 -14.16 TD 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (small, at least once the confounding effect of pH was corrected for, and not statistically) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (significant. Based on this analysis, the 1998 Update treated effect concentrations for) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (chronic ammonia toxicity to fish as it did for acute toxicity: as being invariant with) Tj T* 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (temperature. However, the 1998 Update also noted that, if seasonal variations in) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (temperature cause a shift in what endpoints the criterion should be based on, the) Tj T* 0.0494 Tc -0.0254 Tw (chronic criterion could have a seasonal temperature dependence even if effect) Tj T* 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (concentrations for specific chronic endpoints do not vary with temperature. \(This is) Tj T* 0.0622 Tc -0.0382 Tw (discussed in a later section on seasonality.\)) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0581 Tc -0.0341 Tw (This section will provide more details regarding the analysis of the chronic toxicity data) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (from DeGraeve et al. \(1987\), and a comparison of its temperature dependence to that) Tj T* 0.0292 Tc -0.0052 Tw (of acute toxicity in the same study. Figure 5 showed the temperature dependence of) Tj T* 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (acute and chronic effect concentrations from this study.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.049 Tc -0.025 Tw (An important issue in this analysis is the confounding effect of pH on the apparent) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0333 Tc -0.0093 Tw (effect of temperature, because pH increased with decreasing temperature in these) Tj T* 0.0208 Tc 0.0032 Tw (chronic exposures. To examine what the effect of temperature is, the effect) Tj ET endstream endobj 56 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 57 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (24) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 99.36 468 598.56 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 137.04 491.04 97.44 139.2 re b 1.2 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 137.04 491.04 m 234.48 491.04 l S 168.48 491.04 m 168.48 498.72 l S 199.92 491.04 m 199.92 498.72 l S 231.36 491.04 m 231.36 498.72 l S BT 134.88 480.48 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 7.68 Tf 0.0499 Tc (0) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj 31.44 0 TD (20) Tj 31.44 0 TD (30) Tj ET 137.04 491.04 m 137.04 630.24 l S 137.04 560.64 m 144.48 560.64 l S 137.04 530.64 m 140.88 530.64 l S 137.04 590.64 m 140.88 590.64 l S 137.04 630.24 m 140.88 630.24 l S BT 124.8 488.64 TD (20) Tj 0 39.6 TD (50) Tj -4.32 60 TD -0.0301 Tc (200) Tj 0 39.6 TD (500) Tj 0 -69.6 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 137.04 595.44 m 234.48 495.84 l S 0.48 w 152.64 575.52 m 152.64 577.056 151.2422 578.4 149.52 578.4 c 147.7978 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201.36 0.24 0.24 re f 183.36 201.36 m 183.36 201.36 l S 187.2 196.8 0.24 0.24 re f 187.2 197.04 m 187.2 196.8 l S 191.04 192.48 0.24 0.24 re f 191.04 192.48 m 191.04 192.48 l S 195.12 188.16 0.24 0.24 re f 194.88 188.16 m 195.12 188.16 l S 198.96 183.6 0.24 0.24 re f 198.72 183.6 m 198.96 183.6 l S 202.8 179.28 0.24 0.24 re f 202.8 179.28 m 202.8 179.28 l S 206.64 174.72 0.24 0.24 re f 206.64 174.96 m 206.64 174.72 l S 210.48 170.4 0.24 0.24 re f 210.48 170.4 m 210.48 170.4 l S 214.32 166.08 0.24 0.24 re f 214.32 166.08 m 214.32 166.08 l S 218.16 161.52 0.24 0.24 re f 218.16 161.76 m 218.16 161.52 l S 222 157.2 0.24 0.24 re f 222 157.2 m 222 157.2 l S 225.84 152.88 0.24 0.24 re f 225.84 152.88 m 225.84 152.88 l S 229.68 148.32 0.24 0.24 re f 229.68 148.56 m 229.68 148.32 l S BT 275.76 621.36 TD /F6 9.12 Tf 0.0227 Tc -0.182 Tw (Crangonyx pseudogracilis) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 137.04 319.68 97.44 139.2 re b 1.2 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 137.04 319.68 m 234.48 319.68 l S 168.48 319.68 m 168.48 327.36 l S 199.92 319.68 m 199.92 327.36 l S 231.36 319.68 m 231.36 327.36 l S BT 134.88 309.12 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 7.68 Tf 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj 31.44 0 TD (20) Tj 31.44 0 TD (30) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 105.84 240.24 Tm /F1 9.12 Tf 0 Tc (NORMALIZED TOTAL AMMONIA LC50 \(mg N/L Total Ammonia at pH=8\)) Tj ET 137.04 319.68 m 137.04 458.88 l S 137.04 389.28 m 144.48 389.28 l S 137.04 359.52 m 140.88 359.52 l S 137.04 419.28 m 140.88 419.28 l S 137.04 458.88 m 140.88 458.88 l S BT 124.8 317.28 TD /F1 7.68 Tf -0.0701 Tc (20) Tj 0 39.6 TD (50) Tj -4.32 60 TD -0.0301 Tc (200) Tj 0 39.6 TD (500) Tj 0 -69.6 TD (100) Tj ET 1.44 w 137.04 447.84 m 234.48 321.12 l S 0.48 w 177.6 391.2 m 174.24 396.96 l 180.96 396.96 l 177.6 391.2 l b* 206.16 354.24 m 203.04 359.76 l 209.52 359.76 l 206.16 354.24 l b* 137.04 438.96 0.24 0.24 re f 0.96 w 137.04 438.96 m 137.04 438.96 l S 140.88 434.64 0.24 0.24 re f 140.88 434.64 m 140.88 434.64 l S 144.72 430.32 0.24 0.24 re f 144.72 430.32 m 144.72 430.32 l S 148.56 425.76 0.24 0.24 re f 148.56 425.76 m 148.56 425.76 l S 152.4 421.44 0.24 0.24 re f 152.4 421.44 m 152.4 421.44 l S 156.24 416.88 0.24 0.24 re f 156.24 417.12 m 156.24 416.88 l S 160.32 412.56 0.24 0.24 re f 160.32 412.56 m 160.32 412.56 l S 164.16 408.24 0.24 0.24 re f 164.16 408.24 m 164.16 408.24 l S 168 403.68 0.24 0.24 re f 168 403.92 m 168 403.68 l S 171.84 399.36 0.24 0.24 re f 171.84 399.36 m 171.84 399.36 l S 175.68 395.04 0.24 0.24 re f 175.68 395.04 m 175.68 395.04 l S 179.52 390.48 0.24 0.24 re f 179.52 390.48 m 179.52 390.48 l S 183.36 386.16 0.24 0.24 re f 183.36 386.16 m 183.36 386.16 l S 187.2 381.6 0.24 0.24 re f 187.2 381.84 m 187.2 381.6 l S 191.04 377.28 0.24 0.24 re f 191.04 377.28 m 191.04 377.28 l S 195.12 372.96 0.24 0.24 re f 194.88 372.96 m 195.12 372.96 l S 198.96 368.4 0.24 0.24 re f 198.96 368.64 m 198.96 368.4 l S 202.8 364.08 0.24 0.24 re f 202.8 364.08 m 202.8 364.08 l S 206.64 359.76 0.24 0.24 re f 206.64 359.76 m 206.64 359.76 l S 210.48 355.2 0.24 0.24 re f 210.48 355.44 m 210.48 355.2 l S 214.32 350.88 0.24 0.24 re f 214.32 350.88 m 214.32 350.88 l S 218.16 346.56 0.24 0.24 re f 218.16 346.56 m 218.16 346.56 l S 222 342 0.24 0.24 re f 222 342 m 222 342 l S 225.84 337.68 0.24 0.24 re f 225.84 337.68 m 225.84 337.68 l S 229.68 333.12 0.24 0.24 re f 229.68 333.36 m 229.68 333.12 l S BT 409.92 621.36 TD /F6 9.12 Tf 0.0324 Tc -0.1917 Tw (Musculium transversum) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 397.2 319.68 97.44 139.2 re b 1.2 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 397.2 319.68 m 494.64 319.68 l S 428.64 319.68 m 428.64 327.36 l S 460.08 319.68 m 460.08 327.36 l S 491.52 319.68 m 491.52 327.36 l S BT 395.04 309.12 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 7.68 Tf 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj 31.44 0 TD (20) Tj 31.44 0 TD (30) Tj ET 397.2 319.68 m 397.2 458.88 l S 397.2 329.52 m 404.64 329.52 l S 397.2 429.12 m 404.64 429.12 l S 397.2 359.52 m 401.04 359.52 l S 397.2 399.12 m 401.04 399.12 l S 397.2 458.88 m 401.04 458.88 l S BT 380.64 356.88 TD -0.0301 Tc (200) Tj 0 39.6 TD (500) Tj -4.32 60 TD -0.0101 Tc (2000) Tj 4.32 -129.6 TD -0.0301 Tc (100) Tj -4.32 99.6 TD -0.0101 Tc (1000) Tj ET 1.44 w 397.2 439.2 m 494.64 339.84 l S 0.48 w 438.96 400.08 m 441.84 398.4 l 441.84 395.04 l 438.96 393.36 l 436.32 395.04 l 436.32 398.4 l 438.96 400.08 l b* 466.08 372.48 m 468.96 370.8 l 468.96 367.44 l 466.08 365.76 l 463.2 367.44 l 463.2 370.8 l 466.08 372.48 l b* 397.2 445.92 0.24 0.24 re f 0.96 w 397.2 445.92 m 397.2 445.92 l S 401.04 441.6 0.24 0.24 re f 401.04 441.6 m 401.04 441.6 l S 404.88 437.28 0.24 0.24 re f 404.88 437.28 m 404.88 437.28 l S 408.72 432.72 0.24 0.24 re f 408.72 432.72 m 408.72 432.72 l S 412.56 428.4 0.24 0.24 re f 412.56 428.4 m 412.56 428.4 l S 416.4 423.84 0.24 0.24 re f 416.4 424.08 m 416.4 423.84 l S 420.24 419.52 0.24 0.24 re f 420.24 419.52 m 420.24 419.52 l S 424.32 415.2 0.24 0.24 re f 424.32 415.2 m 424.32 415.2 l S 428.16 410.64 0.24 0.24 re f 428.16 410.88 m 428.16 410.64 l S 432 406.32 0.24 0.24 re f 432 406.32 m 432 406.32 l S 435.84 402 0.24 0.24 re f 435.84 402 m 435.84 402 l S 439.68 397.44 0.24 0.24 re f 439.68 397.44 m 439.68 397.44 l S 443.52 393.12 0.24 0.24 re f 443.52 393.12 m 443.52 393.12 l S 447.36 388.8 0.24 0.24 re f 447.36 388.8 m 447.36 388.8 l S 451.2 384.24 0.24 0.24 re f 451.2 384.24 m 451.2 384.24 l S 455.04 379.92 0.24 0.24 re f 455.04 379.92 m 455.04 379.92 l S 459.12 375.36 0.24 0.24 re f 458.88 375.6 m 459.12 375.36 l S 462.96 371.04 0.24 0.24 re f 462.72 371.04 m 462.96 371.04 l S 466.8 366.72 0.24 0.24 re f 466.56 366.72 m 466.8 366.72 l S 470.64 362.16 0.24 0.24 re f 470.4 362.4 m 470.64 362.16 l S 474.48 357.84 0.24 0.24 re f 474.48 357.84 m 474.48 357.84 l S 478.32 353.52 0.24 0.24 re f 478.32 353.52 m 478.32 353.52 l S 482.16 348.96 0.24 0.24 re f 482.16 348.96 m 482.16 348.96 l S 486 344.64 0.24 0.24 re f 486 344.64 m 486 344.64 l S 489.84 340.08 0.24 0.24 re f 489.84 340.32 m 489.84 340.08 l S BT 152.16 278.16 TD /F6 9.12 Tf 0.0239 Tc 0.0568 Tw (Orconectes immunis) Tj 267.6 172.08 TD 0.0144 Tc 0.0663 Tw (Philarctus quaeris) Tj -137.76 0 TD 0.0278 Tc -0.1872 Tw (Asellus recovitzai) Tj -124.8 0 TD 0.0184 Tc -0.1777 Tw (Helisoma trivolvis) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 267.12 148.08 97.44 139.2 re b BT 273.36 120.96 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.12 Tf 0.0365 Tc 0.0682 Tw (TEMPERATURE \(C\)) Tj ET 1.2 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 267.12 148.08 m 364.56 148.08 l S 298.56 148.08 m 298.56 155.76 l S 330 148.08 m 330 155.76 l S 361.44 148.08 m 361.44 155.76 l S BT 264.96 137.52 TD /F1 7.68 Tf 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj 31.44 0 TD (20) Tj 31.44 0 TD (30) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 250.08 150.48 Tm 0 Tc (Observed LC50/Estimated LC50 @ 20 C) Tj ET 267.12 148.08 m 267.12 287.28 l S 267.12 188.64 m 274.56 188.64 l S 267.12 287.28 m 274.56 287.28 l S 267.12 158.88 m 270.72 158.88 l S 267.12 218.4 m 270.72 218.4 l S 267.12 257.76 m 270.72 257.76 l S BT 252.72 156.24 TD -0.0384 Tc (0.5) Tj 6.24 59.52 TD 0.0499 Tc (2) Tj 0 39.36 TD (5) Tj 0 -69.12 TD (1) Tj -4.08 98.88 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj ET 267.12 259.68 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 259.68 m 267.12 259.68 l S 271.92 254.16 0.24 0.24 re f 271.92 254.16 m 271.92 254.16 l S 276.72 248.64 0.24 0.24 re f 276.72 248.64 m 276.72 248.64 l S 281.76 243.12 0.24 0.24 re f 281.52 243.12 m 281.76 243.12 l S 286.56 237.6 0.24 0.24 re f 286.56 237.84 m 286.56 237.6 l S 291.36 232.08 0.24 0.24 re f 291.36 232.32 m 291.36 232.08 l S 296.16 226.8 0.24 0.24 re f 296.16 226.8 m 296.16 226.8 l S 301.2 221.28 0.24 0.24 re f 301.2 221.28 m 301.2 221.28 l S 306 215.76 0.24 0.24 re f 306 215.76 m 306 215.76 l S 310.8 210.24 0.24 0.24 re f 310.8 210.24 m 310.8 210.24 l S 315.6 204.72 0.24 0.24 re f 315.6 204.72 m 315.6 204.72 l S 320.64 199.2 0.24 0.24 re f 320.64 199.2 m 320.64 199.2 l S 325.44 193.68 0.24 0.24 re f 325.44 193.68 m 325.44 193.68 l S 330.24 188.16 0.24 0.24 re f 330.24 188.16 m 330.24 188.16 l S 335.04 182.64 0.24 0.24 re f 335.04 182.88 m 335.04 182.64 l S 340.08 177.12 0.24 0.24 re f 340.08 177.36 m 340.08 177.12 l S 344.88 171.84 0.24 0.24 re f 344.88 171.84 m 344.88 171.84 l S 349.68 166.32 0.24 0.24 re f 349.68 166.32 m 349.68 166.32 l S 354.72 160.8 0.24 0.24 re f 354.48 160.8 m 354.72 160.8 l S 359.52 155.28 0.24 0.24 re f 359.52 155.28 m 359.52 155.28 l S 364.32 149.76 0.24 0.24 re f 364.32 149.76 m 364.32 149.76 l S 0.48 w 282.72 235.44 m 282.72 237.1622 281.3222 238.56 279.6 238.56 c 277.8777 238.56 276.48 237.1622 276.48 235.44 c 276.48 233.7178 277.8777 232.32 279.6 232.32 c 281.3222 232.32 282.72 233.7178 282.72 235.44 c b 287.28 239.04 m 287.28 240.576 285.936 241.92 284.28 241.92 c 282.624 241.92 281.28 240.576 281.28 238.92 c 281.28 237.264 282.624 235.92 284.28 235.92 c 285.936 235.92 287.28 237.264 287.28 238.92 c b 308.16 225.84 m 308.16 227.5623 306.7622 228.96 305.04 228.96 c 303.3177 228.96 301.92 227.5623 301.92 225.84 c 301.92 224.1178 303.3177 222.72 305.04 222.72 c 306.7622 222.72 308.16 224.1178 308.16 225.84 c b 310.32 219.12 m 310.32 220.8422 308.9222 222.24 307.2 222.24 c 305.4778 222.24 304.08 220.8422 304.08 219.12 c 304.08 217.3978 305.4778 216 307.2 216 c 308.9222 216 310.32 217.3978 310.32 219.12 c b 312 209.28 m 312 210.816 310.6022 212.16 308.88 212.16 c 307.1577 212.16 305.76 210.816 305.76 209.16 c 305.76 207.504 307.1577 206.16 308.88 206.16 c 310.6022 206.16 312 207.504 312 209.16 c b 348.48 172.32 m 348.48 173.856 347.0822 175.2 345.36 175.2 c 343.6378 175.2 342.24 173.856 342.24 172.2 c 342.24 170.544 343.6378 169.2 345.36 169.2 c 347.0822 169.2 348.48 170.544 348.48 172.2 c b 276.72 235.2 5.76 5.52 re b 302.4 238.56 5.52 5.52 re b 305.28 213.36 5.52 5.52 re b 306 211.92 5.76 5.52 re b 342.72 146.4 5.52 5.52 re b 283.92 234.96 m 287.76 231.12 l 283.92 227.28 l 280.32 231.12 l 283.92 234.96 l b* 312.96 220.08 m 316.8 216.24 l 312.96 212.64 l 309.12 216.24 l 312.96 220.08 l b* 331.44 191.28 m 335.28 187.68 l 331.44 183.84 l 327.84 187.68 l 331.44 191.28 l b* 307.68 212.4 m 304.32 217.92 l 311.04 217.92 l 307.68 212.4 l b* 336.24 175.44 m 332.88 181.2 l 339.6 181.2 l 336.24 175.44 l b* 279.36 239.04 0.48 2.4 re b 278.4 240 2.4 0.48 re b 279.84 240.48 m 279.84 240.5587 279.6787 240.72 279.48 240.72 c 279.2813 240.72 279.12 240.5587 279.12 240.36 c 279.12 240.1613 279.2813 240 279.48 240 c 279.6787 240 279.84 240.1613 279.84 240.36 c b 336 185.76 0.48 2.4 re b 335.04 186.72 2.4 0.48 re b 336.48 187.2 m 336.48 187.2787 336.3187 187.44 336.12 187.44 c 335.9213 187.44 335.76 187.2787 335.76 187.08 c 335.76 186.8813 335.9213 186.72 336.12 186.72 c 336.3187 186.72 336.48 186.8813 336.48 187.08 c b 308.88 214.08 m 311.76 212.4 l 311.76 209.04 l 308.88 207.36 l 306 209.04 l 306 212.4 l 308.88 214.08 l b* 336 186.72 m 338.88 185.04 l 338.88 181.68 l 336 180 l 333.12 181.68 l 333.12 185.04 l 336 186.72 l b* 281.52 252.48 m 284.88 246.96 l 278.16 246.96 l 281.52 252.48 l b* 320.88 197.28 m 324.24 191.76 l 317.52 191.76 l 320.88 197.28 l b* BT 294 278.64 TD /F6 8.4 Tf 0.0245 Tc -0.0197 Tw (All Species) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 397.2 148.56 97.44 139.2 re b 1.2 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 397.2 148.56 m 494.64 148.56 l S 428.64 148.56 m 428.64 156.24 l S 460.08 148.56 m 460.08 156.24 l S 491.52 148.56 m 491.52 156.24 l S BT 395.04 138 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 7.68 Tf 0.0499 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 29.28 0 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj 31.44 0 TD (20) Tj 31.44 0 TD (30) Tj ET 397.2 148.56 m 397.2 287.76 l S 397.2 188.88 m 404.64 188.88 l S 397.2 287.76 m 404.64 287.76 l S 397.2 159.12 m 401.04 159.12 l S 397.2 218.64 m 401.04 218.64 l S 397.2 258 m 401.04 258 l S BT 382.8 156.48 TD -0.0384 Tc (0.5) Tj 6.24 59.52 TD 0.0499 Tc (2) Tj 0 39.36 TD (5) Tj 0 -69.12 TD (1) Tj -4.08 98.88 TD -0.0701 Tc (10) Tj ET 397.2 260.4 0.24 0.24 re f 397.2 260.4 m 397.2 260.4 l S 402 254.88 0.24 0.24 re f 402 254.88 m 402 254.88 l S 406.8 249.36 0.24 0.24 re f 406.8 249.6 m 406.8 249.36 l S 411.6 243.84 0.24 0.24 re f 411.6 244.08 m 411.6 243.84 l S 416.4 238.56 0.24 0.24 re f 416.4 238.56 m 416.4 238.56 l S 421.2 233.04 0.24 0.24 re f 421.2 233.04 m 421.2 233.04 l S 426 227.52 0.24 0.24 re f 426 227.52 m 426 227.52 l S 430.8 222 0.24 0.24 re f 430.8 222 m 430.8 222 l S 435.6 216.48 0.24 0.24 re f 435.6 216.48 m 435.6 216.48 l S 440.4 210.96 0.24 0.24 re f 440.4 210.96 m 440.4 210.96 l S 445.44 205.44 0.24 0.24 re f 445.2 205.44 m 445.44 205.44 l S 450.24 199.92 0.24 0.24 re f 450 199.92 m 450.24 199.92 l S 455.04 194.4 0.24 0.24 re f 455.04 194.64 m 455.04 194.4 l S 459.84 188.88 0.24 0.24 re f 459.84 189.12 m 459.84 188.88 l S 464.64 183.6 0.24 0.24 re f 464.64 183.6 m 464.64 183.6 l S 469.44 178.08 0.24 0.24 re f 469.44 178.08 m 469.44 178.08 l S 474.24 172.56 0.24 0.24 re f 474.24 172.56 m 474.24 172.56 l S 479.04 167.04 0.24 0.24 re f 479.04 167.04 m 479.04 167.04 l S 483.84 161.52 0.24 0.24 re f 483.84 161.52 m 483.84 161.52 l S 488.64 156 0.24 0.24 re f 488.64 156 m 488.64 156 l S 493.44 150.48 0.24 0.24 re f 493.44 150.48 m 493.44 150.48 l S 0.48 w 412.8 235.68 m 412.8 237.4022 411.4023 238.8 409.68 238.8 c 407.9578 238.8 406.56 237.4022 406.56 235.68 c 406.56 233.9577 407.9578 232.56 409.68 232.56 c 411.4023 232.56 412.8 233.9577 412.8 235.68 c b 417.36 239.28 m 417.36 241.0022 416.016 242.4 414.36 242.4 c 412.704 242.4 411.36 241.0022 411.36 239.28 c 411.36 237.5578 412.704 236.16 414.36 236.16 c 416.016 236.16 417.36 237.5578 417.36 239.28 c b 438.24 226.08 m 438.24 227.8022 436.8423 229.2 435.12 229.2 c 433.3978 229.2 432 227.8022 432 226.08 c 432 224.3577 433.3978 222.96 435.12 222.96 c 436.8423 222.96 438.24 224.3577 438.24 226.08 c b 440.4 219.6 m 440.4 221.136 439.0023 222.48 437.28 222.48 c 435.5577 222.48 434.16 221.136 434.16 219.48 c 434.16 217.824 435.5577 216.48 437.28 216.48 c 439.0023 216.48 440.4 217.824 440.4 219.48 c b 442.08 209.52 m 442.08 211.2422 440.6823 212.64 438.96 212.64 c 437.2378 212.64 435.84 211.2422 435.84 209.52 c 435.84 207.7978 437.2378 206.4 438.96 206.4 c 440.6823 206.4 442.08 207.7978 442.08 209.52 c b 478.56 172.56 m 478.56 174.2823 477.1622 175.68 475.44 175.68 c 473.7177 175.68 472.32 174.2823 472.32 172.56 c 472.32 170.8377 473.7177 169.44 475.44 169.44 c 477.1622 169.44 478.56 170.8377 478.56 172.56 c b 407.04 235.44 5.52 5.76 re b 432.48 239.04 5.52 5.52 re b 435.36 213.6 5.52 5.52 re b 436.32 212.16 5.52 5.52 re b 472.8 146.64 5.52 5.52 re b 414.24 235.2 m 417.84 231.36 l 414.24 227.76 l 410.4 231.36 l 414.24 235.2 l b* 443.04 220.32 m 446.88 216.72 l 443.04 212.88 l 439.2 216.72 l 443.04 220.32 l b* 461.76 191.76 m 465.36 187.92 l 461.76 184.08 l 457.92 187.92 l 461.76 191.76 l b* BT 403.92 278.64 TD /F6 8.4 Tf 0.0228 Tc -0.018 Tw (Physa,Crangonyx, Musculium) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 378.96 150.48 Tm /F1 7.68 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (Observed LC50/Estimated LC50 @ 20 C) Tj ET BT 72 708.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.078 Tc -0.054 Tw (Figure 6.) Tj ET endstream endobj 58 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 59 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (concentrations should be adjusted to a common pH using an equation that accounts for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (the effect of pH. A critical question then is what pH equation to use, because no study) Tj T* 0.0538 Tc -0.0298 Tw (exists for the effect of pH on this particular chronic endpoint \(juvenile 30-day survival\),) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (or on the interaction of pH and temperature effects. The 1998 Update used the pH) Tj T* 0.0694 Tc -0.0454 Tw (relationship derived for the chronic criterion. Of the pH relationships available, that one) Tj T* 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (is probably most appropriate, but entails some uncertainty. To evaluate how) Tj T* 0.0535 Tc -0.0295 Tw (conclusions about temperature effects will vary if the true pH relationship is different,) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (this analysis will also use the pH relationship for acute toxicity to fathead minnows from) Tj T* 0.063 Tc -0.039 Tw (Thurston et al. \(1981\). This relationship likely represents an extreme possibility; i.e., it) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (assumes that chronic toxicity pH relationships are the same acute ones, contrary to) Tj T* 0.0623 Tc -0.0383 Tw (what is indicated by available chronic studies.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0576 Tc -0.0336 Tw (Using the pooled chronic pH relationship \(presented later in this document\),) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.054 Tc -0.03 Tw (slope=0.010, significance=0.13, and r) Tj 201.36 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.08 -5.04 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0215 Tc 0.0025 Tw (=0.76. Using the fathead minnow acute pH) Tj -205.44 -14.16 TD 0.0615 Tc -0.0375 Tw (relationship, slope=0.0053, significance=0.32, and r) Tj 277.2 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.08 -5.04 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (=0.45. In neither case is the) Tj -281.28 -14.16 TD 0.0562 Tc -0.0322 Tw (regression statistically significant at the 5 percent level, due to the amount and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0567 Tc -0.0327 Tw (variability of the data. Nevertheless, it should be noted that, in both cases, the chronic) Tj T* 0.0278 Tc -0.0038 Tw (data show an upward trend with temperature, in contrast to that observed for acute) Tj T* 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (toxicity. Even under the extreme assumption that these data have a pH relationship) Tj T* 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (similar to acute toxicity, the slope is 0.005, and is twice this under the assumption that) Tj T* 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (these data follow the chronic pH relationship. Thus, even if fathead minnows show) Tj T* 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (increased ) Tj 55.92 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0336 Tc 0 Tw (acute) Tj 29.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0198 Tc 0.0042 Tw ( tolerance to ammonia at low temperatures, a similar assumption for) Tj -85.44 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (chronic) Tj 38.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0568 Tc -0.0328 Tw ( toxicity is contraindicated.) Tj -38.64 -28.32 TD 0.0453 Tc -0.0213 Tw (The difference between acute and chronic temperature relationships can be better) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (assessed by looking at acute-chronic ratios. Figure 7 shows the temperature) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (dependence of the ratio of the acute LC50 to the chronic LC20. The chronic LC20s) Tj T* 0.0412 Tc -0.0172 Tw (used for the ACRs were normalized via the above two alternative pH relationships,) Tj T* 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (while the acute LC50s were normalized only using the acute pH relationship. The) Tj T* 0.049 Tc -0.025 Tw (results show that for either pH normalization alternative, the ACRs are substantially) Tj T* 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (higher at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures. If the chronic data are pH-) Tj T* 0.0611 Tc -0.0371 Tw (normalized using the chronic pH relationship, the regression is significant at the 0.05) Tj T* 0.0548 Tc -0.0308 Tw (level, with a slope of -0.0155. If normalized using the acute pH relationship, the slope) Tj T* 0.0363 Tc -0.0123 Tw (is less \(-0.0110\), but even with this extreme assumption, there is only a 13 percent) Tj T* 0.0582 Tc -0.0342 Tw (probability that the regression slope arose by chance.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (It is not surprising that acute-chronic ratios are higher at low temperature. Temperature) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (can affect toxicity in a variety of ways, one of which is simply to slow down responses. ) Tj T* 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (This is evident in some reports on the effect of temperature on ammonia toxicity. For) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (example, for the rainbow trout data from Ministry of Technology \(1967\), there was little) Tj T* 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (effect of temperature on total ammonia LC50s at 96 hours, but at shorter durations) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (LC50s increased with decreasing temperature. The overall impact on the temperature) Tj T* 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw (dependence of LC50s and ACRs will depend on the duration of the acute toxicity test) Tj T* 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw (and on the speed of action of acute ammonia toxicity in the species of concern. ) Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.0044 Tw (However, temperature is likely to affect ammonia toxicity in multiple ways, some of) Tj ET endstream endobj 60 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 61 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (26) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 411.84 468 250.56 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 113.76 445.2 184.32 183.84 re b BT 171.12 418.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 9.36 Tf 0.0451 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Temperature \(C\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 113.76 445.2 m 298.08 445.2 l S 140.88 445.2 m 140.88 448.8 l S 168 445.2 m 168 448.8 l S 195.12 445.2 m 195.12 448.8 l S 222.24 445.2 m 222.24 448.8 l S 249.36 445.2 m 249.36 448.8 l S 276.48 445.2 m 276.48 448.8 l S BT 111.6 434.16 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.1565 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 27.12 0 TD (5) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0.0365 Tc (10) Tj 27.12 0 TD (15) Tj 27.12 0 TD (20) Tj 27.12 0 TD (25) Tj 27.12 0 TD (30) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 93.36 457.44 Tm /F1 9.36 Tf 0 Tc (Ratio of 96-hour LC50 to 30-day LC20) Tj ET 113.76 445.2 m 113.76 629.04 l S 114 629.04 m 118.56 629.04 l S 113.76 500.64 m 116.16 500.64 l S 113.76 532.8 m 116.16 532.8 l S 113.76 555.84 m 116.16 555.84 l S 113.76 573.6 m 116.16 573.6 l S 113.76 600.48 m 116.16 600.48 l S BT 105.36 497.76 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.1565 Tc (2) Tj 0 32.4 TD (3) Tj 0 23.04 TD (4) Tj 0 17.76 TD (5) Tj 0 26.88 TD (7) Tj 0 -155.28 TD (1) Tj -4.32 183.84 TD 0.0365 Tc (10) Tj ET 1.2 w 146.4 575.28 m 276.48 506.88 l S 0.24 w 148.8 580.08 m 148.8 581.351 147.6711 582.48 146.28 582.48 c 144.889 582.48 143.76 581.351 143.76 579.96 c 143.76 578.569 144.889 577.4401 146.28 577.4401 c 147.6711 577.4401 148.8 578.569 148.8 579.96 c b 170.4 562.32 m 170.4 563.591 169.271 564.72 167.88 564.72 c 166.489 564.72 165.36 563.591 165.36 562.2 c 165.36 560.809 166.489 559.68 167.88 559.68 c 169.271 559.68 170.4 560.809 170.4 562.2 c b 251.76 506.88 m 251.76 508.151 250.631 509.28 249.24 509.28 c 247.849 509.28 246.72 508.151 246.72 506.76 c 246.72 505.369 247.849 504.24 249.24 504.24 c 250.631 504.24 251.76 505.369 251.76 506.76 c b 278.88 518.88 m 278.88 520.151 277.751 521.28 276.36 521.28 c 274.969 521.28 273.84 520.151 273.84 518.76 c 273.84 517.369 274.969 516.24 276.36 516.24 c 277.751 516.24 278.88 517.369 278.88 518.76 c b BT 137.28 617.28 TD /F1 9.36 Tf 0.0355 Tc 0.0024 Tw (Chronic Data Adjusted to pH=8) Tj 17.76 -10.56 TD 0.0313 Tc 0.0067 Tw (Using Update Average) Tj -3.36 -10.56 TD 0.0254 Tc 0.0125 Tw (Chronic pH Relationship) Tj ET [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 323.28 445.2 184.32 183.84 re b BT 380.64 418.56 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.0451 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Temperature \(C\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 323.28 445.2 m 507.6 445.2 l S 350.4 445.2 m 350.4 448.8 l S 377.52 445.2 m 377.52 448.8 l S 404.64 445.2 m 404.64 448.8 l S 431.52 445.2 m 431.52 448.8 l S 458.64 445.2 m 458.64 448.8 l S 485.76 445.2 m 485.76 448.8 l S BT 321.12 434.16 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.1565 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 27.12 0 TD (5) Tj 24.72 0 TD 0.0365 Tc (10) Tj 27.12 0 TD (15) Tj 27.12 0 TD (20) Tj 27.12 0 TD (25) Tj 27.12 0 TD (30) Tj ET 323.28 445.2 m 323.28 629.04 l 327.84 629.04 l S 323.28 500.64 m 325.68 500.64 l S 323.28 532.8 m 325.68 532.8 l S 323.28 555.84 m 325.68 555.84 l S 323.28 573.6 m 325.68 573.6 l S 323.28 600.48 m 325.68 600.48 l S BT 314.88 497.76 TD 0.1565 Tc (2) Tj 0 32.4 TD (3) Tj 0 23.04 TD (4) Tj 0 17.76 TD (5) Tj 0 26.88 TD (7) Tj 0 -155.28 TD (1) Tj -4.56 183.84 TD 0.0365 Tc (10) Tj ET 1.2 w 355.68 576.72 m 485.76 527.76 l S 0.24 w 358.32 582.24 m 358.32 583.511 357.1373 584.64 355.68 584.64 c 354.2227 584.64 353.04 583.511 353.04 582.12 c 353.04 580.729 354.2227 579.6 355.68 579.6 c 357.1373 579.6 358.32 580.729 358.32 582.12 c b 379.92 566.4 m 379.92 567.671 378.791 568.8 377.4 568.8 c 376.0089 568.8 374.88 567.671 374.88 566.28 c 374.88 564.889 376.0089 563.76 377.4 563.76 c 378.791 563.76 379.92 564.889 379.92 566.28 c b 461.28 522.96 m 461.28 524.231 460.0973 525.36 458.64 525.36 c 457.1827 525.36 456 524.231 456 522.84 c 456 521.449 457.1827 520.32 458.64 520.32 c 460.0973 520.32 461.28 521.449 461.28 522.84 c b 488.4 540.24 m 488.4 541.511 487.2173 542.64 485.76 542.64 c 484.3027 542.64 483.12 541.511 483.12 540.12 c 483.12 538.729 484.3027 537.6 485.76 537.6 c 487.2173 537.6 488.4 538.729 488.4 540.12 c b BT 346.08 617.28 TD /F1 9.36 Tf 0.0355 Tc 0.0024 Tw (Chronic Data Adjusted to pH=8) Tj 17.04 -10.56 TD 0.0383 Tc -0 Tw (Using Fathead Minnow) Tj 1.44 -10.56 TD 0.0361 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Acute pH Relationship) Tj -224.16 -107.76 TD 0.0231 Tc 0.0148 Tw (Slope = -0.0155) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0031 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj 3.12 3.6 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc (2) Tj 3.84 -3.36 TD 0 Tc -0.0816 Tw ( ) Tj 1.92 -0.24 TD /F1 9.36 Tf 0.0711 Tc -0.0332 Tw (= 90%) Tj -8.88 -10.32 TD 0.0331 Tc 0.0049 Tw (Siglevel = 0.05) Tj 209.76 23.52 TD 0.0231 Tc 0.0148 Tw (Slope = -0.0111) Tj 0 -11.52 TD 0.0031 Tc 0 Tw (r) Tj 3.12 3.6 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc (2) Tj 4.08 -3.6 TD /F1 9.36 Tf 0.0711 Tc -0.0332 Tw ( = 80%) Tj -7.2 -10.56 TD 0.0331 Tc 0.0049 Tw (Siglevel = 0.11) Tj -230.88 176.64 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0384 Tc -0.0641 Tw (Temperature-dependence of ammonia acute:chronic ratios for fathead minnows ) Tj -47.28 63.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.078 Tc -0.054 Tw (Figure 7.) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0158 Tw (Temperature-dependence of ammonia ACRs for fathead minnows.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (\(The choice of reference condition, pH=8 here versus pH=7.5 in Figure 5,) Tj T* 0.0579 Tc -0.0339 Tw (has no effect on slope or significance.\)) Tj -64.8 -311.52 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (which would alter acute and chronic toxicity similarly. Nonetheless, to some degree the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (ratio of effect concentrations at different durations is expected to increase at lower) Tj T* 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (temperatures. This expectation, as well as the empirical evidence, argues against the) Tj T* 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (direct application of acute temperature relationships to chronic toxicity.) Tj 0 -42.48 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (Invertebrate chronic projections) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (No data are available on the effect of temperature on chronic ammonia toxicity to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (invertebrates. Because invertebrates are much more acutely tolerant at low) Tj T* 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (temperatures than at high temperatures, it is likely that their chronic toxicity would also) Tj T* 0.0217 Tc 0.0023 Tw (show some temperature dependence. However, as discussed above, there is reason) Tj T* 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (to expect acute and chronic toxicity to vary somewhat differently with temperature, with) Tj T* 0.0444 Tc -0.0204 Tw (acute-chronic ratios increasing at low temperature, especially for organisms for which) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (acute ammonia toxicity is not especially fast, which is the case for invertebrates) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (\(Thurston et al. 1984\). The observed trend in the fathead minnow ACRs provides) Tj T* 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (support for this expectation.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (The critical question then becomes, how much of the acute temperature slope for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (invertebrates should be assumed to apply to chronic toxicity? If this slope is) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (predominantly due to temperature-induced delays of acute toxicity, chronic toxicity) Tj ET endstream endobj 62 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 63 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (27) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (might have very little slope. If this slope is not at all due to such delays, then all the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0622 Tc -0.0382 Tw (slope should be applied to chronic toxicity.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (One option for an objective mathematical prediction of the invertebrate chronic slope is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (to assume that the difference between acute and chronic slopes will be the same for) Tj T* 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (fish and invertebrates, potentially implying that the effect of temperature on the kinetics) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (of toxicity is roughly the same for fish and invertebrates. In this case the invertebrate) Tj T* 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (chronic slope would be the difference between -0.036, the average invertebrate acute) Tj T* 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (slope, and -0.016, the observed slope for fish acute-chronic ratios. This would yield an) Tj T* 0.0579 Tc -0.0339 Tw (invertebrate chronic slope of -0.020. This correction still applies most of the acute) Tj T* 0.0563 Tc -0.0323 Tw (slope to chronic toxicity, but recognizes that the chronic slope should probably be less) Tj T* 0.032 Tc 0 Tw (steep.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0556 Tc -0.0316 Tw (It is recognized that few data are available to define the Figure 7 fish ACR slope, and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (that the assumption the invertebrate ACR slope would equal the fish ACR slope is quite) Tj T* 0.0572 Tc -0.0332 Tw (uncertain despite having some theoretical underpinning in the kinetics of toxicity. ) Tj T* 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (Consequently a second option is to equate the invertebrate chronic slope to the) Tj T* 0.0516 Tc -0.0276 Tw (invertebrate acute slope \(-0.036\) minus one-half the fish ACR slope \(-0.016/2\). This) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (splits the difference between no correction and full correction for the fish ACR slope,) Tj T* 0.0655 Tc -0.0415 Tw (resulting in an invertebrate chronic slope of -0.028.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (A third, related option is suggested from the appearance of data in the last two plots in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (Figure 6, plots of \223All Species\224 and \223Physa, Crangonyx, Musculium\224. These plots) Tj T* 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (suggest a steeper invertebrate acute slope at higher temperatures than at very low) Tj T* 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (temperature. At greater than 10) Tj 171.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (C, these data also comfortably fit a slope of -0.044. If) Tj -177.6 -14.16 TD 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (such a slope were used to fit those data, however, a concentration plateau would need) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.0045 Tw (to be imposed between 5 and 10) Tj 174.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0379 Tc -0.0139 Tw (C to avoid over-estimating the acute effect) Tj -180.72 -14.16 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (concentrations measured near 5) Tj 173.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (C. If the invertebrate chronic slope is obtained by) Tj -179.04 -14.16 TD 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (subtracting the full value of the fish ACR slope \(-0.016\), this would yield the same) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0588 Tc -0.0348 Tw (invertebrate chronic slope, -0.028, as the option in the previous paragraph. In this) Tj T* 0.0294 Tc -0.0054 Tw (case, however, concentrations would be capped between 5 and 10) Tj 356.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0628 Tc -0.0388 Tw (C in order to reflect) Tj -362.64 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (the implied attenuation of slope at low temperature relative to higher temperatures.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0357 Tc -0.0117 Tw (EPA selected this third option, a compromise between the first two options, for defining) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (the invertebrate chronic temperature slope in formulating the CCC, discussed later. ) Tj T* 0.0626 Tc -0.0386 Tw (This provides a good fit to the available information. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 64 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 65 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (28) Tj -105.12 290.64 TD 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 29.04 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 7.44 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 243.84 331.44 68.88 0.72 re b BT 265.68 338.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.028 Tc (LIM) Tj 20.16 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0418 Tc (H) Tj -40.56 -19.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.56 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 3.36 2.4 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.56 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 331.92 331.44 68.64 0.72 re b BT 354.24 338.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.028 Tc (LIM) Tj 20.16 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (L) Tj -41.04 -19.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.32 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 126.96 6.72 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(6\)) Tj -339.6 380.4 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0774 Tc 0.0477 Tw (pH-Dependence of Ammonia Toxicity) Tj -111.84 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (The 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document identified pH as an important factor) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (affecting the toxicity of ammonia and used an empirical model to describe the pH-) Tj T* 0.0159 Tc 0.0081 Tw (dependence of ammonia toxicity when expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia. The) Tj T* 0.0231 Tc 0.0009 Tw (major features of this empirical model were a slope for logLC50 versus pH which was) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (approximately 1 at low pH and decreased as pH increased until pH) Tj 357.12 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (8, above which the) Tj -364.32 -14.16 TD 0.0198 Tc 0.0042 Tw (slope was 0. Such a model closely mimics a joint toxicity model, which also has a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (slope of 1 at low pH and a slope of 0 at high pH when ammonia toxicity is expressed in) Tj T* 0.0211 Tc 0.0029 Tw (terms of un-ionized ammonia. The empirical model was parameterized based on a) Tj T* 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (pooled analysis of four datasets concerning the effect of pH on the acute toxicity of) Tj T* 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (ammonia. This effect of pH was generally supported by several additional datasets) Tj T* 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (reviewed by Erickson \(1985\), although some variation among species was evident,) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (especially for channel catfish. A dataset concerning chronic ammonia toxicity) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (\(Broderius et al. 1985\) indicated a somewhat greater effect of pH than for acute toxicity) Tj T* 0.0427 Tc -0.0187 Tw (and was used as the principal basis for the pH-dependence of the CCC.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (As explained in the overview of this update, the effect of pH on the toxicity of ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (will be described here largely in terms of the joint \(combined\) toxicity of un-ionized) Tj T* -0.0038 Tc 0.0278 Tw (ammonia and ammonium ion. However, there is some dispute about whether ammonia) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (toxicity merely involves such joint toxicity. Also, a variety of factors might affect the) Tj T* 0.0218 Tc 0.0022 Tw (combined toxicity of the two forms. Therefore, use of a simple, mechanistic joint toxicity) Tj T* 0.0512 Tc -0.0272 Tw (model is inadvisable, and the following \223S-shaped\224 model will be used to describe the) Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (pH dependence of total ammonia toxicity:) Tj 0 -99.12 TD 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (where the subscript t denotes total ammonia, LIM) Tj 263.04 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 5.28 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.01 Tc 0.014 Tw ( and LIM) Tj 46.8 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0412 Tc -0.0172 Tw ( are asymptotic \(limiting\)) Tj -319.2 -14.16 TD 0.0444 Tc -0.0204 Tw (LC50s at high and low pH respectively, and pH) Tj 251.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw ( is the transition pH at which the LC50) Tj -255.84 -14.16 TD 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (is the arithmetic average of LIM) Tj 168.48 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 5.28 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.01 Tc 0.014 Tw ( and LIM) Tj 46.8 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (. This model is justified by various data \(see) Tj -224.64 -14.16 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.0045 Tw (the overview\) and is consistent with joint toxicity of un-ionized ammonia and ammonium) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0227 Tc 0.0013 Tw (ion. However, the model treats pH) Tj 185.52 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0237 Tc 0 Tw ( as a fitted parameter, whereas if joint toxicity were) Tj -190.08 -14.16 TD 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (assumed it would be dictated by the pK of ammonia \(see Equation 4\) and the relative) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0033 Tc 0.0207 Tw (toxicity of the two forms.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0015 Tc 0.0225 Tw (Use of LIM) Tj 58.08 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 6.24 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.01 Tc 0.014 Tw ( and LIM) Tj 46.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw ( as model parameters results in a simple equation, but is) Tj -115.92 -14.16 TD 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (inconvenient for data analysis for two reasons. First, when analyzing toxicological) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (variables across multiple datasets, an important issue is whether the shapes of the) Tj T* 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw (curves are similar among the datasets. For making such comparisons and for) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (estimating the best average shape, it is necessary that each parameter of the equation) Tj T* 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (either is related only to the shape or is not related to the shape at all. For example, in) Tj T* 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (linear regression, the equation is generally expressed in terms of a slope and an) Tj ET endstream endobj 66 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 67 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (29) Tj -131.04 464.16 TD 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 29.28 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 7.44 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 220.08 496.56 m 219.84 496.56 l 218.88 498.72 l 218.16 501.12 l 217.68 503.76 l 217.68 509.04 l 218.16 511.68 l 218.88 514.32 l 219.6 516.48 l 219.84 516.48 l 219.12 514.56 l 218.64 512.16 l 218.4 510.48 l 218.16 509.04 l 218.16 504.24 l 218.4 502.32 l 218.88 500.64 l 219.36 498.72 l 219.6 497.52 l 219.84 496.8 l 220.08 496.56 l b* BT 221.52 502.8 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.028 Tc (LIM) Tj 20.16 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (L) Tj ET 247.44 496.56 m 247.68 496.56 l 248.64 498.72 l 249.36 501.12 l 249.84 503.76 l 250.08 506.4 l 249.84 509.04 l 248.88 514.32 l 247.92 516.48 l 247.68 516.48 l 248.16 514.56 l 248.64 512.16 l 249.12 508.8 l 249.36 507.6 l 249.36 505.44 l 249.12 504.24 l 248.88 502.32 l 248.64 500.64 l 248.16 498.72 l 247.68 497.52 l 247.44 496.8 l 247.44 496.56 l b* 256.56 506.64 m 256.56 512.88 l 256.8 514.56 l 257.04 516 l 257.76 518.16 l 258.48 519.36 l 259.44 520.8 l 259.2 520.8 l 258.24 519.6 l 257.52 518.4 l 256.56 516.48 l 256.08 513.36 l 255.84 509.76 l 255.84 506.64 l 256.56 506.64 l b* 256.56 507.84 m 256.56 501.6 l 256.8 499.68 l 257.04 498.24 l 257.76 496.08 l 258.48 494.88 l 259.44 493.44 l 259.2 493.44 l 258.24 494.64 l 257.52 495.84 l 256.56 497.76 l 256.32 499.2 l 256.08 500.88 l 255.84 504.72 l 255.84 507.84 l 256.56 507.84 l b* 263.04 504.96 68.64 0.72 re b BT 293.52 509.28 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (R) Tj -29.04 -20.16 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.32 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 3.36 2.4 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 351.12 504.96 68.64 0.72 re b BT 382.32 509.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -30 -20.16 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.56 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj ET 423.36 506.64 m 423.36 512.88 l 423.12 514.56 l 422.88 516 l 422.16 518.16 l 421.68 519.36 l 420.72 520.8 l 420.96 520.8 l 421.92 519.6 l 422.64 518.4 l 423.12 517.44 l 423.36 516.48 l 423.84 515.04 l 424.08 513.36 l 424.08 506.64 l 423.36 506.64 l b* 423.36 507.84 m 423.36 501.6 l 423.12 499.68 l 422.88 498.24 l 422.16 496.08 l 421.68 494.88 l 420.72 493.44 l 420.96 493.44 l 421.92 494.64 l 422.64 495.84 l 423.12 496.8 l 423.36 497.76 l 423.84 499.2 l 424.08 500.88 l 424.08 507.84 l 423.36 507.84 l b* BT 523.44 499.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(7\)) Tj -411.12 -180.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 29.04 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 7.44 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 162.24 336.72 m 162.24 342.96 l 162.48 344.64 l 162.72 346.08 l 163.44 348.24 l 164.16 349.44 l 165.12 350.88 l 164.88 350.88 l 163.92 349.68 l 163.2 348.48 l 162.24 346.56 l 161.76 343.44 l 161.52 339.84 l 161.52 336.72 l 162.24 336.72 l b* 161.52 332.16 0.96 5.28 re b 161.52 327.84 0.96 5.28 re b 161.52 323.52 0.96 5.28 re b 161.52 319.2 0.96 5.28 re b 161.52 314.88 0.96 5.28 re b 161.52 310.56 0.96 5.28 re b 162.24 312 m 162.24 305.76 l 162.48 303.84 l 162.72 302.4 l 163.44 300.24 l 164.16 299.04 l 165.12 297.6 l 164.88 297.6 l 163.92 298.8 l 163.2 300 l 162.24 301.92 l 162 303.36 l 161.76 305.04 l 161.52 308.88 l 161.52 312 l 162.24 312 l b* 168.72 321.12 127.68 0.72 re b BT 214.08 328.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 28.8 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 2.16 0 TD (,) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj ET 170.88 304.56 52.56 0.48 re S BT 193.2 308.88 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (R) Tj -20.88 -20.4 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.56 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 3.36 2.4 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj 10.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 242.64 304.56 52.32 0.48 re S BT 265.68 308.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -21.6 -20.4 TD (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj 4.32 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.32 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj ET 300 336.72 m 300 342.96 l 299.76 344.64 l 299.52 346.08 l 298.8 348.24 l 298.32 349.44 l 297.36 350.88 l 297.6 350.88 l 298.56 349.68 l 299.28 348.48 l 299.76 347.52 l 300 346.56 l 300.48 345.12 l 300.72 343.44 l 300.72 336.72 l 300 336.72 l b* 300 332.16 0.96 5.28 re b 300 327.84 0.96 5.28 re b 300 323.52 0.96 5.28 re b 300 319.2 0.96 5.28 re b 300 314.88 0.96 5.28 re b 300 310.56 0.96 5.28 re b 300 312 m 300 305.76 l 299.76 303.84 l 299.52 302.4 l 298.8 300.24 l 298.32 299.04 l 297.36 297.6 l 297.6 297.6 l 298.56 298.8 l 299.28 300 l 299.76 300.96 l 300 301.92 l 300.48 303.36 l 300.72 305.04 l 300.72 312 l 300 312 l b* 310.08 322.8 m 310.08 329.04 l 310.32 330.72 l 310.56 332.16 l 311.28 334.32 l 311.76 335.52 l 312.72 336.96 l 312.48 336.96 l 311.52 335.76 l 311.04 334.56 l 310.08 332.64 l 309.6 331.2 l 309.36 329.52 l 309.36 322.8 l 310.08 322.8 l b* 310.08 324 m 310.08 317.76 l 310.32 315.84 l 310.56 314.4 l 311.28 312.24 l 311.76 311.04 l 312.72 309.6 l 312.48 309.6 l 311.52 310.8 l 311.04 312 l 310.08 313.92 l 309.6 315.36 l 309.36 317.04 l 309.36 324 l 310.08 324 l b* 317.76 321.12 68.64 0.72 re b BT 348.24 325.44 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (R) Tj -29.04 -20.16 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.32 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 3.36 2.4 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 405.84 321.12 68.64 0.72 re b BT 437.04 325.44 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -30 -20.16 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.56 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj ET 479.52 322.8 m 479.52 329.04 l 479.28 330.72 l 479.04 332.16 l 478.32 334.32 l 477.6 335.52 l 476.64 336.96 l 476.88 336.96 l 477.84 335.76 l 478.56 334.56 l 479.52 332.64 l 480 331.2 l 480.24 329.52 l 480.24 322.8 l 479.52 322.8 l b* 479.52 324 m 479.52 317.76 l 479.28 315.84 l 479.04 314.4 l 478.32 312.24 l 477.6 311.04 l 476.64 309.6 l 476.88 309.6 l 477.84 310.8 l 478.56 312 l 479.52 313.92 l 480 315.36 l 480.24 317.04 l 480.24 324 l 479.52 324 l b* BT 523.44 314.16 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.072 Tc (\(8\)) Tj -451.44 394.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (intercept \(i.e., the value of y at a specified value of x, such as x=0\). The slope) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (completely defines the shape of the relationship, whereas the intercept anchors the) Tj T* 0.0638 Tc -0.0398 Tw (relationship at a particular point and has no effect on the shape. For the nonlinear) Tj T* 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (regression used here, there needs to be one, and only one, \223intercept\224 parameter that) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (specifies the LC50 at a particular pH, independent of the shape, whereas the other) Tj T* 0.0299 Tc -0.0059 Tw (parameters must describe aspects of the shape and not affect the intercept. In the) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (above equation, LIM) Tj 109.44 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 6.24 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.01 Tc 0.014 Tw ( and LIM) Tj 46.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw ( are both \223intercepts\224 \(at high and low pH, respectively\),) Tj -167.28 -14.16 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (and they also in part dictate the shape of the curve because the shape partly depends) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (on the difference between the two intercepts. Thus, it is not possible to completely) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (separate the shape from the intercepts. To eliminate this problem, the equation was) Tj T* 0.0206 Tc 0.0034 Tw (reformulated so that LIM) Tj 130.56 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw ( is the only intercept parameter. This was accomplished by) Tj -135.36 -14.16 TD 0.0164 Tc 0.0076 Tw (using the parameter R = LIM) Tj 152.88 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 6.24 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.015 Tc (/LIM) Tj 23.28 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (, which, along with pH) Tj 117.36 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.239 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 5.04 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (, defines the shape of the) Tj -309.6 -14.16 TD 0.034 Tc 0 Tw (curve:) Tj 0 -99.12 TD 0.0255 Tc -0.0015 Tw (The second shortcoming of the use of LIM) Tj 225.12 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 6.24 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ( and/or LIM) Tj 60.96 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw ( is that they are LC50s at) Tj -297.12 -14.16 TD 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (extreme pHs which are not observed and are largely hypothetical; it is preferable to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (have an \223intercept\224 parameter that lies in the range of the observed data. Therefore,) Tj T* 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (the equation was reformulated to use the LC50) Tj 250.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 2.4 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0273 Tc -0.0033 Tw ( at pH=8 \(LC50) Tj 82.08 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (\) as the intercept) Tj -344.88 -14.16 TD 0.0217 Tc 0.0023 Tw (parameter instead of LIM) Tj 133.92 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0028 Tc 0.0268 Tw (. Switching from LIM) Tj 112.08 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw ( to LC50) Tj 45.6 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw ( requires use of a term that is) Tj -310.8 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (the ratio between LC50) Tj 124.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.01 Tc 0.014 Tw ( and LIM) Tj 46.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (L) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (:) Tj -186 -127.44 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (All three of the above model equations are equivalent, differing only in the way in which) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0036 Tw (the parameters are formulated.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (Unfortunately, analyses based on any of these three model equations can be subject to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (serious problems with some datasets, especially for estimation of LIM) Tj 370.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 6.24 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.072 Tc -0.048 Tw ( or R. This is) Tj -377.04 -14.16 TD 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (because LC50) Tj 77.76 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 2.4 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw ( is generally much greater than LIM) Tj 189.36 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj 6.24 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0305 Tc -0.0065 Tw ( even at the highest pH in most) Tj -275.76 -14.16 TD 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw (datasets \(pH=8 to 9\), so that the approach to this asymptotic value is very uncertain. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (However, the pH is usually sufficiently high that un-ionized ammonia, although only a) Tj T* 0.0293 Tc -0.0053 Tw (small fraction of total ammonia, dominates toxicity and provides information about LIM) Tj 458.64 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf 0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (H) Tj -458.64 -11.04 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0299 Tc -0.0059 Tw (and R that is not apparent when only total ammonia is examined. To address this) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (problem, the formulation of the model was changed by splitting the equation into two) Tj T* 0.038 Tc 0 Tw (parts:) Tj ET endstream endobj 68 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 69 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (30) Tj -145.2 647.76 TD 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 29.04 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (u) Tj 9.6 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 206.4 704.16 m 206.4 710.4 l 206.64 712.08 l 206.88 713.52 l 207.6 715.68 l 208.08 716.88 l 209.04 718.32 l 208.8 718.32 l 207.84 717.12 l 207.12 715.92 l 206.64 714.96 l 206.4 714 l 205.92 712.56 l 205.68 710.88 l 205.44 707.28 l 205.44 704.16 l 206.4 704.16 l b* 205.44 699.6 1.2 5.28 re b 205.44 695.28 1.2 5.28 re b 205.44 690.96 1.2 5.28 re b 205.44 686.64 1.2 5.28 re b 205.44 682.32 1.2 5.28 re b 205.44 678 1.2 5.28 re b 206.4 679.44 m 206.4 673.2 l 206.64 671.28 l 206.88 669.84 l 207.6 667.68 l 208.08 666.48 l 209.04 665.04 l 208.8 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Tc (\(9\)) Tj -371.76 -84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 29.28 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0782 Tc (i) Tj 6.96 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 201.6 622.08 m 201.6 628.32 l 201.84 630 l 202.08 631.44 l 202.8 633.6 l 203.28 634.8 l 204.24 636.24 l 203.28 635.04 l 202.56 633.84 l 201.6 631.92 l 201.12 630.48 l 200.88 628.8 l 200.88 622.08 l 201.6 622.08 l b* 200.88 617.52 0.96 5.28 re b 200.88 613.2 0.96 5.28 re b 200.88 608.88 0.96 5.28 re b 200.88 604.56 0.96 5.28 re b 200.88 600.24 0.96 5.28 re b 200.88 595.92 0.96 5.28 re b 201.6 597.36 m 201.6 591.12 l 201.84 589.2 l 202.08 587.76 l 202.8 585.6 l 203.28 584.4 l 204.24 582.96 l 203.28 584.16 l 202.56 585.36 l 201.6 587.28 l 201.12 588.72 l 200.88 590.4 l 200.88 597.36 l 201.6 597.36 l b* 208.08 606.48 132.96 0.72 re b BT 256.08 613.68 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 28.8 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 2.16 0 TD (,) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj ET 210.24 589.92 54.96 0.48 re S BT 233.76 594.24 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (R) Tj -22.08 -20.4 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.32 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 3.36 2.4 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj 11.04 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 284.64 589.92 54.96 0.48 re S BT 309.12 594.24 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -23.28 -20.4 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj 4.32 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.56 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj ET 344.64 622.08 m 344.64 628.32 l 344.4 630 l 344.16 631.44 l 343.44 633.6 l 342.96 634.8 l 342 636.24 l 342.96 635.04 l 343.68 633.84 l 344.64 631.92 l 345.12 630.48 l 345.36 628.8 l 345.36 622.08 l 344.64 622.08 l b* 344.64 617.52 0.96 5.28 re b 344.64 613.2 0.96 5.28 re b 344.64 608.88 0.96 5.28 re b 344.64 604.56 0.96 5.28 re b 344.64 600.24 0.96 5.28 re b 344.64 595.92 0.96 5.28 re b 344.64 597.36 m 344.64 591.12 l 344.4 589.2 l 344.16 587.76 l 343.44 585.6 l 342.96 584.4 l 342 582.96 l 342.96 584.16 l 343.68 585.36 l 344.64 587.28 l 345.12 588.72 l 345.36 590.4 l 345.36 597.36 l 344.64 597.36 l b* 354.72 608.16 m 354.72 614.4 l 354.96 616.08 l 355.2 617.52 l 355.92 619.68 l 356.4 620.88 l 357.36 622.32 l 357.12 622.32 l 356.16 621.12 l 355.44 619.92 l 354.96 618.96 l 354.72 618 l 354.24 616.56 l 354 614.88 l 353.76 611.28 l 353.76 608.16 l 354.72 608.16 l b* 354.72 609.36 m 354.72 603.12 l 354.96 601.2 l 355.2 599.76 l 355.92 597.6 l 356.4 596.4 l 357.36 594.96 l 357.12 594.96 l 356.16 596.16 l 355.44 597.36 l 354.96 598.32 l 354.72 599.28 l 354.24 600.72 l 354 602.4 l 353.76 606.24 l 353.76 609.36 l 354.72 609.36 l b* 360.96 606.48 68.88 0.72 re b BT 392.4 610.8 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj -30 -20.16 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 6.48 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.56 -2.4 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj ET 433.44 608.16 m 433.44 614.4 l 433.2 616.08 l 432.96 617.52 l 432.24 619.68 l 431.76 620.88 l 430.8 622.32 l 431.76 621.12 l 432.48 619.92 l 433.44 618 l 433.92 616.56 l 434.16 614.88 l 434.16 608.16 l 433.44 608.16 l b* 433.44 609.36 m 433.44 603.12 l 433.2 601.2 l 432.96 599.76 l 432.24 597.6 l 431.76 596.4 l 430.8 594.96 l 431.76 596.16 l 432.48 597.36 l 433.44 599.28 l 433.92 600.72 l 434.16 602.4 l 434.16 609.36 l 433.44 609.36 l b* BT 516.96 606.24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(10\)) Tj -444.96 -61.92 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0093 Tc 0.0147 Tw (where LC50) Tj 64.8 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (u) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw ( and LC50) Tj 55.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0238 Tc 0 Tw ( are the LC50s expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia and) Tj -126.24 -14.16 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (ammonium ion, respectively, and LC50) Tj 208.08 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (u) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0144 Tc 0.0096 Tw ( + LC50) Tj 42.48 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0144 Tc 0.0096 Tw ( = LC50) Tj 42.48 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 1.92 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (. This approach more strongly) Tj -300.72 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (emphasizes the notion of joint toxicity, but still is somewhat empirical because pH) Tj 434.16 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.088 Tc -0.064 Tw ( is a) Tj -438.72 -14.16 TD 0.0378 Tc -0.0138 Tw (fitted parameter. Regression methods for multiple response variables \(see Appendix 2\)) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (were used to fit this model to the available datasets.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (Acute datasets evaluated included those cited in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (document and Erickson \(1985\), as well as more recent studies by Sheehan and Lewis) Tj T* 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (\(1986\), Schubauer-Berigan et al. \(1995\), Ankley et al. \(1995\), and Johnson \(1995\).) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (Sheehan and Lewis \(1986\) investigated the pH-dependence of acute ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (toxicity to channel catfish. LC50s expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (increased with increasing pH, but less so than reported in most studies, although) Tj T* 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (Tomasso et al. \(1980\) also reported little effect of pH) Tj 282 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ($) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (7 on un-ionized ammonia) Tj -289.2 -14.16 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (toxicity to the channel catfish.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (Schubauer-Berigan et al. \(1995\) evaluated the effect of pH on the toxicity of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0261 Tc -0.0021 Tw (ammonia to the oligochaete ) Tj 151.44 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0097 Tc 0.0143 Tw (Lumbriculus variegatus) Tj 123.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.059 Tc -0.035 Tw ( and to larvae of the dipteran) Tj -275.04 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0212 Tc 0.0028 Tw (Chironomus tentans) Tj 107.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0565 Tc -0.0325 Tw (. Both species exhibited increases in 10-day un-ionized) Tj -107.76 -14.16 TD 0.0316 Tc -0.0076 Tw (ammonia LC50s with increasing pH, but the increase for ) Tj 303.12 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (C. tentans) Tj 54.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.06 Tc 0.084 Tw ( was somewhat) Tj -358.08 -14.16 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (larger than those for other species for which data are available, whereas those of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.013 Tc 0.011 Tw (L. variegatus) Tj 68.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw ( were smaller. Such interspecies differences would be of concern in) Tj -68.88 -14.16 TD 0.0702 Tc -0.0462 Tw (the derivation of the criterion if they substantially altered relationships for sensitive) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (species; these particular species, however, are sufficiently resistant to ammonia) Tj T* 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (that the pH relationship used for them has no impact on the criterion.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (Ankley et al. \(1995\) tested the effect of pH on the toxicity of ammonia to the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0105 Tw (amphipod ) Tj 56.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0189 Tc 0.0429 Tw (Hyalella azteca) Tj 81.12 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw ( in waters of three different ionic compositions. In all) Tj -137.28 -14.16 TD 0.0271 Tc -0.0031 Tw (three waters, 96-hr LC50s expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia increased) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (with pH, but the amount of increase was greater in waters with low ion) Tj T* 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (concentrations. These waters differed with respect to a variety of ions, so it is) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (uncertain which constituent is responsible for the difference in the effect of pH,) Tj T* 0.0228 Tc 0.0012 Tw (although recent work by Borgmann and Borgmann \(1997\) suggests that the) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (concentration of sodium is a major factor. These results not only indicate some) Tj T* 0.0284 Tc -0.0044 Tw (effect of the ionic composition of the test water on ammonia toxicity, but also) Tj T* 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (suggest that this composition might differentially affect the relative toxicity of un-) Tj T* 0.0189 Tc 0.0051 Tw (ionized ammonia and ammonium ion. In the low ion concentration test water,) Tj ET endstream endobj 70 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 71 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (31) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0253 Tc -0.0013 Tw ( was one of the most sensitive species tested at low pH and) Tj -50.4 -14.16 TD 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (consequences for the criterion will be considered later.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0357 Tc -0.0117 Tw (Johnson \(1995\) investigated the effect of pH on the chronic toxicity of ammonia to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0092 Tc 0.0332 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia) Tj 103.92 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0508 Tc -0.0268 Tw ( in test waters of three different ionic compositions. In all three) Tj -103.92 -14.16 TD 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (waters, LC50s expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia increased with increasing) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (pH, but, unlike Ankley et al. \(1995\), the pH dependence was greater in waters with) Tj T* 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw (higher, rather than lower, hardness.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (Acute total ammonia LC50s versus pH are presented in Figure 8 for all studies) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (analyzed; for the study of Ankley et al. \(1995\) with ) Tj 270.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0 Tc 0.0246 Tw (, the small, medium, and) Tj -321.36 -14.16 TD 0.035 Tc -0.011 Tw (large symbols denote low, medium, and high ion concentrations in test waters. All) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (analyses were conducted in terms of total ammonia nitrogen, either as reported by the) Tj T* 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (authors or as converted by us from the reported un-ionized ammonia LC50, pH, and) Tj T* 0.049 Tc -0.025 Tw (temperature using the speciation relationship of Emerson et al. \(1975\). All of the) Tj T* 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (datasets show a strong trend of total ammonia LC50s decreasing with increasing pH,) Tj T* 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (except that of ) Tj 75.6 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw ( at low ion concentrations. There are, however, differences) Tj -126 -14.16 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.0052 Tw (among the datasets in the magnitude and shape of the trend. Some datasets show an) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (approach to an asymptote at low pH whereas others do not. In addition, ) Tj 388.32 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (C. tentans) Tj 54.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and) Tj -443.28 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw ( show lower slopes than other species. Nevertheless, it would be speculative) Tj -50.4 -14.16 TD 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (to assign different relationships to different taxa, especially because the same or) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (closely related species show some variation. Consequently, all of the datasets were) Tj T* 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (used to determine an average, generic shape for the pH dependence.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (Regression analyses were conducted individually on each dataset, and on the pooled) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (datasets assuming that only LC50) Tj 181.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.0288 Tc 0 Tw (t,8) Tj 7.92 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw ( varied among datasets. The pooled analysis) Tj -189.6 -14.16 TD 0.0076 Tc 0.0164 Tw (estimated pH) Tj 70.8 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw ( to be 7.204 \(95% confidence limits = 7.111 and 7.297\) and R to be) Tj -75.36 -14.16 TD 0.0564 Tc -0.0324 Tw (0.00704 \(95% confidence limits = 0.00548 and 0.00904\). The individual regression) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0717 Tc -0.0477 Tw (results are plotted as solid lines and the pooled analysis as dotted lines in Figure 8. ) Tj T* 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (The data points and the common regression line from the pooled analysis are also) Tj T* 0.0653 Tc -0.0413 Tw (plotted together in Figure 9 by dividing each point by the LC50) Tj 333.84 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.0288 Tc 0 Tw (t,8) Tj 7.92 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.056 Tc -0.032 Tw ( for its dataset \(this) Tj -341.76 -14.16 TD 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (normalized plot allows a different, combined perspective of the overall scatter of data) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (from the shape of the generic relationship not possible in Figure 8\). Except for the) Tj T* 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (datasets for ) Tj 66.48 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.013 Tc 0.011 Tw (L. variegatus) Tj 68.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and ) Tj 26.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0524 Tc -0.0284 Tw ( at low ion concentrations, the deviation of data) Tj -212.64 -14.16 TD 0.0495 Tc -0.0255 Tw (from this generic relationship at pH>7 is rather small and consistent with the typical) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (uncertainty of LC50s. At pH<7, however, some of the deviations are substantial; some) Tj T* 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (species, most notably channel catfish and ) Tj 227.04 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.013 Tc 0.011 Tw (L. variegatus) Tj 68.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (, have higher than expected) Tj -295.92 -14.16 TD 0.0145 Tc 0.0095 Tw (total ammonia LC50s, whereas others, such as ) Tj 254.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (Daphnia) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw ( sp. and ) Tj 46.32 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw ( have lower) Tj -395.52 -14.16 TD 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (than expected LC50s. Fortunately, these species are generally sufficiently resistant) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (that more accurately describing their pH dependence is unimportant for deriving a) Tj T* 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (CMC. Despite the variation among species at low pH, this generic relationship is) Tj T* 0.0678 Tc -0.0438 Tw (appropriate for criteria derivation, because it provides significantly higher values at low) Tj T* 0.0536 Tc -0.0296 Tw (pH, but not higher than those for fish species that are relatively sensitive at low pH, a) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (suitably conservative assumption for sensitive species for which data do not exist at) Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.016 Tw (low pH.) 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TD (20) Tj 0 11.76 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (200) Tj 0 12 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.6 TD (100) Tj ET 0.48 w 125.04 204.96 m 125.04 206.6822 123.1046 208.08 120.72 208.08 c 118.3354 208.08 116.4 206.6822 116.4 204.96 c 116.4 203.2377 118.3354 201.84 120.72 201.84 c 123.1046 201.84 125.04 203.2377 125.04 204.96 c b 125.04 207.6 m 125.04 209.3223 123.1046 210.72 120.72 210.72 c 118.3354 210.72 116.4 209.3223 116.4 207.6 c 116.4 205.8777 118.3354 204.48 120.72 204.48 c 123.1046 204.48 125.04 205.8777 125.04 207.6 c b 125.04 207.84 m 125.04 209.5623 123.1046 210.96 120.72 210.96 c 118.3354 210.96 116.4 209.5623 116.4 207.84 c 116.4 206.1178 118.3354 204.72 120.72 204.72 c 123.1046 204.72 125.04 206.1178 125.04 207.84 c b 125.04 208.8 m 125.04 210.5222 123.1046 211.92 120.72 211.92 c 118.3354 211.92 116.4 210.5222 116.4 208.8 c 116.4 207.0777 118.3354 205.68 120.72 205.68 c 123.1046 205.68 125.04 207.0777 125.04 208.8 c b 161.52 173.52 m 161.52 175.2422 159.5846 176.64 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l 137.52 195.6 l 138 195.12 l 138.24 194.88 l 138.72 194.64 l 139.2 194.4 l 139.44 193.92 l 139.68 193.68 l 140.16 193.44 l 140.64 193.2 l 140.88 192.72 l 141.12 192.48 l 141.6 192.24 l 142.08 192 l 142.32 191.52 l 142.8 191.28 l 143.04 191.04 l 143.52 190.56 l 143.76 190.32 l 144.24 189.84 l 144.48 189.6 l 144.96 189.36 l 145.2 189.12 l 145.68 188.64 l 145.92 188.4 l 146.4 187.92 l 146.64 187.68 l 147.12 187.44 l 147.6 186.96 l 147.84 186.72 l 148.08 186.48 l 148.56 186 l 149.04 185.76 l 149.28 185.52 l 149.76 185.04 l 150 184.8 l 150.48 184.32 l 150.72 184.08 l 151.2 183.84 l 151.44 183.36 l 151.92 183.12 l 152.16 182.64 l 152.64 182.4 l 152.88 182.16 l 153.36 181.68 l 153.6 181.44 l 154.08 180.96 l 154.32 180.72 l 154.8 180.48 l 155.04 180 l 155.52 179.76 l 155.76 179.28 l 156.24 179.04 l 156.72 178.8 l 156.96 178.32 l 157.2 178.08 l 157.68 177.6 l 158.16 177.36 l 158.4 176.88 l 158.64 176.64 l 159.12 176.16 l 159.6 175.92 l 159.84 175.68 l 160.32 175.2 l 160.56 174.96 l 161.04 174.48 l 161.28 174.24 l 161.76 173.76 l 162 173.52 l 162.48 173.28 l 162.72 172.8 l 163.2 172.56 l 163.44 172.08 l 163.92 171.84 l 164.16 171.6 l 164.64 171.12 l 165.12 170.88 l 165.36 170.4 l 165.6 170.16 l 166.08 169.68 l 166.56 169.44 l 166.8 169.2 l 167.28 168.72 l 167.52 168.48 l 168 168 l 168.24 167.76 l 168.72 167.28 l 168.96 167.04 l 169.44 166.8 l 169.68 166.32 l 170.16 166.08 l 170.4 165.6 l 170.88 165.36 l 171.12 165.12 l 171.6 164.64 l 171.84 164.4 l 172.32 163.92 l 172.56 163.68 l 173.04 163.44 l 173.28 162.96 l 173.76 162.72 l 174.24 162.24 l 174.48 162 l 174.72 161.76 l 175.2 161.28 l 175.68 161.04 l 175.92 160.8 l 176.16 160.32 l 176.64 160.08 l 177.12 159.84 l 177.36 159.36 l 177.84 159.12 l 178.08 158.88 l 178.56 158.4 l 178.8 158.16 l 179.28 157.92 l 179.52 157.44 l 180 157.2 l 180.24 156.96 l 180.72 156.72 l 180.96 156.24 l 181.44 156 l 181.68 155.76 l 182.16 155.52 l 182.64 155.04 l 182.88 154.8 l 183.12 154.56 l 183.6 154.08 l 184.08 153.84 l 184.32 153.6 l 184.8 153.36 l 185.04 152.88 l 185.52 152.64 l 185.76 152.4 l 186.24 152.16 l 186.48 151.92 l 186.96 151.44 l 187.2 151.2 l 187.68 150.96 l 187.92 150.72 l 188.4 150.48 l 188.64 150.24 l 189.12 149.76 l 189.36 149.52 l 189.84 149.28 l 190.08 149.04 l 190.56 148.8 l 190.8 148.56 l 191.28 148.32 l 191.76 148.08 l 192 147.84 l 192.48 147.6 l 192.72 147.12 l 193.2 146.88 l 193.44 146.64 l 193.92 146.4 l S 84.48 214.56 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 84.24 214.56 m 84.48 214.56 l S 94.8 213.6 0.24 0.24 re f 94.8 213.6 m 94.8 213.6 l S 105.12 211.92 0.24 0.24 re f 105.12 211.92 m 105.12 211.92 l S 115.44 209.28 0.24 0.24 re f 115.44 209.28 m 115.44 209.28 l S 126 204.96 0.24 0.24 re f 125.76 204.96 m 126 204.96 l S 136.32 198.72 0.24 0.24 re f 136.32 198.96 m 136.32 198.72 l S 146.16 191.52 0.24 0.24 re f 146.16 191.52 m 146.16 191.52 l S 155.28 183.84 0.24 0.24 re f 155.28 184.08 m 155.28 183.84 l S 163.68 176.16 0.24 0.24 re f 163.68 176.4 m 163.68 176.16 l S 172.08 168.48 0.24 0.24 re f 172.08 168.72 m 172.08 168.48 l S 180.72 161.04 0.24 0.24 re f 180.48 161.04 m 180.72 161.04 l S 189.84 153.36 0.24 0.24 re f 189.84 153.36 m 189.84 153.36 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 78.24 259.68 116.64 91.2 re b BT 90.96 280.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9927 Tc -0.4954 Tw (Green Sunfish) Tj 0 -7.2 TD 0.9541 Tc -0.4568 Tw (\(McCormick et al. 1984\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 78.24 259.2 m 194.88 259.2 l S 81.84 259.2 m 81.84 264.24 l S 118.32 259.2 m 118.32 264.24 l S 154.8 259.2 m 154.8 264.24 l S 191.28 259.2 m 191.28 264.24 l S 89.04 259.2 m 89.04 261.6 l S 96.24 259.2 m 96.24 261.6 l S 103.68 259.2 m 103.68 261.6 l S 110.88 259.2 m 110.88 261.6 l S 125.52 259.2 m 125.52 261.6 l S 132.96 259.2 m 132.96 261.6 l S 140.16 259.2 m 140.16 261.6 l S 147.6 259.2 m 147.6 261.6 l S 162 259.2 m 162 261.6 l S 169.44 259.2 m 169.44 261.6 l S 176.64 259.2 m 176.64 261.6 l S 184.08 259.2 m 184.08 261.6 l S BT 79.2 249.36 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 36.48 0 TD (7) Tj 36.48 0 TD (8) Tj 36.48 0 TD (9) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 43.68 241.44 Tm /F1 8.4 Tf 0 Tc (TOTAL AMMON) Tj (IA LC50 \() Tj (mg N) Tj (/L\)) Tj ET 78.24 259.68 m 78.24 350.88 l S 78.24 287.28 m 84.96 287.28 l S 78.24 327.12 m 84.96 327.12 l S 78.24 259.68 m 81.6 259.68 l S 78.24 271.44 m 81.6 271.44 l S 78.24 299.28 m 81.6 299.28 l S 78.24 311.28 m 81.6 311.28 l S 78.24 338.88 m 81.6 338.88 l S 78.24 350.88 m 81.6 350.88 l S BT 68.16 257.28 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc (2) Tj 0 12 TD (4) Tj -5.28 27.6 TD (20) Tj 0 12 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (200) Tj 0 11.76 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.84 TD (100) Tj ET 0.48 w 107.76 344.16 m 107.76 345.8823 105.8784 347.28 103.56 347.28 c 101.2416 347.28 99.36 345.8823 99.36 344.16 c 99.36 342.4378 101.2416 341.04 103.56 341.04 c 105.8784 341.04 107.76 342.4378 107.76 344.16 c S 103.44 342.96 0.48 2.16 re S 102.24 343.68 2.88 0.48 re S 103.92 344.16 m 103.92 344.2925 103.7587 344.4 103.56 344.4 c 103.3613 344.4 103.2 344.2925 103.2 344.16 c 103.2 344.0275 103.3613 343.92 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m 184.56 287.5623 182.6246 288.96 180.24 288.96 c 177.8554 288.96 175.92 287.5623 175.92 285.84 c 175.92 284.1178 177.8554 282.72 180.24 282.72 c 182.6246 282.72 184.56 284.1178 184.56 285.84 c S 180.24 284.64 0.24 2.16 re S 178.8 285.6 2.88 0.24 re S 180.48 285.84 m 180.48 285.9725 180.3187 286.08 180.12 286.08 c 179.9213 286.08 179.76 285.9725 179.76 285.84 c 179.76 285.7075 179.9213 285.6 180.12 285.6 c 180.3187 285.6 180.48 285.7075 180.48 285.84 c S 1.92 w 81.84 348 m 82.08 348 l 82.56 348 l 82.8 348 l 83.28 348 l 83.52 347.76 l 84 347.76 l 84.24 347.76 l 84.72 347.76 l 84.96 347.76 l 85.44 347.76 l 85.68 347.52 l 86.16 347.52 l 86.64 347.52 l 86.88 347.52 l 87.12 347.52 l 87.6 347.28 l 88.08 347.28 l 88.32 347.28 l 88.8 347.28 l 89.04 347.04 l 89.52 347.04 l 89.76 347.04 l 90.24 347.04 l 90.48 346.8 l 90.96 346.8 l 91.2 346.8 l 91.68 346.8 l 91.92 346.56 l 92.4 346.56 l 92.64 346.56 l 93.12 346.32 l 93.36 346.32 l 93.84 346.32 l 94.08 346.32 l 94.56 346.08 l 94.8 346.08 l 95.28 346.08 l 95.76 345.84 l 96 345.84 l 96.24 345.84 l 96.72 345.6 l 97.2 345.6 l 97.44 345.6 l 97.68 345.36 l 98.16 345.36 l 98.64 345.36 l 98.88 345.12 l 99.36 345.12 l 99.6 344.88 l 100.08 344.88 l 100.32 344.88 l 100.8 344.64 l 101.04 344.64 l 101.52 344.4 l 101.76 344.4 l 102.24 344.16 l 102.48 344.16 l 102.96 344.16 l 103.2 343.92 l 103.68 343.68 l 104.16 343.68 l 104.4 343.68 l 104.64 343.44 l 105.12 343.44 l 105.6 343.2 l 105.84 343.2 l 106.32 342.96 l 106.56 342.72 l 107.04 342.72 l 107.28 342.48 l 107.76 342.48 l 108 342.24 l 108.48 342.24 l 108.72 342 l 109.2 341.76 l 109.44 341.76 l 109.92 341.52 l 110.16 341.52 l 110.64 341.28 l 110.88 341.04 l 111.36 341.04 l 111.6 340.8 l 112.08 340.56 l 112.32 340.56 l 112.8 340.32 l 113.28 340.08 l 113.52 339.84 l 113.76 339.84 l 114.24 339.6 l 114.72 339.36 l 114.96 339.12 l 115.2 339.12 l 115.68 338.88 l 116.16 338.64 l 116.4 338.64 l 116.88 338.4 l 117.12 338.16 l 117.6 337.92 l 117.84 337.68 l 118.32 337.44 l 118.56 337.44 l 119.04 337.2 l 119.28 336.96 l 119.76 336.72 l 120 336.48 l 120.48 336.24 l 120.72 336 l 121.2 336 l 121.68 335.52 l 121.92 335.52 l 122.16 335.28 l 122.64 335.04 l 123.12 334.8 l 123.36 334.56 l 123.84 334.32 l 124.08 334.08 l 124.56 333.84 l 124.8 333.6 l 125.28 333.36 l 125.52 333.12 l 126 332.88 l 126.24 332.64 l 126.72 332.4 l 126.96 332.16 l 127.44 331.92 l 127.68 331.68 l 128.16 331.2 l 128.4 330.96 l 128.88 330.72 l 129.12 330.48 l 129.6 330.24 l 129.84 330 l 130.32 329.76 l 130.8 329.52 l 131.04 329.28 l 131.52 329.04 l 131.76 328.56 l 132.24 328.32 l 132.48 328.08 l 132.96 327.84 l 133.2 327.6 l 133.68 327.36 l 133.92 326.88 l 134.4 326.64 l 134.64 326.4 l 135.12 326.16 l 135.36 325.68 l 135.84 325.44 l 136.08 325.2 l 136.56 324.96 l 136.8 324.72 l 137.28 324.24 l 137.52 324 l 138 323.76 l 138.24 323.52 l 138.72 323.04 l 139.2 322.8 l 139.44 322.32 l 139.68 322.08 l 140.16 321.84 l 140.64 321.6 l 140.88 321.12 l 141.36 320.88 l 141.6 320.64 l 142.08 320.16 l 142.32 319.92 l 142.8 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630.48 477.84 m 633.84 477.84 l S BT 620.4 384 TD (2) Tj 0 12 TD (4) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (20) Tj 0 11.76 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (200) Tj 0 12 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.6 TD (100) Tj ET 653.52 479.76 m 658.56 475.92 l 653.52 472.08 l 648.24 475.92 l 653.52 479.76 l S 676.56 461.28 m 681.6 457.44 l 676.56 453.84 l 671.28 457.44 l 676.56 461.28 l S 697.68 441.6 m 702.72 437.76 l 697.68 434.16 l 692.4 437.76 l 697.68 441.6 l S 732.96 413.04 m 738.24 409.44 l 732.96 405.6 l 727.92 409.44 l 732.96 413.04 l S 1.92 w 646.56 477.84 m 646.56 477.84 l 646.56 477.84 l 647.04 477.6 l 647.28 477.6 l 647.52 477.36 l 648 477.12 l 648.48 477.12 l 648.72 476.88 l 648.96 476.88 l 649.44 476.64 l 649.92 476.4 l 650.16 476.4 l 650.64 476.16 l 650.88 475.92 l 651.36 475.92 l 651.6 475.68 l 652.08 475.44 l 652.32 475.44 l 652.8 475.2 l 653.04 474.96 l 653.52 474.96 l 653.76 474.72 l 654.24 474.48 l 654.48 474.24 l 654.96 474.24 l 655.2 474 l 655.68 473.76 l 655.92 473.52 l 656.4 473.28 l 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727.92 410.64 l 728.4 410.16 l 728.64 409.92 l 729.12 409.68 l 729.36 409.2 l 729.84 408.96 l 730.08 408.72 l 730.56 408.24 l 730.8 408 l 731.28 407.76 l 731.52 407.28 l 732 407.04 l 732.24 406.8 l 732.72 406.32 l 732.96 406.08 l 733.44 405.84 l 733.68 405.36 l 734.16 405.12 l 734.64 404.88 l 734.88 404.4 l 735.12 404.16 l 735.6 403.92 l 736.08 403.68 l 736.32 403.2 l 736.8 402.96 l 737.04 402.72 l 737.52 402.24 l 737.76 402 l 738.24 401.76 l 738.48 401.52 l 738.96 401.28 l 739.2 400.8 l 739.68 400.56 l 739.92 400.32 l 740.4 400.08 l 740.64 399.84 l 741.12 399.36 l 741.6 399.12 l 741.84 398.88 l 742.08 398.64 l 742.56 398.4 l 743.04 398.16 l 743.28 397.92 l 743.52 397.44 l S 634.32 468.72 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 634.08 468.72 m 634.32 468.72 l S 644.64 467.76 0.24 0.24 re f 644.4 467.76 m 644.64 467.76 l S 654.96 466.08 0.24 0.24 re f 654.96 466.08 m 654.96 466.08 l S 665.28 463.44 0.24 0.24 re f 665.28 463.44 m 665.28 463.44 l S 675.84 459.12 0.24 0.24 re f 675.6 459.12 m 675.84 459.12 l S 686.16 453.12 0.24 0.24 re f 685.92 453.12 m 686.16 453.12 l S 696 445.68 0.24 0.24 re f 696 445.92 m 696 445.68 l S 705.12 438.24 0.24 0.24 re f 704.88 438.24 m 705.12 438.24 l S 713.52 430.56 0.24 0.24 re f 713.52 430.56 m 713.52 430.56 l S 721.92 422.88 0.24 0.24 re f 721.92 422.88 m 721.92 422.88 l S 730.32 415.2 0.24 0.24 re f 730.32 415.2 m 730.32 415.2 l S 739.68 407.52 0.24 0.24 re f 739.68 407.52 m 739.68 407.52 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 492.96 386.4 116.88 91.44 re b BT 503.52 407.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9636 Tc -0.2264 Tw (Daphnia sp.) Tj 0 -7.44 TD 0.96 Tc -0.2228 Tw (\(Tabata 1962\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 492.96 385.92 m 609.84 385.92 l S 496.8 386.16 m 496.8 391.2 l S 533.28 386.16 m 533.28 391.2 l S 569.76 386.16 m 569.76 391.2 l S 606.24 386.16 m 606.24 391.2 l S 504 385.92 m 504 388.56 l S 511.2 385.92 m 511.2 388.56 l S 518.64 385.92 m 518.64 388.56 l S 525.84 385.92 m 525.84 388.56 l S 540.48 385.92 m 540.48 388.56 l S 547.68 385.92 m 547.68 388.56 l S 555.12 385.92 m 555.12 388.56 l S 562.32 385.92 m 562.32 388.56 l S 576.96 385.92 m 576.96 388.56 l S 584.4 385.92 m 584.4 388.56 l S 591.6 385.92 m 591.6 388.56 l S 598.8 385.92 m 598.8 388.56 l S BT 494.16 376.08 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 36.48 0 TD (7) Tj 36.48 0 TD (8) Tj 36.48 0 TD (9) Tj ET 492.96 386.4 m 492.96 477.84 l S 493.2 414.24 m 499.92 414.24 l S 493.2 453.84 m 499.92 453.84 l S 492.96 386.4 m 496.56 386.4 l S 492.96 398.4 m 496.56 398.4 l S 492.96 426.24 m 496.56 426.24 l S 492.96 438 m 496.56 438 l S 492.96 465.84 m 496.56 465.84 l S 492.96 477.84 m 496.56 477.84 l S BT 483.12 384 TD (2) Tj 0 12 TD (4) Tj -5.52 27.84 TD (20) Tj 0 11.76 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (200) Tj 0 12 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.6 TD (100) Tj ET 514.8 462.96 m 510.48 468.72 l 519.36 468.72 l 514.8 462.96 l S 518.64 463.44 m 514.08 469.2 l 522.96 469.2 l 518.64 463.44 l S 533.28 464.4 m 528.72 470.16 l 537.6 470.16 l 533.28 464.4 l S 533.28 462.48 m 528.72 468 l 537.6 468 l 533.28 462.48 l S 534.96 462.48 m 530.4 468.24 l 539.52 468.24 l 534.96 462.48 l S 534.96 460.32 m 530.4 466.08 l 539.52 466.08 l 534.96 460.32 l S 536.88 458.4 m 532.32 464.16 l 541.2 464.16 l 536.88 458.4 l S 547.68 456.96 m 543.36 462.72 l 552.24 462.72 l 547.68 456.96 l S 549.6 453.36 m 545.04 459.12 l 554.16 459.12 l 549.6 453.36 l S 569.76 448.08 m 565.2 453.84 l 574.08 453.84 l 569.76 448.08 l S 569.76 442.08 m 565.2 447.84 l 574.08 447.84 l 569.76 442.08 l S 573.36 443.28 m 568.8 449.04 l 577.68 449.04 l 573.36 443.28 l S 573.36 440.88 m 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463.44 l 536.16 463.44 l 536.4 463.2 l 536.88 463.2 l 537.12 462.96 l 537.6 462.96 l 537.84 462.72 l 538.32 462.72 l 538.56 462.48 l 539.04 462.48 l 539.28 462.24 l 539.76 462.24 l 540.24 462 l 540.48 462 l 540.72 461.76 l 541.2 461.76 l 541.68 461.52 l 541.92 461.52 l 542.4 461.28 l 542.64 461.04 l 543.12 461.04 l 543.36 460.8 l 543.84 460.8 l 544.08 460.56 l 544.56 460.32 l 544.8 460.32 l 545.28 460.08 l 545.52 459.84 l 546 459.84 l 546.24 459.6 l 546.72 459.36 l 546.96 459.36 l 547.44 459.12 l 547.68 458.88 l 548.16 458.88 l 548.4 458.64 l 548.88 458.4 l 549.36 458.16 l 549.6 458.16 l 549.84 457.92 l 550.32 457.68 l 550.8 457.44 l 551.04 457.44 l 551.52 457.2 l 551.76 456.96 l 552.24 456.72 l 552.48 456.48 l 552.96 456.24 l 553.2 456.24 l 553.68 456 l 553.92 455.76 l 554.4 455.52 l 554.64 455.28 l 555.12 455.04 l 555.36 454.8 l 555.84 454.56 l 556.32 454.56 l 556.56 454.32 l 556.8 454.08 l 557.28 453.84 l 557.76 453.6 l 558 453.36 l 558.24 453.12 l 558.72 452.88 l 559.2 452.64 l 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Tj -5.28 39.6 TD (100) Tj ET 0.48 w 634.08 348 m 639.36 344.16 l 634.08 340.56 l 629.04 344.16 l 634.08 348 l S 633.84 342.96 0.48 2.64 re S 632.4 344.16 3.36 0.24 re S 634.32 344.4 m 634.32 344.5325 634.1587 344.64 633.96 344.64 c 633.7613 344.64 633.6 344.5325 633.6 344.4 c 633.6 344.2675 633.7613 344.16 633.96 344.16 c 634.1587 344.16 634.32 344.2675 634.32 344.4 c S 634.08 343.2 m 639.36 339.36 l 634.08 335.52 l 629.04 339.36 l 634.08 343.2 l S 633.84 338.16 0.48 2.4 re S 632.4 339.12 3.36 0.48 re S 634.32 339.36 m 634.32 339.4925 634.1587 339.6 633.96 339.6 c 633.7613 339.6 633.6 339.4925 633.6 339.36 c 633.6 339.2275 633.7613 339.12 633.96 339.12 c 634.1587 339.12 634.32 339.2275 634.32 339.36 c S 707.04 310.32 m 712.32 306.72 l 707.04 302.88 l 702 306.72 l 707.04 310.32 l S 707.04 305.28 0.24 2.64 re S 705.36 306.48 3.6 0.24 re S 707.28 306.72 m 707.28 306.8525 707.1187 306.96 706.92 306.96 c 706.7213 306.96 706.56 306.8525 706.56 306.72 c 706.56 306.5875 706.7213 306.48 706.92 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719.04 284.16 l 719.52 283.68 l 720 283.44 l 720.24 282.96 l 720.72 282.72 l 720.96 282.24 l 721.44 282 l 721.68 281.76 l 722.16 281.28 l 722.4 281.04 l 722.88 280.56 l 723.12 280.08 l 723.6 279.84 l 724.08 279.36 l 724.32 279.12 l 724.56 278.64 l 725.04 278.4 l 725.52 278.16 l 725.76 277.68 l 726 277.44 l 726.48 276.96 l 726.96 276.72 l 727.2 276.24 l 727.68 276 l 727.92 275.52 l 728.4 275.28 l 728.64 274.8 l 729.12 274.56 l 729.36 274.08 l 729.84 273.84 l 730.08 273.36 l 730.56 273.12 l 730.8 272.88 l 731.28 272.4 l 731.52 272.16 l 732 271.68 l 732.24 271.44 l 732.72 271.2 l 732.96 270.72 l 733.44 270.48 l 733.68 270 l 734.16 269.76 l 734.64 269.28 l 734.88 269.04 l 735.12 268.8 l 735.6 268.32 l 736.08 268.08 l 736.32 267.84 l 736.8 267.36 l 737.04 267.12 l 737.52 266.64 l 737.76 266.4 l 738.24 266.16 l 738.48 265.68 l 738.96 265.44 l 739.2 265.2 l 739.68 264.72 l 739.92 264.48 l 740.4 264.24 l 740.64 263.76 l 741.12 263.52 l 741.6 263.28 l 741.84 263.04 l 742.08 262.56 l 742.56 262.32 l 743.04 261.84 l 743.28 261.6 l 743.52 261.36 l S 634.32 331.92 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 634.08 331.92 m 634.32 331.92 l S 644.64 330.96 0.24 0.24 re f 644.4 330.96 m 644.64 330.96 l S 654.96 329.28 0.24 0.24 re f 654.96 329.28 m 654.96 329.28 l S 665.28 326.64 0.24 0.24 re f 665.28 326.64 m 665.28 326.64 l S 675.84 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 675.6 322.32 m 675.84 322.32 l S 686.16 316.08 0.24 0.24 re f 685.92 316.32 m 686.16 316.08 l S 696 308.88 0.24 0.24 re f 696 308.88 m 696 308.88 l S 705.12 301.2 0.24 0.24 re f 704.88 301.44 m 705.12 301.2 l S 713.52 293.52 0.24 0.24 re f 713.52 293.76 m 713.52 293.52 l S 721.92 285.84 0.24 0.24 re f 721.92 286.08 m 721.92 285.84 l S 730.32 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 730.32 278.4 m 730.32 278.4 l S 739.68 270.72 0.24 0.24 re f 739.68 270.72 m 739.68 270.72 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 492.96 259.68 116.88 91.2 re b BT 503.76 279.84 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9299 Tc -0.1926 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 0 -7.2 TD 0.9388 Tc -0.2815 Tw (\(Tomasso et al. 1980\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 492.96 259.2 m 609.84 259.2 l S 496.8 259.2 m 496.8 264.24 l S 533.28 259.2 m 533.28 264.24 l S 569.76 259.2 m 569.76 264.24 l S 606.24 259.2 m 606.24 264.24 l S 504 259.2 m 504 261.6 l S 511.2 259.2 m 511.2 261.6 l S 518.64 259.2 m 518.64 261.6 l S 525.84 259.2 m 525.84 261.6 l S 540.48 259.2 m 540.48 261.6 l S 547.68 259.2 m 547.68 261.6 l S 555.12 259.2 m 555.12 261.6 l S 562.32 259.2 m 562.32 261.6 l S 576.96 259.2 m 576.96 261.6 l S 584.4 259.2 m 584.4 261.6 l S 591.6 259.2 m 591.6 261.6 l S 598.8 259.2 m 598.8 261.6 l S BT 494.16 249.36 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 36.48 0 TD (7) Tj 36.48 0 TD (8) Tj 36.48 0 TD (9) Tj ET 492.96 259.68 m 492.96 350.88 l S 493.2 287.28 m 499.92 287.28 l S 493.2 327.12 m 499.92 327.12 l S 492.96 259.68 m 496.56 259.68 l S 492.96 271.44 m 496.56 271.44 l S 492.96 299.28 m 496.56 299.28 l S 492.96 311.28 m 496.56 311.28 l S 492.96 338.88 m 496.56 338.88 l S 492.96 350.88 m 496.56 350.88 l S BT 483.12 257.28 TD (2) Tj 0 12 TD (4) Tj -5.52 27.6 TD (20) Tj 0 12 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (200) Tj 0 11.76 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.84 TD (100) Tj ET 0.48 w 533.28 340.56 m 528.72 346.32 l 537.6 346.32 l 533.28 340.56 l S 533.04 343.2 0.24 2.4 re S 531.36 344.16 3.6 0.48 re S 533.52 344.64 m 533.52 344.7725 533.3587 344.88 533.16 344.88 c 532.9613 344.88 532.8 344.7725 532.8 344.64 c 532.8 344.5075 532.9613 344.4 533.16 344.4 c 533.3587 344.4 533.52 344.5075 533.52 344.64 c S 569.76 306.96 m 565.2 312.48 l 574.08 312.48 l 569.76 306.96 l S 569.52 309.36 0.48 2.64 re S 567.84 310.56 3.6 0.24 re S 570 310.8 m 570 310.9325 569.8387 311.04 569.64 311.04 c 569.4413 311.04 569.28 310.9325 569.28 310.8 c 569.28 310.6675 569.4413 310.56 569.64 310.56 c 569.8387 310.56 570 310.6675 570 310.8 c S 606.24 269.76 m 601.68 275.52 l 610.56 275.52 l 606.24 269.76 l S 606 272.4 0.48 2.4 re S 604.56 273.36 3.36 0.48 re S 606.48 273.84 m 606.48 273.9725 606.3187 274.08 606.12 274.08 c 605.9213 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l 460.8 283.2 l 461.04 282.96 l 461.52 282.72 l 461.76 282.48 l 462.24 282.24 l 462.48 282 l 462.96 281.76 l 463.2 281.52 l 463.68 281.28 l 463.92 281.04 l 464.4 280.56 l 464.64 280.32 l 465.12 280.08 l 465.6 279.84 l 465.84 279.6 l 466.08 279.36 l 466.56 279.12 l 467.04 278.88 l 467.28 278.64 l 467.52 278.4 l 468 278.4 l 468.48 278.16 l 468.72 277.92 l S 359.28 341.52 0.24 0.24 re f 2.16 w 359.28 341.52 m 359.28 341.52 l S 369.6 340.8 0.24 0.24 re f 369.6 340.8 m 369.6 340.8 l S 380.16 339.12 0.24 0.24 re f 379.92 339.12 m 380.16 339.12 l S 390.48 336.48 0.24 0.24 re f 390.48 336.48 m 390.48 336.48 l S 400.8 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 400.8 332.16 m 400.8 332.16 l S 411.12 325.92 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 325.92 m 411.12 325.92 l S 421.2 318.72 0.24 0.24 re f 420.96 318.72 m 421.2 318.72 l S 430.08 311.04 0.24 0.24 re f 430.08 311.04 m 430.08 311.04 l S 438.72 303.36 0.24 0.24 re f 438.72 303.36 m 438.72 303.36 l S 446.88 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 446.88 295.68 m 446.88 295.68 l S 455.52 288 0.24 0.24 re f 455.52 288.24 m 455.52 288 l S 464.64 280.56 0.24 0.24 re f 464.64 280.56 m 464.64 280.56 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 218.16 132.72 116.88 91.44 re b BT 231.36 153.84 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9299 Tc -0.1926 Tw (Channel Catfish) Tj 0 -7.2 TD 1.027 Tc -0.4497 Tw (\(Sheehan & Lewis 1986\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 218.16 132.24 m 335.04 132.24 l S 221.76 132.48 m 221.76 137.28 l S 258.24 132.48 m 258.24 137.28 l S 294.72 132.48 m 294.72 137.28 l S 331.2 132.48 m 331.2 137.28 l S 228.96 132.24 m 228.96 134.88 l S 236.4 132.24 m 236.4 134.88 l S 243.6 132.24 m 243.6 134.88 l S 251.04 132.24 m 251.04 134.88 l S 265.44 132.24 m 265.44 134.88 l S 272.88 132.24 m 272.88 134.88 l S 280.08 132.24 m 280.08 134.88 l S 287.52 132.24 m 287.52 134.88 l S 302.16 132.24 m 302.16 134.88 l S 309.36 132.24 m 309.36 134.88 l S 316.8 132.24 m 316.8 134.88 l S 324 132.24 m 324 134.88 l S BT 219.12 122.4 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 36.48 0 TD (7) Tj 36.48 0 TD (8) Tj 36.48 0 TD 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0.24 re f 294.48 179.76 m 294.48 179.52 l S 304.8 172.32 0.24 0.24 re f 304.8 172.56 m 304.8 172.32 l S 315.12 165.36 0.24 0.24 re f 315.12 165.36 m 315.12 165.36 l S 325.44 158.4 0.24 0.24 re f 325.44 158.4 m 325.44 158.4 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 355.68 132.72 116.64 91.44 re b BT 363.36 154.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.9225 Tc -0.4253 Tw (Lumbriculus variegatus) Tj 0 -7.2 TD 0.9119 Tc -0.2546 Tw (\(Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1995\)) Tj 42.24 -41.28 TD /F1 9.84 Tf 2.2322 Tc 0 Tw (pH) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 355.68 132.24 m 472.32 132.24 l S 359.28 132.48 m 359.28 137.28 l S 395.76 132.48 m 395.76 137.28 l S 432.24 132.48 m 432.24 137.28 l S 468.72 132.48 m 468.72 137.28 l S 366.48 132.24 m 366.48 134.88 l S 373.92 132.24 m 373.92 134.88 l S 381.12 132.24 m 381.12 134.88 l S 388.56 132.24 m 388.56 134.88 l S 402.96 132.24 m 402.96 134.88 l S 410.4 132.24 m 410.4 134.88 l S 417.6 132.24 m 417.6 134.88 l S 425.04 132.24 m 425.04 134.88 l S 439.44 132.24 m 439.44 134.88 l S 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l 440.16 161.28 l 440.64 160.8 l 441.12 160.56 l 441.36 160.08 l 441.6 159.84 l 442.08 159.36 l 442.56 159.12 l 442.8 158.64 l 443.28 158.4 l 443.52 158.16 l 444 157.68 l 444.24 157.44 l 444.72 156.96 l 444.96 156.72 l 445.44 156.24 l 445.68 156 l 446.16 155.52 l 446.4 155.28 l 446.88 154.8 l 447.12 154.56 l 447.6 154.32 l 447.84 153.84 l 448.32 153.6 l 448.56 153.12 l 449.04 152.88 l 449.52 152.4 l 449.76 152.16 l 450 151.92 l 450.48 151.44 l 450.96 151.2 l 451.2 150.96 l 451.68 150.48 l 451.92 150.24 l 452.4 149.76 l 452.64 149.52 l 453.12 149.28 l 453.36 148.8 l 453.84 148.56 l 454.08 148.32 l 454.56 147.84 l 454.8 147.6 l 455.28 147.36 l 455.52 146.88 l 456 146.64 l 456.24 146.4 l 456.72 145.92 l 456.96 145.68 l 457.44 145.44 l 457.68 145.2 l 458.16 144.72 l 458.64 144.48 l 458.88 144.24 l 459.12 144 l 459.6 143.52 l 460.08 143.28 l 460.32 143.04 l 460.8 142.8 l 461.04 142.32 l 461.52 142.08 l 461.76 141.84 l 462.24 141.6 l 462.48 141.36 l 462.96 140.88 l 463.2 140.64 l 463.68 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492.96 132.72 116.88 91.44 re b BT 506.4 154.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 1.2902 Tc (Ch) Tj 0.9502 Tc -0.4529 Tw (ironomus tentans) Tj 0 -7.44 TD 0.9119 Tc -0.2546 Tw (\(Schubauer-Berigan et al. 1995\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 492.96 132.24 m 609.84 132.24 l S 496.8 132.48 m 496.8 137.28 l S 533.28 132.48 m 533.28 137.28 l S 569.76 132.48 m 569.76 137.28 l S 606.24 132.48 m 606.24 137.28 l S 504 132.24 m 504 134.88 l S 511.2 132.24 m 511.2 134.88 l S 518.64 132.24 m 518.64 134.88 l S 525.84 132.24 m 525.84 134.88 l S 540.48 132.24 m 540.48 134.88 l S 547.68 132.24 m 547.68 134.88 l S 555.12 132.24 m 555.12 134.88 l S 562.32 132.24 m 562.32 134.88 l S 576.96 132.24 m 576.96 134.88 l S 584.4 132.24 m 584.4 134.88 l S 591.6 132.24 m 591.6 134.88 l S 598.8 132.24 m 598.8 134.88 l S BT 494.16 122.4 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 36.48 0 TD (7) Tj 36.48 0 TD (8) Tj 36.48 0 TD (9) Tj ET 492.96 132.72 m 492.96 224.16 l S 493.2 148.56 m 499.92 148.56 l S 493.2 188.16 m 499.92 188.16 l S 492.96 132.72 m 496.56 132.72 l S 492.96 160.56 m 496.56 160.56 l S 492.96 172.56 m 496.56 172.56 l S 492.96 200.16 m 496.56 200.16 l S 492.96 212.16 m 496.56 212.16 l S BT 483.12 130.32 TD (4) Tj -5.52 27.84 TD (20) Tj 0 12 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.6 TD (200) Tj 0 12 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.6 TD (100) Tj ET 515.76 207.6 m 511.2 213.36 l 520.08 213.36 l 515.76 207.6 l b* 535.68 199.44 m 531.36 205.2 l 540.24 205.2 l 535.68 199.44 l b* 556.8 195.12 m 552.48 200.88 l 561.36 200.88 l 556.8 195.12 l b* 588.96 181.68 m 584.64 187.44 l 593.52 187.44 l 588.96 181.68 l b* 1.92 w 496.8 207.84 m 497.04 207.84 l 497.28 207.84 l 497.76 207.84 l 498.24 207.84 l 498.48 207.84 l 498.96 207.84 l 499.2 207.84 l 499.68 207.84 l 499.92 207.84 l 500.4 207.84 l 500.64 207.84 l 501.12 207.84 l 501.36 207.84 l 501.84 207.6 l 502.08 207.6 l 502.56 207.6 l 502.8 207.6 l 503.28 207.6 l 503.52 207.6 l 504 207.6 l 504.24 207.6 l 504.72 207.6 l 504.96 207.6 l 505.44 207.6 l 505.68 207.6 l 506.16 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1 RG 1 1 1 rg 630.48 132.72 116.88 91.44 re b BT 641.28 154.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F6 6.24 Tf 0.8977 Tc -0.4005 Tw (Hyalella azteca) Tj 0 -7.44 TD 0.8907 Tc -0.3935 Tw (\(Ankley et al. 1995\)) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 630.48 132.24 m 747.36 132.24 l S 634.08 132.48 m 634.08 137.28 l S 670.56 132.48 m 670.56 137.28 l S 707.04 132.48 m 707.04 137.28 l S 743.52 132.48 m 743.52 137.28 l S 641.52 132.24 m 641.52 134.88 l S 648.72 132.24 m 648.72 134.88 l S 655.92 132.24 m 655.92 134.88 l S 663.36 132.24 m 663.36 134.88 l S 678 132.24 m 678 134.88 l S 685.2 132.24 m 685.2 134.88 l S 692.64 132.24 m 692.64 134.88 l S 699.84 132.24 m 699.84 134.88 l S 714.48 132.24 m 714.48 134.88 l S 721.68 132.24 m 721.68 134.88 l S 729.12 132.24 m 729.12 134.88 l S 736.32 132.24 m 736.32 134.88 l S BT 631.44 122.4 TD /F1 6.96 Tf 1.4102 Tc 0 Tw (6) Tj 36.48 0 TD (7) Tj 36.48 0 TD (8) Tj 36.72 0 TD (9) Tj ET 630.48 132.72 m 630.48 224.16 l S 630.48 160.56 m 637.44 160.56 l S 630.48 200.16 m 637.44 200.16 l S 630.48 132.72 m 633.84 132.72 l S 630.48 144.72 m 633.84 144.72 l S 630.48 172.56 m 633.84 172.56 l S 630.48 184.32 m 633.84 184.32 l S 630.48 212.16 m 633.84 212.16 l S 630.48 224.16 m 633.84 224.16 l S BT 620.4 130.32 TD (2) Tj 0 12 TD (4) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (20) Tj 0 11.76 TD (40) Tj -5.28 27.84 TD (200) Tj 0 12 TD (400) Tj 5.28 -63.6 TD (10) Tj -5.28 39.6 TD (100) Tj ET 652.32 176.88 m 655.68 174.24 l 652.32 171.84 l 648.96 174.24 l 652.32 176.88 l b* 688.56 173.28 m 691.92 170.64 l 688.56 168 l 684.96 170.64 l 688.56 173.28 l b* 714.72 180 m 718.32 177.36 l 714.72 174.72 l 711.36 177.36 l 714.72 180 l b* 1.92 w 634.08 216 m 634.56 216 l 634.8 216 l 635.28 216 l 635.52 216 l 636 216 l 636.24 216 l 636.72 216 l 636.96 216 l 637.44 216 l 637.68 216 l 638.16 216 l 638.4 216 l 638.88 216 l 639.12 216 l 639.6 216 l 640.08 216 l 640.32 216 l 640.56 216 l 641.04 216 l 641.52 215.76 l 641.76 215.76 l 642.24 215.76 l 642.48 215.76 l 642.96 215.76 l 643.2 215.76 l 643.68 215.76 l 643.92 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738.24 172.08 l 738.48 171.84 l 738.96 171.6 l 739.2 171.36 l 739.68 171.12 l 739.92 170.88 l 740.4 170.64 l 740.64 170.4 l 741.12 170.16 l 741.6 169.92 l 741.84 169.68 l 742.08 169.44 l 742.56 169.2 l 743.04 168.96 l 743.28 168.72 l 743.52 168.48 l S 0.48 w 654.24 221.04 m 661.2 216 l 654.24 210.72 l 647.28 216 l 654.24 221.04 l b* 685.68 212.16 m 692.4 207.12 l 685.68 202.08 l 678.72 207.12 l 685.68 212.16 l b* 723.6 189.12 m 730.32 184.08 l 723.6 178.8 l 716.64 184.08 l 723.6 189.12 l b* 649.92 207.84 m 654.96 204 l 649.92 200.16 l 644.64 204 l 649.92 207.84 l b* 682.08 198.48 m 687.12 194.64 l 682.08 190.8 l 676.8 194.64 l 682.08 198.48 l b* 718.08 195.12 m 723.36 191.28 l 718.08 187.68 l 713.04 191.28 l 718.08 195.12 l b* 2.16 w 634.08 174.48 m 634.56 174.48 l 634.8 174.48 l 635.28 174.48 l 635.52 174.48 l 636 174.48 l 636.24 174.48 l 636.72 174.48 l 636.96 174.48 l 637.44 174.48 l 637.68 174.48 l 638.16 174.48 l 638.4 174.48 l 638.88 174.48 l 639.12 174.48 l 639.6 174.48 l 640.08 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l 663.36 174.48 l 663.6 174.48 l 664.08 174.48 l 664.56 174.48 l 664.8 174.48 l 665.04 174.48 l 665.52 174.48 l 666 174.48 l 666.24 174.48 l 666.48 174.48 l 666.96 174.48 l 667.44 174.48 l 667.68 174.48 l 668.16 174.48 l 668.4 174.48 l 668.88 174.48 l 669.12 174.48 l 669.6 174.48 l 669.84 174.48 l 670.32 174.48 l 670.56 174.48 l 671.04 174.48 l 671.28 174.48 l 671.76 174.48 l 672 174.48 l 672.48 174.48 l 672.72 174.48 l 673.2 174.48 l 673.44 174.48 l 673.92 174.48 l 674.16 174.48 l 674.64 174.48 l 675.12 174.48 l 675.36 174.48 l 675.84 174.48 l 676.08 174.48 l 676.56 174.48 l 676.8 174.48 l 677.28 174.48 l 677.52 174.48 l 678 174.48 l 678.24 174.48 l 678.72 174.48 l 678.96 174.48 l 679.44 174.48 l 679.68 174.48 l 680.16 174.48 l 680.4 174.48 l 680.88 174.48 l 681.12 174.48 l 681.6 174.48 l 682.08 174.48 l 682.32 174.48 l 682.56 174.48 l 683.04 174.48 l 683.52 174.48 l 683.76 174.24 l 684 174.24 l 684.48 174.24 l 684.96 174.24 l 685.2 174.24 l 685.68 174.24 l 685.92 174.24 l 686.4 174.24 l 686.64 174.24 l 687.12 174.24 l 687.36 174.24 l 687.84 174.24 l 688.08 174.24 l 688.56 174.24 l 688.8 174.24 l 689.28 174.24 l 689.52 174.24 l 690 174.24 l 690.24 174.24 l 690.72 174.24 l 690.96 174.24 l 691.44 174.24 l 691.92 174.24 l 692.16 174.24 l 692.64 174.24 l 692.88 174.24 l 693.36 174.24 l 693.6 174.24 l 694.08 174.24 l 694.32 174.24 l 694.8 174.24 l 695.04 174.24 l 695.52 174.24 l 695.76 174.24 l 696.24 174.24 l 696.48 174.24 l 696.96 174.24 l 697.2 174.24 l 697.68 174.24 l 697.92 174.24 l 698.4 174.24 l 698.64 174 l 699.12 174 l 699.6 174 l 699.84 174 l 700.08 174 l 700.56 174 l 701.04 174 l 701.28 174 l 701.52 174 l 702 174 l 702.48 174 l 702.72 174 l 703.2 174 l 703.44 174 l 703.92 174 l 704.16 174 l 704.64 174 l 704.88 174 l 705.36 174 l 705.6 173.76 l 706.08 173.76 l 706.56 173.76 l 706.8 173.76 l 707.04 173.76 l 707.52 173.76 l 708 173.76 l 708.24 173.76 l 708.48 173.76 l 708.96 173.76 l 709.44 173.76 l 709.68 173.76 l 710.16 173.76 l 710.4 173.76 l 710.88 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l 734.64 171.6 l 734.88 171.6 l 735.12 171.6 l 735.6 171.36 l 736.08 171.36 l 736.32 171.36 l 736.8 171.36 l 737.04 171.12 l 737.52 171.12 l 737.76 171.12 l 738.24 171.12 l 738.48 171.12 l 738.96 170.88 l 739.2 170.88 l 739.68 170.88 l 739.92 170.88 l 740.4 170.88 l 740.64 170.64 l 741.12 170.64 l 741.6 170.64 l 741.84 170.64 l 742.08 170.64 l 742.56 170.4 l 743.04 170.4 l 743.28 170.4 l 743.52 170.4 l S 634.08 200.4 m 634.56 200.4 l 634.8 200.4 l 635.28 200.4 l 635.52 200.4 l 636 200.4 l 636.24 200.4 l 636.72 200.4 l 636.96 200.4 l 637.44 200.4 l 637.68 200.4 l 638.16 200.4 l 638.4 200.4 l 638.88 200.4 l 639.12 200.4 l 639.6 200.4 l 640.08 200.4 l 640.32 200.4 l 640.56 200.4 l 641.04 200.4 l 641.52 200.4 l 641.76 200.4 l 642.24 200.4 l 642.48 200.4 l 642.96 200.4 l 643.2 200.4 l 643.68 200.4 l 643.92 200.4 l 644.4 200.4 l 644.64 200.4 l 645.12 200.4 l 645.36 200.4 l 645.84 200.4 l 646.08 200.4 l 646.56 200.4 l 647.04 200.4 l 647.28 200.4 l 647.52 200.4 l 648 200.4 l 648.48 200.4 l 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199.68 l 672 199.68 l 672.48 199.68 l 672.72 199.68 l 673.2 199.68 l 673.44 199.68 l 673.92 199.68 l 674.16 199.44 l 674.64 199.44 l 675.12 199.44 l 675.36 199.44 l 675.84 199.44 l 676.08 199.44 l 676.56 199.44 l 676.8 199.44 l 677.28 199.44 l 677.52 199.44 l 678 199.44 l 678.24 199.2 l 678.72 199.2 l 678.96 199.2 l 679.44 199.2 l 679.68 199.2 l 680.16 199.2 l 680.4 199.2 l 680.88 199.2 l 681.12 199.2 l 681.6 198.96 l 682.08 198.96 l 682.32 198.96 l 682.56 198.96 l 683.04 198.96 l 683.52 198.96 l 683.76 198.96 l 684 198.72 l 684.48 198.72 l 684.96 198.72 l 685.2 198.72 l 685.68 198.72 l 685.92 198.72 l 686.4 198.48 l 686.64 198.48 l 687.12 198.48 l 687.36 198.48 l 687.84 198.48 l 688.08 198.48 l 688.56 198.24 l 688.8 198.24 l 689.28 198.24 l 689.52 198.24 l 690 198.24 l 690.24 198.24 l 690.72 198 l 690.96 198 l 691.44 198 l 691.92 198 l 692.16 197.76 l 692.64 197.76 l 692.88 197.76 l 693.36 197.76 l 693.6 197.52 l 694.08 197.52 l 694.32 197.52 l 694.8 197.52 l 695.04 197.28 l 695.52 197.28 l 695.76 197.28 l 696.24 197.28 l 696.48 197.04 l 696.96 197.04 l 697.2 197.04 l 697.68 196.8 l 697.92 196.8 l 698.4 196.8 l 698.64 196.8 l 699.12 196.56 l 699.6 196.56 l 699.84 196.56 l 700.08 196.32 l 700.56 196.32 l 701.04 196.08 l 701.28 196.08 l 701.52 196.08 l 702 195.84 l 702.48 195.84 l 702.72 195.84 l 703.2 195.6 l 703.44 195.6 l 703.92 195.6 l 704.16 195.36 l 704.64 195.36 l 704.88 195.12 l 705.36 195.12 l 705.6 195.12 l 706.08 194.88 l 706.56 194.88 l 706.8 194.64 l 707.04 194.64 l 707.52 194.4 l 708 194.4 l 708.24 194.16 l 708.48 194.16 l 708.96 193.92 l 709.44 193.92 l 709.68 193.92 l 710.16 193.68 l 710.4 193.68 l 710.88 193.44 l 711.12 193.2 l 711.6 193.2 l 711.84 192.96 l 712.32 192.96 l 712.56 192.72 l 713.04 192.72 l 713.28 192.48 l 713.76 192.48 l 714 192.24 l 714.48 192 l 714.72 192 l 715.2 191.76 l 715.44 191.76 l 715.92 191.52 l 716.16 191.28 l 716.64 191.28 l 717.12 191.04 l 717.36 191.04 l 717.6 190.8 l 718.08 190.56 l 718.56 190.56 l 718.8 190.32 l 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The effect of pH on acute ammonia toxicity in terms of total ammonia. Symbols) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0628 Tc -0.0388 Tw ( denote LC50s, solid lines denote regressions for individual datasets, and) Tj T* 0.062 Tc -0.038 Tw ( dotted lines denote pooled regression over all datasets.) 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Tj -11.52 -20.4 TD 1.0102 Tc 0 Tw (SmallmouthBass) Tj 6 -20.64 TD 0.9579 Tc -0.4798 Tw (Green Sunfish) Tj -0.72 -20.64 TD 0.9787 Tc -0.5006 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 1.92 -20.64 TD 1.002 Tc -0.5239 Tw (Prawn Larvae) Tj -3.6 -20.4 TD 0.9241 Tc 0 Tw (ChannelCatfish) Tj 7.2 -20.64 TD 1.44 Tc (Wh) Tj 0.8686 Tc -0.3905 Tw (ite Perch) Tj 13.2 -20.64 TD 1.1013 Tc 0 Tw (Guppy) Tj -20.4 -20.64 TD 0.9241 Tc (ChannelCatfish) Tj 7.68 -20.64 TD 0.9155 Tc (Lumbriculus) Tj 0 -20.4 TD 1.007 Tc (Chironomus) Tj 9.6 -20.64 TD 0.8095 Tc (Hyalella) Tj -497.76 364.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.031 Tc -0.007 Tw (Figure 9. The effect of pH on normalized acute ammonia toxicity in terms of total) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( ammonia. Data were normalized by dividing measured LC50s by regression) Tj T* 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw ( estimates of LC50s at pH=8 for individual datasets from Figure 8. 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Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0489) Tj -27.84 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 341.04 363.36 74.4 0.72 re b BT 366.96 367.68 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (6) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (95) Tj -34.56 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj ET 419.28 365.04 m 419.28 371.28 l 419.04 372.96 l 418.8 374.4 l 418.08 376.56 l 417.36 377.76 l 416.4 379.2 l 416.64 379.2 l 417.6 378 l 418.32 376.8 l 419.28 374.88 l 419.76 371.76 l 420 368.16 l 420 365.04 l 419.28 365.04 l b* 419.28 366.24 m 419.28 360 l 419.04 358.08 l 418.8 356.64 l 418.08 354.48 l 417.36 353.28 l 416.4 351.84 l 416.64 351.84 l 417.6 353.04 l 418.32 354.24 l 419.28 356.16 l 419.52 357.6 l 419.76 359.28 l 420 363.12 l 420 366.24 l 419.28 366.24 l b* BT 516.72 358.8 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(11\)) Tj -351.6 -68.4 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.054 Tc (CV) Tj 16.8 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 7.44 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 204.48 284.16 m 204.24 284.16 l 203.28 286.32 l 202.56 288.72 l 202.08 294 l 202.56 299.28 l 203.28 301.92 l 204 304.08 l 204.24 304.08 l 203.52 302.16 l 203.04 299.76 l 202.8 298.08 l 202.8 296.64 l 202.56 295.2 l 202.56 291.84 l 203.04 289.92 l 203.28 288.24 l 203.76 286.32 l 204.24 285.12 l 204.48 284.4 l 204.48 284.16 l b* BT 206.16 290.4 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.054 Tc (CV) Tj 16.56 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0418 Tc (t) Tj 2.16 0 TD (,) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (8) Tj ET 232.56 284.16 m 232.8 284.16 l 233.76 286.32 l 234.48 288.72 l 234.96 291.36 l 235.2 294 l 234.72 299.28 l 234 301.92 l 233.04 304.08 l 232.8 304.08 l 233.28 302.16 l 233.76 299.76 l 234.24 296.4 l 234.48 295.2 l 234.48 293.04 l 234.24 291.84 l 234 289.92 l 233.76 288.24 l 233.52 286.32 l 233.04 285.12 l 232.8 284.4 l 232.56 284.16 l b* 241.92 294.24 m 241.92 300.48 l 242.16 302.16 l 242.4 303.6 l 243.12 305.76 l 243.6 306.96 l 244.56 308.4 l 244.32 308.4 l 243.36 307.2 l 242.64 306 l 242.16 305.04 l 241.92 304.08 l 241.44 302.64 l 241.2 300.96 l 240.96 297.36 l 240.96 294.24 l 241.92 294.24 l b* 241.92 295.44 m 241.92 289.2 l 242.16 287.28 l 242.4 285.84 l 243.12 283.68 l 243.6 282.48 l 244.56 281.04 l 244.32 281.04 l 243.36 282.24 l 242.64 283.44 l 242.16 284.4 l 241.92 285.36 l 241.44 286.8 l 241.2 288.48 l 240.96 292.32 l 240.96 295.44 l 241.92 295.44 l b* 248.16 292.56 74.4 0.72 re b BT 267.36 296.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0676) Tj -27.84 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 341.76 292.56 74.4 0.72 re b BT 367.68 296.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (91) Tj -34.56 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj ET 420 294.24 m 420 300.48 l 419.76 302.16 l 419.52 303.6 l 418.8 305.76 l 418.08 306.96 l 417.12 308.4 l 417.36 308.4 l 418.32 307.2 l 419.04 306 l 420 304.08 l 420.48 300.96 l 420.72 297.36 l 420.72 294.24 l 420 294.24 l b* 420 295.44 m 420 289.2 l 419.76 287.28 l 419.52 285.84 l 418.8 283.68 l 418.08 282.48 l 417.12 281.04 l 417.36 281.04 l 418.32 282.24 l 419.04 283.44 l 420 285.36 l 420.24 286.8 l 420.48 288.48 l 420.72 292.32 l 420.72 295.44 l 420 295.44 l b* BT 516.72 288 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(12\)) Tj -444.72 420.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (For chronic toxicity, the data of Broderius et al. \(1985\) and Johnson \(1995\) were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (analyzed in terms of total ammonia nitrogen using the same pH model \(Figure 10\). The) Tj T* 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (data used were EC25s reported by Johnson \(1995\) and EC20s calculated from the) Tj T* 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (data of Broderius et al. \(1985\) by regression analyses discussed later. \(Because) Tj T* 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (Johnson\222s raw data were not available, EC20s could not be calculated, but the shape) Tj T* 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (of the curve should be the same for EC20s and EC25s.\) Because the uncertainty of) Tj T* 0.035 Tc -0.011 Tw (the EC25s from Johnson \(1995\) was greater than that of Broderius et al. \(1985\) and to) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (prevent the greater number of data points for the invertebrate from overwhelming the) Tj T* 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (data for the fish, data points from Johnson \(1995\) were given a weighting factor of 0.5) Tj T* 0.0592 Tc -0.0352 Tw (in this analysis. These chronic data had a higher transition pH \(7.688; 95% confidence) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (limits = 7.554 and 7.821\) and a higher R \(0.0232; 95% confidence limits = 0.0160 and) Tj T* 0.049 Tc -0.025 Tw (0.0334\) than the acute data. The higher pH) Tj 234.72 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0505 Tc -0.0265 Tw ( is in accordance with differences) Tj -239.28 -14.16 TD 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (previously noted in the 1984/1985 criteria document regarding the pH dependence of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (acute and chronic toxicity. Tests by Borgmann \(1994\) on the chronic toxicity of) Tj T* -0.0347 Tc 0.0587 Tw (ammonia to ) Tj 65.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0189 Tc 0.0429 Tw (Hyalella azteca) Tj 81.12 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw ( and by Armstrong et al. \(1978\) on the 6-day toxicity of) Tj -146.88 -14.16 TD -0.0347 Tc 0.0587 Tw (ammonia to ) Tj 65.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Tj 145.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw ( also support a lower slope for total ammonia) Tj -211.44 -14.16 TD 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (chronic toxicity versus pH at pH<8. The dependence of chronic ammonia toxicity on pH) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (appears to be sufficiently different from the dependence of acute ammonia toxicity to) Tj T* 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw (justify use of two equations.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (By substituting the values for R and pH) Tj 209.04 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.239 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 5.04 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0587 Tc -0.0347 Tw ( into Equation 8, the following equations are) Tj -214.08 -14.16 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (obtained for describing the pH-dependence of acute values \(AVs\) and chronic values) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0183 Tc 0.0057 Tw (\(CVs\) expressed in terms of total ammonia nitrogen:) Tj 0 -155.76 TD 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw (The range of the data used to derive these equations indicates that they should be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (applicable from pH=6 to 9, although considerable error might exist at the lower end of) Tj T* 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (this range for certain species. Extrapolation below pH=6 is not advisable because of) Tj T* 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (the increasing scatter of the data from the common regression line at lower pH, and) Tj T* 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (extrapolation above pH=9 is not advisable because of inadequate knowledge about the) Tj T* 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (effect of the inhibition of ammonia excretion at high pH on results of toxicity tests) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (\(Russo et al. 1988\).) 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l S 338.64 145.44 m 338.64 148.32 l S 354.72 145.44 m 354.72 148.32 l S BT 125.52 130.32 TD /F1 10.8 Tf 1.4352 Tc (6) Tj 80.4 0 TD (7) Tj 80.64 0 TD (8) Tj 80.4 0 TD (9) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 91.44 175.68 Tm /F1 12.48 Tf 0 Tc (TOTAL AMMON) Tj (IA EC20 \(mg N) Tj (/L\)) Tj ET 121.2 146.4 m 121.2 399.12 l S 121.2 184.56 m 127.92 184.56 l S 121.2 310.8 m 127.92 310.8 l S 121.2 222.48 m 124.56 222.48 l S 121.2 260.4 m 124.56 260.4 l S 121.2 348.96 m 124.56 348.96 l S 121.2 386.88 m 124.56 386.88 l S BT 107.04 218.88 TD /F1 10.8 Tf 1.4352 Tc (2) Tj 0 37.92 TD (4) Tj -7.44 88.32 TD (20) Tj 0 38.16 TD (40) Tj 7.44 -202.56 TD (1) Tj -7.44 126.48 TD (10) Tj ET 183.12 308.88 m 183.12 311.3434 180.5395 313.44 177.36 313.44 c 174.1805 313.44 171.6 311.3434 171.6 308.76 c 171.6 306.1766 174.1805 304.08 177.36 304.08 c 180.5395 304.08 183.12 306.1766 183.12 308.76 c b 235.44 302.88 m 235.44 305.3434 232.8595 307.44 229.68 307.44 c 226.5005 307.44 223.92 305.3434 223.92 302.76 c 223.92 300.1766 226.5005 298.08 229.68 298.08 c 232.8595 298.08 235.44 300.1766 235.44 302.76 c b 282.24 300.24 m 282.24 302.7034 279.6595 304.8 276.48 304.8 c 273.3005 304.8 270.72 302.7034 270.72 300.12 c 270.72 297.5367 273.3005 295.44 276.48 295.44 c 279.6595 295.44 282.24 297.5367 282.24 300.12 c b 350.64 203.28 m 350.64 205.7434 348.0595 207.84 344.88 207.84 c 341.7005 207.84 339.12 205.7434 339.12 203.16 c 339.12 200.5766 341.7005 198.48 344.88 198.48 c 348.0595 198.48 350.64 200.5766 350.64 203.16 c b 1.92 w 129.12 323.52 m 129.84 323.52 l 130.8 323.52 l 131.52 323.52 l 132.48 323.52 l 133.2 323.52 l 133.92 323.52 l 134.88 323.52 l 135.6 323.52 l 136.32 323.28 l 137.28 323.28 l 138 323.28 l 138.72 323.28 l 139.68 323.28 l 140.4 323.28 l 141.12 323.28 l 142.08 323.04 l 142.8 323.04 l 143.52 323.04 l 144.48 323.04 l 145.2 323.04 l 145.92 323.04 l 146.88 322.8 l 147.6 322.8 l 148.56 322.8 l 149.28 322.8 l 150 322.8 l 150.96 322.8 l 151.68 322.56 l 152.4 322.56 l 153.36 322.56 l 154.08 322.56 l 154.8 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l 207.12 315.36 l 208.08 315.12 l 208.8 314.88 l 209.76 314.88 l 210.48 314.64 l 211.2 314.4 l 212.16 314.16 l 212.88 313.92 l 213.6 313.68 l 214.56 313.44 l 215.28 313.2 l 216 312.96 l 216.96 312.72 l 217.68 312.48 l 218.4 312.24 l 219.36 312 l 220.08 311.76 l 221.04 311.28 l 221.76 311.28 l 222.48 310.8 l 223.44 310.56 l 224.16 310.32 l 224.88 310.08 l 225.84 309.6 l 226.56 309.36 l 227.28 309.12 l 228.24 308.88 l 228.96 308.4 l 229.92 308.16 l 230.64 307.92 l 231.36 307.44 l 232.32 307.2 l 233.04 306.72 l 233.76 306.48 l 234.72 306 l 235.44 305.76 l 236.16 305.28 l 237.12 305.04 l 237.84 304.56 l 238.56 304.32 l 239.52 303.84 l 240.24 303.36 l 241.2 303.12 l 241.92 302.64 l 242.64 302.16 l 243.6 301.68 l 244.32 301.44 l 245.04 300.96 l 246 300.48 l 246.72 300 l 247.44 299.52 l 248.4 299.04 l 249.12 298.56 l 249.84 298.08 l 250.8 297.6 l 251.52 297.12 l 252.48 296.64 l 253.2 296.16 l 253.92 295.68 l 254.88 295.2 l 255.6 294.72 l 256.32 294.24 l 257.28 293.52 l 258 293.04 l 258.72 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185.04 l 364.32 184.32 l 365.04 183.36 l 366 182.64 l 366.72 181.92 l 367.44 180.96 l 368.4 180.24 l 369.12 179.28 l 369.84 178.56 l 370.8 177.84 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 447.6 146.4 257.76 252.72 re b BT 510 423.36 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12.48 Tf 1.3491 Tc -0.4986 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 1.406 Tc -0.5555 Tw (\(Johnson 1995\)) Tj 54.24 -302.64 TD /F1 15.6 Tf 2.2716 Tc 0 Tw (pH) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 447.6 145.44 m 705.36 145.44 l S 455.52 145.44 m 455.52 150.96 l S 536.16 145.44 m 536.16 150.96 l S 616.56 145.44 m 616.56 150.96 l S 697.2 145.44 m 697.2 150.96 l S 471.6 145.44 m 471.6 148.32 l S 487.68 145.44 m 487.68 148.32 l S 504 145.44 m 504 148.32 l S 520.08 145.44 m 520.08 148.32 l S 552.24 145.44 m 552.24 148.32 l S 568.32 145.44 m 568.32 148.32 l S 584.4 145.44 m 584.4 148.32 l S 600.48 145.44 m 600.48 148.32 l S 632.88 145.44 m 632.88 148.32 l S 648.96 145.44 m 648.96 148.32 l S 665.04 145.44 m 665.04 148.32 l S 681.12 145.44 m 681.12 148.32 l S BT 451.92 130.32 TD /F1 10.8 Tf 1.4352 Tc (6) Tj 80.4 0 TD (7) Tj 80.64 0 TD (8) Tj 80.4 0 TD (9) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 414.72 174.48 Tm /F1 12.48 Tf 0 Tc (TOTAL AMMON) Tj (IA EC25 \(mg N) Tj (/L\)) Tj ET 447.6 146.4 m 447.6 399.12 l S 447.6 146.4 m 454.32 146.4 l S 447.6 272.64 m 454.32 272.64 l S 447.6 399.12 m 454.32 399.12 l S 447.6 184.56 m 450.96 184.56 l S 447.6 222.48 m 450.96 222.48 l S 447.6 310.8 m 450.96 310.8 l S 447.6 348.96 m 450.96 348.96 l S BT 433.44 180.72 TD /F1 10.8 Tf 1.4352 Tc (2) Tj 0 38.16 TD (4) Tj -7.44 88.32 TD (20) Tj 0 37.92 TD (40) Tj 7.44 -202.32 TD (1) Tj -7.44 126.24 TD (10) Tj -7.44 126.48 TD (100) Tj ET 497.52 354.24 m 497.52 356.7033 494.9395 358.8 491.76 358.8 c 488.5805 358.8 486 356.7033 486 354.12 c 486 351.5367 488.5805 349.44 491.76 349.44 c 494.9395 349.44 497.52 351.5367 497.52 354.12 c b 551.52 336 m 551.52 338.4634 548.9395 340.56 545.76 340.56 c 542.5804 340.56 540 338.4634 540 335.88 c 540 333.2966 542.5804 331.2 545.76 331.2 c 548.9395 331.2 551.52 333.2966 551.52 335.88 c b 619.2 212.16 m 619.2 214.6234 616.6195 216.72 613.44 216.72 c 610.2605 216.72 607.68 214.6234 607.68 212.04 c 607.68 209.4566 610.2605 207.36 613.44 207.36 c 616.6195 207.36 619.2 209.4566 619.2 212.04 c b 641.76 215.04 m 641.76 217.5034 639.1795 219.6 636 219.6 c 632.8205 219.6 630.24 217.5034 630.24 214.92 c 630.24 212.3366 632.8205 210.24 636 210.24 c 639.1795 210.24 641.76 212.3366 641.76 214.92 c b 491.52 304.32 10.08 8.16 re b 541.44 272.64 10.32 8.4 re b 608.4 256.56 10.08 8.4 re b 659.04 185.52 10.32 8.4 re b 499.92 308.88 m 505.92 300.48 l 493.92 300.48 l 499.92 308.88 l b* 546.48 379.44 m 552.48 371.04 l 540.72 371.04 l 546.48 379.44 l b* 620.64 303.12 m 626.64 294.72 l 614.64 294.72 l 620.64 303.12 l b* 678.72 229.44 m 684.72 221.04 l 672.72 221.04 l 678.72 229.44 l b* 1.92 w 455.52 316.32 m 456.24 316.08 l 457.2 316.08 l 457.92 316.08 l 458.88 316.08 l 459.6 316.08 l 460.32 316.08 l 461.28 316.08 l 462 316.08 l 462.72 316.08 l 463.68 315.84 l 464.4 315.84 l 465.12 315.84 l 466.08 315.84 l 466.8 315.84 l 467.52 315.84 l 468.48 315.84 l 469.2 315.84 l 470.16 315.6 l 470.88 315.6 l 471.6 315.6 l 472.56 315.6 l 473.28 315.6 l 474 315.6 l 474.96 315.36 l 475.68 315.36 l 476.4 315.36 l 477.36 315.36 l 478.08 315.36 l 479.04 315.12 l 479.76 315.12 l 480.48 315.12 l 481.44 315.12 l 482.16 314.88 l 482.88 314.88 l 483.84 314.88 l 484.56 314.88 l 485.28 314.88 l 486.24 314.88 l 486.96 314.64 l 487.68 314.64 l 488.64 314.64 l 489.36 314.4 l 490.32 314.4 l 491.04 314.4 l 491.76 314.4 l 492.72 314.16 l 493.44 314.16 l 494.16 314.16 l 495.12 313.92 l 495.84 313.92 l 496.56 313.92 l 497.52 313.92 l 498.24 313.68 l 499.2 313.68 l 499.92 313.68 l 500.64 313.44 l 501.6 313.44 l 502.32 313.2 l 503.04 313.2 l 504 313.2 l 504.72 312.96 l 505.44 312.96 l 506.4 312.96 l 507.12 312.72 l 507.84 312.72 l 508.8 312.48 l 509.52 312.48 l 510.48 312.24 l 511.2 312.24 l 511.92 312 l 512.88 312 l 513.6 311.76 l 514.32 311.76 l 515.28 311.52 l 516 311.52 l 516.72 311.28 l 517.68 311.28 l 518.4 311.04 l 519.12 311.04 l 520.08 310.8 l 520.8 310.56 l 521.52 310.56 l 522.48 310.32 l 523.2 310.32 l 523.92 310.08 l 524.88 309.84 l 525.6 309.84 l 526.56 309.6 l 527.28 309.36 l 528 309.36 l 528.96 309.12 l 529.68 308.88 l 530.4 308.64 l 531.36 308.64 l 532.08 308.4 l 532.8 308.16 l 533.76 307.92 l 534.48 307.92 l 535.2 307.68 l 536.16 307.44 l 536.88 307.2 l 537.6 306.96 l 538.56 306.72 l 539.28 306.48 l 540.24 306.24 l 540.96 306 l 541.68 305.76 l 542.64 305.52 l 543.36 305.28 l 544.08 305.04 l 545.04 304.8 l 545.76 304.56 l 546.48 304.32 l 547.44 304.08 l 548.16 303.84 l 548.88 303.36 l 549.84 303.12 l 550.56 302.88 l 551.28 302.64 l 552.24 302.4 l 552.96 301.92 l 553.68 301.68 l 554.64 301.44 l 555.36 300.96 l 556.32 300.72 l 557.04 300.48 l 557.76 300 l 558.72 299.76 l 559.44 299.52 l 560.16 299.04 l 561.12 298.8 l 561.84 298.32 l 562.56 298.08 l 563.52 297.6 l 564.24 297.36 l 564.96 296.88 l 565.92 296.4 l 566.64 296.16 l 567.6 295.68 l 568.32 295.2 l 569.04 294.72 l 570 294.48 l 570.72 294 l 571.44 293.52 l 572.4 293.04 l 573.12 292.56 l 573.84 292.08 l 574.8 291.84 l 575.52 291.12 l 576.48 290.88 l 577.2 290.4 l 577.92 289.92 l 578.88 289.44 l 579.6 288.72 l 580.32 288.24 l 581.28 287.76 l 582 287.28 l 582.72 286.8 l 583.68 286.32 l 584.4 285.6 l 585.12 285.12 l 586.08 284.64 l 586.8 284.16 l 587.76 283.44 l 588.48 282.96 l 589.2 282.24 l 590.16 281.76 l 590.88 281.04 l 591.6 280.56 l 592.56 279.84 l 593.28 279.36 l 594 278.64 l 594.96 277.92 l 595.68 277.44 l 596.4 276.72 l 597.36 276.24 l 598.08 275.52 l 599.04 274.8 l 599.76 274.08 l 600.48 273.6 l 601.44 272.88 l 602.16 272.16 l 602.88 271.44 l 603.84 270.72 l 604.56 270 l 605.28 269.28 l 606.24 268.56 l 606.96 267.84 l 607.92 267.12 l 608.64 266.4 l 609.36 265.68 l 610.32 264.96 l 611.04 264.24 l 611.76 263.52 l 612.72 262.8 l 613.44 261.84 l 614.16 261.12 l 615.12 260.4 l 615.84 259.68 l 616.56 258.72 l 617.52 258 l 618.24 257.28 l 619.2 256.32 l 619.92 255.6 l 620.64 254.88 l 621.6 253.92 l 622.32 253.2 l 623.04 252.24 l 624 251.52 l 624.72 250.56 l 625.44 249.84 l 626.4 248.88 l 627.12 248.16 l 627.84 247.2 l 628.8 246.48 l 629.52 245.52 l 630.48 244.56 l 631.2 243.84 l 631.92 242.88 l 632.88 242.16 l 633.6 241.2 l 634.32 240.24 l 635.28 239.52 l 636 238.56 l 636.72 237.6 l 637.68 236.64 l 638.4 235.92 l 639.12 234.96 l 640.08 234 l 640.8 233.04 l 641.52 232.32 l 642.48 231.36 l 643.2 230.4 l 643.92 229.44 l 644.88 228.48 l 645.6 227.76 l 646.56 226.8 l 647.28 225.84 l 648 224.88 l 648.96 223.92 l 649.68 222.96 l 650.4 222 l 651.36 221.28 l 652.08 220.32 l 652.8 219.36 l 653.76 218.4 l 654.48 217.44 l 655.2 216.48 l 656.16 215.76 l 656.88 214.8 l 657.6 213.84 l 658.56 212.88 l 659.28 211.92 l 660 210.96 l 660.96 210 l 661.68 209.04 l 662.64 208.08 l 663.36 207.36 l 664.08 206.4 l 665.04 205.44 l 665.76 204.48 l 666.48 203.52 l 667.44 202.56 l 668.16 201.6 l 668.88 200.88 l 669.84 199.92 l 670.56 198.96 l 671.28 198 l 672.24 197.28 l 672.96 196.32 l 673.68 195.36 l 674.64 194.4 l 675.36 193.44 l 676.32 192.72 l 677.04 191.76 l 677.76 190.8 l 678.72 189.84 l 679.44 189.12 l 680.16 188.16 l 681.12 187.2 l 681.84 186.48 l 682.56 185.52 l 683.52 184.56 l 684.24 183.84 l 685.2 182.88 l 685.92 182.16 l 686.64 181.2 l 687.6 180.24 l 688.32 179.52 l 689.04 178.56 l 690 177.84 l 690.72 176.88 l 691.44 176.16 l 692.4 175.2 l 693.12 174.48 l 693.84 173.52 l 694.8 172.8 l 695.52 172.08 l 696.48 171.12 l 697.2 170.4 l S 455.52 304.08 m 456.24 304.08 l 457.2 304.08 l 457.92 304.08 l 458.88 304.08 l 459.6 304.08 l 460.32 304.08 l 461.28 304.08 l 462 303.84 l 462.72 303.84 l 463.68 303.84 l 464.4 303.84 l 465.12 303.84 l 466.08 303.84 l 466.8 303.84 l 467.52 303.6 l 468.48 303.6 l 469.2 303.6 l 470.16 303.6 l 470.88 303.6 l 471.6 303.6 l 472.56 303.6 l 473.28 303.36 l 474 303.36 l 474.96 303.36 l 475.68 303.36 l 476.4 303.36 l 477.36 303.36 l 478.08 303.12 l 479.04 303.12 l 479.76 303.12 l 480.48 303.12 l 481.44 303.12 l 482.16 302.88 l 482.88 302.88 l 483.84 302.88 l S 484.56 302.88 0.24 0.24 re f 483.84 302.88 m 484.56 302.88 l S 494.16 302.16 m 494.16 302.16 l 495.12 301.92 l 495.84 301.92 l 496.56 301.92 l 497.52 301.68 l 498.24 301.68 l 499.2 301.68 l 499.92 301.44 l 500.64 301.44 l 501.6 301.44 l 502.32 301.2 l 503.04 301.2 l 504 300.96 l 504.72 300.96 l 505.44 300.96 l 506.4 300.72 l 507.12 300.72 l 507.84 300.72 l 508.8 300.48 l 509.52 300.48 l 510.48 300.24 l 511.2 300.24 l 511.92 300 l 512.88 300 l 513.6 299.76 l 514.32 299.76 l 515.28 299.52 l 516 299.28 l 516.72 299.28 l 517.68 299.28 l 518.4 299.04 l 519.12 299.04 l 520.08 298.8 l 520.8 298.56 l 521.52 298.32 l 522.48 298.32 l S 522.96 298.32 0.24 0.24 re f 522.48 298.32 m 522.96 298.32 l S 532.56 296.16 m 532.8 296.16 l 533.76 295.92 l 534.48 295.68 l 535.2 295.44 l 536.16 295.44 l 536.88 295.2 l 537.6 294.96 l 538.56 294.72 l 539.28 294.48 l 540.24 294.24 l 540.96 294 l 541.68 293.76 l 542.64 293.52 l 543.36 293.28 l 544.08 293.04 l 545.04 292.8 l 545.76 292.56 l 546.48 292.32 l 547.44 292.08 l 548.16 291.84 l 548.88 291.36 l 549.84 291.12 l 550.56 290.88 l 551.28 290.64 l 552.24 290.16 l 552.96 289.92 l 553.68 289.68 l 554.64 289.44 l 555.36 288.96 l 556.32 288.72 l 557.04 288.48 l 557.76 288 l 558.72 287.76 l 559.44 287.28 l 560.16 287.04 l 561.12 286.56 l S 561.36 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 561.12 286.56 m 561.36 286.56 l S 570.96 281.76 m 571.44 281.52 l 572.4 281.04 l 573.12 280.56 l 573.84 280.08 l 574.8 279.6 l 575.52 279.12 l 576.48 278.88 l 577.2 278.16 l 577.92 277.68 l 578.88 277.2 l 579.6 276.72 l 580.32 276.24 l 581.28 275.76 l 582 275.28 l 582.72 274.8 l 583.68 274.08 l 584.4 273.6 l 585.12 273.12 l 586.08 272.64 l 586.8 271.92 l 587.76 271.44 l 588.48 270.96 l 589.2 270.24 l 590.16 269.76 l 590.88 269.04 l 591.6 268.56 l 592.56 267.84 l 593.28 267.36 l 594 266.64 l 594.96 265.92 l 595.68 265.44 l 596.4 264.72 l 597.36 264 l 598.08 263.28 l 599.04 262.8 l 599.52 262.08 l S 599.76 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 599.52 262.08 m 599.76 262.08 l S 608.64 254.16 m 609.36 253.68 l 610.08 252.96 l 610.8 252 l 611.76 251.28 l 612.48 250.56 l 613.44 249.84 l 614.16 249.12 l 614.88 248.16 l 615.84 247.44 l 616.56 246.72 l 617.28 246 l 618.24 245.04 l 618.96 244.32 l 619.68 243.6 l 620.64 242.64 l 621.36 241.92 l 622.08 240.96 l 623.04 240.24 l 623.76 239.52 l 624.72 238.56 l 625.44 237.6 l 626.16 236.88 l 627.12 235.92 l 627.84 235.2 l 628.8 234.24 l 629.52 233.52 l 630.24 232.56 l 631.2 231.6 l 631.92 230.88 l S 632.16 230.64 0.24 0.24 re f 631.92 230.88 m 632.16 230.64 l S 639.36 222.72 m 640.08 222 l 640.8 221.04 l 641.52 220.08 l 642.48 219.12 l 643.2 218.4 l 643.92 217.44 l 644.88 216.48 l 645.6 215.52 l 646.32 214.56 l 647.28 213.84 l 648 212.88 l 648.96 211.92 l 649.68 210.96 l 650.4 210 l 651.36 209.04 l 652.08 208.08 l 652.8 207.36 l 653.76 206.4 l 654.48 205.44 l 655.2 204.48 l 656.16 203.52 l 656.88 202.56 l 657.6 201.6 l 658.56 200.88 l 659.28 199.92 l S 660 199.2 0.24 0.24 re f 659.28 199.92 m 660 199.2 l S 666.72 191.28 m 667.44 190.56 l 668.16 189.6 l 668.88 188.64 l 669.84 187.68 l 670.56 186.96 l 671.28 186 l 672.24 185.04 l 672.96 184.08 l 673.68 183.36 l 674.64 182.4 l 675.36 181.44 l 676.32 180.48 l 677.04 179.76 l 677.76 178.8 l 678.72 177.84 l 679.44 176.88 l 680.16 176.16 l 681.12 175.2 l 681.84 174.24 l 682.56 173.52 l 683.52 172.56 l 684.24 171.6 l 684.96 170.88 l 685.92 169.92 l 686.64 169.2 l 687.36 168.24 l S 688.08 167.76 0.24 0.24 re f 687.36 168.24 m 688.08 167.76 l S 695.76 159.84 m 696.24 159.12 l 697.2 158.4 l S 455.76 350.88 0.24 0.24 re f 455.52 350.88 m 455.76 350.88 l S 465.36 350.4 0.24 0.24 re f 465.36 350.4 m 465.36 350.4 l S 474.96 349.92 0.24 0.24 re f 474.96 349.92 m 474.96 349.92 l S 484.8 349.44 0.24 0.24 re f 484.56 349.44 m 484.8 349.44 l S 494.4 348.72 0.24 0.24 re f 494.4 348.72 m 494.4 348.72 l S 504 347.76 0.24 0.24 re f 504 347.76 m 504 347.76 l S 513.84 346.56 0.24 0.24 re f 513.84 346.56 m 513.84 346.56 l S 523.44 344.88 0.24 0.24 re f 523.44 344.88 m 523.44 344.88 l S 533.28 342.72 0.24 0.24 re f 533.04 342.72 m 533.28 342.72 l S 542.88 340.08 0.24 0.24 re f 542.88 340.08 m 542.88 340.08 l S 552.48 336.72 0.24 0.24 re f 552.48 336.96 m 552.48 336.72 l S 562.32 332.88 0.24 0.24 re f 562.08 332.88 m 562.32 332.88 l S 571.92 328.08 0.24 0.24 re f 571.92 328.08 m 571.92 328.08 l S 581.52 322.08 0.24 0.24 re f 581.52 322.32 m 581.52 322.08 l S 591.36 315.36 0.24 0.24 re f 591.36 315.6 m 591.36 315.36 l S 600.96 307.68 0.24 0.24 re f 600.96 307.92 m 600.96 307.68 l S 609.84 299.76 0.24 0.24 re f 609.84 300 m 609.84 299.76 l S 618.24 291.84 0.24 0.24 re f 618 292.08 m 618.24 291.84 l S 625.92 283.92 0.24 0.24 re f 625.68 284.16 m 625.92 283.92 l S 633.36 276 0.24 0.24 re f 633.36 276.24 m 633.36 276 l S 640.32 268.08 0.24 0.24 re f 640.32 268.32 m 640.32 268.08 l S 647.52 260.16 0.24 0.24 re f 647.28 260.4 m 647.52 260.16 l S 654.24 252.24 0.24 0.24 re f 654.24 252.48 m 654.24 252.24 l S 661.2 244.32 0.24 0.24 re f 661.2 244.56 m 661.2 244.32 l S 667.92 236.4 0.24 0.24 re f 667.92 236.64 m 667.92 236.4 l S 675.12 228.48 0.24 0.24 re f 674.88 228.72 m 675.12 228.48 l S 682.08 220.56 0.24 0.24 re f 682.08 220.8 m 682.08 220.56 l S 689.52 212.64 0.24 0.24 re f 689.52 212.88 m 689.52 212.64 l S BT 72 528.72 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0247 Tc -0 Tw (Figure 10. The effect of pH on chronic ammonia toxicity in terms of total ammonia.) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw ( Symbols denote chronic effect concentrations and lines denote regressions of) Tj T* 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw ( effect concentrations versus pH. \(For ) Tj 262.08 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0103 Tc 0.0343 Tw (C. dubia) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (, different symbols denote) Tj -306.72 -13.92 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw ( different test water formulations. It is important to note the triangle, partially) Tj 0 -13.92 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw ( obscured by the square at pH=6.5.\)) Tj ET endstream endobj 80 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 81 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (36) Tj -71.76 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0372 Tc 0.0074 Tw (Formulation of the CMC) Tj -155.52 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.01 Tw (The scope of this project included a re-examination of the temperature and pH) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (relationships underlying the 1984/1985 Criterion Maximum Concentration \(CMC\). ) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (Because the acute toxicity dataset contained in the 1984/1985 criteria document \(U.S.) Tj T* 0.0551 Tc -0.0311 Tw (EPA 1985a\) is relatively large, with tests involving species in 34 genera, the scope of) Tj T* 0.0568 Tc -0.0328 Tw (this project did not include a comprehensive literature search and critical review of all) Tj T* 0.0585 Tc -0.0345 Tw (of the acute toxicity data now available. Thus, the derivation here relies solely on) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (acute tests reported in Table 1 in the 1984/1985 criteria document, supplemented by) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (some newer studies relevant to the revised pH relationship. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0041 Tc 0.0199 Tw (However, some other newer studies of acute toxicity known by EPA were examined to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (determine whether new data might materially affect the CMC. These studies include) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (Ankley et al. 1995; Arthur et al. 1987; Bailey et al. 1985; Bergerhouse 1992,1993;) Tj T* 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (Dabrowska and Sikora 1986; DeGraeve et al. 1987; Diamond et al. 1993 \(see) Tj T* 0.0526 Tc -0.0286 Tw (Appendix 1\); Gersich and Hopkins 1986; Goudreau et al. 1993; Gulyas and Fleit 1990;) Tj T* 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (Hasan and Macintosh 1986; Henderson et al. 1961; Lee 1976; Mayes et al. 1986;) Tj T* 0.0292 Tc -0.0052 Tw (Monda et al. 1995; Nimmo et al. 1989; Russo et al. 1988; Sheehan and Lewis 1986;) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (Snell and Persoone 1989; Thomas et al. 1991; Tomasso and Carmichael 1986; Wade) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (1992; and Williams et al. 1986. These studies would add few new genera to the) Tj T* 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (dataset and their data are generally in the range already observed and would have little) Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (impact on the four lowest Genus Mean Acute Values \(GMAVs\). The most significant) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (result of these studies is that some invertebrates are acutely sensitive to ammonia at) Tj T* 0.0351 Tc -0.0111 Tw (low pH and low ion concentration \(Borgmann 1994; Ankley et al. 1995\). Although new) Tj T* 0.0293 Tc -0.0053 Tw (data are not used in the derivation of the new CMC, they are compared to the new) Tj T* -0.0093 Tc 0.0333 Tw (CMC below.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (All of the un-ionized ammonia acute values \(LC50s and EC50s\) in Table 1 of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (1984/1985 criteria document were converted to total ammonia nitrogen acute values,) Tj T* 0.0333 Tc -0.0093 Tw (using the reported temperatures and pHs and using the pK relationship from Emerson) Tj T* 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (et al. \(1975\). These total ammonia nitrogen acute values were then adjusted \(see) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (Appendix 3\) to pH=8 using the pH relationship developed above, with no adjustment for) Tj T* 0.0271 Tc -0.0031 Tw (temperature. These adjusted total ammonia nitrogen acute values \(see Appendix 4\)) Tj T* 0.0144 Tc 0.0096 Tw (were then averaged to determine Species Mean Acute Values \(SMAVs\) and GMAVs at) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (pH=8 using the procedure described in the 1985 Guidelines \(U.S. EPA 1985b\). These) Tj T* 0.0281 Tc -0.0041 Tw (SMAVs and GMAVs are presented in Table 4 \(which is the same as Table 1 of the) Tj T* 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (1998 Update\). Both are based on the test results of in Table 1 of the 1984/1985) Tj T* 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (criteria document. The GMAVs in the 1984/1985 and the 1998/1999 documents differ) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (because \(a\) pH and temperature are addressed differently in the two sets of) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (calculations, \(b\) the golden trout, cutthroat trout, and rainbow trout are now in a) Tj T* 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (different genus, and \(c\) and the new GMAVs are expressed in terms of total ammonia) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (nitrogen; the order of the genera is different mostly because the absence of an) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (invertebrate temperature normalization in either the 1984/1985 criteria document or the) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (1998 and 1999 Updates affects the 1984/1985 un-ionized LC50s differently than the) Tj T* 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (1998 and 1999 total ammonia LC50s. As noted earlier in the document, a temperature ) Tj ET endstream endobj 82 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (37) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (Table 4. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values) Tj 86.4 -25.2 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.074 Tc 0.1517 Tw (Genus Mean) Tj 266.4 0 TD -0.0531 Tc 0.1309 Tw (Species Mean) Tj -266.4 -11.04 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.0967 Tw (Acute Value) Tj 266.4 0 TD (Acute Value) Tj -316.8 -11.28 TD -0.0617 Tc 0 Tw (Rank) Tj ET 108 659.04 23.28 0.72 re f BT 158.4 660.96 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0648 Tw ( \(mg N/L) Tj ET 158.4 659.04 38.88 0.72 re f BT 197.28 666 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET 197.28 659.04 3.84 0.72 re f BT 201.12 660.96 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (\) ) Tj ET 201.12 659.04 6.24 0.72 re f BT 259.2 660.96 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.1256 Tw ( Species ) Tj ET 259.2 659.04 70.08 0.72 re f BT 424.8 660.96 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0648 Tw ( \(mg N/L) Tj ET 424.8 659.04 41.76 0.72 re f BT 466.56 666 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET 466.56 659.04 3.84 0.72 re f BT 470.4 660.96 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (\) ) Tj ET 470.4 659.04 6.24 0.72 re f BT 476.64 660.96 TD 0 Tc 0.0778 Tw ( ) Tj -368.64 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 34) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 388.8) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0149 Tc 0 Tw (Caddisfly,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 388.8) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0296 Tc 0.1074 Tw (Philarctus quaeris) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 33) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 246.0) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0083 Tc 0 Tw (Crayfish,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 1466.) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.001 Tc 0.0787 Tw (Orconectes immunis) Tj 0 -22.32 TD 0.0083 Tc 0 Tw (Crayfish,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 41.27) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0476 Tc 0.1253 Tw (Orconectes nais) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 32) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 210.6) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0603 Tc 0 Tw (Isopod,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 210.6) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0179 Tc 0.0599 Tw (Asellus racovitzai) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 31) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 189.2) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0681 Tc 0 Tw (Mayfly,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 189.2) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0195 Tc 0.0973 Tw (Ephemerella grandis) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 30) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 115.5) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0681 Tc 0 Tw (Mayfly,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 175.6) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0292 Tc 0.107 Tw (Callibaetis skokianus) Tj 0 -22.32 TD 0.0681 Tc 0 Tw (Mayfly,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 75.93) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0125 Tc 0.0903 Tw (Callibaetis sp.) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 29) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 113.2) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0087 Tc 0 Tw (Beetle,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 113.2) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0068 Tc 0.071 Tw (Stenelmis sexlineata) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 28) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 108.3) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 0 Tw (Amphipod,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 108.3) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0364 Tc 0.1142 Tw (Crangonyx pseudogracilis) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 27) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 97.82) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0396 Tc 0.0382 Tw (Tubificid worm,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 97.82) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.078 Tc -0 Tw (Tubifex tubifex) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 26) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 93.52) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0383 Tc 0 Tw (Snail,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 93.52) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0706 Tc 0.0072 Tw (Helisoma trivolvis) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 25) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 77.10) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0421 Tc 0 Tw (Stonefly,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 77.10) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0024 Tc 0.0753 Tw (Arcynopteryx parallela) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 24) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 73.69) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0383 Tc 0 Tw (Snail,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 73.69) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0455 Tc 0.1232 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 23) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 51.73) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0793 Tw (Mottled sculpin,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 51.73) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0214 Tc 0.0992 Tw (Cottus bairdi) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 22) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 51.06) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0078 Tc 0 Tw (Mosquitofish,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 51.06) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0304 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Gambusia affinis) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 21) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 43.55) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0251 Tc 0.1029 Tw (Fathead minnow,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 43.55) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0148 Tc 0.0926 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 20) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 38.11) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0256 Tc 0.0521 Tw (White sucker,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 45.82) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0211 Tc 0.0989 Tw (Catostomus commersoni) Tj ET endstream endobj 84 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 85 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (38) Tj -140.88 672.96 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.074 Tc 0.1517 Tw (Genus Mean) Tj 266.4 0 TD -0.0531 Tc 0.1309 Tw (Species Mean) Tj -266.4 -11.04 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.0967 Tw (Acute Value) Tj 266.4 0 TD (Acute Value) Tj -316.8 -11.28 TD -0.0617 Tc 0 Tw (Rank) Tj ET 108 687.36 23.28 0.72 re f BT 158.4 689.28 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0648 Tw ( \(mg N/L) Tj ET 158.4 687.36 38.88 0.72 re f BT 197.28 694.32 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET 197.28 687.36 3.84 0.72 re f BT 201.12 689.28 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (\) ) Tj ET 201.12 687.36 6.24 0.72 re f BT 259.2 689.28 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.1256 Tw ( Species ) Tj ET 259.2 687.36 70.08 0.72 re f BT 424.8 689.28 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0648 Tw ( \(mg N/L) Tj ET 424.8 687.36 41.76 0.72 re f BT 466.56 694.32 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET 466.56 687.36 3.84 0.72 re f BT 470.4 689.28 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (\) ) Tj ET 470.4 687.36 6.24 0.72 re f BT 476.64 689.28 TD 0 Tc 0.0778 Tw ( ) Tj -217.44 -22.56 TD -0.0338 Tc 0.1116 Tw (Mountain sucker,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 31.70) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.1213 Tw (Catostomus platyrhynchus) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 19) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 36.82) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.031 Tc 0 Tw (Cladoceran,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 35.76) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.036 Tc 0.1138 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 0 -22.32 TD -0.031 Tc 0 Tw (Cladoceran,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 37.91) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0116 Tc 0.0894 Tw (Daphnia pulicaria) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 18) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 36.39) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0092 Tc 0.087 Tw (Brook trout,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 36.39) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0345 Tc 0.0433 Tw (Salvelinus fontinalis) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 17) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 35.65) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0642 Tc 0 Tw (Clam,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 35.65) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (Musculium transversum) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 16) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 34.44) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0852 Tw (Channel catfish,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 34.44) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0377 Tc 0.1155 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 15) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 33.99) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.031 Tc 0.1088 Tw (Cladoceran, ) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 33.99) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.0754 Tw (Simocephalus vetulus) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 14) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 33.14) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0163 Tc 0 Tw (Guppy,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 33.14) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.0569 Tw (Poecilia reticulata) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 13) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 32.82) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0177 Tc 0 Tw (Flatworm,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 32.82) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0794 Tw (Dendrocoelum lacteum) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 12) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 30.89) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0421 Tc 0.0357 Tw (White perch,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 30.89) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.023 Tc 0.1007 Tw (Morone americana) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 11) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 26.97) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0051 Tc 0 Tw (Stoneroller,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 26.97) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0028 Tc 0.0749 Tw (Campostoma anomalum) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 10) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 26.50) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0016 Tc 0.0793 Tw (Smallmouth bass,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 35.07) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0096 Tc 0.0874 Tw (Micropterus dolomieu) Tj 0 -22.56 TD -0.0559 Tc 0.1336 Tw (Largemouth bass,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 20.03) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0289 Tc 0.1067 Tw (Micropterus salmoides) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 9) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 26.11) Tj 100.8 0 TD 0.0892 Tc 0 Tw (Walleye,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 26.11) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD 0.0322 Tc 0.0455 Tw (Stizostedion vitreum) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 8) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 25.78) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.031 Tc 0 Tw (Cladoceran,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 25.78) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.033 Tc 0.1107 Tw (Ceriodaphnia acanthina) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 7) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 25.60) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0497 Tc 0.1274 Tw (Red shiner,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 45.65) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0386 Tc 0.1163 Tw (Notropis lutrensis) Tj 0 -22.56 TD 0.0036 Tc 0.0741 Tw (Spotfin shiner,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 19.51) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0434 Tc 0.1212 Tw (Notropis spilopterus) Tj 0 -22.56 TD -0.0109 Tc 0.0887 Tw (Steelcolor shiner,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 18.83) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.031 Tc 0.1088 Tw (Notropis whipplei) Tj ET endstream endobj 86 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 87 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (39) Tj -140.88 672.96 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.074 Tc 0.1517 Tw (Genus Mean) Tj 266.4 0 TD -0.0531 Tc 0.1309 Tw (Species Mean) Tj -266.4 -11.04 TD -0.0189 Tc 0.0967 Tw (Acute Value) Tj 266.4 0 TD (Acute Value) Tj -316.8 -11.28 TD -0.0617 Tc 0 Tw (Rank) Tj ET 108 687.36 23.28 0.72 re f BT 158.4 689.28 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0648 Tw ( \(mg N/L) Tj ET 158.4 687.36 38.88 0.72 re f BT 197.28 694.32 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET 197.28 687.36 3.84 0.72 re f BT 201.12 689.28 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (\) ) Tj ET 201.12 687.36 6.24 0.72 re f BT 259.2 689.28 TD -0.0478 Tc 0.1256 Tw ( Species ) Tj ET 259.2 687.36 70.08 0.72 re f BT 424.8 689.28 TD 0.013 Tc 0.0648 Tw ( \(mg N/L) Tj ET 424.8 687.36 41.76 0.72 re f BT 466.56 694.32 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj ET 466.56 687.36 3.84 0.72 re f BT 470.4 689.28 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (\) ) Tj ET 470.4 687.36 6.24 0.72 re f BT 476.64 689.28 TD 0 Tc 0.0778 Tw ( ) Tj -368.64 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 6) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 23.74) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0381 Tc 0.1159 Tw (Brown trout,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 23.74) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD 0.0274 Tc 0.0504 Tw (Salmo trutta) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 5) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 23.61) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0268 Tc 0.1045 Tw (Green sunfish,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 30.27) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0266 Tc 0.1044 Tw (Lepomis cyanellus) Tj 0 -22.32 TD -0.0222 Tc 0 Tw (Pumpkinseed,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 18.05) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0608 Tc 0.1386 Tw (Lepomis gibbosus) Tj 0 -22.32 TD 0.0522 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 24.09) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0188 Tc 0.0965 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 4) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 21.95) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.0803 Tw (Golden trout,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 26.10) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD -0.0501 Tc 0.1278 Tw (Oncorhynchus aquabonita) Tj 0 -22.56 TD -0.0074 Tc 0.0852 Tw (Cutthroat trout,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 25.80) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0235 Tc 0.1012 Tw (Oncorhynchus clarki) Tj 0 -22.32 TD 0.0058 Tc 0.0719 Tw (Pink salmon,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 42.07) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0671 Tc 0.1449 Tw (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tj 0 -22.32 TD -0.031 Tc 0.1088 Tw (Coho salmon,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 20.26) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 0 -22.56 TD -0.0387 Tc 0.1165 Tw (Rainbow trout,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 11.23) Tj 36.48 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj -202.08 -16.08 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0411 Tc 0.1189 Tw (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tj 0 -22.56 TD -0.0188 Tc 0.0966 Tw (Chinook salmon,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 17.34) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0716 Tc 0.1493 Tw (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 3) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 17.96) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0233 Tc 0.1011 Tw (Orangethroat darter,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 17.96) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0264 Tc 0.1041 Tw (Etheostoma spectabile) Tj -151.2 -22.32 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 2) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 14.67) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0268 Tc 0.1045 Tw (Golden shiner,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 14.67) Tj -165.6 -11.28 TD -0.0452 Tc 0.1229 Tw (Notemigonus crysoleucas) Tj -151.2 -22.56 TD -0.0845 Tc 0.1622 Tw ( 1) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 12.11) Tj 100.8 0 TD -0.0107 Tc 0.0885 Tw (Mountain whitefish,) Tj 165.6 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw ( 12.11) Tj -165.6 -11.04 TD 0.0036 Tc 0.0742 Tw (Prosopium williamsoni) Tj -187.2 -30 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0134 Tc 0.0644 Tw (All values are total ammonia nitrogen at pH=8.) Tj -14.4 -6.48 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0139 Tc 0.0916 Tw (Thurston and Russo \(1983\) conducted numerous acute toxicity tests with larval, juvenile, yearling,) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0313 Tc 0.1091 Tw (and larger rainbow trout and demonstrated that large rainbow trout were measurably more sensitive) Tj T* -0.008 Tc 0.0858 Tw (than other life stages. The average adjusted total ammonia nitrogen acute value for large rainbow) Tj T* -0.0309 Tc 0.1087 Tw (trout was 11.23 mg N/L. Therefore, this SMAV was lowered to 11.23 mg N/L in order to protect large) Tj T* -0.0343 Tc 0.112 Tw (rainbow trout, as per the 1985 Guidelines \(U.S. EPA 1985b\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 88 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 89 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (40) Tj -112.08 493.92 TD -0.068 Tc (CMC) Tj 32.4 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 232.8 534.96 74.4 0.48 re S BT 255.36 539.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (275) Tj -31.2 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 326.4 534.96 74.4 0.48 re S BT 352.32 539.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (39) Tj 13.44 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0) Tj -41.28 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 129.6 4.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(13\)) Tj -329.52 -124.32 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.068 Tc (CMC) Tj 32.4 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 232.8 407.52 74.4 0.48 re S BT 255.36 411.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (411) Tj -31.2 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 326.4 407.52 74.4 0.48 re S BT 352.32 411.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (58) Tj 13.44 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (4) Tj -41.28 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 129.6 4.08 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(14\)) Tj -444.72 306.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0609 Tc -0.0369 Tw (normalization for the invertebrates, although technically justifiable, is irrelevant to the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (CMC formulation, due to the insensitivity of all invertebrate taxa to ammonia acute) Tj T* 0.0347 Tc 0 Tw (toxicity.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (The Final Acute Value \(i.e., the fifth percentile\) at pH=8 was calculated from this set of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0064 Tc 0.0176 Tw (adjusted total ammonia GMAVs to be 14.32 mg N/L. The SMAV for rainbow trout is) Tj T* 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (11.23 mg N/L, and so the FAV is lowered to this value, as per the 1985 Guidelines) Tj T* 0.0201 Tc 0.0039 Tw (\(U.S. EPA 1985b\), comparable to what was done in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria) Tj T* 0.0319 Tc -0.0079 Tw (document. The CMC at pH=8 equals one-half of this FAV. Substitution of this CMC at) Tj T* 0.0013 Tc 0.0227 Tw (pH=8 for AV) Tj 65.76 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc 0 Tw (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw ( in Equation 11 results in the following equation for expressing the CMC) Tj -75.36 -14.16 TD 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (as a function of pH:) Tj 0 -84.96 TD 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (If the four genera \() Tj 99.6 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (Oncorhynchus) Tj 77.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (, ) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0013 Tc (Prosopium) Tj 57.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (, ) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0144 Tc (Salmo) Tj 34.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (, and ) Tj 30.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0204 Tc 0 Tw (Salvelinus) Tj 54.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (\) in the family) Tj -366.96 -14.16 TD 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw (Salmonidae are excluded from the dataset in Table 4, the fifth percentile FAV with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (salmonids absent is 16.8 mg N/L and the CMC is 8.4 mg N/L at pH=8; substitution into) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (Equation 11 gives the CMC as a function of pH:) Tj 0 -84.96 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Figure 11 shows the ranked GMAVs, the CMC with salmonids present, and the CMC) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (with salmonids absent, all at pH=8. The GMAVs represent LC50s, whereas the CMCs) Tj T* 0.0556 Tc -0.0316 Tw (represent concentrations that are lethal to a minimal percentage of the individuals in) Tj T* 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (either the fifth percentile genus or a sensitive important species.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0512 Tc -0.0272 Tw (FAVs and CMCs are plotted in Figure 12, along with all of the individual total ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (acute values, unadjusted for pH or temperature, used in the calculations. The FAVs) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (show good correspondence with the lower range of the acute values. As discussed) Tj T* 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (above, more recent acute data are also in general accordance with the FAVs, except) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (that the ) Tj 43.68 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0189 Tc 0.0429 Tw (Hyalella azteca) Tj 81.12 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw ( LC50 from Ankley et al. \(1995\) at low ion concentration and) Tj -124.8 -14.16 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.0041 Tw (pH=6.5 is more than a factor of two below the FAV. Although some toxicity data are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (expected to be below the FAV, inclusion of this genus in the calculation would have) Tj T* 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (resulted in a lower CMC, but only under these extreme water quality conditions and) Tj T* 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (only if the effects of both pH and ionic composition were described for each individual) Tj T* 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (genus, which is not possible with the data that are currently available.) Tj ET endstream endobj 90 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 91 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (41) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (Figure 11. Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values \(GMAVs\) with Criterion) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0081 Tc 0.0321 Tw ( Maximum Concentrations \(CMCs\).) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 223.68 468 467.52 re f 72 223.44 468.24 467.76 re f 1.68 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 150.96 656.16 m 150.96 297.6 l 507.6 297.6 l 507.6 656.16 l 150.96 656.16 l S 147.36 297.6 m 154.32 297.6 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 150.96 297.6 m 507.6 297.6 l S BT 133.2 293.52 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12.48 Tf 0.0211 Tc -0.1306 Tw (1 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 149.28 333.36 m 152.4 333.36 l S 149.28 354.24 m 152.4 354.24 l S 149.28 369.36 m 152.4 369.36 l S 149.28 380.88 m 152.4 380.88 l S 149.28 390.24 m 152.4 390.24 l S 149.28 398.4 m 152.4 398.4 l S 149.28 405.12 m 152.4 405.12 l S 149.28 411.36 m 152.4 411.36 l S 147.36 416.88 m 154.32 416.88 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 150.96 416.88 m 507.6 416.88 l S BT 126.24 413.04 TD (10 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 149.28 452.88 m 152.4 452.88 l S 149.28 473.76 m 152.4 473.76 l S 149.28 488.88 m 152.4 488.88 l S 149.28 500.16 m 152.4 500.16 l S 149.28 509.76 m 152.4 509.76 l S 149.28 517.68 m 152.4 517.68 l S 149.28 524.64 m 152.4 524.64 l S 149.28 530.88 m 152.4 530.88 l S 147.36 536.4 m 154.32 536.4 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 150.96 536.4 m 507.6 536.4 l S BT 119.28 532.32 TD (100 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 149.28 572.16 m 152.4 572.16 l S 149.28 593.28 m 152.4 593.28 l S 149.28 608.16 m 152.4 608.16 l S 149.28 619.92 m 152.4 619.92 l S 149.28 629.28 m 152.4 629.28 l S 149.28 637.44 m 152.4 637.44 l S 149.28 644.16 m 152.4 644.16 l S 149.28 650.64 m 152.4 650.64 l S 147.36 656.16 m 154.32 656.16 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 150.96 656.16 m 507.6 656.16 l S BT 112.32 652.08 TD (1000 ) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 100.32 399.6 Tm /F1 13.68 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (GMAV, mg N/L at pH=8) Tj ET BT 267.6 264.48 TD 0.0697 Tc -0.0327 Tw (Ranked Genera) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 0 0 1 RG 0 0 1 rg 152.16 422.4 8.4 8.16 re b 162.72 431.52 8.16 8.16 re b 173.28 443.76 8.16 8.16 re b 183.6 456.96 8.16 8.16 re b 194.16 457.44 8.16 8.16 re b 204.72 457.44 8.16 8.16 re b 215.28 459.12 8.16 8.16 re b 225.84 462 8.16 8.16 re b 236.16 462.48 8.4 8.4 re b 246.72 462.48 8.16 8.4 re b 257.04 463.92 8.16 8.16 re b 267.6 466.56 8.16 8.16 re b 278.16 468.96 8.16 8.16 re b 288.72 474.96 8.16 8.16 re b 299.28 475.2 8.16 8.16 re b 309.84 477.36 8.16 8.16 re b 320.16 479.28 8.4 8.16 re b 330.48 479.76 8.4 8.16 re b 341.04 480.24 8.16 8.4 re b 351.6 481.92 8.16 8.16 re b 362.16 488.88 8.16 8.16 re b 372.72 497.76 8.16 8.16 re b 383.28 498 8.16 8.4 re b 393.6 516.48 8.16 8.4 re b 404.16 518.4 8.16 8.16 re b 414.48 529.2 8.4 8.16 re b 425.04 531.6 8.16 8.16 re b 435.6 536.64 8.16 8.16 re b 446.16 539.52 8.16 8.16 re b 456.72 539.76 8.16 8.16 re b 467.04 565.2 8.16 8.16 re b 477.6 570.72 8.16 8.16 re b 488.16 579.36 8.16 8.4 re b 498.48 602.4 8.4 8.16 re b 1.68 w 0 0 0 RG 156.24 407.52 m 166.8 407.52 l 177.36 407.52 l 187.68 407.52 l 198.24 407.52 l 208.56 407.52 l 219.12 407.52 l 229.68 407.52 l 240.24 407.52 l S 156.24 386.64 m 166.8 386.64 l 177.36 386.64 l 187.68 386.64 l 198.24 386.64 l 208.56 386.64 l 219.12 386.64 l 229.68 386.64 l 240.24 386.64 l S 1 1 1 rg 243.36 380.16 196.56 35.52 re f BT 245.04 402.72 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12.48 Tf -0.0475 Tc -0.062 Tw (CMC salmonids absent) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 244.32 375.6 207.36 20.88 re f BT 245.76 383.52 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.049 Tc -0.0605 Tw (CMC salmonids present) Tj ET endstream endobj 92 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 93 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (42) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 18 47.76 576 657.36 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 136.56 164.88 372.72 448.08 re b BT 314.64 121.92 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.52 Tf 1.0387 Tc (pH) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 136.56 164.88 m 509.28 164.88 l S 136.56 158.88 m 136.56 164.88 l S 243.12 158.88 m 243.12 164.88 l S 349.44 158.88 m 349.44 164.88 l S 456 158.88 m 456 164.88 l S BT 132.96 142.56 TD 0.7949 Tc (6) Tj 106.32 0 TD (7) Tj 106.56 0 TD (8) Tj 106.56 0 TD (9) Tj ET 136.56 612.96 m 509.28 612.96 l S BT 0 1 -1 0 81.36 317.28 Tm 0 Tc (TOTAL AMMONIA \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 136.56 164.88 m 136.56 612.96 l S 129.84 164.88 m 136.56 164.88 l S 129.84 314.16 m 136.56 314.16 l S 129.84 463.68 m 136.56 463.68 l S 129.84 612.96 m 136.56 612.96 l S BT 115.92 160.8 TD 0.7949 Tc (1) Tj -7.2 149.52 TD 0.9149 Tc (10) Tj -7.44 149.28 TD 0.8749 Tc (100) Tj -7.2 149.52 TD 0.9149 Tc (1000) Tj ET 509.28 164.88 m 509.28 612.96 l S 0.48 w 193.92 288.96 m 193.92 290.8935 192.0384 292.56 189.72 292.56 c 187.4016 292.56 185.52 290.8935 185.52 288.84 c 185.52 286.7866 187.4016 285.12 189.72 285.12 c 192.0384 285.12 193.92 286.7866 193.92 288.84 c S 186 259.2 7.44 6.48 re S 193.92 236.4 m 193.92 238.3334 192.0384 240 189.72 240 c 187.4016 240 185.52 238.3334 185.52 236.28 c 185.52 234.2266 187.4016 232.56 189.72 232.56 c 192.0384 232.56 193.92 234.2266 193.92 236.28 c b 186 206.4 7.44 6.72 re b 1.92 w 189.84 462 m 190.8 461.76 l 192 461.52 l 192.96 461.28 l 194.16 461.04 l 195.12 460.8 l 196.08 460.56 l 197.28 460.08 l 198.24 459.84 l 199.44 459.6 l 200.4 459.36 l 201.6 459.12 l 202.56 458.64 l 203.76 458.4 l 204.72 458.16 l 205.68 457.68 l 206.88 457.44 l 207.84 457.2 l 209.04 456.72 l 210 456.48 l 210.96 456.24 l 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367.1866 342.9216 365.52 345.24 365.52 c 347.5584 365.52 349.44 367.1866 349.44 369.24 c b 194.88 493.44 m 194.88 495.3735 192.9984 497.04 190.68 497.04 c 188.3616 497.04 186.48 495.3735 186.48 493.32 c 186.48 491.2665 188.3616 489.6 190.68 489.6 c 192.9984 489.6 194.88 491.2665 194.88 493.32 c b 225.84 460.08 m 225.84 462.0135 223.9584 463.68 221.64 463.68 c 219.3216 463.68 217.44 462.0135 217.44 459.96 c 217.44 457.9066 219.3216 456.24 221.64 456.24 c 223.9584 456.24 225.84 457.9066 225.84 459.96 c b 279.12 444.72 m 279.12 446.6535 277.2384 448.32 274.92 448.32 c 272.6016 448.32 270.72 446.6535 270.72 444.6 c 270.72 442.5466 272.6016 440.88 274.92 440.88 c 277.2384 440.88 279.12 442.5466 279.12 444.6 c b 384.48 335.76 m 384.48 337.6935 382.5984 339.36 380.28 339.36 c 377.9616 339.36 376.08 337.6935 376.08 335.64 c 376.08 333.5866 377.9616 331.92 380.28 331.92 c 382.5984 331.92 384.48 333.5866 384.48 335.64 c b 440.88 254.16 m 440.88 256.1472 438.9984 257.76 436.68 257.76 c 434.3616 257.76 432.48 256.1472 432.48 254.16 c 432.48 252.1728 434.3616 250.56 436.68 250.56 c 438.9984 250.56 440.88 252.1728 440.88 254.16 c b 461.28 224.88 m 461.28 226.8672 459.3984 228.48 457.08 228.48 c 454.7616 228.48 452.88 226.8672 452.88 224.88 c 452.88 222.8928 454.7616 221.28 457.08 221.28 c 459.3984 221.28 461.28 222.8928 461.28 224.88 c b 335.52 398.64 m 335.52 400.5734 333.6384 402.24 331.32 402.24 c 329.0016 402.24 327.12 400.5734 327.12 398.52 c 327.12 396.4666 329.0016 394.8 331.32 394.8 c 333.6384 394.8 335.52 396.4666 335.52 398.52 c b 331.2 405.84 m 331.2 407.8272 329.3184 409.44 327 409.44 c 324.6816 409.44 322.8 407.8272 322.8 405.84 c 322.8 403.8528 324.6816 402.24 327 402.24 c 329.3184 402.24 331.2 403.8528 331.2 405.84 c b 327.12 399.36 m 327.12 401.3472 325.2384 402.96 322.92 402.96 c 320.6016 402.96 318.72 401.3472 318.72 399.36 c 318.72 397.3728 320.6016 395.76 322.92 395.76 c 325.2384 395.76 327.12 397.3728 327.12 399.36 c b 328.08 402.96 m 328.08 404.9472 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387.36 c 336.7584 387.36 338.64 388.9728 338.64 390.96 c b 334.32 392.64 m 334.32 394.6272 332.4922 396.24 330.24 396.24 c 327.9878 396.24 326.16 394.6272 326.16 392.64 c 326.16 390.6528 327.9878 389.04 330.24 389.04 c 332.4922 389.04 334.32 390.6528 334.32 392.64 c b 337.68 384.96 m 337.68 386.8934 335.7984 388.56 333.48 388.56 c 331.1616 388.56 329.28 386.8934 329.28 384.84 c 329.28 382.7865 331.1616 381.12 333.48 381.12 c 335.7984 381.12 337.68 382.7865 337.68 384.84 c b 335.52 421.68 m 335.52 423.6135 333.6384 425.28 331.32 425.28 c 329.0016 425.28 327.12 423.6135 327.12 421.56 c 327.12 419.5066 329.0016 417.84 331.32 417.84 c 333.6384 417.84 335.52 419.5066 335.52 421.56 c b 338.64 412.56 m 338.64 414.4935 336.7584 416.16 334.44 416.16 c 332.1216 416.16 330.24 414.4935 330.24 412.44 c 330.24 410.3866 332.1216 408.72 334.44 408.72 c 336.7584 408.72 338.64 410.3866 338.64 412.44 c b 336.48 375.36 m 336.48 377.2935 334.6522 378.96 332.4 378.96 c 330.1478 378.96 328.32 377.2935 328.32 375.24 c 328.32 373.1866 330.1478 371.52 332.4 371.52 c 334.6522 371.52 336.48 373.1866 336.48 375.24 c b 332.4 363.6 m 332.4 365.5334 330.5184 367.2 328.2 367.2 c 325.8816 367.2 324 365.5334 324 363.48 c 324 361.4265 325.8816 359.76 328.2 359.76 c 330.5184 359.76 332.4 361.4265 332.4 363.48 c b 319.68 322.8 m 319.68 324.7334 317.7984 326.4 315.48 326.4 c 313.1616 326.4 311.28 324.7334 311.28 322.68 c 311.28 320.6266 313.1616 318.96 315.48 318.96 c 317.7984 318.96 319.68 320.6266 319.68 322.68 c b 281.76 418.32 7.68 6.72 re b 292.56 391.92 7.44 6.48 re b 377.76 368.88 7.44 6.48 re b 462.96 283.2 7.44 6.48 re b 340.56 351.12 7.44 6.48 re b 361.68 342.72 7.44 6.48 re b 335.04 369.36 7.44 6.48 re b 335.04 364.32 7.44 6.48 re b 324.48 399.36 7.44 6.48 re b 351.12 411.84 7.44 6.72 re b 336.24 417.6 7.44 6.48 re b 334.08 415.68 7.44 6.72 re b 307.44 425.52 7.44 6.72 re b 311.76 432.24 7.44 6.48 re b 348.96 412.32 7.44 6.48 re b 352.32 405.12 7.44 6.48 re b 310.56 426 7.68 6.72 re b 351.12 441.6 7.44 6.48 re b 351.12 433.92 7.44 6.72 re b 339.36 404.64 7.44 6.48 re b 320.16 415.92 7.44 6.48 re b 309.6 425.52 7.44 6.48 re b 331.92 426.24 7.44 6.48 re b 327.6 416.4 7.44 6.48 re b 336.24 414.48 7.44 6.72 re b 321.36 434.16 7.44 6.72 re b 321.36 439.92 7.44 6.48 re b 350.16 395.28 7.44 6.48 re b 354.24 408.24 7.44 6.72 re b 362.88 412.08 7.44 6.48 re b 333.12 416.64 7.44 6.72 re b 311.76 454.8 7.44 6.72 re b 306.48 453.6 7.44 6.48 re b 340.56 400.8 7.44 6.48 re b 320.16 465.36 7.44 6.48 re b 328.8 422.16 7.44 6.72 re b 320.16 434.4 7.44 6.48 re b 318.24 418.32 7.44 6.48 re b 336.24 412.08 7.44 6.72 re b 187.2 522.48 7.44 6.48 re b 240.48 485.04 7.44 6.48 re b 326.64 430.32 7.44 6.48 re b 327.6 409.68 7.44 6.72 re b 400.08 352.32 7.44 6.72 re b 455.52 277.2 7.44 6.72 re b 394.8 351.12 7.44 6.72 re b 348 354.48 7.44 6.72 re b 373.44 383.52 7.44 6.72 re b 362.88 348 7.44 6.48 re b 322.32 402.48 7.44 6.48 re b 324.48 405.12 7.44 6.72 re b 335.04 514.56 7.44 6.48 re b 356.4 422.88 7.44 6.72 re b 345.84 418.32 7.44 6.48 re b 356.4 380.64 7.44 6.72 re b 362.88 383.04 7.44 6.48 re b 360.72 381.6 7.44 6.72 re b 324.48 363.12 7.44 6.72 re b 324.48 453.36 7.44 6.48 re b 356.4 428.4 7.44 6.48 re b 367.2 402.48 7.44 6.48 re b 367.2 405.84 7.44 6.48 re b 310.56 434.4 7.68 6.72 re b 317.04 417.6 7.44 6.48 re b 312.72 412.32 7.44 6.72 re b 420.24 314.64 7.44 6.48 re b 420.24 312.24 7.44 6.72 re b 420.24 316.56 7.44 6.48 re b 388.32 315.6 7.44 6.48 re b 355.44 387.36 7.44 6.48 re b 354.24 407.76 7.44 6.72 re b 343.68 383.52 7.44 6.48 re b 339.36 388.8 7.44 6.48 re b 324.48 388.32 7.44 6.48 re b 345.84 397.2 7.44 6.48 re b 356.4 370.32 7.44 6.72 re b 356.4 402.48 7.44 6.48 re b 324.48 408.24 7.44 6.72 re b 345.84 387.36 7.44 6.48 re b 345.84 405.12 7.44 6.48 re b 367.2 391.44 7.44 6.72 re b 319.2 477.36 7.44 6.48 re b 399.12 335.76 7.44 6.72 re b 262.8 477.12 7.44 6.72 re b 287.28 448.32 7.44 6.72 re b 287.28 442.32 7.44 6.72 re b 322.32 389.76 7.44 6.72 re b 324.48 392.64 7.44 6.48 re b 132.96 553.44 7.44 6.48 re b 345.84 337.2 7.44 6.48 re b 328.8 388.8 7.44 6.48 re b 375.6 300 7.44 6.48 re b 197.76 521.04 7.44 6.72 re b 260.64 483.6 7.44 6.72 re b 316.08 422.64 7.44 6.48 re b 419.28 306 7.44 6.48 re b 321.36 305.04 7.44 6.72 re b 321.36 404.16 7.44 6.72 re b 321.36 413.04 7.44 6.48 re b 314.88 391.44 7.44 6.48 re b 357.6 344.4 7.44 6.72 re b 371.28 404.16 7.44 6.72 re b 425.76 326.64 7.44 6.48 re b 353.28 303.12 7.44 6.48 re b 345.84 326.88 7.44 6.48 re b 338.4 368.16 7.44 6.48 re b 367.2 336.48 7.44 6.72 re b 388.32 335.76 7.44 6.72 re b 358.56 366.24 7.44 6.48 re b 362.88 325.92 7.44 6.48 re b 355.44 346.32 7.44 6.48 re b 303.12 407.28 7.44 6.48 re b 324.48 390.24 7.44 6.48 re b 303.12 426 7.44 6.48 re b 324.48 396.96 7.44 6.48 re b 189.36 543.6 7.44 6.48 re b 256.32 474.24 7.44 6.48 re b 318.24 399.84 7.44 6.72 re b 421.44 292.8 7.44 6.72 re b 341.52 357.6 7.44 6.48 re b 350.16 354.72 7.44 6.48 re b 388.32 293.76 7.44 6.48 re b 356.4 342 7.44 6.72 re b 354.24 347.04 7.44 6.72 re b 335.04 413.52 7.44 6.48 re b 313.92 453.6 7.44 6.72 re b 377.76 279.36 7.44 6.48 re b 348 415.44 7.44 6.48 re b 345.84 469.44 7.44 6.72 re S 367.2 450 7.44 6.72 re S 356.4 443.04 7.44 6.48 re S 367.2 415.92 7.44 6.48 re S 345.84 429.84 7.44 6.72 re S 345.84 373.92 7.44 6.48 re S 367.2 431.28 7.44 6.48 re S 367.2 398.16 7.44 6.48 re S 356.4 388.32 7.44 6.48 re S 409.68 282.48 7.44 6.48 re S 353.52 508.8 m 353.52 510.7872 351.6384 512.4 349.32 512.4 c 347.0016 512.4 345.12 510.7872 345.12 508.8 c 345.12 506.8128 347.0016 505.2 349.32 505.2 c 351.6384 505.2 353.52 506.8128 353.52 508.8 c S 353.52 514.08 m 353.52 516.0135 351.6384 517.68 349.32 517.68 c 347.0016 517.68 345.12 516.0135 345.12 513.96 c 345.12 511.9065 347.0016 510.24 349.32 510.24 c 351.6384 510.24 353.52 511.9065 353.52 513.96 c S 374.88 450.72 m 374.88 452.7072 372.9984 454.32 370.68 454.32 c 368.3616 454.32 366.48 452.7072 366.48 450.72 c 366.48 448.7328 368.3616 447.12 370.68 447.12 c 372.9984 447.12 374.88 448.7328 374.88 450.72 c S 353.52 473.28 m 353.52 475.2134 351.6384 476.88 349.32 476.88 c 347.0016 476.88 345.12 475.2134 345.12 473.16 c 345.12 471.1066 347.0016 469.44 349.32 469.44 c 351.6384 469.44 353.52 471.1066 353.52 473.16 c S 353.52 374.4 m 353.52 376.3334 351.6384 378 349.32 378 c 347.0016 378 345.12 376.3334 345.12 374.28 c 345.12 372.2266 347.0016 370.56 349.32 370.56 c 351.6384 370.56 353.52 372.2266 353.52 374.28 c S 332.4 576 m 332.4 577.9335 330.5184 579.6 328.2 579.6 c 325.8816 579.6 324 577.9335 324 575.88 c 324 573.8265 325.8816 572.16 328.2 572.16 c 330.5184 572.16 332.4 573.8265 332.4 575.88 c S BT 137.04 462.24 TD /F1 7.44 Tf 0.5159 Tc -0.1842 Tw (FAV - 5th Pct) Tj 0 -8.16 TD 0.5411 Tc -0.2094 Tw (w/o Salmonids) Tj -0.24 -17.28 TD 0.5262 Tc -0.1945 Tw (FAV - Adult) Tj 0 -8.16 TD 0.5611 Tc -0.4694 Tw (Rainbow Trout) Tj 0.24 -12 TD 0.6965 Tc -0.3648 Tw (New CMC) Tj 0 -9.84 TD 0.5411 Tc -0.2094 Tw (w/o Salmonids) Tj 1.92 -36.72 TD /F1 8.4 Tf 0.6338 Tc -0.329 Tw (Old CMC) Tj 0 -9.36 TD 0.4755 Tc -0.1707 Tw (\(10, 20 C\)) Tj -1.68 33.12 TD /F1 7.44 Tf 0.6965 Tc -0.3648 Tw (New CMC) Tj 0 -10.08 TD 0.53 Tc -0.1983 Tw (w/ Salmonids) Tj 71.28 -98.16 TD /F1 11.52 Tf 0.7898 Tc 0 Tw (Molluscs) Tj 0 -28.56 TD 0.771 Tc -0.3735 Tw (Other Invertebrates) Tj 0 -26.16 TD 0.8156 Tc -0.1781 Tw (Salmonid Fishes) Tj T* 0.855 Tc -0.4575 Tw (Nonsalmonid Fishes) Tj -136.56 503.76 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0667 Tc -0.0427 Tw (Figure 12. Acute LC50s used in criteria derivation in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0594 Tc -0.0354 Tw ( relationship to Final Acute Values \(FAVs\) and) Tj T* 0.0139 Tc 0.0101 Tw ( Criterion Maximum Concentrations \(CMCs\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 94 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 95 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (43) Tj -114.48 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0809 Tc 0.0511 Tw (Review and Analysis of Chronic Data) Tj -112.8 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (Due to the magnitudes of the acute-chronic ratios \(ACRs\) for ammonia, the ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (CCC is sufficiently low relative to the CMC that the CCC generally will be the) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (determining factor for permit limits. In the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document, the) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (CCC is more uncertain than the CMC because \(1\) the CCC was calculated by dividing) Tj T* 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (the FAV by an ACR \(thus including the uncertainties of both the FAV and the ACR\) and) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (\(2\) fewer acceptable chronic toxicity tests were available and not all of them could be) Tj T* 0.0538 Tc -0.0298 Tw (used to derive ACRs. Additionally, depending on how they were derived, the individual) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (chronic values could differ with respect to the nature and degree of the toxic effects) Tj T* 0.054 Tc -0.03 Tw (they represented. To reduce this variability, EPA reviewed and analyzed all of the) Tj T* 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (chronic data used in the 1984/1985 criteria document and newer chronic data known to) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (the authors or suggested by peer reviewers to produce a more extensive and) Tj T* 0.0483 Tc -0.0243 Tw (consistent set of Chronic Values \(CVs\) that could be used to directly calculate a CCC) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (rather than to calculate it using ACRs. This procedure also has some limitations) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (because \(a\) the criterion usually decreases as the number of genera used in the) Tj T* 0.053 Tc -0.029 Tw (calculation of the 95th percentile decreases and \(2\) chronic tests have been conducted) Tj T* 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (with a larger proportion of the species that are acutely sensitive to ammonia than those) Tj T* 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw (that are acutely resistant to ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (The first two parts of this section describe how the chronic tests on ammonia were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (reviewed and how the CVs were calculated. The third part discusses each chronic test) Tj T* 0.0238 Tc 0 Tw (of which EPA was aware and presents the relevant results.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (Review of Chronic Data) Tj T* /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Each chronic dataset was subjected to the following two-step review process. The first) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw (step was to determine whether the test methodology was acceptable for providing) Tj T* 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (information about a CV. A test was considered acceptable if the dilution water, control) Tj T* 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (mortality, experimental design, loading, etc., were consistent with ASTM Standards) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (E1193, E1241, and E1295 \(ASTM 1997a,b,c\). The concentration of dissolved oxygen) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (was also reviewed on the basis of the U.S. EPA \(1986\) dissolved oxygen criteria) Tj T* -0.012 Tc 0 Tw (document.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (Reviewing the concentration of dissolved oxygen \(DO\) was difficult because \(a\) ASTM) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.028 Tc -0.004 Tw (Standards E1193, E1241, and E1295 \(ASTM 1997a,b,c\) express limits on high and low) Tj T* 0.0281 Tc -0.0041 Tw (concentrations of DO in terms of percent saturation, whereas U.S. EPA \(1986\)) Tj T* 0.0378 Tc -0.0138 Tw (expresses limits on low concentrations of DO in terms of the concentration itself, and) Tj T* 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (\(b\) neither specifies the limits in a way that can be used directly to interpret the kinds of) Tj T* 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (information that are given in most reports of the results of toxicity tests. Therefore, the) Tj T* 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (following rationale was used. The mean DO concentration needs to be within an) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (acceptable range, but limits expressed as long-term averages can allow excessively) Tj T* 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (low or high concentrations for too long a period. Conversely, a limit that must be) Tj T* 0.0412 Tc -0.0172 Tw (satisfied at all times can unnecessarily penalize investigators who make more than the) Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0148 Tw (minimum number of measurements and ignores the fact that organisms can tolerate) Tj ET endstream endobj 96 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 97 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (44) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (extreme concentrations for brief periods of time. Therefore, limits were placed on the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (mean and the fifth and ninety-fifth percentiles of the DO concentrations. Use of limits) Tj T* 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (that are expressed in terms of the mean and the fifth and ninety-fifth percentiles is) Tj T* 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (straightforward when the mean and standard deviation are reported or when all of the) Tj T* 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (individual measurements are reported, but not when only the range is reported. If the) Tj T* 0.0378 Tc -0.0138 Tw (measured concentration of DO during a chronic test was reported as a range, the) Tj T* 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (lowest and highest values were considered to be concentrations that existed for at least) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (5 percent of the time during the test.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (The limits used were:) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (A chronic test was considered questionable if either \(a\) the mean DO concentration) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (was below 60 or above 100 percent of saturation or \(b\) the concentration of DO) Tj T* 0.0279 Tc -0.0039 Tw (was below 50 or above 105 percent of saturation more than 5 percent of the time) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (during the test. These limits are similar to, but different from, the limits given in) Tj T* 0.0179 Tc 0.0061 Tw (ASTM Standards E1193, E1241, and E1295 \(ASTM 1997a,b,c\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (It is clear that 60 percent of saturation is the desirable lower limit in Section 11.2.1) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (of ASTM Standard E729 \(ASTM 1997d\); for practical reasons, this section allows) Tj T* 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (the concentration of DO to be between 40 and 60 percent of saturation during the) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (last 48 hours of 96-hr static acute tests. Because test organisms and BOD utilize) Tj T* 0.0444 Tc -0.0204 Tw (oxygen, when the concentration of DO is above 100 percent of saturation, it is quite) Tj T* 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (possible that the concentration of dissolved nitrogen is even more supersaturated,) Tj T* 0.0585 Tc -0.0345 Tw (which increases the possibility of gas bubble disease.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (A chronic test was considered questionable if either \(a\) the mean measured DO) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0285 Tc -0.0045 Tw (concentration was below the mean given below or \(b\) the DO concentration was) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (below the lower limit given below for more than 5 percent of the time during the) Tj T* 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (test:) Tj 172.8 -14.16 TD -0.012 Tc 0.036 Tw (Mean \(mg/L\)) Tj ET 266.4 324.24 67.92 0.72 re f BT 360 326.16 TD -0.0022 Tc 0.0263 Tw (Lower Limit \(mg/L\)) Tj ET 360 324.24 99.36 0.72 re f BT 122.4 312 TD 0.0168 Tc 0 Tw (Salmonids:) Tj 144 0 TD 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw ( 6.5) Tj 93.6 0 TD ( 5.0) Tj -237.6 -14.16 TD 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (Warmwater fishes) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0624 Tc -0.0384 Tw ( Early life stages) Tj 144 0 TD 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw ( 6.0) Tj 93.6 0 TD ( 5.0) Tj -237.6 -14.16 TD 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw ( Other life stages) Tj 144 0 TD 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw ( 5.5) Tj 93.6 0 TD ( 4.0) Tj -237.6 -14.16 TD 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw ( Invertebrates) Tj 144 0 TD 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw ( 6.0) Tj 93.6 0 TD ( 5.0) Tj -266.4 -28.32 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (The first three means are presented on page 34 of U.S. EPA \(1986\) and are 0.5) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (mg/L above the concentrations given for \223slight production impairment\224 on page 31. ) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (U.S. EPA \(1986\) does not give a \223mean\224 for invertebrates on page 34 and so the) Tj T* 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (last mean given above is 1 mg/L higher than the concentration given for \223some) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (production impairment\224 on page 31. The lower limits are concentrations given on) Tj T* 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (page 31 for \223moderate production impairment\224 or \223some production impairment\224.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (Regardless of how limits on the DO concentration are expressed, it is sometimes) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (difficult to apply them to the information that is reported concerning toxicity tests.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (If there was no reason to believe that the test methodology was unacceptable, the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (second step of the review process was to determine whether the test satisfied one of) Tj T* 0.0774 Tc -0.0534 Tw (the definitions given in the 1985 Guidelines for life-cycle, partial life-cycle, and early) Tj ET endstream endobj 98 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 99 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (45) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0556 Tc -0.0316 Tw (life-stage test. By definition, life-cycle tests can be conducted with either a fish species) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0643 Tc -0.0403 Tw (or an invertebrate species, but partial life-cycle and early life-stage tests can only be) Tj T* 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (conducted with a fish species. The considerations that excluded the most tests were) Tj T* 0.0551 Tc -0.0311 Tw (that \(a\) tests that did not include the newly hatched life stage cannot be acceptable life-) Tj T* 0.0603 Tc -0.0363 Tw (cycle, partial life-cycle, or early life-stage tests, and \(b\) tests that did not study) Tj T* 0.0581 Tc -0.0341 Tw (reproduction cannot be acceptable life-cycle or partial life-cycle tests. Each test that) Tj T* 0.0584 Tc -0.0344 Tw (satisfied one of the definitions could provide one of three kinds of information:) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (If all of the tested concentrations of the toxicant were so high that all of them) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (caused unacceptable effects, the test will probably provide an upper limit on a CV,) Tj T* 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (i.e., the CV will be lower than the lowest tested concentration.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (If all of the tested concentrations were so low that none of them caused an) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (unacceptable effect, the test will probably provide a lower limit on a CV, i.e., the CV) Tj T* 0.0563 Tc -0.0323 Tw (will be higher than the highest tested concentration.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (If the low tested concentrations did not cause unacceptable effects but the high) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw (tested concentrations did, the test will probably provide a CV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD 0.0374 Tc -0.0134 Tw (If the test did not satisfy the requirements for any of the three kinds of tests, it was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (necessary to determine whether the toxicant caused an unacceptable reduction in \(a\)) Tj T* 0.0584 Tc -0.0344 Tw (survival, reproduction, and/or hatchability over any period of at least seven days, or \(b\)) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (growth over a period of at least 90 days. If it caused either kind of unacceptable) Tj T* 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw (reduction, the test will probably provide an upper limit on a CV or it might lower a CV) Tj T* 0.0541 Tc -0.0301 Tw (from an early life-stage test. If it did not cause either kind of unacceptable reduction,) Tj T* 0.0345 Tc -0.0105 Tw (the test cannot provide a CV or an upper or lower limit on a CV, but the test might) Tj T* 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (provide other useful information. Because the test is not an acceptable life-cycle,) Tj T* 0.0597 Tc -0.0357 Tw (partial life-cycle, or early life-stage test, an upper limit on a CV can be based on a) Tj T* 0.0623 Tc -0.0383 Tw (reduction in survival, reproduction, and/or hatchability over any period of at least seven) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (days, but it cannot be based on a reduction in weight gain for fewer than 90 days) Tj T* 0.0338 Tc -0.0098 Tw (because such a reduction might be temporary; such a test cannot provide a lower limit) Tj T* 0.0202 Tc 0.0038 Tw (on a CV because some other life stage might be more sensitive. Although some CVs) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (were based on histopathological effects in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document,) Tj T* 0.0567 Tc -0.0327 Tw (this current effort could find no justification for equating histopathological effects with) Tj T* 0.0412 Tc -0.0172 Tw (effects on survival, growth, and reproduction \(see Appendix 5\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (Calculation of Chronic Values) Tj T* /F1 12 Tf 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (Chronic values used in aquatic life criteria documents have traditionally been based on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0453 Tc -0.0213 Tw (analysis of data to determine the highest tested concentration at which no relevant) Tj T* 0.0589 Tc -0.0349 Tw (toxicological variable had a value that was statistically significantly different from the) Tj T* 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (value for the control treatment \(highest no observed adverse effect concentration,) Tj T* 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (HNOAEC\) and the lowest concentration at which the value for at least one of the) Tj T* 0.0569 Tc -0.0328 Tw (relevant toxicological variables was significantly different from the value for the control) Tj T* 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (treatment \(lowest observed adverse effect concentration, or LOAEC\). When endpoints) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (are defined on the basis of such hypothesis testing of each tested concentration) Tj T* 0.0301 Tc -0.0061 Tw (against the control treatment, the CV is set equal to the geometric mean of the) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (HNOAEC and the LOAEC. Such a procedure has the disadvantage of resulting in) Tj T* 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (marked differences between the magnitudes of the effects corresponding to the) Tj ET endstream endobj 100 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 101 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (46) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0553 Tc -0.0313 Tw (individual CVs, due to variation in the power of the statistical tests used, the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (concentrations tested, and the size and variability of the samples used \(Stephan and) Tj T* 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (Rogers 1985\). For example, the CVs reported in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria) Tj T* 0.0198 Tc 0.0042 Tw (document corresponded to reductions from the control treatment of just a few percent to) Tj T* 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw (more than fifty percent. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (To make CVs reflect a uniform level of effect, regression analysis was used here both) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (to demonstrate that a significant concentration-effect relationship was present and to) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (estimate CVs with a consistent level of effect. Use of regression analysis is provided) Tj T* 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (for on page 39 of the 1985 Guidelines \(U.S. EPA 1985b\). The most precise estimates) Tj T* 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (of effect concentrations can generally be made for 50 percent reduction \(EC50\);) Tj T* 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (however, such a major reduction is not necessarily consistent with criteria providing) Tj T* 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (adequate protection. In contrast, a concentration that caused a low level of reduction,) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (such as an EC5 or EC10, is rarely statistically significantly different from the control) Tj T* 0.0273 Tc -0.0033 Tw (treatment. As a compromise, the EC20 is used here as representing a low level of) Tj T* 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (effect that is generally significantly different from the control treatment across the useful) Tj T* 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (chronic datasets that are available for ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (Regression analysis was performed on a chronic dataset only if the dataset met the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (following conditions: \(1\) it contained a control treatment to anchor the curve at the low) Tj T* 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (end, \(2\) it contained at least four concentrations of ammonia to provide at least two) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (error degrees of freedom when the three-parameter equation is fit to a set of data, \(3\)) Tj T* 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (the highest tested concentration of ammonia caused >50 percent reduction relative to) Tj T* 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (the control treatment to anchor the curve at the high end, and \(4\) at least one tested) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (concentration of ammonia caused <20 percent reduction relative to the control) Tj T* 0.0183 Tc 0.0057 Tw (treatment to ensure that the EC20 was bracketed by tested concentrations of ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0691 Tc -0.0451 Tw (For life-cycle and partial life-cycle tests, the toxicological variables used in these) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw (regression analyses were survival, embryo production, and embryo hatchability. For) Tj T* 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (early life-stage tests, the variables used were embryo hatchability, fry survival, and fry) Tj T* 0.0333 Tc -0.0093 Tw (growth; if ammonia apparently reduced both survival and growth, the product of these) Tj T* 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (variables \(biomass\) was analyzed, rather than analyzing them separately. For other) Tj T* 0.0557 Tc -0.0316 Tw (acceptable chronic tests, the toxicological variable analyzed was survival, reproduction,) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (hatchability, and/or growth as appropriate, based on the requirements stated above) Tj T* 0.0568 Tc -0.0328 Tw (concerning acceptability of chronic tests.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (The regression model used was based on the logistic equation:) Tj 179.76 -37.68 TD 0.108 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 12.72 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 277.92 163.2 58.56 0.72 re b BT 301.68 170.4 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.108 Tc (T) Tj 7.44 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj -29.76 -17.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.084 Tc (A) Tj 9.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 4.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj 11.76 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0026 Tc (B) Tj 186.48 5.28 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(15\)) Tj -444.96 -39.36 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0551 Tc -0.0311 Tw (This equation produces an "S-shaped" curve, with the toxicological variable of interest) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.073 Tc -0.049 Tw (\(T\) being at a control value \(T) Tj 159.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (\) at low concentrations, zero at high concentrations, and) Tj -163.44 -14.16 TD 0.058 Tc -0.034 Tw (declining at intermediate concentrations; the location and steepness of this decline are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (determined by the parameters A and B, respectively. It is not argued that this equation) Tj ET endstream endobj 102 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 103 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (47) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (embodies a mechanistic description of chronic toxicity, but rather that this is a useful) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (equation that incorporates the major features commonly observed in concentration-) Tj T* 0.0498 Tc -0.0258 Tw (effect relationships. Application of various forms and extensions of this equation to) Tj T* 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (toxicological data have been discussed by various authors, most recently by Moore and) Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.0044 Tw (Caux \(1997\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (To make the equation more directly interpretable with respect to effect concentrations) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (and to assist in determining confidence limits for such effect concentrations as the) Tj T* 0.0254 Tc -0.0014 Tw (EC20, the equation was reformulated to:) Tj 126.72 -37.68 TD 0.108 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 12.72 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 224.88 559.68 164.88 0.72 re b BT 301.68 566.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.108 Tc (T) Tj 7.44 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj -82.8 -23.76 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 251.76 543.12 m 251.76 549.36 l 252 551.04 l 252.24 552.48 l 252.96 554.64 l 253.44 555.84 l 254.4 557.28 l 253.44 556.08 l 252.72 554.88 l 251.76 552.96 l 251.28 551.52 l 251.04 549.84 l 251.04 543.12 l 251.76 543.12 l b* 251.76 544.32 m 251.76 538.08 l 252 536.16 l 252.24 534.72 l 252.96 532.56 l 253.44 531.36 l 254.4 529.92 l 253.44 531.12 l 252.72 532.32 l 251.76 534.24 l 251.28 535.68 l 251.04 537.36 l 251.04 544.32 l 251.76 544.32 l b* 258.24 541.44 36.24 0.72 re b BT 273.36 545.76 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (p) Tj -13.68 -16.56 TD (100) Tj 20.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (&) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (p) Tj ET 299.52 543.12 m 299.52 549.36 l 299.28 551.04 l 299.04 552.48 l 298.32 554.64 l 297.6 555.84 l 296.64 557.28 l 296.88 557.28 l 297.84 556.08 l 298.56 554.88 l 299.52 552.96 l 300 549.84 l 300.24 546.24 l 300.24 543.12 l 299.52 543.12 l b* 299.52 544.32 m 299.52 538.08 l 299.28 536.16 l 299.04 534.72 l 298.32 532.56 l 297.6 531.36 l 296.64 529.92 l 296.88 529.92 l 297.84 531.12 l 298.56 532.32 l 299.52 534.24 l 299.76 535.68 l 300 537.36 l 300.24 541.2 l 300.24 544.32 l 299.52 544.32 l b* 304.08 543.12 m 304.08 549.36 l 304.32 551.04 l 304.56 552.48 l 305.28 554.64 l 305.76 555.84 l 306.72 557.28 l 305.76 556.08 l 305.04 554.88 l 304.08 552.96 l 303.6 551.52 l 303.36 549.84 l 303.36 543.12 l 304.08 543.12 l b* 304.08 544.32 m 304.08 538.08 l 304.32 536.16 l 304.56 534.72 l 305.28 532.56 l 305.76 531.36 l 306.72 529.92 l 305.76 531.12 l 305.04 532.32 l 304.08 534.24 l 303.6 535.68 l 303.36 537.36 l 303.36 544.32 l 304.08 544.32 l b* BT 309.6 539.28 TD (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0026 Tc (B) Tj 6.24 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD -0.1618 Tc (log) Tj 10.8 0 TD 0.0418 Tc (C) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1618 Tc (log) Tj 11.04 0 TD -0.0148 Tc (ECp) Tj 15.36 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj ET 385.44 543.12 m 385.44 549.36 l 385.2 551.04 l 384.96 552.48 l 384.24 554.64 l 383.52 555.84 l 382.56 557.28 l 382.8 557.28 l 383.76 556.08 l 384.48 554.88 l 385.44 552.96 l 385.92 549.84 l 386.16 546.24 l 386.16 543.12 l 385.44 543.12 l b* 385.44 544.32 m 385.44 538.08 l 385.2 536.16 l 384.96 534.72 l 384.24 532.56 l 383.52 531.36 l 382.56 529.92 l 382.8 529.92 l 383.76 531.12 l 384.48 532.32 l 385.44 534.24 l 385.68 535.68 l 385.92 537.36 l 386.16 541.2 l 386.16 544.32 l 385.44 544.32 l b* BT 516.96 547.44 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(16\)) Tj -444.96 -47.76 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (where log ECp \(i.e., the logarithm of the concentration causing T to be reduced by p) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.014 Tc 0.01 Tw (percent from T) Tj 78.24 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0453 Tc -0.0213 Tw (\) is a parameter rather than A. This equation was applied to each) Tj -82.32 -14.16 TD 0.0538 Tc -0.0298 Tw (dataset using nonlinear least-squares regression analysis \(Draper and Smith 1981\),) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (with p=20%. Software used for determining the least-squares solution was written in) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (FORTRAN using nonlinear search routines based on the Newton-Raphson method) Tj T* 0.0374 Tc -0.0134 Tw (\(Dahlquist and Bjorck 1974\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (Either transformation or weighting was applied to each dataset to improve the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (homogeneity of the variance:) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (When T was a percentage, the regression analysis was conducted on a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (transformation T) Tj 88.32 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj -0.48 7.68 TD 0.0792 Tc (*) Tj 2.88 -5.04 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0548 Tc -0.0308 Tw ( of each data point T) Tj 110.4 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw ( as follows \(Draper and Smith 1981\):) Tj -59.76 -31.68 TD 0.108 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 9.36 6.24 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (\() Tj -1.68 -9.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0782 Tc (i) Tj 11.76 3.36 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (arcsin) Tj 32.4 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj ET 311.52 336.48 35.76 0.72 re b 306.24 329.04 m 305.28 327.6 l 305.52 327.36 l 305.76 328.08 l 307.44 320.88 l 307.68 320.88 l 311.52 336.72 l 311.52 337.2 l 311.28 337.2 l 307.68 322.56 l 306.24 329.04 l b* BT 312.96 326.4 TD 0.108 Tc (T) Tj 7.68 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0782 Tc (i) Tj 3.12 3.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (/) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (100) Tj 21.36 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj 168.48 -0.24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(17\)) Tj -423.36 -32.4 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (The regression equation was similarly transformed and the parameter T) Tj 382.56 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.072 Tc 0.096 Tw ( was) Tj -386.64 -14.16 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.0031 Tw (formulated to be the transformed effect.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (When T was count data, the regression analysis was conducted on the square root) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (transformation of T) Tj 101.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw ( and the regression equation was similarly transformed \(Draper) Tj -102.96 -14.16 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (and Smith 1981\).) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (When T was weight or biomass, no transformation was used, but each datum was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (weighted by the inverse of its variance \(Draper and Smith 1981\). For weight data,) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (these weighting factors were based on standard errors \(SEs\) or standard) Tj T* 0.0562 Tc -0.0322 Tw (deviations \(SDs\) divided by N) Tj 158.88 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (\275) Tj 7.2 -6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw ( as reported by the authors. For biomass [B =) Tj -166.08 -14.16 TD 0.0659 Tc -0.0419 Tw (product of proportion survival \(P\) and weight \(W\) in early life-stage tests], the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (variance was estimated as follows:) Tj 117.84 -31.68 TD -0.064 Tc 0 Tw (VAR) Tj 24.48 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.084 Tc (B) Tj 7.92 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj 9.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (.) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.672 Tc (W) Tj 13.92 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (2) Tj 5.52 -4.56 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 4.56 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.084 Tc (SE) Tj 17.76 6.24 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (2) Tj -1.68 -9.6 TD -0.0026 Tc (P) Tj 11.28 3.36 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.084 Tc (P) Tj 9.84 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (2) Tj 5.52 -4.56 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 4.56 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.084 Tc (SE) Tj 17.76 6.24 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (2) Tj -1.68 -9.6 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj 147.36 3.12 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(18\)) Tj -423.36 -32.16 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0291 Tc 0.0531 Tw (where SE) Tj 51.84 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0029 Tc 0 Tw (P) Tj 5.76 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw ( is the SE of P as reported by the authors or calculated as \(P\(1-P\)/N\)) Tj 367.44 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (\275) Tj 7.2 -6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (,) Tj -432.24 -14.16 TD -0.0048 Tc 0.0288 Tw (and SE) Tj 39.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.4032 Tc 0 Tw (W) Tj 7.2 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw ( is the SE of W as reported by the authors or calculated from their data.) Tj ET endstream endobj 104 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 105 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (48) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0538 Tc -0.0298 Tw (In addition to the dataset-specific transformation or weighting described above, all) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (regression analyses used a general weighting scheme to make the analyses more) Tj T* 0.0669 Tc -0.0429 Tw (appropriate for calculating EC20s. When this type of regression analysis is used to) Tj T* 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (calculate such low-effect concentrations as an EC20, lack of fit of the model at high-) Tj T* 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (effect concentrations can perturb the fit of the model at low-effect concentrations. If the) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (form of the regression equation is known to be completely accurate, such perturbation) Tj T* 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (is appropriate; in this case, however, the equation is not expected to describe the exact) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (form of the concentration-effect curve over the whole range of T. Because high effect) Tj T* 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (concentrations contain useful information about the nature of the curve, they should not) Tj T* 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (be excluded, but they should not be allowed to unduly influence the fit in the range from) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (0 to 50 percent reduction. Consequently, normal weights were given to data points up) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (to the first concentration with a 50% or greater reduction relative to the control) Tj T* 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (treatment and points at higher concentrations were weighted by half. An alternative) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc -0 Tw (was to use a more complicated form of the logistic equation \(e.g., Moore and Caux) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (1997\), but such equations introduce their own uncertainties, especially for small) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (datasets, and their main effect on calculation of the EC20 is to reduce the influence of) Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (data points at high effects, with much the same results as the weighting scheme used) Tj T* 0.0504 Tc 0 Tw (here.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (SEs of the regression parameters were calculated based on the variance/covariance) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (matrix of the linearized model at the least-squares solution \(Draper and Smith 1981\)) Tj T* 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (and 95% confidence limits for the parameters were calculated by multiplying these SEs) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (by the applicable t-statistic. Simulations showed that this procedure produces) Tj T* 0.0509 Tc -0.0269 Tw (confidence levels that are near or greater than 95%. The EC20 and its confidence) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (limits were computed by taking the antilog of the calculated logEC20 and its confidence) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (limits. Confidence limits on effect concentrations for percentages other than 20 and on) Tj T* 0.0378 Tc -0.0138 Tw (values for T at concentrations other than 0 were estimated by reformulating the) Tj T* 0.0498 Tc -0.0258 Tw (regression equation to use these values rather than EC20 and T) Tj 343.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (0) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0158 Tc 0.0082 Tw ( as parameters, and) Tj -347.76 -14.16 TD 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (then recomputing the variance/covariance matrix at the least-squares solution to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw (determine the SEs of the new parameters.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (Evaluation of the Chronic Data Available for Each Species) Tj ET 72 267.6 311.52 0.72 re f BT 72 241.2 TD 0.0524 Tc -0.0284 Tw (The following presents a species-by-species discussion of each chronic test on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (ammonia evaluated by this project. For each species, the available chronic tests are) Tj T* 0.0664 Tc -0.0424 Tw (discussed in the following order: life-cycle tests, partial life-cycle tests, early life-stage) Tj T* 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (tests, other laboratory tests, and then results from a field study. Also presented are the) Tj T* 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (results of regression analysis of each dataset that was from an acceptable chronic test) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (and contained sufficient acceptable data. For each such dataset, Appendix 6 contains) Tj T* 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (a figure that presents the data and regression line, and a table with the regression) Tj T* 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (parameters. All analyses were conducted in terms of total ammonia nitrogen, either as) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (reported by the authors or as converted by us from the reported values for un-ionized) Tj T* 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (ammonia, pH, and temperature using the speciation relationship of Emerson et al.) Tj T* 0.0607 Tc -0.0367 Tw (\(1975\). When an EC20 could be determined, it is first reported as calculated by) Tj T* 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (regression analysis of the data at the pH and temperature of the test. Then, to facilitate) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (comparisons of sensitivities within and between species, each EC20 is adjusted to) Tj ET endstream endobj 106 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 107 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (49) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0294 Tc -0.0054 Tw (pH=8 using Equation 12, and adjusted to a temperature of 25) Tj 326.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0423 Tc -0.0183 Tw (C using Equation 5 with) Tj -332.88 -14.16 TD 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (a slope of -0.028, per the discussions of the temperature- and pH dependency) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (sections. Species Mean Chronic Values \(SMCVs\) were derived when justified by the) Tj T* 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (data, and then Genus Mean Chronic Values \(GMCVs\) were derived when justified by) Tj T* 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (the SMCVs. All of the EC20s, SMCVs, and GMCVs that were derived are tabulated in) Tj T* 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (Table 5, which is located at the end of this section.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (Musculium transversum \(Sphaerium transversum\)) Tj 266.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0698 Tc -0.0457 Tw ( \(Fingernail clam\)) Tj -245.04 -14.16 TD 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (Anderson et al. \(1978\) conducted two 42-day tests of the effect of ammonia on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (survival of field-collected juvenile clams whose length averaged 2.2 mm. The) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (results of the two tests were so similar that the data were pooled for analysis. The) Tj T* 0.0092 Tc 0.0148 Tw (lowest mean measured DO concentration in any treatment was 6.5 mg/L \(77) Tj T* 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (percent of saturation\) and the lowest individual measured concentration was 5) Tj T* 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (mg/L \(60 percent of saturation\). Survival in the control treatment and low ammonia) Tj T* 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (concentrations \(<5.1 mg N/L\) ranged from 79 to 90%, but decreased to zero at 18) Tj T* 0.044 Tc -0.02 Tw (mg N/L. Regression analysis of the survival data using an arcsine transformation) Tj T* 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (resulted in a calculated EC20 of 5.82 mg N/L at 23.5) Tj 280.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0331 Tc -0.0091 Tw (C and pH=8.15. The EC20 is) Tj -286.08 -14.16 TD 0.0026 Tc 0.0214 Tw (6.63 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 232.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C.) Tj -238.08 -28.32 TD 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (Sparks and Sandusky \(1981\) conducted a test similar to that of Anderson et al.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (\(1978\) with field-collected juvenile clams whose average length was 2.1 mm. ) Tj T* 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (Although this test used a better food, the test was conducted in the same laboratory) Tj T* 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (and used test organisms from the same pool in the Mississippi River as Anderson) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (et al. \(1978\); Sparks participated in both studies. The lowest mean measured DO) Tj T* 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (concentration in any treatment was 6.4 mg/L \(73 percent of saturation\) and the) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (lowest individual measured concentration was 5.0 mg/L \(57 percent of saturation\). ) Tj T* 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (Survival in the control treatment was 92% and decreased with increasing) Tj T* 0.0222 Tc 0.0018 Tw (concentration of ammonia to 17% at 18 mg N/L. Effects on survival were evident at) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (lower concentrations, resulting in an EC20 of 1.23 mg N/L at 21.8) Tj 349.2 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (C and pH=7.80. ) Tj -355.2 -14.16 TD 0.0203 Tc 0.0037 Tw (The EC20 adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 189.12 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (C is 0.77 mg N/L. Although this EC20 is) Tj -195.12 -14.16 TD 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (substantially lower than that obtained by Anderson et al. \(1978\), the difference is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (less than a factor of 10.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (Zischke and Arthur \(1987\) studied fingernail clam growth, survival, and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (reproduction in enclosures placed in experimental streams for periods of 4 to 10) Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (weeks during a 16-month field study of the effects of ammonia \(Hermanutz et al.) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (1987\). Experiments during the first year showed reductions in survival of clams in) Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (a stream in which the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen was approximately 2) Tj T* 0.0328 Tc -0.0088 Tw (mg N/L during the test period \(Hermanutz et al. 1987\), but not in a stream in which) Tj T* 0.0183 Tc 0.0057 Tw (the concentration was 0.7 mg N/L. The daily mean stream temperature ranged) Tj T* 0.0024 Tc 0.0216 Tw (from 20 to 25) Tj 70.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (C and pH ranged from 7.4 to 7.8 during this test period. During the) Tj -76.8 -14.16 TD 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (second year of the study, substantial effects occurred on reproduction of clams at 1) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (mg N/L \(the lowest tested concentration of ammonia\) at 24 to 26) Tj 342.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (C and pH=7.8 to) Tj -348.72 -14.16 TD 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (8.2 during the test period. Adjusted to pH=8, both years showed effects at about 1) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (mg N/L. These results are not included in Table 5 because results of field tests are) Tj T* 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (not used in the derivation of Final Chronic Values \(U.S. EPA 1985b\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 108 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 109 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (50) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (The SMCV at pH=8 and 25) Tj 144.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.064 Tc -0.04 Tw (C is ) Tj 24.24 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (#) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (2.26 mg N/L. This concentration is the geometric) Tj -182.16 -14.16 TD 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (mean of the adjusted EC20s for the two laboratory studies and is an upper limit on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0271 Tc -0.0031 Tw (the SMCV because the EC20s are based on survival of juveniles, which might not) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (be as sensitive to ammonia toxicity as early life stages. This SMCV is uncertain) Tj T* 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (due to the difference between the results of the two chronic tests. However, the) Tj T* 0.0179 Tc 0.0061 Tw (experimental stream data suggest that the SMCV should be close to 1 mg N/L. The) Tj T* 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (GMCV is also ) Tj 77.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (#) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0108 Tc 0.0348 Tw (2.26 mg N/L.) Tj -105.84 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0017 Tc 0.0257 Tw (Ceriodaphnia acanthina) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (Mount \(1982\) conducted a life-cycle test that started with <1-day-old organisms and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (proceeded until most of the control organisms produced three broods. The DO) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (concentration ranged from 5.7 to 6.4 mg/L \(68 to 77 percent of saturation\). Total) Tj T* 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (offspring production per treatment was unaffected at concentrations ) Tj 364.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (#) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0225 Tc 0.0465 Tw (21 mg N/L,) Tj -371.76 -14.16 TD 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (but reproduction was virtually absent at concentrations ) Tj 295.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw ($) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0187 Tc 0.0053 Tw (77 mg N/L. Regression) Tj -302.64 -14.16 TD 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (analysis using a square root transformation resulted in an EC20 of 44.9 mg N/L at) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0326 Tc -0.0086 Tw (pH=7.15 and 24.5) Tj 96.24 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0189 Tc 0.0051 Tw (C. The EC20 adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 207.84 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0073 Tc 0.0167 Tw (C is 19.1 mg N/L, which) Tj -316.08 -14.16 TD 0.0012 Tc 0.0228 Tw (is the SMCV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0092 Tc 0.0332 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0645 Tc -0.0405 Tw (Willingham \(1987\) conducted a 7-day life-cycle test starting with <1-day-old) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0105 Tw (organisms. The lowest mean measured DO concentration in any treatment was) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (6.04 mg/L \(74 percent of saturation\) and the lowest calculated fifth percentile of the) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (DO concentrations was 5.62 mg/L \(69 percent of saturation\). Production of young) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (during the third brood was unaffected at concentrations up to 2.8 mg N/L, but was) Tj T* 0.031 Tc -0.007 Tw (reduced at higher concentrations and was absent at 43 mg N/L. The EC20) Tj T* 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (calculated using regression analysis was 5.80 mg N/L at pH=8.57 and 26.0) Tj 400.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (C. ) Tj -406.56 -14.16 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (Adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 132.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0103 Tc 0.0137 Tw (C, the EC20 is 15.6 mg N/L.) Tj -138.72 -28.32 TD 0.0382 Tc -0.0142 Tw (Nimmo et al. \(1989\) conducted a 7-day life-cycle test at 25) Tj 312.24 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0247 Tc -0 Tw (C and pH=7.8 in water) Tj -318.24 -14.16 TD 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw (from the St. Vrain River. The DO concentration was reported to be low in some) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0363 Tc -0.0123 Tw (other tests that were conducted during this study, but it was not reported to be low) Tj T* 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (in this test. Based on the average number of neonates per original female, the) Tj T* 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (EC20 calculated using regression analysis and a square root transformation was) Tj T* 0.0033 Tc 0.0207 Tw (15.2 mg N/L. Adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 208.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0103 Tc 0.0137 Tw (C, the EC20 is 11.6 mg N/L.) Tj -214.08 -28.32 TD 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (As stated above in the discussion of the effect of pH on the toxicity of ammonia,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0238 Tc 0 Tw (Johnson \(1995\) conducted twelve chronic tests on ammonia with ) Tj 348.96 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0103 Tc 0.0343 Tw (C. dubia) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw ( at four) Tj -393.6 -14.16 TD 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (pHs and three hardnesses. The lowest reported mean concentration of DO was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (6.9 mg/L \(82 percent of saturation\). When adjusted to pH=8, the mean EC25s are) Tj T* 0.0252 Tc -0.0012 Tw (9.03, 7.46, and 17.1 mg N/L at average hardnesses of 42, 86, and 170 mg/L,) Tj T* 0.0236 Tc 0 Tw (respectively. These mean adjusted EC25s are similar to the adjusted EC20s) Tj T* 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (obtained by Willingham \(1987\) and Nimmo et al. \(1989\). These EC25s are not) Tj T* 0.0535 Tc -0.0295 Tw (included in Table 5 because they are not EC20s and were calculated using a) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (different regression-type approach.) Tj ET endstream endobj 110 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 111 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (51) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (Adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 132.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0045 Tc 0.0195 Tw (C, the two EC20s for ) Tj 114.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0103 Tc 0.0343 Tw (C. dubia) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0192 Tc 0.0048 Tw ( are 15.6 and 11.6 mg N/L,) Tj -297.6 -14.16 TD 0.0088 Tc 0.0152 Tw (which gives a SMCV of 13.5 mg N/L. For ) Tj 223.92 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0044 Tc 0.0196 Tw (C. acanthina) Tj 67.44 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0305 Tc -0.0065 Tw ( at pH=8 and 25) Tj 86.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (C, the) Tj -383.52 -14.16 TD -0.0025 Tc 0.0265 Tw (SMCV is 19.1 mg N/L, which gives a GMCV of 16.1 mg N/L.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0613 Tc -0.0373 Tw (Gersich et al. \(1985\) and Gersich and Hopkins \(1986\) reported results of a life-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.026 Tc -0.002 Tw (cycle test that was conducted in water from the Tittabawassee River. This water) Tj T* 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (was probably an acceptable dilution water because it was apparently collected) Tj T* 0.0326 Tc -0.0086 Tw (upstream of all known point discharges \(Alexander et al. 1986; James Grant,) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, personal communication\). The) Tj T* 0.0255 Tc -0.0015 Tw (lowest and highest measured DO concentrations were 8.8 and 9.2 mg/L \(96 and) Tj T* 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (101 percent of saturation\). No significant effects were found at concentrations up) Tj T* 0.0162 Tc 0.0078 Tw (to 4.2 mg N/L at pH=8.45 and 19.8) Tj 185.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (C, but progressively larger reductions were) Tj -191.04 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (found at concentrations of 9 to 36 mg N/L. The EC20 calculated from regression) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (analysis was 7.37 mg N/L.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0714 Tc -0.0474 Tw (In another life-cycle test, Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\) found little reduction in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (reproduction at 20 mg N/L, but a large reduction at 33 mg N/L. The measured DO) Tj T* 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (concentrations averaged 88 to 91 percent of saturation. The EC20 is 21.7 mg N/L) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (at pH=7.92 and 20.1) Tj 109.68 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C.) Tj -115.68 -28.32 TD 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (Gulyas and Fleit \(1990\) conducted a 9-day chronic test to study the effect of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0192 Tc 0.0048 Tw (ammonia on development and growth. Concentrations that caused more than fifty) Tj T* 0.0374 Tc -0.0134 Tw (percent reduction compared to the controls were considered toxic. The \223no effect) Tj T* 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (level\224 was reported to be 0.1 mg/L. No results from this test are included in Table 5) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (because neither survival nor reproduction was studied.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (Adjusted to pH=8 and 25) Tj 132.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (C, the respective EC20s are 10.8 and 14.1 mg N/L. The) Tj -138.72 -14.16 TD 0.0134 Tc 0.0106 Tw (SMCV for this species is 12.3 mg N/L, which is the geometric mean of the two) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0229 Tc 0.0011 Tw (adjusted EC20s; this is also the GMCV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (Crangonyx) Tj 58.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw ( spp. \(amphipod\)) Tj -36.48 -14.16 TD 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (The available data for this species are not used for the reason\(s\) given in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0036 Tw (Appendix 1.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0189 Tc 0.0429 Tw (Hyalella azteca) Tj 81.12 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw ( \(amphipod\)) Tj -59.52 -14.16 TD 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Borgmann \(1994\) conducted three tests that began with <1-week-old organisms, all) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (of which utilized weekly renewals and dechlorinated tap water originating from Lake) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (Ontario. One of the three tests lasted four weeks, but the other two lasted ten) Tj T* 0.0503 Tc -0.0263 Tw (weeks and produced data concerning both survival and reproduction. The results) Tj T* 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (of these last two tests were sufficiently similar that the results were analyzed) Tj T* 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (together. No information was reported concerning the DO concentration. Sufficient) Tj T* 0.0281 Tc -0.0041 Tw (raw data were obtained from the author so that each test chamber could be plotted) Tj T* 0.0498 Tc -0.0258 Tw (as a separate point for the combined regression analysis. Survival over the ten) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (weeks in the control treatment averaged 66.3 percent and reproduction per) Tj T* 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (chamber averaged 48 offspring. The 33.7% mortality in the control treatment is) Tj ET endstream endobj 112 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 113 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (52) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (considered acceptable in a 10-week test because ASTM Standard E1706 \(ASTM) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (1997e, Tables 10, 11, and 15\) allows 10% mortality of ) Tj 291.6 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw ( in a 4-day test and) Tj -342 -14.16 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (allows 20% mortality in a 10-day test. In addition, although ASTM Standard E1706) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (allows 20% mortality in a 10-day test, Table 3 in Borgmann \(1994\) indicates that) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (only 11.6% of the controls died in four weeks.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (At the lowest tested concentration, survival was reduced 25 percent relative to the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (control treatment and reproduction was reduced 55 percent. Regression analysis) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (produced an EC20 of 0.88 mg N/L based on reproduction, but this EC20 is below) Tj T* 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (the lowest tested concentration because the dataset does not contain a) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (concentration that caused <20 percent reduction relative to the control treatment. ) Tj T* 0.0494 Tc -0.0254 Tw (However, the confidence limits on the regression analysis indicate that the 55) Tj T* 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (percent reduction in reproduction caused by the lowest tested concentration is) Tj T* 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (statistically significant. Based on the raw data, the concentration of ammonia in the) Tj T* 0.0148 Tc 0.0092 Tw (lowest tested concentration was 1.58 mg N/L and the mean pH of this treatment) Tj T* 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (was 7.94. Therefore, the EC20 is <1.58 mg N/L at pH=7.94 and 25) Tj 358.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.005 Tc 0.029 Tw (C. Adjusted to) Tj -364.32 -14.16 TD 0.0293 Tc -0.0053 Tw (pH=8 and 25) Tj 69.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0319 Tc -0.0079 Tw (C, the EC20 is <1.45 mg N/L. Even though chronic survival) Tj -75.36 -14.16 TD 0.0527 Tc -0.0287 Tw (appeared to be less sensitive than reproduction in this test, slightly more than 20%) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (mortality occurred at the lowest tested concentration; therefore, the LC50 for) Tj T* 0.068 Tc -0.044 Tw (chronic survival is <) Tj 106.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0108 Tc 0.0348 Tw (1.45 mg N/L.) Tj -113.52 -28.32 TD 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (Because the test solutions were renewed once a week, the pH dropped and the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (concentration of total ammonia increased between renewals; the average of the) Tj T* 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (weekly measured initial and final values was used for both pH and total ammonia. ) Tj T* 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (The pH measured at the end of each week averaged 0.54 lower than the pH) Tj T* 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (measured at the beginning of each week in the control test chambers, and) Tj T* 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (averaged 0.78 lower in the two test chambers at the lowest tested concentration of) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (ammonia. Even though the average pH drop in the control test chambers for the) Tj T* 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (second test was 0.21 and was 0.87 in the control test chambers for the third test,) Tj T* 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (survival and reproduction were both higher in the control test chambers for the third) Tj T* 0.0588 Tc -0.0348 Tw (test; therefore, the pH variation probably did not reduce survival or reproduction. ) Tj T* 0.0168 Tc 0.0072 Tw (The pH-adjustment was based on the average measured pH in the lowest tested) Tj T* 0.0056 Tc 0.0184 Tw (concentration of ammonia. The SMCV and the GMCV are <1.45 mg N/L.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0 Tc 0.0247 Tw (Procambarus clarkii) Tj 105.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0588 Tc -0.0348 Tw ( \(crayfish\)) Tj -83.76 -14.16 TD 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (The available data for this species are not used for the reason\(s\) given in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0036 Tw (Appendix 1.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0153 Tc 0.0087 Tw (Pteronarcella badia) Tj 103.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0576 Tc -0.0336 Tw ( \(stonefly\)) Tj -82.08 -14.16 TD 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (Thurston et al. \(1984a\) studied the effect of ammonia on the survival and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (emergence of nymphs from two sources for 30 and 24 days. When expressed in) Tj T* 0.0143 Tc 0.0097 Tw (terms of total ammonia nitrogen adjusted to pH=8, the 30-day LC50 for nymphs) Tj T* 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw (from the Gallatin River was about 170 mg N/L, whereas the 24-day LC50 for) Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw (nymphs from Rocky Creek was about 70 mg N/L. The degree of development of) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (the nymphs at the beginning of each test was not determined and there is no) Tj T* 0.0498 Tc -0.0258 Tw (reason to believe that the tested life stage is the one that is most sensitive to) Tj ET endstream endobj 114 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 115 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (53) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (ammonia. In addition, it is not possible to interpret the data concerning emergence) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (from either test. The test with nymphs from the Gallatin River might have been) Tj T* 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (ended before emergence was complete in the control or any other treatment. In the) Tj T* 0.0167 Tc 0.0073 Tw (test with nymphs from Rocky Creek, 25 percent of the nymphs in the control) Tj T* 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (treatment neither died nor emerged, whereas this percentage was 5 to 15 in the) Tj T* 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (treatments that contained ammonia. These tests do not allow derivation of a SMCV) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (for this species, but they imply that this species is resistant to ammonia.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.015 Tc 0.009 Tw (Carassius auratus) Tj 96.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0816 Tc -0.0576 Tw ( \(goldfish\)) Tj -75.36 -14.16 TD 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw (Marchetti \(1960\) exposed fish for 90 minutes and then observed mortality and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (histological effects for up to 42 days, whereas Reichenbach-Klinke \(1967\) studied) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (the effects of a one-week exposure on gills and blood. Neither study provided) Tj T* 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (useful information concerning the SMCV for the goldfish.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 115.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0104 Tc 0.0136 Tw ( \(fathead minnow\)) Tj -94.08 -14.16 TD 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (Thurston et al. \(1986\) reported similar results from two life-cycle tests that started) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (with 3 to 5-day-old fry and ended with 60-day-old offspring. The lowest mean) Tj T* 0.0192 Tc 0.0048 Tw (measured DO concentration in any treatment was 6.08 mg/L \(72 percent of) Tj T* 0.0483 Tc -0.0243 Tw (saturation\) and the lowest calculated fifth percentile of the DO concentrations was) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (5.16 mg/L \(61 percent of saturation\). At the highest tested un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw (concentration of 0.93 mg NH) Tj 153.36 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (/L, significant mortality occurred throughout the) Tj -158.16 -14.16 TD 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (development of the parental generation. The most sensitive effect was reduction in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0543 Tc -0.0303 Tw (egg hatching and the highest concentration that reportedly did not cause a) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (significant reduction in egg hatching was 0.19 mg NH) Tj 284.88 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (/L, but this concentration) Tj -289.68 -14.16 TD 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (caused 33 and 55% reductions in percent hatch. For the purpose of regression) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (analysis of percent hatch, the tested concentrations and results were so similar in) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (the two tests that the data were analyzed as replicates of the test concentrations. ) Tj T* 0.0144 Tc 0.0096 Tw (In terms of total ammonia nitrogen, the EC20 based on percent hatch was 1.97 mg) Tj T* 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (N/L at 24.2) Tj 59.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (C and pH=8.0. However, there are concerns about this test:) Tj -65.04 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (Effects on survival and weight of F1 fry were uncertain due to high mortality) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0741 Tc -0.0501 Tw (attributed to handling during cleaning.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (The eggs were dipped in malachite green daily.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (Hatchability of the controls was about 50 percent.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (There was a large difference between the replicate test chambers in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0227 Tc 0.0013 Tw (control-adjusted percent hatch at 0.09 mg NH) Tj 243.12 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.032 Tc (/L.) Tj -269.52 -28.32 TD 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (Swigert and Spacie \(1983\) conducted a 30-day early life-stage test starting with 10) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (to 18-hour-old embryos. The fifth percentile of the measured DO concentrations) Tj T* 0.0264 Tc -0.0024 Tw (was 6.5 mg/L \(79 percent of saturation\) and the highest measured DO) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (concentration was 7.96 mg/L \(97 percent of saturation\). Both survival and weight) Tj T* 0.0274 Tc -0.0034 Tw (gain were reduced at 30 days and the product of these two \(i.e., biomass\) was) Tj T* 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw (analyzed using regression analysis. The resulting EC20 was 3.73 mg N/L at) Tj T* 0.042 Tc 0 Tw (25.1) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0129 Tc 0.0111 Tw (C and pH=7.82, which would be 2.92 mg N/L at pH=8.) Tj -29.52 -28.32 TD 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (Mayes et al. \(1986\) conducted a 28-day early life-stage test in water from the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (Tittabawassee River. This water was probably an acceptable dilution water) Tj ET endstream endobj 116 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 117 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (54) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (because it was apparently collected upstream of all known point discharges) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0261 Tc -0.0021 Tw (\(Alexander et al. 1986; James Grant, Michigan Department of Environmental) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (Quality, personal communication\). The lowest and highest measured DO) Tj T* 0.0351 Tc -0.0111 Tw (concentrations were 5.0 and 8.5 mg/L \(59 and 101 percent of saturation\). Adverse) Tj T* 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (effects were observed on 28-day survival, but only the highest tested concentration) Tj T* 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (reduced weight. Regression analysis of the survival data resulted in an EC20 of) Tj T* 0.0072 Tc 0.0168 Tw (5.12 mg N/L at 24.8) Tj 105.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0218 Tc 0.0022 Tw (C and pH=8.0.) Tj -111.6 -28.32 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (As stated above in the discussion of the effect of temperature on the toxicity of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (ammonia, DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) studied the effect of ammonia on 30-day survival) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (of juvenile fathead minnows at several temperatures. The tests at 15 and 20) Tj 408.96 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.072 Tc -0.048 Tw (C did) Tj -414.96 -14.16 TD 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (not have concentrations sufficiently high to cause effects, but survival was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (significantly decreased at the higher concentrations of ammonia in the tests run at) Tj T* 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (6, 10, 25, and 30) Tj 90.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw (C. At 30) Tj 46.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0142 Tc 0.0098 Tw (C, the mean measured DO concentration in most of the) Tj -149.52 -14.16 TD 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (treatments was below 5.5 mg/L, but it was above 60% of saturation in all) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (treatments. EC20s based on survival were calculated to be 11.9, 13.8, 39, and 39) Tj T* 0.0189 Tc 0.0051 Tw (mg N/L at temperatures of 6.0, 10.0, 25.4, and 30.2) Tj 273.84 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (C and pHs of 7.83, 7.73, 7.35,) Tj -279.84 -14.16 TD 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (and 7.19, respectively. When adjusted to pH=8, the EC20s are 9.45, 9.72, 19.35,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0272 Tc -0.0032 Tw (and 17.54 mg N/L, respectively. Although these EC20s were used to assess the) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (effect of temperature on the chronic toxicity of ammonia, they are not included in) Tj T* 0.0495 Tc -0.0255 Tw (Table 5 and are not used in the derivation of the SMCV because they indicate that) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (30-day survival of juveniles is not as sensitive to ammonia as the life-cycle and) Tj T* 0.0535 Tc -0.0295 Tw (early life-stage tests discussed above.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (The study of Smith \(1984\) concerned histopathological examination of lesions on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (the test fish and cannot be used to calculate an EC20.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied the survival, growth, and reproduction of fathead) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (minnows in experimental streams. \(See Appendix 8, titled \223A Field Study Relevant) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (to the CCC.\224\) Two generations were each exposed for periods of approximately) Tj T* 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (two months, during which pH averaged 7.5 to 7.7 and temperature averaged) Tj T* 0.042 Tc 0 Tw (19.6) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (C. Deleterious effects on biomass were not apparent at or below the highest) Tj -29.52 -14.16 TD 0.0044 Tc 0.0196 Tw (tested concentration of ammonia, which was 3.92 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (These results are not included in Table 5 because they are from a field study.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (In the 1985 Guidelines \(U.S. EPA 1985b\), results of early life-stage tests are used) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0567 Tc -0.0327 Tw (as predictors of results of life-cycle and partial life-cycle tests; comparisons of) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (these kinds of chronic tests had been reported by McKim \(1977\) and Macek and) Tj T* 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (Sleight\(1977\). Because early life-stage tests are only predictors, results of such) Tj T* 0.0616 Tc -0.0376 Tw (tests are not used when results of life-cycle or partial life-cycle tests are available. ) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (In the present case, however, because of the concerns about the life-cycle test, the) Tj T* 0.0173 Tc 0.0067 Tw (SMCV for the fathead minnow at pH=8 is set equal to 3.09 mg N/L, which is the) Tj T* 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw (geometric mean of the three EC20s from Thurston et al. \(1986\), Swigert and) Tj T* 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (Spacie \(1983\), and Mayes et al. \(1986\); the range of the three EC20s is only a) Tj T* 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (factor of 2.6.) Tj ET endstream endobj 118 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 119 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (55) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (Catostomus commersoni) Tj 133.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw ( \(white sucker\)) Tj -111.6 -14.16 TD 0.063 Tc -0.039 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\) conducted a 31-day early life-stage test starting) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (with 3-day-old embryos. The concentration of DO averaged 68 to 74 percent of) Tj T* 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (saturation \(6.3 to 6.9 mg/L\). No effect on growth or survival was observed at) Tj T* 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen up to 2.9 mg N/L at pH=8.32 and 18.6) Tj 423.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C,) Tj -429.36 -14.16 TD 0.0124 Tc 0.0116 Tw (which is equivalent to 4.79 mg N/L at pH=8. As measured by time-to-swimup,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (development of larvae was delayed, suggesting that slightly higher concentrations) Tj T* 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (would have affected growth and/or survival. The results of this test do not provide) Tj T* 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (sufficient data to allow regression analysis, but the data indicate that the EC20) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (would be greater than 4.79 mg N/L if an EC20 could be calculated.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied survival and growth of juvenile white suckers in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0145 Tc 0.0095 Tw (experimental streams. \(See Appendix 8.\) Two separate tests were started with) Tj T* 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (individuals whose average weight was 10 g and lasted 88 and 183 days. The) Tj T* 0.0226 Tc 0.0014 Tw (average temperatures in the two tests were 18 and 21) Tj 288 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (C. The two highest tested) Tj -294 -14.16 TD 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (concentrations caused a slight reduction in biomass. However, juveniles might not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (be as sensitive to ammonia toxicity as early life stages. These results are not) Tj T* 0.0543 Tc -0.0303 Tw (included in Table 5 because they are from a field study.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (The value of \223>4.79 mg N/L\224 is included in Table 5 and is the GMCV; even though it) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0607 Tc -0.0367 Tw (is a \223greater than\224 value, it can be used in the calculation of the FCV because it is) Tj T* 0.0191 Tc 0.0049 Tw (not one of the four lowest GMCVs.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 101.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0615 Tc -0.0375 Tw ( \(channel catfish\)) Tj -79.68 -14.16 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (Swigert and Spacie \(1983\) conducted a 30-day exposure starting with newly) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (hatched larvae that were fewer than 3 hours old. The mean measured DO) Tj T* 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (concentration was 5.66 mg/L \(70 percent of saturation\) but the lowest individual) Tj T* 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (measured concentration was 3.5 mg/L \(45 percent of saturation\). Reduced growth) Tj T* 0.0223 Tc 0.0017 Tw (was found at total ammonia concentrations of 5.8 mg N/L and above and reduced) Tj T* 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (survival at concentrations of 21 to 22 mg N/L. In separate tests, they determined) Tj T* 0.0341 Tc -0.0101 Tw (that survival and hatching of embryos were more resistant than survival and growth) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (of fry. Regression analysis of biomass at the end of the 30-day exposure produced) Tj T* 0.0167 Tc 0.0073 Tw (an EC20 of 11.5 mg N/L at pH=7.76 and 26.9) Tj 241.92 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0202 Tc 0.0038 Tw (C. The EC20 adjusted to pH=8 is) Tj -247.92 -14.16 TD 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (8.38 mg N/L. This EC20 is questionable because the lowest measured DO) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0248 Tc -0.0008 Tw (concentration was below 5.0 mg/L and was below 50 percent of saturation.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\) conducted a 30-day exposure starting with <36-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (hour old embryos. The concentration of DO averaged 70 to 76 percent of) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (saturation \(5.7 to 6.2 mg/L\). No effect on either percent hatch or fry survival was) Tj T* 0.0193 Tc 0.0047 Tw (found at concentrations up to 11 mg N/L, but reduced growth was found at 5.2 mg) Tj T* 0.0261 Tc -0.0021 Tw (N/L and above, as well as a delay in swimup at concentrations as low as 1 mg N/L. ) Tj T* 0.022 Tc 0.002 Tw (The EC20 for growth is 12.2 mg N/L at pH=7.80 and 25.8) Tj 305.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0 Tc 0.0247 Tw (C. Adjusted to pH=8,) Tj -311.04 -14.16 TD 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (this EC20 is 9.33 mg N/L. However, the percent reduction at the highest tested) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (concentration was less than 50%, as specified above in the data requirements.) Tj ET endstream endobj 120 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 121 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (56) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (Colt and Tchobanoglous \(1978\) and Colt \(1978\) exposed juveniles for 31 days to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (total ammonia nitrogen concentrations ranging from 1.6 to 14.4 mg N/L. The mean) Tj T* 0.0279 Tc -0.0039 Tw (measured DO concentration was 7.6 mg/L \(97 percent of saturation\) and the) Tj T* 0.0423 Tc -0.0183 Tw (calculated fifth percentile of the DO concentrations was 7.27 mg/L \(93 percent of) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (saturation\); the calculated 95th percentile of the DO concentrations was 7.93 mg/L) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (\(101 percent of saturation\). Biomass in the control treatment increased tenfold) Tj T* 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (during the test, but the increases were smaller at ammonia concentrations as low) Tj T* 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (as 1.6 mg N/L. Because this was a test with juveniles that lasted only 31 days, only) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (the data concerning mortality will be used. The concentration of 6.81 mg N/L killed) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (83%, whereas the higher concentration killed 100%. A range is reported for the) Tj T* 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (concentration of 5.71 mg N/L and so the mean percent mortality is between 28 and) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (45%. It was reported that the lower concentrations killed 9 of 400 organisms, and) Tj T* 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (so it is likely that the concentration of 5.02 mg N/L killed no more than 5%. ) Tj T* 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (Therefore, the EC20 at pH=8.35 and 27.9) Tj 222.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0147 Tc 0.0093 Tw (C is between 5.02 and 5.71 mg N/L;) Tj -228.48 -14.16 TD 0.0225 Tc 0.0015 Tw (adjusted to pH=8, the EC20 is between 8.7 and 9.9 mg N/L. Although this EC20 is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0527 Tc -0.0287 Tw (included in Table 5, it is not used in the derivation of the SMCV and GMCV) Tj T* 0.0549 Tc -0.0309 Tw (because it is based on survival of juveniles in a 31-day test and therefore is an) Tj T* 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (upper limit on the SMCV because juveniles might not be as sensitive to ammonia) Tj T* 0.0549 Tc -0.0309 Tw (toxicity as early life stages.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (In several tests, each of which consisted of one concentration of ammonia and a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (control, Robinette \(1976\) studied the effect of ammonia on growth of 25 to 30-g) Tj T* 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (channel catfish for about thirty days at 23 to 26) Tj 251.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (C. No information was reported) Tj -257.04 -14.16 TD 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (concerning survival of the test fish. A concentration of total ammonia nitrogen of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (2.7 mg N/L at pH=7.6 caused fish to gain weight faster than the control fish. In) Tj T* 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (contrast, concentrations of 3.5 and 3.6 mg N/L at pH=7.8 caused fish to lose weight) Tj T* 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (while the controls were gaining weight. Adjusted to pH=8, these concentrations) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (would be 1.7, 2.7, and 2.8 mg N/L, respectively. Because these tests studied) Tj T* 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (growth of juveniles for only 30 days, the results are not included in Table 5.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (Bader \(1990\) and Bader and Grizzle \(1992\) reported that ammonia reduced) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (growth, but the concentration of ammonia in the controls was substantial. ) Tj T* 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) studied the effect of ammonia on survival and growth of) Tj T* 0.0316 Tc -0.0076 Tw (juveniles for thirty days. Some of the test organisms were treated with acriflavine) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (up to two days prior to the beginning of the test. In addition, the mean measured) Tj T* 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (DO concentration was below 5.5 mg/L and below 60 percent of saturation in some) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (of the treatments. Mitchell and Cech \(1983\) reported that ammonia did not damage) Tj T* 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (gills unless residual chlorine was present. Soderberg et al. \(1984\) studied the) Tj T* 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (culture of channel catfish in ponds and found that the ambient concentration of) Tj T* 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (ammonia caused gill lesions, but did not affect survival or growth. Results of these) Tj T* 0.0669 Tc -0.0429 Tw (tests are not included in Table 5.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied survival and growth of juvenile channel catfish in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (experimental streams. \(See Appendix 8.\) Three separate tests lasted from 36 to) Tj T* 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (177 days and were started with individuals whose average weights ranged from 6) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (to 19 g. Average temperatures in the three tests were 17 to 21) Tj 335.28 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (C. Both of the) Tj ET endstream endobj 122 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 123 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (57) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (longer tests showed monotonic, substantial reductions in biomass; these results) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw (are in reasonable agreement with the results of the laboratory tests. However,) Tj T* 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (juveniles might not be as sensitive to ammonia toxicity as early life stages are. ) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (These results are not included in Table 5 because they are from a field study.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (Although there are problems with the early life-stage tests by Swigert and Spacie) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0573 Tc -0.0333 Tw (\(1983\) and Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\), the EC20s are similar. Therefore, the) Tj T* 0.0174 Tc 0.0066 Tw (channel catfish SMCV at pH=8 is 8.84 mg N/L, which is the geometric mean of the) Tj T* 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (two EC20s. The data of Colt and Tchobanoglous \(1978\) and Robinette \(1976\)) Tj T* 0.0176 Tc 0.0064 Tw (support a SMCV of this magnitude. The GMCV is also 8.84 mg N/L.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0133 Tc 0.0107 Tw (Oncorhynchus clarki) Tj 108.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw ( \(cutthroat trout\)) Tj -87.36 -14.16 TD 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (Thurston et al. \(1978\) obtained 29-day LC50s of 16.4 and 15.9 mg N/L with fish) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (whose average weights were 3.3 and 3.4 g, respectively; the 96-hr LC50s were 1.2) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (and 1.7 times higher than the 29-day LC50s. In two other tests they obtained 36-) Tj T* 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (day LC50s of 23.7 and 24.4 mg N/L with fish whose average weight was 1.0 g; no) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (fish died after day 29. The tests were conducted at 12.2 to 13.1) Tj 341.28 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0674 Tc -0.0434 Tw (C and all four of) Tj -347.28 -14.16 TD 0.0213 Tc 0.0027 Tw (the LC50s are expressed as total ammonia nitrogen at pH=8.0. The mean) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (measured DO concentrations for the various tests ranged from 8.2 to 8.6 mg/L \(77) Tj T* 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (to 82 percent of saturation\). The lowest and highest measured DO concentrations) Tj T* 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (were 7.4 and 9.2 mg/L \(70 and 87 percent of saturation\). EC20s cannot be) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc -0 Tw (calculated, but would be lower than the geometric mean of 19.7 mg N/L. The) Tj T* 0.021 Tc 0.003 Tw (SMCV might be substantially lower than 19.7 mg N/L because this test was not) Tj T* 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (conducted with an early life stage. In all four of the tests, there was a negative) Tj T* 0.0341 Tc -0.0101 Tw (correlation between the concentration of ammonia and weight gain, but this might) Tj T* 0.0279 Tc -0.0039 Tw (have been a temporary effect. Histological examinations were performed at the) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (end of the tests. The EC20 of <19.7 mg N/L is included in Table 5, but this value) Tj T* 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (cannot be used in the calculation of a SMCV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tj 137.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw ( \(pink salmon\)) Tj -115.92 -14.16 TD 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (Rice and Bailey \(1980\) exposed embryos and alevins of pink salmon for 61 days to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0275 Tc -0.0035 Tw (concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen ranging from 0.07 to 13.6 mg/L at pH=6.4) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (and 4) Tj 30.24 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (C. The only chronic test began sometime after hatch and ended when the) Tj -36.24 -14.16 TD 0.0427 Tc -0.0187 Tw (alevins emerged \(i.e., at the beginning of swimup\); therefore the test did not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (include effects of ammonia on the growth and survival of fry after feeding started. ) Tj T* 0.0511 Tc -0.0271 Tw (In addition, no information was given concerning survival to the end of the test in) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (the control or any other treatment. At the higher tested concentrations, the weight) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (of emerging alevins was significantly reduced, relative to the controls, by as much) Tj T* 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw (as 22% at 11.2 mg/L. This would be equivalent to about 4.1 mg N/L at pH=8. Size) Tj T* 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (at emergence was said to be important because smaller fry are less capable of) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (surviving in the environment because they have less swimming endurance and are) Tj T* 0.0606 Tc -0.0366 Tw (selectively preyed upon by larger predators. This test did not provide data) Tj T* 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (concerning survival and is not an early life-stage test because it began after hatch;) Tj T* 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (therefore, this test did not provide a useful EC20 and is not included in Table 5.) Tj ET endstream endobj 124 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 125 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (58) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0133 Tc 0.0107 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 118.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.023 Tc 0.001 Tw ( \(coho salmon\)) Tj -96.72 -14.16 TD 0.0253 Tc -0.0013 Tw (Buckley et al. \(1979\) exposed fish whose average wet weight was 3.4 g for 91 days) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (to study effects of ammonia on blood. The highest tested concentration of 47 mg) Tj T* 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (N/L killed only three percent of the fish. The EC20 is >47 mg N/L, but this not) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (useful information about the SMCV because there is no reason to believe that the) Tj T* 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (tested life stage is the one that is most sensitive to ammonia. This test is not) Tj T* 0.0607 Tc -0.0367 Tw (included in Table 5 because it does not provide useful information concerning the) Tj T* 0.0253 Tc -0.0013 Tw (SMCV for this species.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0099 Tc 0.0141 Tw (Oncorhynchus mykiss \(Salmo gairdneri\)) Tj 213.12 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw ( \(rainbow trout\)) Tj -191.52 -14.16 TD 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw (Many investigators have reported results of chronic tests conducted on ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (with rainbow trout, but the most ambitious chronic test was the five-year test) Tj T* 0.0496 Tc -0.0256 Tw (conducted by Thurston et al. \(1984b\). In this test the initial fish were exposed) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (through growth, maturation and reproduction, the next generation through hatch,) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (growth, maturation, and reproduction, and the third generation through hatch and) Tj T* 0.0229 Tc 0.0011 Tw (survival of the young. The mean measured DO concentration was 7.43 mg/L \(65) Tj T* 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (percent of saturation\) and the lowest calculated fifth percentile of the measured DO) Tj T* 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (concentrations in the various treatments was 5.9 mg/L \(51 percent of saturation\). ) Tj T* 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (Measured temperatures ranged from 7.5 to 10.5) Tj 256.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw (C and the tested concentrations of) Tj -262.32 -14.16 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (total ammonia nitrogen ranged from 1.1 to 8.0 mg N/L at pH=7.7. When adjusted) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (to pH=8, the range is 0.77 to 5.4 mg N/L. All of the fish used to start the test came) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (from one pair of adults of the Ennis strain. In addition, the important data for each) Tj T* 0.0618 Tc -0.0378 Tw (life stage are so variable that it is not possible to discern whether there is a) Tj T* 0.0546 Tc -0.0306 Tw (concentration-effect curve. Despite the variability, it can be inferred that the EC20) Tj T* 0.035 Tc -0.011 Tw (cannot be much lower than the highest tested concentration because severe) Tj T* 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (effects were not apparent at any tested concentration; if the EC20 was much lower) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (than the highest tested concentration, this concentration would have caused severe) Tj T* 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (effects.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (Also using fish from the Ennis strain, Burkhalter \(1975\) and Burkhalter and Kaya) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (\(1977\) reported a 21-day LC50 of 39.6 mg N/L for embryos and sac fry and) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (interpolation off a graph indicates a 42-day LC50 of 33.6 mg N/L, based on total) Tj T* 0.0236 Tc 0 Tw (ammonia nitrogen, at 9.5 to 12.5) Tj 173.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0378 Tc -0.0138 Tw (C and pH=7.5, assuming either no control) Tj -179.52 -14.16 TD 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (mortality or adjustment for control mortality. When adjusted to pH=8, the LC50s) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (would be 22.0 and 18.7 mg N/L, respectively, but LC20s would be lower than) Tj T* 0.0302 Tc -0.0062 Tw (LC50s. The measured DO concentrations were all above 8 mg/L \(72 percent of) Tj T* 0.0579 Tc -0.0339 Tw (saturation\). The test began within 24 hours of fertilization, continued to the) Tj T* 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (beginning of feeding, and found retardation of development and growth of very) Tj T* 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (young fish, similar to the tests discussed above with the pink salmon \(Rice and) Tj T* 0.0536 Tc -0.0296 Tw (Bailey 1980\). Thurston et al. \(1984b\) speculated that they did not observe the) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (reduced growth reported by Burkhalter and Kaya \(1977\) because of compensation) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (during the next several months of the longer exposure. Indeed, Burkhalter and) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (Kaya \(1977\) reported compensation at the lowest tested concentration.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (Contrasting information concerning EC20s is provided by the early life-stage tests) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (conducted by Solbe and Shurben \(1989\) and Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\). Both) Tj ET endstream endobj 126 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 127 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (59) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (tests began within 24 hours after fertilization and lasted for 72 to 73 days until the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (fry had been feeding for about 30 days.) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (Solbe and Shurben \(1989\) reported that the dry weight of the test organisms) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (varied little between treatments. The test was conducted at pH=7.52 and an) Tj T* 0.028 Tc -0.004 Tw (average temperature of 14.9) Tj 152.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (C. The DO concentration equaled or exceeded) Tj -158.16 -14.16 TD 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (76 to 95 percent of saturation during various portions of the test. The four) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (highest concentrations of ammonia killed 78 to 99 percent. The fifth and lowest) Tj T* 0.0284 Tc -0.0044 Tw (tested concentration of total ammonia nitrogen was 2.55 mg N/L and it reduced) Tj T* 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (survival by 67 percent; this would correspond to 1.44 mg N/L at pH=8, and the) Tj T* 0.0163 Tc 0.0077 Tw (LC20 would be lower. These authors demonstrated that exposure to ammonia) Tj T* 0.0653 Tc -0.0413 Tw (should begin soon after fertilization. When exposure began within 24 hours) Tj T* 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (after fertilization, 26 mg N/L killed 98 percent of the embryos, whereas when) Tj T* 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (exposure began 24 days after fertilization, 26 mg N/L killed only 3 percent of) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (the embryos and killed only 40 percent in a 49-day exposure.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0533 Tc -0.0293 Tw (Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) conducted an early life-stage test, but did not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (report any information concerning weight, although, as stated above, Solbe and) Tj T* 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (Shurben \(1989\) reported no effect on weight during their early life-stage test. ) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (The DO concentration was over 80 percent of saturation. For total ammonia) Tj T* 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw (nitrogen at pH=7.4, Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) obtained a 72-day LC50 of 8.2) Tj T* -0.0055 Tc 0.0295 Tw (mg N/L at 14.5) Tj 78.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (C. They also reported that adjusted mortalities were 15 and 23) Tj -84.72 -14.16 TD 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (percent at 1.5 and 3.7 mg N/L, respectively, and that higher tested) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (concentrations killed more than 50 percent of the test organisms. Because) Tj T* 0.0587 Tc -0.0347 Tw (Calamari et al. did not report the actual percentage killed at the higher tested) Tj T* 0.063 Tc -0.039 Tw (concentrations, regression analysis could not be applied; semilog interpolation) Tj T* 0.0131 Tc 0.0109 Tw (between 1.5 and 3.7 mg N/L produced an LC20 of 2.6 mg N/L, which would) Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (correspond to 1.34 mg N/L at pH=8.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (Both Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) and Solbe and Shurben \(1989\) found that longer) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0262 Tc -0.0022 Tw (exposures of embryos and fry resulted in much lower LC50s than 96-hour) Tj T* 0.0108 Tc 0 Tw (exposures.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (Several investigators reported results concerning the effect of total ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0536 Tc -0.0296 Tw (nitrogen on long-term survival:) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (Thurston and Russo \(1983\) reported five 35-day LC50s that were determined) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (using fish whose average initial weights were 0.7 to 10 g. The 35-day LC50s) Tj T* 0.0203 Tc 0.0037 Tw (were 27.9 and 36.1 mg N/L for fish whose average weights were 3.7 and 9.7 g,) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (respectively. The 35-day LC50s were 32.4, 34.5, and 37.0 mg N/L for fish) Tj T* 0.0135 Tc 0.0105 Tw (whose average weights were 0.7 to 3.3 g; when adjusted to pH=8, the) Tj T* 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (geometric mean of these three 35-day LC50s with the smaller fish was 26.4 mg) Tj T* 0.018 Tc 0 Tw (N/L.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (Broderius and Smith \(1979\) reported that 16.2 mg N/L killed 30 percent of fry in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (30 days at 10) Tj 72.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (C and pH=7.95, which corresponds to 15.1 mg N/L at pH=8.) Tj -100.08 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (Daoust and Ferguson \(1984\) reported that 23.3 mg N/L did not kill any) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (fingerlings in 90 days at pH=7.93, which would correspond to 21.1 mg N/L at) Tj T* 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (pH=8. However, some of the fish that exhibited clinical signs during the) Tj T* 0.0114 Tc 0.0126 Tw (exposure were removed for examination during the test. The swimming and) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (feeding of some fish were affected for a while, but the fish recovered.) Tj ET endstream endobj 128 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 129 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (60) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0505 Tc -0.0265 Tw (This variety of results might be due to differences in the size or age of the test) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (organisms.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw (Several other chronic tests did not provide information that could be used in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (derivation of a SMCV. Fromm \(1970\), Reichenback-Klinke \(1967\), and Smart) Tj T* 0.0364 Tc -0.0124 Tw (\(1976\) exposed fish to study the effects of ammonia on gills and blood. In a test) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (reported by Smith and Piper \(1975\), exposed fish had abnormal tissues, but fish) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (placed in clean water for 45 days at the end of the test had normal tissues. When) Tj T* 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (Soderberg et al. \(1983\) studied the culture of rainbow trout in ponds, parasitic) Tj T* 0.0533 Tc -0.0293 Tw (epizootics caused mortalities. The Ministry of Technology \(1967\) reported the) Tj T* 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (effect of ammonia on percent survival in a 90-day test, but did not report the age or) Tj T* 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (size of the fish or the temperature or the pH of the water. Samylin \(1969\)) Tj T* 0.0189 Tc 0.0051 Tw (conducted tests in water from the Vyg River, with some of the exposures being) Tj T* 0.056 Tc -0.032 Tw (conducted in Petri dishes. Schulze-Wiehenbrauck \(1976\) found that growth of) Tj T* 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (juveniles at 10) Tj 77.28 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0211 Tc 0.0029 Tw (C and pH=8 was reduced during two-week exposures to a total) Tj -83.28 -14.16 TD 0.0213 Tc 0.0027 Tw (ammonia nitrogen concentration of 2.26 mg N/L, but the decrease was completely) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (compensated for during the next three or four weeks. Smith \(1972\) reported that as) Tj T* 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (long as the DO concentration was maintained at 5 mg/L or greater, growth of) Tj T* 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (rainbow trout was not significantly reduced until average total ammonia) Tj T* 0.0302 Tc -0.0062 Tw (concentrations reached 1.6 mg/L.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied survival and growth of juvenile rainbow trout in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0215 Tc 0.0025 Tw (experimental streams. \(See Appendix 8.\) Three separate tests were conducted) Tj T* 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (with individuals whose average initial weights were 7 to 11 g. The tests lasted from) Tj T* 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (28 to 237 days, with the 237-day test including an entire winter. Average) Tj T* 0.0279 Tc -0.0039 Tw (temperatures in the three tests ranged from 5.9 to 10.6) Tj 292.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0215 Tc 0.0025 Tw (C, whereas pH averaged) Tj -298.32 -14.16 TD 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (7.7 to 8.4. Reductions in biomass were consistently observed at concentrations) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0209 Tc 0.0031 Tw (greater than or equal to 2.29 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8. However, juveniles) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (might not be as sensitive to ammonia toxicity as early life stages. These results) Tj T* 0.0538 Tc -0.0298 Tw (are not included in Table 5 because they are from a field study.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (The early life-stage test by Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) produced a total ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (nitrogen LC20 of 1.34 mg N/L at pH=8, whereas Solbe and Shurben \(1989\)) Tj T* 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (indicate that the LC20 might be lower. In contrast, both Thurston et al. \(1984a\) and) Tj T* 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (Burkhalter and Kaya \(1977\) found no indication of severe mortality of young fish at) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (higher concentrations. Exposure was continuous for several generations in the test) Tj T* 0.0494 Tc -0.0254 Tw (of Thurston et al. \(1984b\), whereas exposure began within 24 hours of fertilization) Tj T* 0.0302 Tc -0.0062 Tw (in the other three tests. Because of the concerns about some of the tests, the) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (differences among the results, and the fact that some of the results are either) Tj T* 0.0603 Tc -0.0363 Tw (\223greater than\224 or \223less than\224 values, even though the various results are included in) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (Table 5, a SMCV is not derived for rainbow trout; instead, the results of the chronic) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (tests will be used to assess the appropriateness of the CCC.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (Oncorhynchus nerka) Tj 111.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw ( \(sockeye salmon\)) Tj -89.76 -14.16 TD 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (Rankin \(1979\) exposed embryos of sockeye salmon for 62 days from fertilization to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (hatch; the tested concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen ranged from 2.13 to 87) Tj ET endstream endobj 130 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 131 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (61) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD -0.0147 Tc 0.0387 Tw (mg N/L at 10) Tj 68.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (C. The DO concentration was reported to be at saturation. This test) Tj -74.64 -14.16 TD 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (ended as soon as the embryos hatched, and so hatchability was the only) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (toxicological variable studied. The percentage of the embryos that hatched was) Tj T* 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (63.3% in the controls, but was 49% at the lowest tested concentration \(2.13 mg) Tj T* 0.0192 Tc 0.0048 Tw (N/L\) and was 0% at 8.1 mg N/L and above. The concentration of 2.13 mg N/L at) Tj T* 0.0272 Tc -0.0032 Tw (pH=8.42 corresponds to 4.16 mg N/L at pH=8. Thus the EC20 at pH=8 is less than) Tj T* 0.0253 Tc -0.0013 Tw (4.16 mg N/L. Because the effects on newly hatched fish were not studied, the) Tj T* -0.0169 Tc 0.0409 Tw (SMCV is <4.16 mg N/L.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Tj 147.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw ( \(chinook salmon\)) Tj -125.76 -14.16 TD 0.0319 Tc -0.0079 Tw (Burrows \(1964\) exposed fingerlings for six weeks at 6 and 14) Tj 326.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (C to three) Tj -332.64 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (concentrations of ammonia and a control treatment to study effects on gills at) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (pH=7.8. There was no recovery in three weeks in clean water at 6) Tj 354.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (C, but there) Tj -360.48 -14.16 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.0064 Tw (was recovery at 14) Tj 101.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (C. At both temperatures, no significant mortality occurred) Tj -107.04 -14.16 TD 0.0387 Tc -0.0147 Tw (during exposure to the highest tested concentration of 0.57 mg N/L or for three) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (weeks afterward in clean water. No information is given concerning the DO) Tj T* 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (concentration during the exposures, and there is no reason to believe that the) Tj T* 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (tested life stage is the one that is most sensitive to ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (Tests conducted by Sousa et al. \(1974\) suggest that chinook salmon tolerate) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw (higher concentrations of ammonia when pH is decreased and salinity is increased. ) Tj T* 0.0275 Tc -0.0035 Tw (However, there was no control treatment, no information was given concerning the) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (DO concentration, temperature was not controlled, and the fish were given an) Tj T* 0.0829 Tc 0 Tw (antibiotic.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0582 Tc -0.0342 Tw (These tests are not included in Table 5 because they do not provide useful) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (information concerning the SMCV for this species.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (A GMCV is not derived for ) Tj 143.52 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (Oncorhynchus) Tj 77.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0583 Tc -0.0343 Tw ( because the available data do not) Tj -221.28 -14.16 TD 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (provide an adequate basis for a useful conclusion concerning the GMCV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (Salmo trutta) Tj 65.04 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw ( \(brown trout\)) Tj -43.44 -14.16 TD 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (Carline et al. \(1987\) exposed brown trout for twelve months to dilutions of effluent) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0059 Tc 0.0181 Tw (from a sewage treatment plant. Survival, growth, swimming performance, and) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (degree of damage to gills were studied, but no information was obtained) Tj T* 0.0317 Tc -0.0077 Tw (concerning effects on embryos, newly hatched fish, or reproduction. No data from) Tj T* 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (this test are included in Table 5 because this test does not provide useful) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (information concerning the SMCV for this species.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0098 Tc 0.0143 Tw (Lepomis cyanellus) Tj 98.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0591 Tc -0.0351 Tw ( \(green sunfish\)) Tj -77.28 -14.16 TD 0.0616 Tc -0.0376 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\) conducted a 31-day early life-stage test that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (started with <24-hour-old embryos. No information was reported concerning the) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (DO concentration but it averaged 70 to 76 percent of saturation \(5.7 to 6.2 mg/L\) in) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (a similar test in the same report with another fish species at about the same) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (temperature. The weight data were not used in the calculation of an EC20 because) Tj T* 0.0412 Tc -0.0172 Tw (the fish were heavier in chambers containing fewer fish, which indicated that weight) Tj ET endstream endobj 132 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 133 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (62) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (was density-dependent. Although overflows resulted in loss of fish from some) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.026 Tc -0.002 Tw (chambers, survival was 96 percent in one of the chambers affected by overflow,) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (indicating that the survival data were either adjusted or not affected by the) Tj T* 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (overflows. Survival to the end of the test was reduced at total ammonia nitrogen) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (concentrations of 6.3 mg N/L and above and regression analysis of the survival) Tj T* 0.0301 Tc -0.0061 Tw (data calculated an EC20 of 5.84 mg N/L at pH=8.16 and 25.4) Tj 326.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.005 Tc 0.029 Tw (C. Adjusted to) Tj -332.88 -14.16 TD 0.011 Tc 0.013 Tw (pH=8, the EC20 is 7.44 mg N/L.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0423 Tc -0.0183 Tw (McCormick et al. \(1984\) conducted a 44-day early life-stage test, starting with <24-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0144 Tc 0.0096 Tw (hour-old embryos. The mean measured DO concentration was 7.9 mg/L \(91) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (percent of saturation\) and the calculated fifth percentile of the measured DO) Tj T* 0.028 Tc -0.004 Tw (concentrations was 7.7 mg/L \(88 percent of saturation\). No effect was found on) Tj T* 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (percent hatch, but reduced survival and growth occurred at concentrations of 14) Tj T* 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw (mg N/L and above. Although survival in one control test chamber and in the low) Tj T* 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (concentrations of ammonia averaged about 40 percent and was only 10 percent in) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (the other control chamber, the concentration-effect curve was well defined. ) Tj T* 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (Regression analysis of biomass calculated an EC20 of 5.61 mg N/L at pH=7.9 and) Tj T* 0.042 Tc 0 Tw (22.0) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (C. This EC20 was obtained with the 10 percent used in the regression) Tj -29.52 -14.16 TD 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (analysis. An EC20 of 5.51 mg N/L was obtained if the 10 percent was not used; the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.025 Tc -0.001 Tw (two EC20s are similar partly because the weight given to each treatment was) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (inversely related to the variance for the treatment, which meant that the control) Tj T* 0.0287 Tc -0.0047 Tw (treatment was given a low weight in the regression analysis. Adjusted to pH=8, the) Tj T* 0.0463 Tc -0.0223 Tw (EC20 calculated using all of the data is 4.88 mg N/L.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0338 Tc -0.0098 Tw (Jude \(1973\) found that growth of juveniles weighing 4 to 16 g each for 40 days was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (proportional to temperature at 13, 22, and 28) Tj 240 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0293 Tc -0.0053 Tw (C. In a second test, the effect of) Tj -246 -14.16 TD 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (ammonia on survival and growth of 10 to 14-g juveniles was studied for 20 days. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (Too few fish died to allow calculation of an EC20. Neither of these tests provided) Tj T* 0.0676 Tc -0.0436 Tw (results that can be included in Table 5.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0292 Tc -0.0052 Tw (Adjusted to pH=8, the EC20 of 7.44 mg N/L from Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\)) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0225 Tc 0.0015 Tw (agrees quite well with the EC20 of 4.88 mg N/L from McCormick et al. \(1984\). It is) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (possible that the second value is lower because it was based on survival and) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (growth, whereas the first value was based only on survival. Even though there) Tj T* 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (were experimental problems with both tests, the results of the tests agree well and) Tj T* 0.0166 Tc 0.0074 Tw (therefore the geometric mean \(6.03 mg N/L\) of the two EC20s is used as the) Tj T* -0.0648 Tc 0 Tw (SMCV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 114.24 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.1224 Tc -0.0984 Tw ( \(bluegill\)) Tj -92.64 -14.16 TD 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (Smith et al. \(1984\) conducted a 30-day early life-stage test, starting with <28-hour-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0351 Tc -0.0111 Tw (old embryos. No information was reported concerning the DO concentration, but) Tj T* 0.0555 Tc -0.0315 Tw (the flow-rate was high. The values reported in their Table 1 as standard deviations) Tj T* 0.0541 Tc -0.0301 Tw (on the pH appear excessively large; it is likely that they were not calculated) Tj T* 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (correctly, because, as explained in footnote d, the mean pH was calculated by) Tj T* 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (conversion of pH to H) Tj 116.16 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0058 Tc 0 Tw (+) Tj 5.04 -6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0496 Tc -0.0256 Tw ( \(i.e., hydrogen ion\) concentration. Other tests conducted) Tj -121.2 -14.16 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0105 Tw (on ammonia in the same laboratory at about the same time reported much less) Tj ET endstream endobj 134 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 135 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (63) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (variation in pH. For example, McCormick et al. \(1984\) reported that the 95%) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (confidence interval on the experiment-wide pH was 7.8 to 8.0. Broderius et al.) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (\(1985\) calculated average pH by converting to hydrogen ion concentration, but) Tj T* 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (reported small standard deviations and ranges for four acute tests and four chronic) Tj T* 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (tests.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (Smith et al. \(1984\) found no significant reduction in percent hatch up to a total) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.022 Tc 0.002 Tw (ammonia nitrogen concentration of 37 mg N/L, but hatched larvae were deformed) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (at this concentration and died within six days. At the end of the test, survival and) Tj T* 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (growth at 1.64 mg N/L were near values for the controls, but were greatly reduced) Tj T* 0.0351 Tc -0.0111 Tw (at 3.75 to 18 mg N/L. Regression analysis of biomass calculated an EC20 of 1.85) Tj T* 0.0109 Tc 0.0131 Tw (mg N/L at pH=7.76 and 22.5) Tj 151.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0113 Tc 0.0127 Tw (C. The EC20 adjusted to pH=8 is 1.35 mg N/L.) Tj -157.44 -28.32 TD 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (Diamond et al. \(1993\) conducted two chronic tests. The test at 12) Tj 352.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (C is discussed) Tj -358.32 -14.16 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (in Appendix 1. The data sheets for the test at 20) Tj 260.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0566 Tc -0.0326 Tw (C indicate that this test studied) Tj -266.64 -14.16 TD 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (the effect of ammonia on survival and growth of bluegills for 21 days. \(The) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0581 Tc -0.0341 Tw (durations of the chronic tests with the bluegill at 12 and 20) Tj 312 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.0291 Tw (C are switched in Table) Tj -318 -14.16 TD 0.0656 Tc -0.0416 Tw (1 in the publication.\) The test at 20) Tj 189.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (C was started with bluegills that were less than) Tj -195.6 -14.16 TD 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (98-days old, were less than 1 inch \(2.5 cm\), and averaged 0.11 to 0.15 g. The) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (highest tested concentration of total ammonia nitrogen was 64 mg N/L, which) Tj T* 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (caused 30% mortality at the test pH of 7.3; most of the deaths occurred in the last) Tj T* 0.0171 Tc 0.0069 Tw (two days of the test. Adjusted to pH=8, the highest tested concentration was 31 mg) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (N/L as total ammonia nitrogen, which is in the range of the adjusted 96-hr LC50s) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (reported in Table 1 of the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document. This test is not) Tj T* 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (very useful because it lasted for only 21 days and mortality began occurring near) Tj T* 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (the end of the test. Neither of these tests provides results that can be included in) Tj T* 0.0771 Tc -0.0531 Tw (Table 5.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0536 Tc -0.0296 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied survival and growth of the juvenile bluegills in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (experimental streams. \(See Appendix 8.\) The individual weights averaged 2.2 g at) Tj T* 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (the beginning and the test duration was 90 days. The mean pH and temperature) Tj T* 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (were 8.2 and 21.1) Tj 96.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.01 Tw (C, respectively. A substantial effect on biomass was apparent) Tj -102.48 -14.16 TD 0.0199 Tc 0.0041 Tw (only at the highest concentration, which was 9.5 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (These juvenile bluegills were not particularly sensitive compared to older life) Tj T* 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (stages of other species tested during this study. However, juveniles apparently are) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (not as sensitive to ammonia toxicity as the early life stages tested by Smith et al.) Tj T* 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (\(1984\). These results are not included in Table 5 because they are from a field) Tj T* 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (study.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0248 Tc -0.0008 Tw (The SMCV for the bluegill is 1.35 mg N/L, and the GMCV of 2.85 mg N/L for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0143 Tc 0.0097 Tw ( is calculated as the geometric mean of the two SMCVs \(6.03 and 1.35 mg) Tj -45.36 -14.16 TD 0.0312 Tc 0 Tw (N/L\).) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0126 Tc 0.0114 Tw (Micropterus dolomieu) Tj 114.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0075 Tc 0.0165 Tw ( \(smallmouth bass\)) Tj -93.36 -14.16 TD 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (As stated above in the discussion of the effect of pH on the toxicity of ammonia,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (Broderius et al. \(1985\) conducted 32-day early life-stage tests at four pHs at) Tj ET endstream endobj 136 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 137 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (64) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.042 Tc (22.3) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0218 Tc 0.0022 Tw (C, starting with embryos near hatch. The mean measured DO concentration) Tj -29.52 -14.16 TD 0.0253 Tc -0.0013 Tw (was 7.72 mg/L \(89 percent of saturation\); the lowest and highest measured DO) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (concentrations were 7.1 and 8.3 mg/L \(81 and 96 percent of saturation\). Survival) Tj T* 0.0106 Tc 0.0134 Tw (of embryos and fry within the first week was not affected by ammonia, except at the) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (highest concentration at the highest pH, although effects on these life stages might) Tj T* 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (have been reduced due to the exposure not starting until just prior to hatch. In all) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (tests, growth and survival of older fry were reduced at higher concentrations and) Tj T* 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (regressions of biomass resulted in EC20s of 9.61, 8.62, 8.18, and 1.54 mg N/L at) Tj T* 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (pHs of 6.60, 7.25, 7.83, and 8.68, respectively. Adjusted to pH=8, these EC20s are) Tj T* 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (3.57, 4.01, 6.50, and 4.65 mg N/L, with a geometric mean of 4.56 mg N/L, which is) Tj T* -0.01 Tc 0.034 Tw (the SMCV and the GMCV.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0411 Tc 0.0651 Tw (Stizostedion vitreum) Tj 107.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0533 Tc -0.0293 Tw ( \(walleye\)) Tj -85.68 -14.16 TD 0.0613 Tc -0.0373 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli \(1982a\) could not conduct a successful early life-stage test) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (because only 20% of the newly hatched fish survived.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied survival and growth of juvenile walleyes in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0155 Tc 0.0085 Tw (experimental streams. \(See Appendix 8.\) A 46-day test was conducted at an) Tj T* 0.0273 Tc -0.0033 Tw (average temperature of 24) Tj 142.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0569 Tc -0.0329 Tw (C and was started with yearlings averaging 100 g initial) Tj -148.08 -14.16 TD 0.0254 Tc -0.0014 Tw (weight. A second test at an average temperature of 17) Tj 293.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (C was started with young-) Tj -299.52 -14.16 TD 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (of-year averaging 19 g initial weight and lasted 43 days. Adjusted to pH=8,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0145 Tc 0.0095 Tw (concentrations of 2.0 to 3.7 mg N/L somewhat reduced walleye biomass, whereas) Tj T* 0.0278 Tc -0.0037 Tw (concentrations of 9.5 to 13.3 mg N/L completely eliminated walleye from the) Tj T* 0.0197 Tc 0.0043 Tw (streams. However, juveniles might not be as sensitive to ammonia toxicity as early) Tj T* 0.0583 Tc -0.0343 Tw (life stages. These results are not included in Table 5 because they are from a field) Tj T* 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (study.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0196 Tc 0.0436 Tw (Rana pipiens) Tj 69.84 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0702 Tc -0.0462 Tw ( \(leopard frog\)) Tj -48.24 -14.16 TD 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (The available data for this species are not used for the reason\(s\) given in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0036 Tw (Appendix 1.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw (Hyla crucifer) Tj 66.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0669 Tc -0.0429 Tw ( \(spring peeper\)) Tj -45.12 -14.16 TD 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (The available data for this species are not used for the reason\(s\) given in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0204 Tc 0.0036 Tw (Appendix 1.) Tj ET endstream endobj 138 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 139 0 obj <>stream BT 389.28 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (65) Tj ET 72 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 72 497.04 88.08 1.2 re f 159.84 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 159.84 497.04 113.28 1.2 re f 272.88 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 272.88 497.04 88.08 1.2 re f 360.72 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 360.72 497.04 46.32 1.2 re f 406.8 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 406.8 497.04 42 1.2 re f 448.56 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 448.56 497.04 67.92 1.2 re f 516.24 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 516.24 497.04 65.04 1.2 re f 581.04 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 581.04 497.04 65.04 1.2 re f 645.84 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 645.84 497.04 65.04 1.2 re f 709.68 443.04 1.2 55.2 re f 72 411.12 1.2 32.16 re f 72 442.08 88.08 1.2 re f 159.84 411.12 1.2 32.16 re f 159.84 442.08 113.28 1.2 re f 272.88 411.12 1.2 32.16 re f 272.88 442.08 88.08 1.2 re f 360.72 411.12 1.2 32.16 re f 360.72 442.08 46.32 1.2 re f 406.8 411.12 1.2 32.16 re f 406.8 442.08 42 1.2 re f 448.56 411.12 1.2 32.16 re f 448.56 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528.72 TD 0.0338 Tc -0.0098 Tw (Table 5. EC20s from Acceptable Chronic Tests) Tj 251.52 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj -225.36 -51.84 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0478 Tc (Species) Tj 95.04 0 TD -0.0199 Tc (Reference) Tj 104.16 0 TD -0.0599 Tc 0.1376 Tw (Test and) Tj 4.32 -11.52 TD 0.1042 Tc 0 Tw (Effect) Tj 26.4 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc (b) Tj 41.28 6.48 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0467 Tc (Temp.) Tj 7.44 -11.52 TD -0.0237 Tc (\(C\)) Tj 44.64 11.52 TD -0.0811 Tc (pH) Tj 41.04 0 TD -0.0625 Tc (EC20) Tj 24.96 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj 3.6 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.0811 Tw ( at) Tj -24.48 -11.52 TD -0.0552 Tc 0.133 Tw (test pH) Tj -3.36 -11.52 TD 0.0383 Tc 0.0394 Tw (& Temp.) Tj -0.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 71.76 34.56 TD -0.0625 Tc 0 Tw (EC20) Tj 24.96 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj -28.56 -16.56 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0234 Tc 0.1011 Tw (at pH=8) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( & 25) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (C) Tj -30.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 68.16 34.56 TD -0.0203 Tc 0 Tw (SMCV) Tj 29.04 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj -30.48 -16.56 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0234 Tc 0.1011 Tw (at pH=8) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( & 25) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (C) Tj -30.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 67.68 34.56 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (GMCV) Tj 30.24 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj -31.2 -16.56 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0234 Tc 0.1011 Tw (at pH=8) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( & 25) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (C) Tj -30.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj -566.64 -20.4 TD 0.0086 Tc 0 Tw (Musculium) Tj -3.6 -11.52 TD -0.0009 Tc (transversum) Tj 94.32 11.52 TD -0.0395 Tc 0.1173 Tw (Anderson et al.) Tj 22.56 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1978) Tj 92.16 11.52 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.057 Tw (42-d Juv) Tj 0.96 -11.52 TD 0.1394 Tc 0 Tw (Survival) Tj 75.84 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (23.5) Tj 42.24 0 TD (8.15) Tj 53.28 0 TD (5.82) Tj 72 0 TD (6.63) Tj 58.8 -15.84 TD /F5 10.08 Tf -0.048 Tc (#) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0439 Tc (2.26) Tj 58.8 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf -0.048 Tc (#) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0439 Tc (2.26) Tj -480.24 -10.32 TD -0.0736 Tc 0.1514 Tw (Sparks and) Tj -9.12 -11.52 TD -0.0766 Tc 0.1544 Tw (Sandusky 1981) Tj 115.44 11.52 TD 0.0208 Tc 0.057 Tw (42-d Juv) Tj 0.96 -11.52 TD 0.1394 Tc 0 Tw (Survival) Tj 75.84 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (21.8) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.80) Tj 53.28 0 TD (1.23) Tj 72 0 TD (0.77) Tj -455.52 -26.16 TD -0.0355 Tc (Ceriodaphnia) Tj 8.16 -11.52 TD -0.0297 Tc (acanthina) Tj 95.52 11.52 TD -0.0567 Tc 0.1345 Tw (Mount 1982) Tj 120.72 0 TD -0.0811 Tc 0 Tw (LC) Tj -23.52 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc (Reproduction) Tj 87.12 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (24.5) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.15) Tj 47.76 0 TD (44.9) Tj 72 0 TD (19.1) Tj 64.8 0 TD (19.1) Tj 64.8 -31.92 TD (16.1) Tj -579.6 5.76 TD -0.0355 Tc (Ceriodaphnia) Tj 17.52 -11.52 TD -0.0351 Tc (dubia) Tj 87.36 11.52 TD 0.1119 Tc (Willingham) Tj 14.16 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc (1987) Tj 96.72 11.52 TD -0.0656 Tc 0.1433 Tw (7-d LC) Tj -14.88 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc 0 Tw (Reproduction) Tj 87.12 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (26.0) Tj 42.24 0 TD (8.57) Tj 53.28 0 TD (5.80) Tj 66.48 0 TD (15.6) Tj 64.8 -15.84 TD (13.5) Tj -413.28 -10.32 TD 0.0636 Tc 0.0142 Tw (Nimmo et al.) Tj 17.52 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1989) Tj 96.72 11.52 TD -0.0656 Tc 0.1433 Tw (7-d LC) Tj -14.88 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc 0 Tw (Reproduction) Tj 87.12 5.76 TD -0.0304 Tc (25.) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.8) Tj 47.76 0 TD -0.0439 Tc (15.2) Tj 72 0 TD (11.6) Tj -455.52 -26.16 TD -0.036 Tc 0.1138 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 112.8 0 TD -0.0191 Tc 0.0969 Tw (Gersich et) Tj 3.6 -11.52 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1038 Tw ( al. 1985) Tj 102 11.52 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.1465 Tw (21-d LC) Tj -12 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc 0 Tw (Reproduction) Tj 87.12 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (19.8) Tj 42.24 0 TD (8.45) Tj 53.28 0 TD (7.37) Tj 66.48 0 TD (10.8) Tj 64.8 -15.84 TD (12.3) Tj 64.8 0 TD (12.3) Tj -500.4 -10.32 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0832 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli) Tj 37.2 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1982a) Tj 96.48 11.52 TD -0.0687 Tc 0.1465 Tw (21-d LC) Tj -12 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc 0 Tw (Reproduction) Tj 87.12 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (20.1) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.92) Tj 47.76 0 TD (21.7) Tj 72 0 TD (14.1) Tj -438.24 -26.16 TD 0.0194 Tc (Hyalella) Tj 3.36 -11.52 TD -0.0293 Tc (azteca) Tj 79.44 11.52 TD -0.0431 Tc 0.1208 Tw (Borgmann 1994) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0922 Tc 0.17 Tw (10-wk LC) Tj -8.88 -11.52 TD -0.0355 Tc 0 Tw (Reproduction) Tj 87.12 5.76 TD -0.0304 Tc (25.) Tj 42.24 0 TD -0.0439 Tc (7.94) Tj 47.28 5.76 TD -0.0125 Tc (<1.58) Tj -10.08 -11.52 TD -0.0406 Tc 0.1183 Tw ( \(EC50\)) Tj 82.08 5.76 TD -0.0125 Tc 0 Tw (<1.45) Tj 64.8 0 TD (<1.45) Tj 64.8 0 TD (<1.45) Tj -575.52 -26.16 TD -0.0098 Tc (Pimephales) Tj 5.52 -11.52 TD -0.0211 Tc (promelas) Tj 88.8 11.52 TD -0.0205 Tc 0.0983 Tw (Thurston et al.) Tj 21.12 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1986) Tj 105.36 11.52 TD -0.0811 Tc (LC) Tj -19.92 -11.52 TD 0.0189 Tc (Hatchability) Tj 83.52 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (24.2) Tj 42.24 0 TD -0.0304 Tc (8.0) Tj 53.28 0 TD -0.0439 Tc (1.97) Tj 72 0 TD (1.97) Tj 64.8 -31.92 TD (3.09) Tj 64.8 0 TD (3.09) Tj -481.44 5.76 TD -0.05 Tc 0.1278 Tw (Swigert and) Tj -1.44 -11.52 TD -0.0432 Tc 0.121 Tw (Spacie 1983) Tj 107.52 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (30-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (25.1) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.82) Tj 53.28 0 TD (3.73) Tj 72 0 TD (2.92) Tj -352.56 -26.16 TD -0.0257 Tc 0.1034 Tw (Mayes et al.) Tj 16.08 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1986) Tj 90.72 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (28-d ELS) Tj 2.4 -11.52 TD 0.1394 Tc 0 Tw (Survival) Tj 75.84 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (24.8) Tj 42.24 0 TD -0.0304 Tc (8.0) Tj 53.28 0 TD -0.0439 Tc (5.12) Tj 72 0 TD (5.12) Tj ET endstream endobj 140 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 141 0 obj <>stream BT 389.28 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (66) Tj ET 72 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 72 538.8 88.08 1.2 re f 159.84 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 159.84 538.8 113.28 1.2 re f 272.88 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 272.88 538.8 88.08 1.2 re f 360.72 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 360.72 538.8 46.32 1.2 re f 406.8 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 406.8 538.8 42 1.2 re f 448.56 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 448.56 538.8 67.92 1.2 re f 516.24 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 516.24 538.8 65.04 1.2 re f 581.04 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 581.04 538.8 65.04 1.2 re f 645.84 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 645.84 538.8 65.04 1.2 re f 709.68 484.8 1.2 55.2 re f 72 452.88 1.2 32.16 re f 72 483.84 88.08 1.2 re f 159.84 452.88 1.2 32.16 re f 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Tj 7.44 -11.52 TD -0.0237 Tc (\(C\)) Tj 44.64 11.52 TD -0.0811 Tc (pH) Tj 41.04 0 TD -0.0625 Tc (EC20) Tj 24.96 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj 3.6 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.0811 Tw ( at) Tj -24.48 -11.52 TD -0.0552 Tc 0.133 Tw (test pH) Tj -3.36 -11.52 TD 0.0383 Tc 0.0394 Tw (& Temp.) Tj -0.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 71.76 34.56 TD -0.0625 Tc 0 Tw (EC20) Tj 24.96 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj -28.56 -16.56 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0234 Tc 0.1011 Tw (at pH=8) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( & 25) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (C) Tj -30.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 68.16 34.56 TD -0.0203 Tc 0 Tw (SMCV) Tj 29.04 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj -30.48 -16.56 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0234 Tc 0.1011 Tw (at pH=8) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( & 25) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (C) Tj -30.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 67.68 34.56 TD 0 Tc 0 Tw (GMCV) Tj 30.24 5.04 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj -31.2 -16.56 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0234 Tc 0.1011 Tw (at pH=8) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0574 Tc 0.1352 Tw ( & 25) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F5 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.04 0 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (C) Tj -30.48 -11.52 TD 0.0116 Tc 0.0662 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj -561.6 -20.4 TD -0.0246 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj -1.92 -11.52 TD -0.0282 Tc (cyanellus) Tj 70.32 11.52 TD -0.0055 Tc 0.0832 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli) Tj 37.2 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1982a) Tj 93.36 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (30-d ELS) Tj 2.4 -11.52 TD 0.1394 Tc 0 Tw (Survival) Tj 75.84 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (25.4) Tj 42.24 0 TD (8.16) Tj 53.28 0 TD (5.84) Tj 72 0 TD (7.44) Tj 64.8 -15.84 TD (6.03) Tj 64.8 -16.08 TD (2.85) Tj -505.2 5.76 TD 0.0034 Tc 0.0744 Tw (McCormick et al. 1984) Tj 129.84 0 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (30-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (22.0) Tj 42.24 0 TD -0.0304 Tc (7.9) Tj 53.28 0 TD -0.0439 Tc (5.61) Tj 72 0 TD (4.88) Tj -444.72 -26.16 TD -0.0246 Tc (Lepomis) Tj -8.4 -11.52 TD -0.0151 Tc (macrochirus) Tj 102.24 11.52 TD 0.0544 Tc 0.0233 Tw (Smith et al.) Tj 14.4 -11.52 TD -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (1984) Tj 90.72 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (30-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (22.5) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.76) Tj 53.28 0 TD (1.85) Tj 72 0 TD (1.35) Tj 64.8 0 TD (1.35) Tj -516.72 -26.16 TD -0.0298 Tc (Micropterus) Tj 5.76 -11.52 TD 0.0182 Tc (dolomieu) Tj 93.84 11.52 TD -0.0381 Tc 0.1159 Tw (Broderius et) Tj 9.12 -11.52 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1038 Tw (al. 1985) Tj 97.44 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (32-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (22.3) Tj 42.24 0 TD (6.60) Tj 53.28 0 TD (9.61) Tj 72 0 TD (3.57) Tj 64.8 -47.76 TD (4.56) Tj 64.8 0 TD (4.56) Tj -481.92 21.6 TD -0.0381 Tc 0.1159 Tw (Broderius et) Tj 9.12 -11.52 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1038 Tw (al. 1985) Tj 97.44 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (32-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (22.3) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.25) Tj 53.28 0 TD (8.62) Tj 72 0 TD (4.01) Tj -352.32 -26.16 TD -0.0381 Tc 0.1159 Tw (Broderius et) Tj 9.12 -11.52 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1038 Tw (al. 1985) Tj 97.44 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (32-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (22.3) Tj 42.24 0 TD (7.83) Tj 53.28 0 TD (8.18) Tj 72 0 TD (6.50) Tj -352.32 -26.16 TD -0.0381 Tc 0.1159 Tw (Broderius et) Tj 9.12 -11.52 TD -0.0261 Tc 0.1038 Tw (al. 1985) Tj 97.44 11.52 TD -0.0488 Tc 0.1265 Tw (32-d ELS) Tj 1.68 -11.52 TD -0.0352 Tc 0 Tw (Biomass) Tj 76.56 5.76 TD -0.0439 Tc (22.3) Tj 42.24 0 TD (8.68) Tj 53.28 0 TD (1.54) Tj 72 0 TD (4.65) Tj -469.68 -38.16 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc (a) Tj 3.84 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0096 Tc 0.0874 Tw ( An EC20 is assumed for a stonefly but is not given in this table \(see text concerning calculation of the) Tj -3.84 -11.52 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw ( CCC\).) Tj 0 -6.48 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 4.08 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0471 Tc 0.0307 Tw ( Juv = juvenile; LC = life cycle; ELS = early life stage.) Tj -4.08 -6.48 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 3.6 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.0172 Tc 0.0605 Tw ( Total ammonia nitrogen.) Tj -3.6 -6.48 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 4.08 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0019 Tc 0.0797 Tw ( Not used in the derivation of a SMCV \(see text\).) Tj -4.08 -6.48 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.1632 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 3.84 -5.04 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0.0776 Tw ( Not used in the derivation of a GMCV \(see text\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 144 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 145 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (68) Tj -131.28 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0842 Tc 0.0545 Tw (Seasonality of Chronic Toxicity Endpoints) Tj -96 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (Dischargers that use biological treatment of ammonia are likely to find it most difficult to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (meet water quality-based effluent limits for ammonia when the temperature is low. This) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (has raised questions about whether criteria based on toxicity tests conducted mainly at) Tj T* 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw (warm temperatures appropriately define concentrations that are needed for aquatic life) Tj T* 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (protection under cold-weather conditions. The effect of temperature on chronic EC20s) Tj T* 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (was discussed in an earlier section of this document. This section will consider the) Tj T* 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (relevance of particular chronic endpoints at various times of the year.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (The CMC is appropriate during all portions of the year because the organisms \(i.e.,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0572 Tc -0.0332 Tw (juvenile and adult fish\) and effects \(i.e., survival\) on which it is based are relevant) Tj T* 0.0638 Tc -0.0398 Tw (during all portions of the year and because available data indicate that these endpoints) Tj T* 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (are largely independent of temperature. The CCC, however, is based in part on) Tj T* 0.0579 Tc -0.0339 Tw (endpoints that might not be of concern during cold-season conditions \(fish early life) Tj T* 0.0274 Tc -0.0034 Tw (stages, ) Tj 42.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Hyalella) Tj 42.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0554 Tc -0.0314 Tw ( reproduction\). Consequently, it is also necessary to consider the) Tj -84.96 -14.16 TD 0.0571 Tc -0.0331 Tw (effect of seasonality on the chronic endpoint selection.) Tj 0 -42.48 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.056 Tc -0.032 Tw (Endpoint Selection for Fish) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (Two of the four most sensitive GMCVs used to quantify the chronic criterion are for fish) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0615 Tc -0.0375 Tw (genera -- ) Tj 52.56 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0 Tw (Pimephales) Tj 62.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and ) Tj 26.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (. The next most sensitive genera were also fish) Tj -187.44 -14.16 TD 0.084 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 4.08 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc (Micropterus) Tj 62.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (, ) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.028 Tc (Ictalurus) Tj 45.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (, ) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.03 Tc (Catostomus) Tj 64.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0305 Tc -0.0065 Tw (\), which could become more important in the criteria) Tj -190.32 -14.16 TD 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (derivation if one or more of the four most sensitive genera tested at 20-25) Tj 393.12 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (C are) Tj -399.12 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (sufficiently less sensitive at low temperatures. All of these GMCVs were based on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0593 Tc -0.0353 Tw (early-life stage or life-cycle tests. Because the sensitive test endpoints involved) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (survival and/or growth of very young fish that are present only at temperatures at which) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (reproduction occurs, these GMCVs are not necessarily appropriate for lower) Tj T* 0.0557 Tc -0.0317 Tw (temperatures. Seasonal criteria should consider the likely response of life stages) Tj T* 0.0588 Tc -0.0348 Tw (present during particular seasons.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (The appropriate tests for deriving criteria when early life stages are not present would) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (be long chronic tests of survival and growth with older life stages, conducted at a wide) Tj T* 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (range of temperatures. Such data are not available. Life cycle tests with fathead) Tj T* 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (minnows conducted by Thurston et al. 1986 provide survival and growth data for the) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (parental generation from a few days of age through spawning \(150-200 days\), but only) Tj T* 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw (at one temperature \(24) Tj 122.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (C\). DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) conducted chronic exposures with) Tj -128.64 -14.16 TD 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (fathead minnows at four different temperatures, but the duration was only 30 days. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (Other chronic exposures with juvenile warm-water fish are limited by both being only at) Tj T* 0.0553 Tc -0.0313 Tw (high temperature and having relatively short durations.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (Thus, available chronic data for juvenile and adult fish are somewhat limited with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (respect both to the duration of the tests and the temperature range of the tests. With) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (regard to the limited temperature range, the importance and likely magnitude of) Tj ET endstream endobj 146 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 147 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (69) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (temperature effects was discussed above. Despite various uncertainties, available) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (information can serve as the basis for reasonable assumptions on how tests at warm) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (temperatures can be used to derive criteria applicable to lower temperatures. For the) Tj T* 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (calculations in this document, it will be assumed that for fish the EC20 for a particular) Tj T* 0.0234 Tc 0 Tw (type of effect does not vary with temperature. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0292 Tw (With regard to the duration issue, it is not justified to simply assume that 30-day) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (exposures are long enough to assess chronic effect concentrations for juvenile and) Tj T* 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (adult fish, even though this is the duration accepted for early life stage tests for warm) Tj T* 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (water fish. For such early life stage tests, a test duration of 30 days is considered) Tj T* 0.0363 Tc -0.0123 Tw (adequately long because it encompasses a wide range of developmental stages that) Tj T* 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (likely include the most sensitive endpoints, and because empirical comparisons have) Tj T* 0.044 Tc -0.02 Tw (suggested these tests are often nearly as sensitive as longer tests. However, this is) Tj T* 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (not necessarily true if the tests of interest address less sensitive endpoints involving) Tj T* 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (juvenile and adult survival and growth. For example, in the fingernail clam tests the) Tj T* 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (effect concentrations \(juvenile survival\) at 6 weeks were significantly lower than those) Tj T* 0.0247 Tc -0 Tw (at 4 weeks. Also, for 90-day ammonia exposures to rainbow trout reported by Ministry) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (of Technology \(1967\), most of the observed mortality occurred after 30 days.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (With regard to the warm water fish of concern here, the effect of duration is most) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (evident in the fathead minnow life cycle test by Thurston et al. \(1986\). Starting with) Tj T* 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (larvae a few days old, these investigators reported survival after 30 days, after 60 days,) Tj T* 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (and just prior to spawning \(155 days in one test and 200 days in another\). The first 30) Tj T* 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (days falls under the realm of early life stage tests and will be ignored here. The) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (mortality between 30 and 60 days covers a fish age and exposure duration similar to) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (short chronic tests with juveniles, such as that of DeGraeve et al. \(1987\). During that) Tj T* 0.0113 Tc 0.0127 Tw (time, mortality was approximately 25% at a total ammonia concentration of 18 mg N/L) Tj T* 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (and averaged <2% at lower concentrations. This suggests an LC25 of about 18 mg) Tj T* 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (N/L, which is consistent with the results of DeGraeve et al. at temperatures of 25 and) Tj T* 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (30) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (C. But mortality continued after this 30 day period. By spawning time, total) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (mortality at 18 mg N/L reached about 67% and a mortality of about 10% was observed) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (at 9 mg N/L, in contrast to an average mortality of <2% at lower concentrations. The) Tj T* 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (estimated LC25 for this longer exposure was 12.3 mg N/L. This is a factor of 1.5 less) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (than the LC25 at the shorter exposure. This factor will be used to adjust 30-day effect) Tj T* 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw (concentrations from other tests with juvenile fish to be more reflective of long chronic) Tj T* 0.0108 Tc 0 Tw (exposures.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (With the issues of test temperature and test duration so addressed, chronic, "non-) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (early-life-stage" effect concentrations for different species of warm-water fish can be) Tj T* 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (assessed as follows:) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (Fathead minnow) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0209 Tc 0.0031 Tw (DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) exposed juvenile fathead minnows to ammonia for 30 days) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (at various temperatures, as previously discussed. When corrected to pH=8 using) Tj T* 0.0535 Tc -0.0295 Tw (the chronic pH relationship and divided by the factor of 1.5 to adjust to longer) Tj T* 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (exposures, chronic LC20s from this study at pH=8 are estimated to be 6.5, 8.5,) Tj ET endstream endobj 148 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 149 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (70) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0259 Tc -0.0019 Tw (12.9, and 10.6 mg N/L at 6, 10, 25, and 30) Tj 226.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (C, respectively. If temperature effects) Tj -232.56 -14.16 TD 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (are assumed to be negligible, the geometric average of these four values, 9.3 mg) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0427 Tc -0.0187 Tw (N/L, can be used as a representative value for long-term LC20s for juveniles of this) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (species. If there were concern about better representing low temperature) Tj T* 0.0299 Tc -0.0059 Tw (conditions, the average of the two values at lower temperatures, 7.5 mg N/L, could) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (be used. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (As discussed above, Thurston et al. \(1986\) conducted two life-cycle exposures of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0058 Tc 0.0298 Tw (fathead minnows to ammonia at 24) Tj 186.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (C and pH) Tj 50.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0524 Tc -0.0284 Tw (8, starting with 3- to 5-day-old) Tj -250.8 -14.16 TD 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (larvae. For the exposure of fish from 30 day old through spawning, the data and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (regression indicate a long-term chronic LC20 of 11.4 mg N/L, similar to the higher) Tj T* 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (temperature results from DeGraeve et al. \(1987\). ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0495 Tc -0.0255 Tw (While the effects concentrations summarized here can be directly used to set a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (GMCV for fathead minnows in the absence of early life stages, they can also be) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (used to develop ratios to other endpoints. Such ratios might be useful for) Tj T* 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (estimating GMCVs for other species for which chronic tests with juveniles and) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (adults have not been conducted. One useful comparison would be to the early life) Tj T* 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (stage and life cycle test results. For fathead minnows, Table 5 listed the GMCV at) Tj T* 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (pH=8 as 3.09 mg N/L based on the results of two early life stage tests and one life) Tj T* 0.0208 Tc 0.0032 Tw (cycle test. Using the estimate of 9.3 mg N/L from above as representative of what) Tj T* 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (the GMCV should be when early life stages are absent, this represents a factor of 3) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (increase in effect concentration. A second comparison that is useful is to the acute) Tj T* 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (toxicity of this species. The GMAV for fathead minnow at pH=8 is listed as 43.6 mg) Tj T* 0.0574 Tc -0.0334 Tw (N/L in Table 4. This is 4.7-fold higher than the 9.3 mg N/L derived here for chronic) Tj T* 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (toxicity of older life stages from the DeGraeve et al. \(1987\) data.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0051 Tc 0.0189 Tw (Channel catfish) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0341 Tc -0.0101 Tw (One of the chronic tests with channel catfish was a 31-day test of juvenile growth) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0589 Tc -0.0349 Tw (and survival by Colt and Tchobanoglous \(1976\). These authors did not provide) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (complete data on survival at each concentration, but the information provided) Tj T* 0.0302 Tc -0.0062 Tw (indicated that \(a\) at 5.0 mg N/L \(total ammonia\) and below, mortality averaged) Tj T* 0.0173 Tc 0.0067 Tw (about 2%, \(b\) at 5.7 mg N/L mortality was between 28 and 45% \(based on a) Tj T* 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (reported range of 11 to 62% mortality in three replicates\), \(c\) at 6.8 mg N/L) Tj T* 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (mortality was 83%, and \(d\) at 9.5 mg N/L and above mortality was 100%. This) Tj T* 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (indicates that the LC20 was between 5.0 and 5.7 mg N/L \(at pH=8.35 and T=28) Tj 424.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.028 Tc (C\),) Tj -430.08 -14.16 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0062 Tw (or between 8.7 and 9.9 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8 based on the chronic pH) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0693 Tc -0.0453 Tw (relationship. While this test was not used in deriving the GMCV, it did indicate that) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (juvenile channel catfish were as sensitive as early life stages and was included as) Tj T* 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (support that the GMCV derived from the early life stage tests was reasonable. In) Tj T* 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (fact, if the factor of 1.5 is applied to this number to make it more applicable to) Tj T* 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (longer chronic exposures, the GMCV would be around 6.2 mg N/L -- below the) Tj T* 0.0275 Tc -0.0035 Tw (GMCV \(8.84 mg N/L\) derived from the early life stage tests. Because the 1.5) Tj T* 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (adjustment factor has questionable applicability to channel catfish, the GMCV from) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (Table 5 is the most appropriate number to use for both early-life-stage and juvenile) Tj T* 0.068 Tc -0.044 Tw (sensitivity. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 150 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 151 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (71) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (Juvenile channel catfish show effects on growth at even lower concentrations. The) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0179 Tc 0.0061 Tw (EC20 for growth from the study of Colt and Tchobanoglous was 2.39 mg N/L at) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc -0 Tw (pH=8.35, or 4.2 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8. Robinette \(1976\) also found) Tj T* 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (growth effects at similar concentrations. In separate 27- and 29-day exposures) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (with 3.5-3.6 mg N/L total ammonia \(pH=7.8\), he found fingerling channel catfish to) Tj T* 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (lose weight, while control fish gained weight. These results were not used in the) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (criterion derivation, because growth effects on juvenile fish are sometimes) Tj T* 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (transient, so that short chronic tests with such fish might overestimate risk. ) Tj T* 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (Nonetheless, this does indicate effects of ammonia at rather low concentrations.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (The relationship of these effects on juvenile channel catfish to effects observed in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0587 Tc -0.0347 Tw (early life stages are quite different than in fathead minnow. Whereas fathead) Tj T* 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (minnow juvenile tests show about three-fold less sensitivity than early life stage) Tj T* 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (tests, channel catfish juvenile tests seem to be as, or more, sensitive than the) Tj T* 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (available early life stage tests. This might be in part due to comparisons across) Tj T* 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (different studies, but the differences are so great that it does suggest some) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (fundamental interspecies differences in this regard. It also makes uncertain the) Tj T* 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (development of a ratio which can be applied to early life stage tests of other) Tj T* 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (species to estimate what GMCVs should be for later life stages. In contrast, the) Tj T* 0.0597 Tc -0.0357 Tw (relationship of the juvenile chronic test results to acutely lethal concentrations) Tj T* 0.031 Tc -0.007 Tw (seem more consistent. In Table 4, the channel catfish SMAV at pH=8 is listed as) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (34.4 mg N/L total ammonia. This is a factor of 5.5 greater than the long-term) Tj T* 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (juvenile LC20 estimated above and a factor of 3.9 greater than the GMCV for) Tj T* 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (catfish in Table 5, both similar to the factor of 4.7 for fathead minnow.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0248 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Bluegill sunfish) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (Bluegills are the only other nonsalmonid species for which juveniles have been) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (chronically exposed in the laboratory. Diamond et al. \(1993\) conducted a 21-day) Tj T* 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (exposure with young bluegill \(ca. 150 mg\) and reported significant mortality \(30%\)) Tj T* 0.0135 Tc 0.0105 Tw (and reduced growth at 64 mg N/L total ammonia \(pH=7.4, T=22) Tj 338.4 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0103 Tc 0.0137 Tw (C\). A comparison) Tj -344.4 -14.16 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (of this value to effect concentrations discussed above requires adjustment for \(a\)) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (the low pH, \(b\) the short duration, and \(c\) mortality>20%. Using the chronic pH) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (relationship, 64 mg N/L at pH=7.4 corresponds to 33 mg N/L at pH=8. The LC20) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (can be estimated to be 28 mg N/L based on the average ratio \(0.82\) between an) Tj T* 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (LC20 and LC30 in the fathead minnow chronic tests of DeGraeve et al. Regarding) Tj T* 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (duration, the heaviest mortality in this study was in the last few days, so LC20s at) Tj T* 0.0464 Tc -0.0224 Tw (even slightly longer durations would be less, but it is uncertain by how much. Even) Tj T* 0.0281 Tc -0.0041 Tw (if the 30-day LC20 is just 25% less than the 21-day LC20, when combined with the) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (factor of 1.5 used above for adjusting 30-day tests to long term mortality, the long-) Tj T* 0.0279 Tc -0.0039 Tw (term chronic value would be estimated to be no higher than 14 mg N/L.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0382 Tc -0.0142 Tw (Diamond et al. \(1993\) also conducted a 14-day exposure at 13) Tj 334.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (C and for this) Tj -340.32 -14.16 TD 0.0175 Tc 0.0065 Tw (exposure they reported 80% mortality at 53 mg N/L total ammonia \(pH=7.7\), but) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (none at 21 mg N/L and below. Linear interpolation of mortality versus log) Tj T* 0.0128 Tc 0.0112 Tw (concentration would suggest an LC20 of 29 mg N/L. Adjustment to pH=8 would) Tj T* 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (lower this value to 20 mg N/L. This should be lowered by at least a factor of 2 to) Tj ET endstream endobj 152 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 153 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (72) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (account for the short duration of this test, suggesting the chronic value should be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (no higher than 10 mg N/L. However, this test is made uncertain by a variety of) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (factors. First, the mortality was mainly in the first four days so that the effect) Tj T* 0.0379 Tc -0.0139 Tw (concentration is actually mainly determined by acute mortality, although some) Tj T* 0.0174 Tc 0.0066 Tw (mortality at 53 mg N/L occurred throughout the two weeks. Increased temperatures) Tj T* 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (and decreased pHs occurred on the fifth through seventh days. Dissolved oxygen) Tj T* 0.0275 Tc -0.0035 Tw (concentrations were not measured for the first five days of exposure and were low) Tj T* 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (on the sixth day, although they were acceptably high through the rest of the) Tj T* 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (exposure.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw (In the experimental stream study of Hermanutz et al. \(1987\), bluegills with an initial) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (average weight of 2.2 g grew during a 90-day exposure to an average of 26.9 g,) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (28.1 g, and 26.0 g in the control and lowest two exposure concentrations,) Tj T* 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (respectively. At the highest exposure concentration \(9.4 mg N/L total ammonia,) Tj T* 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (pH=8.2, T=21) Tj 73.68 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (C\), the average final weight was 14.6 g, about a 50% reduction in) Tj -79.68 -14.16 TD 0.0203 Tc 0.0037 Tw (growth. Adjusted to pH=8, this corresponds to an EC50 of 12.7 mg N/L. This) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (would be reduced to a value of 7.6 by applying an EC20:EC50 ratio \(=0.6\) from the) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (channel catfish chronic growth study of Colt and Tchobanogous. Again, while this) Tj T* 0.0595 Tc -0.0355 Tw (study might not be applied directly to criterion calculations, it does support the) Tj T* 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (need for a GMCV<10 mg N/L for older bluegills.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (Unlike for fathead minnow and channel catfish, this information does not allow) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0612 Tc -0.0372 Tw (good quantification of a chronic effect concentration for non-early-life-stage) Tj T* 0.0771 Tc -0.0531 Tw (bluegills. The concentration for bluegill will be quantified using procedures) Tj T* 0.0407 Tc -0.0167 Tw (proposed in the next subsection. ) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.004 Tc 0.02 Tw (Other fish) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (Although chronic ammonia toxicity to older life stages of other warm water species) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0433 Tc -0.0193 Tw (have not been tested in the laboratory, chronic tests with juvenile salmonids \(as) Tj T* 0.0231 Tc 0.0009 Tw (summarized previously\) also suggest that GMCVs should be below 15 mg N/L \(at) Tj T* 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (pH=8\). If the limited duration of these tests is considered, concentrations should) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc -0 Tw (probably be restricted to below 10 mg N/L. In the experimental stream study of) Tj T* 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\), rainbow trout showed significantly reduced survival and/or) Tj T* 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (growth in three separate exposures at mean total ammonia concentrations of from) Tj T* 0.0146 Tc 0.0094 Tw (4.4 to 8.0 mg N/L \(adjusted to pH=8\). Also in this stream study, in two six-week) Tj T* 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (exposures using walleye pike, complete mortality was observed at concentrations) Tj T* 0.0124 Tc 0.0116 Tw (of 14 to 21 mg N/L and reduced growth was observed at 3.8-7.0 mg N/L \(adjusted) Tj T* 0.0255 Tc -0.0015 Tw (to pH=8\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0738 Tc -0.0498 Tw (While such data are not directly used in criteria derivation, they do support an) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (expectation that juvenile fish chronic values should be <10 mg N/L. But this) Tj T* 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (doesn't allow actual computation of "non-early-life-stage" \(non-ELS\) GMCVs for) Tj T* 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (warm water fish species for which there are no juvenile chronic tests.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (To quantify this concentration, one approach would be to apply the ratios among) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (endpoints discussed above for fathead minnow and channel catfish. However, the) Tj ET endstream endobj 154 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 155 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (73) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0503 Tc -0.0263 Tw (ratio for the non-ELS to ELS chronic concentrations is variable: about 1 for the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (catfish, 3 for the fathead minnow and maybe even higher given the information) Tj T* 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (presented above on the bluegill. The ratio for the SMAV to non-ELS chronic) Tj T* 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (concentration is more constant: 4.4 for the fathead and 5.5 for the catfish. This) Tj T* 0.0585 Tc -0.0345 Tw (latter ratio is analogous to the acute-chronic ratios often used in criteria, except) Tj T* 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (estimated here using non-ELS chronic effects. However, the average of the above) Tj T* 0.0357 Tc -0.0117 Tw (two values \(approximately 5\) is too high to apply to some other species of concern,) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (because it would place the non-ELS chronic values at or below the ELS chronic) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (values. Furthermore, this approach does not take into account how close acute) Tj T* 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (and chronic toxic effects concentrations are for a particular species.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0505 Tc -0.0265 Tw (Another approach to quantifying this concentration is to note that, for both fathead) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (minnow and channel catfish, the non-ELS chronic effect concentration is closer, on) Tj T* 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (a relative scale, to the early-life-stage effect concentration than it is to the SMAV) Tj T* 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (for these species \(i.e., the ratio of non-ELS to ELS chronic is less than the ratio of) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (acute to non-ELS chronic\). In the absence of good non-ELS information, a) Tj T* 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw (reasonable default assumption would be to set the non-ELS SMCV as the) Tj T* -0.0041 Tc 0.0281 Tw (geometric mean of the ELS SMCV and the SMAV. This makes the non-ELS) Tj T* 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw (concentration have the same ratio to both of the other concentrations. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (Using this procedure, the non-ELS GMCVs will be 8.78 mg N/L for ) Tj 356.64 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and) Tj -402 -14.16 TD 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw (9.55 mg N/L for ) Tj 86.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0 Tw (Micropterus) Tj 62.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.066 Tc -0.042 Tw (. For ) Tj 31.68 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (, this number is consistent with the) Tj -226.08 -14.16 TD 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (information presented above which suggested concentrations below 10 mg N/L) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (might be needed. It is several times the SMCV for bluegill and 50% greater than) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (the SMCV for green sunfish. It is about three-fold lower than the SMAV for both) Tj T* 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (species, making it a reasonable factor below the acute concentrations. For) Tj T* /F3 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0 Tw (Micropterus) Tj 62.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0444 Tc -0.0204 Tw (, this number is slightly more than double the SMCV and slightly less) Tj -62.88 -14.16 TD 0.015 Tc 0.009 Tw (than half the SMAV.) Tj -21.6 -42.48 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (Endpoint Selection for Invertebrates) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (Two of the four most sensitive GMCVs used to quantify the chronic criterion were for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0557 Tc -0.0317 Tw (invertebrates: the fingernail clam ) Tj 181.92 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (Musculium) Tj 57.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( and the amphipod ) Tj 103.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Hyalella) Tj 42.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.063 Tc -0.039 Tw (. The endpoint) Tj -385.2 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (for the fingernail clam toxicity tests was 6-week survival of juvenile clams, and would be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (relevant to all temperatures. The endpoint for the amphipod toxicity tests was) Tj T* 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (reproduction, which would not be relevant for low temperatures. However, the LC20 for) Tj T* 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (juvenile survival in these ten-week tests was the same as the effects concentration) Tj T* 0.0568 Tc -0.0328 Tw (used for reproduction, the difference being that for reproduction this concentration) Tj T* 0.0352 Tc -0.0112 Tw (actually was for >20% effect and was reported as a "less than" value, because the IC20) Tj T* 0.049 Tc -0.025 Tw (could not be reliably calculated. In any event, the same concentration can be used for) Tj T* 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (lower temperatures because it applies to juvenile and adult mortality as well as to) Tj T* 0.0591 Tc 0 Tw (reproduction.) Tj ET endstream endobj 156 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 157 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (74) Tj -70.8 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0443 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Formulation of the CCC) Tj -156.48 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (Nine Genus Mean Chronic Values \(GMCVs\) are presented in Table 5. Although) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0563 Tc -0.0323 Tw (Table 5 contains chronic data for the genus ) Tj 235.68 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.033 Tc 0 Tw (Oncorhynchus) Tj 77.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0368 Tc -0.0127 Tw (, no GMCV is derived) Tj -313.44 -14.16 TD 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (because of the large range in the EC20s; rather these chronic data will be used to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (evaluate whether the CCC poses a risk to this genus.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0562 Tc -0.0322 Tw (Although Table 5 does not contain data for an insect genus, available information) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0583 Tc -0.0343 Tw (concerning a stonefly \(Thurston et al. 1984a\) indicates that at least one species is) Tj T* 0.058 Tc -0.034 Tw (relatively resistant to ammonia. Therefore, calculation of the fifth percentile directly) Tj T* 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (from the GMCVs in Table 5 should adequately reflect the intent of the 1985 Guidelines. ) Tj T* 0.0341 Tc -0.0101 Tw (For this calculation the number of tested species was taken to be 10, because a GMCV) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (for an insect is assumed to be greater than the four lowest GMCVs. The fifth percentile) Tj T* 0.0607 Tc -0.0367 Tw (value calculated by this procedure could be considered to be a \223less than\224 value) Tj T* 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw (because the lowest two GMCVs are \223less than\224 values.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0494 Tc -0.0254 Tw (The relevant relationships for formulating a seasonal, pH- and temperature-dependent) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (chronic criterion are summarized below.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0032 Tc 0.0272 Tw (pH-dependence of chronic toxicity) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0351 Tc -0.0111 Tw (The chronic pH dependence derived from tests with ) Tj 279.12 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0 Tw (Micropterus) Tj 62.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and ) Tj 26.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (Daphnia) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw ( are) Tj -413.52 -14.16 TD 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (used here. The acute pH dependence is not applied to chronic toxicity because) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (the measured acute-chronic ratios change substantially with pH. Equation 12,) Tj T* 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (presented earlier in the document, describes the shape of chronic pH dependence.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0101 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Temperature-dependence of chronic toxicity - fish) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (Available data suggest minimal dependence of fish ammonia toxicity on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (temperature. Even where some acute toxicity data indicate higher LC50s at low) Tj T* 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw (temperatures \(i.e., for fathead minnows\), applying this to chronic toxicity is) Tj T* 0.0612 Tc -0.0372 Tw (contraindicated because available data, as well as theoretical considerations,) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (suggest that acute-chronic ratios increase at lower temperatures. Although limited) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (available chronic data suggest LC20s might be lower at low temperatures, the) Tj T* 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (effect is small and uncertain. This criteria formulation assumes no temperature) Tj T* 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (dependence for fish endpoints.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0165 Tc 0.0075 Tw (Temperature-dependence of chronic toxicity - invertebrates) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (Available data suggest a strong dependence of invertebrate ) Tj 323.04 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0336 Tc 0 Tw (acute) Tj 29.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0064 Tc 0.0304 Tw ( ammonia toxicity) Tj -352.56 -14.16 TD 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw (on temperature, with a mean log LC50 versus temperature slope of -0.036 over the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (entire temperature range, or slightly higher, around -0.044 above approximately) Tj T* 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (C. No data are available regarding the temperature dependence of) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (invertebrate chronic toxicity, but both the fish data and theoretical expectations) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (argue against assuming that the chronic slope is as steep as the acute slope. ) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (Alternative approaches for the chronic slope were discussed at the end of the) Tj T* 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (chronic temperature relationship section earlier in the document. The approach) Tj T* 0.065 Tc -0.041 Tw (selected for calculating the criterion is to set the invertebrate chronic slope equal to) Tj ET endstream endobj 158 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 159 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (75) Tj -205.68 669.84 TD 0.0515 Tc -0.0275 Tw (an invertebrate acute slope of -0.044 above 7) Tj 243.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0206 Tc 0.0034 Tw (C, minus the observed fish ACR) Tj -249.6 -14.16 TD 0.0608 Tc -0.0368 Tw (slope of -0.016. This yields an invertebrate chronic slope of -0.028 above 7) Tj 404.4 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (C. ) Tj -410.4 -14.16 TD 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (The slope is then set to zero below 7) Tj 197.04 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (C. ) Tj -224.64 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.012 Tc 0.036 Tw (Endpoint selection - fish) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (The GMCVs appropriate for fish depend on whether early life stages of fish are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (present. Determining when or whether time periods exist when such life stages are) Tj T* 0.0505 Tc -0.0265 Tw (present requires some information about the site or eco-region. The national) Tj T* 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (criterion will specify two sets of numbers between which the applied criterion can) Tj T* 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (select depending on the presence or absence of fish early life stages. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0613 Tc -0.0373 Tw (When fish early life stages are present, the GMCVs are as presented in Table 5,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0215 Tc 0.0025 Tw (that is, 2.85 mg N/L for ) Tj 125.28 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0037 Tc 0.0203 Tw (, 3.09 mg N/L for ) Tj 92.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0 Tw (Pimephales) Tj 62.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0037 Tc 0.0203 Tw (, 4.56 mg N/L for) Tj -326.16 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0 Tw (Micropterus) Tj 62.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (, and 8.84 mg N/L for ) Tj 116.4 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.028 Tc 0 Tw (Ictalurus) Tj 45.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0832 Tc -0.0592 Tw (\). When fish early life stages are not) Tj -224.88 -14.16 TD 0.0222 Tc 0.0018 Tw (present, the assigned GMCVs are 9.30 mg N/L for ) Tj 271.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0048 Tc 0 Tw (Pimephales) Tj 62.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0037 Tc 0.0203 Tw (, 8.84 mg N/L for) Tj -333.84 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.028 Tc 0 Tw (Ictalurus) Tj 45.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0037 Tc 0.0203 Tw (, 8.78 mg N/L for ) Tj 92.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (, and 9.55 mg N/L for ) Tj 116.4 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0185 Tc 0 Tw (Micropterus) Tj 62.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (. Although) Tj -363.12 -14.16 TD 0.0538 Tc -0.0298 Tw (these GMCVs are uncertain, the calculation of the criterion ends up being) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (insensitive to these uncertainties. That is, because invertebrate GMCVs control) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (the value of the criterion, the fish non-ELS GMCVs would need to be reduced by) Tj T* 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (nearly 50% before they would affect the criterion.) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0054 Tc 0.0186 Tw (Endpoint selection - invertebrates) Tj 21.6 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (The GMCV for ) Tj 80.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (Musculium) Tj 57.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0648 Tc -0.0407 Tw ( is applicable to all temperatures because it is for long-) Tj -138.24 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (term juvenile survival. The GMCV for ) Tj 203.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Hyalella) Tj 42.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0625 Tc -0.0385 Tw ( is applicable to all temperatures) Tj -246.48 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (because, although it was derived for reproductive effects, the same effects) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (concentration would be obtained based on juvenile survival. Therefore, the) Tj T* 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw (temperature-normalized GMCVs in Table 5 are used: 2.26 mg N/L for ) Tj 376.56 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (Musculium) Tj -376.56 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0112 Tc 0.0128 Tw (and 1.45 mg N/L for ) Tj 109.68 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Hyalella) Tj 42.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (.) Tj -174 -28.32 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F7 12 Tf 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (Temperature- and pH-dependent Criteria Calculation) Tj 0 -28.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0597 Tc -0.0357 Tw (Part of a criterion derivation is the estimation of the fifth percentile of sensitivity based) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0565 Tc -0.0325 Tw (on the set of toxicity values available for different genera. This fifth percentile estimate) Tj T* 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw (is intended to be what would be obtained by simple inspection if many genera had) Tj T* 0.0617 Tc -0.0377 Tw (been tested. When the number of tested genera is less than 19, this will ordinarily) Tj T* 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (entail an extrapolation below the lowest value, because, in such small sets, the lowest) Tj T* 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (value would not be expected to be as low as the fifth percentile \(i.e., if many more) Tj T* 0.0508 Tc -0.0268 Tw (genera were tested, it is likely that the fifth percentile genus would be more sensitive) Tj T* 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (than any in the small data set\). One characteristic of such extrapolations is that, if the) Tj T* 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (genera vary widely in sensitivity, the extrapolated criterion value will be further below) Tj T* 0.0639 Tc -0.0399 Tw (the lowest value than if the genera are tightly grouped. This is statistically appropriate) Tj T* 0.0571 Tc -0.0331 Tw (because if the variance is high, the fifth percentile of a distribution would be expected) Tj T* 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (to lie further below the lowest datum of a small data set than if the variance was low.) Tj ET endstream endobj 160 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 161 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (76) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.059 Tc -0.0349 Tw (However, while this characteristic of extrapolations is desirable for criteria derivations) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (across chemicals with different variances for genus sensitivities, it is not necessarily) Tj T* 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (appropriate when the genera are following different temperature or seasonal) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (dependencies, as is the case here. As sensitivities change with temperature or life) Tj T* 0.0305 Tc -0.0065 Tw (stage, the spread of the lowest four GMCVs changes, and thus the degree of) Tj T* 0.0563 Tc -0.0323 Tw (extrapolation also changes, such that the criterion does not end up increasing in) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (concert with reduced sensitivities as the temperatures decrease. That is, if the fifth) Tj T* 0.0523 Tc -0.0283 Tw (percentile genus value is re-extrapolated at each different temperature, the resulting) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (temperature dependence of the criterion would be found not to accord with any) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (temperature dependence that could be reasonably assumed for untested sensitive) Tj T* 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (species. Therefore, while temperature dependent criteria could be calculated by) Tj T* 0.0212 Tc 0.0028 Tw (developing sets of GMCVs for each temperature and computing the CCC from the four) Tj T* 0.0309 Tc -0.0069 Tw (most sensitive GMCVs at each temperature, this approach will not be used here. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0602 Tc -0.0362 Tw (Rather, the derivation here will start with a chronic criterion calculated at 25) Tj 403.2 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.062 Tc -0.038 Tw (C. This) Tj -409.2 -14.16 TD 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (reference temperature was selected because it is the temperature for the chronic test) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (with the most sensitive genus \(Hyalella\), as well as being within 3) Tj 349.68 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0643 Tc -0.0403 Tw (C of all the other) Tj -355.68 -14.16 TD 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (tests with the four most sensitive genera. Consequently, temperature extrapolation) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (uncertainties are minimized. Table 5 presented the GMCVs normalized to 25) Tj 412.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (C. The) Tj -418.8 -14.16 TD 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (GMCVs for the four most sensitive species are thus as follows:) Tj 64.8 -28.32 TD 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (1.45 mg N/L for Hyalella) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.0217 Tw (2.26 mg N/L for Musculium) Tj T* 0.0019 Tc 0.0221 Tw (2.85 mg N/L for Lepomis) Tj T* 0.0104 Tc 0.0136 Tw (3.09 mg N/L for Pimephales.) Tj -64.8 -28.32 TD 0.0503 Tc -0.0263 Tw (With N=10, this results in a CCC of 1.24 mg N/L at 25) Tj 286.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (C and pH=8. Figure 13 shows) Tj -292.8 -14.16 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (the ranked GMCVs and the CCC, all at pH=8 and 25) Tj 280.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C.) Tj -286.56 -28.32 TD 0.009 Tc 0.015 Tw (At 25) Tj 28.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (C, the 1999 CCC is two percent lower than the 1998 CCC, due to the) Tj -34.08 -14.16 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.0268 Tw (temperature adjustment of the ) Tj 163.44 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0027 Tc 0 Tw (Musculium) Tj 57.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0103 Tc 0.0137 Tw ( EC20s from the tested temperatures to the) Tj -220.8 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0319 Tc -0.0079 Tw (C reference temperature. \(In contrast to the 1999 CCC, the 1998 CCC did not) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (change with temperature.) Tj 135.84 0 TD 0.084 Tc 0 Tw (\)) Tj -135.84 -28.32 TD 0.0172 Tc 0.0068 Tw (The CCC of 1.24 mg/L is 15 percent lower than the lowest GMCV \(1.45 mg N/L for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Hyalella) Tj 42.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (\). This degree of extrapolation below the lowest GMCV is modest and) Tj -42.72 -14.16 TD 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (reasonable given the low number of tested genera, and will be used for criteria) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0602 Tc -0.0362 Tw (calculations for all other temperatures and for conditions of fish early life stages) Tj T* 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (present or absent. As discussed above, the alternative of calculating the CCC directly) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (from new sets of GMCVs for each condition results in different degrees of extrapolation,) Tj T* 0.0319 Tc -0.0079 Tw (ranging up to 50% below the lowest GMCV, an extrapolation that would not be) Tj T* 0.0592 Tc -0.0352 Tw (reasonable here.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (Because the most sensitive genera are invertebrates, the criterion will vary with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (temperature according to the invertebrate chronic temperature relationship, but cannot) Tj T* 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (exceed 85.4% of the lowest fish GMCV. The lowest seasonal GMCVs for fish are) Tj ET endstream endobj 162 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 163 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (77) Tj -122.4 546 TD -0.024 Tc (CCC) Tj 31.2 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (854) Tj 25.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.052 Tc (MIN) Tj 23.28 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (85) Tj 14.88 0 TD 0.024 Tc (,) Tj 11.28 0 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (45) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 4.56 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (028) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf -0.0758 Tc (@) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (25) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 -4.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj 96.96 0.24 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(19\)) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 73.92 62.16 333.36 332.64 re f 73.92 61.92 333.6 332.88 re f 0.96 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 130.08 369.84 m 130.08 114.72 l 384.24 114.72 l 384.24 369.84 l 130.08 369.84 l S 127.68 114.72 m 132.48 114.72 l S [0.48 1.92 ] 0 d 130.08 114.72 m 384.24 114.72 l S BT 118.32 112.08 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 8.88 Tf 0.1027 Tc -0.1714 Tw (1 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 128.88 152.88 m 131.28 152.88 l S 128.88 175.44 m 131.28 175.44 l S 128.88 191.28 m 131.28 191.28 l S 128.88 203.76 m 131.28 203.76 l S 128.88 213.84 m 131.28 213.84 l S 128.88 222.24 m 131.28 222.24 l S 128.88 229.92 m 131.28 229.92 l S 128.88 236.4 m 131.28 236.4 l S 127.68 242.4 m 132.48 242.4 l S [0.48 1.92 ] 0 d 130.08 242.4 m 384.24 242.4 l S BT 113.52 239.52 TD (10 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 128.88 280.56 m 131.28 280.56 l S 128.88 302.88 m 131.28 302.88 l S 128.88 318.96 m 131.28 318.96 l S 128.88 331.2 m 131.28 331.2 l S 128.88 341.52 m 131.28 341.52 l S 128.88 349.92 m 131.28 349.92 l S 128.88 357.36 m 131.28 357.36 l S 128.88 363.84 m 131.28 363.84 l S 127.68 369.84 m 132.48 369.84 l S [0.48 1.92 ] 0 d 130.08 369.84 m 384.24 369.84 l S BT 108.24 367.2 TD (100 ) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 98.88 188.16 Tm /F1 9.84 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (GMCV, mg N/L at pH=8) Tj ET BT 214.32 90.72 TD 0.0596 Tc -0.1551 Tw (Ranked Genera) Tj ET 0.24 w [] 0 d 0 0 1 RG 0 0 1 rg 140.88 131.76 6.96 6.96 re b 169.2 156.48 6.72 6.72 re b 197.28 169.2 6.72 6.96 re b 225.6 173.76 6.72 6.72 re b 253.68 195.12 6.96 6.96 re b 282 198 6.96 6.96 re b 310.32 232.08 6.72 6.72 re b 338.64 250.32 6.72 6.72 re b 366.72 265.2 6.96 6.96 re b 0.96 w 0 0 0 RG 144.24 126.72 m 172.32 126.72 l 200.64 126.72 l S 1 1 1 rg 206.16 120.48 50.64 13.92 re f BT 207.36 124.8 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 8.88 Tf 0.0686 Tc 0 Tw (CCC) Tj -135.36 583.68 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.002 Tc 0.022 Tw (2.85 mg N/L for ) Tj 86.16 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0406 Tc -0.0166 Tw ( early life stages, and 8.78 mg N/L for ) Tj 204.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.042 Tc -0.018 Tw ( juveniles and) Tj -381.12 -14.16 TD 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (adults. When fish early life stages are present, the upper limit would be 2.43 mg N/L) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0526 Tc -0.0286 Tw (\(that is, 0.854 ) Tj 76.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (C) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( 2.85 mg N/L lowest fish GMCV\). When fish early life stages are) Tj -81.6 -14.16 TD 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (absent, the upper limit \(0.854 ) Tj 160.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (C) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.028 Tc -0.004 Tw ( 8.78 mg N/L lowest juvenile and adult fish GMCV\) is) Tj -164.88 -14.16 TD 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (never reached under any temperature condition. Therefore, the CCC equals 85.4) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0263 Tc -0.0023 Tw (percent of lower of \(a\) the temperature-adjusted) Tj 255.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw ( Hyalella) Tj 46.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw ( GMCV, or \(b\) the lowest fish) Tj -301.44 -14.16 TD -0.0432 Tc 0.0672 Tw (GMCV. ) Tj 45.84 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0072 Tc 0.0168 Tw (With fish early life stages present) Tj 176.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (, at pH=8 the criterion would be expressed) Tj -222.24 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (as:) Tj 0 -70.8 TD 0.0555 Tc -0.0315 Tw (This function increases steadily with decreasing temperature, T, until it reaches its) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0082 Tc 0.0322 Tw (maximum \(0.854 \225 2.85\) at 14.5) Tj 167.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (C, below which it remains constant.) Tj -173.52 -99.12 TD 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (Figure 13. Ranked Genus Mean Chronic Values \(GMCVs\) with the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw ( Criterion Continuous Concentration \(CCC\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 164 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 165 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (78) Tj -110.16 574.32 TD -0.024 Tc (CCC) Tj 31.2 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (854) Tj 25.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (45) Tj 18.72 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.16 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (028) Tj 13.92 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf -0.0758 Tc (@) Tj 2.64 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (25) Tj 10.32 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1209 Tc (MAX) Tj 17.52 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj 5.04 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (,) Tj 4.56 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 2.64 0 TD (\)) Tj 107.52 -4.32 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(20\)) Tj -421.2 -189.12 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (CCC) Tj 28.56 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 9.84 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (854) Tj 21.6 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 171.36 427.92 m 171.36 434.16 l 171.6 435.84 l 171.84 437.28 l 172.56 439.44 l 173.04 440.64 l 174 442.08 l 173.76 442.08 l 172.8 440.88 l 172.32 439.68 l 171.36 437.76 l 170.88 436.32 l 170.64 434.64 l 170.64 427.92 l 171.36 427.92 l b* 171.36 429.12 m 171.36 422.88 l 171.6 420.96 l 171.84 419.52 l 172.56 417.36 l 173.04 416.16 l 174 414.72 l 173.76 414.72 l 172.8 415.92 l 172.32 417.12 l 171.36 419.04 l 170.88 420.48 l 170.64 422.16 l 170.64 429.12 l 171.36 429.12 l b* 177.84 426.24 66.24 0.72 re b BT 192.72 430.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0676) Tj -23.76 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 12.96 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 255.6 426.24 66.24 0.72 re b BT 273.84 430.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (912) Tj -27.12 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj ET 325.68 427.92 m 325.68 434.16 l 325.44 435.84 l 325.2 437.28 l 324.48 439.44 l 323.76 440.64 l 322.8 442.08 l 323.04 442.08 l 324 440.88 l 324.72 439.68 l 325.68 437.76 l 326.16 436.32 l 326.4 434.64 l 326.4 427.92 l 325.68 427.92 l b* 325.68 429.12 m 325.68 422.88 l 325.44 420.96 l 325.2 419.52 l 324.48 417.36 l 323.76 416.16 l 322.8 414.72 l 323.04 414.72 l 324 415.92 l 324.72 417.12 l 325.68 419.04 l 326.16 420.48 l 326.4 422.16 l 326.4 429.12 l 325.68 429.12 l b* BT 331.92 424.08 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.052 Tc (MIN) Tj 23.04 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj 5.52 0 TD 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (85) Tj 16.08 0 TD 0.024 Tc (,) Tj 6 0 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (45) Tj 14.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 4.56 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (028) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf -0.0758 Tc (@) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (25) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj 5.04 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 -4.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj 21.84 -2.4 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(21\)) Tj -405.6 -96.72 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (CCC) Tj 31.2 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (854) Tj 22.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj ET 188.88 328.8 m 188.88 335.04 l 189.12 336.72 l 189.36 338.16 l 190.08 340.32 l 190.56 341.52 l 191.52 342.96 l 191.28 342.96 l 190.32 341.76 l 189.84 340.56 l 188.88 338.64 l 188.4 337.2 l 188.16 335.52 l 188.16 328.8 l 188.88 328.8 l b* 188.88 330 m 188.88 323.76 l 189.12 321.84 l 189.36 320.4 l 190.08 318.24 l 190.56 317.04 l 191.52 315.6 l 191.28 315.6 l 190.32 316.8 l 189.84 318 l 188.88 319.92 l 188.4 321.36 l 188.16 323.04 l 188.16 330 l 188.88 330 l b* 195.36 327.12 66.24 0.72 re b BT 210.24 331.44 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0676) Tj -23.76 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 14.16 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 275.76 327.12 66.24 0.72 re b BT 294 331.44 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (912) Tj -27.12 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj ET 345.84 328.8 m 345.84 335.04 l 345.6 336.72 l 345.36 338.16 l 344.64 340.32 l 343.92 341.52 l 342.96 342.96 l 343.2 342.96 l 344.16 341.76 l 344.88 340.56 l 345.84 338.64 l 346.32 337.2 l 346.56 335.52 l 346.56 328.8 l 345.84 328.8 l b* 345.84 330 m 345.84 323.76 l 345.6 321.84 l 345.36 320.4 l 344.64 318.24 l 343.92 317.04 l 342.96 315.6 l 343.2 315.6 l 344.16 316.8 l 344.88 318 l 345.84 319.92 l 346.32 321.36 l 346.56 323.04 l 346.56 330 l 345.84 330 l b* BT 353.28 324.96 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 7.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (45) Tj 16.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (028) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf -0.0758 Tc (@) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (25) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1209 Tc (MAX) Tj 17.76 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj 5.04 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (,) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 3.36 0 TD (\)) Tj 30 -6.96 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(22\)) Tj -438.96 385.92 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.013 Tc 0.011 Tw (With early life stages absent) Tj 150.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0271 Tc -0.0031 Tw (, at pH=8 the 2.85 mg N/L GMCV for early life stages of) Tj -150.48 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw ( would have been replaced by the 8.78 mg N/L GMCV for juvenile and adult) Tj -45.36 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj 45.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0488 Tc -0.0247 Tw (. However, since the latter GMCV is so high that it is never limiting, it can be) Tj -45.36 -14.16 TD 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (dropped. In this case the invertebrate slope plateau will become limiting below 7) Tj 431.28 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C,) Tj -437.28 -14.16 TD 0.0637 Tc -0.0397 Tw (and this condition is therefore incorporated into the equation for early life stages absent) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (\(at pH=8\):) Tj 0 -70.8 TD 0.0555 Tc -0.0315 Tw (This function increases steadily with decreasing temperature, T, until it reaches its) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (plateau at 7) Tj 63.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C.) Tj -69.36 -28.32 TD 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (The pH dependency is incorporated through Equation 12, which converts chronic effect) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.04 Tc -0.016 Tw (concentrations from pH=8 to any other pH. Consequently, the seasonally varying, pH-) Tj T* 0.0247 Tc -0 Tw (and temperature-dependent CCC would be expressed as follows.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.064 Tc -0.04 Tw (For fish early life stages present:) Tj 0 -99.12 TD 0.0633 Tc -0.0393 Tw (For fish early life stages absent,) Tj T* 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (In the final criteria statement, these equations can be shortened by multiplying) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw (coefficients together.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (The 1999 CCC with fish early life stages present is plotted as the \223new\224 CCC in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (Figure 14, along with the 1984/1985 \223old\224 CCC and the EC20s from Table 5. The 1999) Tj T* 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (CCC is near the 1984/1985 CCC in the range of pH from about 7.5 to 8, but is) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (increasingly higher than the old CCC at lower and higher values of pH. At pH=8 and) Tj T* 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (25) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (C, the new CCC corresponds to acute-chronic ratios of \(14.4 mg N/L\)/\(1.24 mg N/L\)) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (= 11.6 using the calculated FAV when salmonids are present \(but not lowered to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (protect large rainbow trout\) and \(16.8 mg N/L\)/\(1.24 mg N/L\) = 13.5 using the FAV) Tj T* 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (when salmonids are absent. These are in the range of the ACRs that can be derived) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (from the EC20s in Table 5 \(see Appendix 7\). The ACR used to calculate the old CCC) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (was 13.5 \(Heber and Ballentine 1992\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 166 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 167 0 obj <>stream BT 296.88 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (79) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 18 47.76 576 657.36 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 143.28 173.28 372.72 448.08 re b BT 321.36 130.32 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.52 Tf 1.0387 Tc (pH) Tj ET 0.96 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 143.28 173.28 m 516 173.28 l S 143.28 167.28 m 143.28 173.28 l S 259.68 167.28 m 259.68 173.28 l S 376.32 167.28 m 376.32 173.28 l S 492.72 167.28 m 492.72 173.28 l S BT 139.68 151.2 TD 0.7949 Tc (6) Tj 116.4 0 TD (7) Tj 116.64 0 TD (8) Tj 116.4 0 TD (9) Tj ET 143.28 621.36 m 516 621.36 l S BT 0 1 -1 0 105.84 325.68 Tm 0 Tc (TOTAL AMMONIA \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 143.28 173.28 m 143.28 621.36 l S 143.52 339.36 m 150.24 339.36 l S 143.52 505.44 m 150.24 505.44 l S 143.28 223.2 m 150.24 223.2 l S 143.28 289.44 m 150.24 289.44 l S 143.28 389.28 m 150.24 389.28 l S 143.28 455.52 m 150.24 455.52 l S 143.28 555.36 m 150.24 555.36 l S BT 118.56 219.36 TD 0.7424 Tc (0.2) Tj 0 66 TD (0.5) Tj 10.8 100.08 TD 0.7949 Tc (2) Tj 0 66 TD (5) Tj -7.2 100.08 TD 0.9149 Tc (20) Tj 0 66 TD (50) Tj -3.6 -448.08 TD 0.7424 Tc (0.1) Tj 10.8 166.08 TD 0.7949 Tc (1) Tj -7.2 165.84 TD 0.9149 Tc (10) Tj ET 516 173.28 m 516 621.36 l S 391.92 466.56 m 391.92 468.5472 390.0922 470.16 387.84 470.16 c 385.5878 470.16 383.76 468.5472 383.76 466.56 c 383.76 464.5728 385.5878 462.96 387.84 462.96 c 390.0922 462.96 391.92 464.5728 391.92 466.56 c S 357.12 354.48 m 357.12 356.4135 355.2384 358.08 352.92 358.08 c 350.6016 358.08 348.72 356.4135 348.72 354.36 c 348.72 352.3065 350.6016 350.64 352.92 350.64 c 355.2384 350.64 357.12 352.3065 357.12 354.36 c S 273.6 610.56 7.44 6.48 re S 436.56 462.96 7.44 6.48 re S 428.64 487.44 m 432.48 485.28 l 432.48 481.44 l 428.64 479.52 l 424.8 481.44 l 424.8 485.28 l 428.64 487.44 l S 366.96 565.2 m 370.8 563.28 l 370.8 559.2 l 366.96 557.28 l 363.12 559.2 l 363.12 563.28 l 366.96 565.2 l S 380.88 373.2 m 385.92 368.64 l 380.88 364.08 l 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237.36 m 469.44 237.36 l S 476.88 228.96 0.24 0.24 re f 476.88 228.96 m 476.88 228.96 l S 484.8 220.56 0.24 0.24 re f 484.8 220.56 m 484.8 220.56 l S 0.48 w 1 1 1 rg 201.12 188.16 115.92 160.56 re b BT 237.12 336.48 TD 0 0 0 rg /F3 10.08 Tf 0.6486 Tc (Musculium) Tj ET 0.96 w 222.24 340.08 m 222.24 342.0672 220.3584 343.68 218.04 343.68 c 215.7216 343.68 213.84 342.0672 213.84 340.08 c 213.84 338.0928 215.7216 336.48 218.04 336.48 c 220.3584 336.48 222.24 338.0928 222.24 340.08 c S BT 237.12 196.8 TD 0.6029 Tc (Micropterus) Tj ET 218.16 204.24 m 222 202.32 l 222 198.24 l 218.16 196.32 l 214.32 198.24 l 214.32 202.32 l 218.16 204.24 l b* BT 237.12 211.44 TD 0.6611 Tc (Lepomis) Tj ET 218.16 219.36 m 223.2 215.04 l 218.16 210.48 l 213.12 215.04 l 218.16 219.36 l b* BT 237.12 227.28 TD 0.6845 Tc (Oncorhynchus) Tj ET 214.32 227.52 7.44 6.48 re b BT 237.12 242.16 TD 0.5142 Tc (Ictalurus) Tj ET 218.16 240.96 m 213.6 247.68 l 222.48 247.68 l 218.16 240.96 l b* BT 237.12 258 TD 0.6703 Tc (Catostomus) Tj ET 218.16 265.92 m 222.48 259.2 l 213.84 259.2 l 218.16 265.92 l b* BT 237.12 274.08 TD 0.6382 Tc (Pimephales) Tj ET 222.24 277.68 m 222.24 279.6134 220.3584 281.28 218.04 281.28 c 215.7216 281.28 213.84 279.6134 213.84 277.56 c 213.84 275.5066 215.7216 273.84 218.04 273.84 c 220.3584 273.84 222.24 275.5066 222.24 277.56 c b BT 237.12 289.92 TD 0.5594 Tc (Hyalella) Tj ET 218.16 297.84 m 223.2 293.52 l 218.16 288.96 l 213.12 293.52 l 218.16 297.84 l S BT 237.12 306.96 TD 0.6717 Tc (Daphnia) Tj ET 218.16 314.4 m 222 312.48 l 222 308.4 l 218.16 306.48 l 214.32 308.4 l 214.32 312.48 l 218.16 314.4 l S BT 237.12 321.84 TD 0.6245 Tc (Ceriodaphnia) Tj ET 214.32 321.84 7.44 6.72 re S BT 163.2 440.16 TD /F1 10.08 Tf 0.8811 Tc -0.5634 Tw (New CCC) Tj 0 -36.48 TD 0.7433 Tc -0.4256 Tw (Old CCC, 10 C) Tj 0 -28.8 TD (Old CCC, 20 C) Tj ET 320.16 391.68 m 320.16 405.84 l S 322.8 400.32 m 320.16 391.68 l 317.52 400.32 l S 380.88 352.32 m 380.88 366.24 l S 383.52 360.96 m 380.88 352.32 l 378.48 360.96 l S 411.36 417.12 m 411.36 431.04 l S 408.72 422.4 m 411.36 431.04 l 414 422.4 l S BT 67.44 708.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0747 Tc -0.0507 Tw (Figure 14.) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0.0728 Tc -0.0488 Tw (Chronic EC20s used in criteria derivation in relationship to Criterion) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (Continuous Concentrations \(CCCs\). The curve labeled \223New CCC\224 is the) Tj T* 0.0218 Tc 0.0022 Tw (1999 CCC at a temperature of 24.6) Tj 188.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (C, at which it equals the 1998 CCC. ) Tj -194.16 -14.16 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (The \223Old CCC\224 is from 1984/1985.) Tj ET endstream endobj 168 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 169 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (80) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0494 Tc -0.0254 Tw (Several points should be noted concerning the CCC:) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (a.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (The two lowest GMCVs are \223less than\224 values. The CCC would be lower if a point) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (estimate, rather than a \223less than\224 value, could have been derived from the) Tj T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0089 Tw (Borgmann \(1994\) study with ) Tj 153.84 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw ( Hyalella) Tj 46.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (, the most sensitive genus. The CCC also) Tj -199.92 -14.16 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (might be lower if a point estimate, rather than a \223less than\224 value, could have been) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (derived from the studies with the fingernail clam.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (b.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.009 Tc 0.015 Tw (At 25) Tj 28.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (C and pH=8 any substantial increase in the CCC derived with the procedures) Tj -34.08 -14.16 TD 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (in this 1999 Update would require a higher GMCV for ) Tj 287.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0 Tw (Hyalella) Tj 42.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.064 Tc -0.04 Tw ( and possibly a) Tj -330.48 -14.16 TD 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (higher SMCV for the recreationally important bluegill.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (c.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (Because acutely resistant taxa are under-represented in the chronic dataset in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (Table 5, it could be argued that N, the number of genera used in the calculation of) Tj T* 0.0496 Tc -0.0256 Tw (the CCC, should be increased from 10 to a higher value. A reasonable increase in) Tj T* 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (N would not have a large effect, however. For example, adding three resistant) Tj T* 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (genera would raise the CCC less than 10 percent. ) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (d.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (The central tendency of the available chronic EC20s for salmonids, even though) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (not used directly in the calculation of the CCC, indicates that these species would) Tj T* 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (probably be protected by the CCC. Nevertheless, in some tests, effects were) Tj T* 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (observed at concentrations below the lower-temperature values of the CCC. The) Tj T* 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (data suggest that there might be important differences between strains of rainbow) Tj T* 0.042 Tc 0 Tw (trout.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc (e.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (Some of the laboratory and field data for the fingernail clam, which might be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (considered to have special ecological importance at some sites, indicate that this) Tj T* 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (species would be affected at concentrations below the CCC. Other data indicate) Tj T* 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (that it would not be affected by such concentrations. At most sites the intermittency) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (of exposures would probably reduce risk.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (f.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0608 Tc -0.0368 Tw (When a threatened or endangered species occurs at a site and sufficient data) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (indicate that it is sensitive at concentrations below the CCC, it is appropriate to) Tj T* 0.0741 Tc -0.0501 Tw (consider deriving a site-specific criterion.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (g.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (Partly for statistical reasons, the CCC is based on a 20 percent reduction in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (survival, growth, and/or reproduction. Whether the maximum acceptable percent) Tj T* 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (reduction should be lower or higher than 20 percent under a set of conditions is a) Tj T* 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (risk management decision. Consult Appendix 6 for regression parameters to) Tj T* 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (calculate ECs corresponding to other percentages.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (h.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.059 Tc -0.035 Tw (If it had been derived using available acute-chronic ratios \(see Appendix 7\), the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (CCC would be greater than 2 mg N/L, which would be inappropriate because \(1\) it) Tj T* 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw (would be above one of the GMCVs in a dataset for which N is only 10, \(2\) it would) Tj T* 0.0623 Tc -0.0383 Tw (not appear to protect early life stages of the recreationally important bluegill, and) Tj T* 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (\(3\) it might not protect the fingernail clam.) Tj ET endstream endobj 170 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 171 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (81) Tj -78.48 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0572 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Chronic Averaging Period) Tj -148.8 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (The averaging period for a CCC often needs to be shorter than the length of the tests) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (upon which it is based for two main reasons. First, concentrations in the field are) Tj T* 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (typically much more variable than concentrations in laboratory tests, and variable) Tj T* 0.0163 Tc 0.0077 Tw (concentrations of ammonia have been shown to be more toxic than constant) Tj T* 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (concentrations when the comparisons are based on average concentrations during the) Tj T* 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (exposure \(Thurston et al. 1981a\). By shortening the averaging period to which the) Tj T* (CCC applies, the average concentration over the entire exposure will be below the) Tj T* 0.0556 Tc -0.0316 Tw (CCC, increasingly so as the variability of the concentration increases. Second, chronic) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0226 Tw (tests generally encompass different life stages, which might have different sensitivities,) Tj T* 0.0565 Tc -0.0325 Tw (so that effects might be elicited only, or disproportionately, during the fraction of the) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (test in which a sensitive life stage is present, rather than cumulatively over the whole) Tj T* 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (test. The 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document specified a CCC averaging period of 4) Tj T* 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (days as recommended in the 1985 Guidelines \(U.S. EPA 1985b\), except that an) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (averaging period of 30 days could be used when exposure concentrations were shown) Tj T* 0.0571 Tc -0.0331 Tw (to have "limited variability". The purpose of this section is to better define when a 30-) Tj T* 0.0627 Tc -0.0387 Tw (day averaging period is acceptable. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (Tests having different durations and/or starting with organisms of different ages can) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (indicate how restrictive the averaging period needs to be. The best information) Tj T* 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (available is for the fathead minnow. Based on 7-day tests, EC20s of 7.08 mg N/L at) Tj T* 0.0375 Tc -0.0135 Tw (pH=8.34 and 5.25 mg N/L at pH=8.42 were calculated from the data of Willingham) Tj T* 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (\(1987\) and CVs of 8.37 mg N/L at pH=8 and 3.87 mg N/L at pH=8.5 were reported by) Tj T* 0.0222 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Camp Dresser and McKee \(1997\). Adjusted to pH=8, these concentrations are 12.1,) Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (10.25, 8.37, and 8.65 mg N/L, respectively, with a geometric mean of 9.7 mg N/L. This) Tj T* 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (is approximately 2.5 times the geometric mean EC20 for the 30-day early life-stage) Tj T* 0.0378 Tc -0.0138 Tw (tests conducted by Swigert and Spacie \(1983\) and Mayes et al. \(1986\) as discussed) Tj T* 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (above. This suggests that the CCC averaging period could be 30 days, as long as) Tj T* 0.026 Tc -0.002 Tw (excursions above the CCC are restricted sufficiently to not exceed the mean EC20 from) Tj T* 0.0564 Tc -0.0324 Tw (the 7-day tests. A rigorous definition of this excursion restriction is not possible with) Tj T* 0.0646 Tc -0.0406 Tw (the limited data available, especially because no information is available concerning) Tj T* 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (the effects of variations within the 7-day period. It is convenient, however, to base the) Tj T* 0.0584 Tc -0.0344 Tw (excursion restriction on a 4-day period, because this period is the default that already) Tj T* 0.0537 Tc -0.0297 Tw (has to be considered in calculations of water quality-based effluent limits, and because) Tj T* 0.0648 Tc -0.0408 Tw (it provides a substantial limitation of variability relative to the 7-day EC20s. It is) Tj T* 0.0333 Tc -0.0093 Tw (uncertain how much higher than the CCC the 4-day average can be, but based on) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (these fathead minnow test results, 2.5-fold higher concentrations should be acceptable.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (Some other data support the use of a longer averaging period. For example, the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (studies of Anderson et al. \(1978\) and Sparks and Sandusky \(1981\) with fingernail) Tj T* 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (clams showed that effects gradually accumulated during exposures, suggesting that) Tj T* 0.0584 Tc -0.0344 Tw (longer averaging periods are acceptable. Also, in the field study at Monticello, time) Tj T* 0.0612 Tc -0.0372 Tw (variations in pH yielded time variations in the applicable CCC. Analysis of the data) Tj T* 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (presented by Zischke and Arthur \(1987\) for the fingernail clam indicated that limiting) Tj ET endstream endobj 172 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 173 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (82) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (the highest 4-day average concentration to 2.0-2.5 times the CCC would protect this) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (species, whereas application of a 30-day average without this stipulation would allow) Tj T* 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (substantial effects on this species. In addition, Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) and Solbe) Tj T* 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (and Shurben \(1989\) found that longer exposures of embryos and fry resulted in much) Tj T* 0.029 Tc -0.005 Tw (lower LC50s than 96-hr exposures.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (In contrast, some other studies suggest possible risks from longer averaging periods) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0543 Tc -0.0303 Tw (under variable concentrations. For channel catfish, Bader \(1990\) reported a 24%) Tj T* 0.0328 Tc -0.0088 Tw (reduction in growth at 2.4 mg N/L in 7-day tests with young fry at pH=8.2; this) Tj T* 0.0148 Tc 0.0092 Tw (corresponds to just 3.3 mg N/L at pH=8, which is lower than the adjusted EC20s) Tj T* 0.0523 Tc -0.0283 Tw (reported from longer early-life stage tests and juvenile tests in Table 5. This suggests) Tj T* 0.0605 Tc -0.0365 Tw (that a short averaging period is advisable, but such a conclusion is very uncertain) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (because it involves interlaboratory comparisons with very few data and because Bader) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (\(1990\) also found similar sensitivity with older fry, so his results might represent a high) Tj T* 0.0496 Tc -0.0256 Tw (sensitivity of the test stock rather than factors relevant to the averaging period. A short) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (averaging period might also be inferred by the fact that the fathead minnow life-cycle) Tj T* 0.031 Tc -0.007 Tw (test \(Thurston et al. 1986\) showed an EC20 of 2.0 mg N/L for embryo hatchability,) Tj T* 0.0598 Tc -0.0358 Tw (substantially lower than for early life-stage tests. It is possible that this greater) Tj T* 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (sensitivity might be due to exposures starting earlier in the life-cycle tests than in the) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (early life-stage tests. The importance of early exposure to embryos was demonstrated) Tj T* 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (by Solbe and Shurben \(1989\) for rainbow trout. However, they dealt with a one-week) Tj T* 0.0499 Tc -0.0259 Tw (delay in exposures rather than <1 day and there are other possibilities for the more) Tj T* 0.0591 Tc -0.0351 Tw (sensitive results of Thurston et al. \(1986\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (Based on the fathead minnow early life-stage data, a 30-day averaging period is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (justified with the restriction that the highest 4-day average within the 30 days is no) Tj T* 0.0441 Tc -0.0201 Tw (greater than twice the CCC. The data of Bader \(1990\) and Thurston et al. \(1986\)) Tj T* 0.0519 Tc -0.0279 Tw (suggest a potential risk from long averaging periods during fish spawning season, but) Tj T* 0.0603 Tc -0.0363 Tw (the evidence is weak and, even if variability within long averaging periods produces) Tj T* 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (short exposures that are sufficiently high to affect young embryos, only a small fraction) Tj T* 0.0603 Tc -0.0363 Tw (of total reproduction would generally be affected. A high priority should be given to) Tj T* 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (research to resolve how to better address different time-series of exposure.) Tj ET endstream endobj 174 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 175 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (83) Tj -102.48 453.84 TD -0.068 Tc (CMC) Tj 32.4 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 242.4 494.88 76.08 0.48 re S BT 265.68 499.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (275) Tj -31.92 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 15.12 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 337.68 494.88 77.04 0.48 re S BT 364.8 499.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (39) Tj 13.44 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0) Tj -42.48 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 16.08 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj -204.24 -69.12 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.068 Tc (CMC) Tj 32.4 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 242.4 418.56 76.08 0.48 re S BT 265.68 422.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (411) Tj -31.92 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 15.12 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj 12.96 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 16.8 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 337.68 418.56 77.04 0.48 re S BT 364.8 422.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (58) Tj 13.44 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (4) Tj -42.48 -18.48 TD (1) Tj 12 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 16.08 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (204) Tj -292.8 -143.04 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (CCC) Tj 31.2 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 153.12 269.76 m 153.12 276 l 153.36 277.68 l 153.6 279.12 l 154.32 281.28 l 154.8 282.48 l 155.76 283.92 l 155.52 283.92 l 154.56 282.72 l 154.08 281.52 l 153.12 279.6 l 152.64 278.16 l 152.4 276.48 l 152.4 269.76 l 153.12 269.76 l b* 153.12 270.96 m 153.12 264.72 l 153.36 262.8 l 153.6 261.36 l 154.32 259.2 l 154.8 258 l 155.76 256.56 l 155.52 256.56 l 154.56 257.76 l 154.08 258.96 l 153.12 260.88 l 152.64 262.32 l 152.4 264 l 152.4 270.96 l 153.12 270.96 l b* 159.6 268.08 68.88 0.72 re b BT 175.92 272.4 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0577) Tj -25.2 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.4 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 15.36 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 245.04 268.08 68.88 0.72 re b BT 264.72 272.4 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (487) Tj -28.32 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.16 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 11.04 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj ET 317.76 269.76 m 317.76 276 l 317.52 277.68 l 317.28 279.12 l 316.56 281.28 l 315.84 282.48 l 314.88 283.92 l 315.12 283.92 l 316.08 282.72 l 316.8 281.52 l 317.76 279.6 l 318.24 278.16 l 318.48 276.48 l 318.48 269.76 l 317.76 269.76 l b* 317.76 270.96 m 317.76 264.72 l 317.52 262.8 l 317.28 261.36 l 316.56 259.2 l 315.84 258 l 314.88 256.56 l 315.12 256.56 l 316.08 257.76 l 316.8 258.96 l 317.76 260.88 l 318.24 262.32 l 318.48 264 l 318.48 270.96 l 317.76 270.96 l b* BT 327.84 265.92 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 9.84 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.052 Tc (MIN) Tj 23.04 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj 5.52 0 TD 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (85) Tj 14.64 0 TD 0.024 Tc (,) Tj 11.28 0 TD 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (45) Tj 14.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 4.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (028) Tj 14.88 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf -0.0758 Tc (@) Tj 3.6 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (25) Tj 9.6 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj 6 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 3.84 -4.56 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj -372.24 -99.12 TD -0.024 Tc (CCC) Tj 31.2 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj ET 170.64 170.64 m 170.64 176.88 l 170.88 178.56 l 171.12 180 l 171.84 182.16 l 172.32 183.36 l 173.28 184.8 l 172.32 183.6 l 171.6 182.4 l 170.64 180.48 l 170.16 179.04 l 169.92 177.36 l 169.92 170.64 l 170.64 170.64 l b* 170.64 171.84 m 170.64 165.6 l 170.88 163.68 l 171.12 162.24 l 171.84 160.08 l 172.32 158.88 l 173.28 157.44 l 172.32 158.64 l 171.6 159.84 l 170.64 161.76 l 170.16 163.2 l 169.92 164.88 l 169.92 171.84 l 170.64 171.84 l b* 177.12 168.96 68.88 0.72 re b BT 193.44 173.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0577) Tj -24.96 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 7.92 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.16 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj 13.92 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 15.36 7.2 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 262.56 168.96 69.12 0.72 re b BT 282.24 173.28 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (487) Tj -28.32 -18.24 TD (1) Tj 8.16 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.4 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.8 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (688) Tj ET 335.28 170.64 m 335.28 176.88 l 335.04 178.56 l 334.8 180 l 334.08 182.16 l 333.6 183.36 l 332.64 184.8 l 333.6 183.6 l 334.32 182.4 l 335.28 180.48 l 335.76 179.04 l 336 177.36 l 336 170.64 l 335.28 170.64 l b* 335.28 171.84 m 335.28 165.6 l 335.04 163.68 l 334.8 162.24 l 334.08 160.08 l 333.6 158.88 l 332.64 157.44 l 333.6 158.64 l 334.32 159.84 l 335.28 161.76 l 335.76 163.2 l 336 164.88 l 336 171.84 l 335.28 171.84 l b* BT 345.6 166.8 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 9.6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (1) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (45) Tj 16.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0.096 Tc (@) Tj 5.76 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 14.4 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (0) Tj 4.32 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (.) Tj 2.16 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (028) Tj 13.68 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf -0.0758 Tc (@) Tj 2.88 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (25) Tj 9.6 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 5.52 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1209 Tc (MAX) Tj 18.48 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 3.6 0 TD 0.2009 Tc (T) Tj 5.76 0 TD -0.0418 Tc (,) Tj 4.8 0 TD -0.0835 Tc (7) Tj 5.28 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 2.64 0 TD (\)) Tj -346.32 535.44 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0396 Tc 0.0098 Tw (The National Criterion For Ammonia in Fresh Water) Tj -65.28 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0506 Tc -0.0266 Tw (The available data for ammonia, evaluated using the procedures described in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0728 Tc -0.0488 Tw (\223Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of) Tj T* 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses\224, indicate that, except possibly where an unusually) Tj T* 0.0526 Tc -0.0286 Tw (sensitive species is important at a site, freshwater aquatic life should be protected if) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (both of the following conditions are satisfied for the temperature, T, and pH of the) Tj T* 0.0108 Tc 0 Tw (waterbody:) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.036 Tc (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0387 Tc -0.0147 Tw (The one-hour average concentration of total ammonia nitrogen \(in mg N/L\) does) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0248 Tc -0.0008 Tw (not exceed, more than once every three years on the average, the CMC \(acute) Tj T* 0.0713 Tc -0.0473 Tw (criterion\) calculated using the following equations. Where salmonid fish are) Tj T* 0.0405 Tc 0 Tw (present:) Tj 0 -70.8 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (Or where salmonid fish are not present:) Tj -21.6 -84.96 TD -0.004 Tc 0 Tw (2A.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (The thirty-day average concentration of total ammonia nitrogen \(in mg N/L\) does) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (not exceed, more than once every three years on the average, the CCC \(chronic) Tj T* 0.0677 Tc -0.0437 Tw (criterion\) calculated using the following equations.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0787 Tc -0.0547 Tw (When fish early life stages are present:) Tj 0 -99.12 TD 0.0785 Tc -0.0545 Tw (When fish early life stages are absent:) Tj -21.6 -113.28 TD -0.004 Tc 0 Tw (2B.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0569 Tc -0.0329 Tw (In addition, the highest four-day average within the 30-day period should not) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0223 Tw (exceed 2.5 times the CCC.) Tj ET endstream endobj 176 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 177 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (84) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0605 Tc -0.0365 Tw (Several points should be noted concerning the criterion:) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (The two lowest GMCVs are \223less than\224 values. The CCC would be lower if a point) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (estimate, rather than a \223less than\224 value, could have been derived from the) Tj T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0089 Tw (Borgmann \(1994\) study with ) Tj 153.84 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw ( Hyalella) Tj 46.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (, the most sensitive genus. The CCC also) Tj -199.92 -14.16 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (might be lower if a point estimate, rather than a \223less than\224 value, could have been) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (derived from the studies with the fingernail clam.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (The central tendency of the available chronic EC20s for salmonids, even though) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (not used directly in the calculation of the CCC, indicate that these species would) Tj T* 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (probably be protected by the CCC, although the data suggest that there might be) Tj T* 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (important differences between strains of rainbow trout, and some tests indicated) Tj T* 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (effects at concentrations below the CCC.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (Some of the laboratory and field data for the fingernail clam, which might be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (considered to have special ecological importance at some sites, indicate that this) Tj T* 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (species would be affected at concentrations below the CCC. Other data indicate) Tj T* 0.0308 Tc -0.0068 Tw (that it would not be affected by such concentrations. At most sites the intermittency) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (of exposures would probably reduce risk.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0608 Tc -0.0368 Tw (When a threatened or endangered species occurs at a site and sufficient data) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0578 Tc -0.0338 Tw (indicate that it is sensitive at concentrations below the CCC, it is appropriate to) Tj T* 0.0741 Tc -0.0501 Tw (consider deriving a site-specific criterion.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (5.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (Partly for statistical reasons, the CCC is based on a 20 percent reduction in) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (survival, growth, and/or reproduction. Whether the maximum acceptable percent) Tj T* 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (reduction should be lower or higher than 20 percent under a set of conditions is a) Tj T* 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (risk management decision. ECs corresponding to other percentage reductions can) Tj T* 0.0452 Tc -0.0212 Tw (be calculated using the parameter values presented in Appendix 6. ) Tj -21.6 -28.32 TD 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (The Recalculation Procedure, the WER Procedure, and the Resident Species) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (Procedure may be used to derive site-specific criteria for ammonia, but most WERs) Tj T* 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (that have been determined for ammonia are close to 1.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (The CMC, CCC, and chronic averaging period presented above supersede those given) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (in previous guidance on the aquatic life criterion for ammonia in fresh water. The 1998) Tj T* 0.0354 Tc -0.0114 Tw (and 1999 Updates do not address or alter the past recommendation of a one-hour) Tj T* 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (averaging period for the CMC or the past recommendation of a once-in-three years on) Tj T* 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (the average allowable frequency for exceeding the CMC or CCC. Many issues) Tj T* 0.0595 Tc -0.0355 Tw (concerning the implementation of aquatic life criteria are discussed in the \223Technical) Tj T* 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (Support Document for Water Quality-based Toxics Control\224 \(U.S. EPA 1991\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.035 Tc -0.011 Tw (If concentrations in 95 percent of grab or 24-hour composite samples do not exceed the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0351 Tc -0.0111 Tw (CCC, then the 30-day average concentrations are unlikely to exceed the CCC more) Tj T* 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (then once in three years \(Delos 1999\). This assumes that concentrations are log) Tj T* 0.0594 Tc -0.0354 Tw (normally distributed, with first-order log serial correlation coefficient between 24-hour) Tj T* 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (composite samples approximately 0.86 - 0.94 \(or less\), and a log standard deviation of) Tj T* 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (0.5 - 0.8 \(or less\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (Because the ammonia criterion is a function of pH and temperature, calculation of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (appropriate weighted average temperature or pH is complicated. For some purposes,) Tj ET endstream endobj 178 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 179 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (85) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (calculation of an average pH and temperature can be avoided. For example, if) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (samples are obtained from a receiving water over a period of time during which pH) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (and/or temperature is not constant, the pH, temperature, and the concentration of total) Tj T* 0.0343 Tc -0.0103 Tw (ammonia in each sample should be determined. For each sample, the criterion should) Tj T* 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (be determined at the pH and temperature of the sample, and then the concentration of) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (total ammonia nitrogen in the sample should be divided by the criterion to determine a) Tj T* 0.0558 Tc -0.0318 Tw (quotient. The criterion is attained if the mean of the quotients is less than 1 over the) Tj T* 0.0641 Tc -0.0401 Tw (duration of the averaging period.) 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33.6 0 TD (2.57 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (2.25 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.0 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (5.91 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (5.91 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (5.37 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (4.72 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (4.15 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.65 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.21 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.82 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.48 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (2.18 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.1 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (5.67 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (5.67 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (5.15 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (4.53 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.98 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.50 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.08 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.70 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.38 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (2.09 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.2 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (5.39 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (5.39 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (4.90 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (4.31 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.78 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.33 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.92 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.57 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.26 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.99 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.3 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (5.08 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (5.08 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (4.61 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (4.06 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.57 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.13 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.76 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.42 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.13 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.87 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.4 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (4.73 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (4.73 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (4.30 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (3.78 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.32 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.92 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.57 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.26 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.98 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.74 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.5 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (4.36 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (4.36 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (3.97 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (3.49 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.06 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.69 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.37 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.08 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.83 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.61 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.6 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (3.98 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.98 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (3.61 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (3.18 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.79 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.45 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.16 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.90 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.67 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.47 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.7 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (3.58 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.58 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (3.25 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (2.86 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.51 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.21 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.94 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.71 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.50 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.32 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.8 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (3.18 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (3.18 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (2.89 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (2.54 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.23 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.96 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.73 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.52 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.33 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.17 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (7.9 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (2.80 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.80 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (2.54 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (2.24 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.96 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.73 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.52 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.33 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (1.17 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD (1.03 ) Tj -338.64 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (8.0 ) Tj 38.4 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (2.43 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (2.43 ) Tj 32.64 0 TD (2.21 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0 TD (0.442 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (0.389 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.342 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.300 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.264 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.232 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.204 ) Tj 31.44 0 TD 0 Tw (0.179) Tj ET endstream endobj 184 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 185 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (88) Tj ET 112.56 651.6 1.2 22.8 re f 112.56 673.2 50.4 1.2 re f 112.56 651.6 50.4 1.2 re f 162.72 673.2 334.8 1.2 re f 496.56 651.6 1.2 22.8 re f 162.72 651.6 334.8 1.2 re f 496.56 634.32 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 617.04 1.2 34.8 re f 162 617.04 1.2 34.8 re f 112.56 617.04 50.4 1.2 re f 162.72 617.04 30.96 1.2 re f 193.44 617.04 34.8 1.2 re f 228 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 261.6 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 295.2 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 328.8 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 362.4 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 396 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 429.6 617.04 33.84 1.2 re f 496.56 617.04 1.2 17.52 re f 463.2 617.04 34.32 1.2 re f 112.56 599.76 1.2 17.52 re f 162 599.76 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 599.76 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 582.48 1.2 17.52 re f 162 582.48 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 582.48 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 565.2 1.2 17.52 re f 162 565.2 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 565.2 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 547.92 1.2 17.52 re f 162 547.92 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 547.92 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 530.64 1.2 17.52 re f 162 530.64 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 530.64 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 513.36 1.2 17.52 re f 162 513.36 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 513.36 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 496.08 1.2 17.52 re f 162 496.08 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 496.08 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 478.8 1.2 17.52 re f 162 478.8 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 478.8 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 461.52 1.2 17.52 re f 162 461.52 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 461.52 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 444.24 1.2 17.52 re f 162 444.24 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 444.24 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 426.96 1.2 17.52 re f 162 426.96 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 426.96 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 409.68 1.2 17.52 re f 162 409.68 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 409.68 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 392.4 1.2 17.52 re f 162 392.4 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 392.4 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 375.12 1.2 17.52 re f 162 375.12 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 375.12 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 357.84 1.2 17.52 re f 162 357.84 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 357.84 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 340.56 1.2 17.52 re f 162 340.56 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 340.56 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 323.28 1.2 17.52 re f 162 323.28 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 323.28 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 306 1.2 17.52 re f 162 306 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 306 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 288.72 1.2 17.52 re f 162 288.72 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 288.72 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 271.44 1.2 17.52 re f 162 271.44 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 271.44 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 254.16 1.2 17.52 re f 162 254.16 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 254.16 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 236.88 1.2 17.52 re f 162 236.88 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 236.88 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 219.6 1.2 17.52 re f 162 219.6 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 219.6 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 202.32 1.2 17.52 re f 162 202.32 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 202.32 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 185.04 1.2 17.52 re f 162 185.04 1.2 17.52 re f 496.56 185.04 1.2 17.52 re f 112.56 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0 TD (16* ) Tj -342.24 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (6.5 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (10.8 ) Tj 32.16 0 TD (10.1 ) Tj 39.12 0 TD (9.51 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.92 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.36 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (7.84 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (7.35 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (6.89 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (6.46 ) Tj 34.08 0 TD (6.06 ) Tj -340.56 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (6.6 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (10.7 ) Tj 37.68 0 TD (9.99 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (9.37 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.79 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.24 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (7.72 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (7.24 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (6.79 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (6.36 ) Tj 34.08 0 TD (5.97 ) Tj -340.56 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (6.7 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (10.5 ) Tj 37.68 0 TD (9.81 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (9.20 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.62 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.08 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (7.58 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (7.11 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (6.66 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (6.25 ) Tj 34.08 0 TD (5.86 ) Tj -340.56 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (6.8 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD -0.0439 Tc 0.1217 Tw (10.2 ) Tj 37.68 0 TD (9.58 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (8.98 ) Tj 33.6 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(0.917 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (0.860 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.806 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.756 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.709 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.664 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.623 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.584 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.548 ) Tj 34.08 0 TD (0.513 ) Tj -340.56 -17.28 TD -0.0304 Tc 0.1082 Tw (9.0 ) Tj 36.72 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0.1298 Tw (0.790 ) Tj 34.56 0 TD (0.740 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.694 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.651 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.610 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.572 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.536 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.503 ) Tj 33.6 0 TD (0.471 ) Tj 34.08 0 TD 0 Tw (0.442) Tj -361.68 -45.12 TD -0.0094 Tc 0.0872 Tw (* At 15 C and above, the criterion for fish ELS absent is the same as the criterion for fish ELS) Tj 0 -11.52 TD -0.0524 Tc 0 Tw (present.) 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Interaction of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0223 Tc 0.0017 Tw (Ionized And Un-ionized Ammonia on Short-term Survival and Growth of Prawn Larvae,) Tj T* /F3 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0.012 Tw (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Tj 145.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0634 Tc -0.0394 Tw (. Biol. Bull. 154:15-31.) Tj -145.68 -28.32 TD 0.0626 Tc -0.0386 Tw (Arthur, J.W., C.W. West, K.N. Allen, and S.F. Hedtke. 1987. Seasonal Toxicity of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (Ammonia to Five Fish and Nine Invertebrate Species. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc 0 Tw (38:324-331.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (ASTM. 1997a. Standard Guide for Conducting Renewal Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 84.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0318 Tc -0.0078 Tw (. Standard E1193 in Vol. 11.05 of the Annual Book of ASTM) Tj -84.96 -14.16 TD 0.0416 Tc -0.0176 Tw (Standards. American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.) 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Technometrics 15:33-51.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (Broderius, S.J., and L.L. Smith, Jr. 1979. Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Binary) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0164 Tc 0.0076 Tw (Mixtures of Cyanide and Hexavalent Chromium, Zinc, or Ammonia to the Fathead) Tj T* 0.0034 Tc 0.0206 Tw (Minnow \() Tj 48.72 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 115.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (\) and Rainbow Trout \() Tj 116.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Salmo gairdneri) Tj 84 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (\). J. Fish. Res. Bd.) Tj -365.28 -14.16 TD 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw (Can. 36:164-172.) Tj ET endstream endobj 190 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 191 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (91) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0082 Tc 0.0158 Tw (Broderius, S., R. Drummond, J. Fiandt, and C. Russom. 1985. Toxicity of Ammonia to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (Early Life Stages of the Smallmouth Bass at Four pH Values. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc 0 Tw (4:87-96.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0274 Tc -0.0034 Tw (Buckley, J.A., C.M. Whitmore, and B.D. Liming. 1979. Effects of Prolonged Exposure) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0245 Tc -0 Tw (to Ammonia on the Blood and Liver Glycogen of Coho Salmon \() Tj 339.6 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0133 Tc 0.0107 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 118.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.054 Tc -0.03 Tw (\). ) Tj -457.92 -14.16 TD 0.0171 Tc 0.0069 Tw (Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 63C:297-303.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Burkhalter, D.E. 1975. Effects of Prolonged Exposure to Ammonia on Rainbow Trout) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.084 Tc 0 Tw (\() Tj 4.08 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Salmo gairdneri) Tj 84 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0213 Tc 0.0027 Tw (\) Eggs and Sac Fry. M.S. Thesis, Montana State University, Boseman,) Tj -88.08 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (MT. 67 pp.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0141 Tc 0.0099 Tw (Burkhalter, D.E., and C.M. Kaya. 1977. 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Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0276 Tc -0.0036 Tw (Calamari, D., R. Marchetti, and G. Vailati. 1981. Effects of Long-term Exposure to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0162 Tc 0.0078 Tw (Ammonia on the Developmental Stages of Rainbow Trout \() Tj 314.4 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Salmo gairdneri) Tj -314.4 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (Richardson\). Rapp. P.-v. Reun. Cons. int. Explor. Mer. 178:81-86.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.0012 Tw (Camp Dresser and McKee. 1997. Site-Specific Limits for Un-ionized Ammonia - Red) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0336 Tc -0.0096 Tw (River of the North. Report to the City of Moorhead, MN.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (Carline, R.F., A.J. Benson, and H. Rothenbacher. 1987. Long-term Effects of Treated) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (Domestic Wastewater on Brown Trout. Wat. Res. 21:1409-1415.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.014 Tc 0.01 Tw (Cary, G.A. 1976. 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Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (Hazel, C.R., W. Thomsen, and S.J. Meith. 1971. Sensitivity of Striped Bass and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (Stickleback to Ammonia in Relation to Temperature and Salinity. Calif. Fish Game) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc 0 Tw (57:138-153.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (Heber, M., and K. Ballentine. 1992. Memorandum to Water Quality Standards) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (Coordinators. July 30. U.S. EPA.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0217 Tc 0.0023 Tw (Henderson, C., Q.H. Pickering, and A.E. Lemke. 1961. The Effect of Some Organic) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0716 Tc -0.0476 Tw (Cyanides \(Nitriles\) on Fish. Industrial Waste Conf. 15:120-130.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0384 Tc -0.0144 Tw (Hermanutz, R.O., S.F. Hedtke, J.W. Arthur, R.W. Andrew, and K.N. Allen. 1987. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0206 Tc 0.0034 Tw (Ammonia Effects on Microinvertebrates and Fish in Outdoor Experimental Streams. ) Tj T* 0.0535 Tc -0.0295 Tw (Environ. Pollut. 47:249-283.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (Iwama, G.K., J.C. McGeer, P.A. Wright, M.P. Wilkie, and C.M. Wood. 1997. Divalent) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (Cations Enhance Ammonia Excretion in Lahontan Cutthroat Trout in Highly Alkaline) Tj T* 0.0776 Tc -0.0536 Tw (Water. J. Fish Biol. 50:1061-1073.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0333 Tc -0.0093 Tw (Johnson, C.G. 1995. Effects of pH and Hardness on Acute and Chronic Toxicity of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0152 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Un-ionized Ammonia to ) Tj 128.4 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0092 Tc 0.0332 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia) Tj 103.92 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0656 Tc -0.0416 Tw (. M.S. Thesis. University of Wisconsin,) Tj -232.32 -14.16 TD 0.0617 Tc -0.0377 Tw (Stevens Point, WI. 69 pp.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0107 Tc 0.0133 Tw (Jude, D.J. 1973. Sublethal Effects of Ammonia and Cadmium on Growth of Green) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (Sunfish. Ph.D. Thesis. Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI. 193 pp.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0136 Tc 0.0104 Tw (Knoph, M.B. 1992. 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Appl. 8:107-) Tj T* 0.042 Tc 0 Tw (124.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0229 Tc 0.0011 Tw (Mayes, M.A., H.C. Alexander, D.L. Hopkins, and P.B. Latvaitis. 1986. Acute and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (Chronic Toxicity of Ammonia to Freshwater Fish: A Site-Specific Study. Environ.) Tj T* 0.0256 Tc -0.0016 Tw (Toxicol. Chem. 5:437-442.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0225 Tc 0.0015 Tw (McCormick, J.H., S.J. Broderius, and J.T. Fiandt. 1984. Toxicity of Ammonia to Early) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (Life Stages of the Green Sunfish ) Tj 178.08 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0098 Tc 0.0143 Tw (Lepomis cyanellus) Tj 98.88 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0356 Tc -0.0116 Tw (. \(with erratum\) Environ. Pollut.) Tj -276.96 -14.16 TD 0.0456 Tc -0.0216 Tw (\(Series A\) 36:147-163.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (McKim, J.M. 1977. Evaluation of Tests with Early Life Stages of Fish for Predicting) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (Long-Term Toxicity. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:1148-1154.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.066 Tc -0.042 Tw (Ministry of Technology. 1967. Effects of Pollution on Fish. In: Water Pollution) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (Research 1967. H.M. Stationery Office, London. pp. 56-65.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0315 Tc -0.0075 Tw (Mitchell, S.J., and J.J. Cech, Jr. 1983. Ammonia-Caused Gill Damage in Channel) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (Catfish \() Tj 45.12 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 101.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (\): Confounding Effects of Residual Chlorine. Can. J. Fish.) Tj -146.4 -14.16 TD 0.0371 Tc -0.0131 Tw (Aquat. Sci. 40:242-247.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (Monda, D.P., D.L. Galat, S.E. Finger, and M.S. Kaiser. 1995. Acute Toxicity of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.048 Tc 0.072 Tw (Ammonia \(NH) Tj 74.88 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.032 Tc -0.008 Tw (-N\) in Sewage Effluent to ) Tj 137.52 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0053 Tc 0.0293 Tw (Chironomus riparius) Tj 107.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (: II. Using a Generalized) Tj -323.76 -14.16 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (Linear Model. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 28:385-390.) Tj ET endstream endobj 198 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 199 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (95) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0178 Tc 0.0062 Tw (Moore, D.R.J., and P.-Y. Caux. 1997. Estimating Low Toxic Effects. Environ. Toxicol.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0135 Tc 0.0105 Tw (Chem. 16:794-801.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0011 Tc 0.0229 Tw (Mount, D.I. 1982. Memorandum to R.C. Russo. August 6.) Tj T* 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (Mount, D.R., D.D. Gulley, J.R. Hockett, T.D. Garrison, and J.M. Evans. 1997. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (Statistical Models to Predict the Toxicity of Major Ions to ) Tj 302.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0072 Tc 0.0312 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia) Tj -302.88 -14.16 TD 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (magna ) Tj 40.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (and ) Tj 23.52 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 115.68 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw ( \(Fathead Minnows\). Environ. Toxicol. Chem.) Tj -179.52 -14.16 TD 0.0471 Tc 0 Tw (16:2009-2019.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (Nimmo, D.W.R., D. Link, L.P. Parrish, G.J. Rodriguez, W. Wuerthele, and P.H. Davies. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (1989. Comparison of On-Site and Laboratory Toxicity Tests: Derivation of Site-Specific) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (Criteria for Un-ionized Ammonia in a Colorado Transitional Stream. Environ. Toxicol.) Tj T* 0.0155 Tc 0.0085 Tw (Chem. 8:1177-1189.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0332 Tc -0.0092 Tw (Rankin, D.P. 1979. 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Report to U.S. EPA by the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.031 Tc -0.007 Tw (Reinbold, K.A., and S.M. Pescitelli. 1982c. Acute Toxicity of Ammonia to Channel) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0374 Tc -0.0134 Tw (Catfish. Report to U.S. EPA by the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, IL.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0282 Tc -0.0042 Tw (Rice, S.D., and J.E. Bailey. 1980. Survival, Size, and Emergence of Pink Salmon,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tj 137.52 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0122 Tc 0.0118 Tw (, Alevins after Short- and Long-term Exposures to Ammonia. ) Tj -137.52 -14.16 TD 0.0634 Tc -0.0394 Tw (Fish. Bull. 78:641-648.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw (Robinette, H.R. 1976. Effect of Selected Sublethal Levels of Ammonia on the Growth) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (of Channel Catfish \() Tj 107.04 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 101.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0535 Tc -0.0295 Tw (\). Prog. Fish-Cult. 38:26-29.) Tj -208.32 -28.32 TD 0.0607 Tc -0.0367 Tw (Robinson-Wilson, E.F., and W.K. Seim. 1975. The Lethal and Sublethal Effects of a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw (Zirconium Process Effluent on Juvenile Salmonids. Water Resour. Bull. 11:975-986.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (Roseboom, D.P., and D.L. Richey. 1977. Acute Toxicity of Residual Chlorine and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0446 Tc -0.0206 Tw (Ammonia to Some Native Illinois Fishes. Report of Investigation 85, Illinois State) Tj T* 0.0587 Tc -0.0347 Tw (Water Survey, Urbana, IL. 42 pp.) Tj ET endstream endobj 200 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 201 0 obj <>stream BT 299.28 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (96) Tj -227.28 669.84 TD 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (Russo, R.C., D.J. Randall, and R.V. Thurston. 1988. Ammonia Toxicity and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (Metabolism in Fishes. In: Protection of River Basins, Lakes, and Estuaries. R.C.) Tj T* 0.0291 Tc -0.0051 Tw (Ryans, Ed. 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Toxicity of Ammonia to Early Life) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0685 Tc -0.0445 Tw (Stages of Bluegill \() Tj 101.28 0 TD 0.0017 Tc 0 Tw (Lepomis) Tj ET 173.28 210.96 45.36 0.72 re f BT 218.64 212.88 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0164 Tc 0 Tw (macrochirus) Tj ET 222 210.96 65.52 0.72 re f BT 287.52 212.88 TD 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (\). EPA-600/x-84-175. In-house report, U.S.) Tj -215.52 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (EPA, Duluth, MN.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (Snell, T.W., and G. Persoone. 1989. Acute Toxicity Bioassays Using Rotifers. II. A) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (Freshwater Test with ) Tj 115.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0158 Tc 0.0082 Tw (Brachionus rubens) Tj 100.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (. Aquatic Toxicol. 14:81-91.) Tj -215.52 -28.32 TD 0.0567 Tc -0.0327 Tw (Soderberg, R.W., and J.W. Meade. 1991. The Effects of Ionic Strength on Un-ionized) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (Ammonia Concentration. Prog. Fish-Cult. 53:118-120.) 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Histology of Cultured Channel) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (Catfish, ) Tj 44.4 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 101.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0579 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( \(Rafinesque\). J. Fish Biol. 24: 683-690.) Tj -145.68 -28.32 TD 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (Solbe, J.F.L.G., and D.G. Shurben. 1989. Toxicity of Ammonia to Early Life Stages of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0397 Tc -0.0157 Tw (Rainbow Trout \() Tj 85.92 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0034 Tc 0.0274 Tw (Salmo gairdneri) Tj 84 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0704 Tc -0.0464 Tw (\). Water Res. 23:127-129.) Tj -169.92 -28.32 TD 0.0319 Tc -0.0079 Tw (Sousa, R.J., T.L. Meade, and R.E. Wolke. 1974. Reduction of Ammonia Toxicity by) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0753 Tc -0.0513 Tw (Salinity and pH Manipulation. IN: Proc. Fifth Annual Workshop, World Mariculture) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (Society 5:343-354.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (Sparks, R.E., and M.J. Sandusky. 1981. Identification of Factors Responsible for) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0585 Tc -0.0345 Tw (Decreased Production of Fish Food Organisms in the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. ) Tj T* 0.0508 Tc -0.0268 Tw (Final Report for Project No. 3-291-R, Illinois Natural History Survey, River Research) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (Laboratory, Havana, IL. 63 pp.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (Stephan, C.E., and J.W. Rogers. 1985. Advantages of Using Regression Analysis to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw (Calculate Results of Chronic Toxicity Tests. In: Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard) Tj T* -0 Tc 0.0247 Tw (Assessment: Eighth Symposium. R.C. Bahner and D.J. Hansen, Eds. ASTM STP 891. ) Tj T* 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 328-338.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0381 Tc -0.0141 Tw (Stevenson, T.J. 1977. The Effects of Ammonia, pH and Salinity on the White Perch,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.02 Tc 0 Tw (Morone) Tj ET 72 295.92 40.8 0.72 re f BT 112.8 297.84 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0 Tw (americana) Tj ET 116.16 295.92 56.16 0.72 re f BT 172.32 297.84 TD 0.0432 Tc -0.0192 Tw (. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. 154 pp.) Tj -100.32 -28.32 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (Swigert, J.P. and A. Spacie. 1983. Survival and Growth of Warmwater Fishes) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (Exposed to Ammonia Under Low Flow Conditions. PB83-257535. National Technical) Tj T* 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (Information Service, Springfield, VA.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0101 Tc 0.0139 Tw (Szumski, D.S., D.A. Barton, H.D. Putnam, and R.C. Polta. 1982. Evaluation of EPA) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0555 Tc -0.0315 Tw (Un-ionized Ammonia Toxicity Criteria. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 54:281-291.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.0039 Tw (Tabata, K. 1962. 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Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.028 Tc -0.004 Tw (U.S. EPA. 1998. 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia. EPA) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0767 Tc -0.0527 Tw (822-R-98-008. Office of Water, Washington, DC.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0231 Tc 0.0009 Tw (U.S. EPA. 1999. Response to Comments on 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0608 Tc -0.0367 Tw (Criterion for Ammonia. Office of Water, Washington, DC.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0659 Tc -0.0419 Tw (Wade, D.C. 1992. Definitive Evaluation of Wheeler Reservoir Sediments Toxicity) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (using Juvenile Freshwater Mussels \() Tj 195.6 0 TD 0.0285 Tc 0 Tw (Anodonta) Tj ET 267.6 380.88 51.6 0.72 re f BT 319.2 382.8 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.078 Tc 0 Tw (imbecillis) Tj ET 322.56 380.88 49.44 0.72 re f BT 372 382.8 TD 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw ( Say\). TVA/WR--92/25. ) Tj -300 -14.16 TD 0.0509 Tc -0.0269 Tw (Tennessee Valley Authority.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (West, C.W. 1985. Acute Toxicity of Ammonia to 14 Freshwater Species. Internal) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0227 Tc 0.0013 Tw (Report. U.S. EPA, Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth, MN.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (Williams, K.A., D.W.J. Green, and D. Pascoe. 1986. Studies on the Acute Toxicity of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (Pollutants to Freshwater Macroinvertebrates. 3. Ammonia. Arch. Hydrobiol. 106:61-70.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0383 Tc -0.0143 Tw (Willingham, T. 1987. Acute and Short-term Chronic Ammonia Toxicity to Fathead) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.003 Tc 0.021 Tw (Minnows \() Tj 54.72 0 TD 0.016 Tc 0.008 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj ET 126.72 239.28 115.68 0.72 re f BT 242.4 241.2 TD 0.057 Tc -0.033 Tw (\) and ) Tj 30.96 0 TD 0.073 Tc 0 Tw (Ceriodaphnia) Tj ET 273.36 239.28 72.24 0.72 re f BT 345.6 241.2 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (dubia) Tj ET 348.96 239.28 29.76 0.72 re f BT 378.72 241.2 TD 0.0678 Tc -0.0438 Tw ( Using Laboratory Dilution) Tj -306.72 -14.16 TD 0.0571 Tc -0.0331 Tw (Water and Lake Mead Dilution Water. U.S. EPA, Denver, CO. 40 pp.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (Willingham, T. 1996. Letter to C. Stephan. November 8.) Tj T* 0.0292 Tc -0.0052 Tw (Wood, C.M. 1993. Ammonia and Urea Metabolism and Excretion. In: The Physiology) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0257 Tc -0.0017 Tw (of Fishes. D.H. Evans, Ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. pp. 379-425.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (Wuhrmann, K., and H. Woker. 1948. Beitrage zur Toxikologie der Fische. II.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (Experimentelle Untersuchungen uber die Ammoniak- und Blausaurevergiftung. ) Tj T* 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (\(Contributions to the Toxicology of Fishes. II. Experimental Investigations on Ammonia) Tj T* 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw (and Hydrocyanic Acid Poisoning.\) Schweiz. Z. Hydrol. 11:210-244. \(English) Tj T* 0.0621 Tc -0.0381 Tw (translation used.\)) Tj ET endstream endobj 208 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 209 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (100) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (Yesaki, T.Y., and G.K. Iwama. 1992. Survival, Acid-Base Regulation, Ion Regulation,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (and Ammonia Excretion in Rainbow Trout in Highly Alkaline Water. Physiol. Zool.) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc 0 Tw (65:763-787.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0337 Tc -0.0097 Tw (Zischke, J.A., and J.W. Arthur. 1987. Effects of Elevated Ammonia Levels on the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0632 Tc -0.0392 Tw (Fingernail Clam, ) Tj 91.68 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0246 Tc -0 Tw (Musculium transversum) Tj 127.2 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0141 Tc 0.0099 Tw (, in Outdoor Experimental Streams. Arch.) Tj -218.88 -14.16 TD 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:225-231.) Tj ET endstream endobj 210 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 211 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (101) Tj -223.92 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0813 Tc 0.0515 Tw (Appendix 1. Review of Some Toxicity Tests) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (Diamond et al. \(1993\) reported results of a variety of acute and chronic toxicity tests on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0179 Tc 0.0061 Tw (ammonia. Data sheets and reports concerning these tests were examined for) Tj T* 0.0553 Tc -0.0313 Tw (additional information that would be useful in the evaluation of the tests and) Tj T* 0.0247 Tc -0 Tw (interpretation of the results. The most common problem was that the concentration of) Tj T* 0.0328 Tc -0.0088 Tw (dissolved oxygen was too low or too high.) Tj 0 -42.48 TD 0.0727 Tc -0.0487 Tw (Water-Effect Ratios) Tj ET 72 562.56 105.36 0.72 re f BT 72 536.16 TD 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (The data sheets and reports revealed that the information in Table 2 in Diamond et al.) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (\(1993\) is correct. The invertebrate used was ) Tj 243.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (D. magna) Tj 52.32 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw ( as stated on page 653, not ) Tj 149.76 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (D.) Tj -445.44 -14.16 TD -0.024 Tc (pulex) Tj 28.56 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0387 Tc -0.0147 Tw ( as stated on page 652.) Tj -28.56 -42.48 TD 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (Acute toxicity at 20) Tj 101.28 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj ET 72 463.44 115.92 0.72 re f BT 72 437.04 TD 0.0577 Tc -0.0337 Tw (The data sheets and reports revealed the following regarding the information in Table) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3:) Tj T* (a.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was above 110 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0525 Tc -0.0285 Tw (portion of the test with the bay silverside.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (b.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0668 Tc -0.0428 Tw (The highest tested concentration in the test with the bluegill killed only 40) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0272 Tc -0.0032 Tw (percent of the test organisms.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (c.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.028 Tc -0.004 Tw (The data sheets say that tests were conducted with two species of crayfish. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (Subsequently, the authors said that it was later determined that ) Tj 341.28 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0371 Tc 0 Tw (Procambarus) Tj -341.28 -14.16 TD -0.06 Tc (clarkii) Tj 30.24 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw ( was used in both tests and that all of the crayfish were obtained from the) Tj -30.24 -14.16 TD 0.0429 Tc -0.0189 Tw (same supplier. The LC50 in the table is from a test in which the concentration of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (dissolved oxygen was below 44 percent of saturation for a portion of the test.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (d.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (The LC50 given for the amphipod is a 21-day LC50. The concentration of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (dissolved oxygen was below 50 percent of saturation for a portion of the test.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (e.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (The LC50 given for the spring peeper is a 9-day LC50.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (Some of these tests were conducted in a laboratory dilution water and some were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (conducted in a well water; these were the two waters used in the determination of the) Tj T* 0.0617 Tc -0.0377 Tw (Water-Effect Ratios \(see above\).) Tj 0 -42.48 TD 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (Chronic toxicity at 20) Tj 112.32 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj ET 72 166.08 126.96 0.72 re f BT 72 139.68 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0292 Tw (The data sheets and reports revealed the following regarding the chronic tests that are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0637 Tc -0.0397 Tw (the basis of the results in Table 4:) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0649 Tc -0.0409 Tw (Leopard frog \(larvae-tadpole\)) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 50 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0549 Tc -0.0309 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test lasted for only 14 days.) Tj ET endstream endobj 212 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 213 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (102) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.0616 Tc -0.0376 Tw (Leopard frog \(egg-larvae\)) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0549 Tc -0.0309 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test lasted for only 20 days.) Tj -36 -28.32 TD 0.1155 Tc 0 Tw (Bluegill) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0149 Tc 0.0091 Tw (There were no major problems with this test, which was conducted in a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0634 Tc -0.0394 Tw (laboratory dilution water. The durations of the chronic tests with the bluegill in) Tj T* 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (warm and cold water are switched in Table 1.) Tj -36 -28.32 TD 0.0533 Tc -0.0293 Tw (Crayfish \() Tj 55.2 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0038 Tc 0.0202 Tw (Procambarus clarkii\)) Tj -19.2 -14.16 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0549 Tc -0.0309 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test lasted for only 21 days.) Tj -36 -28.32 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.0173 Tw (Amphipod \() Tj 64.8 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (Crangonyx) Tj 58.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0408 Tc -0.0168 Tw ( spp.\)) Tj -86.88 -14.16 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test was begun with organisms that were 8 to) Tj T* 0.0536 Tc -0.0296 Tw (42 days old and lasted for only 21 days.) Tj -36 -42.48 TD 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (Acute toxicity at 12) Tj 101.28 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj ET 72 437.52 115.92 0.72 re f BT 72 411.12 TD 0.0558 Tc -0.0318 Tw (The data sheets and reports revealed the following concerning the information in Table) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (5:) Tj T* (a.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0334 Tc -0.0094 Tw (The LC50 for the sheepshead minnow is a 48-hr LC50.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (b.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0316 Tc -0.0076 Tw (The data sheets say that the crayfish used was ) Tj 254.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0056 Tc 0.0296 Tw (Astacus pallipes) Tj 86.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (. Subsequently,) Tj -341.52 -14.16 TD 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (the authors said that it was later determined that the crayfish used was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf -0 Tc 0.0247 Tw (Procambarus clarkii) Tj 105.36 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (.) Tj -141.36 -14.16 TD 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (Some of these tests were conducted in a laboratory dilution water and some were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (conducted in a well water; these were the two waters used in the determination of the) Tj T* 0.0617 Tc -0.0377 Tw (Water-Effect Ratios \(see above\).) Tj 0 -42.48 TD 0.01 Tc 0.014 Tw (Effect of temperature on the toxicity of ammonia) Tj ET 72 253.44 255.36 0.72 re f BT 72 227.04 TD 0.0563 Tc -0.0323 Tw (The data sheets, reports, and publication revealed the following concerning the acute) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0776 Tc -0.0536 Tw (values in Table 6:) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (A comparison is not possible for the dragonfly because both of the values are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0552 Tc -0.0312 Tw (\223greater than\224 values.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (The two acute tests with the bluegill were conducted in different waters.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (3.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0484 Tc -0.0244 Tw (One of the chronic tests with the bluegill lasted for 14 days, whereas the other) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (lasted for 21 days. The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent) Tj T* 0.0505 Tc -0.0265 Tw (of saturation for a portion of the 14-day test.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (4.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (For the amphipod, the LC50 at 12) Tj 180.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw (C is a 96-hr LC50, whereas the LC50 at 20) Tj 229.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj -421.92 -14.16 TD 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (is a 21-day LC50. In the 21-day test, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (below 50 percent of saturation for a portion of the test.) Tj ET endstream endobj 214 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 215 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (103) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.036 Tc (5.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (The two tests with crayfish were conducted in different waters. In the test at) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (20) Tj 13.44 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0373 Tc -0.0133 Tw (C, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of saturation) Tj -19.44 -14.16 TD 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw (for a portion of the test. The LC50 at 12) Tj 214.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (C was \223>2.35" as reported in Table 5,) Tj -220.56 -14.16 TD 0.0613 Tc -0.0373 Tw (not \2232.35" as reported in Table 6.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (6.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (The NOEC of 0.44 mg/L given in Table 6 for the leopard frog at 12) Tj 354.24 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (C is from a) Tj -360.24 -14.16 TD 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (test with the spring peeper.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (7.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was above 110 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (portion of one of the tests with the bay silverside.) Tj -36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (8.) Tj 36 0 TD 0.0637 Tc -0.0397 Tw (The LC50 given in Table 6 for the spring peeper at 20) Tj 287.76 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (C is a 9-day LC50,) Tj -293.76 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (whereas the value at 12) Tj 128.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (C is a 96-hr LC50. Because the 9-day LC50 at 20) Tj 267.84 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.064 Tc -0.04 Tw (C is) Tj -408 -14.16 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (greater than the 96-hr LC50 at 12) Tj 179.52 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0569 Tc -0.0329 Tw (C, a qualitative comparison is possible.) Tj -221.52 -14.16 TD 0.0369 Tc -0.0129 Tw (Valid comparisons of 12 versus 20) Tj 184.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0194 Tc 0.0046 Tw (C can be made only for the two amphibians.) Tj -190.56 -42.48 TD 0.0584 Tc -0.0344 Tw (The data sheets, reports, and publication revealed the following concerning the chronic) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0553 Tc -0.0313 Tw (tests that are the basis of the results in Table 6:) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (The three chronic tests at 20) Tj 153.36 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (C were addressed above.) Tj -159.36 -28.32 TD 0.091 Tc -0.067 Tw (Bluegill at 12) Tj 69.84 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C:) Tj -39.84 -14.16 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test was begun with juveniles and lasted for) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (only 14 days. \(The durations of the chronic tests with the bluegill in warm and) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (cold water are switched in Table 1.\)) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (The chronic comparison with the bluegill is based on a 21-day test and a 14-day) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (test. In addition, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of) Tj T* 0.0568 Tc -0.0328 Tw (saturation during a portion of the test at 12) Tj 227.76 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C.) Tj -269.76 -28.32 TD 0.0067 Tc 0.0173 Tw (Amphipod \() Tj 61.44 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0067 Tc 0 Tw (Crangonyx) Tj 58.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw ( spp.\) at 12) Tj 60.48 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C:) Tj -150 -14.16 TD 0.0405 Tc -0.0165 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of saturation for a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test was begun with juveniles and lasted for) Tj T* 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (only 21 days. In both of the chronic tests used in the chronic comparison with) Tj T* 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (the amphipod, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was below 40 percent of) Tj T* 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (saturation during a portion of the test.) Tj -36 -28.32 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.0256 Tw (Leopard frog at 12) Tj 98.88 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C:) Tj -68.88 -14.16 TD 0.0454 Tc -0.0214 Tw (This chronic test was conducted with the spring peeper, not the leopard frog. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (The concentration of dissolved oxygen was above 110 percent of saturation for a) Tj T* 0.0425 Tc -0.0185 Tw (portion of the test. In addition, this test was begun seven days after hatch and) Tj T* 0.0486 Tc -0.0246 Tw (lasted for only 21 days. The chronic comparison with the leopard frog is based) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (on a chronic test conducted with the leopard frog and a chronic test conducted) Tj T* 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (with the spring peeper.) Tj ET endstream endobj 216 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 217 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (104) Tj -39.84 502.32 TD 0 Tc (z) Tj 11.28 0 TD /F4 12 Tf (') Tj 12.48 -3.6 TD /F9 12 Tf 0.012 Tc (j) Tj 4.8 16.8 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.12 Tc (k) Tj -3.6 -24.72 TD -0.0782 Tc (i) Tj 1.68 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (') Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (1) Tj 8.88 7.92 TD /F9 12 Tf 0.012 Tc (j) Tj 4.8 16.8 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.12 Tc (k) Tj -3.6 -24.72 TD -0.0782 Tc (j) Tj 1.68 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (') Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (1) Tj 8.88 11.52 TD /F8 12 Tf 0.012 Tc (F) Tj 6.96 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0782 Tc (ij) Tj 3.36 3.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (v) Tj 6.24 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0782 Tc (ij) Tj -119.52 -54.48 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (v) Tj 6.24 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0782 Tc (ij) Tj 8.64 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.72 -3.6 TD /F9 12 Tf 0.012 Tc (j) Tj 4.32 16.8 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (n) Tj -4.56 -24.72 TD (u) Tj 4.32 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (') Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (1) Tj 7.68 11.52 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0 Tc (y) Tj 6.24 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0809 Tc (iu) Tj 7.44 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (&) Tj 8.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (f) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.24 Tc (x) Tj 6 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0809 Tc (iu) Tj 6 3.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (,) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F8 12 Tf 0.108 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 3.36 0 TD ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0 Tc (y) Tj 6.48 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0809 Tc (ju) Tj 7.2 3.84 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (&) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (f) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.084 Tc (\() Tj 4.08 0 TD -0.24 Tc (x) Tj 6 -3.84 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0809 Tc (ju) Tj 6 3.84 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (,) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F8 12 Tf 0.108 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.084 Tc (\)) Tj 4.08 0 TD 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 135.12 28.32 TD /F0 12 Tf 0.066 Tc (\(27\)) Tj -438.96 195.84 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0707 Tc 0.0409 Tw (Appendix 2. Methods for Regression Analysis of pH Data) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0475 Tc -0.0235 Tw (Analysis of the available data relating ammonia toxicity to pH using Equations 9 and 10) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0641 Tc -0.0401 Tw (requires recognition that, unlike usual regression analysis with one response variable,) Tj T* 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (two response variables \(i.e., LC50) Tj 182.88 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (u) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw ( and LC50) Tj 55.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0589 Tc -0.0349 Tw (\) are of concern here. Suitable analysis) Tj -244.32 -14.16 TD 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (requires some assumptions about the correlations among these response variables) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (\(Box and Draper 1965; Box et al. 1973; Draper and Smith 1981\). If the correlations) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (among the data are known, Box and Draper \(1965\) indicate that regression analysis) Tj T* 0.0498 Tc -0.0258 Tw (should involve minimization of the quantity:) Tj 0 -141.6 TD 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (where k is the number of dependent variables, n is the number of datapoints, y) Tj 419.52 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0792 Tc 0 Tw (iu) Tj 5.76 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0672 Tc -0.0432 Tw ( is the) Tj -425.28 -14.16 TD 0.0529 Tc -0.0289 Tw (observed value for the dependent variable i, and f\(x) Tj 276 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0792 Tc 0 Tw (iu) Tj 5.76 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (,) Tj 3.36 0 TD /F8 12 Tf 0.108 Tc (2) Tj 6.72 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (\) is the model prediction of the) Tj -291.84 -14.16 TD 0.061 Tc -0.037 Tw (value of the dependent variable i. If correlation coefficients are zero, Equation 27) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (reduces to standard least squares regression techniques. However, when correlations) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (are unknown, Box and Draper \(1965\) indicate that the determinant of the matrix of v) Tj 446.4 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (ij) Tj 3.36 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (s) Tj -449.76 -14.16 TD 0.0439 Tc -0.0199 Tw (should be minimized; this results in a formulation similar to Equation 27, but with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (weights calculated from relationships within the data rather than from a priori) Tj T* 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (knowledge or assumptions regarding variances. If linear relationships exist among the) Tj T* 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (dependent variables, further refinements are necessary \(Box et al. 1973\). Before using) Tj T* 0.0191 Tc 0.0049 Tw (these more complicated techniques, which might have rather minimal impact on) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (parameter estimates, consideration was first given to what could be assumed about the) Tj T* 0.0617 Tc -0.0377 Tw (correlations of the errors in LC50) Tj 176.64 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (u) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw ( and LC50) Tj 55.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (.) Tj -238.08 -28.32 TD 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (Because LC50) Tj 78.96 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (u) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw ( and LC50) Tj 55.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw ( are both derived from LC50) Tj 150.24 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 1.92 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw ( based on chemical equilibrium) Tj -292.56 -14.16 TD 0.0569 Tc -0.0329 Tw (equations \(i.e., Equation 4\), it might be thought that their errors are directly correlated) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.056 Tc -0.032 Tw (and proportional to that of LC50) Tj 170.4 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf -0.0816 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 1.92 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0459 Tc -0.0219 Tw (. However, uncertainty also exists in the equilibrium) Tj -172.32 -14.16 TD 0.0508 Tc -0.0268 Tw (fractions, mainly from uncertainty in pH, and this results in errors that are inversely) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0622 Tc -0.0382 Tw (correlated. Lacking any definitive resolution of the degree of correlation, simulations) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc -0 Tw (were run to determine whether methods assuming no correlation would produce) Tj T* 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (acceptable results. As mentioned above, this assumption results in applying standard) Tj T* 0.0509 Tc -0.0269 Tw (least squares regression techniques to Equations 9 and 10.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (For assumed parameter values LC50) Tj 198.72 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (8) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0171 Tc 0.0069 Tw (=1.0, pH) Tj 45.84 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.1608 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 4.56 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (=7.5, R=0.01, and ) Tj 99.84 0 TD /F8 12 Tf 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (F) Tj 6.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (=0.1, four sets of) Tj -360 -14.16 TD 0.0362 Tc -0.0122 Tw (1000 simulations were run in which hypothetical datasets were randomly generated) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0321 Tc -0.0081 Tw (and analyzed. The four sets differed based on a 2x2 arrangement of two factors, each) Tj T* 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw (with two options. One factor was the size of the dataset - both small \(n=5 with pH) Tj T* 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (ranging from 6.5 to 8.5 at 0.5 intervals\) and large \(n=13 with pH ranging from 6.0 to 9.0) Tj ET endstream endobj 218 0 obj 6884 endobj 219 0 obj 0 endobj 220 0 obj 0 endobj 221 0 obj <>stream  POS/2ptZNcmap + * cvt ;B6fpgm\ܢdglyfº,headV46hheaj$hmtx'XHloca maxpO namew$ post0{a prep3ԋ+2Alts@ $$  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~~   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~n+*<(U-pJZVPVx(ZT-dPZ1q<*Pr^@,vE %E#ah#h`D-,E %E#ah#h`D-, 8@68-, @868-,Fv Gh#Fah X %#8%6e8Y-=@00//!Fv/7?3! !K :]dA`^g! tOdk14-7X_<-Ƣ-ƢT .$$++FGKKKKKB=Bm! HHFFK%A%W%WSdCKddoy%++++++y3337#pFFh??\???B5vy'D,.+SmSmZZFZd`dd22 4[,426BP`nn6CQ`nnn33333333333333<ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddv@ T+jj 85;QWm j ,  K ,W , 8 ,{c}1993 WordPerfect Corporation. All Rights Reserved.HLLPAH+WPMathExtendedANormalHLLPAH+WPMathExtendedAHLLPAH+WPMathExtendedA1.0 Tue May 03 15:15:40 1994HLLPAH+WPMathExtendedA{c}1993 WordPerfect Corporation. All Rights Reserved.HLLPAH+WPMathExtendedANormalHLLPAH+WPMathExtendedAHLLPAH+WPMathExtendedA1.0 Tue May 03 15:15:40 1994HLLPAH+WPMathExtendedA{c}1993 WordPerfect Corporation. All Rights Reserved.HLLPAH+WPMathExtendedANormalHLLPAH+WPMathExtendedAHLLPAH+WPMathExtendedA1.0 Tue May 03 15:15:40 1994HLLPAH+WPMathExtendedA{      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~exclamquotedbl numbersigndollarpercent ampersand quotesingle parenleft parenrightasteriskpluscommahyphenperiodslashzeroonetwothreefourfivesixseveneightninecolon semicolonlessequalgreaterquestionatABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ bracketleft backslash bracketright asciicircum underscoregraveabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz braceleftbar braceright asciitildec128c129quotesinglbaseflorin quotedblbaseellipsisdagger daggerdbl circumflex perthousandScaron guilsinglleftOEc141c142c143c144 quoteleft quoteright quotedblleft quotedblrightbulletendashemdashtilde trademarkscaronguilsinglrightoec157c158 Ydieresisnbspace exclamdowncentsterlingcurrencyyen brokenbarsectiondieresis copyright ordfeminine guillemotleft logicalnotminus registeredmacrondegree plusminus twosuperior threesuperioracutemu paragraphperiodcenteredcedilla onesuperior ordmasculineguillemotright onequarteronehalf threequarters questiondownAgraveAacute AcircumflexAtilde AdieresisAringAECcedillaEgraveEacute Ecircumflex EdieresisIgraveIacute Icircumflex IdieresisEthNtildeOgraveOacute OcircumflexOtilde OdieresismultiplyOslashUgraveUacute Ucircumflex UdieresisYacuteThorn germandblsagraveaacute acircumflexatilde adieresisaringaeccedillaegraveeacute ecircumflex edieresisigraveiacute icircumflex idieresisethntildeograveoacute ocircumflexotilde odieresisdivideoslashugraveuacute ucircumflex udieresisyacutethorn ydieresis@00//!!""EvEhDF+F+F+F+F+F+!F+ F+ !F+ F+ F+ !F+F+!F+F+!F+!F+!F+!F+F+!F+!F+F+F+F+F+!F+F+F+F+ !F+#!F+$!F+%F+&!F+'!F+(!F+)!F+*F++"F+,F+-"F+.F+EhDEhDEhDEhDEhD endstream endobj 222 0 obj <> endobj 223 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 224 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (105) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (at 0.25 intervals\) datasets were run. The other factor was the true correlation between) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0647 Tc -0.0407 Tw (the errors in logLC50) Tj 113.28 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.2438 Tc 0 Tw (u) Tj 4.56 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0576 Tc -0.0336 Tw ( and logLC50) Tj 72 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.2381 Tc 0 Tw (i) Tj 1.68 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0606 Tc -0.0366 Tw (: one option had the correlation coefficient = 0) Tj -191.52 -14.16 TD 0.0413 Tc -0.0173 Tw (\(which met analysis assumptions\) and the other had the correlation coefficient = 1) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (\(which violated analysis assumptions as much as possible\). Estimates of the standard) Tj T* 0.014 Tc 0.01 Tw (errors of the parameters were based on the covariance matrix computed from the) Tj T* 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (residual error and inverse Jacobian at the least squares solution; confidence limits) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (were computed as the product of this standard error and the applicable t-statistic. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0357 Tc -0.0117 Tw (These simulations and their results are summarized in Table 6. Parameter values were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (found to be unbiased in all cases. When true errors were uncorrelated, as assumed in) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (the procedure, the estimated parameter standard errors were unbiased relative to the) Tj T* 0.0365 Tc -0.0125 Tw (standard deviations of the estimated parameter values, and the confidence limits were) Tj T* 0.0434 Tc -0.0194 Tw (95% using 2n-3 degrees of freedom. When true errors were correlated, the estimated) Tj T* 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (parameter standard errors were biased, averaging 11 to 33% less than the observed) Tj T* 0.0346 Tc -0.0106 Tw (error in the estimated parameter values, and the confidence limits were 80 to 89%) Tj T* 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (rather than 95%. At the smallest sample size, the biases in the estimated errors were) Tj T* 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw (only 0.05 units for pK) Tj 113.76 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.239 Tc 0 Tw (T) Tj 5.04 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0623 Tc -0.0383 Tw (, 0.03 units for log) Tj 96.48 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0567 Tc -0.0327 Tw (R \(corresponding to 7% bias in the error for) Tj -224.88 -14.16 TD 0.0571 Tc -0.0331 Tw (R\), and 0.01 units for log) Tj 132.72 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.03 Tc (LC50) Tj 28.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0597 Tc -0.0357 Tw ( \(corresponding to only 2.5% bias in the error for) Tj -180.72 -14.16 TD 0.03 Tc 0 Tw (LC50) Tj 28.8 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0377 Tc -0.0137 Tw (\). Because these biases were relatively small, because the actual parameter) Tj -38.4 -14.16 TD 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (estimates were unbiased, and because this analysis was under worst-case) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (assumptions, standard regression methods with the assumption of no correlation of) Tj T* 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (errors were adopted for the analysis of pH effects using Equations 9 and 10, rather) Tj T* 0.0178 Tc 0.0062 Tw (than adopting more complicated methods.) Tj ET endstream endobj 225 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 226 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (106) Tj ET 72 660.72 1.2 16.8 re f 72 676.32 252.24 1.2 re f 324 660.72 1.2 16.8 re f 324 676.32 72.24 1.2 re f 396 660.72 1.2 16.8 re f 396 676.32 72.24 1.2 re f 468 660.72 1.2 16.8 re f 468 676.32 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 660.72 1.2 16.8 re f 72 644.16 1.2 16.8 re f 72 659.76 252.24 1.2 re f 324 644.16 1.2 16.8 re f 324 659.76 72.24 1.2 re f 396 644.16 1.2 16.8 re f 396 659.76 72.24 1.2 re f 468 644.16 1.2 16.8 re f 468 659.76 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 644.16 1.2 16.8 re f 72 613.2 1.2 31.2 re f 72 643.2 468.24 1.2 re f 539.04 613.2 1.2 31.2 re f 72 596.64 1.2 16.8 re f 72 612.24 252.24 1.2 re f 324 596.64 1.2 16.8 re f 324 612.24 72.24 1.2 re f 396 596.64 1.2 16.8 re f 396 612.24 72.24 1.2 re f 468 596.64 1.2 16.8 re f 468 612.24 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 596.64 1.2 16.8 re f 72 580.08 1.2 16.8 re f 72 595.68 252.24 1.2 re f 324 580.08 1.2 16.8 re f 324 595.68 72.24 1.2 re f 396 580.08 1.2 16.8 re f 396 595.68 72.24 1.2 re f 468 580.08 1.2 16.8 re f 468 595.68 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 580.08 1.2 16.8 re f 72 563.52 1.2 16.8 re f 72 579.12 252.24 1.2 re f 324 563.52 1.2 16.8 re f 324 579.12 72.24 1.2 re f 396 563.52 1.2 16.8 re f 396 579.12 72.24 1.2 re f 468 563.52 1.2 16.8 re f 468 579.12 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 563.52 1.2 16.8 re f 72 546.96 1.2 16.8 re f 72 562.56 252.24 1.2 re f 324 546.96 1.2 16.8 re f 324 562.56 72.24 1.2 re f 396 546.96 1.2 16.8 re f 396 562.56 72.24 1.2 re f 468 546.96 1.2 16.8 re f 468 562.56 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 546.96 1.2 16.8 re f 72 516 1.2 31.2 re f 72 546 468.24 1.2 re f 539.04 516 1.2 31.2 re f 72 499.44 1.2 16.8 re f 72 515.04 252.24 1.2 re f 324 499.44 1.2 16.8 re f 324 515.04 72.24 1.2 re f 396 499.44 1.2 16.8 re f 396 515.04 72.24 1.2 re f 468 499.44 1.2 16.8 re f 468 515.04 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 499.44 1.2 16.8 re f 72 482.88 1.2 16.8 re f 72 498.48 252.24 1.2 re f 324 482.88 1.2 16.8 re f 324 498.48 72.24 1.2 re f 396 482.88 1.2 16.8 re f 396 498.48 72.24 1.2 re f 468 482.88 1.2 16.8 re f 468 498.48 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 482.88 1.2 16.8 re f 72 466.32 1.2 16.8 re f 72 481.92 252.24 1.2 re f 324 466.32 1.2 16.8 re f 324 481.92 72.24 1.2 re f 396 466.32 1.2 16.8 re f 396 481.92 72.24 1.2 re f 468 466.32 1.2 16.8 re f 468 481.92 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 466.32 1.2 16.8 re f 72 449.76 1.2 16.8 re f 72 465.36 252.24 1.2 re f 324 449.76 1.2 16.8 re f 324 465.36 72.24 1.2 re f 396 449.76 1.2 16.8 re f 396 465.36 72.24 1.2 re f 468 449.76 1.2 16.8 re f 468 465.36 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 449.76 1.2 16.8 re f 72 418.8 1.2 31.2 re f 72 448.8 468.24 1.2 re f 539.04 418.8 1.2 31.2 re f 72 402.24 1.2 16.8 re f 72 417.84 252.24 1.2 re f 324 402.24 1.2 16.8 re f 324 417.84 72.24 1.2 re f 396 402.24 1.2 16.8 re f 396 417.84 72.24 1.2 re f 468 402.24 1.2 16.8 re f 468 417.84 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 402.24 1.2 16.8 re f 72 385.68 1.2 16.8 re f 72 401.28 252.24 1.2 re f 324 385.68 1.2 16.8 re f 324 401.28 72.24 1.2 re f 396 385.68 1.2 16.8 re f 396 401.28 72.24 1.2 re f 468 385.68 1.2 16.8 re f 468 401.28 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 385.68 1.2 16.8 re f 72 369.12 1.2 16.8 re f 72 384.72 252.24 1.2 re f 324 369.12 1.2 16.8 re f 324 384.72 72.24 1.2 re f 396 369.12 1.2 16.8 re f 396 384.72 72.24 1.2 re f 468 369.12 1.2 16.8 re f 468 384.72 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 369.12 1.2 16.8 re f 72 352.56 1.2 16.8 re f 72 368.16 252.24 1.2 re f 324 352.56 1.2 16.8 re f 324 368.16 72.24 1.2 re f 396 352.56 1.2 16.8 re f 396 368.16 72.24 1.2 re f 468 352.56 1.2 16.8 re f 468 368.16 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 352.56 1.2 16.8 re f 72 321.6 1.2 31.2 re f 72 351.6 468.24 1.2 re f 539.04 321.6 1.2 31.2 re f 72 305.04 1.2 16.8 re f 72 320.64 252.24 1.2 re f 324 305.04 1.2 16.8 re f 324 320.64 72.24 1.2 re f 396 305.04 1.2 16.8 re f 396 320.64 72.24 1.2 re f 468 305.04 1.2 16.8 re f 468 320.64 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 305.04 1.2 16.8 re f 72 288.48 1.2 16.8 re f 72 304.08 252.24 1.2 re f 324 288.48 1.2 16.8 re f 324 304.08 72.24 1.2 re f 396 288.48 1.2 16.8 re f 396 304.08 72.24 1.2 re f 468 288.48 1.2 16.8 re f 468 304.08 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 288.48 1.2 16.8 re f 72 271.92 1.2 16.8 re f 72 287.52 252.24 1.2 re f 324 271.92 1.2 16.8 re f 324 287.52 72.24 1.2 re f 396 271.92 1.2 16.8 re f 396 287.52 72.24 1.2 re f 468 271.92 1.2 16.8 re f 468 287.52 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 271.92 1.2 16.8 re f 72 255.36 1.2 16.8 re f 72 270.96 252.24 1.2 re f 72 255.36 252.24 1.2 re f 324 255.36 1.2 16.8 re f 324 270.96 72.24 1.2 re f 324 255.36 72.24 1.2 re f 396 255.36 1.2 16.8 re f 396 270.96 72.24 1.2 re f 396 255.36 72.24 1.2 re f 468 255.36 1.2 16.8 re f 468 270.96 72.24 1.2 re f 539.04 255.36 1.2 16.8 re f 468 255.36 72.24 1.2 re f BT 72 708.48 TD 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw (Table 6. Results Obtained using Simulated Samples) Tj 102.48 -43.2 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0015 Tc 0 Tw (Parameter) Tj 177.84 0 TD -0.0439 Tc (pK) Tj 12.24 -2.16 TD /F1 6 Tf -0.306 Tc (T) Tj 53.76 2.16 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0022 Tc (log) Tj 13.44 -2.16 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.024 Tc (10) Tj 6.72 2.16 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0778 Tc (R) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0022 Tc (log) Tj 13.44 -2.16 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.024 Tc (10) Tj 6.72 2.16 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0828 Tc (LC50) Tj 23.76 -2.16 TD /F1 6 Tf 0.016 Tc (t,8) Tj -349.2 -14.4 TD /F1 10.08 Tf -0.0199 Tc 0.0977 Tw (True Value) Tj 179.52 0 TD -0.0304 Tc 0 Tw (7.5) Tj 70.32 0 TD -0.022 Tc (-2.0) Tj 73.68 0 TD -0.0304 Tc (0.0) Tj -306.72 -23.76 TD -0.017 Tc 0.0948 Tw (Simulations with 5 Treatments - Errors Uncorrelated) Tj -76.08 -23.76 TD -0.01 Tc 0.0878 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 233.28 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (7.501) Tj 70.32 0 TD -0.0428 Tc (-1.994) Tj 72 0 TD (-0.001) Tj -406.08 -16.56 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0761 Tw (Standard Deviation of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 263.76 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.104) Tj 72 0 TD (0.123) Tj 72 0 TD (0.050) Tj -397.2 -16.56 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.0943 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Standard Errors) Tj 253.2 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.104) Tj 72 0 TD (0.121) Tj 72 0 TD (0.051) Tj -389.52 -16.56 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.0701 Tw (Simulated Confidence for Nominal 95% CL) Tj 248.16 0 TD -0.0834 Tc 0 Tw (95%) Tj 72 0 TD (95%) Tj 72 0 TD (96%) Tj -306.72 -23.76 TD -0.0185 Tc 0.0963 Tw (Simulations with 13 Treatments - Errors Uncorrelated) Tj -73.2 -23.76 TD -0.01 Tc 0.0878 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 233.28 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (7.498) Tj 70.32 0 TD -0.0428 Tc (-2.000) Tj 72 0 TD (-0.001) Tj -406.08 -16.56 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0761 Tw (Standard Deviation of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 263.76 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.057) Tj 72 0 TD (0.068) Tj 72 0 TD (0.030) Tj -397.2 -16.56 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.0943 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Standard Errors) Tj 253.2 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.056) Tj 72 0 TD (0.069) Tj 72 0 TD (0.031) Tj -389.52 -16.56 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.0701 Tw (Simulated Confidence for Nominal 95% CL) Tj 248.16 0 TD -0.0834 Tc 0 Tw (94%) Tj 72 0 TD (95%) Tj 72 0 TD (95%) Tj -298.56 -23.76 TD -0.0159 Tc 0.0936 Tw (Simulations with 5 Treatments - Errors Correlated) Tj -81.36 -23.76 TD -0.01 Tc 0.0878 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 233.28 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (7.499) Tj 70.32 0 TD -0.0428 Tc (-2.001) Tj 73.68 0 TD -0.052 Tc (0.003) Tj -407.76 -16.56 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0761 Tw (Standard Deviation of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 263.76 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.145) Tj 72 0 TD (0.146) Tj 72 0 TD (0.058) Tj -397.2 -16.56 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.0943 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Standard Errors) Tj 253.2 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.097) Tj 72 0 TD (0.114) Tj 72 0 TD (0.047) Tj -389.52 -16.56 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.0701 Tw (Simulated Confidence for Nominal 95% CL) Tj 248.16 0 TD -0.0834 Tc 0 Tw (80%) Tj 72 0 TD (84%) Tj 72 0 TD (86%) Tj -301.44 -23.76 TD -0.0174 Tc 0.0952 Tw (Simulations with 13 Treatments - Errors Correlated) Tj -78.48 -23.76 TD -0.01 Tc 0.0878 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 233.28 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (7.501) Tj 70.32 0 TD -0.0428 Tc (-1.999) Tj 73.68 0 TD -0.052 Tc (0.001) Tj -407.76 -16.56 TD 0.0017 Tc 0.0761 Tw (Standard Deviation of Estimated Parameter Values) Tj 263.76 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.079) Tj 72 0 TD (0.079) Tj 72 0 TD (0.034) Tj -397.2 -16.56 TD -0.0165 Tc 0.0943 Tw (Mean of Estimated Parameter Standard Errors) Tj 253.2 0 TD -0.052 Tc 0 Tw (0.055) Tj 72 0 TD (0.067) Tj 72 0 TD (0.030) Tj -389.52 -16.56 TD 0.0077 Tc 0.0701 Tw (Simulated Confidence for Nominal 95% CL) Tj 248.16 0 TD -0.0834 Tc 0 Tw (82%) Tj 72 0 TD (89%) Tj 72 0 TD (89%) Tj ET endstream endobj 227 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 228 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (107) Tj ET 0.24 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 221.76 345.84 32.88 0.48 re S BT 224.4 352.8 TD 0.024 Tc ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 17.28 -3.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (3) Tj 4.32 3.6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj -26.16 -22.8 TD ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 19.2 6.24 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (%) Tj -1.92 -9.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (4) Tj 6.72 3.36 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 10.08 13.44 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (10) Tj 13.44 4.56 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 10.08 0 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (&) Tj 4.8 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0431 Tc (pK) Tj 9.6 0 TD 0.0026 Tc (\)) Tj 7.92 -4.56 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj 6.72 0 TD 0.024 Tc (.) Tj 3.36 0 TD 0.048 Tc (0543369) Tj -188.4 -102.48 TD 0.0888 Tc (Total) Tj 32.4 0 TD -0.0549 Tc (ammonia) Tj 54.24 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 17.28 -3.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (3) Tj 4.32 3.6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 19.2 6.24 TD /F4 7.92 Tf 0.048 Tc (%) Tj -1.92 -9.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (4) Tj 6.72 3.36 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (') Tj 12.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ([) Tj 3.36 0 TD -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj 17.28 -3.6 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (3) Tj 4.32 3.6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj 8.64 0 TD /F4 12 Tf 0 Tc (%) Tj ET 396.48 243.36 59.04 0.48 re S q 399.6 247.68 134.64 10.8 re W n BT 412.08 250.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc ([) Tj ET Q q 402.96 247.68 131.28 10.8 re W n BT 415.44 250.32 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (NH) Tj ET Q BT 432.72 246.72 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0835 Tc (3) Tj ET q 424.56 247.68 109.68 10.8 re W n BT 437.04 250.32 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj ET Q q 385.2 230.4 149.04 11.52 re W n BT 397.68 230.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0) Tj ET Q q 391.92 230.4 142.32 11.52 re W n BT 404.4 230.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (.) Tj ET Q q 395.28 230.4 138.96 11.52 re W n BT 407.76 230.88 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc (0543369) Tj ET Q BT 72 706.8 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0838 Tc 0.054 Tw (Appendix 3. Conversion of Results of Toxicity Tests) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (All of the acute values reported in Table 1 of the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0201 Tc 0.0039 Tw (\(U.S. EPA 1985a\) are expressed in terms of un-ionized ammonia at the pH of the) Tj T* 0.0328 Tc -0.0088 Tw (toxicity test. For use in the 1998 and 1999 Updates, they were converted from un-) Tj T* 0.0303 Tc -0.0063 Tw (ionized ammonia at the test pH to total ammonia nitrogen at pH=8. The conversion) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (procedure is illustrated here using the data for the flatworm, ) Tj 322.32 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.036 Tc -0.012 Tw (Dendrocoelum lacteum) Tj 124.08 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (,) Tj -446.4 -14.16 TD 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (which is the first species in Table 1 in the 1984/1985 criteria document and is the first) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (species in Appendix 4 in this 1999 Update:) Tj 72 -28.32 TD 0.0052 Tc 0.0188 Tw (Acute value \(AV\) = 1.40 mg NH) Tj 168 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.8 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.036 Tc (/L) Tj -172.8 -14.16 TD 0.0206 Tc 0.0034 Tw (pH = 8.20) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Temperature = 18.0) Tj 106.08 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj -184.08 -42.48 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Step 1.) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0532 Tc -0.0292 Tw (Equation 3 in this 1999 Update is used to calculate the pK at 18) Tj 340.56 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C:) Tj -187.92 -14.16 TD 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (pK = 9.464905) Tj -194.64 -42.48 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Step 2.) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.06 Tc -0.036 Tw (Equation 2 in this Update and the definitions pK = -log) Tj 289.44 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (K and pH = -log) Tj 84.24 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc ([H) Tj 12 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0058 Tc (+) Tj 5.04 -6 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc (]) Tj -409.92 -14.16 TD 0.0561 Tc -0.0321 Tw (are used to obtain the following:) Tj -36 -84.96 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Step 3.) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw (The AV in terms of total ammonia is calculated as:) Tj -36 -84.96 TD -0.0015 Tc 0.0255 Tw ( = 27.1652 mg total ammonia/L) Tj 0 -42.48 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Step 4.) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (The AV in terms of total ammonia nitrogen is calculated as follows:) Tj -36 -28.32 TD 0.0215 Tc 0.0025 Tw ( Total ammonia nitrogen = \(27.1652 mg total ammonia/L\)\(14/17\)) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0009 Tc 0.0249 Tw ( = 22.3713 mg N/L.) Tj ET endstream endobj 229 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 230 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (108) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.018 Tc 0.006 Tw (Step 5.) Tj 36 -14.16 TD 0.0195 Tc 0.0045 Tw (The AV in terms of total ammonia nitrogen is converted from pH=8.2 to pH=8) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0579 Tc -0.0339 Tw (using Equation 11 in this Update:) Tj 84.72 -28.32 TD -0.084 Tc 0 Tw (AV) Tj 15.84 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0026 Tc (t,8) Tj 9.6 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.033 Tc 0.057 Tw ( = \(AV) Tj 33.6 -3.12 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0019 Tc 0 Tw (t) Tj 2.4 3.12 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.024 Tc -0 Tw (\)/\(0.681546\) = 32.8244 mg N/L) Tj -182.16 -42.48 TD 0.0585 Tc -0.0345 Tw (Because this is the only species in this genus for which data are in Table 1 in the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0295 Tc -0.0055 Tw (1984/1985 criteria document, 32.82 mg N/L is the GMAV given for the genus) Tj T* /F3 12 Tf 0.038 Tc 0 Tw (Dendrocoelum) Tj 78.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0771 Tc -0.0531 Tw ( in Table 4 in this update.) 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36.24 1.2 re f 237.6 72.48 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 72.48 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 89.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 72.48 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 72.48 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 89.76 57.84 1.2 re f 309.6 72.48 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 72.48 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 89.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 72.48 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 72.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 89.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 72.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 72.48 108.24 1.2 re f BT 72 706.8 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.077 Tc 0.0472 Tw (Appendix 4. Acute Values) Tj 172.32 6.96 TD /F0 10.08 Tf -0.0845 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj -132 -52.32 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0816 Tc (Species) Tj 77.04 0 TD -0.113 Tc 0.0712 Tw (Un-ionized ) Tj 3.36 -9.36 TD -0.1495 Tc 0 Tw (Ammonia) Tj -3.6 -9.36 TD -0.0229 Tc -0.0188 Tw (\(mg NH) Tj 27.12 -1.92 TD /F1 5.76 Tf -0.0826 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 3.12 1.92 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0409 Tc (/L\)) Tj 31.2 18.72 TD -0.0209 Tc (pH) Tj 30 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (Temp.) Tj 3.6 -9.36 TD 0.0026 Tc (\() Tj 2.64 0 TD /F5 7.92 Tf 0.12 Tc (E) Tj 4.08 0 TD /F1 7.92 Tf 0.0222 Tc (C\)) Tj 39.12 9.36 TD -0.1132 Tc (Total) Tj -7.68 -9.36 TD -0.1495 Tc (Ammonia) Tj 0.96 -9.36 TD -0.0399 Tc -0.0019 Tw (\(mg N/L\)) Tj 63.12 18.72 TD -0.1132 Tc 0.0715 Tw (Total ) Tj -6.48 -9.36 TD -0.1495 Tc 0 Tw (Ammonia) Tj -10.32 -9.36 TD -0.0257 Tc -0.016 Tw (\(mg N/L@pH8\)) Tj 91.44 18.72 TD -0.1128 Tc 0 Tw (Reference) Tj -383.04 -36.96 TD -0.1276 Tc 0.0858 Tw (Dendrocoelum lacteum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.40) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (18.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (22.37) Tj 57.6 0 TD (32.82) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1143 Tc 0.0726 Tw (Stammer 1953) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.093 Tc 0.0512 Tw (Tubifex tubifex) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.70) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (12.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (66.67) Tj 57.6 0 TD (97.82) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1143 Tc 0.0726 Tw (Stammer 1953) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1433 Tc 0.1015 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.59) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (4.0) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (114.93) Tj 57.6 0 TD (114.87) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1433 Tc 0.1015 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.09) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (5.5) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (85.13) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (124.90) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1433 Tc 0.1015 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.49) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.10) Tj 36 0 TD (12.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (76.29) Tj 57.6 0 TD (92.27) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1433 Tc 0.1015 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.16) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (12.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (50.25) Tj 57.6 0 TD (73.73) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1433 Tc 0.1015 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.78) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (13.3) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (62.39) Tj 57.6 0 TD (62.36) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1433 Tc 0.1015 Tw (Physa gyrina) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.71) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (24.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (26.33) Tj 57.6 0 TD (26.32) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1341 Tc 0.0924 Tw (Helisoma trivolvis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.76) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (12.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (63.73) Tj 57.6 0 TD (93.52) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.0327 Tw (Musculium transversum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.93) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (5.4) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (38.18) Tj 57.6 0 TD (56.02) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.0327 Tw (Musculium transversum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.29) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.10) Tj 36 0 TD (14.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (32.83) Tj 57.6 0 TD (39.70) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0745 Tc 0.0327 Tw (Musculium transversum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.10) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.60) Tj 36 0 TD (20.5) Tj 46.8 0 TD (6.43) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (20.38) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.141 Tc 0.0993 Tw (Ceriodaphnia acanthina) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.770) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.06) Tj 36 0 TD (24.0) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (104.82) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (25.78) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1093 Tc 0.0675 Tw (Mount 1982) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.08) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (25.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (20.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (30.38) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0891 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Parkhurst et al. 1979,1981) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.45) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.95) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (51.30) Tj 57.6 0 TD (46.68) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.69) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.07) Tj 36 0 TD (19.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (51.09) Tj 57.6 0 TD (58.33) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.50) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.09) Tj 36 0 TD (20.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (41.51) Tj 57.6 0 TD (49.25) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.77) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.15) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (37.44) Tj 57.6 0 TD (49.86) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.38) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.04) Tj 36 0 TD (22.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (38.70) Tj 57.6 0 TD (41.73) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.75) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.51) Tj 36 0 TD (20.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (48.32) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.72) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.90) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.53) Tj 36 0 TD (20.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (55.41) Tj 57.6 0 TD (24.49) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.53) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.40) Tj 36 0 TD (20.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (42.31) Tj 57.6 0 TD (15.48) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.67) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.50) Tj 36 0 TD (20.3) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (43.52) Tj 57.6 0 TD (18.39) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0906 Tc 0.0488 Tw (Russo et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1555 Tc 0.1137 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (4.94) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.34) Tj 36 0 TD (19.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (51.92) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (100.02) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.1015 Tc 0.0598 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1163 Tc 0.0745 Tw (Daphnia pulicaria) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.16) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.05) Tj 36 0 TD (14.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (34.50) Tj 57.6 0 TD (37.91) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1573 Tc 0.1156 Tw (DeGraeve et al. 1980) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.111 Tc 0.0692 Tw (Simocephalus vetulus) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.613) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.06) Tj 36 0 TD (24.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (83.45) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.52) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1093 Tc 0.0675 Tw (Mount 1982) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.111 Tc 0.0692 Tw (Simocephalus vetulus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.29) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.30) Tj 36 0 TD (17.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (31.58) Tj 57.6 0 TD (56.29) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.109 Tc 0.0672 Tw (Asellus racovitzai) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.94) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.81) Tj 36 0 TD (11.9) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (176.01) Tj 57.6 0 TD (124.02) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.109 Tc 0.0672 Tw (Asellus racovitzai) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (4.95) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (4.0) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (357.80) Tj 57.6 0 TD (357.60) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1196 Tc 0.0778 Tw (Crangonyx pseudogracilis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.76) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (4.0) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (199.50) Tj 57.6 0 TD (199.39) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 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1.2 re f 237.6 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 518.16 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 518.16 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 518.16 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 518.16 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 518.16 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 72 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 72 499.92 108.24 1.2 re f 180 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 180 499.92 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 499.92 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 499.92 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 499.92 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 499.92 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 499.92 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 72 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 72 481.68 108.24 1.2 re f 180 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 180 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 481.68 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 481.68 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 481.68 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 72 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 72 463.44 108.24 1.2 re f 180 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 180 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 463.44 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 463.44 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 463.44 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 72 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 72 445.2 108.24 1.2 re f 180 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 180 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 445.2 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 445.2 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 445.2 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 72 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 72 426.96 108.24 1.2 re f 180 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 180 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 426.96 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 426.96 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 426.96 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 400.32 1.2 27.84 re f 72 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 72 399.36 108.24 1.2 re f 180 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 180 399.36 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 399.36 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 399.36 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 399.36 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 399.36 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 399.36 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 372.72 1.2 27.84 re f 72 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 72 371.76 108.24 1.2 re f 180 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 180 371.76 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 371.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 371.76 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 371.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 371.76 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 371.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 345.12 1.2 27.84 re f 72 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 72 344.16 108.24 1.2 re f 180 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 180 344.16 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 344.16 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 344.16 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 344.16 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 344.16 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 344.16 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 317.52 1.2 27.84 re f 72 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 72 316.56 108.24 1.2 re f 180 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 180 316.56 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 316.56 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 316.56 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 316.56 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 316.56 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 316.56 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 289.92 1.2 27.84 re f 72 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 72 288.96 108.24 1.2 re f 180 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 180 288.96 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 288.96 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 288.96 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 288.96 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 288.96 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 288.96 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 262.32 1.2 27.84 re f 72 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 72 261.36 108.24 1.2 re f 180 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 180 261.36 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 237.6 261.36 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 273.6 261.36 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 309.6 261.36 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 261.36 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 261.36 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 234.72 1.2 27.84 re f 72 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 233.76 108.24 1.2 re f 180 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 180 233.76 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 233.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 233.76 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 233.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 233.76 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 233.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 216.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 215.52 108.24 1.2 re f 180 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 180 215.52 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 215.52 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 215.52 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 215.52 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 215.52 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 215.52 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 198.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 180 1.2 18.48 re f 72 197.28 108.24 1.2 re f 180 180 1.2 18.48 re f 180 197.28 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 180 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 197.28 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 180 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 197.28 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 180 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 197.28 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 180 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 197.28 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 180 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 197.28 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 180 1.2 18.48 re f 72 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 179.04 108.24 1.2 re f 180 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 180 179.04 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 179.04 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 179.04 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 179.04 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 179.04 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 179.04 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 161.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 160.8 108.24 1.2 re f 180 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 180 160.8 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 160.8 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 160.8 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 160.8 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 160.8 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 160.8 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 143.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 142.56 108.24 1.2 re f 180 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 180 142.56 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 142.56 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 142.56 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 142.56 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 142.56 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 142.56 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 125.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 72 124.32 108.24 1.2 re f 180 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 180 124.32 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 124.32 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 124.32 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 124.32 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 124.32 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 124.32 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 107.04 1.2 18.48 re f 72 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 106.08 108.24 1.2 re f 180 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 180 106.08 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 106.08 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 106.08 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 106.08 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 106.08 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 106.08 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 88.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 87.84 108.24 1.2 re f 72 70.56 108.24 1.2 re f 180 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 180 87.84 57.84 1.2 re f 180 70.56 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 87.84 36.24 1.2 re f 237.6 70.56 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 87.84 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 70.56 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 87.84 57.84 1.2 re f 309.6 70.56 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 87.84 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 70.56 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 87.84 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 70.56 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 70.56 108.24 1.2 re f BT 78 706.32 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1196 Tc 0.0778 Tw (Crangonyx pseudogracilis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (3.56) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (13.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (81.60) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (119.73) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1196 Tc 0.0778 Tw (Crangonyx pseudogracilis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (3.29) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (13.3) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (115.32) Tj 57.6 0 TD (115.25) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1196 Tc 0.0778 Tw (Crangonyx pseudogracilis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.63) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (24.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (25.10) Tj 57.6 0 TD (25.08) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0729 Tc 0.0311 Tw (Orconectes nais) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (3.15) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.30) Tj 36 0 TD (26.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (23.15) Tj 57.6 0 TD (41.27) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1093 Tc 0.0675 Tw (Evans 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.0225 Tw (Orconectes immunis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (22.8) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.20) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (4.6) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (999.39) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0776 Tc (1466.35) Tj 48.72 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0895 Tc 0.0477 Tw (Callibaetis sp.) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.80) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.81) Tj 36 0 TD (11.9) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (107.76) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (75.93) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1984a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.107 Tc 0.0652 Tw (Callibaetis skokianus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (4.82) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.90) Tj 36 0 TD (13.3) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (211.66) Tj 57.6 0 TD (175.56) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1258 Tc 0.0841 Tw (Ephemerella grandis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (4.96) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.84) Tj 36 0 TD (12.8) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (259.07) Tj 57.6 0 TD (192.64) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1984a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1258 Tc 0.0841 Tw (Ephemerella grandis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (5.88) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.85) Tj 36 0 TD (12.0) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (319.03) Tj 57.6 0 TD (241.54) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1984a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1258 Tc 0.0841 Tw (Ephemerella grandis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (3.86) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.84) Tj 36 0 TD (13.2) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (195.62) Tj 57.6 0 TD (145.46) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1984a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.163 Tc 0.1212 Tw (Arcynopteryx parallela) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.06) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.76) Tj 36 0 TD (13.8) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (119.63) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (77.18) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1984a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.163 Tc 0.1212 Tw (Arcynopteryx parallela) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.00) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.81) Tj 36 0 TD (13.1) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (109.31) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (77.03) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0977 Tc 0.0559 Tw (Thurston et al. 1984a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0717 Tc 0.0299 Tw (Philarctus quaeris) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (10.2) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.80) Tj 36 0 TD (13.3) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (561.72) Tj 57.6 0 TD (388.84) Tj 46.56 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1445 Tc 0.1027 Tw (Stenelmis sexlineata) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (8.00) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.70) Tj 36 0 TD (25.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (29.69) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (113.17) Tj 46.56 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.0973 Tw (Hazel et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.0248 Tw (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.083) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (6.40) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (4.3) Tj 40.32 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (230.47) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (38.33) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1162 Tc 0.0744 Tw (Rice & Bailey 1980) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.0248 Tw (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.10) Tj 46.8 0 TD (6.40) Tj 36 0 TD (4.30) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (277.68) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (46.18) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1162 Tc 0.0744 Tw (Rice & Bailey 1980) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.272) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.00) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (82.02) Tj 57.6 0 TD (19.10) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.280) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.00) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (84.43) Tj 57.6 0 TD (19.66) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.550) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.50) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (52.76) Tj 57.6 0 TD (22.29) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.528) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.50) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (50.65) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.40) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.712) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (22.00) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.99) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.700) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (21.63) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.62) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.880) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.50) Tj 36 0 TD (15.0) Tj 46.8 0 TD (9.09) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (23.86) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0548 Tc 0.013 Tw (Robinson-Wilson & Seim) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1975) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0435 Tc 0.0018 Tw (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Tj 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609.36 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 592.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 591.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 180 591.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 591.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 591.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 591.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 591.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 591.12 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 573.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 572.88 108.24 1.2 re f 180 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 180 572.88 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 572.88 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 572.88 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 572.88 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 572.88 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 572.88 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 555.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 554.64 108.24 1.2 re f 180 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 180 554.64 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 554.64 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 554.64 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 554.64 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 554.64 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 554.64 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 537.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 72 536.4 108.24 1.2 re f 180 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 180 536.4 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 536.4 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 536.4 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 536.4 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 536.4 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 536.4 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 519.12 1.2 18.48 re f 72 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 72 518.16 108.24 1.2 re f 180 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 180 518.16 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 518.16 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 518.16 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 518.16 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 518.16 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 518.16 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 500.88 1.2 18.48 re f 72 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 72 499.92 108.24 1.2 re f 180 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 180 499.92 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 499.92 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 499.92 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 499.92 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 499.92 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 499.92 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 72 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 72 481.68 108.24 1.2 re f 180 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 180 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 481.68 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 481.68 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 481.68 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 72 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 72 463.44 108.24 1.2 re f 180 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 180 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 463.44 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 463.44 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 463.44 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 72 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 72 445.2 108.24 1.2 re f 180 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 180 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 445.2 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 445.2 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 445.2 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 72 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 72 426.96 108.24 1.2 re f 180 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 180 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 426.96 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 426.96 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 426.96 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 72 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 72 408.72 108.24 1.2 re f 180 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 180 408.72 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 408.72 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 408.72 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 408.72 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 408.72 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 408.72 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 72 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 72 390.48 108.24 1.2 re f 180 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 180 390.48 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 390.48 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 390.48 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 390.48 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 390.48 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 390.48 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 72 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 372.24 108.24 1.2 re f 180 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 180 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 372.24 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 372.24 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 372.24 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 354 108.24 1.2 re f 180 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 180 354 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 354 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 354 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 354 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 354 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 354 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 335.76 108.24 1.2 re f 180 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 180 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 335.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 335.76 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 335.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 317.52 108.24 1.2 re f 180 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 180 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 317.52 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 317.52 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 317.52 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 282 1.2 18.48 re f 72 299.28 108.24 1.2 re f 180 282 1.2 18.48 re f 180 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 299.28 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 299.28 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 282 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 282 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 299.28 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 282 1.2 18.48 re f 72 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 281.04 108.24 1.2 re f 180 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 180 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 281.04 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 281.04 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 281.04 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 262.8 108.24 1.2 re f 180 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 180 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 262.8 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 262.8 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 262.8 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 244.56 108.24 1.2 re f 180 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 180 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 244.56 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re 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208.08 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 189.84 108.24 1.2 re f 180 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 180 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 189.84 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 189.84 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 189.84 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 72 171.6 108.24 1.2 re f 180 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 180 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 171.6 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 171.6 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 171.6 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 72 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 153.36 108.24 1.2 re f 180 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 180 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 153.36 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 153.36 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 153.36 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 135.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 180 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 135.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 135.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 135.12 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 116.88 108.24 1.2 re f 180 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 180 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 116.88 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 116.88 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 116.88 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 98.64 108.24 1.2 re f 180 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 180 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 98.64 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 98.64 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 98.64 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 72 80.4 108.24 1.2 re f 72 63.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 180 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 180 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 80.4 36.24 1.2 re f 237.6 63.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 80.4 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 63.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 309.6 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 80.4 108.24 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18.48 re f 424.8 499.92 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 482.64 1.2 18.48 re f 72 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 72 481.68 108.24 1.2 re f 180 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 180 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 481.68 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 481.68 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 481.68 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 481.68 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 464.4 1.2 18.48 re f 72 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 72 463.44 108.24 1.2 re f 180 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 180 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 463.44 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 463.44 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 463.44 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 463.44 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 446.16 1.2 18.48 re f 72 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 72 445.2 108.24 1.2 re f 180 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 180 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 445.2 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 445.2 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 445.2 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 445.2 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 427.92 1.2 18.48 re f 72 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 72 426.96 108.24 1.2 re f 180 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 180 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 426.96 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 426.96 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 426.96 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 426.96 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 409.68 1.2 18.48 re f 72 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 72 408.72 108.24 1.2 re f 180 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 180 408.72 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 408.72 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 408.72 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 408.72 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 408.72 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 408.72 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 391.44 1.2 18.48 re f 72 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 72 390.48 108.24 1.2 re f 180 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 180 390.48 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 390.48 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 390.48 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 390.48 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 390.48 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 390.48 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 373.2 1.2 18.48 re f 72 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 372.24 108.24 1.2 re f 180 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 180 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 372.24 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 372.24 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 372.24 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 354 108.24 1.2 re f 180 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 180 354 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 354 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 354 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 354 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 354 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 354 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 335.76 108.24 1.2 re f 180 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 180 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 335.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 335.76 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 335.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 317.52 108.24 1.2 re f 180 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 180 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 317.52 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 317.52 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 317.52 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 282 1.2 18.48 re f 72 299.28 108.24 1.2 re f 180 282 1.2 18.48 re f 180 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 299.28 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 299.28 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 282 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 282 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 299.28 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 282 1.2 18.48 re f 72 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 281.04 108.24 1.2 re f 180 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 180 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 281.04 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 281.04 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 281.04 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 262.8 108.24 1.2 re f 180 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 180 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 262.8 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 262.8 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 262.8 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 244.56 108.24 1.2 re f 180 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 180 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 244.56 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 244.56 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 244.56 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 72 226.32 108.24 1.2 re f 180 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 180 226.32 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 226.32 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 226.32 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 226.32 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 226.32 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 226.32 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 72 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 208.08 108.24 1.2 re f 180 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 180 208.08 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 208.08 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 208.08 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 208.08 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 208.08 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 208.08 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 189.84 108.24 1.2 re f 180 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 180 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 189.84 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 189.84 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 189.84 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 72 171.6 108.24 1.2 re f 180 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 180 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 171.6 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 171.6 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 171.6 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 72 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 153.36 108.24 1.2 re f 180 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 180 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 153.36 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 153.36 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 153.36 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 135.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 180 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 135.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 135.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 135.12 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 116.88 108.24 1.2 re f 180 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 180 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 116.88 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 116.88 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 116.88 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 98.64 108.24 1.2 re f 180 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 180 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 98.64 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 98.64 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 98.64 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 72 80.4 108.24 1.2 re f 72 63.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 180 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 180 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 80.4 36.24 1.2 re f 237.6 63.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 80.4 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 63.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 309.6 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 80.4 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 63.12 108.24 1.2 re f BT 78 706.32 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.0609 Tc 0.0191 Tw (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.61) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.70) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (9.8) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (55.15) Tj 57.6 0 TD (32.09) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.0191 Tw (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.59) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.90) Tj 36 0 TD (11.3) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (30.15) Tj 57.6 0 TD (25.01) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.0191 Tw (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.43) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.90) Tj 36 0 TD (16.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (15.23) Tj 57.6 0 TD (12.63) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0609 Tc 0.0191 Tw (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.04) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.30) Tj 36 0 TD (18.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (12.75) Tj 57.6 0 TD (22.72) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.125 Tc 0.0832 Tw (Salmo trutta) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.701) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.86) Tj 36 0 TD (13.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (32.46) Tj 57.6 0 TD (25.02) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.125 Tc 0.0832 Tw (Salmo trutta) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.677) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.82) Tj 36 0 TD (14.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (33.30) Tj 57.6 0 TD (23.89) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.125 Tc 0.0832 Tw (Salmo trutta) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.597) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.85) Tj 36 0 TD (13.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (29.58) Tj 57.6 0 TD (22.39) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1032 Tc 0.0614 Tw (Salvelinus fontinalis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.05) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.83) Tj 36 0 TD (13.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (52.03) Tj 57.6 0 TD (38.00) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1032 Tc 0.0614 Tw (Salvelinus fontinalis) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.962) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.86) Tj 36 0 TD (13.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (45.21) Tj 57.6 0 TD (34.86) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1104 Tc 0.0686 Tw (Prosopium williamsoni) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.473) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.84) Tj 36 0 TD (12.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (25.47) Tj 57.6 0 TD (18.94) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1104 Tc 0.0686 Tw (Prosopium williamsoni) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.358) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.80) Tj 36 0 TD (12.3) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (21.27) Tj 57.6 0 TD (14.72) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1104 Tc 0.0686 Tw (Prosopium williamsoni) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.143) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.68) Tj 36 0 TD (12.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (11.33) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (6.38) Tj 42.24 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1048 Tc 0.0631 Tw (Notemigonus crysoleucas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.72) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.50) Tj 36 0 TD (24.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (34.73) Tj 57.6 0 TD (14.67) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.0248 Tw (Notropis lutrensis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.83) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.30) Tj 36 0 TD (24.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (24.37) Tj 57.6 0 TD (43.43) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.0973 Tw (Hazel et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0666 Tc 0.0248 Tw (Notropis lutrensis) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (3.16) Tj 46.8 0 TD (9.10) Tj 36 0 TD (24.0) Tj 46.8 0 TD (6.50) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (47.99) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.0973 Tw (Hazel et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.081 Tc 0.0393 Tw (Notropis spilopterus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.20) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.95) Tj 36 0 TD (26.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (18.52) Tj 57.6 0 TD (16.85) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1357 Tc 0.0939 Tw (Rosage et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.081 Tc 0.0393 Tw (Notropis spilopterus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.62) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.15) Tj 36 0 TD (26.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (16.27) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.67) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1357 Tc 0.0939 Tw (Rosage et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD 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1.2 re f 367.2 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 372.24 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 372.24 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 354.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 354 108.24 1.2 re f 180 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 180 354 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 354 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 354 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 354 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 354 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 354 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 336.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 335.76 108.24 1.2 re f 180 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 180 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 335.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 335.76 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 335.76 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 335.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 318.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 317.52 108.24 1.2 re f 180 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 180 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 317.52 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 317.52 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 317.52 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 317.52 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 300.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 282 1.2 18.48 re f 72 299.28 108.24 1.2 re f 180 282 1.2 18.48 re f 180 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 299.28 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 299.28 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 282 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 282 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 299.28 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 282 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 299.28 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 282 1.2 18.48 re f 72 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 281.04 108.24 1.2 re f 180 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 180 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 281.04 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 281.04 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 281.04 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 281.04 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 263.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 262.8 108.24 1.2 re f 180 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 180 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 262.8 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 262.8 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 262.8 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 262.8 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 245.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 244.56 108.24 1.2 re f 180 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 180 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 244.56 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 244.56 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 244.56 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 244.56 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 227.28 1.2 18.48 re f 72 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 72 226.32 108.24 1.2 re f 180 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 180 226.32 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 226.32 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 226.32 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 226.32 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 226.32 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 226.32 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 209.04 1.2 18.48 re f 72 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 208.08 108.24 1.2 re f 180 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 180 208.08 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 208.08 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 208.08 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 208.08 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 208.08 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 208.08 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 190.8 1.2 18.48 re f 72 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 189.84 108.24 1.2 re f 180 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 180 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 189.84 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 189.84 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 189.84 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 189.84 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 172.56 1.2 18.48 re f 72 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 72 171.6 108.24 1.2 re f 180 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 180 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 171.6 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 171.6 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 171.6 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 171.6 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 154.32 1.2 18.48 re f 72 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 153.36 108.24 1.2 re f 180 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 180 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 153.36 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 153.36 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 153.36 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 153.36 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 136.08 1.2 18.48 re f 72 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 135.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 180 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 135.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 135.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 135.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 135.12 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 117.84 1.2 18.48 re f 72 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 116.88 108.24 1.2 re f 180 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 180 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 116.88 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 116.88 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 116.88 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 116.88 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 99.6 1.2 18.48 re f 72 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 98.64 108.24 1.2 re f 180 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 180 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 98.64 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 98.64 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 98.64 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 98.64 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 81.36 1.2 18.48 re f 72 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 72 80.4 108.24 1.2 re f 72 63.12 108.24 1.2 re f 180 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 180 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 180 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 80.4 36.24 1.2 re f 237.6 63.12 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 80.4 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 63.12 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 309.6 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 80.4 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 63.12 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 80.4 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 63.12 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 63.12 108.24 1.2 re f BT 78 706.32 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.22) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.77) Tj 36 0 TD (14.3) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (66.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (43.80) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.31) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.77) Tj 36 0 TD (14.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (72.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (47.74) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.16) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.04) Tj 36 0 TD (22.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (36.59) Tj 57.6 0 TD (39.45) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.73) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.08) Tj 36 0 TD (21.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (44.76) Tj 57.6 0 TD (52.10) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (3.44) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.16) Tj 36 0 TD (21.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (47.39) Tj 57.6 0 TD (64.35) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.04) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.88) Tj 36 0 TD (21.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (50.95) Tj 57.6 0 TD (40.74) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.23) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.68) Tj 36 0 TD (12.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (91.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (51.60) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.10) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.63) Tj 36 0 TD (13.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (89.85) Tj 57.6 0 TD (46.53) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.73) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.76) Tj 36 0 TD (12.9) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (107.53) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (69.38) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.03) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.84) Tj 36 0 TD (21.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (55.43) Tj 57.6 0 TD (41.22) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.09) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.76) Tj 36 0 TD (13.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (66.73) Tj 57.6 0 TD (43.05) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.796) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.74) Tj 36 0 TD (12.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (52.17) Tj 57.6 0 TD (32.51) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.34) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.91) Tj 36 0 TD (15.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (47.43) Tj 57.6 0 TD (40.07) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0844 Tc 0.0427 Tw (Thurston et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.240) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (6.51) Tj 36 0 TD (13.0) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (259.96) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (44.91) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Thurston et al. 1981c) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.452) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.01) Tj 36 0 TD (13.8) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (145.89) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (34.27) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Thurston et al. 1981c) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.08) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.82) Tj 36 0 TD (12.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (62.72) Tj 57.6 0 TD (45.00) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Thurston et al. 1981c) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.793) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.83) Tj 36 0 TD (11.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (45.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (33.39) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Thurston et al. 1981c) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.68) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.51) Tj 36 0 TD (13.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (18.88) Tj 57.6 0 TD (50.50) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Thurston et al. 1981c) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.47) Tj 46.8 0 TD (9.03) Tj 36 0 TD (13.2) Tj 46.8 0 TD (5.94) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (39.51) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0.0313 Tw (Thurston et al. 1981c) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.73) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.46) Tj 38.16 0 TD -0.0696 Tc (4.1) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (18.54) Tj 57.6 0 TD (45.05) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.24) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.02) Tj 36 0 TD (23.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (19.55) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.29) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.80) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.26) Tj 36.96 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.0278 Tw (4.6 ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (30.57) Tj 57.6 0 TD (50.41) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.65) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.16) Tj 36 0 TD (25.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (17.65) Tj 57.6 0 TD (23.96) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1345 Tc 0.0927 Tw (Pimephales promelas) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.75) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.78) Tj 36 0 TD (25.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (40.89) Tj 57.6 0 TD (27.32) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0974 Tc 0.0557 Tw (Swigert & 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253.92 1.2 27.84 re f 367.2 280.56 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 253.92 1.2 27.84 re f 424.8 280.56 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 253.92 1.2 27.84 re f 72 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 72 252.96 108.24 1.2 re f 180 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 180 252.96 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 252.96 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 252.96 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 252.96 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 252.96 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 252.96 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 235.68 1.2 18.48 re f 72 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 72 234.72 108.24 1.2 re f 180 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 180 234.72 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 234.72 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 234.72 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 234.72 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 234.72 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 234.72 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 217.44 1.2 18.48 re f 72 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 72 216.48 108.24 1.2 re f 180 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 180 216.48 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 216.48 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 216.48 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 216.48 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 216.48 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 216.48 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 199.2 1.2 18.48 re f 72 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 198.24 108.24 1.2 re f 180 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 180 198.24 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 198.24 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 198.24 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 198.24 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 198.24 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 198.24 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 180.96 1.2 18.48 re f 72 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 180 108.24 1.2 re f 180 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 180 180 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 180 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 180 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 180 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 180 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 180 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 162.72 1.2 18.48 re f 72 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 161.76 108.24 1.2 re f 180 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 180 161.76 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 161.76 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 161.76 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 161.76 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 161.76 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 161.76 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 144.48 1.2 18.48 re f 72 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 143.52 108.24 1.2 re f 180 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 180 143.52 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 143.52 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 143.52 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 143.52 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 143.52 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 143.52 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 126.24 1.2 18.48 re f 72 108 1.2 18.48 re f 72 125.28 108.24 1.2 re f 180 108 1.2 18.48 re f 180 125.28 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 108 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 125.28 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 108 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 125.28 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 108 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 125.28 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 108 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 125.28 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 108 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 125.28 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 108 1.2 18.48 re f 72 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 107.04 108.24 1.2 re f 180 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 180 107.04 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 107.04 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 107.04 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 107.04 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 107.04 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 107.04 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 89.76 1.2 18.48 re f 72 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 72 88.8 108.24 1.2 re f 72 71.52 108.24 1.2 re f 180 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 180 88.8 57.84 1.2 re f 180 71.52 57.84 1.2 re f 237.6 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 237.6 88.8 36.24 1.2 re f 237.6 71.52 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 273.6 88.8 36.24 1.2 re f 273.6 71.52 36.24 1.2 re f 309.6 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 309.6 88.8 57.84 1.2 re f 309.6 71.52 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 367.2 88.8 57.84 1.2 re f 367.2 71.52 57.84 1.2 re f 424.8 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 88.8 108.24 1.2 re f 531.84 71.52 1.2 18.48 re f 424.8 71.52 108.24 1.2 re f BT 78 706.32 TD /F1 7.92 Tf -0.1005 Tc 0.0587 Tw (Catostomus platyrhynchus ) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.819) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.67) Tj 36 0 TD (12.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (66.91) Tj 57.6 0 TD (37.02) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1005 Tc 0.0587 Tw (Catostomus platyrhynchus ) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.708) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.73) Tj 36 0 TD (11.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (51.62) Tj 57.6 0 TD (31.62) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1005 Tc 0.0587 Tw (Catostomus platyrhynchus ) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.668) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.69) Tj 36 0 TD (13.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (47.59) Tj 57.6 0 TD (27.23) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.089 Tc 0.0473 Tw (Thurston & Meyn 1984) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (2.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.70) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (10.56) Tj 57.6 0 TD (40.26) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0949 Tc 0.0531 Tw (Colt & Tchobanoglous 1976) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (2.9) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.70) Tj 36 0 TD (26.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (10.19) Tj 57.6 0 TD (38.85) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0949 Tc 0.0531 Tw (Colt & Tchobanoglous 1976) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (3.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.70) Tj 36 0 TD (30.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (10.88) Tj 57.6 0 TD (41.47) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0949 Tc 0.0531 Tw (Colt & Tchobanoglous 1976) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.95) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.40) Tj 36 0 TD (28.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (10.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (23.19) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0949 Tc 0.0531 Tw (Colt & Tchobanoglous 1978) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (2.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.09) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (32.33) Tj 57.6 0 TD (38.36) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (4.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.08) Tj 36 0 TD (28.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (44.44) Tj 57.6 0 TD (51.72) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.76) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.98) Tj 36 0 TD (23.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (30.49) Tj 57.6 0 TD (29.35) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.75) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.94) Tj 36 0 TD (23.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (33.10) Tj 57.6 0 TD (29.57) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.45) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.80) Tj 36 0 TD (25.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (32.85) Tj 57.6 0 TD (22.74) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0974 Tc 0.0557 Tw (Swigert & Spacie 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.50) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36.96 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.0278 Tw (3.5 ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (37.64) Tj 57.6 0 TD (37.61) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.98) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.10) Tj 36 0 TD (14.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (24.94) Tj 57.6 0 TD (30.16) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.91) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.10) Tj 36 0 TD (17.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (40.83) Tj 57.6 0 TD (49.38) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.29) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.80) Tj 36 0 TD (19.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (44.71) Tj 57.6 0 TD (30.95) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0506 Tc 0.0088 Tw (Ictalurus punctatus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.26) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (26.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (32.34) Tj 57.6 0 TD (32.32) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.0155 Tw (Gambusia affinis) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (2.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (24.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (42.53) Tj 57.6 0 TD (42.51) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.145 Tc 0.1032 Tw (allen et al. 1957) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.0155 Tw (Gambusia affinis) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (2.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (19.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (34.54) Tj 57.6 0 TD (50.68) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.145 Tc 0.1032 Tw (allen et al. 1957) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.0155 Tw (Gambusia affinis) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (3.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.75) Tj 36 0 TD (19.0) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (129.59) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (82.17) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.145 Tc 0.1032 Tw (allen et al. 1957) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0572 Tc 0.0155 Tw (Gambusia affinis) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (2.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.50) Tj 36 0 TD (23.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (14.64) Tj 57.6 0 TD (38.41) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.145 Tc 0.1032 Tw (allen et al. 1957) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1255 Tc 0.0838 Tw (Poecilia reticulata) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.47) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.22) Tj 36 0 TD (25.0) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (129.40) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (37.66) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1018 Tc 0.06 Tw (Rubin & Elmaraghy 1976,) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1255 Tc 0.0838 Tw (Poecilia reticulata) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.59) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.45) Tj 36 0 TD (25.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (82.95) Tj 57.6 0 TD (32.56) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1018 Tc 0.06 Tw (Rubin & Elmaraghy 1976,) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1255 Tc 0.0838 Tw (Poecilia reticulata) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.45) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.45) Tj 36 0 TD (25.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (75.65) Tj 57.6 0 TD (29.69) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1018 Tc 0.06 Tw (Rubin & Elmaraghy 1976,) Tj 0 -9.36 TD -0.0835 Tc 0 Tw (1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1746 Tc 0.1329 Tw (Morone americana) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.15) Tj 46.8 0 TD (6.00) Tj 36 0 TD (16.0) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (418.44) Tj 59.76 0 TD 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123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.86) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.77) Tj 36 0 TD (14.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (48.09) Tj 57.6 0 TD (31.58) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.0104 Tw (Thurston 1981) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0924 Tc 0.0506 Tw (Lepomis gibbosus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.61) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.71) Tj 36 0 TD (15.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (34.43) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.38) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0522 Tc 0.0104 Tw (Thurston 1981) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.89) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.11) Tj 36 0 TD (18.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (16.73) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.62) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Emery & Welch 1969) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.97) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.24) Tj 36 0 TD (18.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (42.01) Tj 57.6 0 TD (66.62) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Emery & Welch 1969) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (2.57) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.75) Tj 36 0 TD (18.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (12.70) Tj 57.6 0 TD (52.95) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0546 Tc 0.0129 Tw (Emery & Welch 1969) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.55) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.07) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.85) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (10.10) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.68) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.00) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (12.75) Tj 57.6 0 TD (12.74) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (1.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.93) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (24.08) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.11) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (1.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.20) Tj 36 0 TD (28.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (14.81) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.72) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.50) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.40) Tj 36.96 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.0278 Tw (4.0 ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (14.64) Tj 57.6 0 TD (31.68) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.98) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.12) Tj 36 0 TD (25.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (23.37) Tj 57.6 0 TD (29.37) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.26) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.16) Tj 36.96 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.0278 Tw (4.5 ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (12.55) Tj 57.6 0 TD (17.04) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.35) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.09) Tj 36 0 TD (24.8) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (17.22) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.43) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0915 Tc 0.0498 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982b) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.94) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.60) Tj 36 0 TD (21.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (44.03) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.72) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1047 Tc 0.063 Tw (Smith et al. 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.35) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.80) Tj 36 0 TD (24.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (33.88) Tj 57.6 0 TD (23.45) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0974 Tc 0.0557 Tw (Swigert & Spacie 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.75) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.60) Tj 36 0 TD (26.5) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (58.69) Tj 57.6 0 TD (28.95) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0974 Tc 0.0557 Tw (Swigert & Spacie 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0852 Tc 0.0435 Tw (Lepomis macrochirus) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.76) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.80) Tj 36 0 TD (26.6) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (37.52) Tj 57.6 0 TD (25.97) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0974 Tc 0.0557 Tw (Swigert & Spacie 1983) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1167 Tc 0.075 Tw (Micropterus dolomieu) Tj 121.2 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (0.694) Tj 48.96 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (6.53) Tj 36 0 TD (22.3) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (359.93) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (62.67) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1063 Tc 0.0645 Tw (Broderius et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1167 Tc 0.075 Tw (Micropterus dolomieu) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.01) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.16) Tj 36 0 TD (22.3) Tj 42.48 0 TD -0.0766 Tc (123.43) Tj 59.76 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (33.60) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1063 Tc 0.0645 Tw (Broderius et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1167 Tc 0.075 Tw (Micropterus dolomieu) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.20) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.74) Tj 36 0 TD (22.3) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (39.30) Tj 57.6 0 TD (24.49) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1063 Tc 0.0645 Tw (Broderius et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1167 Tc 0.075 Tw (Micropterus dolomieu) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.78) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.71) Tj 36 0 TD (22.3) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.56) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (29.33) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1063 Tc 0.0645 Tw (Broderius et al. 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0947 Tc 0.0529 Tw (Micropterus salmoides) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (1.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (7.96) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (20.48) Tj 57.6 0 TD (18.99) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0947 Tc 0.0529 Tw (Micropterus salmoides) Tj 125.52 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0 Tw (1.7) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0731 Tc (8.04) Tj 36 0 TD (28.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (19.59) Tj 57.6 0 TD (21.12) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1239 Tc 0.0821 Tw (Roseboom & Richey 1977) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1278 Tc 0.0861 Tw (Etheostoma spectabile) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.90) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.40) Tj 36 0 TD (21.0) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.65) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (16.55) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.0973 Tw (Hazel et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1278 Tc 0.0861 Tw (Etheostoma spectabile) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.07) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.10) Tj 36 0 TD (22.0) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (16.12) Tj 57.6 0 TD (19.49) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.139 Tc 0.0973 Tw (Hazel et al. 1979) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1254 Tc 0.0836 Tw (Stizostedion vitreum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.85) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.08) Tj 36 0 TD (18.2) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (17.43) Tj 57.6 0 TD (20.29) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.1015 Tc 0.0598 Tw (Reinbold & Pescitelli 1982a) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1254 Tc 0.0836 Tw (Stizostedion vitreum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.52) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.90) Tj 36.96 0 TD -0.0696 Tc 0.0278 Tw (3.7 ) Tj 43.68 0 TD -0.0752 Tc 0 Tw (48.37) Tj 57.6 0 TD (40.12) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1254 Tc 0.0836 Tw (Stizostedion vitreum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.10) Tj 46.8 0 TD (7.70) Tj 36 0 TD (11.1) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (89.93) Tj 57.6 0 TD (52.33) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.1254 Tc 0.0836 Tw (Stizostedion vitreum) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (0.51) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.30) Tj 36 0 TD (19.0) Tj 46.8 0 TD (6.12) Tj 55.44 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (10.91) Tj 44.4 0 TD 0.6835 Tc (W) Tj -0.0828 Tc 0.041 Tw (est 1985) Tj -352.8 -18.24 TD -0.0811 Tc 0.0393 Tw (Cottus bairdi) Tj 123.36 0 TD -0.0731 Tc 0 Tw (1.39) Tj 46.8 0 TD (8.02) Tj 36 0 TD (12.4) Tj 44.64 0 TD -0.0752 Tc (49.83) Tj 57.6 0 TD (51.73) Tj 44.4 0 TD -0.0419 Tc 0 Tw (Thurston & Russo 1981) Tj -358.8 -22.56 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 14.4 -6 TD /F1 10.56 Tf -0.0422 Tc -0.0135 Tw (The species and tests are in the same order as in Table 1 in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria) Tj 0 -12.24 TD -0.0215 Tc -0.0341 Tw (document. The scientific names of various salmonids have been updated. Two values for the) Tj T* -0.0305 Tc -0.0252 Tw (rainbow trout by Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) were deleted because they were \223greater than\224) Tj T* -0.0263 Tc -0.0293 Tw (values; this had no effect on the FAV because the SMAV for rainbow trout was lowered to protect) Tj T* -0.0116 Tc -0.0441 Tw (large rainbow trout \(see Table 4 in this 1999 Update\). A few values for pH and temperature were) Tj T* -0.019 Tc -0.0366 Tw (corrected and ranges were replaced with point estimates to facilitate conversion of acute values) Tj T* -0.0118 Tc -0.0439 Tw (from un-ionized ammonia at the test pH to total ammonia nitrogen at pH=8.) Tj ET endstream endobj 249 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 250 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (118) Tj -223.92 668.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0678 Tc 0.0381 Tw (Appendix 5. Histopathological Effects) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (Fewer results of the effects of chronic exposure of aquatic life to ammonia are available) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (than results of the effects of acute exposures. The available data indicate that) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (ammonia can have adverse effects on aquatic life at relatively low concentrations,) Tj T* 0.0293 Tc -0.0053 Tw (approaching 0.001 to 0.006 mg NH) Tj 187.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (-N/L. These reported adverse effects include) Tj -191.76 -14.16 TD 0.0477 Tc -0.0237 Tw (quantitative data showing that decreased survival, growth, and reproduction are) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (correlated to increasing concentrations of ammonia. These more conventional) Tj T* 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (measures of chronic toxicity are generally regarded as a suitable basis for projecting) Tj T* 0.0521 Tc -0.0281 Tw (the potential chronic toxic effects of pollutants, including ammonia, to aquatic life) Tj T* 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (populations and communities. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (In addition to the reported chronic toxic effects of ammonia to aquatic life based on) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (these more conventional measures, the literature contains some information) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (concerning the effects that chronic exposure to low levels of ammonia can have on the) Tj T* 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (structure and function of select tissues and organs. These include reduced swimming) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (stamina and performance, increased respiratory distress, hormonal dysfunction, and) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (damage to gill, kidney, brain, and liver tissues. Some investigators have reported other) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (pathological changes in the test animals\222 physiology, histochemistry, and biochemistry. ) Tj T* 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw (None of these reported abnormalities in test organisms have been quantitatively) Tj T* 0.0266 Tc -0.0026 Tw (correlated with the ammonia exposure or with effects on the survival, growth, or) Tj T* 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (reproduction of the test organisms; potential adverse effects on populations and) Tj T* 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (communities are unavailable. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0301 Tc -0.0061 Tw (Salmonid species subjected to un-ionized ammonia concentrations ranging from 0.002) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.099 Tc 0.123 Tw (mg NH) Tj 36.96 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0065 Tc 0.0175 Tw (-N/L at pH=6.4 to 0.06 mg NH) Tj 159.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.7 on a chronic exposure basis have) Tj -204.48 -14.16 TD 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (demonstrated significant effects on growth. Rice and Bailey \(1980\) observed growth) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0185 Tc 0.0055 Tw (effects on pink salmon embryos and fry when un-ionized ammonia exceeded 0.002 to) Tj T* -0.02 Tc 0.044 Tw (0.003 mg NH) Tj 70.56 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0453 Tc -0.0213 Tw (-N/L at pH=6.4. Burkhalter and Kaya \(1977\) observed that un-ionized) Tj -74.64 -14.16 TD 0.0013 Tc 0.0227 Tw (ammonia concentrations somewhat less than 0.05 mg NH) Tj 307.68 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0577 Tc -0.0337 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.5 inhibited) Tj -311.76 -14.16 TD 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (growth rates of rainbow trout embryos and fry. Samylin \(1969\), in tests with Atlantic) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0183 Tc 0.0057 Tw (salmon embryos and fry, reported effects on growth rates when un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* -0.0112 Tc 0.0352 Tw (exceeded 0.06 mg NH) Tj 119.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.1. The calculated "no apparent effect") Tj -123.36 -14.16 TD 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (concentrations for these tests are 0.002 mg NH) Tj 252.72 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (-N/L at pH=6.4 for pink salmon, 0.008) Tj -256.8 -14.16 TD -0.099 Tc 0.123 Tw (mg NH) Tj 36.96 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.1 for the Atlantic salmon, and less than 0.05 mg NH) Tj 347.52 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.01 Tw (-N/L at) Tj -392.64 -14.16 TD 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (pH=7.5 for the rainbow trout. Non-salmonid fish species have exhibited similar effects,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (with the calculated \223no apparent growth effect\224 concentrations ranging from 0.03 mg) Tj T* -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (NH) Tj 17.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0065 Tc 0.0175 Tw (-N/L at pH=6.6 to 0.05 mg NH) Tj 159.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0251 Tc -0.0011 Tw (-N/L at pH=8.68. Reported growth effect) Tj -184.8 -14.16 TD 0.0143 Tc 0.0097 Tw (concentrations were 0.11 mg NH) Tj 175.2 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0507 Tc -0.0267 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.78 for the bluegill \(Smith et al. 1984\),) Tj -179.28 -14.16 TD -0.0285 Tc 0.0525 Tw (0.32 mg NH) Tj 63.84 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0575 Tc -0.0335 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.95 for the channel catfish \(Reinbold and Pescitelli 1982a\),) Tj -67.92 -14.16 TD -0.0076 Tc 0.0316 Tw (and 0.40 mg NH) Tj 87.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0344 Tc -0.0104 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.9 for the green sunfish \(McCormick et al. 1984\). ) Tj -91.44 -14.16 TD 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Broderius et al. \(1985\), in tests with smallmouth bass, observed that the growth effects) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0269 Tc -0.0029 Tw (of un-ionized ammonia were not constant with pH. The growth effect concentrations) Tj T* -0.008 Tc 0.032 Tw (ranged from 0.05 mg NH) Tj 132 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0065 Tc 0.0175 Tw (-N/L at pH=6.6 to 0.71 mg NH) Tj 159.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (-N/L at pH=8.68. Thurston et) Tj -299.52 -14.16 TD 0.0431 Tc -0.0191 Tw (al. \(1986\) reported the results of life-cycle tests with the fathead minnow. The tested) Tj ET endstream endobj 251 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 252 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (119) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.0218 Tc 0.0022 Tw (un-ionized ammonia concentrations ranged from 0.07 to 0.96 mg NH) Tj 366.24 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0249 Tc -0.0009 Tw (-N/L at pH=8.0. ) Tj -370.32 -14.16 TD 0.0339 Tc -0.0099 Tw (No effects on growth or survival of parental fish were reported at 0.44 mg NH) Tj 410.64 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0411 Tc -0.0171 Tw (-N/L, or) Tj -414.72 -14.16 TD 0.0389 Tc -0.0149 Tw (on embryo viability or production up to 0.37 mg NH) Tj 271.92 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (-N/L; adverse effects were reported) Tj -276 -14.16 TD 0.039 Tc -0.015 Tw (for all of these endpoints at 0.91 mg NH) Tj 212.88 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0717 Tc -0.0477 Tw (-N/L. First filial generation animals did not) Tj -216.96 -14.16 TD 0.0221 Tc 0.0019 Tw (demonstrate any adverse effects on growth or survival at 0.36 mg NH) Tj 370.32 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0472 Tc -0.0232 Tw (-N/L, the highest) Tj -374.4 -14.16 TD 0.0233 Tc 0 Tw (tested concentration. Embryo hatching success was adversely affected at 0.37 mg) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (NH) Tj 17.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0108 Tc 0.0132 Tw (-N/L but not at 0.19 mg NH) Tj 143.76 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0723 Tc -0.0483 Tw (-N/L. Parental fish and first filial generation fish) Tj -169.2 -14.16 TD 0.0544 Tc -0.0304 Tw (exhibited a high incidence of brain lesions at an un-ionized ammonia concentration of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0285 Tc 0.0525 Tw (0.21 mg NH) Tj 63.84 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0114 Tc 0.0126 Tw (-N/L, but not at 0.11 mg NH) Tj 147.12 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0312 Tc -0.0072 Tw (-N/L. ) Tj -219.12 -14.16 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (Histopathological effects of chronic exposure of rainbow trout to un-ionized ammonia) Tj T* 0.0496 Tc -0.0256 Tw (are evident within the range of un-ionized concentrations producing effects on growth. ) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (Calamari et al. \(1977,1981\) observed alterations of the epidermis of newly hatched) Tj T* 0.0244 Tc -0 Tw (rainbow trout fry exposed to un-ionized ammonia concentrations of 0.02 mg NH) Tj 423.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.033 Tc (-N/L) Tj -427.44 -14.16 TD 0.0311 Tc -0.0071 Tw (and greater at pH=7.4 for 21 to 24 days. Concentrations of 0.06 mg NH) Tj 383.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (-N/L and) Tj -387.36 -14.16 TD 0.0518 Tc -0.0278 Tw (greater at pH=7.4 produced pathological alterations of kidney tissues of newly hatched) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (rainbow trout fry. Increases in the severity of these pathological states corresponded) Tj T* 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (to increasing un-ionized ammonia concentrations; fifty percent mortality was reported) Tj T* 0.0183 Tc 0.0057 Tw (with animals exposed to concentrations of 0.06 mg NH) Tj 291.12 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (-N/L and greater at pH=7.4 for) Tj -295.2 -14.16 TD 0.0449 Tc -0.0209 Tw (72 days \(Calamari et al. 1977,1981\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.05 Tc -0.026 Tw (Thurston et al. \(1984b\) exposed rainbow trout to five concentrations of un-ionized) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0 Tc 0.0247 Tw (ammonia ranging from 0.008 to 0.06 mg NH) Tj 234.24 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (-N/L at pH=7.7. The parental \(P\) fish were) Tj -238.32 -14.16 TD 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (exposed for eleven months, the first filial generation \(F) Tj 291.6 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (\) for 48 months, and the second) Tj -295.68 -14.16 TD 0.0993 Tc -0.0753 Tw (filial generation \(F) Tj 97.2 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (2) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (\) for five months. Animals from the parental, first filial, and second) Tj -101.28 -14.16 TD 0.0387 Tc -0.0147 Tw (filial generations were examined for chronic effects of un-ionized ammonia. Data) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0463 Tc -0.0223 Tw (collected during the tests included mortality, reproductive success, and growth. ) Tj T* 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (Histological examinations were performed on select tissues from fish of all three) Tj T* 0.057 Tc 0 Tw (generations.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0561 Tc -0.0321 Tw (No statistically significant difference in survival, growth, or reproduction was observed) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0366 Tc -0.0126 Tw (at any of the tested concentrations. Blood from the parental fish exposed to) Tj T* 0.022 Tc 0.002 Tw (concentrations of 0.05 mg NH) Tj 159.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0299 Tc -0.0059 Tw (-N/L and greater showed reduced hematocrits and, to a) Tj -163.44 -14.16 TD 0.0574 Tc -0.0334 Tw (lesser extent, reduced hemoglobin content. The first filial generation \(F) Tj 382.08 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0316 Tc -0.0076 Tw (\) did not show) Tj -386.16 -14.16 TD 0.0492 Tc -0.0252 Tw (any significant alteration in hematocrits or hemoglobin, although there was a strong) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0258 Tc -0.0018 Tw (correlation between blood ammonia values and ambient ammonia concentrations.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0573 Tc -0.0333 Tw (Histological examinations of spleen, heart, gill, liver, and kidney tissues were) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (performed on animals from all three generations and correlated to test concentrations. ) Tj T* 0.0541 Tc -0.0301 Tw (Histological alterations of gill and kidney tissues were remarkable and showed a) Tj T* 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (positive correlation with un-ionized ammonia concentrations; histopathological) Tj T* 0.0545 Tc -0.0305 Tw (alterations increased in severity with increasing ammonia concentrations. Gill lamellae) Tj T* 0.0402 Tc -0.0162 Tw (obtained from parental fish exposed to un-ionized ammonia concentrations ranging) Tj T* -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (from 0.02 mg NH) Tj 90.96 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.0017 Tc 0.0257 Tw (-N/L to 0.05 mg NH) Tj 103.44 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.007 Tc 0.017 Tw (-N/L for four months, and 0.05 mg NH) Tj 201.12 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0394 Tc -0.0154 Tw (-N/L and) Tj -407.76 -14.16 TD -0.0285 Tc 0.0525 Tw (0.06 mg NH) Tj 63.84 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0223 Tc 0.0017 Tw (-N/L for seven and eleven months, showed mild to moderate fusion,) Tj -67.92 -14.16 TD 0.0264 Tc -0.0024 Tw (aneurysms, and separation of the epithelia from the underlying basement membrane. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 253 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 254 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (120) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.0226 Tc 0.0014 Tw (Test animals that had been exposed for seven months at un-ionized ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.022 Tc 0.002 Tw (concentrations of 0.05 mg NH) Tj 159.36 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (-N/L and subsequently allowed to \221recover\222 in an) Tj -163.44 -14.16 TD 0.0228 Tc 0.0012 Tw (ammonia-free environment for the remaining four months, did not show any evidence of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0398 Tc -0.0158 Tw (gill tissue damage, suggesting that the animals might have recovered.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0574 Tc -0.0334 Tw (The gill tissues of fish from the first filial generation exposed to concentrations of 0.03) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.099 Tc 0.123 Tw (mg NH) Tj 36.96 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (-N/L and greater evidenced mild to severe tissue injury. The degree of injury) Tj -41.04 -14.16 TD 0.0476 Tc -0.0236 Tw (exhibited a positive correlation with the un-ionized ammonia concentrations. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0347 Tc -0.0107 Tw (Symptoms included hypertrophy of the gill lamellae, with accompanying basal) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (hyperplasia, separation of epithelia from the underlying basement membranes,) Tj T* 0.0445 Tc -0.0205 Tw (necrosis, aneurysms, and mild to moderate fusion of gill lamellae. This suite of) Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (symptoms is analogous to obstructive bronchopulmonary disease, e.g., emphysema, in) Tj T* 0.0159 Tc 0.0081 Tw (humans and has been reported to affect swimming performance and stamina in trout) Tj T* 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (\(Smith and Piper 1985\). Pathologic conditions were most apparent in both the parental) Tj T* 0.063 Tc -0.039 Tw (and F) Tj 30.96 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (1) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0172 Tc 0.0068 Tw ( fish when un-ionized ammonia reached and exceeded 0.03 mg NH) Tj 359.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.034 Tc -0.01 Tw (-N/L at) Tj -398.4 -14.16 TD 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (pH=7.7. No effects were reported on survival, growth, or reproduction at the highest) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0248 Tc -0.0008 Tw (tested concentration of 0.06 mg NH) Tj 189.6 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0312 Tc (-N/L.) Tj -193.68 -28.32 TD 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (Second filial generation rainbow trout exposed to un-ionized ammonia concentrations) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0156 Tc 0.0396 Tw (of 0.02 mg NH) Tj 77.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc 0 Tw (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0594 Tc -0.0354 Tw (-N/L and greater exhibited histological alterations similar to those of the) Tj -81.36 -14.16 TD 0.0784 Tc -0.0544 Tw (first filial generation. In addition to the histopathological alterations, the second filial) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (generation also became infected with a protozoan. It is not known whether the) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (protozoan infection was related to an increased susceptibility associated with the) Tj T* 0.045 Tc -0.021 Tw (ammonia exposure. These alterations are generally viewed as pathological and) Tj T* 0.059 Tc -0.035 Tw (strongly indicative of organ dysfunction. Survival and growth of the second filial) Tj T* 0.0278 Tc -0.0038 Tw (generation were unaffected at the highest tested ammonia concentration of 0.06 mg) Tj T* -0.024 Tc 0 Tw (NH) Tj 17.28 -2.64 TD /F1 7.2 Tf 0.0768 Tc (3) Tj 4.08 2.64 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0312 Tc (-N/L.) Tj -21.36 -28.32 TD 0.0539 Tc -0.0299 Tw (In addition to the recovery noted by Thurston et al. \(1984b\), other investigators have) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0367 Tc -0.0127 Tw (reported recovery and compensation. Smith and Piper \(1975\) reported recovery of) Tj T* 0.0116 Tc 0.0124 Tw (rainbow trout when in water to which ammonia was not added. Burrows \(1964\)) Tj T* 0.0313 Tc -0.0073 Tw (observed recovery of chinook salmon in uncontaminated water at 14) Tj 364.8 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0327 Tc -0.0087 Tw (C, but not at 6) Tj 75.84 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc 0.024 Tw (C. ) Tj -452.64 -14.16 TD 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (Schulze-Wiehenbrauck \(1976\) found that growth of rainbow trout juveniles was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0176 Tc 0.0064 Tw (reduced during two-week exposures, but the decrease was completely compensated) Tj T* 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (for during the next three or four weeks. Burkhalter and Kaya \(1977\) reported) Tj T* 0.0307 Tc -0.0067 Tw (compensation for reduced growth at the lowest tested concentration.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (Endpoint indices of abnormalities such as reduced growth, impaired reproduction,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0523 Tc -0.0283 Tw (reduced survival, and gross anatomical deformities are clinical expressions of altered) Tj T* 0.0642 Tc -0.0402 Tw (structure and function that originate at the cellular level. Any lesion observed in the) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (test organism is cause for concern and such lesions often provide useful insight into) Tj T* 0.0488 Tc -0.0248 Tw (the potential adverse clinical and subclinical effects of such toxicants as ammonia. For) Tj T* 0.0448 Tc -0.0208 Tw (purposes of protecting human health or welfare these subclinical manifestations often) Tj T* 0.0629 Tc -0.0389 Tw (serve useful in establishing \221safe\222 exposure conditions for certain sensitive individuals) Tj T* 0.064 Tc -0.04 Tw (within a population.) Tj ET endstream endobj 255 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 256 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (121) Tj -223.92 669.84 TD 0.0576 Tc -0.0336 Tw (With fish and other aquatic organisms the significance of the adverse effect can be) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0505 Tc -0.0265 Tw (used in the derivation of criteria only after demonstration of adverse effects at the) Tj T* 0.0501 Tc -0.0261 Tw (population level, such as reduced survival, growth, or reproduction. Many of the data) Tj T* 0.0391 Tc -0.0151 Tw (indicate that the concentrations of ammonia that have adverse effects on cells and) Tj T* 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (tissues do not correspondingly cause adverse effects on survival, growth, or) Tj T* 0.0598 Tc -0.0358 Tw (reproduction. No data are available that quantitatively and systematically link the) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (effects that ammonia is reported to have on fish tissues with effects at the population) Tj T* 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (level. This is not to say that the investigators who reported both tissue effects and) Tj T* 0.0463 Tc -0.0223 Tw (population effects within the same research did not correlate the observed tissue) Tj T* 0.053 Tc -0.029 Tw (lesions and cellular changes with effects on survival, growth, or reproduction, and) Tj T* 0.0326 Tc -0.0086 Tw (ammonia concentrations. Many did, but they did not attempt to relate their) Tj T* 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (observations to ammonia concentrations that would be safe for populations of fish) Tj T* 0.0564 Tc -0.0324 Tw (under field conditions nor did they attempt to quantify \(e.g., increase in respiratory) Tj T* 0.0618 Tc -0.0378 Tw (diffusion distance associated with gill hyperplasia\) the tissue damage and cellular) Tj T* 0.0556 Tc -0.0316 Tw (changes \(Lloyd 1980; Malins 1982\). Additionally, for the purpose of deriving ambient) Tj T* 0.0455 Tc -0.0215 Tw (water quality criteria, ammonia-induced lesions and cellular changes must be) Tj T* 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (quantified and positively correlated with increasing exposures to ammonia.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0255 Tc -0.0015 Tw (In summary, the following have been reported:) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (1.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (Fish recover from some histopathological effects when placed in water that does) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0188 Tc 0.0052 Tw (not contain added ammonia.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (2.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (Some histopathological effects are temporary during continuous exposure of fish to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.045 Tc 0 Tw (ammonia.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc (3.) Tj 21.6 0 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (Some histopathological effects have occurred at concentrations of ammonia that) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (did not adversely affect survival, growth, or reproduction during the same) Tj T* 0.0108 Tc 0 Tw (exposures.) Tj -21.6 -14.16 TD 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (Because of the lack of a clear connection between histopathological effects and effects) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0605 Tc -0.0365 Tw (on populations, histopathological endpoints are not used in the derivation of the new) Tj T* 0.0534 Tc -0.0294 Tw (criterion, but the possibility of a connection should be the subject of further research.) 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470.64 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 449.76 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 470.64 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 449.76 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 470.64 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 449.76 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 470.64 49.68 1.2 re f 486 449.76 1.2 22.08 re f 486 470.64 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 449.76 1.2 22.08 re f 72 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 72 448.8 216.24 1.2 re f 288 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 288 448.8 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 448.8 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 448.8 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 448.8 49.68 1.2 re f 486 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 486 448.8 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 427.92 1.2 22.08 re f 72 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 72 426.96 216.24 1.2 re f 288 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 288 426.96 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 426.96 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 426.96 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 426.96 49.68 1.2 re f 486 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 486 426.96 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 406.08 1.2 22.08 re f 72 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 72 405.12 216.24 1.2 re f 288 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 288 405.12 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 405.12 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 405.12 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 405.12 49.68 1.2 re f 486 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 486 405.12 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 384.24 1.2 22.08 re f 72 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 72 383.28 216.24 1.2 re f 288 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 288 383.28 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 383.28 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 383.28 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 383.28 49.68 1.2 re f 486 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 486 383.28 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 362.4 1.2 22.08 re f 72 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 72 361.44 216.24 1.2 re f 288 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 288 361.44 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 361.44 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 361.44 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 361.44 49.68 1.2 re f 486 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 486 361.44 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 340.56 1.2 22.08 re f 72 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 72 339.6 216.24 1.2 re f 288 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 288 339.6 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 339.6 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 339.6 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 339.6 49.68 1.2 re f 486 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 486 339.6 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 318.72 1.2 22.08 re f 72 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 72 317.76 216.24 1.2 re f 288 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 288 317.76 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 317.76 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 317.76 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 317.76 49.68 1.2 re f 486 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 486 317.76 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 296.88 1.2 22.08 re f 72 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 72 295.92 216.24 1.2 re f 288 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 288 295.92 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 295.92 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 295.92 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 295.92 49.68 1.2 re f 486 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 486 295.92 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 275.04 1.2 22.08 re f 72 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 72 274.08 216.24 1.2 re f 288 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 288 274.08 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 274.08 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 274.08 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 274.08 49.68 1.2 re f 486 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 486 274.08 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 253.2 1.2 22.08 re f 72 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 72 252.24 216.24 1.2 re f 288 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 288 252.24 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 252.24 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 252.24 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 252.24 49.68 1.2 re f 486 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 486 252.24 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 231.36 1.2 22.08 re f 72 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 72 230.4 216.24 1.2 re f 288 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 288 230.4 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 230.4 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 230.4 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 230.4 49.68 1.2 re f 486 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 486 230.4 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 209.52 1.2 22.08 re f 72 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 72 208.56 216.24 1.2 re f 288 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 288 208.56 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 208.56 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 208.56 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 208.56 49.68 1.2 re f 486 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 486 208.56 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 187.68 1.2 22.08 re f 72 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 72 186.72 216.24 1.2 re f 288 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 288 186.72 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 186.72 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 186.72 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 186.72 49.68 1.2 re f 486 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 486 186.72 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 165.84 1.2 22.08 re f 72 144 1.2 22.08 re f 72 164.88 216.24 1.2 re f 288 144 1.2 22.08 re f 288 164.88 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 144 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 164.88 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 144 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 164.88 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 144 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 164.88 49.68 1.2 re f 486 144 1.2 22.08 re f 486 164.88 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 144 1.2 22.08 re f 72 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 72 143.04 216.24 1.2 re f 72 122.16 216.24 1.2 re f 288 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 288 143.04 49.68 1.2 re f 288 122.16 49.68 1.2 re f 337.44 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 337.44 143.04 49.92 1.2 re f 337.44 122.16 49.92 1.2 re f 387.12 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 387.12 143.04 49.68 1.2 re f 387.12 122.16 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 436.56 143.04 49.68 1.2 re f 436.56 122.16 49.68 1.2 re f 486 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 486 143.04 49.68 1.2 re f 534.48 122.16 1.2 22.08 re f 486 122.16 49.68 1.2 re f BT 72 724.8 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0719 Tc 0.0421 Tw (Appendix 6. Results of Regression Analyses of Chronic Data) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.056 Tc -0.032 Tw (The following pages contain figures and other information related to the regression) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (analyses that were performed to calculate chronic EC20s and LC20s. The regression) Tj T* 0.0418 Tc -0.0178 Tw (parameters are shown in the table below. In the figures that follow, circles denote) Tj T* 0.052 Tc -0.028 Tw (measured responses and confidence limits \(if available\), solid lines denote estimated) Tj T* 0.0597 Tc -0.0357 Tw (regression lines, and dotted lines denote 95% confidence limits on the regression lines. ) Tj T* 0.041 Tc -0.017 Tw (Squares with solid thick lines denote estimated EC20s and 95% confidence limits.) Tj 93.84 -33.36 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0661 Tc 0 Tw (Study) Tj 129.12 0 TD 0.0254 Tc (Control) Tj 3.6 -12.96 TD 0.0661 Tc (Value) Tj 49.68 12.96 TD 0.0572 Tc (EC50) Tj 49.2 0 TD 0.0661 Tc (Slope) Tj 49.68 0 TD 0.0572 Tc (EC20) Tj 49.68 0 TD (EC10) Tj -396.24 -34.8 TD 0.0354 Tc 0.0154 Tw (Fingernail Clam, Anderson et al.) Tj 201.36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (84.6) Tj 49.44 0 TD (8.00) Tj 49.44 0 TD (4.35) Tj 49.44 0 TD (4.54) Tj 49.68 0 TD (3.46) Tj -415.92 -21.84 TD 0.0382 Tc 0.0127 Tw (Fingernail Clam, Sparks and Sandusky) Tj 217.92 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (92.8) Tj 49.44 0 TD (2.69) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.78) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.23) Tj 49.68 0 TD (0.78) Tj -410.88 -21.84 TD 0.0481 Tc 0.0027 Tw (Ceriodaphnia acanthina, Mount et al.) Tj 212.88 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (12.6) Tj 49.44 0 TD (49.8) Tj 49.44 0 TD (13.3) Tj 49.44 0 TD (41.5) Tj 49.68 0 TD (37.3) Tj -398.64 -21.84 TD 0.0621 Tc -0.0112 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Willingham) Tj 200.64 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (23.0) Tj 49.44 0 TD (7.53) Tj 49.44 0 TD (5.32) Tj 49.44 0 TD (5.80) Tj 49.68 0 TD (4.98) Tj -402.48 -21.84 TD 0.0391 Tc 0.0118 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Nimmo et al.) Tj 204.48 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (12.7) Tj 49.44 0 TD (25.3) Tj 49.44 0 TD (2.72) Tj 49.44 0 TD (15.2) Tj 49.68 0 TD (11.3) Tj -395.04 -21.84 TD 0.0468 Tc 0.0041 Tw (Daphnia magna, Gersich et al.) Tj 197.04 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (67.8) Tj 49.44 0 TD (15.3) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.89) Tj 49.44 0 TD (7.37) Tj 49.68 0 TD (4.81) Tj -418.56 -21.84 TD 0.0464 Tc 0.0045 Tw (Daphnia magna, Reinbold and Pescitelli) Tj 220.56 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (24.3) Tj 49.44 0 TD (27.6) Tj 49.44 0 TD (5.77) Tj 49.44 0 TD (21.7) Tj 49.68 0 TD (18.9) Tj -386.4 -21.84 TD 0.0409 Tc 0.01 Tw (Hyalella azteca, Borgmann) Tj 188.4 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (48.0) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.41) Tj 49.44 0 TD (2.90) Tj 49.44 0 TD (0.88) Tj 49.68 0 TD (0.66) Tj -399.84 -21.84 TD 0.049 Tc 0.0019 Tw (Fathead minnow, Thurston et al.) Tj 201.84 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (49.3) Tj 49.44 0 TD (4.56) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.65) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.97) Tj 49.68 0 TD (1.20) Tj -412.08 -21.84 TD 0.05 Tc 0.0008 Tw (Fathead minnow, Swigert and Spacie) Tj 214.08 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (2.81) Tj 49.44 0 TD (13.1) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.11) Tj 49.44 0 TD (3.73) Tj 49.68 0 TD (1.79) Tj -394.08 -21.84 TD 0.0356 Tc 0.0153 Tw (Fathead minnow, Mayes et al.) Tj 196.08 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (70.5) Tj 49.44 0 TD (7.25) Tj 49.44 0 TD (3.98) Tj 49.44 0 TD (5.12) Tj 49.68 0 TD (4.18) Tj -409.44 -21.84 TD 0.0562 Tc -0.0053 Tw (Channel catfish, Swigert and Spacie) Tj 211.44 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (7.29) Tj 49.44 0 TD (14.1) Tj 49.44 0 TD (6.41) Tj 49.44 0 TD (11.5) Tj 49.68 0 TD (10.1) Tj -417.84 -21.84 TD 0.0484 Tc 0.0025 Tw (Channel catfish, Reinbold and Pescitelli) Tj 219.84 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (61.2) Tj 49.44 0 TD (45.8) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.06) Tj 49.44 0 TD (12.4) Tj 49.68 0 TD (5.77) Tj -414 -21.84 TD 0.049 Tc 0.0019 Tw (Green sunfish, Reinbold and Pescitelli) Tj 216 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (81.7) Tj 49.44 0 TD (6.57) Tj 49.44 0 TD (11.8) Tj 49.44 0 TD (5.84) Tj 49.68 0 TD (5.45) Tj -398.88 -21.84 TD 0.0245 Tc 0.0264 Tw (Green sunfish, McCormick et al.) Tj 200.88 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (2.84) Tj 49.44 0 TD (8.78) Tj 49.44 0 TD (3.09) Tj 49.44 0 TD (5.61) Tj 49.68 0 TD (4.31) Tj -368.64 -21.84 TD 0.0308 Tc 0.0201 Tw (Bluegill, Smith et al.) Tj 170.64 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (2.10) Tj 49.44 0 TD (2.56) Tj 49.44 0 TD (4.27) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.85) Tj 49.68 0 TD (1.53) Tj -401.52 -21.84 TD 0.0363 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Smallmouth bass, Broderius et al) Tj 203.52 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (168.) Tj 49.44 0 TD (22.5) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.63) Tj 49.44 0 TD (9.61) Tj 49.68 0 TD (5.84) Tj -401.52 -21.84 TD 0.0363 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Smallmouth bass, Broderius et al) Tj 203.52 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (161.) Tj 49.44 0 TD (26.6) Tj 49.44 0 TD (1.23) Tj 49.44 0 TD (8.62) Tj 49.68 0 TD (4.46) Tj -401.52 -21.84 TD 0.0363 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Smallmouth bass, Broderius et al) Tj 203.52 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (123.) Tj 49.44 0 TD (12.4) Tj 49.44 0 TD (3.30) Tj 49.44 0 TD (8.18) Tj 49.68 0 TD (6.40) Tj -401.52 -21.84 TD 0.0363 Tc 0.0145 Tw (Smallmouth bass, Broderius et al) Tj 203.52 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (121.) 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0.24 re f 415.2 604.56 m 415.2 604.56 l S 416.16 601.44 0.24 0.24 re f 416.16 601.44 m 416.16 601.44 l S 417.12 598.56 0.24 0.24 re f 417.12 598.56 m 417.12 598.56 l S 418.08 595.44 0.24 0.24 re f 418.08 595.44 m 418.08 595.44 l S 418.8 592.56 0.24 0.24 re f 418.8 592.56 m 418.8 592.56 l S 419.76 589.44 0.24 0.24 re f 419.76 589.44 m 419.76 589.44 l S 420.72 586.56 0.24 0.24 re f 420.72 586.56 m 420.72 586.56 l S 421.44 583.44 0.24 0.24 re f 421.44 583.44 m 421.44 583.44 l S 422.4 580.56 0.24 0.24 re f 422.4 580.56 m 422.4 580.56 l S 423.36 577.44 0.24 0.24 re f 423.36 577.44 m 423.36 577.44 l S 424.32 574.56 0.24 0.24 re f 424.32 574.56 m 424.32 574.56 l S 425.28 571.44 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 571.44 m 425.28 571.44 l S 426.48 568.56 0.24 0.24 re f 426.48 568.56 m 426.48 568.56 l S 427.68 565.44 0.24 0.24 re f 427.68 565.44 m 427.68 565.44 l S 428.88 562.56 0.24 0.24 re f 428.88 562.56 m 428.88 562.56 l S 430.08 559.44 0.24 0.24 re f 430.08 559.44 m 430.08 559.44 l S 431.28 556.56 0.24 0.24 re f 431.28 556.56 m 431.28 556.56 l S 432.48 553.44 0.24 0.24 re f 432.48 553.44 m 432.48 553.44 l S 433.68 550.56 0.24 0.24 re f 433.68 550.56 m 433.68 550.56 l S 434.88 547.44 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 547.44 m 434.88 547.44 l S 436.08 544.56 0.24 0.24 re f 436.08 544.56 m 436.08 544.56 l S 437.28 541.44 0.24 0.24 re f 437.28 541.44 m 437.28 541.44 l S 438.96 538.56 0.24 0.24 re f 438.72 538.56 m 438.96 538.56 l S 440.4 535.44 0.24 0.24 re f 440.4 535.44 m 440.4 535.44 l S 442.08 532.56 0.24 0.24 re f 442.08 532.56 m 442.08 532.56 l S 443.76 529.44 0.24 0.24 re f 443.76 529.44 m 443.76 529.44 l S 445.44 526.56 0.24 0.24 re f 445.44 526.56 m 445.44 526.56 l S 446.88 523.44 0.24 0.24 re f 446.88 523.44 m 446.88 523.44 l S 448.56 520.56 0.24 0.24 re f 448.56 520.56 m 448.56 520.56 l S 450.72 517.44 0.24 0.24 re f 450.72 517.44 m 450.72 517.44 l S 453.12 514.56 0.24 0.24 re f 453.12 514.56 m 453.12 514.56 l S 455.52 511.44 0.24 0.24 re f 455.52 511.44 m 455.52 511.44 l S 457.92 508.56 0.24 0.24 re f 457.92 508.56 m 457.92 508.56 l S 460.56 505.44 0.24 0.24 re f 460.56 505.44 m 460.56 505.44 l S 461.76 504 0.24 0.24 re f 461.76 504 m 461.76 504 l S 464.88 501.84 0.24 0.24 re f 464.64 501.84 m 464.88 501.84 l S BT 187.92 575.04 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0274 Tc 0.0129 Tw (EC20 = 5.82 mg N/L \(4.54-7.46\)) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 23.5) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -19.92 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 8.15) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 359.28 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.56 119.52 319.2 211.44 re b BT 163.2 350.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0483 Tc -0.0104 Tw (FINGERNAIL CLAM, 42-DAY JUV, SPARKS AND SANDUSKY 1981) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 119.52 m 467.76 119.52 l S 161.52 119.76 m 161.52 123.84 l S 294.48 119.76 m 294.48 123.84 l S 427.68 119.76 m 427.68 123.84 l S 201.6 119.52 m 201.6 123.84 l S 254.4 119.52 m 254.4 123.84 l S 334.56 119.52 m 334.56 123.84 l S 387.6 119.52 m 387.6 123.84 l S 467.76 119.52 m 467.76 123.84 l S BT 195.84 108.24 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (0.5) Tj 83.76 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (5) Tj 77.76 0 TD (20) Tj -307.2 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 136.56 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 130.8 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 122.64 182.4 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 148.56 119.52 m 148.56 330.96 l S 148.56 162 m 152.88 162 l S 148.56 204.24 m 152.88 204.24 l S 148.56 246.48 m 152.88 246.48 l S 148.56 288.72 m 152.88 288.72 l S 148.56 330.96 m 152.88 330.96 l S BT 139.92 116.88 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.24 TD (20) Tj 0 42.24 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.24 TD (100) Tj ET 161.52 314.64 m 161.52 330.96 l S 161.52 314.64 m 161.52 296.4 l S 159.36 296.4 m 163.68 296.4 l S 0.24 w 164.88 314.88 m 164.88 316.681 163.321 318.24 161.4 318.24 c 159.479 318.24 157.92 316.681 157.92 314.76 c 157.92 312.839 159.479 311.28 161.4 311.28 c 163.321 311.28 164.88 312.839 164.88 314.76 c b 0.48 w 294.48 288.72 m 294.48 315.36 l S 292.32 315.36 m 296.64 315.36 l S 294.48 288.72 m 294.48 262.08 l S 292.32 262.08 m 296.64 262.08 l S 0.24 w 297.84 288.96 m 297.84 290.761 296.281 292.32 294.36 292.32 c 292.439 292.32 290.88 290.761 290.88 288.84 c 290.88 286.919 292.439 285.36 294.36 285.36 c 296.281 285.36 297.84 286.919 297.84 288.84 c b 0.48 w 345.12 230.88 m 345.12 264.96 l S 342.96 264.96 m 347.28 264.96 l S 345.12 230.88 m 345.12 196.56 l S 342.96 196.56 m 347.28 196.56 l S 0.24 w 348.48 231.12 m 348.48 232.9209 346.921 234.48 345 234.48 c 343.079 234.48 341.52 232.9209 341.52 231 c 341.52 229.0791 343.079 227.52 345 227.52 c 346.921 227.52 348.48 229.0791 348.48 231 c b 0.48 w 377.52 195.6 m 377.52 228 l S 375.36 228 m 379.68 228 l S 377.52 195.6 m 377.52 162.96 l S 375.36 162.96 m 379.68 162.96 l S 0.24 w 380.88 195.84 m 380.88 197.6409 379.321 199.2 377.4 199.2 c 375.479 199.2 373.92 197.6409 373.92 195.72 c 373.92 193.7991 375.479 192.24 377.4 192.24 c 379.321 192.24 380.88 193.7991 380.88 195.72 c b 0.48 w 410.16 157.44 m 410.16 183.12 l S 408 183.12 m 412.32 183.12 l S 410.16 157.44 m 410.16 131.76 l S 408 131.76 m 412.32 131.76 l S 0.24 w 413.52 157.68 m 413.52 159.4809 411.961 161.04 410.04 161.04 c 408.119 161.04 406.56 159.4809 406.56 157.56 c 406.56 155.6391 408.119 154.08 410.04 154.08 c 411.961 154.08 413.52 155.6391 413.52 157.56 c b 0.48 w 462.72 156.72 m 462.72 181.92 l S 460.8 181.92 m 464.88 181.92 l S 462.72 156.72 m 462.72 131.28 l S 460.8 131.28 m 464.88 131.28 l S 0.24 w 466.32 156.96 m 466.32 158.7609 464.7072 160.32 462.72 160.32 c 460.7328 160.32 459.12 158.7609 459.12 156.84 c 459.12 154.9191 460.7328 153.36 462.72 153.36 c 464.7072 153.36 466.32 154.9191 466.32 156.84 c b 2.4 w 285.84 276.96 m 306.48 276.96 l 327.12 276.96 l S 0.24 w 302.64 273.12 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 161.52 315.12 m 173.52 314.88 l 185.52 314.64 l 197.52 314.16 l 209.76 313.2 l 221.76 312.24 l 233.76 310.56 l 245.76 308.4 l 258 305.28 l 270 300.96 l 282 295.2 l 294 287.28 l 306.24 276.96 l 318.24 264.24 l 330.24 248.88 l 342.24 231.84 l 354.24 213.6 l 366.48 195.84 l 378.48 179.28 l 390.48 165.12 l 402.48 153.36 l 414.72 144.24 l 426.72 137.28 l 438.72 132.24 l 450.72 128.4 l S 161.52 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 161.52 301.68 m 161.52 301.68 l S 164.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 164.4 301.68 m 164.64 301.68 l S 167.52 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 167.52 301.68 m 167.52 301.68 l S 170.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 170.64 301.68 m 170.64 301.68 l S 173.52 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 173.52 301.68 m 173.52 301.68 l S 176.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 176.64 301.68 m 176.64 301.68 l S 179.76 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 179.52 301.68 m 179.76 301.68 l S 182.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 182.64 301.68 m 182.64 301.68 l S 185.76 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 185.52 301.68 m 185.76 301.68 l S 188.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 188.64 301.68 m 188.64 301.68 l S 191.76 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 191.76 301.68 m 191.76 301.68 l S 194.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 194.64 301.68 m 194.64 301.68 l S 197.76 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 197.76 301.44 m 197.76 301.44 l S 200.88 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 200.64 301.44 m 200.88 301.44 l S 203.76 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 203.76 301.44 m 203.76 301.44 l S 206.88 301.2 0.24 0.24 re f 206.88 301.2 m 206.88 301.2 l S 209.76 301.2 0.24 0.24 re f 209.76 301.2 m 209.76 301.2 l S 212.88 300.96 0.24 0.24 re f 212.88 300.96 m 212.88 300.96 l S 216 300.96 0.24 0.24 re f 215.76 300.96 m 216 300.96 l S 218.88 300.72 0.24 0.24 re f 218.88 300.72 m 218.88 300.72 l S 222 300.48 0.24 0.24 re f 222 300.48 m 222 300.48 l S 224.88 300.24 0.24 0.24 re f 224.88 300.24 m 224.88 300.24 l S 228 299.76 0.24 0.24 re f 228 299.76 m 228 299.76 l S 230.88 299.52 0.24 0.24 re f 230.88 299.52 m 230.88 299.52 l S 234 299.04 0.24 0.24 re f 234 299.04 m 234 299.04 l S 237.12 298.56 0.24 0.24 re f 236.88 298.56 m 237.12 298.56 l S 240 297.84 0.24 0.24 re f 240 297.84 m 240 297.84 l S 243.12 297.36 0.24 0.24 re f 243.12 297.36 m 243.12 297.36 l S 246 296.64 0.24 0.24 re f 246 296.64 m 246 296.64 l S 249.12 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 249.12 295.68 m 249.12 295.68 l S 252.24 294.72 0.24 0.24 re f 252 294.72 m 252.24 294.72 l S 255.12 294 0.24 0.24 re f 255.12 294 m 255.12 294 l S 258.24 292.8 0.24 0.24 re f 258.24 292.8 m 258.24 292.8 l S 261.12 291.6 0.24 0.24 re f 261.12 291.6 m 261.12 291.6 l S 264.24 290.16 0.24 0.24 re f 264.24 290.16 m 264.24 290.16 l S 267.36 288.72 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 288.72 m 267.36 288.72 l S 270.24 287.28 0.24 0.24 re f 270.24 287.28 m 270.24 287.28 l S 273.36 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 273.36 285.36 m 273.36 285.36 l S 276.24 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 276.24 283.68 m 276.24 283.68 l S 279.36 281.76 0.24 0.24 re f 279.36 281.76 m 279.36 281.76 l S 282.24 279.84 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 279.84 m 282.24 279.84 l S 285.36 277.44 0.24 0.24 re f 285.36 277.44 m 285.36 277.44 l S 288.48 275.04 0.24 0.24 re f 288.24 275.28 m 288.48 275.04 l S 291.36 272.88 0.24 0.24 re f 291.36 272.88 m 291.36 272.88 l S 294.48 270.48 0.24 0.24 re f 294.48 270.48 m 294.48 270.48 l S 297.36 267.6 0.24 0.24 re f 297.36 267.84 m 297.36 267.6 l S 300.48 264.96 0.24 0.24 re f 300.48 264.96 m 300.48 264.96 l S 303.6 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 303.36 262.32 m 303.6 262.08 l S 306.48 259.44 0.24 0.24 re f 306.48 259.44 m 306.48 259.44 l S 309.36 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 309.36 256.32 m 309.36 256.32 l S 312.24 253.44 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 253.44 m 312.24 253.44 l S 315.12 250.32 0.24 0.24 re f 315.12 250.32 m 315.12 250.32 l S 318 247.44 0.24 0.24 re f 318 247.44 m 318 247.44 l S 320.64 244.32 0.24 0.24 re f 320.64 244.32 m 320.64 244.32 l S 323.28 241.44 0.24 0.24 re f 323.04 241.44 m 323.28 241.44 l S 325.68 238.32 0.24 0.24 re f 325.68 238.32 m 325.68 238.32 l S 328.32 235.44 0.24 0.24 re f 328.32 235.44 m 328.32 235.44 l S 330.96 232.32 0.24 0.24 re f 330.96 232.32 m 330.96 232.32 l S 333.12 229.44 0.24 0.24 re f 333.12 229.44 m 333.12 229.44 l S 335.52 226.32 0.24 0.24 re f 335.28 226.32 m 335.52 226.32 l S 337.68 223.44 0.24 0.24 re f 337.68 223.44 m 337.68 223.44 l S 340.08 220.32 0.24 0.24 re f 339.84 220.32 m 340.08 220.32 l S 342.24 217.44 0.24 0.24 re f 342.24 217.44 m 342.24 217.44 l S 344.16 214.32 0.24 0.24 re f 344.16 214.32 m 344.16 214.32 l S 346.32 211.44 0.24 0.24 re f 346.32 211.44 m 346.32 211.44 l S 348.24 208.32 0.24 0.24 re f 348.24 208.32 m 348.24 208.32 l S 350.16 205.44 0.24 0.24 re f 350.16 205.44 m 350.16 205.44 l S 352.32 202.32 0.24 0.24 re f 352.08 202.32 m 352.32 202.32 l S 354.24 199.44 0.24 0.24 re f 354.24 199.44 m 354.24 199.44 l S 355.92 196.32 0.24 0.24 re f 355.92 196.32 m 355.92 196.32 l S 357.84 193.44 0.24 0.24 re f 357.84 193.44 m 357.84 193.44 l S 359.76 190.32 0.24 0.24 re f 359.76 190.32 m 359.76 190.32 l S 361.68 187.44 0.24 0.24 re f 361.68 187.44 m 361.68 187.44 l S 363.6 184.32 0.24 0.24 re f 363.36 184.32 m 363.6 184.32 l S 365.28 181.44 0.24 0.24 re f 365.28 181.44 m 365.28 181.44 l S 367.2 178.32 0.24 0.24 re f 367.2 178.32 m 367.2 178.32 l S 369.36 175.44 0.24 0.24 re f 369.36 175.44 m 369.36 175.44 l S 371.28 172.32 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 172.32 m 371.28 172.32 l S 373.44 169.44 0.24 0.24 re f 373.44 169.44 m 373.44 169.44 l S 375.36 166.32 0.24 0.24 re f 375.36 166.32 m 375.36 166.32 l S 377.52 163.44 0.24 0.24 re f 377.28 163.44 m 377.52 163.44 l S 379.68 160.32 0.24 0.24 re f 379.68 160.32 m 379.68 160.32 l S 382.08 157.44 0.24 0.24 re f 382.08 157.44 m 382.08 157.44 l S 384.72 154.32 0.24 0.24 re f 384.72 154.32 m 384.72 154.32 l S 387.12 151.44 0.24 0.24 re f 387.12 151.44 m 387.12 151.44 l S 389.76 148.32 0.24 0.24 re f 389.76 148.32 m 389.76 148.32 l S 392.64 145.68 0.24 0.24 re f 392.4 145.68 m 392.64 145.68 l S 395.52 143.04 0.24 0.24 re f 395.52 143.04 m 395.52 143.04 l S 398.64 140.4 0.24 0.24 re f 398.64 140.4 m 398.64 140.4 l S 401.52 137.76 0.24 0.24 re f 401.52 137.76 m 401.52 137.76 l S 404.64 135.6 0.24 0.24 re f 404.64 135.84 m 404.64 135.6 l S 407.76 133.92 0.24 0.24 re f 407.52 133.92 m 407.76 133.92 l S 410.64 132.24 0.24 0.24 re f 410.64 132.24 m 410.64 132.24 l S 413.76 130.32 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 130.32 m 413.76 130.32 l S 416.64 128.88 0.24 0.24 re f 416.64 129.12 m 416.64 128.88 l S 419.76 127.92 0.24 0.24 re f 419.76 127.92 m 419.76 127.92 l S 422.64 126.72 0.24 0.24 re f 422.64 126.72 m 422.64 126.72 l S 425.76 125.76 0.24 0.24 re f 425.76 125.76 m 425.76 125.76 l S 428.88 124.8 0.24 0.24 re f 428.64 124.8 m 428.88 124.8 l S 431.76 124.32 0.24 0.24 re f 431.76 124.32 m 431.76 124.32 l S 434.88 123.6 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 123.6 m 434.88 123.6 l S 437.76 122.88 0.24 0.24 re f 437.76 122.88 m 437.76 122.88 l S 440.88 122.4 0.24 0.24 re f 440.88 122.4 m 440.88 122.4 l S 444 122.16 0.24 0.24 re f 443.76 122.16 m 444 122.16 l S 446.88 121.68 0.24 0.24 re f 446.88 121.68 m 446.88 121.68 l S 450 121.2 0.24 0.24 re f 450 121.2 m 450 121.2 l S 161.52 324.72 0.24 0.24 re f 161.52 324.72 m 161.52 324.72 l S 164.64 324.72 0.24 0.24 re f 164.4 324.72 m 164.64 324.72 l S 167.52 324.72 0.24 0.24 re f 167.52 324.72 m 167.52 324.72 l S 170.64 324.48 0.24 0.24 re f 170.64 324.48 m 170.64 324.48 l S 173.52 324.48 0.24 0.24 re f 173.52 324.48 m 173.52 324.48 l S 176.64 324.48 0.24 0.24 re f 176.64 324.48 m 176.64 324.48 l S 179.76 324.24 0.24 0.24 re f 179.52 324.24 m 179.76 324.24 l S 182.64 324 0.24 0.24 re f 182.64 324 m 182.64 324 l S 185.76 324 0.24 0.24 re f 185.52 324 m 185.76 324 l S 188.64 323.76 0.24 0.24 re f 188.64 323.76 m 188.64 323.76 l S 191.76 323.76 0.24 0.24 re f 191.76 323.76 m 191.76 323.76 l S 194.64 323.52 0.24 0.24 re f 194.64 323.52 m 194.64 323.52 l S 197.76 323.28 0.24 0.24 re f 197.76 323.28 m 197.76 323.28 l S 200.88 323.04 0.24 0.24 re f 200.64 323.04 m 200.88 323.04 l S 203.76 323.04 0.24 0.24 re f 203.76 323.04 m 203.76 323.04 l S 206.88 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 206.88 322.8 m 206.88 322.56 l S 209.76 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 209.76 322.56 m 209.76 322.56 l S 212.88 322.08 0.24 0.24 re f 212.88 322.08 m 212.88 322.08 l S 216 321.84 0.24 0.24 re f 215.76 321.84 m 216 321.84 l S 218.88 321.6 0.24 0.24 re f 218.88 321.6 m 218.88 321.6 l S 222 321.36 0.24 0.24 re f 222 321.36 m 222 321.36 l S 224.88 320.88 0.24 0.24 re f 224.88 320.88 m 224.88 320.88 l S 228 320.64 0.24 0.24 re f 228 320.64 m 228 320.64 l S 230.88 320.16 0.24 0.24 re f 230.88 320.16 m 230.88 320.16 l S 234 319.92 0.24 0.24 re f 234 319.92 m 234 319.92 l S 237.12 319.44 0.24 0.24 re f 236.88 319.44 m 237.12 319.44 l S 240 318.96 0.24 0.24 re f 240 318.96 m 240 318.96 l S 243.12 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 243.12 318.48 m 243.12 318.48 l S 246 318 0.24 0.24 re f 246 318 m 246 318 l S 249.12 317.28 0.24 0.24 re f 249.12 317.28 m 249.12 317.28 l S 252.24 316.8 0.24 0.24 re f 252 316.8 m 252.24 316.8 l S 255.12 316.08 0.24 0.24 re f 255.12 316.08 m 255.12 316.08 l S 258.24 315.6 0.24 0.24 re f 258.24 315.6 m 258.24 315.6 l S 261.12 314.88 0.24 0.24 re f 261.12 314.88 m 261.12 314.88 l S 264.24 313.92 0.24 0.24 re f 264.24 313.92 m 264.24 313.92 l S 267.36 313.2 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 313.2 m 267.36 313.2 l S 270.24 312.48 0.24 0.24 re f 270.24 312.48 m 270.24 312.48 l S 273.36 311.28 0.24 0.24 re f 273.36 311.28 m 273.36 311.28 l S 276.24 310.32 0.24 0.24 re f 276.24 310.32 m 276.24 310.32 l S 279.36 309.12 0.24 0.24 re f 279.36 309.12 m 279.36 309.12 l S 282.24 307.92 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 307.92 m 282.24 307.92 l S 285.36 306.24 0.24 0.24 re f 285.36 306.48 m 285.36 306.24 l S 288.48 304.8 0.24 0.24 re f 288.24 304.8 m 288.48 304.8 l S 291.36 303.12 0.24 0.24 re f 291.36 303.12 m 291.36 303.12 l S 294.48 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 294.48 301.44 m 294.48 301.44 l S 297.36 299.28 0.24 0.24 re f 297.36 299.28 m 297.36 299.28 l S 300.48 296.88 0.24 0.24 re f 300.48 296.88 m 300.48 296.88 l S 303.6 294.72 0.24 0.24 re f 303.36 294.72 m 303.6 294.72 l S 306.48 292.32 0.24 0.24 re f 306.48 292.32 m 306.48 292.32 l S 309.36 289.2 0.24 0.24 re f 309.36 289.2 m 309.36 289.2 l S 312.24 286.32 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 286.32 m 312.24 286.32 l S 315.12 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 315.12 283.2 m 315.12 283.2 l S 318 280.32 0.24 0.24 re f 318 280.32 m 318 280.32 l S 320.16 277.2 0.24 0.24 re f 320.16 277.2 m 320.16 277.2 l S 322.56 274.32 0.24 0.24 re f 322.56 274.32 m 322.56 274.32 l S 324.72 271.2 0.24 0.24 re f 324.72 271.2 m 324.72 271.2 l S 327.12 268.32 0.24 0.24 re f 326.88 268.32 m 327.12 268.32 l S 329.28 265.2 0.24 0.24 re f 329.28 265.2 m 329.28 265.2 l S 331.44 262.32 0.24 0.24 re f 331.44 262.32 m 331.44 262.32 l S 333.36 259.2 0.24 0.24 re f 333.36 259.2 m 333.36 259.2 l S 335.28 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 335.28 256.32 m 335.28 256.32 l S 337.44 253.2 0.24 0.24 re f 337.44 253.2 m 337.44 253.2 l S 339.36 250.32 0.24 0.24 re f 339.36 250.32 m 339.36 250.32 l S 341.52 247.2 0.24 0.24 re f 341.28 247.2 m 341.52 247.2 l S 343.44 244.32 0.24 0.24 re f 343.44 244.32 m 343.44 244.32 l S 345.6 241.2 0.24 0.24 re f 345.6 241.2 m 345.6 241.2 l S 347.52 238.32 0.24 0.24 re f 347.52 238.32 m 347.52 238.32 l S 349.68 235.2 0.24 0.24 re f 349.68 235.2 m 349.68 235.2 l S 351.6 232.32 0.24 0.24 re f 351.6 232.32 m 351.6 232.32 l S 353.76 229.2 0.24 0.24 re f 353.76 229.2 m 353.76 229.2 l S 355.92 226.32 0.24 0.24 re f 355.92 226.32 m 355.92 226.32 l S 358.32 223.2 0.24 0.24 re f 358.32 223.2 m 358.32 223.2 l S 360.48 220.32 0.24 0.24 re f 360.48 220.32 m 360.48 220.32 l S 362.88 217.2 0.24 0.24 re f 362.88 217.2 m 362.88 217.2 l S 365.04 214.32 0.24 0.24 re f 365.04 214.32 m 365.04 214.32 l S 367.68 211.2 0.24 0.24 re f 367.44 211.2 m 367.68 211.2 l S 370.08 208.32 0.24 0.24 re f 370.08 208.32 m 370.08 208.32 l S 372.72 205.2 0.24 0.24 re f 372.72 205.2 m 372.72 205.2 l S 375.36 202.32 0.24 0.24 re f 375.36 202.32 m 375.36 202.32 l S 378 199.2 0.24 0.24 re f 378 199.2 m 378 199.2 l S 380.64 196.32 0.24 0.24 re f 380.64 196.32 m 380.64 196.32 l S 383.52 193.2 0.24 0.24 re f 383.52 193.2 m 383.52 193.2 l S 386.4 190.32 0.24 0.24 re f 386.4 190.32 m 386.4 190.32 l S 389.28 187.2 0.24 0.24 re f 389.28 187.2 m 389.28 187.2 l S 392.16 184.32 0.24 0.24 re f 392.16 184.32 m 392.16 184.32 l S 395.28 181.44 0.24 0.24 re f 395.28 181.44 m 395.28 181.44 l S 398.4 178.56 0.24 0.24 re f 398.16 178.56 m 398.4 178.56 l S 401.28 175.68 0.24 0.24 re f 401.28 175.68 m 401.28 175.68 l S 404.4 172.8 0.24 0.24 re f 404.4 173.04 m 404.4 172.8 l S 407.28 170.4 0.24 0.24 re f 407.28 170.4 m 407.28 170.4 l S 410.4 167.76 0.24 0.24 re f 410.4 167.76 m 410.4 167.76 l S 413.28 165.12 0.24 0.24 re f 413.28 165.12 m 413.28 165.12 l S 416.4 162.72 0.24 0.24 re f 416.4 162.96 m 416.4 162.72 l S 419.52 160.56 0.24 0.24 re f 419.28 160.56 m 419.52 160.56 l S 422.4 158.4 0.24 0.24 re f 422.4 158.4 m 422.4 158.4 l S 425.52 156 0.24 0.24 re f 425.52 156 m 425.52 156 l S 428.4 154.08 0.24 0.24 re f 428.4 154.08 m 428.4 154.08 l S 431.52 152.16 0.24 0.24 re f 431.52 152.16 m 431.52 152.16 l S 434.64 150.24 0.24 0.24 re f 434.4 150.24 m 434.64 150.24 l S 437.52 148.32 0.24 0.24 re f 437.52 148.32 m 437.52 148.32 l S 440.64 146.64 0.24 0.24 re f 440.64 146.64 m 440.64 146.64 l S 443.52 145.2 0.24 0.24 re f 443.52 145.2 m 443.52 145.2 l S 446.64 143.52 0.24 0.24 re f 446.64 143.52 m 446.64 143.52 l S 449.52 142.08 0.24 0.24 re f 449.52 142.08 m 449.52 142.08 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 148.56 119.52 319.2 211.44 re b BT 243.6 90.48 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 119.52 m 467.76 119.52 l S 161.52 119.76 m 161.52 123.84 l S 294.48 119.76 m 294.48 123.84 l S 427.68 119.76 m 427.68 123.84 l S 201.6 119.52 m 201.6 123.84 l S 254.4 119.52 m 254.4 123.84 l S 334.56 119.52 m 334.56 123.84 l S 387.6 119.52 m 387.6 123.84 l S 467.76 119.52 m 467.76 123.84 l S BT 195.84 108.24 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (0.5) Tj 83.76 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (5) Tj 77.76 0 TD (20) Tj -307.2 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 136.56 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 130.8 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 122.64 182.4 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 148.56 119.52 m 148.56 330.96 l S 148.56 162 m 152.88 162 l S 148.56 204.24 m 152.88 204.24 l S 148.56 246.48 m 152.88 246.48 l S 148.56 288.72 m 152.88 288.72 l S 148.56 330.96 m 152.88 330.96 l S BT 139.92 116.88 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.24 TD (20) Tj 0 42.24 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.24 TD (100) Tj ET 161.52 314.64 m 161.52 330.96 l S 161.52 314.64 m 161.52 296.4 l S 159.36 296.4 m 163.68 296.4 l S 0.24 w 164.88 314.88 m 164.88 316.681 163.321 318.24 161.4 318.24 c 159.479 318.24 157.92 316.681 157.92 314.76 c 157.92 312.839 159.479 311.28 161.4 311.28 c 163.321 311.28 164.88 312.839 164.88 314.76 c b 0.48 w 294.48 288.72 m 294.48 315.36 l S 292.32 315.36 m 296.64 315.36 l S 294.48 288.72 m 294.48 262.08 l S 292.32 262.08 m 296.64 262.08 l S 0.24 w 297.84 288.96 m 297.84 290.761 296.281 292.32 294.36 292.32 c 292.439 292.32 290.88 290.761 290.88 288.84 c 290.88 286.919 292.439 285.36 294.36 285.36 c 296.281 285.36 297.84 286.919 297.84 288.84 c b 0.48 w 345.12 230.88 m 345.12 264.96 l S 342.96 264.96 m 347.28 264.96 l S 345.12 230.88 m 345.12 196.56 l S 342.96 196.56 m 347.28 196.56 l S 0.24 w 348.48 231.12 m 348.48 232.9209 346.921 234.48 345 234.48 c 343.079 234.48 341.52 232.9209 341.52 231 c 341.52 229.0791 343.079 227.52 345 227.52 c 346.921 227.52 348.48 229.0791 348.48 231 c b 0.48 w 377.52 195.6 m 377.52 228 l S 375.36 228 m 379.68 228 l S 377.52 195.6 m 377.52 162.96 l S 375.36 162.96 m 379.68 162.96 l S 0.24 w 380.88 195.84 m 380.88 197.6409 379.321 199.2 377.4 199.2 c 375.479 199.2 373.92 197.6409 373.92 195.72 c 373.92 193.7991 375.479 192.24 377.4 192.24 c 379.321 192.24 380.88 193.7991 380.88 195.72 c b 0.48 w 410.16 157.44 m 410.16 183.12 l S 408 183.12 m 412.32 183.12 l S 410.16 157.44 m 410.16 131.76 l S 408 131.76 m 412.32 131.76 l S 0.24 w 413.52 157.68 m 413.52 159.4809 411.961 161.04 410.04 161.04 c 408.119 161.04 406.56 159.4809 406.56 157.56 c 406.56 155.6391 408.119 154.08 410.04 154.08 c 411.961 154.08 413.52 155.6391 413.52 157.56 c b 0.48 w 462.72 156.72 m 462.72 181.92 l S 460.8 181.92 m 464.88 181.92 l S 462.72 156.72 m 462.72 131.28 l S 460.8 131.28 m 464.88 131.28 l S 0.24 w 466.32 156.96 m 466.32 158.7609 464.7072 160.32 462.72 160.32 c 460.7328 160.32 459.12 158.7609 459.12 156.84 c 459.12 154.9191 460.7328 153.36 462.72 153.36 c 464.7072 153.36 466.32 154.9191 466.32 156.84 c b 2.4 w 285.84 276.96 m 306.48 276.96 l 327.12 276.96 l S 0.24 w 302.64 273.12 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 161.52 315.12 m 173.52 314.88 l 185.52 314.64 l 197.52 314.16 l 209.76 313.2 l 221.76 312.24 l 233.76 310.56 l 245.76 308.4 l 258 305.28 l 270 300.96 l 282 295.2 l 294 287.28 l 306.24 276.96 l 318.24 264.24 l 330.24 248.88 l 342.24 231.84 l 354.24 213.6 l 366.48 195.84 l 378.48 179.28 l 390.48 165.12 l 402.48 153.36 l 414.72 144.24 l 426.72 137.28 l 438.72 132.24 l 450.72 128.4 l S 161.52 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 161.52 301.68 m 161.52 301.68 l S 164.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 164.4 301.68 m 164.64 301.68 l S 167.52 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 167.52 301.68 m 167.52 301.68 l S 170.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 170.64 301.68 m 170.64 301.68 l S 173.52 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 173.52 301.68 m 173.52 301.68 l S 176.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 176.64 301.68 m 176.64 301.68 l S 179.76 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 179.52 301.68 m 179.76 301.68 l S 182.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 182.64 301.68 m 182.64 301.68 l S 185.76 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 185.52 301.68 m 185.76 301.68 l S 188.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 188.64 301.68 m 188.64 301.68 l S 191.76 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 191.76 301.68 m 191.76 301.68 l S 194.64 301.68 0.24 0.24 re f 194.64 301.68 m 194.64 301.68 l S 197.76 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 197.76 301.44 m 197.76 301.44 l S 200.88 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 200.64 301.44 m 200.88 301.44 l S 203.76 301.44 0.24 0.24 re f 203.76 301.44 m 203.76 301.44 l S 206.88 301.2 0.24 0.24 re f 206.88 301.2 m 206.88 301.2 l S 209.76 301.2 0.24 0.24 re f 209.76 301.2 m 209.76 301.2 l S 212.88 300.96 0.24 0.24 re f 212.88 300.96 m 212.88 300.96 l S 216 300.96 0.24 0.24 re f 215.76 300.96 m 216 300.96 l S 218.88 300.72 0.24 0.24 re f 218.88 300.72 m 218.88 300.72 l S 222 300.48 0.24 0.24 re f 222 300.48 m 222 300.48 l S 224.88 300.24 0.24 0.24 re f 224.88 300.24 m 224.88 300.24 l S 228 299.76 0.24 0.24 re f 228 299.76 m 228 299.76 l S 230.88 299.52 0.24 0.24 re f 230.88 299.52 m 230.88 299.52 l S 234 299.04 0.24 0.24 re f 234 299.04 m 234 299.04 l S 237.12 298.56 0.24 0.24 re f 236.88 298.56 m 237.12 298.56 l S 240 297.84 0.24 0.24 re f 240 297.84 m 240 297.84 l S 243.12 297.36 0.24 0.24 re f 243.12 297.36 m 243.12 297.36 l S 246 296.64 0.24 0.24 re f 246 296.64 m 246 296.64 l S 249.12 295.68 0.24 0.24 re f 249.12 295.68 m 249.12 295.68 l S 252.24 294.72 0.24 0.24 re f 252 294.72 m 252.24 294.72 l S 255.12 294 0.24 0.24 re f 255.12 294 m 255.12 294 l S 258.24 292.8 0.24 0.24 re f 258.24 292.8 m 258.24 292.8 l S 261.12 291.6 0.24 0.24 re f 261.12 291.6 m 261.12 291.6 l S 264.24 290.16 0.24 0.24 re f 264.24 290.16 m 264.24 290.16 l S 267.36 288.72 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 288.72 m 267.36 288.72 l S 270.24 287.28 0.24 0.24 re f 270.24 287.28 m 270.24 287.28 l S 273.36 285.36 0.24 0.24 re f 273.36 285.36 m 273.36 285.36 l S 276.24 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 276.24 283.68 m 276.24 283.68 l S 279.36 281.76 0.24 0.24 re f 279.36 281.76 m 279.36 281.76 l S 282.24 279.84 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 279.84 m 282.24 279.84 l S 285.36 277.44 0.24 0.24 re f 285.36 277.44 m 285.36 277.44 l S 288.48 275.04 0.24 0.24 re f 288.24 275.28 m 288.48 275.04 l S 291.36 272.88 0.24 0.24 re f 291.36 272.88 m 291.36 272.88 l S 294.48 270.48 0.24 0.24 re f 294.48 270.48 m 294.48 270.48 l S 297.36 267.6 0.24 0.24 re f 297.36 267.84 m 297.36 267.6 l S 300.48 264.96 0.24 0.24 re f 300.48 264.96 m 300.48 264.96 l S 303.6 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 303.36 262.32 m 303.6 262.08 l S 306.48 259.44 0.24 0.24 re f 306.48 259.44 m 306.48 259.44 l S 309.36 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 309.36 256.32 m 309.36 256.32 l S 312.24 253.44 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 253.44 m 312.24 253.44 l S 315.12 250.32 0.24 0.24 re f 315.12 250.32 m 315.12 250.32 l S 318 247.44 0.24 0.24 re f 318 247.44 m 318 247.44 l S 320.64 244.32 0.24 0.24 re f 320.64 244.32 m 320.64 244.32 l S 323.28 241.44 0.24 0.24 re f 323.04 241.44 m 323.28 241.44 l S 325.68 238.32 0.24 0.24 re f 325.68 238.32 m 325.68 238.32 l S 328.32 235.44 0.24 0.24 re f 328.32 235.44 m 328.32 235.44 l S 330.96 232.32 0.24 0.24 re f 330.96 232.32 m 330.96 232.32 l S 333.12 229.44 0.24 0.24 re f 333.12 229.44 m 333.12 229.44 l S 335.52 226.32 0.24 0.24 re f 335.28 226.32 m 335.52 226.32 l S 337.68 223.44 0.24 0.24 re f 337.68 223.44 m 337.68 223.44 l S 340.08 220.32 0.24 0.24 re f 339.84 220.32 m 340.08 220.32 l S 342.24 217.44 0.24 0.24 re f 342.24 217.44 m 342.24 217.44 l S 344.16 214.32 0.24 0.24 re f 344.16 214.32 m 344.16 214.32 l S 346.32 211.44 0.24 0.24 re f 346.32 211.44 m 346.32 211.44 l S 348.24 208.32 0.24 0.24 re f 348.24 208.32 m 348.24 208.32 l S 350.16 205.44 0.24 0.24 re f 350.16 205.44 m 350.16 205.44 l S 352.32 202.32 0.24 0.24 re f 352.08 202.32 m 352.32 202.32 l S 354.24 199.44 0.24 0.24 re f 354.24 199.44 m 354.24 199.44 l S 355.92 196.32 0.24 0.24 re f 355.92 196.32 m 355.92 196.32 l S 357.84 193.44 0.24 0.24 re f 357.84 193.44 m 357.84 193.44 l S 359.76 190.32 0.24 0.24 re f 359.76 190.32 m 359.76 190.32 l S 361.68 187.44 0.24 0.24 re f 361.68 187.44 m 361.68 187.44 l S 363.6 184.32 0.24 0.24 re f 363.36 184.32 m 363.6 184.32 l S 365.28 181.44 0.24 0.24 re f 365.28 181.44 m 365.28 181.44 l S 367.2 178.32 0.24 0.24 re f 367.2 178.32 m 367.2 178.32 l S 369.36 175.44 0.24 0.24 re f 369.36 175.44 m 369.36 175.44 l S 371.28 172.32 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 172.32 m 371.28 172.32 l S 373.44 169.44 0.24 0.24 re f 373.44 169.44 m 373.44 169.44 l S 375.36 166.32 0.24 0.24 re f 375.36 166.32 m 375.36 166.32 l S 377.52 163.44 0.24 0.24 re f 377.28 163.44 m 377.52 163.44 l S 379.68 160.32 0.24 0.24 re f 379.68 160.32 m 379.68 160.32 l S 382.08 157.44 0.24 0.24 re f 382.08 157.44 m 382.08 157.44 l S 384.72 154.32 0.24 0.24 re f 384.72 154.32 m 384.72 154.32 l S 387.12 151.44 0.24 0.24 re f 387.12 151.44 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456.72 485.04 l S 459.6 485.04 0.24 0.24 re f 459.6 485.04 m 459.6 485.04 l S 461.76 485.04 0.24 0.24 re f 461.52 485.04 m 461.76 485.04 l S 464.64 485.04 0.24 0.24 re f 464.64 485.04 m 464.64 485.04 l S 467.76 485.04 0.24 0.24 re f 467.76 485.04 m 467.76 485.04 l S BT 188.16 574.32 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0274 Tc 0.0129 Tw (EC20 = 44.9 mg N/L \(41.5-48.6\)) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 24.5) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -20.16 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.15) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72.24 48 468 360.48 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.8 120 319.2 212.16 re b BT 174.72 347.52 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0503 Tc -0.0124 Tw (CERIODAPHNIA DUBIA, LIFE CYCLE, WILLINGHAM 1987) Tj 69.12 -256.56 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.8 120 m 468 120 l S 159.6 120.24 m 159.6 124.32 l S 270.48 120.24 m 270.48 124.32 l S 381.6 120.24 m 381.6 124.32 l S 192.96 120 m 192.96 124.32 l S 237.12 120 m 237.12 124.32 l S 303.84 120 m 303.84 124.32 l S 348 120 m 348 124.32 l S 414.96 120 m 414.96 124.32 l S 459.12 120 m 459.12 124.32 l S BT 187.2 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 44.16 0 TD (0.5) Tj 70.32 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 44.16 0 TD (5) Tj 64.56 0 TD (20) Tj 44.16 0 TD (50) Tj -300.72 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 114.48 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 108.72 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 127.44 136.56 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Young per Original Test Organism) Tj ET 148.8 120 m 148.8 332.16 l S 148.8 155.52 m 153.12 155.52 l S 148.8 190.8 m 153.12 190.8 l S 148.8 226.08 m 153.12 226.08 l S 148.8 261.6 m 153.12 261.6 l S 148.8 296.88 m 153.12 296.88 l S 148.8 332.16 m 153.12 332.16 l S BT 140.16 117.36 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj 0 35.28 TD (5) Tj -4.56 35.28 TD (10) Tj 0 35.28 TD (15) Tj 0 35.52 TD (20) Tj 0 35.28 TD (25) Tj T* (30) Tj ET 159.6 274.32 m 159.6 290.4 l S 157.44 290.4 m 161.76 290.4 l S 159.6 274.32 m 159.6 258 l S 157.44 258 m 161.76 258 l S 0.24 w 162.96 274.56 m 162.96 276.3609 161.401 277.92 159.48 277.92 c 157.559 277.92 156 276.3609 156 274.44 c 156 272.5191 157.559 270.96 159.48 270.96 c 161.401 270.96 162.96 272.5191 162.96 274.44 c b 0.48 w 195.36 315.12 m 195.36 332.16 l S 195.36 315.12 m 195.36 297.6 l S 193.2 297.6 m 197.52 297.6 l S 0.24 w 198.72 315.36 m 198.72 317.161 197.161 318.72 195.24 318.72 c 193.319 318.72 191.76 317.161 191.76 315.24 c 191.76 313.319 193.319 311.76 195.24 311.76 c 197.161 311.76 198.72 313.319 198.72 315.24 c b 0.48 w 246 258 m 246 274.8 l S 243.84 274.8 m 248.16 274.8 l S 246 258 m 246 240.96 l S 243.84 240.96 m 248.16 240.96 l S 0.24 w 249.36 258.24 m 249.36 260.041 247.801 261.6 245.88 261.6 c 243.959 261.6 242.4 260.041 242.4 258.12 c 242.4 256.1991 243.959 254.64 245.88 254.64 c 247.801 254.64 249.36 256.1991 249.36 258.12 c b 0.48 w 282.72 276.24 m 282.72 294.72 l S 280.56 294.72 m 284.88 294.72 l S 282.72 276.24 m 282.72 258 l S 280.56 258 m 284.88 258 l S 0.24 w 286.32 276.48 m 286.32 278.4672 284.7072 280.08 282.72 280.08 c 280.7328 280.08 279.12 278.4672 279.12 276.48 c 279.12 274.4928 280.7328 272.88 282.72 272.88 c 284.7072 272.88 286.32 274.4928 286.32 276.48 c b 0.48 w 319.92 291.12 m 319.92 305.28 l S 317.76 305.28 m 322.08 305.28 l S 319.92 291.12 m 319.92 276.96 l S 317.76 276.96 m 322.08 276.96 l S 0.24 w 323.52 291.36 m 323.52 293.1609 321.9072 294.72 319.92 294.72 c 317.9328 294.72 316.32 293.1609 316.32 291.24 c 316.32 289.319 317.9328 287.76 319.92 287.76 c 321.9072 287.76 323.52 289.319 323.52 291.24 c b 0.48 w 355.44 248.88 m 355.44 274.32 l S 353.28 274.32 m 357.6 274.32 l S 355.44 248.88 m 355.44 223.44 l S 353.28 223.44 m 357.6 223.44 l S 0.24 w 359.04 249.12 m 359.04 250.9209 357.4272 252.48 355.44 252.48 c 353.4528 252.48 351.84 250.9209 351.84 249 c 351.84 247.0791 353.4528 245.52 355.44 245.52 c 357.4272 245.52 359.04 247.0791 359.04 249 c b 0.48 w 394.08 128.64 m 394.08 135.6 l S 392.16 135.6 m 396.24 135.6 l S 394.08 128.64 m 394.08 121.44 l S 392.16 121.44 m 396.24 121.44 l S 0.24 w 397.68 128.88 m 397.68 130.6809 396.0672 132.24 394.08 132.24 c 392.0928 132.24 390.48 130.6809 390.48 128.76 c 390.48 126.8391 392.0928 125.28 394.08 125.28 c 396.0672 125.28 397.68 126.8391 397.68 128.76 c b 455.28 120.24 m 455.28 122.2272 453.721 123.84 451.8 123.84 c 449.879 123.84 448.32 122.2272 448.32 120.24 c 448.32 118.2528 449.879 116.64 451.8 116.64 c 453.721 116.64 455.28 118.2528 455.28 120.24 c b 2.4 w 338.88 250.08 m 355.2 250.08 l 371.76 250.08 l S 0.24 w 351.36 246.24 7.92 7.92 re b 0.48 w 148.8 282.48 m 156 282.48 l 170.88 282.48 l 185.52 282.48 l 200.4 282.48 l 215.28 282.48 l 229.92 282.48 l 244.8 282.48 l 259.68 282.48 l 274.32 282.48 l 289.2 282.48 l 304.08 282.24 l 318.72 281.76 l 333.6 278.88 l 348.48 265.44 l 363.36 221.52 l 378 159.84 l 392.88 129.84 l 407.76 122.16 l 422.4 120.48 l 437.28 120.24 l 452.16 120.24 l 466.8 120.24 l 468 120.24 l S 148.8 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 148.8 261.12 m 148.8 261.12 l S 151.92 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 151.92 261.12 m 151.92 261.12 l S 154.8 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 154.8 261.12 m 154.8 261.12 l S 156 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 156 261.12 m 156 261.12 l S 159.12 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 159.12 261.12 m 159.12 261.12 l S 162 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 162 261.12 m 162 261.12 l S 165.12 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 165.12 261.12 m 165.12 261.12 l S 168.24 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 168 261.12 m 168.24 261.12 l S 171.12 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 171.12 261.12 m 171.12 261.12 l S 174.24 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 174.24 261.12 m 174.24 261.12 l S 177.12 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 177.12 261.12 m 177.12 261.12 l S 180.24 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 180.24 261.12 m 180.24 261.12 l S 183.36 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 183.12 261.12 m 183.36 261.12 l S 186.24 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 186.24 261.12 m 186.24 261.12 l S 189.36 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 189.36 261.12 m 189.36 261.12 l S 192.24 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 192.24 261.12 m 192.24 261.12 l S 195.36 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 195.36 261.12 m 195.36 261.12 l S 198.24 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 198.24 261.12 m 198.24 261.12 l S 201.36 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 201.36 261.12 m 201.36 261.12 l S 204.48 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 204.24 261.12 m 204.48 261.12 l S 207.36 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 207.36 261.12 m 207.36 261.12 l S 210.48 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 210.48 261.12 m 210.48 261.12 l S 213.36 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 213.36 261.12 m 213.36 261.12 l S 216.48 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 216.48 261.12 m 216.48 261.12 l S 219.6 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 219.36 261.12 m 219.6 261.12 l S 222.48 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 222.48 261.12 m 222.48 261.12 l S 225.6 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 225.6 261.12 m 225.6 261.12 l S 228.48 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 228.48 261.12 m 228.48 261.12 l S 231.6 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 231.6 261.12 m 231.6 261.12 l S 234.48 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 234.48 261.12 m 234.48 261.12 l S 237.6 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 237.6 261.12 m 237.6 261.12 l S 240.72 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 240.48 261.12 m 240.72 261.12 l S 243.6 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 243.6 261.12 m 243.6 261.12 l S 246.72 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 246.72 261.12 m 246.72 261.12 l S 249.6 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 249.6 261.12 m 249.6 261.12 l S 252.72 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 252.72 261.12 m 252.72 261.12 l S 255.84 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 255.6 261.12 m 255.84 261.12 l S 258.72 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 258.72 261.12 m 258.72 261.12 l S 261.84 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 261.84 261.12 m 261.84 261.12 l S 264.72 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 264.72 261.12 m 264.72 261.12 l S 267.84 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 267.84 261.12 m 267.84 261.12 l S 270.96 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 270.72 261.12 m 270.96 261.12 l S 273.84 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 273.84 261.12 m 273.84 261.12 l S 276.96 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 276.96 261.12 m 276.96 261.12 l S 279.84 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 279.84 261.12 m 279.84 261.12 l S 282.96 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 282.96 261.12 m 282.96 261.12 l S 285.84 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 285.84 261.12 m 285.84 261.12 l S 288.96 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 288.96 261.12 m 288.96 261.12 l S 292.08 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 291.84 261.12 m 292.08 261.12 l S 294.96 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 294.96 261.12 m 294.96 261.12 l S 298.08 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 298.08 261.12 m 298.08 261.12 l S 300.96 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 300.96 261.12 m 300.96 261.12 l S 304.08 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 304.08 261.12 m 304.08 261.12 l S 307.2 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 306.96 261.12 m 307.2 261.12 l S 310.08 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 310.08 261.12 m 310.08 261.12 l S 313.2 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 313.2 261.12 m 313.2 261.12 l S 316.08 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 316.08 261.12 m 316.08 261.12 l S 319.2 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 319.2 261.12 m 319.2 261.12 l S 322.08 260.64 0.24 0.24 re f 322.08 260.64 m 322.08 260.64 l S 325.2 260.16 0.24 0.24 re f 325.2 260.4 m 325.2 260.16 l S 328.32 259.92 0.24 0.24 re f 328.08 259.92 m 328.32 259.92 l S 331.2 259.44 0.24 0.24 re f 331.2 259.44 m 331.2 259.44 l S 334.08 258.48 0.24 0.24 re f 334.08 258.48 m 334.08 258.48 l S 336 255.36 0.24 0.24 re f 336 255.36 m 336 255.36 l S 337.92 252.48 0.24 0.24 re f 337.92 252.48 m 337.92 252.48 l S 339.84 249.36 0.24 0.24 re f 339.84 249.36 m 339.84 249.36 l S 341.76 246.48 0.24 0.24 re f 341.76 246.48 m 341.76 246.48 l S 343.68 243.36 0.24 0.24 re f 343.68 243.36 m 343.68 243.36 l S 345.6 240.48 0.24 0.24 re f 345.6 240.48 m 345.6 240.48 l S 347.52 237.36 0.24 0.24 re f 347.52 237.36 m 347.52 237.36 l S 348.72 234.24 0.24 0.24 re f 348.72 234.48 m 348.72 234.24 l S 349.44 231.36 0.24 0.24 re f 349.44 231.36 m 349.44 231.36 l S 350.16 228.24 0.24 0.24 re f 350.16 228.48 m 350.16 228.24 l S 351.12 225.36 0.24 0.24 re f 351.12 225.36 m 351.12 225.36 l S 351.84 222.24 0.24 0.24 re f 351.84 222.24 m 351.84 222.24 l S 352.56 219.36 0.24 0.24 re f 352.56 219.36 m 352.56 219.36 l S 353.28 216.24 0.24 0.24 re f 353.28 216.24 m 353.28 216.24 l S 354 213.36 0.24 0.24 re f 354 213.36 m 354 213.36 l S 354.72 210.24 0.24 0.24 re f 354.72 210.24 m 354.72 210.24 l S 355.44 207.36 0.24 0.24 re f 355.44 207.36 m 355.44 207.36 l S 356.16 204.24 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 204.24 m 356.16 204.24 l S 356.88 201.12 0.24 0.24 re f 356.88 201.36 m 356.88 201.12 l S 357.84 198.24 0.24 0.24 re f 357.84 198.24 m 357.84 198.24 l S 358.56 195.12 0.24 0.24 re f 358.56 195.36 m 358.56 195.12 l S 359.28 192.24 0.24 0.24 re f 359.28 192.24 m 359.28 192.24 l S 360 189.12 0.24 0.24 re f 360 189.12 m 360 189.12 l S 360.72 186.24 0.24 0.24 re f 360.72 186.24 m 360.72 186.24 l S 361.44 183.12 0.24 0.24 re f 361.44 183.12 m 361.44 183.12 l S 362.16 180.24 0.24 0.24 re f 362.16 180.24 m 362.16 180.24 l S 362.88 177.12 0.24 0.24 re f 362.88 177.12 m 362.88 177.12 l S 363.84 174.24 0.24 0.24 re f 363.84 174.24 m 363.84 174.24 l S 364.8 171.12 0.24 0.24 re f 364.8 171.12 m 364.8 171.12 l S 366 168 0.24 0.24 re f 366 168.24 m 366 168 l S 366.96 165.12 0.24 0.24 re f 366.96 165.12 m 366.96 165.12 l S 368.16 162 0.24 0.24 re f 368.16 162.24 m 368.16 162 l S 369.12 159.12 0.24 0.24 re f 369.12 159.12 m 369.12 159.12 l S 370.32 156 0.24 0.24 re f 370.08 156 m 370.32 156 l S 371.28 153.12 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 153.12 m 371.28 153.12 l S 372.24 150 0.24 0.24 re f 372.24 150 m 372.24 150 l S 373.44 147.12 0.24 0.24 re f 373.44 147.12 m 373.44 147.12 l S 374.4 144 0.24 0.24 re f 374.4 144 m 374.4 144 l S 375.6 141.12 0.24 0.24 re f 375.6 141.12 m 375.6 141.12 l S 376.56 138 0.24 0.24 re f 376.56 138 m 376.56 138 l S 377.76 134.88 0.24 0.24 re f 377.52 135.12 m 377.76 134.88 l S 379.92 132.24 0.24 0.24 re f 379.92 132.24 m 379.92 132.24 l S 383.04 129.84 0.24 0.24 re f 383.04 129.84 m 383.04 129.84 l S 386.16 127.2 0.24 0.24 re f 385.92 127.2 m 386.16 127.2 l S 389.04 124.56 0.24 0.24 re f 389.04 124.56 m 389.04 124.56 l S 392.16 122.16 0.24 0.24 re f 392.16 122.16 m 392.16 122.16 l S 395.04 121.2 0.24 0.24 re f 395.04 121.2 m 395.04 121.2 l S 398.16 120.96 0.24 0.24 re f 398.16 120.96 m 398.16 120.96 l S 401.04 120.72 0.24 0.24 re f 401.04 120.72 m 401.04 120.72 l S 404.16 120.48 0.24 0.24 re f 404.16 120.48 m 404.16 120.48 l S 407.28 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 407.04 120.24 m 407.28 120.24 l S 410.16 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 410.16 120.24 m 410.16 120.24 l S 413.28 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 413.28 120.24 m 413.28 120.24 l S 416.16 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 416.16 120.24 m 416.16 120.24 l S 419.28 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 419.28 120.24 m 419.28 120.24 l S 422.4 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 422.16 120.24 m 422.4 120.24 l S 425.28 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 120.24 m 425.28 120.24 l S 428.4 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 428.4 120.24 m 428.4 120.24 l S 431.28 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 431.28 120.24 m 431.28 120.24 l S 434.4 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 434.4 120.24 m 434.4 120.24 l S 437.52 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 437.28 120.24 m 437.52 120.24 l S 440.4 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 440.4 120.24 m 440.4 120.24 l S 443.52 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 443.52 120.24 m 443.52 120.24 l S 446.4 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 446.4 120.24 m 446.4 120.24 l S 449.52 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 449.52 120.24 m 449.52 120.24 l S 452.4 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 452.4 120.24 m 452.4 120.24 l S 455.52 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 455.52 120.24 m 455.52 120.24 l S 458.64 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 458.4 120.24 m 458.64 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0.24 re f 351.36 612 m 351.36 612 l S 354.48 608.88 0.24 0.24 re f 354.24 609.12 m 354.48 608.88 l S 357.36 606 0.24 0.24 re f 357.36 606 m 357.36 606 l S 359.52 602.88 0.24 0.24 re f 359.28 603.12 m 359.52 602.88 l S 361.44 600 0.24 0.24 re f 361.44 600 m 361.44 600 l S 363.6 596.88 0.24 0.24 re f 363.6 596.88 m 363.6 596.88 l S 365.76 594 0.24 0.24 re f 365.76 594 m 365.76 594 l S 367.92 590.88 0.24 0.24 re f 367.92 590.88 m 367.92 590.88 l S 369.84 588 0.24 0.24 re f 369.84 588 m 369.84 588 l S 371.76 584.88 0.24 0.24 re f 371.76 584.88 m 371.76 584.88 l S 373.68 582 0.24 0.24 re f 373.68 582 m 373.68 582 l S 375.6 578.88 0.24 0.24 re f 375.6 578.88 m 375.6 578.88 l S 377.52 575.76 0.24 0.24 re f 377.52 576 m 377.52 575.76 l S 379.2 572.88 0.24 0.24 re f 379.2 572.88 m 379.2 572.88 l S 380.88 569.76 0.24 0.24 re f 380.88 570 m 380.88 569.76 l S 382.8 566.88 0.24 0.24 re f 382.8 566.88 m 382.8 566.88 l S 384.48 563.76 0.24 0.24 re f 384.48 563.76 m 384.48 563.76 l S 386.4 560.88 0.24 0.24 re f 386.16 560.88 m 386.4 560.88 l S 388.08 557.76 0.24 0.24 re f 388.08 557.76 m 388.08 557.76 l S 389.52 554.88 0.24 0.24 re f 389.52 554.88 m 389.52 554.88 l S 391.2 551.76 0.24 0.24 re f 391.2 551.76 m 391.2 551.76 l S 392.64 548.88 0.24 0.24 re f 392.64 548.88 m 392.64 548.88 l S 394.32 545.76 0.24 0.24 re f 394.32 545.76 m 394.32 545.76 l S 396 542.64 0.24 0.24 re f 395.76 542.88 m 396 542.64 l S 397.44 539.76 0.24 0.24 re f 397.44 539.76 m 397.44 539.76 l S 398.88 536.64 0.24 0.24 re f 398.88 536.88 m 398.88 536.64 l S 400.32 533.76 0.24 0.24 re f 400.32 533.76 m 400.32 533.76 l S 402 530.64 0.24 0.24 re f 402 530.64 m 402 530.64 l S 403.44 527.76 0.24 0.24 re f 403.44 527.76 m 403.44 527.76 l S 404.88 524.64 0.24 0.24 re f 404.88 524.64 m 404.88 524.64 l S 406.32 521.76 0.24 0.24 re f 406.32 521.76 m 406.32 521.76 l S 407.76 518.64 0.24 0.24 re f 407.76 518.64 m 407.76 518.64 l S 409.68 515.76 0.24 0.24 re f 409.44 515.76 m 409.68 515.76 l S 411.6 512.64 0.24 0.24 re f 411.36 512.64 m 411.6 512.64 l S 413.52 509.52 0.24 0.24 re f 413.28 509.76 m 413.52 509.52 l S 415.44 506.64 0.24 0.24 re f 415.2 506.64 m 415.44 506.64 l S 417.36 503.52 0.24 0.24 re f 417.12 503.76 m 417.36 503.52 l S 419.52 500.64 0.24 0.24 re f 419.28 500.64 m 419.52 500.64 l S 422.4 497.76 0.24 0.24 re f 422.4 497.76 m 422.4 497.76 l S 425.52 494.88 0.24 0.24 re f 425.52 495.12 m 425.52 494.88 l S 428.4 492.24 0.24 0.24 re f 428.4 492.24 m 428.4 492.24 l S 431.52 490.56 0.24 0.24 re f 431.52 490.56 m 431.52 490.56 l S 434.4 489.12 0.24 0.24 re f 434.4 489.12 m 434.4 489.12 l S 437.52 487.92 0.24 0.24 re f 437.52 487.92 m 437.52 487.92 l S 161.28 687.12 0.24 0.24 re f 161.28 687.12 m 161.28 687.12 l S 164.16 687.12 0.24 0.24 re f 164.16 687.12 m 164.16 687.12 l S 167.28 687.12 0.24 0.24 re f 167.28 687.12 m 167.28 687.12 l S 170.4 687.12 0.24 0.24 re f 170.16 687.12 m 170.4 687.12 l S 173.28 687.12 0.24 0.24 re f 173.28 687.12 m 173.28 687.12 l S 176.4 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 176.4 686.88 m 176.4 686.88 l S 179.28 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 179.28 686.88 m 179.28 686.88 l S 182.4 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 182.4 686.88 m 182.4 686.88 l S 185.52 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 185.28 686.88 m 185.52 686.88 l S 188.4 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 188.4 686.88 m 188.4 686.88 l S 191.52 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 191.52 686.88 m 191.52 686.88 l S 194.4 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 194.4 686.88 m 194.4 686.88 l S 197.52 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 197.52 686.88 m 197.52 686.88 l S 200.4 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 200.4 686.88 m 200.4 686.88 l S 203.52 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 203.52 686.88 m 203.52 686.88 l S 206.64 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 206.4 686.88 m 206.64 686.88 l S 209.52 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 209.52 686.88 m 209.52 686.88 l S 212.64 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 212.64 686.88 m 212.64 686.88 l S 215.52 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 215.52 686.88 m 215.52 686.88 l S 218.64 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 218.64 686.88 m 218.64 686.88 l S 221.76 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 221.52 686.88 m 221.76 686.88 l S 224.64 686.88 0.24 0.24 re f 224.64 686.88 m 224.64 686.88 l S 227.76 686.64 0.24 0.24 re f 227.76 686.64 m 227.76 686.64 l S 230.64 686.64 0.24 0.24 re f 230.64 686.64 m 230.64 686.64 l S 233.76 686.64 0.24 0.24 re f 233.76 686.64 m 233.76 686.64 l S 236.88 686.64 0.24 0.24 re f 236.64 686.64 m 236.88 686.64 l S 239.76 686.4 0.24 0.24 re f 239.76 686.4 m 239.76 686.4 l S 242.88 686.4 0.24 0.24 re f 242.88 686.4 m 242.88 686.4 l S 245.76 686.4 0.24 0.24 re f 245.76 686.4 m 245.76 686.4 l S 248.88 686.16 0.24 0.24 re f 248.88 686.16 m 248.88 686.16 l S 251.76 686.16 0.24 0.24 re f 251.76 686.16 m 251.76 686.16 l S 254.88 686.16 0.24 0.24 re f 254.88 686.16 m 254.88 686.16 l S 258 685.92 0.24 0.24 re f 257.76 685.92 m 258 685.92 l S 260.88 685.68 0.24 0.24 re f 260.88 685.68 m 260.88 685.68 l S 264 685.68 0.24 0.24 re f 264 685.68 m 264 685.68 l S 266.88 685.44 0.24 0.24 re f 266.88 685.44 m 266.88 685.44 l S 270 685.2 0.24 0.24 re f 270 685.2 m 270 685.2 l S 273.12 684.96 0.24 0.24 re f 272.88 684.96 m 273.12 684.96 l S 276 684.72 0.24 0.24 re f 276 684.72 m 276 684.72 l S 279.12 684.24 0.24 0.24 re f 279.12 684.24 m 279.12 684.24 l S 282 684 0.24 0.24 re f 282 684 m 282 684 l S 285.12 683.52 0.24 0.24 re f 285.12 683.52 m 285.12 683.52 l S 288 683.04 0.24 0.24 re f 288 683.04 m 288 683.04 l S 291.12 682.32 0.24 0.24 re f 291.12 682.56 m 291.12 682.32 l S 294.24 681.84 0.24 0.24 re f 294 681.84 m 294.24 681.84 l S 297.12 681.12 0.24 0.24 re f 297.12 681.36 m 297.12 681.12 l S 300.24 680.4 0.24 0.24 re f 300.24 680.4 m 300.24 680.4 l S 303.12 679.68 0.24 0.24 re f 303.12 679.68 m 303.12 679.68 l S 306.24 678.72 0.24 0.24 re f 306.24 678.72 m 306.24 678.72 l S 309.36 677.76 0.24 0.24 re f 309.12 677.76 m 309.36 677.76 l S 312.24 676.56 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 676.56 m 312.24 676.56 l S 315.36 675.6 0.24 0.24 re f 315.36 675.6 m 315.36 675.6 l S 318.24 674.16 0.24 0.24 re f 318.24 674.16 m 318.24 674.16 l S 321.36 672.72 0.24 0.24 re f 321.36 672.72 m 321.36 672.72 l S 324.48 671.04 0.24 0.24 re f 324.24 671.28 m 324.48 671.04 l S 327.36 669.6 0.24 0.24 re f 327.36 669.6 m 327.36 669.6 l S 330.48 667.68 0.24 0.24 re f 330.48 667.68 m 330.48 667.68 l S 333.36 665.76 0.24 0.24 re f 333.36 666 m 333.36 665.76 l S 336.48 664.08 0.24 0.24 re f 336.48 664.08 m 336.48 664.08 l S 339.36 662.16 0.24 0.24 re f 339.36 662.16 m 339.36 662.16 l S 342.48 660 0.24 0.24 re f 342.48 660 m 342.48 660 l S 345.6 658.08 0.24 0.24 re f 345.36 658.08 m 345.6 658.08 l S 348.48 655.92 0.24 0.24 re f 348.48 655.92 m 348.48 655.92 l S 351.6 653.76 0.24 0.24 re f 351.6 653.76 m 351.6 653.76 l S 354.48 651.36 0.24 0.24 re f 354.48 651.36 m 354.48 651.36 l S 357.6 648.96 0.24 0.24 re f 357.36 648.96 m 357.6 648.96 l S 360.24 645.84 0.24 0.24 re f 360.24 645.84 m 360.24 645.84 l S 362.88 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 362.88 642.96 m 362.88 642.96 l S 365.76 639.84 0.24 0.24 re f 365.76 639.84 m 365.76 639.84 l S 368.16 636.96 0.24 0.24 re f 367.92 636.96 m 368.16 636.96 l S 369.84 633.84 0.24 0.24 re f 369.84 633.84 m 369.84 633.84 l S 371.52 630.72 0.24 0.24 re f 371.52 630.96 m 371.52 630.72 l S 373.2 627.84 0.24 0.24 re f 373.2 627.84 m 373.2 627.84 l S 375.12 624.72 0.24 0.24 re f 375.12 624.96 m 375.12 624.72 l S 376.8 621.84 0.24 0.24 re f 376.8 621.84 m 376.8 621.84 l S 378.24 618.72 0.24 0.24 re f 378.24 618.72 m 378.24 618.72 l S 379.68 615.84 0.24 0.24 re f 379.68 615.84 m 379.68 615.84 l S 381.12 612.72 0.24 0.24 re f 380.88 612.72 m 381.12 612.72 l S 382.32 609.84 0.24 0.24 re f 382.32 609.84 m 382.32 609.84 l S 383.76 606.72 0.24 0.24 re f 383.76 606.72 m 383.76 606.72 l S 384.96 603.84 0.24 0.24 re f 384.96 603.84 m 384.96 603.84 l S 386.4 600.72 0.24 0.24 re f 386.4 600.72 m 386.4 600.72 l S 387.84 597.6 0.24 0.24 re f 387.84 597.84 m 387.84 597.6 l S 389.28 594.72 0.24 0.24 re f 389.28 594.72 m 389.28 594.72 l S 390.72 591.6 0.24 0.24 re f 390.48 591.84 m 390.72 591.6 l S 391.92 588.72 0.24 0.24 re f 391.92 588.72 m 391.92 588.72 l S 393.36 585.6 0.24 0.24 re f 393.36 585.6 m 393.36 585.6 l S 394.8 582.72 0.24 0.24 re f 394.8 582.72 m 394.8 582.72 l S 396.24 579.6 0.24 0.24 re f 396.24 579.6 m 396.24 579.6 l S 397.68 576.72 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 576.72 m 397.68 576.72 l S 399.36 573.6 0.24 0.24 re f 399.36 573.6 m 399.36 573.6 l S 401.28 570.72 0.24 0.24 re f 401.28 570.72 m 401.28 570.72 l S 403.2 567.6 0.24 0.24 re f 403.2 567.6 m 403.2 567.6 l S 405.12 564.48 0.24 0.24 re f 405.12 564.72 m 405.12 564.48 l S 407.04 561.6 0.24 0.24 re f 407.04 561.6 m 407.04 561.6 l S 408.96 558.48 0.24 0.24 re f 408.96 558.72 m 408.96 558.48 l S 411.36 555.6 0.24 0.24 re f 411.36 555.6 m 411.36 555.6 l S 413.76 552.48 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 552.48 m 413.76 552.48 l S 416.16 549.6 0.24 0.24 re f 416.16 549.6 m 416.16 549.6 l S 418.56 546.48 0.24 0.24 re f 418.56 546.48 m 418.56 546.48 l S 421.2 543.6 0.24 0.24 re f 421.2 543.6 m 421.2 543.6 l S 423.84 540.48 0.24 0.24 re f 423.84 540.48 m 423.84 540.48 l S 426.48 537.6 0.24 0.24 re f 426.48 537.6 m 426.48 537.6 l S 429.12 534.48 0.24 0.24 re f 429.12 534.48 m 429.12 534.48 l S 432 531.36 0.24 0.24 re f 432 531.6 m 432 531.36 l S 434.88 528.48 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 528.48 m 434.88 528.48 l S 437.76 525.36 0.24 0.24 re f 437.76 525.6 m 437.76 525.36 l S BT 188.16 574.32 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0232 Tc 0.0172 Tw (EC20 = 15.2 mg N/L \(9.3-24.8\)) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0.0895 Tc -0.1452 Tw (T = 25) Tj 30.48 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -35.76 -20.16 TD 0.0765 Tc -0.1322 Tw (pH = 7.8) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72.24 48 468 360.48 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.8 120 319.2 212.16 re b BT 177.36 348.72 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0529 Tc -0.015 Tw (DAPHNIA MAGNA, LIFE CYCLE, GERSICH ET AL. 1985) Tj 66.48 -257.76 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.8 120 m 468 120 l S 159.6 120.24 m 159.6 124.32 l S 270.48 120.24 m 270.48 124.32 l S 381.6 120.24 m 381.6 124.32 l S 192.96 120 m 192.96 124.32 l S 237.12 120 m 237.12 124.32 l S 303.84 120 m 303.84 124.32 l S 348 120 m 348 124.32 l S 414.96 120 m 414.96 124.32 l S 459.12 120 m 459.12 124.32 l S BT 187.2 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 44.16 0 TD (0.5) Tj 70.32 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 44.16 0 TD (5) Tj 64.56 0 TD (20) Tj 44.16 0 TD (50) Tj -300.72 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 114.48 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 108.72 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 127.44 136.56 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Young per Original Test Organism) Tj ET 148.8 120 m 148.8 332.16 l S 148.8 173.04 m 153.12 173.04 l S 148.8 226.08 m 153.12 226.08 l S 148.8 279.12 m 153.12 279.12 l S 148.8 332.16 m 153.12 332.16 l S BT 140.16 117.36 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 53.04 TD (20) Tj 0 52.8 TD (40) Tj 0 53.04 TD (60) Tj T* (80) Tj ET 159.6 296.88 m 159.6 301.92 l S 157.44 301.92 m 161.76 301.92 l S 159.6 296.88 m 159.6 291.84 l S 157.44 291.84 m 161.76 291.84 l S 0.24 w 162.96 297.12 m 162.96 298.921 161.401 300.48 159.48 300.48 c 157.559 300.48 156 298.921 156 297 c 156 295.079 157.559 293.52 159.48 293.52 c 161.401 293.52 162.96 295.079 162.96 297 c b 0.48 w 308.64 299.28 m 308.64 306.96 l S 306.48 306.96 m 310.8 306.96 l S 308.64 299.28 m 308.64 291.6 l S 306.48 291.6 m 310.8 291.6 l S 0.24 w 312 299.52 m 312 301.321 310.441 302.88 308.52 302.88 c 306.599 302.88 305.04 301.321 305.04 299.4 c 305.04 297.479 306.599 295.92 308.52 295.92 c 310.441 295.92 312 297.479 312 299.4 c b 0.48 w 339.84 286.32 m 339.84 292.32 l S 337.68 292.32 m 342 292.32 l S 339.84 286.32 m 339.84 280.08 l S 337.68 280.08 m 342 280.08 l S 0.24 w 343.2 286.56 m 343.2 288.361 341.5872 289.92 339.6 289.92 c 337.6128 289.92 336 288.361 336 286.44 c 336 284.519 337.6128 282.96 339.6 282.96 c 341.5872 282.96 343.2 284.519 343.2 286.44 c b 0.48 w 374.88 250.8 m 374.88 255.84 l S 372.72 255.84 m 377.04 255.84 l S 374.88 250.8 m 374.88 245.76 l S 372.72 245.76 m 377.04 245.76 l S 0.24 w 378.24 251.04 m 378.24 252.8409 376.681 254.4 374.76 254.4 c 372.839 254.4 371.28 252.8409 371.28 250.92 c 371.28 248.9991 372.839 247.44 374.76 247.44 c 376.681 247.44 378.24 248.9991 378.24 250.92 c b 0.48 w 411.6 195.12 m 411.6 199.2 l S 409.68 199.2 m 414 199.2 l S 411.6 195.12 m 411.6 191.04 l S 409.68 191.04 m 414 191.04 l S 0.24 w 415.2 195.36 m 415.2 197.1609 413.5872 198.72 411.6 198.72 c 409.6128 198.72 408 197.1609 408 195.24 c 408 193.3191 409.6128 191.76 411.6 191.76 c 413.5872 191.76 415.2 193.3191 415.2 195.24 c b 447.12 120.24 m 447.12 122.2272 445.561 123.84 443.64 123.84 c 441.719 123.84 440.16 122.2272 440.16 120.24 c 440.16 118.2528 441.719 116.64 443.64 116.64 c 445.561 116.64 447.12 118.2528 447.12 120.24 c b 2.4 w 338.88 263.76 m 366.72 263.76 l 394.8 263.76 l S 0.24 w 362.88 259.92 7.92 7.68 re b 0.48 w 159.6 299.76 m 170.88 299.76 l 182.16 299.76 l 193.68 299.76 l 204.96 299.76 l 216.48 299.76 l 227.76 299.52 l 239.04 299.52 l 250.56 299.28 l 261.84 299.04 l 273.12 298.56 l 284.64 298.08 l 295.92 297.12 l 307.2 295.44 l 318.72 293.28 l 330 289.68 l 341.28 284.64 l 352.8 277.2 l 364.08 266.88 l 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647.04 l S 427.2 643.92 0.24 0.24 re f 427.2 643.92 m 427.2 643.92 l S 427.44 641.04 0.24 0.24 re f 427.44 641.04 m 427.44 641.04 l S 427.92 637.92 0.24 0.24 re f 427.92 637.92 m 427.92 637.92 l S 428.16 634.8 0.24 0.24 re f 428.16 635.04 m 428.16 634.8 l S 428.64 631.92 0.24 0.24 re f 428.64 631.92 m 428.64 631.92 l S 429.12 628.8 0.24 0.24 re f 429.12 628.8 m 429.12 628.8 l S 429.36 625.92 0.24 0.24 re f 429.36 625.92 m 429.36 625.92 l S 429.84 622.8 0.24 0.24 re f 429.84 622.8 m 429.84 622.8 l S 430.08 619.92 0.24 0.24 re f 430.08 619.92 m 430.08 619.92 l S 430.56 616.8 0.24 0.24 re f 430.56 616.8 m 430.56 616.8 l S 431.04 613.92 0.24 0.24 re f 431.04 613.92 m 431.04 613.92 l S 431.28 610.8 0.24 0.24 re f 431.28 610.8 m 431.28 610.8 l S 431.76 607.68 0.24 0.24 re f 431.76 607.92 m 431.76 607.68 l S 432 604.8 0.24 0.24 re f 432 604.8 m 432 604.8 l S 432.48 601.68 0.24 0.24 re f 432.48 601.92 m 432.48 601.68 l S 432.96 598.8 0.24 0.24 re f 432.96 598.8 m 432.96 598.8 l S 433.2 595.68 0.24 0.24 re f 433.2 595.68 m 433.2 595.68 l S 433.68 592.8 0.24 0.24 re f 433.68 592.8 m 433.68 592.8 l S 433.92 589.68 0.24 0.24 re f 433.92 589.68 m 433.92 589.68 l S 434.4 586.8 0.24 0.24 re f 434.4 586.8 m 434.4 586.8 l S 434.88 583.68 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 583.68 m 434.88 583.68 l S 435.12 580.8 0.24 0.24 re f 435.12 580.8 m 435.12 580.8 l S 435.6 577.68 0.24 0.24 re f 435.6 577.68 m 435.6 577.68 l S BT 188.16 574.32 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0274 Tc 0.0129 Tw (EC20 = 21.7 mg N/L \(12.1-39.2\)) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 20.1) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -20.16 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.92) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72.24 48 468 360.48 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.8 120 319.2 212.16 re b BT 189.36 350.16 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0506 Tc -0.0127 Tw (HYALELLA AZTECA, LIFE CYCLE, BORGMANN 1994) Tj 54.48 -259.2 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.8 120 m 468 120 l S 270 120.24 m 270 124.32 l S 422.16 120.24 m 422.16 124.32 l S 163.44 120 m 163.44 124.32 l S 224.16 120 m 224.16 124.32 l S 315.84 120 m 315.84 124.32 l S 376.32 120 m 376.32 124.32 l S 468 120 m 468 124.32 l S BT 157.68 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 60.72 0 TD (0.5) Tj 95.04 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 60.48 0 TD (5) Tj 89.28 0 TD (20) Tj -195.6 0 TD (1) Tj 150 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 127.44 183.12 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Young per Flask) Tj ET 148.8 120 m 148.8 332.16 l S 148.8 152.64 m 153.12 152.64 l S 148.8 185.28 m 153.12 185.28 l S 148.8 217.92 m 153.12 217.92 l S 148.8 250.56 m 153.12 250.56 l S 148.8 283.2 m 153.12 283.2 l S 148.8 315.84 m 153.12 315.84 l S BT 140.16 117.36 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 32.64 TD (10) Tj 0 32.64 TD (20) Tj T* (30) Tj 0 32.4 TD (40) Tj 0 32.88 TD (50) Tj 0 32.4 TD (60) Tj ET 0.24 w 167.04 218.16 m 167.04 219.9609 165.4272 221.52 163.44 221.52 c 161.4528 221.52 159.84 219.9609 159.84 218.04 c 159.84 216.1191 161.4528 214.56 163.44 214.56 c 165.4272 214.56 167.04 216.1191 167.04 218.04 c b 167.04 332.4 m 167.04 334.201 165.4272 335.76 163.44 335.76 c 161.4528 335.76 159.84 334.201 159.84 332.28 c 159.84 330.359 161.4528 328.8 163.44 328.8 c 165.4272 328.8 167.04 330.359 167.04 332.28 c b 167.04 299.76 m 167.04 301.561 165.4272 303.12 163.44 303.12 c 161.4528 303.12 159.84 301.561 159.84 299.64 c 159.84 297.719 161.4528 296.16 163.44 296.16 c 165.4272 296.16 167.04 297.719 167.04 299.64 c b 167.04 257.28 m 167.04 259.2672 165.4272 260.88 163.44 260.88 c 161.4528 260.88 159.84 259.2672 159.84 257.28 c 159.84 255.2928 161.4528 253.68 163.44 253.68 c 165.4272 253.68 167.04 255.2928 167.04 257.28 c b 300.24 172.56 m 300.24 174.3609 298.6272 175.92 296.64 175.92 c 294.6528 175.92 293.04 174.3609 293.04 172.44 c 293.04 170.5191 294.6528 168.96 296.64 168.96 c 298.6272 168.96 300.24 170.5191 300.24 172.44 c b 300.24 208.32 m 300.24 210.3072 298.6272 211.92 296.64 211.92 c 294.6528 211.92 293.04 210.3072 293.04 208.32 c 293.04 206.3328 294.6528 204.72 296.64 204.72 c 298.6272 204.72 300.24 206.3328 300.24 208.32 c b 333.84 182.4 m 333.84 184.2009 332.281 185.76 330.36 185.76 c 328.439 185.76 326.88 184.2009 326.88 182.28 c 326.88 180.3591 328.439 178.8 330.36 178.8 c 332.281 178.8 333.84 180.3591 333.84 182.28 c b 333.84 126.96 m 333.84 128.7609 332.281 130.32 330.36 130.32 c 328.439 130.32 326.88 128.7609 326.88 126.84 c 326.88 124.9191 328.439 123.36 330.36 123.36 c 332.281 123.36 333.84 124.9191 333.84 126.84 c b 378.48 166.08 m 378.48 167.8809 376.8672 169.44 374.88 169.44 c 372.8928 169.44 371.28 167.8809 371.28 165.96 c 371.28 164.0391 372.8928 162.48 374.88 162.48 c 376.8672 162.48 378.48 164.0391 378.48 165.96 c b 378.48 179.04 m 378.48 180.8409 376.8672 182.4 374.88 182.4 c 372.8928 182.4 371.28 180.8409 371.28 178.92 c 371.28 176.9991 372.8928 175.44 374.88 175.44 c 376.8672 175.44 378.48 176.9991 378.48 178.92 c b 378.48 139.92 m 378.48 141.7209 376.8672 143.28 374.88 143.28 c 372.8928 143.28 371.28 141.7209 371.28 139.8 c 371.28 137.8791 372.8928 136.32 374.88 136.32 c 376.8672 136.32 378.48 137.8791 378.48 139.8 c b 378.48 126.96 m 378.48 128.7609 376.8672 130.32 374.88 130.32 c 372.8928 130.32 371.28 128.7609 371.28 126.84 c 371.28 124.9191 372.8928 123.36 374.88 123.36 c 376.8672 123.36 378.48 124.9191 378.48 126.84 c b 396 120.24 m 396 122.2272 394.441 123.84 392.52 123.84 c 390.599 123.84 389.04 122.2272 389.04 120.24 c 389.04 118.2528 390.599 116.64 392.52 116.64 c 394.441 116.64 396 118.2528 396 120.24 c b 396 123.6 m 396 125.4009 394.441 126.96 392.52 126.96 c 390.599 126.96 389.04 125.4009 389.04 123.48 c 389.04 121.5591 390.599 120 392.52 120 c 394.441 120 396 121.5591 396 123.48 c b 447.6 120.24 m 447.6 122.2272 446.041 123.84 444.12 123.84 c 442.199 123.84 440.64 122.2272 440.64 120.24 c 440.64 118.2528 442.199 116.64 444.12 116.64 c 446.041 116.64 447.6 118.2528 447.6 120.24 c b 2.4 w 234 245.28 m 261.6 245.28 l 288.24 245.28 l S 0.24 w 257.52 241.44 7.92 7.92 re b 0.48 w 163.44 276.24 m 174.72 276 l 186 275.52 l 197.28 274.56 l 208.56 273.12 l 219.6 270.72 l 230.88 267.12 l 242.16 261.6 l 253.44 253.2 l 264.72 241.44 l 275.76 226.32 l 287.04 208.08 l 298.32 188.88 l 309.6 170.88 l 320.88 155.52 l 331.92 143.76 l 343.2 135.6 l 354.48 129.84 l 365.76 126.24 l 377.04 123.84 l 388.08 122.4 l 399.36 121.44 l 410.64 120.96 l 421.92 120.72 l 432.96 120.48 l 444.24 120.24 l S 163.68 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 163.44 239.76 m 163.68 239.76 l S 166.56 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 166.56 239.76 m 166.56 239.76 l S 169.68 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 169.68 239.76 m 169.68 239.76 l S 172.56 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 172.56 239.76 m 172.56 239.76 l S 175.68 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 175.68 239.76 m 175.68 239.76 l S 178.8 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 178.56 239.76 m 178.8 239.76 l S 181.68 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 181.68 239.76 m 181.68 239.76 l S 184.8 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 184.8 239.76 m 184.8 239.76 l S 187.68 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 187.68 239.76 m 187.68 239.76 l S 190.8 239.52 0.24 0.24 re f 190.8 239.52 m 190.8 239.52 l S 193.68 239.52 0.24 0.24 re f 193.68 239.52 m 193.68 239.52 l S 196.8 239.52 0.24 0.24 re f 196.8 239.52 m 196.8 239.52 l S 199.92 239.28 0.24 0.24 re f 199.68 239.28 m 199.92 239.28 l S 202.8 239.04 0.24 0.24 re f 202.8 239.04 m 202.8 239.04 l S 205.92 239.04 0.24 0.24 re f 205.92 239.04 m 205.92 239.04 l S 208.8 238.8 0.24 0.24 re f 208.8 238.8 m 208.8 238.8 l S 211.92 238.56 0.24 0.24 re f 211.92 238.56 m 211.92 238.56 l S 215.04 238.08 0.24 0.24 re f 214.8 238.08 m 215.04 238.08 l S 217.92 237.84 0.24 0.24 re f 217.92 237.84 m 217.92 237.84 l S 221.04 237.36 0.24 0.24 re f 221.04 237.36 m 221.04 237.36 l S 223.92 236.64 0.24 0.24 re f 223.92 236.64 m 223.92 236.64 l S 227.04 235.92 0.24 0.24 re f 227.04 235.92 m 227.04 235.92 l S 230.16 235.44 0.24 0.24 re f 229.92 235.44 m 230.16 235.44 l S 233.04 234.24 0.24 0.24 re f 233.04 234.24 m 233.04 234.24 l S 236.16 233.04 0.24 0.24 re f 236.16 233.04 m 236.16 233.04 l S 239.04 231.6 0.24 0.24 re f 239.04 231.6 m 239.04 231.6 l S 242.16 230.4 0.24 0.24 re f 242.16 230.4 m 242.16 230.4 l S 245.04 228.24 0.24 0.24 re f 245.04 228.24 m 245.04 228.24 l S 248.16 226.08 0.24 0.24 re f 248.16 226.08 m 248.16 226.08 l S 251.28 223.92 0.24 0.24 re f 251.04 223.92 m 251.28 223.92 l S 254.16 221.52 0.24 0.24 re f 254.16 221.52 m 254.16 221.52 l S 256.8 218.4 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 218.4 m 256.8 218.4 l S 259.68 215.52 0.24 0.24 re f 259.68 215.52 m 259.68 215.52 l S 262.56 212.4 0.24 0.24 re f 262.32 212.4 m 262.56 212.4 l S 265.2 209.52 0.24 0.24 re f 264.96 209.52 m 265.2 209.52 l S 267.36 206.4 0.24 0.24 re f 267.36 206.4 m 267.36 206.4 l S 269.52 203.28 0.24 0.24 re f 269.52 203.52 m 269.52 203.28 l S 271.68 200.4 0.24 0.24 re f 271.68 200.4 m 271.68 200.4 l S 273.84 197.28 0.24 0.24 re f 273.84 197.52 m 273.84 197.28 l S 276 194.4 0.24 0.24 re f 276 194.4 m 276 194.4 l S 278.16 191.28 0.24 0.24 re f 278.16 191.28 m 278.16 191.28 l S 280.08 188.4 0.24 0.24 re f 280.08 188.4 m 280.08 188.4 l S 282.24 185.28 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 185.28 m 282.24 185.28 l S 284.16 182.4 0.24 0.24 re f 284.16 182.4 m 284.16 182.4 l S 286.32 179.28 0.24 0.24 re f 286.32 179.28 m 286.32 179.28 l S 288.48 176.4 0.24 0.24 re f 288.48 176.4 m 288.48 176.4 l S 290.64 173.28 0.24 0.24 re f 290.64 173.28 m 290.64 173.28 l S 292.8 170.16 0.24 0.24 re f 292.8 170.4 m 292.8 170.16 l S 294.96 167.28 0.24 0.24 re f 294.96 167.28 m 294.96 167.28 l S 297.12 164.16 0.24 0.24 re f 297.12 164.4 m 297.12 164.16 l S 299.52 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 299.52 161.28 m 299.52 161.28 l S 302.16 158.16 0.24 0.24 re f 302.16 158.16 m 302.16 158.16 l S 304.8 155.28 0.24 0.24 re f 304.8 155.28 m 304.8 155.28 l S 307.2 152.16 0.24 0.24 re f 307.2 152.16 m 307.2 152.16 l S 310.08 149.28 0.24 0.24 re f 309.84 149.28 m 310.08 149.28 l S 312.96 146.4 0.24 0.24 re f 312.96 146.4 m 312.96 146.4 l S 316.08 143.52 0.24 0.24 re f 316.08 143.76 m 316.08 143.52 l S 318.96 140.88 0.24 0.24 re f 318.96 140.88 m 318.96 140.88 l S 322.08 138.24 0.24 0.24 re f 322.08 138.24 m 322.08 138.24 l S 325.2 136.32 0.24 0.24 re f 324.96 136.32 m 325.2 136.32 l S 328.08 134.16 0.24 0.24 re f 328.08 134.16 m 328.08 134.16 l S 331.2 132 0.24 0.24 re f 331.2 132 m 331.2 132 l S 334.08 130.32 0.24 0.24 re f 334.08 130.32 m 334.08 130.32 l S 337.2 128.88 0.24 0.24 re f 337.2 128.88 m 337.2 128.88 l S 340.08 127.44 0.24 0.24 re f 340.08 127.44 m 340.08 127.44 l S 343.2 126 0.24 0.24 re f 343.2 126 m 343.2 126 l S 346.32 125.28 0.24 0.24 re f 346.08 125.28 m 346.32 125.28 l S 349.2 124.32 0.24 0.24 re f 349.2 124.32 m 349.2 124.32 l S 352.32 123.36 0.24 0.24 re f 352.32 123.36 m 352.32 123.36 l S 355.2 122.64 0.24 0.24 re f 355.2 122.64 m 355.2 122.64 l S 358.32 122.16 0.24 0.24 re f 358.32 122.16 m 358.32 122.16 l S 361.44 121.68 0.24 0.24 re f 361.2 121.68 m 361.44 121.68 l S 364.32 121.2 0.24 0.24 re f 364.32 121.2 m 364.32 121.2 l S 365.76 120.96 0.24 0.24 re f 365.76 120.96 m 365.76 120.96 l S 368.88 120.72 0.24 0.24 re f 368.64 120.72 m 368.88 120.72 l S 371.76 120.48 0.24 0.24 re f 371.76 120.48 m 371.76 120.48 l S 374.88 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 374.88 120.24 m 374.88 120.24 l S 163.68 312.72 0.24 0.24 re f 163.44 312.72 m 163.68 312.72 l S 166.56 312.72 0.24 0.24 re f 166.56 312.72 m 166.56 312.72 l S 169.68 312.48 0.24 0.24 re f 169.68 312.48 m 169.68 312.48 l S 172.56 312.24 0.24 0.24 re f 172.56 312.24 m 172.56 312.24 l S 175.68 312.24 0.24 0.24 re f 175.68 312.24 m 175.68 312.24 l S 178.8 311.76 0.24 0.24 re f 178.56 311.76 m 178.8 311.76 l S 181.68 311.52 0.24 0.24 re f 181.68 311.52 m 181.68 311.52 l S 184.8 311.28 0.24 0.24 re f 184.8 311.28 m 184.8 311.28 l S 187.68 311.04 0.24 0.24 re f 187.68 311.04 m 187.68 311.04 l S 190.8 310.56 0.24 0.24 re f 190.8 310.56 m 190.8 310.56 l S 193.68 310.08 0.24 0.24 re f 193.68 310.08 m 193.68 310.08 l S 196.8 309.6 0.24 0.24 re f 196.8 309.6 m 196.8 309.6 l S 199.92 309.12 0.24 0.24 re f 199.68 309.12 m 199.92 309.12 l S 202.8 308.64 0.24 0.24 re f 202.8 308.64 m 202.8 308.64 l S 205.92 307.92 0.24 0.24 re f 205.92 307.92 m 205.92 307.92 l S 208.8 307.2 0.24 0.24 re f 208.8 307.2 m 208.8 307.2 l S 211.92 306.24 0.24 0.24 re f 211.92 306.24 m 211.92 306.24 l S 215.04 305.28 0.24 0.24 re f 214.8 305.28 m 215.04 305.28 l S 217.92 304.56 0.24 0.24 re f 217.92 304.56 m 217.92 304.56 l S 221.04 303.36 0.24 0.24 re f 221.04 303.36 m 221.04 303.36 l S 223.92 302.16 0.24 0.24 re f 223.92 302.16 m 223.92 302.16 l S 227.04 300.72 0.24 0.24 re f 227.04 300.72 m 227.04 300.72 l S 230.16 299.52 0.24 0.24 re f 229.92 299.52 m 230.16 299.52 l S 233.04 297.84 0.24 0.24 re f 233.04 297.84 m 233.04 297.84 l S 236.16 296.16 0.24 0.24 re f 236.16 296.16 m 236.16 296.16 l S 239.04 294.48 0.24 0.24 re f 239.04 294.48 m 239.04 294.48 l S 242.16 292.56 0.24 0.24 re f 242.16 292.8 m 242.16 292.56 l S 245.04 290.4 0.24 0.24 re f 245.04 290.4 m 245.04 290.4 l S 248.16 288.24 0.24 0.24 re f 248.16 288.24 m 248.16 288.24 l S 251.28 285.84 0.24 0.24 re f 251.04 285.84 m 251.28 285.84 l S 254.16 283.44 0.24 0.24 re f 254.16 283.44 m 254.16 283.44 l S 257.28 280.32 0.24 0.24 re f 257.28 280.32 m 257.28 280.32 l S 260.16 277.2 0.24 0.24 re f 260.16 277.44 m 260.16 277.2 l S 263.28 274.32 0.24 0.24 re f 263.28 274.32 m 263.28 274.32 l S 265.92 271.2 0.24 0.24 re f 265.92 271.44 m 265.92 271.2 l S 268.08 268.32 0.24 0.24 re f 268.08 268.32 m 268.08 268.32 l S 270.24 265.2 0.24 0.24 re f 270.24 265.2 m 270.24 265.2 l S 272.64 262.32 0.24 0.24 re f 272.64 262.32 m 272.64 262.32 l S 274.8 259.2 0.24 0.24 re f 274.8 259.2 m 274.8 259.2 l S 276.72 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 276.72 256.32 m 276.72 256.32 l S 278.4 253.2 0.24 0.24 re f 278.4 253.2 m 278.4 253.2 l S 280.32 250.32 0.24 0.24 re f 280.32 250.32 m 280.32 250.32 l S 282 247.2 0.24 0.24 re f 282 247.2 m 282 247.2 l S 283.68 244.08 0.24 0.24 re f 283.68 244.32 m 283.68 244.08 l S 285.36 241.2 0.24 0.24 re f 285.36 241.2 m 285.36 241.2 l S 287.04 238.08 0.24 0.24 re f 287.04 238.32 m 287.04 238.08 l S 288.48 235.2 0.24 0.24 re f 288.48 235.2 m 288.48 235.2 l S 289.92 232.08 0.24 0.24 re f 289.92 232.08 m 289.92 232.08 l S 291.6 229.2 0.24 0.24 re f 291.36 229.2 m 291.6 229.2 l S 293.04 226.08 0.24 0.24 re f 293.04 226.08 m 293.04 226.08 l S 294.48 223.2 0.24 0.24 re f 294.48 223.2 m 294.48 223.2 l S 295.92 220.08 0.24 0.24 re f 295.92 220.08 m 295.92 220.08 l S 297.36 217.2 0.24 0.24 re f 297.36 217.2 m 297.36 217.2 l S 298.8 214.08 0.24 0.24 re f 298.8 214.08 m 298.8 214.08 l S 300.24 210.96 0.24 0.24 re f 300.24 211.2 m 300.24 210.96 l S 301.68 208.08 0.24 0.24 re f 301.68 208.08 m 301.68 208.08 l S 303.12 204.96 0.24 0.24 re f 303.12 205.2 m 303.12 204.96 l S 304.56 202.08 0.24 0.24 re f 304.56 202.08 m 304.56 202.08 l S 306.24 198.96 0.24 0.24 re f 306 198.96 m 306.24 198.96 l S 307.68 196.08 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 196.08 m 307.68 196.08 l S 309.12 192.96 0.24 0.24 re f 309.12 192.96 m 309.12 192.96 l S 310.56 190.08 0.24 0.24 re f 310.56 190.08 m 310.56 190.08 l S 312.48 186.96 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 186.96 m 312.48 186.96 l S 313.92 184.08 0.24 0.24 re f 313.92 184.08 m 313.92 184.08 l S 315.84 180.96 0.24 0.24 re f 315.6 180.96 m 315.84 180.96 l S 317.28 177.84 0.24 0.24 re f 317.28 178.08 m 317.28 177.84 l S 319.2 174.96 0.24 0.24 re f 318.96 174.96 m 319.2 174.96 l S 320.64 171.84 0.24 0.24 re f 320.64 172.08 m 320.64 171.84 l S 322.8 168.96 0.24 0.24 re f 322.8 168.96 m 322.8 168.96 l S 325.2 165.84 0.24 0.24 re f 325.2 165.84 m 325.2 165.84 l S 327.36 162.96 0.24 0.24 re f 327.36 162.96 m 327.36 162.96 l S 329.52 159.84 0.24 0.24 re f 329.52 159.84 m 329.52 159.84 l S 331.68 156.96 0.24 0.24 re f 331.44 156.96 m 331.68 156.96 l S 334.56 153.84 0.24 0.24 re f 334.32 153.84 m 334.56 153.84 l S 337.44 150.96 0.24 0.24 re f 337.44 150.96 m 337.44 150.96 l S 340.32 147.84 0.24 0.24 re f 340.32 147.84 m 340.32 147.84 l S 343.44 144.96 0.24 0.24 re f 343.44 144.96 m 343.44 144.96 l S 346.56 142.8 0.24 0.24 re f 346.32 142.8 m 346.56 142.8 l S 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535.44 m 406.32 535.44 l S 408.72 532.56 0.24 0.24 re f 408.72 532.56 m 408.72 532.56 l S 411.12 529.44 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 529.44 m 411.12 529.44 l S 413.76 526.32 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 526.56 m 413.76 526.32 l S 416.4 523.44 0.24 0.24 re f 416.4 523.44 m 416.4 523.44 l S 419.28 520.32 0.24 0.24 re f 419.28 520.32 m 419.28 520.32 l S 421.92 517.44 0.24 0.24 re f 421.92 517.44 m 421.92 517.44 l S 424.8 514.32 0.24 0.24 re f 424.8 514.32 m 424.8 514.32 l S 427.44 511.44 0.24 0.24 re f 427.44 511.44 m 427.44 511.44 l S 430.56 509.04 0.24 0.24 re f 430.56 509.04 m 430.56 509.04 l S 433.68 506.64 0.24 0.24 re f 433.44 506.88 m 433.68 506.64 l S 436.56 504.48 0.24 0.24 re f 436.56 504.48 m 436.56 504.48 l S 439.68 502.08 0.24 0.24 re f 439.68 502.08 m 439.68 502.08 l S 442.56 499.68 0.24 0.24 re f 442.56 499.68 m 442.56 499.68 l S 445.68 498.24 0.24 0.24 re f 445.68 498.24 m 445.68 498.24 l S 448.8 497.04 0.24 0.24 re f 448.56 497.04 m 448.8 497.04 l S 451.68 495.6 0.24 0.24 re f 451.68 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198.72 683.52 0.24 0.24 re f 198.48 683.52 m 198.72 683.52 l S 201.6 683.28 0.24 0.24 re f 201.6 683.28 m 201.6 683.28 l S 204.72 683.04 0.24 0.24 re f 204.72 683.04 m 204.72 683.04 l S 207.6 682.8 0.24 0.24 re f 207.6 682.8 m 207.6 682.8 l S 210.72 682.56 0.24 0.24 re f 210.72 682.56 m 210.72 682.56 l S 213.6 682.32 0.24 0.24 re f 213.6 682.32 m 213.6 682.32 l S 216.72 682.08 0.24 0.24 re f 216.72 682.08 m 216.72 682.08 l S 219.84 681.84 0.24 0.24 re f 219.6 681.84 m 219.84 681.84 l S 222.72 681.36 0.24 0.24 re f 222.72 681.6 m 222.72 681.36 l S 225.84 681.12 0.24 0.24 re f 225.84 681.12 m 225.84 681.12 l S 228.72 680.88 0.24 0.24 re f 228.72 680.88 m 228.72 680.88 l S 231.84 680.4 0.24 0.24 re f 231.84 680.4 m 231.84 680.4 l S 234.96 679.92 0.24 0.24 re f 234.72 679.92 m 234.96 679.92 l S 237.84 679.68 0.24 0.24 re f 237.84 679.68 m 237.84 679.68 l S 240.96 679.2 0.24 0.24 re f 240.96 679.2 m 240.96 679.2 l S 243.84 678.72 0.24 0.24 re f 243.84 678.72 m 243.84 678.72 l S 246.96 678.24 0.24 0.24 re f 246.96 678.24 m 246.96 678.24 l S 250.08 677.52 0.24 0.24 re f 249.84 677.52 m 250.08 677.52 l S 252.96 677.04 0.24 0.24 re f 252.96 677.04 m 252.96 677.04 l S 256.08 676.56 0.24 0.24 re f 256.08 676.56 m 256.08 676.56 l S 258.96 675.84 0.24 0.24 re f 258.96 675.84 m 258.96 675.84 l S 262.08 675.12 0.24 0.24 re f 262.08 675.12 m 262.08 675.12 l S 264.96 674.4 0.24 0.24 re f 264.96 674.4 m 264.96 674.4 l S 268.08 673.68 0.24 0.24 re f 268.08 673.68 m 268.08 673.68 l S 271.2 672.96 0.24 0.24 re f 270.96 672.96 m 271.2 672.96 l S 274.08 672.24 0.24 0.24 re f 274.08 672.24 m 274.08 672.24 l S 277.2 671.28 0.24 0.24 re f 277.2 671.28 m 277.2 671.28 l S 280.08 670.32 0.24 0.24 re f 280.08 670.32 m 280.08 670.32 l S 283.2 669.36 0.24 0.24 re f 283.2 669.36 m 283.2 669.36 l S 286.32 668.4 0.24 0.24 re f 286.08 668.4 m 286.32 668.4 l S 289.2 667.44 0.24 0.24 re f 289.2 667.44 m 289.2 667.44 l S 292.32 666.48 0.24 0.24 re f 292.32 666.48 m 292.32 666.48 l S 295.2 665.52 0.24 0.24 re f 295.2 665.52 m 295.2 665.52 l S 298.32 664.32 0.24 0.24 re f 298.32 664.32 m 298.32 664.32 l S 301.44 663.36 0.24 0.24 re f 301.2 663.36 m 301.44 663.36 l S 304.32 662.16 0.24 0.24 re f 304.32 662.16 m 304.32 662.16 l S 307.44 660.96 0.24 0.24 re f 307.2 660.96 m 307.44 660.96 l S 310.32 659.76 0.24 0.24 re f 310.32 659.76 m 310.32 659.76 l S 313.44 658.56 0.24 0.24 re f 313.44 658.56 m 313.44 658.56 l S 316.32 657.36 0.24 0.24 re f 316.32 657.36 m 316.32 657.36 l S 319.44 656.16 0.24 0.24 re f 319.44 656.16 m 319.44 656.16 l S 322.56 654.72 0.24 0.24 re f 322.32 654.72 m 322.56 654.72 l S 325.44 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 325.44 653.28 m 325.44 653.28 l S 328.56 651.6 0.24 0.24 re f 328.56 651.6 m 328.56 651.6 l S 331.44 650.16 0.24 0.24 re f 331.44 650.16 m 331.44 650.16 l S 334.56 648.48 0.24 0.24 re f 334.56 648.72 m 334.56 648.48 l S 337.68 646.8 0.24 0.24 re f 337.44 646.8 m 337.68 646.8 l S 340.56 644.4 0.24 0.24 re f 340.56 644.64 m 340.56 644.4 l S 343.68 642.24 0.24 0.24 re f 343.68 642.24 m 343.68 642.24 l S 346.56 640.08 0.24 0.24 re f 346.56 640.08 m 346.56 640.08 l S 349.68 637.92 0.24 0.24 re f 349.68 637.92 m 349.68 637.92 l S 352.56 635.28 0.24 0.24 re f 352.56 635.28 m 352.56 635.28 l S 355.68 632.16 0.24 0.24 re f 355.68 632.16 m 355.68 632.16 l S 358.56 629.28 0.24 0.24 re f 358.56 629.28 m 358.56 629.28 l S 361.44 626.16 0.24 0.24 re f 361.44 626.16 m 361.44 626.16 l S 364.56 623.28 0.24 0.24 re f 364.32 623.28 m 364.56 623.28 l S 367.2 620.16 0.24 0.24 re f 367.2 620.16 m 367.2 620.16 l S 369.6 617.04 0.24 0.24 re f 369.6 617.28 m 369.6 617.04 l S 372.24 614.16 0.24 0.24 re f 372 614.16 m 372.24 614.16 l S 374.64 611.04 0.24 0.24 re f 374.64 611.04 m 374.64 611.04 l S 377.04 608.16 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 608.16 m 377.04 608.16 l S 379.44 605.04 0.24 0.24 re f 379.44 605.04 m 379.44 605.04 l S 381.84 602.16 0.24 0.24 re f 381.84 602.16 m 381.84 602.16 l S 384.48 599.04 0.24 0.24 re f 384.48 599.04 m 384.48 599.04 l S 386.88 595.92 0.24 0.24 re f 386.88 596.16 m 386.88 595.92 l S 389.28 593.04 0.24 0.24 re f 389.28 593.04 m 389.28 593.04 l S 391.92 589.92 0.24 0.24 re f 391.92 589.92 m 391.92 589.92 l S 394.32 587.04 0.24 0.24 re f 394.32 587.04 m 394.32 587.04 l S 396.72 583.92 0.24 0.24 re f 396.72 583.92 m 396.72 583.92 l S 399.84 581.04 0.24 0.24 re f 399.84 581.04 m 399.84 581.04 l S 402.72 577.92 0.24 0.24 re f 402.72 577.92 m 402.72 577.92 l S 405.84 575.04 0.24 0.24 re f 405.84 575.04 m 405.84 575.04 l S 408.72 571.92 0.24 0.24 re f 408.72 571.92 m 408.72 571.92 l S 411.84 568.8 0.24 0.24 re f 411.84 569.04 m 411.84 568.8 l S 414.72 566.4 0.24 0.24 re f 414.72 566.4 m 414.72 566.4 l S 417.84 563.76 0.24 0.24 re f 417.84 563.76 m 417.84 563.76 l S 420.96 561.36 0.24 0.24 re f 420.72 561.36 m 420.96 561.36 l S 423.84 558.72 0.24 0.24 re f 423.84 558.72 m 423.84 558.72 l S 426.96 556.08 0.24 0.24 re f 426.96 556.32 m 426.96 556.08 l S 429.84 553.92 0.24 0.24 re f 429.84 553.92 m 429.84 553.92 l S 432.96 551.52 0.24 0.24 re f 432.96 551.52 m 432.96 551.52 l S 436.08 549.36 0.24 0.24 re f 435.84 549.36 m 436.08 549.36 l S 438.96 546.96 0.24 0.24 re f 438.96 546.96 m 438.96 546.96 l S 442.08 544.8 0.24 0.24 re f 442.08 544.8 m 442.08 544.8 l S 444.96 542.64 0.24 0.24 re f 444.96 542.64 m 444.96 542.64 l S 448.08 540.48 0.24 0.24 re f 448.08 540.48 m 448.08 540.48 l S 451.2 538.32 0.24 0.24 re f 450.96 538.32 m 451.2 538.32 l S 454.08 536.16 0.24 0.24 re f 454.08 536.4 m 454.08 536.16 l S 457.2 534.24 0.24 0.24 re f 456.96 534.24 m 457.2 534.24 l S 0.24 w 156.72 664.8 m 171.36 664.8 l S 166.8 662.16 m 156.72 664.8 l 166.8 667.68 l S 157.2 654.24 m 171.84 654.24 l S 167.28 651.6 m 157.2 654.24 l 167.28 657.12 l S BT 195.36 552.72 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0274 Tc 0.0129 Tw (EC20 = 1.97 mg N/L \(0.99-3.91\)) Tj 0.24 -18.96 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 24.2) Tj 39.12 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.4 -17.76 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 8.00) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 360.96 re f [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.56 120 319.2 212.4 re b BT 168.24 355.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0505 Tc -0.0125 Tw (FATHEAD MINNOW, 30-DAY ELS, SWIGERT AND SPACIE 1983) Tj 75.36 -264.96 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 120 m 467.76 120 l S 160.08 120 m 160.08 124.08 l S 278.16 120 m 278.16 124.08 l S 396.48 120 m 396.48 124.08 l S 195.6 120 m 195.6 124.08 l S 242.64 120 m 242.64 124.08 l S 313.92 120 m 313.92 124.08 l S 360.96 120 m 360.96 124.08 l S 432 120 m 432 124.08 l S BT 189.84 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 47.04 0 TD (0.5) Tj 74.64 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 47.04 0 TD (5) Tj 68.88 0 TD (20) Tj -273.12 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 121.68 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 115.92 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 124.8 165.6 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Biomass at 30 days \(g\)) Tj ET 148.56 120 m 148.56 332.4 l S 148.56 153.12 m 152.88 153.12 l S 148.56 186.24 m 152.88 186.24 l S 148.56 219.6 m 152.88 219.6 l S 148.56 252.72 m 152.88 252.72 l S 148.56 285.84 m 152.88 285.84 l S 148.56 318.96 m 152.88 318.96 l S BT 132.96 117.12 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc (0.0) Tj 0 33.36 TD (0.5) Tj 0 33.12 TD (1.0) Tj T* (1.5) Tj T* (2.0) Tj T* (2.5) Tj 0 33.36 TD (3.0) Tj ET 160.08 307.44 m 160.08 322.32 l S 157.92 322.32 m 162.24 322.32 l S 160.08 307.44 m 160.08 292.32 l S 157.92 292.32 m 162.24 292.32 l S 0.24 w 163.44 307.68 m 163.44 309.481 161.881 311.04 159.96 311.04 c 158.039 311.04 156.48 309.481 156.48 307.56 c 156.48 305.639 158.039 304.08 159.96 304.08 c 161.881 304.08 163.44 305.639 163.44 307.56 c b 0.48 w 296.64 289.44 m 296.64 302.64 l S 294.48 302.64 m 298.8 302.64 l S 296.64 289.44 m 296.64 276.24 l S 294.48 276.24 m 298.8 276.24 l S 0.24 w 300 289.68 m 300 291.6672 298.441 293.28 296.52 293.28 c 294.599 293.28 293.04 291.6672 293.04 289.68 c 293.04 287.6928 294.599 286.08 296.52 286.08 c 298.441 286.08 300 287.6928 300 289.68 c b 0.48 w 336.24 277.68 m 336.24 291.6 l S 334.32 291.6 m 338.4 291.6 l S 336.24 277.68 m 336.24 263.76 l S 334.32 263.76 m 338.4 263.76 l S 0.24 w 339.84 277.92 m 339.84 279.7209 338.2272 281.28 336.24 281.28 c 334.2528 281.28 332.64 279.7209 332.64 277.8 c 332.64 275.8791 334.2528 274.32 336.24 274.32 c 338.2272 274.32 339.84 275.8791 339.84 277.8 c b 0.48 w 380.88 238.8 m 380.88 251.28 l S 378.72 251.28 m 383.04 251.28 l S 380.88 238.8 m 380.88 226.08 l S 378.72 226.08 m 383.04 226.08 l S 0.24 w 384.24 238.8 m 384.24 240.7872 382.681 242.4 380.76 242.4 c 378.839 242.4 377.28 240.7872 377.28 238.8 c 377.28 236.8128 378.839 235.2 380.76 235.2 c 382.681 235.2 384.24 236.8128 384.24 238.8 c b 0.48 w 409.2 217.2 m 409.2 227.76 l S 407.04 227.76 m 411.36 227.76 l S 409.2 217.2 m 409.2 206.64 l S 407.04 206.64 m 411.36 206.64 l S 0.24 w 412.56 217.44 m 412.56 219.2409 411.001 220.8 409.08 220.8 c 407.159 220.8 405.6 219.2409 405.6 217.32 c 405.6 215.3991 407.159 213.84 409.08 213.84 c 411.001 213.84 412.56 215.3991 412.56 217.32 c b 457.92 120.96 m 457.92 122.7609 456.3072 124.32 454.32 124.32 c 452.3328 124.32 450.72 122.7609 450.72 120.84 c 450.72 118.9191 452.3328 117.36 454.32 117.36 c 456.3072 117.36 457.92 118.9191 457.92 120.84 c b 2.4 w 300.72 267.36 m 345.84 267.36 l 390.96 267.36 l S 0.24 w 342 263.28 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 160.08 306 m 171.84 305.76 l 183.6 305.52 l 195.36 305.04 l 207.12 304.56 l 218.88 303.84 l 230.64 303.12 l 242.4 301.92 l 254.16 300.48 l 265.92 298.8 l 277.68 296.64 l 289.44 294 l 301.44 290.4 l 313.2 286.32 l 324.96 281.04 l 336.72 275.04 l 348.48 267.84 l 360.24 259.44 l 372 249.84 l 383.76 239.28 l 395.52 228 l 407.28 216.24 l 419.04 204.48 l 430.8 192.96 l 442.56 182.16 l 454.32 172.08 l S 160.08 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 160.08 282.96 m 160.08 282.96 l S 163.2 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 162.96 282.96 m 163.2 282.96 l S 166.08 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 166.08 283.2 m 166.08 283.2 l S 169.2 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 169.2 283.2 m 169.2 283.2 l S 172.08 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 172.08 283.2 m 172.08 283.2 l S 175.2 283.44 0.24 0.24 re f 175.2 283.2 m 175.2 283.44 l S 178.08 283.44 0.24 0.24 re f 178.08 283.44 m 178.08 283.44 l S 181.2 283.44 0.24 0.24 re f 181.2 283.44 m 181.2 283.44 l S 184.32 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 184.08 283.68 m 184.32 283.68 l S 187.2 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 187.2 283.68 m 187.2 283.68 l S 190.32 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 190.32 283.68 m 190.32 283.68 l S 193.2 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 193.2 283.68 m 193.2 283.68 l S 196.32 283.92 0.24 0.24 re f 196.32 283.92 m 196.32 283.92 l S 199.44 283.92 0.24 0.24 re f 199.2 283.92 m 199.44 283.92 l S 202.32 283.92 0.24 0.24 re f 202.32 283.92 m 202.32 283.92 l S 205.44 284.16 0.24 0.24 re f 205.44 284.16 m 205.44 284.16 l S 208.32 284.16 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 284.16 m 208.32 284.16 l S 211.44 284.16 0.24 0.24 re f 211.44 284.16 m 211.44 284.16 l S 214.56 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 214.32 284.4 m 214.56 284.4 l S 217.44 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 217.44 284.4 m 217.44 284.4 l S 220.56 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 220.56 284.4 m 220.56 284.4 l S 223.44 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 223.44 284.4 m 223.44 284.4 l S 226.56 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 226.56 284.4 m 226.56 284.4 l S 229.44 284.64 0.24 0.24 re f 229.44 284.64 m 229.44 284.64 l S 232.56 284.64 0.24 0.24 re f 232.56 284.64 m 232.56 284.64 l S 235.68 284.64 0.24 0.24 re f 235.44 284.64 m 235.68 284.64 l S 238.56 284.64 0.24 0.24 re f 238.56 284.64 m 238.56 284.64 l S 241.68 284.64 0.24 0.24 re f 241.68 284.64 m 241.68 284.64 l S 244.56 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 244.56 284.4 m 244.56 284.4 l S 247.68 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 247.68 284.4 m 247.68 284.4 l S 250.8 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 250.56 284.4 m 250.8 284.4 l S 253.68 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 253.68 284.4 m 253.68 284.4 l S 256.8 284.16 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 284.16 m 256.8 284.16 l S 259.68 283.92 0.24 0.24 re f 259.68 283.92 m 259.68 283.92 l S 262.8 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 262.8 283.68 m 262.8 283.68 l S 265.68 283.68 0.24 0.24 re f 265.68 283.68 m 265.68 283.68 l S 268.8 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 268.8 283.2 m 268.8 283.2 l S 271.92 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 271.68 282.96 m 271.92 282.96 l S 274.8 282.48 0.24 0.24 re f 274.8 282.48 m 274.8 282.48 l S 277.92 282 0.24 0.24 re f 277.92 282 m 277.92 282 l S 280.8 281.52 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 281.52 m 280.8 281.52 l S 283.92 280.8 0.24 0.24 re f 283.92 280.8 m 283.92 280.8 l S 287.04 280.32 0.24 0.24 re f 286.8 280.32 m 287.04 280.32 l S 289.92 279.6 0.24 0.24 re f 289.92 279.6 m 289.92 279.6 l S 293.04 278.88 0.24 0.24 re f 293.04 278.88 m 293.04 278.88 l S 295.92 277.92 0.24 0.24 re f 295.92 277.92 m 295.92 277.92 l S 299.04 276.96 0.24 0.24 re f 299.04 276.96 m 299.04 276.96 l S 302.16 276 0.24 0.24 re f 301.92 276 m 302.16 276 l S 305.04 274.8 0.24 0.24 re f 305.04 274.8 m 305.04 274.8 l S 308.16 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 308.16 273.6 m 308.16 273.6 l S 311.04 272.4 0.24 0.24 re f 311.04 272.4 m 311.04 272.4 l S 314.16 271.2 0.24 0.24 re f 314.16 271.2 m 314.16 271.2 l S 317.04 269.76 0.24 0.24 re f 317.04 269.76 m 317.04 269.76 l S 320.16 268.08 0.24 0.24 re f 320.16 268.08 m 320.16 268.08 l S 323.28 266.64 0.24 0.24 re f 323.04 266.64 m 323.28 266.64 l S 326.16 265.2 0.24 0.24 re f 326.16 265.2 m 326.16 265.2 l S 329.28 263.28 0.24 0.24 re f 329.28 263.52 m 329.28 263.28 l S 332.16 261.6 0.24 0.24 re f 332.16 261.6 m 332.16 261.6 l S 335.28 259.92 0.24 0.24 re f 335.28 259.92 m 335.28 259.92 l S 338.4 258.24 0.24 0.24 re f 338.16 258.24 m 338.4 258.24 l S 341.28 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 341.28 256.32 m 341.28 256.32 l S 344.4 254.4 0.24 0.24 re f 344.4 254.4 m 344.4 254.4 l S 347.28 252.48 0.24 0.24 re f 347.28 252.48 m 347.28 252.48 l S 350.4 250.56 0.24 0.24 re f 350.4 250.56 m 350.4 250.56 l S 353.28 248.64 0.24 0.24 re f 353.28 248.64 m 353.28 248.64 l S 356.4 246.48 0.24 0.24 re f 356.4 246.48 m 356.4 246.48 l S 359.52 244.56 0.24 0.24 re f 359.28 244.56 m 359.52 244.56 l S 362.4 242.4 0.24 0.24 re f 362.4 242.4 m 362.4 242.4 l S 365.52 240.24 0.24 0.24 re f 365.52 240.24 m 365.52 240.24 l S 368.4 238.32 0.24 0.24 re f 368.4 238.32 m 368.4 238.32 l S 371.52 236.16 0.24 0.24 re f 371.52 236.16 m 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262.08 m 233.76 262.08 l S 236.88 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 236.88 262.08 m 236.88 262.08 l S 240 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 239.76 262.08 m 240 262.08 l S 242.88 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 242.88 262.08 m 242.88 262.08 l S 246 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 246 262.08 m 246 262.08 l S 248.88 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 248.88 262.08 m 248.88 262.08 l S 252 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 252 262.08 m 252 262.08 l S 254.88 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 254.88 262.08 m 254.88 262.08 l S 258 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 258 262.08 m 258 262.08 l S 261.12 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 260.88 262.08 m 261.12 262.08 l S 264 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 264 262.08 m 264 262.08 l S 267.12 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 262.08 m 267.12 262.08 l S 270 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 270 262.08 m 270 262.08 l S 273.12 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 273.12 262.08 m 273.12 262.08 l S 276.24 262.32 0.24 0.24 re f 276 262.32 m 276.24 262.32 l S 279.12 262.32 0.24 0.24 re f 279.12 262.32 m 279.12 262.32 l S 282.24 262.32 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 262.32 m 282.24 262.32 l S 285.12 262.32 0.24 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0.24 0.24 re f 333.6 260.4 m 333.6 260.4 l S 336.48 259.44 0.24 0.24 re f 336.48 259.44 m 336.48 259.44 l S 339.6 258.72 0.24 0.24 re f 339.6 258.72 m 339.6 258.72 l S 342.48 257.04 0.24 0.24 re f 342.48 257.28 m 342.48 257.04 l S 345.6 254.64 0.24 0.24 re f 345.6 254.64 m 345.6 254.64 l S 348.72 252 0.24 0.24 re f 348.48 252 m 348.72 252 l S 351.6 249.36 0.24 0.24 re f 351.6 249.36 m 351.6 249.36 l S 354.24 246.72 0.24 0.24 re f 354.24 246.72 m 354.24 246.72 l S 356.16 243.6 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 243.6 m 356.16 243.6 l S 358.08 240.72 0.24 0.24 re f 358.08 240.72 m 358.08 240.72 l S 360 237.6 0.24 0.24 re f 360 237.6 m 360 237.6 l S 361.92 234.72 0.24 0.24 re f 361.92 234.72 m 361.92 234.72 l S 363.84 231.6 0.24 0.24 re f 363.6 231.6 m 363.84 231.6 l S 365.52 228.48 0.24 0.24 re f 365.52 228.72 m 365.52 228.48 l S 367.2 225.6 0.24 0.24 re f 367.2 225.6 m 367.2 225.6 l S 368.64 222.48 0.24 0.24 re f 368.64 222.48 m 368.64 222.48 l S 370.08 219.6 0.24 0.24 re f 370.08 219.6 m 370.08 219.6 l S 371.52 216.48 0.24 0.24 re f 371.52 216.48 m 371.52 216.48 l S 372.96 213.6 0.24 0.24 re f 372.72 213.6 m 372.96 213.6 l S 374.4 210.48 0.24 0.24 re f 374.4 210.48 m 374.4 210.48 l S 375.84 207.36 0.24 0.24 re f 375.84 207.6 m 375.84 207.36 l S 377.28 204.48 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 204.48 m 377.28 204.48 l S 378.48 201.36 0.24 0.24 re f 378.48 201.6 m 378.48 201.36 l S 379.92 198.48 0.24 0.24 re f 379.92 198.48 m 379.92 198.48 l S 381.36 195.36 0.24 0.24 re f 381.36 195.36 m 381.36 195.36 l S 382.8 192.48 0.24 0.24 re f 382.8 192.48 m 382.8 192.48 l S 384 189.36 0.24 0.24 re f 384 189.36 m 384 189.36 l S 385.44 186.48 0.24 0.24 re f 385.44 186.48 m 385.44 186.48 l S 386.88 183.36 0.24 0.24 re f 386.88 183.36 m 386.88 183.36 l S 388.32 180.24 0.24 0.24 re f 388.32 180.48 m 388.32 180.24 l S 389.52 177.36 0.24 0.24 re f 389.52 177.36 m 389.52 177.36 l S 390.96 174.24 0.24 0.24 re f 390.96 174.24 m 390.96 174.24 l S 392.64 171.36 0.24 0.24 re f 392.4 171.36 m 392.64 171.36 l S 394.08 168.24 0.24 0.24 re f 394.08 168.24 m 394.08 168.24 l S 395.52 165.36 0.24 0.24 re f 395.52 165.36 m 395.52 165.36 l S 396.96 162.24 0.24 0.24 re f 396.96 162.24 m 396.96 162.24 l S 398.4 159.12 0.24 0.24 re f 398.4 159.36 m 398.4 159.12 l S 399.84 156.24 0.24 0.24 re f 399.84 156.24 m 399.84 156.24 l S 401.52 153.12 0.24 0.24 re f 401.28 153.36 m 401.52 153.12 l S 402.96 150.24 0.24 0.24 re f 402.96 150.24 m 402.96 150.24 l S 405.12 147.12 0.24 0.24 re f 405.12 147.12 m 405.12 147.12 l S 407.04 144.24 0.24 0.24 re f 407.04 144.24 m 407.04 144.24 l S 409.2 141.12 0.24 0.24 re f 409.2 141.12 m 409.2 141.12 l S 411.12 138.24 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 138.24 m 411.12 138.24 l S 413.28 135.12 0.24 0.24 re f 413.28 135.12 m 413.28 135.12 l S 415.44 132.24 0.24 0.24 re f 415.44 132.24 m 415.44 132.24 l S 418.56 130.08 0.24 0.24 re f 418.56 130.08 m 418.56 130.08 l S 421.44 127.92 0.24 0.24 re f 421.44 127.92 m 421.44 127.92 l S 424.56 125.76 0.24 0.24 re f 424.56 126 m 424.56 125.76 l S 427.68 123.84 0.24 0.24 re f 427.44 123.84 m 427.68 123.84 l S 430.56 123.12 0.24 0.24 re f 430.56 123.12 m 430.56 123.12 l S 433.68 122.4 0.24 0.24 re f 433.68 122.4 m 433.68 122.4 l S 436.56 121.68 0.24 0.24 re f 436.56 121.68 m 436.56 121.68 l S 439.68 120.96 0.24 0.24 re f 439.68 120.96 m 439.68 120.96 l S 442.8 120.72 0.24 0.24 re f 442.56 120.72 m 442.8 120.72 l S 445.68 120.48 0.24 0.24 re f 445.68 120.48 m 445.68 120.48 l S 448.8 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 448.8 120.24 m 448.8 120.24 l S 451.68 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 451.68 120.24 m 451.68 120.24 l S 454.8 120.24 0.24 0.24 re f 454.8 120.24 m 454.8 120.24 l S 457.92 120 0.24 0.24 re f 457.68 120 m 457.92 120 l S 460.8 120 0.24 0.24 re f 460.8 120 m 460.8 120 l S 463.92 120 0.24 0.24 re f 463.92 120 m 463.92 120 l S 463.92 120 0.24 0.24 re f 463.92 120 m 463.92 120 l S 466.8 120 0.24 0.24 re f 466.8 120 m 466.8 120 l S 158.4 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 158.4 295.44 m 158.4 295.44 l S 161.28 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 161.28 295.44 m 161.28 295.44 l S 164.4 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 164.4 295.44 m 164.4 295.44 l S 167.28 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 167.28 295.44 m 167.28 295.44 l S 170.4 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 170.4 295.44 m 170.4 295.44 l S 173.52 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 173.28 295.44 m 173.52 295.44 l S 176.4 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 176.4 295.44 m 176.4 295.44 l S 179.52 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 179.52 295.44 m 179.52 295.44 l S 182.4 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 182.4 295.44 m 182.4 295.44 l S 185.52 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 185.52 295.44 m 185.52 295.44 l S 188.64 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 188.4 295.44 m 188.64 295.44 l S 191.52 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 191.52 295.44 m 191.52 295.44 l S 194.64 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 194.64 295.44 m 194.64 295.44 l S 197.52 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 197.52 295.44 m 197.52 295.44 l S 200.64 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 200.64 295.44 m 200.64 295.44 l S 203.52 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 203.52 295.44 m 203.52 295.44 l S 206.64 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 206.64 295.44 m 206.64 295.44 l S 209.76 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 209.52 295.44 m 209.76 295.44 l S 212.64 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 212.64 295.44 m 212.64 295.44 l S 215.76 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 215.76 295.44 m 215.76 295.44 l S 218.64 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 218.64 295.44 m 218.64 295.44 l S 221.76 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 221.76 295.44 m 221.76 295.44 l S 224.88 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 224.64 295.44 m 224.88 295.44 l S 227.76 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 227.76 295.44 m 227.76 295.44 l S 230.88 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 230.88 295.44 m 230.88 295.44 l S 233.76 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 233.76 295.44 m 233.76 295.44 l S 236.88 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 236.88 295.44 m 236.88 295.44 l S 240 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 239.76 295.44 m 240 295.44 l S 242.88 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 242.88 295.44 m 242.88 295.44 l S 246 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 246 295.44 m 246 295.44 l S 248.88 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 248.88 295.44 m 248.88 295.44 l S 252 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 252 295.44 m 252 295.44 l S 254.88 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 254.88 295.44 m 254.88 295.44 l S 258 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 258 295.44 m 258 295.44 l S 261.12 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 260.88 295.2 m 261.12 295.2 l S 264 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 264 295.2 m 264 295.2 l S 267.12 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 295.2 m 267.12 295.2 l S 270 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 270 295.2 m 270 295.2 l S 273.12 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 273.12 295.2 m 273.12 295.2 l S 276.24 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 276 295.2 m 276.24 295.2 l S 279.12 295.2 0.24 0.24 re f 279.12 295.2 m 279.12 295.2 l S 282.24 294.96 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 294.96 m 282.24 294.96 l S 285.12 294.96 0.24 0.24 re f 285.12 294.96 m 285.12 294.96 l S 288.24 294.72 0.24 0.24 re f 288.24 294.72 m 288.24 294.72 l S 291.12 294.72 0.24 0.24 re f 291.12 294.72 m 291.12 294.72 l S 294.24 294.48 0.24 0.24 re f 294.24 294.48 m 294.24 294.48 l S 297.36 294.24 0.24 0.24 re f 297.12 294.24 m 297.36 294.24 l S 300.24 294.24 0.24 0.24 re f 300.24 294.24 m 300.24 294.24 l S 303.36 294 0.24 0.24 re f 303.36 294 m 303.36 294 l S 306.24 293.76 0.24 0.24 re f 306.24 293.76 m 306.24 293.76 l S 309.36 293.28 0.24 0.24 re f 309.36 293.28 m 309.36 293.28 l S 312.48 293.04 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 293.04 m 312.48 293.04 l S 315.36 292.56 0.24 0.24 re f 315.36 292.56 m 315.36 292.56 l S 318.48 292.08 0.24 0.24 re f 318.48 292.08 m 318.48 292.08 l S 321.36 291.36 0.24 0.24 re f 321.36 291.36 m 321.36 291.36 l S 324.48 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 324.48 290.88 m 324.48 290.88 l S 327.6 290.16 0.24 0.24 re f 327.36 290.16 m 327.6 290.16 l S 330.48 289.44 0.24 0.24 re f 330.48 289.44 m 330.48 289.44 l S 333.6 288.48 0.24 0.24 re f 333.6 288.48 m 333.6 288.48 l S 336.48 287.52 0.24 0.24 re f 336.48 287.52 m 336.48 287.52 l S 339.6 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 339.6 286.56 m 339.6 286.56 l S 342.48 285.6 0.24 0.24 re f 342.48 285.6 m 342.48 285.6 l S 345.6 284.4 0.24 0.24 re f 345.6 284.4 m 345.6 284.4 l S 348.72 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 348.48 283.2 m 348.72 282.96 l S 351.6 281.76 0.24 0.24 re f 351.6 281.76 m 351.6 281.76 l S 354.72 280.32 0.24 0.24 re f 354.72 280.32 m 354.72 280.32 l S 357.6 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 357.6 278.16 m 357.6 278.16 l S 360.72 276 0.24 0.24 re f 360.72 276 m 360.72 276 l S 363.84 273.84 0.24 0.24 re f 363.6 273.84 m 363.84 273.84 l S 366.48 271.44 0.24 0.24 re f 366.48 271.44 m 366.48 271.44 l S 368.4 268.32 0.24 0.24 re f 368.4 268.32 m 368.4 268.32 l S 370.32 265.44 0.24 0.24 re f 370.32 265.44 m 370.32 265.44 l S 372.24 262.32 0.24 0.24 re f 372.24 262.32 m 372.24 262.32 l S 374.16 259.44 0.24 0.24 re f 374.16 259.44 m 374.16 259.44 l S 376.08 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 376.08 256.32 m 376.08 256.32 l S 378 253.2 0.24 0.24 re f 378 253.44 m 378 253.2 l S 379.2 250.32 0.24 0.24 re f 379.2 250.32 m 379.2 250.32 l S 380.4 247.2 0.24 0.24 re f 380.4 247.2 m 380.4 247.2 l S 381.6 244.32 0.24 0.24 re f 381.6 244.32 m 381.6 244.32 l S 382.8 241.2 0.24 0.24 re f 382.8 241.2 m 382.8 241.2 l S 384 238.32 0.24 0.24 re f 384 238.32 m 384 238.32 l S 385.2 235.2 0.24 0.24 re f 385.2 235.2 m 385.2 235.2 l S 386.4 232.08 0.24 0.24 re f 386.4 232.32 m 386.4 232.08 l S 387.6 229.2 0.24 0.24 re f 387.6 229.2 m 387.6 229.2 l S 388.8 226.08 0.24 0.24 re f 388.8 226.32 m 388.8 226.08 l S 390 223.2 0.24 0.24 re f 390 223.2 m 390 223.2 l S 391.2 220.08 0.24 0.24 re f 390.96 220.08 m 391.2 220.08 l S 392.16 217.2 0.24 0.24 re f 392.16 217.2 m 392.16 217.2 l S 393.36 214.08 0.24 0.24 re f 393.36 214.08 m 393.36 214.08 l S 394.56 211.2 0.24 0.24 re f 394.56 211.2 m 394.56 211.2 l S 395.76 208.08 0.24 0.24 re f 395.76 208.08 m 395.76 208.08 l S 396.72 204.96 0.24 0.24 re f 396.72 205.2 m 396.72 204.96 l S 397.92 202.08 0.24 0.24 re f 397.92 202.08 m 397.92 202.08 l S 399.12 198.96 0.24 0.24 re f 399.12 198.96 m 399.12 198.96 l S 400.08 196.08 0.24 0.24 re f 400.08 196.08 m 400.08 196.08 l S 401.28 192.96 0.24 0.24 re f 401.28 192.96 m 401.28 192.96 l S 402.48 190.08 0.24 0.24 re f 402.48 190.08 m 402.48 190.08 l S 403.92 186.96 0.24 0.24 re f 403.92 186.96 m 403.92 186.96 l S 405.36 183.84 0.24 0.24 re f 405.36 184.08 m 405.36 183.84 l S 407.04 180.96 0.24 0.24 re f 406.8 180.96 m 407.04 180.96 l S 408.48 177.84 0.24 0.24 re f 408.48 178.08 m 408.48 177.84 l S 409.92 174.96 0.24 0.24 re f 409.92 174.96 m 409.92 174.96 l S 411.36 171.84 0.24 0.24 re f 411.36 171.84 m 411.36 171.84 l S 413.04 168.96 0.24 0.24 re f 413.04 168.96 m 413.04 168.96 l S 414.48 165.84 0.24 0.24 re f 414.48 165.84 m 414.48 165.84 l S 416.4 162.96 0.24 0.24 re f 416.4 162.96 m 416.4 162.96 l S 418.56 159.84 0.24 0.24 re f 418.56 159.84 m 418.56 159.84 l S 420.72 156.72 0.24 0.24 re f 420.72 156.96 m 420.72 156.72 l S 423.12 153.84 0.24 0.24 re f 423.12 153.84 m 423.12 153.84 l S 425.28 150.72 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 150.72 m 425.28 150.72 l S 427.44 147.84 0.24 0.24 re f 427.44 147.84 m 427.44 147.84 l S 430.56 144.96 0.24 0.24 re f 430.56 144.96 m 430.56 144.96 l S 433.44 142.32 0.24 0.24 re f 433.44 142.32 m 433.44 142.32 l S 436.56 139.44 0.24 0.24 re f 436.56 139.44 m 436.56 139.44 l S 439.44 136.8 0.24 0.24 re f 439.44 136.8 m 439.44 136.8 l S 442.56 134.88 0.24 0.24 re f 442.56 134.88 m 442.56 134.88 l S 445.68 133.2 0.24 0.24 re f 445.44 133.2 m 445.68 133.2 l S 448.56 131.28 0.24 0.24 re f 448.56 131.52 m 448.56 131.28 l S 451.68 129.6 0.24 0.24 re f 451.68 129.6 m 451.68 129.6 l S 454.56 128.64 0.24 0.24 re f 454.56 128.64 m 454.56 128.64 l S 457.68 127.44 0.24 0.24 re f 457.68 127.44 m 457.68 127.44 l S 460.8 126.48 0.24 0.24 re f 460.56 126.48 m 460.8 126.48 l S 463.68 125.52 0.24 0.24 re f 463.68 125.52 m 463.68 125.52 l S 463.92 125.28 0.24 0.24 re f 463.92 125.28 m 463.92 125.28 l S 466.8 124.8 0.24 0.24 re f 466.8 124.8 m 466.8 124.8 l S BT 194.88 191.52 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0232 Tc 0.0172 Tw (EC20 = 12.2 mg N/L \(8.2-18.1\)) Tj -31.44 153.84 TD /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0498 Tc -0.0119 Tw (FATHEAD MINNOW, 30-DAY JUVENILE, DEGRAEVE ET AL. 1987) Tj 31.44 -173.76 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0605 Tc -0.1162 Tw (T = 6.0) Tj 33.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -38.64 -17.76 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.83) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 412.32 468 360.96 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.56 484.56 319.2 212.4 re b BT 178.8 712.56 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0479 Tc -0.01 Tw (FATHEAD MINNOW, 28-DAY ELS, MAYES ET AL. 1986) Tj 64.8 -257.28 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 484.56 m 467.76 484.56 l S 161.52 484.56 m 161.52 488.64 l S 294.48 484.56 m 294.48 488.64 l S 427.68 484.56 m 427.68 488.64 l S 201.6 484.56 m 201.6 488.64 l S 254.4 484.56 m 254.4 488.64 l S 334.56 484.56 m 334.56 488.64 l S 387.6 484.56 m 387.6 488.64 l S 467.76 484.56 m 467.76 488.64 l S BT 195.84 473.04 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (0.5) Tj 83.76 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (5) Tj 77.76 0 TD (20) Tj -307.2 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 136.56 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 130.8 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 122.64 547.68 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 148.56 484.56 m 148.56 696.96 l S 148.56 527.04 m 152.88 527.04 l S 148.56 569.52 m 152.88 569.52 l S 148.56 612 m 152.88 612 l S 148.56 654.48 m 152.88 654.48 l S 148.56 696.96 m 152.88 696.96 l S BT 139.92 481.68 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.48 TD (20) Tj 0 42.48 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.48 TD (100) Tj ET 161.52 643.68 m 161.52 650.88 l S 159.36 650.88 m 163.68 650.88 l S 161.52 643.68 m 161.52 636.72 l S 159.36 636.72 m 163.68 636.72 l S 0.24 w 164.88 643.92 m 164.88 645.9072 163.321 647.52 161.4 647.52 c 159.479 647.52 157.92 645.9072 157.92 643.92 c 157.92 641.9328 159.479 640.32 161.4 640.32 c 163.321 640.32 164.88 641.9328 164.88 643.92 c b 0.48 w 325.2 629.04 m 325.2 637.68 l S 323.04 637.68 m 327.36 637.68 l S 325.2 629.04 m 325.2 620.64 l S 323.04 620.64 m 327.36 620.64 l S 0.24 w 328.56 629.28 m 328.56 631.2672 327.001 632.88 325.08 632.88 c 323.159 632.88 321.6 631.2672 321.6 629.28 c 321.6 627.2928 323.159 625.68 325.08 625.68 c 327.001 625.68 328.56 627.2928 328.56 629.28 c b 0.48 w 360 624.48 m 360 642 l S 357.84 642 m 362.16 642 l S 360 624.48 m 360 606.72 l S 357.84 606.72 m 362.16 606.72 l S 0.24 w 363.36 624.72 m 363.36 626.5209 361.801 628.08 359.88 628.08 c 357.959 628.08 356.4 626.5209 356.4 624.6 c 356.4 622.6791 357.959 621.12 359.88 621.12 c 361.801 621.12 363.36 622.6791 363.36 624.6 c b 0.48 w 387.6 604.08 m 387.6 623.76 l S 385.44 623.76 m 389.76 623.76 l S 387.6 604.08 m 387.6 584.4 l S 385.44 584.4 m 389.76 584.4 l S 0.24 w 390.96 604.32 m 390.96 606.121 389.401 607.68 387.48 607.68 c 385.559 607.68 384 606.121 384 604.2 c 384 602.2791 385.559 600.72 387.48 600.72 c 389.401 600.72 390.96 602.2791 390.96 604.2 c b 0.48 w 411.84 555.6 m 411.84 577.44 l S 409.68 577.44 m 414 577.44 l S 411.84 555.6 m 411.84 533.76 l S 409.68 533.76 m 414 533.76 l S 0.24 w 415.2 555.84 m 415.2 557.6409 413.5872 559.2 411.6 559.2 c 409.6128 559.2 408 557.6409 408 555.72 c 408 553.7991 409.6128 552.24 411.6 552.24 c 413.5872 552.24 415.2 553.7991 415.2 555.72 c b 0.48 w 436.56 504 m 436.56 512.64 l S 434.64 512.64 m 438.72 512.64 l S 436.56 504 m 436.56 495.36 l S 434.64 495.36 m 438.72 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691.68 m 303.36 691.68 l S 306.24 691.44 0.24 0.24 re f 306.24 691.44 m 306.24 691.44 l S 309.36 691.2 0.24 0.24 re f 309.36 691.2 m 309.36 691.2 l S 312.48 690.72 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 690.96 m 312.48 690.72 l S 315.36 690.48 0.24 0.24 re f 315.36 690.48 m 315.36 690.48 l S 318.48 690 0.24 0.24 re f 318.48 690 m 318.48 690 l S 321.36 689.52 0.24 0.24 re f 321.36 689.52 m 321.36 689.52 l S 324.48 689.04 0.24 0.24 re f 324.48 689.04 m 324.48 689.04 l S 327.6 688.56 0.24 0.24 re f 327.36 688.56 m 327.6 688.56 l S 330.48 688.08 0.24 0.24 re f 330.48 688.08 m 330.48 688.08 l S 333.6 687.36 0.24 0.24 re f 333.6 687.36 m 333.6 687.36 l S 336.48 686.64 0.24 0.24 re f 336.48 686.64 m 336.48 686.64 l S 339.6 686.16 0.24 0.24 re f 339.6 686.16 m 339.6 686.16 l S 342.48 685.44 0.24 0.24 re f 342.48 685.44 m 342.48 685.44 l S 345.6 684.96 0.24 0.24 re f 345.6 684.96 m 345.6 684.96 l S 348.72 684.48 0.24 0.24 re f 348.48 684.48 m 348.72 684.48 l S 351.6 684 0.24 0.24 re f 351.6 684 m 351.6 684 l S 354.72 683.76 0.24 0.24 re f 354.72 683.76 m 354.72 683.76 l S 357.6 683.52 0.24 0.24 re f 357.6 683.52 m 357.6 683.52 l S 360.72 683.28 0.24 0.24 re f 360.72 683.28 m 360.72 683.28 l S 363.84 683.28 0.24 0.24 re f 363.6 683.28 m 363.84 683.28 l S 366.72 682.8 0.24 0.24 re f 366.72 682.8 m 366.72 682.8 l S 369.84 682.56 0.24 0.24 re f 369.84 682.56 m 369.84 682.56 l S 372.72 682.32 0.24 0.24 re f 372.72 682.32 m 372.72 682.32 l S 375.84 681.84 0.24 0.24 re f 375.84 681.84 m 375.84 681.84 l S 378.72 680.16 0.24 0.24 re f 378.72 680.16 m 378.72 680.16 l S 381.84 678.48 0.24 0.24 re f 381.84 678.48 m 381.84 678.48 l S 384.96 677.04 0.24 0.24 re f 384.72 677.04 m 384.96 677.04 l S 387.84 675.12 0.24 0.24 re f 387.84 675.12 m 387.84 675.12 l S 390 672 0.24 0.24 re f 390 672 m 390 672 l S 392.4 668.88 0.24 0.24 re f 392.4 669.12 m 392.4 668.88 l S 394.8 666 0.24 0.24 re f 394.56 666 m 394.8 666 l S 396.96 662.88 0.24 0.24 re f 396.96 662.88 m 396.96 662.88 l S 399.36 660 0.24 0.24 re f 399.36 660 m 399.36 660 l S 401.28 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 401.28 656.88 m 401.28 656.88 l S 403.2 654 0.24 0.24 re f 403.2 654 m 403.2 654 l S 405.12 650.88 0.24 0.24 re f 405.12 650.88 m 405.12 650.88 l S 407.04 647.76 0.24 0.24 re f 407.04 648 m 407.04 647.76 l S 408.96 644.88 0.24 0.24 re f 408.96 644.88 m 408.96 644.88 l S 410.88 641.76 0.24 0.24 re f 410.88 642 m 410.88 641.76 l S 413.76 639.12 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 639.12 m 413.76 639.12 l S 416.64 636.24 0.24 0.24 re f 416.64 636.48 m 416.64 636.24 l S 419.76 633.6 0.24 0.24 re f 419.76 633.6 m 419.76 633.6 l S 422.88 630.96 0.24 0.24 re f 422.64 630.96 m 422.88 630.96 l S 425.76 628.56 0.24 0.24 re f 425.76 628.56 m 425.76 628.56 l S 428.88 626.64 0.24 0.24 re f 428.88 626.64 m 428.88 626.64 l S 431.76 624.48 0.24 0.24 re f 431.76 624.48 m 431.76 624.48 l S 434.88 622.56 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 622.56 m 434.88 622.56 l S 437.52 619.68 0.24 0.24 re f 437.52 619.68 m 437.52 619.68 l S 440.4 616.56 0.24 0.24 re f 440.4 616.56 m 440.4 616.56 l S 443.04 613.68 0.24 0.24 re f 443.04 613.68 m 443.04 613.68 l S 445.92 610.56 0.24 0.24 re f 445.92 610.56 m 445.92 610.56 l S BT 194.88 556.08 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0329 Tc 0.0075 Tw (EC20 = 18.0 mg N/L \(5.4-60\)) Tj -34.32 157.68 TD /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0498 Tc -0.0119 Tw (FATHEAD MINNOW, 30-DAY JUVENILE, DEGRAEVE ET AL. 1987) Tj 33.84 -176.4 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 10.0) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -17.52 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.73) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 73.44 47.76 468 360.96 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 150 120 319.2 212.4 re b BT 245.04 90.72 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 150 120 m 469.2 120 l S 159.84 120 m 159.84 124.08 l S 260.16 120 m 260.16 124.08 l S 360.72 120 m 360.72 124.08 l S 461.04 120 m 461.04 124.08 l S 190.08 120 m 190.08 124.08 l S 229.92 120 m 229.92 124.08 l S 290.4 120 m 290.4 124.08 l S 330.48 120 m 330.48 124.08 l S 390.96 120 m 390.96 124.08 l S 430.8 120 m 430.8 124.08 l S BT 184.32 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 39.84 0 TD (0.5) Tj 64.08 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 39.84 0 TD (5) Tj 58.32 0 TD (20) Tj 39.84 0 TD (50) Tj -272.16 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 103.92 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 98.16 0 TD (10) Tj 98.16 0 TD (100) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 124.08 183.12 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 150 120 m 150 332.4 l S 150 162.48 m 154.32 162.48 l S 150 204.96 m 154.32 204.96 l S 150 247.44 m 154.32 247.44 l S 150 289.92 m 154.32 289.92 l S 150 332.4 m 154.32 332.4 l S BT 141.36 117.12 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.48 TD (20) Tj 0 42.48 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.48 TD (100) Tj ET 0.24 w 193.44 330 m 193.44 331.801 191.8272 333.36 189.84 333.36 c 187.8528 333.36 186.24 331.801 186.24 329.88 c 186.24 327.959 187.8528 326.4 189.84 326.4 c 191.8272 326.4 193.44 327.959 193.44 329.88 c b 293.04 332.4 m 293.04 334.3872 291.4272 336 289.44 336 c 287.4528 336 285.84 334.3872 285.84 332.4 c 285.84 330.4128 287.4528 328.8 289.44 328.8 c 291.4272 328.8 293.04 330.4128 293.04 332.4 c b 329.04 324.48 m 329.04 326.281 327.481 327.84 325.56 327.84 c 323.639 327.84 322.08 326.281 322.08 324.36 c 322.08 322.4391 323.639 320.88 325.56 320.88 c 327.481 320.88 329.04 322.4391 329.04 324.36 c b 357.6 332.4 m 357.6 334.3872 356.041 336 354.12 336 c 352.199 336 350.64 334.3872 350.64 332.4 c 350.64 330.4128 352.199 328.8 354.12 328.8 c 356.041 328.8 357.6 330.4128 357.6 332.4 c b 393.12 330 m 393.12 331.801 391.5072 333.36 389.52 333.36 c 387.5328 333.36 385.92 331.801 385.92 329.88 c 385.92 327.959 387.5328 326.4 389.52 326.4 c 391.5072 326.4 393.12 327.959 393.12 329.88 c b 426 274.08 m 426 275.8809 424.441 277.44 422.52 277.44 c 420.599 277.44 419.04 275.8809 419.04 273.96 c 419.04 272.0391 420.599 270.48 422.52 270.48 c 424.441 270.48 426 272.0391 426 273.96 c b 2.4 w 407.04 289.92 m 420 289.92 l 432.72 289.92 l S 0.24 w 416.16 285.84 7.92 7.92 re b 0.48 w 190.08 330.48 m 199.2 330.48 l 208.56 330.48 l 217.92 330.48 l 227.28 330.48 l 236.4 330.48 l 245.76 330.48 l 255.12 330.48 l 264.48 330.48 l 273.84 330.48 l 282.96 330.48 l 292.32 330.48 l 301.68 330.48 l 311.04 330.48 l 320.4 330.48 l 329.52 330.48 l 338.88 330.48 l 348.24 330.48 l 357.6 330.48 l 366.72 330.48 l 376.08 330.48 l 385.44 330 l 394.8 329.04 l 404.16 325.2 l 413.28 311.76 l 422.64 273.84 l S 190.08 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 190.08 322.32 m 190.08 322.32 l S 192.96 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 192.96 322.32 m 192.96 322.32 l S 196.08 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 196.08 322.32 m 196.08 322.32 l S 198.96 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 198.96 322.32 m 198.96 322.32 l S 202.08 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 202.08 322.32 m 202.08 322.32 l S 205.2 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 204.96 322.32 m 205.2 322.32 l S 208.08 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 208.08 322.32 m 208.08 322.32 l S 211.2 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 211.2 322.32 m 211.2 322.32 l S 214.08 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 214.08 322.32 m 214.08 322.32 l S 217.2 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 217.2 322.32 m 217.2 322.32 l S 220.32 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 220.08 322.32 m 220.32 322.32 l S 223.2 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 223.2 322.32 m 223.2 322.32 l S 226.32 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 226.32 322.32 m 226.32 322.32 l S 229.2 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 229.2 322.32 m 229.2 322.32 l S 232.32 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 232.32 322.32 m 232.32 322.32 l S 235.44 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 235.2 322.32 m 235.44 322.32 l S 238.32 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 238.32 322.32 m 238.32 322.32 l S 241.44 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 241.44 322.32 m 241.44 322.32 l S 244.32 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 244.32 322.32 m 244.32 322.32 l S 247.44 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 247.44 322.32 m 247.44 322.32 l S 250.32 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 250.32 322.32 m 250.32 322.32 l S 253.44 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 253.44 322.32 m 253.44 322.32 l S 256.56 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 256.32 322.32 m 256.56 322.32 l S 259.44 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 259.44 322.32 m 259.44 322.32 l S 262.56 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 262.56 322.32 m 262.56 322.32 l S 265.44 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 265.44 322.32 m 265.44 322.32 l S 268.56 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 268.56 322.32 m 268.56 322.32 l S 271.68 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 271.44 322.32 m 271.68 322.32 l S 274.56 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 274.56 322.32 m 274.56 322.32 l S 277.68 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 277.68 322.32 m 277.68 322.32 l S 280.56 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 280.56 322.32 m 280.56 322.32 l S 283.68 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 283.68 322.32 m 283.68 322.32 l S 286.56 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 286.56 322.32 m 286.56 322.32 l S 289.68 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 289.68 322.32 m 289.68 322.32 l S 292.8 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 292.56 322.32 m 292.8 322.32 l S 295.68 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 295.68 322.32 m 295.68 322.32 l S 298.8 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 298.8 322.32 m 298.8 322.32 l S 301.68 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 301.68 322.32 m 301.68 322.32 l S 304.8 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 304.8 322.32 m 304.8 322.32 l S 307.92 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 322.32 m 307.92 322.32 l S 310.8 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 310.8 322.32 m 310.8 322.32 l S 313.92 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 313.92 322.32 m 313.92 322.32 l S 316.8 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 316.8 322.32 m 316.8 322.32 l S 319.92 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 319.92 322.32 m 319.92 322.32 l S 323.04 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 322.8 322.32 m 323.04 322.32 l S 325.92 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 325.92 322.32 m 325.92 322.32 l S 329.04 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 329.04 322.32 m 329.04 322.32 l S 331.92 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 331.92 322.32 m 331.92 322.32 l S 335.04 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 335.04 322.32 m 335.04 322.32 l S 337.92 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 337.92 322.32 m 337.92 322.32 l S 341.04 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 341.04 322.32 m 341.04 322.32 l S 344.16 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 343.92 322.56 m 344.16 322.56 l S 347.04 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 347.04 322.56 m 347.04 322.56 l S 350.16 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 350.16 322.56 m 350.16 322.56 l S 353.04 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 353.04 322.56 m 353.04 322.56 l S 356.16 322.56 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 322.56 m 356.16 322.56 l S 359.28 322.8 0.24 0.24 re f 359.04 322.8 m 359.28 322.8 l S 362.16 322.8 0.24 0.24 re f 362.16 322.8 m 362.16 322.8 l S 365.28 323.04 0.24 0.24 re f 365.28 323.04 m 365.28 323.04 l S 368.16 323.04 0.24 0.24 re f 368.16 323.04 m 368.16 323.04 l S 371.28 323.04 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 323.04 m 371.28 323.04 l S 374.16 323.28 0.24 0.24 re f 374.16 323.28 m 374.16 323.28 l S 377.28 322.32 0.24 0.24 re f 377.28 322.56 m 377.28 322.32 l S 380.4 320.4 0.24 0.24 re f 380.16 320.4 m 380.4 320.4 l S 383.28 318.24 0.24 0.24 re f 383.28 318.24 m 383.28 318.24 l S 190.08 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 190.08 332.16 m 190.08 332.16 l S 192.96 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 192.96 332.16 m 192.96 332.16 l S 196.08 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 196.08 332.16 m 196.08 332.16 l S 198.96 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 198.96 332.16 m 198.96 332.16 l S 202.08 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 202.08 332.16 m 202.08 332.16 l S 205.2 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 204.96 332.16 m 205.2 332.16 l S 208.08 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 208.08 332.16 m 208.08 332.16 l S 211.2 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 211.2 332.16 m 211.2 332.16 l S 214.08 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 214.08 332.16 m 214.08 332.16 l S 217.2 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 217.2 332.16 m 217.2 332.16 l S 220.32 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 220.08 332.16 m 220.32 332.16 l S 223.2 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 223.2 332.16 m 223.2 332.16 l S 226.32 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 226.32 332.16 m 226.32 332.16 l S 229.2 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 229.2 332.16 m 229.2 332.16 l S 232.32 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 232.32 332.16 m 232.32 332.16 l S 235.44 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 235.2 332.16 m 235.44 332.16 l S 238.32 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 238.32 332.16 m 238.32 332.16 l S 241.44 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 241.44 332.16 m 241.44 332.16 l S 244.32 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 244.32 332.16 m 244.32 332.16 l S 247.44 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 247.44 332.16 m 247.44 332.16 l S 250.32 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 250.32 332.16 m 250.32 332.16 l S 253.44 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 253.44 332.16 m 253.44 332.16 l S 256.56 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 256.32 332.16 m 256.56 332.16 l S 259.44 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 259.44 332.16 m 259.44 332.16 l S 262.56 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 262.56 332.16 m 262.56 332.16 l S 265.44 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 265.44 332.16 m 265.44 332.16 l S 268.56 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 268.56 332.16 m 268.56 332.16 l S 271.68 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 271.44 332.16 m 271.68 332.16 l S 274.56 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 274.56 332.16 m 274.56 332.16 l S 277.68 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 277.68 332.16 m 277.68 332.16 l S 280.56 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 280.56 332.16 m 280.56 332.16 l S 283.68 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 283.68 332.16 m 283.68 332.16 l S 286.56 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 286.56 332.16 m 286.56 332.16 l S 289.68 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 289.68 332.16 m 289.68 332.16 l S 292.8 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 292.56 332.16 m 292.8 332.16 l S 295.68 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 295.68 332.16 m 295.68 332.16 l S 298.8 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 298.8 332.16 m 298.8 332.16 l S 301.68 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 301.68 332.16 m 301.68 332.16 l S 304.8 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 304.8 332.16 m 304.8 332.16 l S 307.92 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 332.16 m 307.92 332.16 l S 310.8 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 310.8 332.16 m 310.8 332.16 l S 313.92 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 313.92 332.16 m 313.92 332.16 l S 316.8 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 316.8 332.16 m 316.8 332.16 l S 319.92 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 319.92 332.16 m 319.92 332.16 l S 323.04 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 322.8 332.16 m 323.04 332.16 l S 325.92 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 325.92 332.16 m 325.92 332.16 l S 329.04 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 329.04 332.16 m 329.04 332.16 l S 331.92 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 331.92 332.16 m 331.92 332.16 l S 335.04 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 335.04 332.16 m 335.04 332.16 l S 337.92 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 337.92 332.16 m 337.92 332.16 l S 341.04 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 341.04 332.16 m 341.04 332.16 l S 344.16 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 343.92 332.16 m 344.16 332.16 l S 347.04 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 347.04 332.16 m 347.04 332.16 l S 350.16 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 350.16 332.16 m 350.16 332.16 l S 353.04 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 353.04 332.16 m 353.04 332.16 l S 356.16 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 356.16 332.16 m 356.16 332.16 l S 359.28 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 359.04 332.16 m 359.28 332.16 l S 362.16 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 362.16 332.16 m 362.16 332.16 l S 365.28 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 365.28 332.16 m 365.28 332.16 l S 368.16 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 368.16 332.16 m 368.16 332.16 l S 371.28 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 332.16 m 371.28 332.16 l S 374.16 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 374.16 332.16 m 374.16 332.16 l S 377.28 332.16 0.24 0.24 re f 377.28 332.16 m 377.28 332.16 l S 380.4 331.92 0.24 0.24 re f 380.16 331.92 m 380.4 331.92 l S 383.28 331.44 0.24 0.24 re f 383.28 331.44 m 383.28 331.44 l S BT 196.32 191.52 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0371 Tc -0.0448 Tw (EC20 = 39 mg N/L \(29-52\)) Tj -35.76 162.72 TD /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0498 Tc -0.0119 Tw (FATHEAD MINNOW, 30-DAY JUVENILE, DEGRAEVE ET AL. 1987) Tj 35.76 -180.96 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 25.4) Tj 39.12 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.4 -17.76 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.35) Tj ET endstream endobj 273 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 274 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (130) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 412.32 468 360.96 re f 0.24 w 1 J 1 j [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.56 484.56 319.2 212.4 re b BT 158.64 713.28 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0498 Tc -0.0119 Tw (FATHEAD MINNOW, 30-DAY JUVENILE, DEGRAEVE ET AL. 1987) Tj 84.96 -258 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 484.56 m 467.76 484.56 l S 158.4 484.56 m 158.4 488.64 l S 258.72 484.56 m 258.72 488.64 l S 359.28 484.56 m 359.28 488.64 l S 459.6 484.56 m 459.6 488.64 l S 188.64 484.56 m 188.64 488.64 l S 228.48 484.56 m 228.48 488.64 l S 288.96 484.56 m 288.96 488.64 l S 329.04 484.56 m 329.04 488.64 l S 389.52 484.56 m 389.52 488.64 l S 429.36 484.56 m 429.36 488.64 l S BT 182.88 473.04 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 39.84 0 TD (0.5) Tj 64.08 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 39.84 0 TD (5) Tj 58.32 0 TD (20) Tj 39.84 0 TD (50) Tj -272.16 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 103.92 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 98.16 0 TD (10) Tj 98.16 0 TD (100) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 122.64 547.68 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 148.56 484.56 m 148.56 696.96 l S 148.56 527.04 m 152.88 527.04 l S 148.56 569.52 m 152.88 569.52 l S 148.56 612 m 152.88 612 l S 148.56 654.48 m 152.88 654.48 l S 148.56 696.96 m 152.88 696.96 l S BT 139.92 481.68 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.48 TD (20) Tj 0 42.48 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.48 TD (100) Tj ET 0.24 w 194.16 694.08 m 194.16 695.881 192.5472 697.44 190.56 697.44 c 188.5728 697.44 186.96 695.881 186.96 693.96 c 186.96 692.0391 188.5728 690.48 190.56 690.48 c 192.5472 690.48 194.16 692.0391 194.16 693.96 c b 296.88 696.96 m 296.88 698.9471 295.2672 700.5599 293.28 700.5599 c 291.2928 700.5599 289.68 698.9471 289.68 696.96 c 289.68 694.9728 291.2928 693.36 293.28 693.36 c 295.2672 693.36 296.88 694.9728 296.88 696.96 c b 323.76 696.96 m 323.76 698.9471 322.201 700.5599 320.28 700.5599 c 318.359 700.5599 316.8 698.9471 316.8 696.96 c 316.8 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696.96 l S 344.64 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 344.64 696.96 m 344.64 696.96 l S 347.76 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 347.76 696.96 m 347.76 696.96 l S 350.88 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 350.64 696.96 m 350.88 696.96 l S 353.76 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 353.76 696.96 m 353.76 696.96 l S 356.88 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 356.88 696.96 m 356.88 696.96 l S 359.76 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 359.76 696.96 m 359.76 696.96 l S 362.88 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 362.88 696.96 m 362.88 696.96 l S 366 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 365.76 696.96 m 366 696.96 l S 368.88 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 368.88 696.96 m 368.88 696.96 l S 372 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 372 696.96 m 372 696.96 l S 374.88 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 374.88 696.96 m 374.88 696.96 l S 378 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 378 696.96 m 378 696.96 l S 381.12 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 380.88 696.96 m 381.12 696.96 l S 384 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 384 696.96 m 384 696.96 l S 387.12 696.96 0.24 0.24 re f 387.12 696.96 m 387.12 696.96 l S 390 696.72 0.24 0.24 re f 390 696.72 m 390 696.72 l S 393.12 696.72 0.24 0.24 re f 393.12 696.72 m 393.12 696.72 l S 396 696.72 0.24 0.24 re f 396 696.72 m 396 696.72 l S 399.12 695.76 0.24 0.24 re f 399.12 695.76 m 399.12 695.76 l S 402.24 695.04 0.24 0.24 re f 402 695.04 m 402.24 695.04 l S 405.12 694.08 0.24 0.24 re f 405.12 694.32 m 405.12 694.08 l S 408.24 692.88 0.24 0.24 re f 408.24 693.12 m 408.24 692.88 l S 411.12 691.92 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 691.92 m 411.12 691.92 l S 414.24 690.72 0.24 0.24 re f 414.24 690.72 m 414.24 690.72 l S 417.36 690.48 0.24 0.24 re f 417.12 690.48 m 417.36 690.48 l S 420.24 690.48 0.24 0.24 re f 420.24 690.48 m 420.24 690.48 l S 423.36 690.48 0.24 0.24 re f 423.36 690.48 m 423.36 690.48 l S BT 194.88 556.08 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0371 Tc -0.0448 Tw (EC20 = 35 mg N/L \(17-72\)) Tj -0.24 -19.44 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 30.2) Tj 39.12 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.4 -17.52 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.19) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 360.96 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.56 120 319.2 212.4 re b BT 167.28 355.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0466 Tc -0.0087 Tw (CHANNEL CATFISH, 30-DAY ELS, SWIGERT AND SPACIE 1983) Tj 76.32 -264.96 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 120 m 467.76 120 l S 160.08 120 m 160.08 124.08 l S 278.16 120 m 278.16 124.08 l S 396.48 120 m 396.48 124.08 l S 195.6 120 m 195.6 124.08 l S 242.64 120 m 242.64 124.08 l S 313.92 120 m 313.92 124.08 l S 360.96 120 m 360.96 124.08 l S 432 120 m 432 124.08 l S BT 189.84 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 47.04 0 TD (0.5) Tj 74.64 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 47.04 0 TD (5) Tj 68.88 0 TD (20) Tj -273.12 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 121.68 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 115.92 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 127.2 165.6 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Biomass at 30 days \(g\)) Tj ET 148.56 120 m 148.56 332.4 l S 148.56 162.48 m 152.88 162.48 l S 148.56 204.96 m 152.88 204.96 l S 148.56 247.44 m 152.88 247.44 l S 148.56 289.92 m 152.88 289.92 l S 148.56 332.4 m 152.88 332.4 l S BT 139.92 117.12 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj 0 42.48 TD (2) Tj T* (4) Tj T* (6) Tj T* (8) Tj -4.56 42.48 TD (10) Tj ET 160.08 287.52 m 160.08 324.96 l S 157.92 324.96 m 162.24 324.96 l S 160.08 287.52 m 160.08 249.84 l S 157.92 249.84 m 162.24 249.84 l S 0.24 w 163.44 287.76 m 163.44 289.5609 161.881 291.12 159.96 291.12 c 158.039 291.12 156.48 289.5609 156.48 287.64 c 156.48 285.719 158.039 284.16 159.96 284.16 c 161.881 284.16 163.44 285.719 163.44 287.64 c b 0.48 w 291.36 273.36 m 291.36 307.68 l S 289.2 307.68 m 293.52 307.68 l S 291.36 273.36 m 291.36 238.8 l S 289.2 238.8 m 293.52 238.8 l S 0.24 w 294.72 273.6 m 294.72 275.4009 293.161 276.96 291.24 276.96 c 289.319 276.96 287.76 275.4009 287.76 273.48 c 287.76 271.5591 289.319 270 291.24 270 c 293.161 270 294.72 271.5591 294.72 273.48 c b 0.48 w 328.8 281.76 m 328.8 311.76 l S 326.64 311.76 m 330.96 311.76 l S 328.8 281.76 m 328.8 251.76 l S 326.64 251.76 m 330.96 251.76 l S 0.24 w 332.16 282 m 332.16 283.801 330.601 285.36 328.68 285.36 c 326.759 285.36 325.2 283.801 325.2 281.88 c 325.2 279.959 326.759 278.4 328.68 278.4 c 330.601 278.4 332.16 279.959 332.16 281.88 c b 0.48 w 368.88 256.08 m 368.88 289.92 l S 366.72 289.92 m 371.04 289.92 l S 368.88 256.08 m 368.88 222.24 l S 366.72 222.24 m 371.04 222.24 l S 0.24 w 372.24 256.32 m 372.24 258.1209 370.681 259.68 368.76 259.68 c 366.839 259.68 365.28 258.1209 365.28 256.2 c 365.28 254.2791 366.839 252.72 368.76 252.72 c 370.681 252.72 372.24 254.2791 372.24 256.2 c b 0.48 w 404.16 242.16 m 404.16 260.16 l S 402 260.16 m 406.32 260.16 l S 404.16 242.16 m 404.16 223.92 l S 402 223.92 m 406.32 223.92 l S 0.24 w 407.52 242.16 m 407.52 244.1472 405.961 245.76 404.04 245.76 c 402.119 245.76 400.56 244.1472 400.56 242.16 c 400.56 240.1728 402.119 238.56 404.04 238.56 c 405.961 238.56 407.52 240.1728 407.52 242.16 c b 0.48 w 435.84 130.08 m 435.84 138.96 l S 433.68 138.96 m 438 138.96 l S 435.84 130.08 m 435.84 121.44 l S 433.68 121.44 m 438 121.44 l S 0.24 w 439.2 130.32 m 439.2 132.1209 437.641 133.68 435.72 133.68 c 433.799 133.68 432.24 132.1209 432.24 130.2 c 432.24 128.2791 433.799 126.72 435.72 126.72 c 437.641 126.72 439.2 128.2791 439.2 130.2 c b 2.4 w 394.8 243.84 m 403.44 243.84 l 412.32 243.84 l S 0.24 w 399.6 239.76 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 160.08 274.8 m 171.12 274.8 l 182.16 274.8 l 193.2 274.8 l 204.24 274.8 l 215.28 274.8 l 226.08 274.8 l 237.36 274.8 l 248.16 274.8 l 259.2 274.8 l 270.24 274.8 l 281.28 274.8 l 292.32 274.8 l 303.36 274.8 l 314.4 274.8 l 325.44 274.8 l 336.48 274.8 l 347.52 274.8 l 358.56 274.56 l 369.6 274.32 l 380.64 272.64 l 391.68 266.4 l 402.72 246.24 l 413.76 201.6 l 424.8 153.84 l 435.84 130.32 l S 160.08 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 160.08 253.68 m 160.08 253.68 l S 163.2 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 162.96 253.68 m 163.2 253.68 l S 166.08 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 166.08 253.68 m 166.08 253.68 l S 169.2 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 169.2 253.68 m 169.2 253.68 l S 172.08 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 172.08 253.68 m 172.08 253.68 l S 175.2 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 175.2 253.68 m 175.2 253.68 l S 178.08 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 178.08 253.68 m 178.08 253.68 l S 181.2 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 181.2 253.68 m 181.2 253.68 l S 184.32 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 184.08 253.68 m 184.32 253.68 l S 187.2 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 187.2 253.68 m 187.2 253.68 l S 190.32 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 190.32 253.68 m 190.32 253.68 l S 193.2 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 193.2 253.68 m 193.2 253.68 l S 196.32 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 196.32 253.68 m 196.32 253.68 l S 199.44 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 199.2 253.68 m 199.44 253.68 l S 202.32 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 202.32 253.68 m 202.32 253.68 l S 205.44 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 205.44 253.68 m 205.44 253.68 l S 208.32 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 253.68 m 208.32 253.68 l S 211.44 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 211.44 253.68 m 211.44 253.68 l S 214.56 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 214.32 253.68 m 214.56 253.68 l S 217.44 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 217.44 253.68 m 217.44 253.68 l S 220.56 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 220.56 253.68 m 220.56 253.68 l S 223.44 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 223.44 253.68 m 223.44 253.68 l S 226.56 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 226.56 253.68 m 226.56 253.68 l S 229.44 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 229.44 253.68 m 229.44 253.68 l S 232.56 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 232.56 253.68 m 232.56 253.68 l S 235.68 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 235.44 253.68 m 235.68 253.68 l S 238.56 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 238.56 253.68 m 238.56 253.68 l S 241.68 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 241.68 253.68 m 241.68 253.68 l S 244.56 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 244.56 253.68 m 244.56 253.68 l S 247.68 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 247.68 253.68 m 247.68 253.68 l S 250.8 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 250.56 253.68 m 250.8 253.68 l S 253.68 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 253.68 253.68 m 253.68 253.68 l S 256.8 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 253.68 m 256.8 253.68 l S 259.68 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 259.68 253.68 m 259.68 253.68 l S 262.8 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 262.8 253.68 m 262.8 253.68 l S 265.68 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 265.68 253.68 m 265.68 253.68 l S 268.8 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 268.8 253.68 m 268.8 253.68 l S 271.92 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 271.68 253.68 m 271.92 253.68 l S 274.8 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 274.8 253.68 m 274.8 253.68 l S 277.92 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 277.92 253.68 m 277.92 253.68 l S 280.8 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 253.68 m 280.8 253.68 l S 283.92 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 283.92 253.68 m 283.92 253.68 l S 287.04 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 286.8 253.68 m 287.04 253.68 l S 289.92 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 289.92 253.68 m 289.92 253.68 l S 293.04 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 293.04 253.68 m 293.04 253.68 l S 295.92 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 295.92 253.68 m 295.92 253.68 l S 299.04 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 299.04 253.68 m 299.04 253.68 l S 302.16 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 301.92 253.68 m 302.16 253.68 l S 305.04 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 305.04 253.68 m 305.04 253.68 l S 308.16 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 308.16 253.68 m 308.16 253.68 l S 311.04 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 311.04 253.68 m 311.04 253.68 l S 314.16 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 314.16 253.68 m 314.16 253.68 l S 317.04 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 317.04 253.68 m 317.04 253.68 l S 320.16 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 320.16 253.68 m 320.16 253.68 l S 323.28 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 323.04 253.68 m 323.28 253.68 l S 326.16 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 326.16 253.68 m 326.16 253.68 l S 329.28 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 329.28 253.68 m 329.28 253.68 l S 332.16 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 332.16 253.68 m 332.16 253.68 l S 335.28 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 335.28 253.68 m 335.28 253.68 l S 338.4 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 338.16 253.68 m 338.4 253.68 l S 341.28 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 341.28 253.68 m 341.28 253.68 l S 344.4 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 344.4 253.68 m 344.4 253.68 l S 347.28 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 347.28 253.68 m 347.28 253.68 l S 350.4 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 350.4 253.68 m 350.4 253.68 l S 353.28 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 353.28 253.68 m 353.28 253.68 l S 356.4 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 356.4 253.68 m 356.4 253.68 l S 359.52 253.92 0.24 0.24 re f 359.28 253.92 m 359.52 253.92 l S 362.4 253.92 0.24 0.24 re f 362.4 253.92 m 362.4 253.92 l S 365.52 253.92 0.24 0.24 re f 365.52 253.92 m 365.52 253.92 l S 368.4 253.92 0.24 0.24 re f 368.4 253.92 m 368.4 253.92 l S 371.52 253.92 0.24 0.24 re f 371.52 253.92 m 371.52 253.92 l S 374.64 253.92 0.24 0.24 re f 374.4 253.92 m 374.64 253.92 l S 377.52 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 377.52 253.68 m 377.52 253.68 l S 380.64 253.68 0.24 0.24 re f 380.64 253.68 m 380.64 253.68 l S 383.52 252.72 0.24 0.24 re f 383.52 252.72 m 383.52 252.72 l S 386.64 251.52 0.24 0.24 re f 386.64 251.52 m 386.64 251.52 l S 389.76 250.56 0.24 0.24 re f 389.52 250.56 m 389.76 250.56 l S 392.16 248.88 0.24 0.24 re f 392.16 248.88 m 392.16 248.88 l S 393.36 245.76 0.24 0.24 re f 393.36 245.76 m 393.36 245.76 l S 394.8 242.88 0.24 0.24 re f 394.8 242.88 m 394.8 242.88 l S 396.24 239.76 0.24 0.24 re f 396 239.76 m 396.24 239.76 l S 397.44 236.88 0.24 0.24 re f 397.44 236.88 m 397.44 236.88 l S 398.88 233.76 0.24 0.24 re f 398.88 233.76 m 398.88 233.76 l S 400.08 230.64 0.24 0.24 re f 400.08 230.88 m 400.08 230.64 l S 401.52 227.76 0.24 0.24 re f 401.52 227.76 m 401.52 227.76 l S 402.72 224.64 0.24 0.24 re f 402.72 224.64 m 402.72 224.64 l S 403.44 221.76 0.24 0.24 re f 403.44 221.76 m 403.44 221.76 l S 404.16 218.64 0.24 0.24 re f 404.16 218.64 m 404.16 218.64 l S 404.64 215.76 0.24 0.24 re f 404.64 215.76 m 404.64 215.76 l S 405.36 212.64 0.24 0.24 re f 405.36 212.64 m 405.36 212.64 l S 406.08 209.52 0.24 0.24 re f 406.08 209.76 m 406.08 209.52 l S 406.56 206.64 0.24 0.24 re f 406.56 206.64 m 406.56 206.64 l S 407.28 203.52 0.24 0.24 re f 407.28 203.76 m 407.28 203.52 l S 408 200.64 0.24 0.24 re f 408 200.64 m 408 200.64 l S 408.72 197.52 0.24 0.24 re f 408.72 197.52 m 408.72 197.52 l S 409.2 194.64 0.24 0.24 re f 409.2 194.64 m 409.2 194.64 l S 409.92 191.52 0.24 0.24 re f 409.92 191.52 m 409.92 191.52 l S 410.64 188.64 0.24 0.24 re f 410.64 188.64 m 410.64 188.64 l S 411.12 185.52 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 185.52 m 411.12 185.52 l S 411.84 182.4 0.24 0.24 re f 411.84 182.64 m 411.84 182.4 l S 412.56 179.52 0.24 0.24 re f 412.56 179.52 m 412.56 179.52 l S 413.28 176.4 0.24 0.24 re f 413.28 176.4 m 413.28 176.4 l S 413.76 173.52 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 173.52 m 413.76 173.52 l S 414.72 170.4 0.24 0.24 re f 414.72 170.4 m 414.72 170.4 l S 415.44 167.52 0.24 0.24 re f 415.44 167.52 m 415.44 167.52 l S 416.16 164.4 0.24 0.24 re f 416.16 164.4 m 416.16 164.4 l S 417.12 161.28 0.24 0.24 re f 417.12 161.52 m 417.12 161.28 l S 417.84 158.4 0.24 0.24 re f 417.84 158.4 m 417.84 158.4 l S 418.8 155.28 0.24 0.24 re f 418.8 155.52 m 418.8 155.28 l S 419.52 152.4 0.24 0.24 re f 419.52 152.4 m 419.52 152.4 l S 420.48 149.28 0.24 0.24 re f 420.24 149.28 m 420.48 149.28 l S 421.2 146.4 0.24 0.24 re f 421.2 146.4 m 421.2 146.4 l S 421.92 143.28 0.24 0.24 re f 421.92 143.28 m 421.92 143.28 l S 422.88 140.4 0.24 0.24 re f 422.64 140.4 m 422.88 140.4 l S 423.6 137.28 0.24 0.24 re f 423.6 137.28 m 423.6 137.28 l S 424.32 134.16 0.24 0.24 re f 424.32 134.4 m 424.32 134.16 l S 424.8 132.96 0.24 0.24 re f 424.8 132.96 m 424.8 132.96 l S 427.2 130.08 0.24 0.24 re f 427.2 130.08 m 427.2 130.08 l S 429.84 126.96 0.24 0.24 re f 429.84 126.96 m 429.84 126.96 l S 432.24 123.84 0.24 0.24 re f 432.24 124.08 m 432.24 123.84 l S 434.64 120.96 0.24 0.24 re f 434.64 120.96 m 434.64 120.96 l S 160.08 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 160.08 295.92 m 160.08 295.92 l S 163.2 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 162.96 295.92 m 163.2 295.92 l S 166.08 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 166.08 295.92 m 166.08 295.92 l S 169.2 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 169.2 295.92 m 169.2 295.92 l S 172.08 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 172.08 295.92 m 172.08 295.92 l S 175.2 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 175.2 295.92 m 175.2 295.92 l S 178.08 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 178.08 295.92 m 178.08 295.92 l S 181.2 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 181.2 295.92 m 181.2 295.92 l S 184.32 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 184.08 295.92 m 184.32 295.92 l S 187.2 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 187.2 295.92 m 187.2 295.92 l S 190.32 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 190.32 295.92 m 190.32 295.92 l S 193.2 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 193.2 295.92 m 193.2 295.92 l S 196.32 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 196.32 295.92 m 196.32 295.92 l S 199.44 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 199.2 295.92 m 199.44 295.92 l S 202.32 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 202.32 295.92 m 202.32 295.92 l S 205.44 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 205.44 295.92 m 205.44 295.92 l S 208.32 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 295.92 m 208.32 295.92 l S 211.44 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 211.44 295.92 m 211.44 295.92 l S 214.56 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 214.32 295.92 m 214.56 295.92 l S 217.44 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 217.44 295.92 m 217.44 295.92 l S 220.56 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 220.56 295.92 m 220.56 295.92 l S 223.44 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 223.44 295.92 m 223.44 295.92 l S 226.56 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 226.56 295.92 m 226.56 295.92 l S 229.44 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 229.44 295.92 m 229.44 295.92 l S 232.56 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 232.56 295.92 m 232.56 295.92 l S 235.68 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 235.44 295.92 m 235.68 295.92 l S 238.56 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 238.56 295.92 m 238.56 295.92 l S 241.68 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 241.68 295.92 m 241.68 295.92 l S 244.56 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 244.56 295.92 m 244.56 295.92 l S 247.68 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 247.68 295.92 m 247.68 295.92 l S 250.8 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 250.56 295.92 m 250.8 295.92 l S 253.68 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 253.68 295.92 m 253.68 295.92 l S 256.8 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 295.92 m 256.8 295.92 l S 259.68 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 259.68 295.92 m 259.68 295.92 l S 262.8 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 262.8 295.92 m 262.8 295.92 l S 265.68 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 265.68 295.92 m 265.68 295.92 l S 268.8 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 268.8 295.92 m 268.8 295.92 l S 271.92 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 271.68 295.92 m 271.92 295.92 l S 274.8 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 274.8 295.92 m 274.8 295.92 l S 277.92 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 277.92 295.92 m 277.92 295.92 l S 280.8 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 295.92 m 280.8 295.92 l S 283.92 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 283.92 295.92 m 283.92 295.92 l S 287.04 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 286.8 295.92 m 287.04 295.92 l S 289.92 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 289.92 295.92 m 289.92 295.92 l S 293.04 295.92 0.24 0.24 re f 293.04 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660.48 l S 187.2 660.24 0.24 0.24 re f 187.2 660.24 m 187.2 660.24 l S 190.32 660.24 0.24 0.24 re f 190.32 660.24 m 190.32 660.24 l S 193.2 660 0.24 0.24 re f 193.2 660 m 193.2 660 l S 196.32 659.76 0.24 0.24 re f 196.32 659.76 m 196.32 659.76 l S 199.44 659.52 0.24 0.24 re f 199.2 659.52 m 199.44 659.52 l S 202.32 659.52 0.24 0.24 re f 202.32 659.52 m 202.32 659.52 l S 205.44 659.28 0.24 0.24 re f 205.44 659.28 m 205.44 659.28 l S 208.32 659.04 0.24 0.24 re f 208.32 659.04 m 208.32 659.04 l S 211.44 658.8 0.24 0.24 re f 211.44 658.8 m 211.44 658.8 l S 214.56 658.56 0.24 0.24 re f 214.32 658.56 m 214.56 658.56 l S 217.44 658.32 0.24 0.24 re f 217.44 658.32 m 217.44 658.32 l S 220.56 658.08 0.24 0.24 re f 220.56 658.08 m 220.56 658.08 l S 223.44 657.84 0.24 0.24 re f 223.44 657.84 m 223.44 657.84 l S 226.56 657.6 0.24 0.24 re f 226.56 657.6 m 226.56 657.6 l S 229.44 657.36 0.24 0.24 re f 229.44 657.36 m 229.44 657.36 l S 232.56 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 232.56 657.12 m 232.56 657.12 l S 235.68 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 235.44 656.88 m 235.68 656.88 l S 238.56 656.64 0.24 0.24 re f 238.56 656.64 m 238.56 656.64 l S 241.68 656.4 0.24 0.24 re f 241.68 656.4 m 241.68 656.4 l S 244.56 656.16 0.24 0.24 re f 244.56 656.16 m 244.56 656.16 l S 247.68 655.92 0.24 0.24 re f 247.68 655.92 m 247.68 655.92 l S 250.8 655.68 0.24 0.24 re f 250.56 655.68 m 250.8 655.68 l S 253.68 655.2 0.24 0.24 re f 253.68 655.2 m 253.68 655.2 l S 256.8 654.96 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 654.96 m 256.8 654.96 l S 259.68 654.72 0.24 0.24 re f 259.68 654.72 m 259.68 654.72 l S 262.8 654.48 0.24 0.24 re f 262.8 654.48 m 262.8 654.48 l S 265.68 654.24 0.24 0.24 re f 265.68 654.24 m 265.68 654.24 l S 268.8 654 0.24 0.24 re f 268.8 654 m 268.8 654 l S 271.92 653.76 0.24 0.24 re f 271.68 653.76 m 271.92 653.76 l S 274.8 653.52 0.24 0.24 re f 274.8 653.52 m 274.8 653.52 l S 277.92 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 277.92 653.28 m 277.92 653.28 l S 280.8 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 653.28 m 280.8 653.28 l S 283.92 653.04 0.24 0.24 re f 283.92 653.04 m 283.92 653.04 l S 287.04 652.8 0.24 0.24 re f 286.8 652.8 m 287.04 652.8 l S 289.92 652.56 0.24 0.24 re f 289.92 652.56 m 289.92 652.56 l S 293.04 652.32 0.24 0.24 re f 293.04 652.32 m 293.04 652.32 l S 295.92 652.08 0.24 0.24 re f 295.92 652.08 m 295.92 652.08 l S 299.04 651.84 0.24 0.24 re f 299.04 651.84 m 299.04 651.84 l S 302.16 651.6 0.24 0.24 re f 301.92 651.6 m 302.16 651.6 l S 305.04 651.36 0.24 0.24 re f 305.04 651.36 m 305.04 651.36 l S 308.16 651.12 0.24 0.24 re f 308.16 651.12 m 308.16 651.12 l S 311.04 650.88 0.24 0.24 re f 311.04 650.88 m 311.04 650.88 l S 314.16 650.4 0.24 0.24 re f 314.16 650.4 m 314.16 650.4 l S 317.04 649.92 0.24 0.24 re f 317.04 650.16 m 317.04 649.92 l S 320.16 649.68 0.24 0.24 re f 320.16 649.68 m 320.16 649.68 l S 323.28 649.2 0.24 0.24 re f 323.04 649.2 m 323.28 649.2 l S 326.16 648.48 0.24 0.24 re f 326.16 648.48 m 326.16 648.48 l S 329.28 648 0.24 0.24 re f 329.28 648 m 329.28 648 l S 332.16 647.28 0.24 0.24 re f 332.16 647.28 m 332.16 647.28 l S 335.28 646.56 0.24 0.24 re f 335.28 646.56 m 335.28 646.56 l S 338.4 645.84 0.24 0.24 re f 338.16 645.84 m 338.4 645.84 l S 341.28 644.88 0.24 0.24 re f 341.28 644.88 m 341.28 644.88 l S 344.4 643.92 0.24 0.24 re f 344.4 643.92 m 344.4 643.92 l S 347.28 642.72 0.24 0.24 re f 347.28 642.96 m 347.28 642.72 l S 350.4 641.76 0.24 0.24 re f 350.4 641.76 m 350.4 641.76 l S 353.28 640.56 0.24 0.24 re f 353.28 640.56 m 353.28 640.56 l S 356.4 639.12 0.24 0.24 re f 356.4 639.12 m 356.4 639.12 l S 359.52 637.68 0.24 0.24 re f 359.28 637.68 m 359.52 637.68 l S 362.4 636.24 0.24 0.24 re f 362.4 636.24 m 362.4 636.24 l S 365.52 634.56 0.24 0.24 re f 365.52 634.56 m 365.52 634.56 l S 368.4 632.88 0.24 0.24 re f 368.4 632.88 m 368.4 632.88 l S 371.52 631.2 0.24 0.24 re f 371.52 631.2 m 371.52 631.2 l S 374.64 629.52 0.24 0.24 re f 374.4 629.52 m 374.64 629.52 l S 377.52 627.84 0.24 0.24 re f 377.52 627.84 m 377.52 627.84 l S 380.64 626.16 0.24 0.24 re f 380.64 626.16 m 380.64 626.16 l S 383.52 624.48 0.24 0.24 re f 383.52 624.72 m 383.52 624.48 l S 386.64 623.04 0.24 0.24 re f 386.64 623.04 m 386.64 623.04 l S 389.76 621.6 0.24 0.24 re f 389.52 621.6 m 389.76 621.6 l S 392.64 620.4 0.24 0.24 re f 392.64 620.4 m 392.64 620.4 l S 395.76 619.44 0.24 0.24 re f 395.76 619.44 m 395.76 619.44 l S 398.64 618.24 0.24 0.24 re f 398.64 618.48 m 398.64 618.24 l S BT 194.88 556.08 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0232 Tc 0.0172 Tw (EC20 = 12.2 mg N/L \(4.3-28.9\)) Tj 0.48 -21.36 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 25.8) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -19.92 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.80) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 360.96 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 148.56 120 319.2 212.4 re b BT 155.04 343.92 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0489 Tc -0.011 Tw (GREEN SUNFISH, 30-DAY ELS, REINBOLD AND PESCITELLI 1982a) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 120 m 467.76 120 l S 161.52 120 m 161.52 124.08 l S 294.48 120 m 294.48 124.08 l S 427.68 120 m 427.68 124.08 l S 201.6 120 m 201.6 124.08 l S 254.4 120 m 254.4 124.08 l S 334.56 120 m 334.56 124.08 l S 387.6 120 m 387.6 124.08 l S 467.76 120 m 467.76 124.08 l S BT 195.84 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (0.5) Tj 83.76 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (5) Tj 77.76 0 TD (20) Tj -307.2 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 136.56 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 130.8 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 122.64 183.12 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 148.56 120 m 148.56 332.4 l S 148.56 162.48 m 152.88 162.48 l S 148.56 204.96 m 152.88 204.96 l S 148.56 247.44 m 152.88 247.44 l S 148.56 289.92 m 152.88 289.92 l S 148.56 332.4 m 152.88 332.4 l S BT 139.92 117.12 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.48 TD (20) Tj 0 42.48 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.48 TD (100) Tj ET 0.24 w 164.88 275.28 m 164.88 277.0809 163.321 278.64 161.4 278.64 c 159.479 278.64 157.92 277.0809 157.92 275.16 c 157.92 273.2391 159.479 271.68 161.4 271.68 c 163.321 271.68 164.88 273.2391 164.88 275.16 c b 164.88 276.24 m 164.88 278.041 163.321 279.6 161.4 279.6 c 159.479 279.6 157.92 278.041 157.92 276.12 c 157.92 274.1991 159.479 272.64 161.4 272.64 c 163.321 272.64 164.88 274.1991 164.88 276.12 c b 313.2 285.84 m 313.2 287.641 311.5872 289.2 309.6 289.2 c 307.6128 289.2 306 287.641 306 285.72 c 306 283.799 307.6128 282.24 309.6 282.24 c 311.5872 282.24 313.2 283.799 313.2 285.72 c b 313.2 305.28 m 313.2 307.081 311.5872 308.64 309.6 308.64 c 307.6128 308.64 306 307.081 306 305.16 c 306 303.239 307.6128 301.68 309.6 301.68 c 311.5872 301.68 313.2 303.239 313.2 305.16 c b 337.92 324 m 337.92 325.801 336.361 327.36 334.44 327.36 c 332.519 327.36 330.96 325.801 330.96 323.88 c 330.96 321.959 332.519 320.4 334.44 320.4 c 336.361 320.4 337.92 321.959 337.92 323.88 c b 343.44 285.84 m 343.44 287.641 341.881 289.2 339.96 289.2 c 338.039 289.2 336.48 287.641 336.48 285.72 c 336.48 283.799 338.039 282.24 339.96 282.24 c 341.881 282.24 343.44 283.799 343.44 285.72 c b 368.64 283.68 m 368.64 285.481 367.081 287.04 365.16 287.04 c 363.239 287.04 361.68 285.481 361.68 283.56 c 361.68 281.6391 363.239 280.08 365.16 280.08 c 367.081 280.08 368.64 281.6391 368.64 283.56 c b 368.64 299.04 m 368.64 300.8409 367.081 302.4 365.16 302.4 c 363.239 302.4 361.68 300.8409 361.68 298.92 c 361.68 296.999 363.239 295.44 365.16 295.44 c 367.081 295.44 368.64 296.999 368.64 298.92 c b 404.4 242.16 m 404.4 244.1472 402.7872 245.76 400.8 245.76 c 398.8128 245.76 397.2 244.1472 397.2 242.16 c 397.2 240.1728 398.8128 238.56 400.8 238.56 c 402.7872 238.56 404.4 240.1728 404.4 242.16 c b 404.4 213.6 m 404.4 215.4009 402.7872 216.96 400.8 216.96 c 398.8128 216.96 397.2 215.4009 397.2 213.48 c 397.2 211.5591 398.8128 210 400.8 210 c 402.7872 210 404.4 211.5591 404.4 213.48 c b 429.36 120.24 m 429.36 122.0409 427.7472 123.6 425.76 123.6 c 423.7728 123.6 422.16 122.0409 422.16 120.12 c 422.16 118.1991 423.7728 116.64 425.76 116.64 c 427.7472 116.64 429.36 118.1991 429.36 120.12 c b 427.44 120.24 m 427.44 122.0409 425.881 123.6 423.96 123.6 c 422.039 123.6 420.48 122.0409 420.48 120.12 c 420.48 118.1991 422.039 116.64 423.96 116.64 c 425.881 116.64 427.44 118.1991 427.44 120.12 c b 2.4 w 388.32 258.72 m 396.48 258.72 l 404.64 258.72 l S 0.24 w 392.64 254.64 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 161.52 293.28 m 172.08 293.28 l 182.64 293.28 l 193.2 293.28 l 203.76 293.28 l 214.32 293.28 l 224.88 293.28 l 235.44 293.28 l 246 293.28 l 256.56 293.28 l 267.12 293.28 l 277.68 293.28 l 288.24 293.28 l 299.04 293.28 l 309.6 293.28 l 320.16 293.28 l 330.72 293.28 l 341.28 293.28 l 351.84 293.28 l 362.4 293.28 l 372.96 293.04 l 383.52 290.4 l 394.08 270.48 l 404.64 194.88 l 415.2 133.92 l 425.76 121.68 l S 161.52 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 161.52 278.4 m 161.52 278.4 l S 164.64 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 164.4 278.4 m 164.64 278.4 l S 167.52 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 167.52 278.4 m 167.52 278.4 l S 170.64 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 170.64 278.4 m 170.64 278.4 l S 173.52 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 173.52 278.4 m 173.52 278.4 l S 176.64 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 176.64 278.4 m 176.64 278.4 l S 179.76 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 179.52 278.4 m 179.76 278.4 l S 182.64 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 182.64 278.4 m 182.64 278.4 l S 185.76 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 185.52 278.4 m 185.76 278.4 l S 188.64 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 188.64 278.4 m 188.64 278.4 l S 191.76 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 191.76 278.4 m 191.76 278.4 l S 194.64 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 194.64 278.4 m 194.64 278.4 l S 197.76 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 197.76 278.4 m 197.76 278.4 l S 200.88 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 200.64 278.4 m 200.88 278.4 l S 203.76 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 203.76 278.4 m 203.76 278.4 l S 206.88 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 206.88 278.4 m 206.88 278.4 l S 209.76 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 209.76 278.4 m 209.76 278.4 l S 212.88 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 212.88 278.4 m 212.88 278.4 l S 216 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 215.76 278.4 m 216 278.4 l S 218.88 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 218.88 278.4 m 218.88 278.4 l S 222 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 222 278.4 m 222 278.4 l S 224.88 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 224.88 278.4 m 224.88 278.4 l S 228 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 228 278.4 m 228 278.4 l S 230.88 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 230.88 278.4 m 230.88 278.4 l S 234 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 234 278.4 m 234 278.4 l S 237.12 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 236.88 278.4 m 237.12 278.4 l S 240 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 240 278.4 m 240 278.4 l S 243.12 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 243.12 278.4 m 243.12 278.4 l S 246 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 246 278.4 m 246 278.4 l S 249.12 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 249.12 278.4 m 249.12 278.4 l S 252.24 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 252 278.4 m 252.24 278.4 l S 255.12 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 255.12 278.4 m 255.12 278.4 l S 258.24 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 258.24 278.4 m 258.24 278.4 l S 261.12 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 261.12 278.4 m 261.12 278.4 l S 264.24 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 264.24 278.4 m 264.24 278.4 l S 267.36 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 267.12 278.4 m 267.36 278.4 l S 270.24 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 270.24 278.4 m 270.24 278.4 l S 273.36 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 273.36 278.4 m 273.36 278.4 l S 276.24 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 276.24 278.4 m 276.24 278.4 l S 279.36 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 279.36 278.4 m 279.36 278.4 l S 282.24 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 278.4 m 282.24 278.4 l S 285.36 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 285.36 278.4 m 285.36 278.4 l S 288.48 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 288.24 278.4 m 288.48 278.4 l S 291.36 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 291.36 278.4 m 291.36 278.4 l S 294.48 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 294.48 278.4 m 294.48 278.4 l S 297.36 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 297.36 278.4 m 297.36 278.4 l S 300.48 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 300.48 278.4 m 300.48 278.4 l S 303.6 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 303.36 278.4 m 303.6 278.4 l S 306.48 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 306.48 278.4 m 306.48 278.4 l S 309.6 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 309.6 278.4 m 309.6 278.4 l S 312.48 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 312.48 278.4 m 312.48 278.4 l S 315.6 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 315.6 278.4 m 315.6 278.4 l S 318.48 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 318.48 278.4 m 318.48 278.4 l S 321.6 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 321.6 278.4 m 321.6 278.4 l S 324.72 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 324.48 278.4 m 324.72 278.4 l S 327.6 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 327.6 278.4 m 327.6 278.4 l S 330.72 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 330.72 278.4 m 330.72 278.4 l S 333.6 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 333.6 278.4 m 333.6 278.4 l S 336.72 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 336.72 278.4 m 336.72 278.4 l S 339.84 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 339.6 278.4 m 339.84 278.4 l S 342.72 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 342.72 278.4 m 342.72 278.4 l S 345.84 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 345.84 278.4 m 345.84 278.4 l S 348.72 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 348.72 278.4 m 348.72 278.4 l S 351.84 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 351.84 278.4 m 351.84 278.4 l S 354.96 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 354.72 278.4 m 354.96 278.4 l S 357.84 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 357.84 278.4 m 357.84 278.4 l S 360.96 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 360.96 278.4 m 360.96 278.4 l S 363.84 278.4 0.24 0.24 re f 363.84 278.4 m 363.84 278.4 l S 366.96 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 366.96 278.16 m 366.96 278.16 l S 369.84 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 369.84 278.16 m 369.84 278.16 l S 372.96 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 372.96 278.16 m 372.96 278.16 l S 376.08 275.28 0.24 0.24 re f 375.84 275.52 m 376.08 275.28 l S 378.96 272.64 0.24 0.24 re f 378.96 272.88 m 378.96 272.64 l S 382.08 270 0.24 0.24 re f 382.08 270 m 382.08 270 l S 383.76 267.12 0.24 0.24 re f 383.76 267.36 m 383.76 267.12 l S 384.48 264.24 0.24 0.24 re f 384.48 264.24 m 384.48 264.24 l S 385.2 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 385.2 261.12 m 385.2 261.12 l S 385.92 258.24 0.24 0.24 re f 385.92 258.24 m 385.92 258.24 l S 386.64 255.12 0.24 0.24 re f 386.64 255.12 m 386.64 255.12 l S 387.36 252.24 0.24 0.24 re f 387.12 252.24 m 387.36 252.24 l S 387.84 249.12 0.24 0.24 re f 387.84 249.12 m 387.84 249.12 l S 388.56 246 0.24 0.24 re f 388.56 246.24 m 388.56 246 l S 389.28 243.12 0.24 0.24 re f 389.28 243.12 m 389.28 243.12 l S 390 240 0.24 0.24 re f 390 240.24 m 390 240 l S 390.72 237.12 0.24 0.24 re f 390.72 237.12 m 390.72 237.12 l S 391.2 234 0.24 0.24 re f 391.2 234 m 391.2 234 l S 391.92 231.12 0.24 0.24 re f 391.92 231.12 m 391.92 231.12 l S 392.64 228 0.24 0.24 re f 392.64 228 m 392.64 228 l S 393.36 225.12 0.24 0.24 re f 393.36 225.12 m 393.36 225.12 l S 394.08 222 0.24 0.24 re f 394.08 222 m 394.08 222 l S 394.56 218.88 0.24 0.24 re f 394.56 219.12 m 394.56 218.88 l S 395.04 216 0.24 0.24 re f 394.8 216 m 395.04 216 l S 395.28 212.88 0.24 0.24 re f 395.28 212.88 m 395.28 212.88 l S 395.76 210 0.24 0.24 re f 395.76 210 m 395.76 210 l S 396.24 206.88 0.24 0.24 re f 396.24 206.88 m 396.24 206.88 l S 396.48 204 0.24 0.24 re f 396.48 204 m 396.48 204 l S 396.96 200.88 0.24 0.24 re f 396.96 200.88 m 396.96 200.88 l S 397.44 197.76 0.24 0.24 re f 397.44 198 m 397.44 197.76 l S 397.92 194.88 0.24 0.24 re f 397.92 194.88 m 397.92 194.88 l S 398.4 191.76 0.24 0.24 re f 398.4 192 m 398.4 191.76 l S 398.64 188.88 0.24 0.24 re f 398.64 188.88 m 398.64 188.88 l S 399.12 185.76 0.24 0.24 re f 399.12 185.76 m 399.12 185.76 l S 399.6 182.88 0.24 0.24 re f 399.6 182.88 m 399.6 182.88 l S 399.84 179.76 0.24 0.24 re f 399.84 179.76 m 399.84 179.76 l S 400.32 176.88 0.24 0.24 re f 400.32 176.88 m 400.32 176.88 l S 400.8 173.76 0.24 0.24 re f 400.8 173.76 m 400.8 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309.12 0.24 0.24 re f 390.96 309.12 m 391.2 309.12 l S 394.08 309.36 0.24 0.24 re f 394.08 309.36 m 394.08 309.36 l S 394.56 306.24 0.24 0.24 re f 394.56 306.24 m 394.56 306.24 l S 395.28 303.36 0.24 0.24 re f 395.28 303.36 m 395.28 303.36 l S 395.76 300.24 0.24 0.24 re f 395.76 300.24 m 395.76 300.24 l S 396.24 297.36 0.24 0.24 re f 396.24 297.36 m 396.24 297.36 l S 396.96 294.24 0.24 0.24 re f 396.96 294.24 m 396.96 294.24 l S 397.44 291.12 0.24 0.24 re f 397.44 291.36 m 397.44 291.12 l S 397.92 288.24 0.24 0.24 re f 397.92 288.24 m 397.92 288.24 l S 398.64 285.12 0.24 0.24 re f 398.64 285.12 m 398.64 285.12 l S 399.12 282.24 0.24 0.24 re f 399.12 282.24 m 399.12 282.24 l S 399.6 279.12 0.24 0.24 re f 399.6 279.12 m 399.6 279.12 l S 400.32 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 400.32 276.24 m 400.32 276.24 l S 400.8 273.12 0.24 0.24 re f 400.8 273.12 m 400.8 273.12 l S 401.28 270 0.24 0.24 re f 401.28 270.24 m 401.28 270 l S 402 267.12 0.24 0.24 re f 402 267.12 m 402 267.12 l S 402.48 264 0.24 0.24 re f 402.48 264.24 m 402.48 264 l S 403.2 261.12 0.24 0.24 re f 402.96 261.12 m 403.2 261.12 l S 403.68 258 0.24 0.24 re f 403.68 258 m 403.68 258 l S 404.16 255.12 0.24 0.24 re f 404.16 255.12 m 404.16 255.12 l S 404.88 252 0.24 0.24 re f 404.88 252 m 404.88 252 l S 405.84 249.12 0.24 0.24 re f 405.84 249.12 m 405.84 249.12 l S 406.8 246 0.24 0.24 re f 406.8 246 m 406.8 246 l S 408 242.88 0.24 0.24 re f 408 243.12 m 408 242.88 l S 408.96 240 0.24 0.24 re f 408.96 240 m 408.96 240 l S 409.92 236.88 0.24 0.24 re f 409.92 236.88 m 409.92 236.88 l S 411.12 234 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 234 m 411.12 234 l S 412.08 230.88 0.24 0.24 re f 412.08 230.88 m 412.08 230.88 l S 413.04 228 0.24 0.24 re f 413.04 228 m 413.04 228 l S 414.24 224.88 0.24 0.24 re f 414.24 224.88 m 414.24 224.88 l S 415.2 221.76 0.24 0.24 re f 415.2 222 m 415.2 221.76 l S 415.68 218.88 0.24 0.24 re f 415.68 218.88 m 415.68 218.88 l S 416.16 215.76 0.24 0.24 re f 416.16 216 m 416.16 215.76 l S 416.64 212.88 0.24 0.24 re f 416.64 212.88 m 416.64 212.88 l S 417.12 209.76 0.24 0.24 re f 417.12 209.76 m 417.12 209.76 l S 417.6 206.88 0.24 0.24 re f 417.6 206.88 m 417.6 206.88 l S 418.08 203.76 0.24 0.24 re f 418.08 203.76 m 418.08 203.76 l S 418.56 200.88 0.24 0.24 re f 418.56 200.88 m 418.56 200.88 l S 419.04 197.76 0.24 0.24 re f 419.04 197.76 m 419.04 197.76 l S 419.52 194.64 0.24 0.24 re f 419.52 194.88 m 419.52 194.64 l S 420 191.76 0.24 0.24 re f 420 191.76 m 420 191.76 l S 420.48 188.64 0.24 0.24 re f 420.48 188.64 m 420.48 188.64 l S 420.96 185.76 0.24 0.24 re f 420.96 185.76 m 420.96 185.76 l S 421.44 182.64 0.24 0.24 re f 421.44 182.64 m 421.44 182.64 l S 421.92 179.76 0.24 0.24 re f 421.92 179.76 m 421.92 179.76 l S 422.4 176.64 0.24 0.24 re f 422.4 176.64 m 422.4 176.64 l S 422.88 173.52 0.24 0.24 re f 422.88 173.76 m 422.88 173.52 l S 423.36 170.64 0.24 0.24 re f 423.36 170.64 m 423.36 170.64 l S 423.84 167.52 0.24 0.24 re f 423.84 167.76 m 423.84 167.52 l S 424.32 164.64 0.24 0.24 re f 424.08 164.64 m 424.32 164.64 l S 424.8 161.52 0.24 0.24 re f 424.8 161.52 m 424.8 161.52 l S 425.28 158.64 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 158.64 m 425.28 158.64 l S 425.52 155.52 0.24 0.24 re f 425.52 155.52 m 425.52 155.52 l S 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 1 1 1 rg 148.56 120 319.2 212.4 re b BT 243.6 90.72 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 148.56 120 m 467.76 120 l S 161.52 120 m 161.52 124.08 l S 294.48 120 m 294.48 124.08 l S 427.68 120 m 427.68 124.08 l S 201.6 120 m 201.6 124.08 l S 254.4 120 m 254.4 124.08 l S 334.56 120 m 334.56 124.08 l S 387.6 120 m 387.6 124.08 l S 467.76 120 m 467.76 124.08 l S BT 195.84 108.48 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (0.5) Tj 83.76 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (5) Tj 77.76 0 TD (20) Tj -307.2 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 136.56 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 130.8 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 122.64 183.12 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Percent Survival) Tj ET 148.56 120 m 148.56 332.4 l S 148.56 162.48 m 152.88 162.48 l S 148.56 204.96 m 152.88 204.96 l S 148.56 247.44 m 152.88 247.44 l S 148.56 289.92 m 152.88 289.92 l S 148.56 332.4 m 152.88 332.4 l S BT 139.92 117.12 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 42.48 TD (20) Tj 0 42.48 TD (40) Tj T* (60) Tj T* (80) Tj -4.8 42.48 TD (100) Tj ET 0.24 w 164.88 275.28 m 164.88 277.0809 163.321 278.64 161.4 278.64 c 159.479 278.64 157.92 277.0809 157.92 275.16 c 157.92 273.2391 159.479 271.68 161.4 271.68 c 163.321 271.68 164.88 273.2391 164.88 275.16 c b 164.88 276.24 m 164.88 278.041 163.321 279.6 161.4 279.6 c 159.479 279.6 157.92 278.041 157.92 276.12 c 157.92 274.1991 159.479 272.64 161.4 272.64 c 163.321 272.64 164.88 274.1991 164.88 276.12 c b 313.2 285.84 m 313.2 287.641 311.5872 289.2 309.6 289.2 c 307.6128 289.2 306 287.641 306 285.72 c 306 283.799 307.6128 282.24 309.6 282.24 c 311.5872 282.24 313.2 283.799 313.2 285.72 c b 313.2 305.28 m 313.2 307.081 311.5872 308.64 309.6 308.64 c 307.6128 308.64 306 307.081 306 305.16 c 306 303.239 307.6128 301.68 309.6 301.68 c 311.5872 301.68 313.2 303.239 313.2 305.16 c b 337.92 324 m 337.92 325.801 336.361 327.36 334.44 327.36 c 332.519 327.36 330.96 325.801 330.96 323.88 c 330.96 321.959 332.519 320.4 334.44 320.4 c 336.361 320.4 337.92 321.959 337.92 323.88 c b 343.44 285.84 m 343.44 287.641 341.881 289.2 339.96 289.2 c 338.039 289.2 336.48 287.641 336.48 285.72 c 336.48 283.799 338.039 282.24 339.96 282.24 c 341.881 282.24 343.44 283.799 343.44 285.72 c b 368.64 283.68 m 368.64 285.481 367.081 287.04 365.16 287.04 c 363.239 287.04 361.68 285.481 361.68 283.56 c 361.68 281.6391 363.239 280.08 365.16 280.08 c 367.081 280.08 368.64 281.6391 368.64 283.56 c b 368.64 299.04 m 368.64 300.8409 367.081 302.4 365.16 302.4 c 363.239 302.4 361.68 300.8409 361.68 298.92 c 361.68 296.999 363.239 295.44 365.16 295.44 c 367.081 295.44 368.64 296.999 368.64 298.92 c b 404.4 242.16 m 404.4 244.1472 402.7872 245.76 400.8 245.76 c 398.8128 245.76 397.2 244.1472 397.2 242.16 c 397.2 240.1728 398.8128 238.56 400.8 238.56 c 402.7872 238.56 404.4 240.1728 404.4 242.16 c b 404.4 213.6 m 404.4 215.4009 402.7872 216.96 400.8 216.96 c 398.8128 216.96 397.2 215.4009 397.2 213.48 c 397.2 211.5591 398.8128 210 400.8 210 c 402.7872 210 404.4 211.5591 404.4 213.48 c b 429.36 120.24 m 429.36 122.0409 427.7472 123.6 425.76 123.6 c 423.7728 123.6 422.16 122.0409 422.16 120.12 c 422.16 118.1991 423.7728 116.64 425.76 116.64 c 427.7472 116.64 429.36 118.1991 429.36 120.12 c b 427.44 120.24 m 427.44 122.0409 425.881 123.6 423.96 123.6 c 422.039 123.6 420.48 122.0409 420.48 120.12 c 420.48 118.1991 422.039 116.64 423.96 116.64 c 425.881 116.64 427.44 118.1991 427.44 120.12 c b 2.4 w 388.32 258.72 m 396.48 258.72 l 404.64 258.72 l S 0.24 w 392.64 254.64 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 161.52 293.28 m 172.08 293.28 l 182.64 293.28 l 193.2 293.28 l 203.76 293.28 l 214.32 293.28 l 224.88 293.28 l 235.44 293.28 l 246 293.28 l 256.56 293.28 l 267.12 293.28 l 277.68 293.28 l 288.24 293.28 l 299.04 293.28 l 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596.88 m 408 596.64 l S 409.68 593.76 0.24 0.24 re f 409.68 593.76 m 409.68 593.76 l S 411.36 590.64 0.24 0.24 re f 411.36 590.88 m 411.36 590.64 l S 412.8 587.76 0.24 0.24 re f 412.8 587.76 m 412.8 587.76 l S 414.48 584.64 0.24 0.24 re f 414.48 584.64 m 414.48 584.64 l S 415.92 581.76 0.24 0.24 re f 415.92 581.76 m 415.92 581.76 l S 417.6 578.64 0.24 0.24 re f 417.6 578.64 m 417.6 578.64 l S 419.04 575.76 0.24 0.24 re f 419.04 575.76 m 419.04 575.76 l S 420.72 572.64 0.24 0.24 re f 420.48 572.64 m 420.72 572.64 l S 422.16 569.52 0.24 0.24 re f 422.16 569.76 m 422.16 569.52 l S 423.6 566.64 0.24 0.24 re f 423.6 566.64 m 423.6 566.64 l S 425.28 563.52 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 563.52 m 425.28 563.52 l S 426.72 560.64 0.24 0.24 re f 426.72 560.64 m 426.72 560.64 l S 428.4 557.52 0.24 0.24 re f 428.4 557.52 m 428.4 557.52 l S 430.08 554.64 0.24 0.24 re f 429.84 554.64 m 430.08 554.64 l S 431.52 551.52 0.24 0.24 re f 431.52 551.52 m 431.52 551.52 l S 433.2 548.4 0.24 0.24 re f 433.2 548.64 m 433.2 548.4 l S 434.64 545.52 0.24 0.24 re f 434.64 545.52 m 434.64 545.52 l S 436.56 542.4 0.24 0.24 re f 436.56 542.64 m 436.56 542.4 l S 438.24 539.52 0.24 0.24 re f 438.24 539.52 m 438.24 539.52 l S 440.16 536.4 0.24 0.24 re f 440.16 536.4 m 440.16 536.4 l S 442.08 533.52 0.24 0.24 re f 442.08 533.52 m 442.08 533.52 l S 444 530.4 0.24 0.24 re f 444 530.4 m 444 530.4 l S 445.92 527.52 0.24 0.24 re f 445.92 527.52 m 445.92 527.52 l S 448.08 524.4 0.24 0.24 re f 448.08 524.4 m 448.08 524.4 l S 450.72 521.28 0.24 0.24 re f 450.72 521.52 m 450.72 521.28 l S 453.12 518.4 0.24 0.24 re f 453.12 518.4 m 453.12 518.4 l S 455.52 515.28 0.24 0.24 re f 455.52 515.28 m 455.52 515.28 l S 458.16 512.4 0.24 0.24 re f 458.16 512.64 m 458.16 512.4 l S 461.28 509.76 0.24 0.24 re f 461.28 510 m 461.28 509.76 l S 464.4 507.12 0.24 0.24 re f 464.16 507.12 m 464.4 507.12 l S 467.28 504.48 0.24 0.24 re f 467.28 504.48 m 467.28 504.48 l S BT 172.56 569.28 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0313 Tc 0.009 Tw (EC20 = 5.61 mg N/L \(2.84-11.06\)) Tj 1.2 -19.68 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0587 Tc -0.048 Tw (T = 22.0 C) Tj 0 -20.16 TD 0.0261 Tc 0.0646 Tw (pH = 7.9) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 360.96 re f 0.24 w [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 147.6 118.32 319.2 212.4 re b BT 206.4 347.76 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0512 Tc -0.0133 Tw (BLUEGILL, 30-DAY ELS, SMITH ET AL. 1984) Tj 36.24 -258.72 TD /F1 11.76 Tf 0.0531 Tc -0.1224 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 147.6 118.32 m 466.8 118.32 l S 253.44 118.32 m 253.44 122.64 l S 386.64 118.32 m 386.64 122.64 l S 160.56 118.32 m 160.56 122.64 l S 213.36 118.32 m 213.36 122.64 l S 293.52 118.32 m 293.52 122.64 l S 346.56 118.32 m 346.56 122.64 l S 426.72 118.32 m 426.72 122.64 l S BT 154.8 106.8 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.2) Tj 53.04 0 TD (0.5) Tj 83.52 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 52.8 0 TD (5) Tj 78 0 TD (20) Tj -170.88 0 TD (1) Tj 130.8 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 123.84 192.96 Tm /F1 11.76 Tf 0 Tc (Biomass \(g\)) Tj ET 147.6 118.32 m 147.6 330.72 l S 147.6 160.8 m 151.92 160.8 l S 147.6 203.28 m 151.92 203.28 l S 147.6 245.76 m 151.92 245.76 l S 147.6 288.24 m 151.92 288.24 l S 147.6 330.72 m 151.92 330.72 l S BT 132 115.44 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc (0.0) Tj 0 42.48 TD (0.5) Tj T* (1.0) Tj T* (1.5) Tj T* (2.0) Tj T* (2.5) Tj ET 160.56 296.4 m 160.56 314.64 l S 158.4 314.64 m 162.72 314.64 l S 160.56 296.4 m 160.56 278.16 l S 158.4 278.16 m 162.72 278.16 l S 0.24 w 163.92 296.64 m 163.92 298.4409 162.361 300 160.44 300 c 158.519 300 156.96 298.4409 156.96 296.52 c 156.96 294.599 158.519 293.04 160.44 293.04 c 162.361 293.04 163.92 294.599 163.92 296.52 c b 0.48 w 282.24 274.8 m 282.24 290.64 l S 280.08 290.64 m 284.4 290.64 l S 282.24 274.8 m 282.24 258.72 l S 280.08 258.72 m 284.4 258.72 l S 0.24 w 285.6 275.04 m 285.6 276.8409 283.9872 278.4 282 278.4 c 280.0128 278.4 278.4 276.8409 278.4 274.92 c 278.4 272.9991 280.0128 271.44 282 271.44 c 283.9872 271.44 285.6 272.9991 285.6 274.92 c b 0.48 w 330 147.36 m 330 155.76 l S 327.84 155.76 m 332.16 155.76 l S 330 147.36 m 330 138.96 l S 327.84 138.96 m 332.16 138.96 l S 0.24 w 333.36 147.6 m 333.36 149.5872 331.801 151.2 329.88 151.2 c 327.959 151.2 326.4 149.5872 326.4 147.6 c 326.4 145.6128 327.959 144 329.88 144 c 331.801 144 333.36 145.6128 333.36 147.6 c b 0.48 w 375.84 127.44 m 375.84 133.92 l S 373.68 133.92 m 378 133.92 l S 375.84 127.44 m 375.84 120.96 l S 373.68 120.96 m 378 120.96 l S 0.24 w 379.2 127.68 m 379.2 129.6672 377.641 131.28 375.72 131.28 c 373.799 131.28 372.24 129.6672 372.24 127.68 c 372.24 125.6928 373.799 124.08 375.72 124.08 c 377.641 124.08 379.2 125.6928 379.2 127.68 c b 0.48 w 421.2 118.8 m 421.2 119.28 l S 419.04 119.28 m 423.36 119.28 l S 421.2 118.8 m 421.2 118.32 l S 0.24 w 424.56 119.04 m 424.56 120.8409 423.001 122.4 421.08 122.4 c 419.159 122.4 417.6 120.8409 417.6 118.92 c 417.6 116.9991 419.159 115.44 421.08 115.44 c 423.001 115.44 424.56 116.9991 424.56 118.92 c b 466.32 118.56 m 466.32 120.3609 464.7072 121.92 462.72 121.92 c 460.7328 121.92 459.12 120.3609 459.12 118.44 c 459.12 116.5191 460.7328 114.96 462.72 114.96 c 464.7072 114.96 466.32 116.5191 466.32 118.44 c b 2.4 w 273.84 261.12 m 288.96 261.12 l 304.56 261.12 l S 0.24 w 285.12 257.04 7.92 7.92 re b 0.48 w 160.56 297.12 m 172.56 297.12 l 184.8 297.12 l 196.8 297.12 l 208.8 296.88 l 221.04 296.88 l 233.04 296.4 l 245.28 295.44 l 257.28 293.04 l 269.28 287.28 l 281.52 275.04 l 293.52 251.28 l 305.52 215.28 l 317.76 176.88 l 329.76 148.08 l 342 131.76 l 354 124.08 l 366 120.72 l 378.24 119.28 l 390.24 118.8 l 402.48 118.56 l 414.48 118.32 l 426.48 118.32 l 438.72 118.32 l 450.72 118.32 l 462.72 118.32 l S 160.56 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 160.56 275.52 m 160.56 275.52 l S 163.68 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 163.44 275.52 m 163.68 275.52 l S 166.56 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 166.56 275.52 m 166.56 275.52 l S 169.68 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 169.68 275.52 m 169.68 275.52 l S 172.56 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 172.56 275.52 m 172.56 275.52 l S 175.68 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 175.68 275.52 m 175.68 275.52 l S 178.8 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 178.56 275.52 m 178.8 275.52 l S 181.68 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 181.68 275.52 m 181.68 275.52 l S 184.8 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 184.8 275.52 m 184.8 275.52 l S 187.68 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 187.68 275.52 m 187.68 275.52 l S 190.8 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 190.8 275.52 m 190.8 275.52 l S 193.92 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 193.68 275.52 m 193.92 275.52 l S 196.8 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 196.8 275.52 m 196.8 275.76 l S 199.92 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 199.92 275.76 m 199.92 275.76 l S 202.8 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 202.8 275.76 m 202.8 275.76 l S 205.92 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 205.92 275.76 m 205.92 275.76 l S 208.8 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 208.8 275.76 m 208.8 275.76 l S 211.92 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 211.92 275.76 m 211.92 275.76 l S 215.04 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 214.8 275.76 m 215.04 275.76 l S 217.92 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 217.92 275.76 m 217.92 275.76 l S 221.04 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 221.04 275.76 m 221.04 275.76 l S 223.92 276 0.24 0.24 re f 223.92 276 m 223.92 276 l S 227.04 276 0.24 0.24 re f 227.04 276 m 227.04 276 l S 230.16 276 0.24 0.24 re f 229.92 276 m 230.16 276 l S 233.04 276 0.24 0.24 re f 233.04 276 m 233.04 276 l S 236.16 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 236.16 276.24 m 236.16 276.24 l S 239.04 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 239.04 276.24 m 239.04 276.24 l S 242.16 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 242.16 276.24 m 242.16 276.24 l S 245.28 276.48 0.24 0.24 re f 245.04 276.48 m 245.28 276.48 l S 248.16 276.48 0.24 0.24 re f 248.16 276.48 m 248.16 276.48 l S 251.28 276.48 0.24 0.24 re f 251.04 276.48 m 251.28 276.48 l S 254.16 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 254.16 276.24 m 254.16 276.24 l S 257.28 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 257.28 276.24 m 257.28 276.24 l S 260.16 275.28 0.24 0.24 re f 260.16 275.28 m 260.16 275.28 l S 263.28 274.56 0.24 0.24 re f 263.28 274.56 m 263.28 274.56 l S 266.4 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 266.16 273.6 m 266.4 273.6 l S 269.28 272.64 0.24 0.24 re f 269.28 272.64 m 269.28 272.64 l S 271.68 269.76 0.24 0.24 re f 271.68 269.76 m 271.68 269.76 l S 273.84 266.64 0.24 0.24 re f 273.84 266.64 m 273.84 266.64 l S 276.24 263.52 0.24 0.24 re f 276.24 263.76 m 276.24 263.52 l S 278.4 260.64 0.24 0.24 re f 278.4 260.64 m 278.4 260.64 l S 280.8 257.52 0.24 0.24 re f 280.8 257.52 m 280.8 257.52 l S 282.24 254.64 0.24 0.24 re f 282.24 254.64 m 282.24 254.64 l S 283.44 251.52 0.24 0.24 re f 283.44 251.52 m 283.44 251.52 l S 284.64 248.64 0.24 0.24 re f 284.64 248.64 m 284.64 248.64 l S 285.6 245.52 0.24 0.24 re f 285.6 245.52 m 285.6 245.52 l S 286.8 242.4 0.24 0.24 re f 286.8 242.64 m 286.8 242.4 l S 288 239.52 0.24 0.24 re f 288 239.52 m 288 239.52 l S 289.2 236.4 0.24 0.24 re f 289.2 236.64 m 289.2 236.4 l S 290.4 233.52 0.24 0.24 re f 290.4 233.52 m 290.4 233.52 l S 291.6 230.4 0.24 0.24 re f 291.6 230.4 m 291.6 230.4 l S 292.8 227.52 0.24 0.24 re f 292.56 227.52 m 292.8 227.52 l S 293.76 224.4 0.24 0.24 re f 293.76 224.4 m 293.76 224.4 l S 294.72 221.52 0.24 0.24 re f 294.72 221.52 m 294.72 221.52 l S 295.92 218.4 0.24 0.24 re f 295.68 218.4 m 295.92 218.4 l S 296.88 215.28 0.24 0.24 re f 296.88 215.52 m 296.88 215.28 l S 297.84 212.4 0.24 0.24 re f 297.84 212.4 m 297.84 212.4 l S 298.8 209.28 0.24 0.24 re f 298.8 209.28 m 298.8 209.28 l S 300 206.4 0.24 0.24 re f 299.76 206.4 m 300 206.4 l S 300.96 203.28 0.24 0.24 re f 300.96 203.28 m 300.96 203.28 l S 301.92 200.4 0.24 0.24 re f 301.92 200.4 m 301.92 200.4 l S 302.88 197.28 0.24 0.24 re f 302.88 197.28 m 302.88 197.28 l S 303.84 194.16 0.24 0.24 re f 303.84 194.4 m 303.84 194.16 l S 305.04 191.28 0.24 0.24 re f 305.04 191.28 m 305.04 191.28 l S 306.24 188.16 0.24 0.24 re f 306 188.16 m 306.24 188.16 l S 307.44 185.28 0.24 0.24 re f 307.44 185.28 m 307.44 185.28 l S 308.64 182.16 0.24 0.24 re f 308.64 182.16 m 308.64 182.16 l S 309.84 179.28 0.24 0.24 re f 309.84 179.28 m 309.84 179.28 l S 311.04 176.16 0.24 0.24 re f 311.04 176.16 m 311.04 176.16 l S 312.48 173.28 0.24 0.24 re f 312.48 173.28 m 312.48 173.28 l S 313.68 170.16 0.24 0.24 re f 313.68 170.16 m 313.68 170.16 l S 314.88 167.04 0.24 0.24 re f 314.88 167.28 m 314.88 167.04 l S 316.32 164.16 0.24 0.24 re f 316.32 164.16 m 316.32 164.16 l S 317.52 161.04 0.24 0.24 re f 317.52 161.04 m 317.52 161.04 l S 318.96 158.16 0.24 0.24 re f 318.96 158.16 m 318.96 158.16 l S 320.64 155.04 0.24 0.24 re f 320.64 155.04 m 320.64 155.04 l S 322.32 152.16 0.24 0.24 re f 322.32 152.16 m 322.32 152.16 l S 324 149.04 0.24 0.24 re f 324 149.04 m 324 149.04 l S 325.68 145.92 0.24 0.24 re f 325.44 146.16 m 325.68 145.92 l S 327.12 143.04 0.24 0.24 re f 327.12 143.04 m 327.12 143.04 l S 328.8 139.92 0.24 0.24 re f 328.8 139.92 m 328.8 139.92 l S 330.96 137.04 0.24 0.24 re f 330.96 137.04 m 330.96 137.04 l S 333.6 133.92 0.24 0.24 re f 333.6 133.92 m 333.6 133.92 l S 336.24 131.04 0.24 0.24 re f 336.24 131.04 m 336.24 131.04 l S 338.88 127.92 0.24 0.24 re f 338.88 127.92 m 338.88 127.92 l S 341.52 125.04 0.24 0.24 re f 341.52 125.04 m 341.52 125.04 l S 344.64 123.36 0.24 0.24 re f 344.64 123.36 m 344.64 123.36 l S 347.76 122.16 0.24 0.24 re f 347.52 122.16 m 347.76 122.16 l S 350.64 120.96 0.24 0.24 re f 350.64 120.96 m 350.64 120.96 l S 353.76 119.52 0.24 0.24 re f 353.76 119.52 m 353.76 119.52 l S 354 119.28 0.24 0.24 re f 354 119.28 m 354 119.28 l S 357.12 119.04 0.24 0.24 re f 357.12 119.04 m 357.12 119.04 l S 360 118.8 0.24 0.24 re f 360 118.8 m 360 118.8 l S 363.12 118.32 0.24 0.24 re f 363.12 118.32 m 363.12 118.32 l S 160.56 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 160.56 318.48 m 160.56 318.48 l S 163.68 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 163.44 318.48 m 163.68 318.48 l S 166.56 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 166.56 318.48 m 166.56 318.48 l S 169.68 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 169.68 318.48 m 169.68 318.48 l S 172.56 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 172.56 318.48 m 172.56 318.48 l S 175.68 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 175.68 318.48 m 175.68 318.48 l S 178.8 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 178.56 318.48 m 178.8 318.48 l S 181.68 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 181.68 318.48 m 181.68 318.48 l S 184.8 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 184.8 318.48 m 184.8 318.48 l S 187.68 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 187.68 318.48 m 187.68 318.48 l S 190.8 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 190.8 318.48 m 190.8 318.48 l S 193.92 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 193.68 318.48 m 193.92 318.48 l S 196.8 318.48 0.24 0.24 re f 196.8 318.48 m 196.8 318.48 l S 199.92 318.24 0.24 0.24 re f 199.92 318.24 m 199.92 318.24 l S 202.8 318.24 0.24 0.24 re f 202.8 318.24 m 202.8 318.24 l S 205.92 318.24 0.24 0.24 re f 205.92 318.24 m 205.92 318.24 l S 208.8 318.24 0.24 0.24 re f 208.8 318.24 m 208.8 318.24 l S 211.92 318 0.24 0.24 re f 211.92 318 m 211.92 318 l S 215.04 318 0.24 0.24 re f 214.8 318 m 215.04 318 l S 217.92 317.76 0.24 0.24 re f 217.92 317.76 m 217.92 317.76 l S 221.04 317.76 0.24 0.24 re f 221.04 317.76 m 221.04 317.76 l S 223.92 317.52 0.24 0.24 re f 223.92 317.52 m 223.92 317.52 l S 227.04 317.28 0.24 0.24 re f 227.04 317.28 m 227.04 317.28 l S 230.16 316.8 0.24 0.24 re f 229.92 316.8 m 230.16 316.8 l S 233.04 316.56 0.24 0.24 re f 233.04 316.56 m 233.04 316.56 l S 236.16 316.08 0.24 0.24 re f 236.16 316.08 m 236.16 316.08 l S 239.04 315.36 0.24 0.24 re f 239.04 315.36 m 239.04 315.36 l S 242.16 314.88 0.24 0.24 re f 242.16 314.88 m 242.16 314.88 l S 245.28 314.4 0.24 0.24 re f 245.04 314.4 m 245.28 314.4 l S 248.16 313.2 0.24 0.24 re f 248.16 313.2 m 248.16 313.2 l S 251.28 312 0.24 0.24 re f 251.04 312 m 251.28 312 l S 254.16 310.8 0.24 0.24 re f 254.16 310.8 m 254.16 310.8 l S 257.28 309.6 0.24 0.24 re f 257.28 309.6 m 257.28 309.6 l S 260.16 307.68 0.24 0.24 re f 260.16 307.68 m 260.16 307.68 l S 263.28 305.76 0.24 0.24 re f 263.28 305.76 m 263.28 305.76 l S 266.4 303.84 0.24 0.24 re f 266.16 303.84 m 266.4 303.84 l S 269.28 302.16 0.24 0.24 re f 269.28 302.16 m 269.28 302.16 l S 272.4 299.76 0.24 0.24 re f 272.4 299.76 m 272.4 299.76 l S 275.28 297.6 0.24 0.24 re f 275.28 297.6 m 275.28 297.6 l S 278.4 295.44 0.24 0.24 re f 278.4 295.44 m 278.4 295.44 l S 281.52 293.28 0.24 0.24 re f 281.28 293.28 m 281.52 293.28 l S 283.68 290.4 0.24 0.24 re f 283.68 290.4 m 283.68 290.4 l S 286.08 287.28 0.24 0.24 re f 285.84 287.28 m 286.08 287.28 l S 288.24 284.16 0.24 0.24 re f 288.24 284.4 m 288.24 284.16 l S 290.4 281.28 0.24 0.24 re f 290.4 281.28 m 290.4 281.28 l S 292.8 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 292.8 278.16 m 292.8 278.16 l S 294.24 275.28 0.24 0.24 re f 294.24 275.28 m 294.24 275.28 l S 295.2 272.16 0.24 0.24 re f 295.2 272.16 m 295.2 272.16 l S 296.16 269.28 0.24 0.24 re f 296.16 269.28 m 296.16 269.28 l S 297.12 266.16 0.24 0.24 re f 297.12 266.16 m 297.12 266.16 l S 298.32 263.04 0.24 0.24 re f 298.32 263.28 m 298.32 263.04 l S 299.28 260.16 0.24 0.24 re f 299.28 260.16 m 299.28 260.16 l S 300.24 257.04 0.24 0.24 re f 300.24 257.04 m 300.24 257.04 l S 301.2 254.16 0.24 0.24 re f 301.2 254.16 m 301.2 254.16 l S 302.4 251.04 0.24 0.24 re f 302.4 251.04 m 302.4 251.04 l S 303.36 248.16 0.24 0.24 re f 303.36 248.16 m 303.36 248.16 l S 304.32 245.04 0.24 0.24 re f 304.32 245.04 m 304.32 245.04 l S 305.28 242.16 0.24 0.24 re f 305.28 242.16 m 305.28 242.16 l S 306.24 239.04 0.24 0.24 re f 306.24 239.04 m 306.24 239.04 l S 306.96 235.92 0.24 0.24 re f 306.96 236.16 m 306.96 235.92 l S 307.68 233.04 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 233.04 m 307.68 233.04 l S 308.4 229.92 0.24 0.24 re f 308.4 229.92 m 308.4 229.92 l S 309.12 227.04 0.24 0.24 re f 309.12 227.04 m 309.12 227.04 l S 309.84 223.92 0.24 0.24 re f 309.84 223.92 m 309.84 223.92 l S 310.8 221.04 0.24 0.24 re f 310.8 221.04 m 310.8 221.04 l S 311.52 217.92 0.24 0.24 re f 311.52 217.92 m 311.52 217.92 l S 312.24 214.8 0.24 0.24 re f 312.24 215.04 m 312.24 214.8 l S 312.96 211.92 0.24 0.24 re f 312.96 211.92 m 312.96 211.92 l S 313.68 208.8 0.24 0.24 re f 313.68 208.8 m 313.68 208.8 l S 314.4 205.92 0.24 0.24 re f 314.4 205.92 m 314.4 205.92 l S 315.36 202.8 0.24 0.24 re f 315.36 202.8 m 315.36 202.8 l S 316.08 199.92 0.24 0.24 re f 316.08 199.92 m 316.08 199.92 l S 316.8 196.8 0.24 0.24 re f 316.8 196.8 m 316.8 196.8 l S 317.52 193.92 0.24 0.24 re f 317.52 193.92 m 317.52 193.92 l S 318.48 190.8 0.24 0.24 re f 318.48 190.8 m 318.48 190.8 l S 319.68 187.68 0.24 0.24 re f 319.44 187.92 m 319.68 187.68 l S 320.64 184.8 0.24 0.24 re f 320.64 184.8 m 320.64 184.8 l S 321.6 181.68 0.24 0.24 re f 321.6 181.68 m 321.6 181.68 l S 322.56 178.8 0.24 0.24 re f 322.56 178.8 m 322.56 178.8 l S 323.76 175.68 0.24 0.24 re f 323.76 175.68 m 323.76 175.68 l S 324.72 172.8 0.24 0.24 re f 324.72 172.8 m 324.72 172.8 l S 325.68 169.68 0.24 0.24 re f 325.68 169.68 m 325.68 169.68 l S 326.88 166.56 0.24 0.24 re f 326.88 166.8 m 326.88 166.56 l S 327.84 163.68 0.24 0.24 re f 327.84 163.68 m 327.84 163.68 l S 328.8 160.56 0.24 0.24 re f 328.8 160.56 m 328.8 160.56 l S 330 157.68 0.24 0.24 re f 329.76 157.68 m 330 157.68 l S 331.92 154.56 0.24 0.24 re f 331.92 154.56 m 331.92 154.56 l S 333.84 151.68 0.24 0.24 re f 333.84 151.68 m 333.84 151.68 l S 335.76 148.56 0.24 0.24 re f 335.76 148.56 m 335.76 148.56 l S 337.68 145.44 0.24 0.24 re f 337.68 145.68 m 337.68 145.44 l S 339.6 142.56 0.24 0.24 re f 339.6 142.56 m 339.6 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247.92 676.56 0.24 0.24 re f 247.92 676.56 m 247.92 676.56 l S 250.8 676.08 0.24 0.24 re f 250.8 676.08 m 250.8 676.08 l S 253.92 675.6 0.24 0.24 re f 253.92 675.6 m 253.92 675.6 l S 257.04 675.12 0.24 0.24 re f 256.8 675.12 m 257.04 675.12 l S 259.92 674.64 0.24 0.24 re f 259.92 674.64 m 259.92 674.64 l S 263.04 673.92 0.24 0.24 re f 263.04 673.92 m 263.04 673.92 l S 265.92 673.44 0.24 0.24 re f 265.92 673.44 m 265.92 673.44 l S 269.04 672.72 0.24 0.24 re f 269.04 672.72 m 269.04 672.72 l S 272.16 672 0.24 0.24 re f 271.92 672 m 272.16 672 l S 275.04 671.52 0.24 0.24 re f 275.04 671.52 m 275.04 671.52 l S 278.16 670.56 0.24 0.24 re f 278.16 670.56 m 278.16 670.56 l S 281.04 669.6 0.24 0.24 re f 281.04 669.6 m 281.04 669.6 l S 284.16 668.88 0.24 0.24 re f 284.16 668.88 m 284.16 668.88 l S 287.04 667.92 0.24 0.24 re f 287.04 667.92 m 287.04 667.92 l S 290.16 667.2 0.24 0.24 re f 290.16 667.2 m 290.16 667.2 l S 293.28 666 0.24 0.24 re f 293.04 666 m 293.28 666 l S 296.16 664.8 0.24 0.24 re f 296.16 664.8 m 296.16 664.8 l S 299.28 663.84 0.24 0.24 re f 299.28 663.84 m 299.28 663.84 l S 302.16 662.64 0.24 0.24 re f 302.16 662.64 m 302.16 662.64 l S 305.28 661.44 0.24 0.24 re f 305.28 661.44 m 305.28 661.44 l S 308.4 660.24 0.24 0.24 re f 308.16 660.24 m 308.4 660.24 l S 311.28 658.8 0.24 0.24 re f 311.28 658.8 m 311.28 658.8 l S 314.4 657.36 0.24 0.24 re f 314.4 657.36 m 314.4 657.36 l S 317.28 656.16 0.24 0.24 re f 317.28 656.16 m 317.28 656.16 l S 320.4 654.72 0.24 0.24 re f 320.4 654.72 m 320.4 654.72 l S 323.52 653.04 0.24 0.24 re f 323.28 653.28 m 323.52 653.04 l S 326.4 651.6 0.24 0.24 re f 326.4 651.6 m 326.4 651.6 l S 329.52 649.92 0.24 0.24 re f 329.52 649.92 m 329.52 649.92 l S 332.4 648.24 0.24 0.24 re f 332.4 648.24 m 332.4 648.24 l S 335.52 646.8 0.24 0.24 re f 335.52 646.8 m 335.52 646.8 l S 338.4 644.88 0.24 0.24 re f 338.4 644.88 m 338.4 644.88 l S 341.52 642.72 0.24 0.24 re f 341.52 642.96 m 341.52 642.72 l S 344.64 640.8 0.24 0.24 re f 344.4 640.8 m 344.64 640.8 l S 347.52 638.88 0.24 0.24 re f 347.52 638.88 m 347.52 638.88 l S 350.64 636.96 0.24 0.24 re f 350.64 636.96 m 350.64 636.96 l S 353.52 634.56 0.24 0.24 re f 353.52 634.56 m 353.52 634.56 l S 356.64 631.92 0.24 0.24 re f 356.64 631.92 m 356.64 631.92 l S 359.76 629.28 0.24 0.24 re f 359.52 629.52 m 359.76 629.28 l S 362.64 626.88 0.24 0.24 re f 362.64 626.88 m 362.64 626.88 l S 365.76 624.24 0.24 0.24 re f 365.76 624.24 m 365.76 624.24 l S 368.64 621.36 0.24 0.24 re f 368.64 621.36 m 368.64 621.36 l S 371.28 618.48 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 618.48 m 371.28 618.48 l S 374.16 615.36 0.24 0.24 re f 374.16 615.36 m 374.16 615.36 l S 377.04 612.48 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 612.48 m 377.04 612.48 l S 379.92 609.36 0.24 0.24 re f 379.92 609.36 m 379.92 609.36 l S 382.56 606.24 0.24 0.24 re f 382.56 606.48 m 382.56 606.24 l S 385.2 603.36 0.24 0.24 re f 385.2 603.36 m 385.2 603.36 l S 387.6 600.24 0.24 0.24 re f 387.6 600.24 m 387.6 600.24 l S 390 597.36 0.24 0.24 re f 390 597.36 m 390 597.36 l S 392.4 594.24 0.24 0.24 re f 392.4 594.24 m 392.4 594.24 l S 395.04 591.36 0.24 0.24 re f 394.8 591.36 m 395.04 591.36 l S 397.44 588.24 0.24 0.24 re f 397.44 588.24 m 397.44 588.24 l S 399.84 585.36 0.24 0.24 re f 399.84 585.36 m 399.84 585.36 l S 402.24 582.24 0.24 0.24 re f 402.24 582.24 m 402.24 582.24 l S 404.64 579.12 0.24 0.24 re f 404.64 579.36 m 404.64 579.12 l S 407.04 576.24 0.24 0.24 re f 407.04 576.24 m 407.04 576.24 l S 409.44 573.12 0.24 0.24 re f 409.44 573.12 m 409.44 573.12 l S 411.84 570.24 0.24 0.24 re f 411.84 570.24 m 411.84 570.24 l S 414.24 567.12 0.24 0.24 re f 414.24 567.12 m 414.24 567.12 l S 417.12 564.24 0.24 0.24 re f 416.88 564.24 m 417.12 564.24 l S 419.52 561.12 0.24 0.24 re f 419.52 561.12 m 419.52 561.12 l S 422.4 558 0.24 0.24 re f 422.16 558.24 m 422.4 558 l S 425.04 555.12 0.24 0.24 re f 425.04 555.12 m 425.04 555.12 l S 427.68 552 0.24 0.24 re f 427.68 552 m 427.68 552 l S 430.56 549.12 0.24 0.24 re f 430.56 549.12 m 430.56 549.12 l S 433.44 546.24 0.24 0.24 re f 433.44 546.24 m 433.44 546.24 l S 436.56 543.36 0.24 0.24 re f 436.56 543.36 m 436.56 543.36 l S 439.68 540.48 0.24 0.24 re f 439.44 540.72 m 439.68 540.48 l S 442.56 537.6 0.24 0.24 re f 442.56 537.84 m 442.56 537.6 l S 445.68 534.96 0.24 0.24 re f 445.68 535.2 m 445.68 534.96 l S 448.56 532.8 0.24 0.24 re f 448.56 532.8 m 448.56 532.8 l S 451.68 530.4 0.24 0.24 re f 451.68 530.4 m 451.68 530.4 l S 454.8 528 0.24 0.24 re f 454.56 528 m 454.8 528 l S 457.68 525.6 0.24 0.24 re f 457.68 525.84 m 457.68 525.6 l S BT 195.36 552.72 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0313 Tc 0.009 Tw (EC20 = 9.61 mg N/L \(6.59-14.02\)) Tj ET 0.24 w 157.44 655.92 m 170.88 655.92 l S 167.76 653.28 m 157.44 655.92 l 167.76 658.8 l S 157.92 672 m 170.4 672 l S 168.24 669.12 m 157.92 672 l 168.24 674.64 l S BT 176.4 723.84 TD /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0488 Tc -0.0109 Tw (SMALLMOUTH BASS, 32-DAY ELS, BRODERIUS ET AL. 1985) Tj 19.68 -189.6 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 22.3) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -17.52 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 6.60) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 360.96 re f [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 157.2 122.16 318.96 212.16 re b BT 258.72 93.84 TD 0 0 0 rg 0.0315 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 157.2 122.16 m 476.16 122.16 l S 212.16 122.16 m 212.16 126.24 l S 350.88 122.16 m 350.88 126.24 l S 170.4 122.16 m 170.4 126.24 l S 253.92 122.16 m 253.92 126.24 l S 309.12 122.16 m 309.12 126.24 l S 392.64 122.16 m 392.64 126.24 l S 447.84 122.16 m 447.84 126.24 l S BT 164.64 110.64 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0592 Tc 0 Tw (0.5) Tj 87.12 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 55.2 0 TD (5) Tj 81.12 0 TD (20) Tj 55.2 0 TD (50) Tj -233.28 0 TD (1) Tj 136.32 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 131.52 168.96 Tm /F1 10.56 Tf 0 Tc (Biomass at 32 Days \(mg\)) Tj ET 157.2 122.16 m 157.2 334.32 l S 157.2 175.2 m 161.28 175.2 l S 157.2 228.24 m 161.28 228.24 l S 157.2 281.28 m 161.28 281.28 l S 157.2 334.32 m 161.28 334.32 l S 157.2 148.56 m 159.12 148.56 l S 157.2 201.6 m 159.12 201.6 l S 157.2 254.88 m 159.12 254.88 l S 157.2 307.92 m 159.12 307.92 l S BT 148.32 119.28 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 53.04 TD (50) Tj -4.56 53.04 TD (100) Tj 0 53.28 TD (150) Tj 0 53.04 TD (200) Tj ET 0.24 w 174 290.16 m 174 291.961 172.3872 293.52 170.4 293.52 c 168.4128 293.52 166.8 291.961 166.8 290.04 c 166.8 288.119 168.4128 286.56 170.4 286.56 c 172.3872 286.56 174 288.119 174 290.04 c b 174 299.52 m 174 301.5072 172.3872 303.12 170.4 303.12 c 168.4128 303.12 166.8 301.5072 166.8 299.52 c 166.8 297.5328 168.4128 295.92 170.4 295.92 c 172.3872 295.92 174 297.5328 174 299.52 c b 302.16 271.92 m 302.16 273.9072 300.5472 275.52 298.56 275.52 c 296.5728 275.52 294.96 273.9072 294.96 271.92 c 294.96 269.9328 296.5728 268.32 298.56 268.32 c 300.5472 268.32 302.16 269.9328 302.16 271.92 c b 302.16 242.16 m 302.16 244.1472 300.5472 245.76 298.56 245.76 c 296.5728 245.76 294.96 244.1472 294.96 242.16 c 294.96 240.1728 296.5728 238.56 298.56 238.56 c 300.5472 238.56 302.16 240.1728 302.16 242.16 c b 329.04 278.4 m 329.04 280.2009 327.481 281.76 325.56 281.76 c 323.639 281.76 322.08 280.2009 322.08 278.28 c 322.08 276.3591 323.639 274.8 325.56 274.8 c 327.481 274.8 329.04 276.3591 329.04 278.28 c b 329.04 259.2 m 329.04 261.0009 327.481 262.56 325.56 262.56 c 323.639 262.56 322.08 261.0009 322.08 259.08 c 322.08 257.1591 323.639 255.6 325.56 255.6 c 327.481 255.6 329.04 257.1591 329.04 259.08 c b 361.2 248.64 m 361.2 250.4409 359.5872 252 357.6 252 c 355.6128 252 354 250.4409 354 248.52 c 354 246.5991 355.6128 245.04 357.6 245.04 c 359.5872 245.04 361.2 246.5991 361.2 248.52 c b 361.2 200.88 m 361.2 202.6809 359.5872 204.24 357.6 204.24 c 355.6128 204.24 354 202.6809 354 200.76 c 354 198.8391 355.6128 197.28 357.6 197.28 c 359.5872 197.28 361.2 198.8391 361.2 200.76 c b 390.96 225.36 m 390.96 227.1609 389.401 228.72 387.48 228.72 c 385.559 228.72 384 227.1609 384 225.24 c 384 223.3191 385.559 221.76 387.48 221.76 c 389.401 221.76 390.96 223.3191 390.96 225.24 c b 390.96 236.88 m 390.96 238.8672 389.401 240.48 387.48 240.48 c 385.559 240.48 384 238.8672 384 236.88 c 384 234.8928 385.559 233.28 387.48 233.28 c 389.401 233.28 390.96 234.8928 390.96 236.88 c b 423.36 232.8 m 423.36 234.6009 421.801 236.16 419.88 236.16 c 417.959 236.16 416.4 234.6009 416.4 232.68 c 416.4 230.7591 417.959 229.2 419.88 229.2 c 421.801 229.2 423.36 230.7591 423.36 232.68 c b 423.36 186.96 m 423.36 188.9472 421.801 190.56 419.88 190.56 c 417.959 190.56 416.4 188.9472 416.4 186.96 c 416.4 184.9728 417.959 183.36 419.88 183.36 c 421.801 183.36 423.36 184.9728 423.36 186.96 c b 453.12 164.88 m 453.12 166.6809 451.5072 168.24 449.52 168.24 c 447.5328 168.24 445.92 166.6809 445.92 164.76 c 445.92 162.8391 447.5328 161.28 449.52 161.28 c 451.5072 161.28 453.12 162.8391 453.12 164.76 c b 453.12 178.56 m 453.12 180.3609 451.5072 181.92 449.52 181.92 c 447.5328 181.92 445.92 180.3609 445.92 178.44 c 445.92 176.5191 447.5328 174.96 449.52 174.96 c 451.5072 174.96 453.12 176.5191 453.12 178.44 c b 2.4 w 315.6 258.96 m 342 258.96 l 368.4 258.96 l S 0.24 w 338.16 255.12 7.68 7.92 re b 0.48 w 157.2 292.8 m 163.92 292.56 l 178.8 292.08 l 193.92 291.6 l 209.04 290.88 l 223.92 289.92 l 239.04 288.72 l 254.16 286.8 l 269.04 284.4 l 284.16 281.52 l 299.28 277.44 l 314.16 272.4 l 329.28 265.92 l 344.4 258 l 359.28 248.64 l 374.4 237.6 l 389.52 225.6 l 404.4 212.64 l 419.52 199.44 l 434.64 186.72 l 449.52 174.96 l S 157.2 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 157.2 283.2 m 157.2 283.2 l S 160.08 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 160.08 283.2 m 160.08 283.2 l S 163.2 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 163.2 283.2 m 163.2 283.2 l S 163.92 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 163.92 283.2 m 163.92 283.2 l S 166.8 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 166.8 283.2 m 166.8 283.2 l S 169.92 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 169.92 283.2 m 169.92 283.2 l S 172.8 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 172.8 283.2 m 172.8 283.2 l S 175.92 283.2 0.24 0.24 re f 175.92 283.2 m 175.92 283.2 l S 179.04 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 178.8 282.96 m 179.04 282.96 l S 181.92 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 181.92 282.96 m 181.92 282.96 l S 185.04 282.96 0.24 0.24 re f 185.04 282.96 m 185.04 282.96 l S 187.92 282.72 0.24 0.24 re f 187.92 282.72 m 187.92 282.72 l S 191.04 282.72 0.24 0.24 re f 191.04 282.72 m 191.04 282.72 l S 194.16 282.48 0.24 0.24 re f 193.92 282.48 m 194.16 282.48 l S 197.04 282.48 0.24 0.24 re f 197.04 282.48 m 197.04 282.48 l S 200.16 282.48 0.24 0.24 re f 200.16 282.48 m 200.16 282.48 l S 203.04 282.24 0.24 0.24 re f 203.04 282.24 m 203.04 282.24 l S 206.16 282.24 0.24 0.24 re f 206.16 282.24 m 206.16 282.24 l S 209.28 282 0.24 0.24 re f 209.04 282 m 209.28 282 l S 212.16 281.76 0.24 0.24 re f 212.16 281.76 m 212.16 281.76 l S 215.28 281.76 0.24 0.24 re f 215.28 281.76 m 215.28 281.76 l S 218.16 281.52 0.24 0.24 re f 218.16 281.52 m 218.16 281.52 l S 221.28 281.28 0.24 0.24 re f 221.28 281.28 m 221.28 281.28 l S 224.16 281.04 0.24 0.24 re f 224.16 281.04 m 224.16 281.04 l S 227.28 280.8 0.24 0.24 re f 227.28 280.8 m 227.28 280.8 l S 230.4 280.56 0.24 0.24 re f 230.16 280.56 m 230.4 280.56 l S 233.28 280.32 0.24 0.24 re f 233.28 280.32 m 233.28 280.32 l S 236.4 280.08 0.24 0.24 re f 236.4 280.08 m 236.4 280.08 l S 239.28 279.84 0.24 0.24 re f 239.28 279.84 m 239.28 279.84 l S 242.4 279.36 0.24 0.24 re f 242.4 279.36 m 242.4 279.36 l S 245.52 278.88 0.24 0.24 re f 245.28 278.88 m 245.52 278.88 l S 248.4 278.64 0.24 0.24 re f 248.4 278.64 m 248.4 278.64 l S 251.52 278.16 0.24 0.24 re f 251.52 278.16 m 251.52 278.16 l S 254.4 277.68 0.24 0.24 re f 254.4 277.68 m 254.4 277.68 l S 257.52 277.2 0.24 0.24 re f 257.52 277.2 m 257.52 277.2 l S 260.4 276.72 0.24 0.24 re f 260.4 276.72 m 260.4 276.72 l S 263.52 276.24 0.24 0.24 re f 263.52 276.24 m 263.52 276.24 l S 266.64 275.52 0.24 0.24 re f 266.4 275.52 m 266.64 275.52 l S 269.52 275.04 0.24 0.24 re f 269.52 275.04 m 269.52 275.04 l S 272.64 274.32 0.24 0.24 re f 272.64 274.32 m 272.64 274.32 l S 275.52 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 275.52 273.6 m 275.52 273.6 l S 278.64 272.88 0.24 0.24 re f 278.64 272.88 m 278.64 272.88 l S 281.76 272.16 0.24 0.24 re f 281.52 272.16 m 281.76 272.16 l S 284.64 271.44 0.24 0.24 re f 284.64 271.44 m 284.64 271.44 l S 287.76 270.48 0.24 0.24 re f 287.76 270.48 m 287.76 270.48 l S 290.64 269.52 0.24 0.24 re f 290.64 269.52 m 290.64 269.52 l S 293.76 268.56 0.24 0.24 re f 293.76 268.56 m 293.76 268.56 l S 296.88 267.6 0.24 0.24 re f 296.64 267.6 m 296.88 267.6 l S 299.76 266.4 0.24 0.24 re f 299.76 266.4 m 299.76 266.4 l S 302.88 265.2 0.24 0.24 re f 302.88 265.44 m 302.88 265.2 l S 305.76 264.24 0.24 0.24 re f 305.76 264.24 m 305.76 264.24 l S 308.88 263.04 0.24 0.24 re f 308.88 263.04 m 308.88 263.04 l S 311.76 261.84 0.24 0.24 re f 311.76 261.84 m 311.76 261.84 l S 314.88 260.4 0.24 0.24 re f 314.88 260.64 m 314.88 260.4 l S 318 259.2 0.24 0.24 re f 317.76 259.2 m 318 259.2 l S 320.88 257.76 0.24 0.24 re f 320.88 257.76 m 320.88 257.76 l S 324 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 324 256.32 m 324 256.32 l S 326.88 254.88 0.24 0.24 re f 326.88 254.88 m 326.88 254.88 l S 330 253.44 0.24 0.24 re f 330 253.44 m 330 253.44 l S 333.12 251.76 0.24 0.24 re f 332.88 251.76 m 333.12 251.76 l S 336 250.08 0.24 0.24 re f 336 250.08 m 336 250.08 l S 339.12 248.4 0.24 0.24 re f 339.12 248.4 m 339.12 248.4 l S 342 246.72 0.24 0.24 re f 342 246.96 m 342 246.72 l S 345.12 245.04 0.24 0.24 re f 345.12 245.04 m 345.12 245.04 l S 348.24 243.36 0.24 0.24 re f 348 243.36 m 348.24 243.36 l S 351.12 241.44 0.24 0.24 re f 351.12 241.44 m 351.12 241.44 l S 354.24 239.52 0.24 0.24 re f 354 239.76 m 354.24 239.52 l S 357.12 237.84 0.24 0.24 re f 357.12 237.84 m 357.12 237.84 l S 360.24 235.92 0.24 0.24 re f 360.24 235.92 m 360.24 235.92 l S 363.12 234 0.24 0.24 re f 363.12 234 m 363.12 234 l S 366.24 231.84 0.24 0.24 re f 366.24 231.84 m 366.24 231.84 l S 369.36 229.68 0.24 0.24 re f 369.12 229.92 m 369.36 229.68 l S 372.24 227.76 0.24 0.24 re f 372.24 227.76 m 372.24 227.76 l S 375.36 225.6 0.24 0.24 re f 375.36 225.6 m 375.36 225.6 l S 378.24 223.44 0.24 0.24 re f 378.24 223.44 m 378.24 223.44 l S 381.36 221.04 0.24 0.24 re f 381.36 221.04 m 381.36 221.04 l S 384.48 218.88 0.24 0.24 re f 384.24 218.88 m 384.48 218.88 l S 387.36 216.72 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 216.72 m 387.36 216.72 l S 390.48 214.32 0.24 0.24 re f 390.48 214.32 m 390.48 214.32 l S 393.36 211.68 0.24 0.24 re f 393.36 211.68 m 393.36 211.68 l S 396.48 209.28 0.24 0.24 re f 396.48 209.28 m 396.48 209.28 l S 399.36 206.64 0.24 0.24 re f 399.36 206.64 m 399.36 206.64 l S 402.48 204 0.24 0.24 re f 402.48 204.24 m 402.48 204 l S 405.6 201.6 0.24 0.24 re f 405.36 201.6 m 405.6 201.6 l S 408.48 198.72 0.24 0.24 re f 408.48 198.72 m 408.48 198.72 l S 411.6 196.08 0.24 0.24 re f 411.6 196.08 m 411.6 196.08 l S 414.48 193.2 0.24 0.24 re f 414.48 193.2 m 414.48 193.2 l S 417.6 190.32 0.24 0.24 re f 417.6 190.56 m 417.6 190.32 l S 420.72 187.68 0.24 0.24 re f 420.48 187.68 m 420.72 187.68 l S 423.6 184.8 0.24 0.24 re f 423.6 184.8 m 423.6 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642.96 l S 221.28 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 221.28 642.96 m 221.28 642.96 l S 224.16 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 224.16 642.96 m 224.16 642.96 l S 227.28 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 227.28 642.96 m 227.28 642.96 l S 230.16 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 230.16 642.96 m 230.16 642.96 l S 233.28 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 233.28 642.96 m 233.28 642.96 l S 236.4 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 236.16 642.96 m 236.4 642.96 l S 239.28 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 239.28 642.96 m 239.28 642.96 l S 242.4 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 242.4 642.96 m 242.4 642.96 l S 245.28 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 245.28 642.96 m 245.28 642.96 l S 248.4 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 248.4 642.96 m 248.4 642.96 l S 251.52 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 251.28 642.96 m 251.52 642.96 l S 254.4 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 254.4 642.96 m 254.4 642.96 l S 257.52 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 257.52 642.96 m 257.52 642.96 l S 260.4 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 260.4 642.96 m 260.4 642.96 l S 263.52 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 263.52 642.96 m 263.52 642.96 l S 266.4 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 266.4 642.96 m 266.4 642.96 l 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0.24 0.24 re f 317.76 643.2 m 317.76 643.2 l S 320.88 643.2 0.24 0.24 re f 320.88 643.2 m 320.88 643.2 l S 324 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 323.76 642.96 m 324 642.96 l S 326.88 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 326.88 642.96 m 326.88 642.96 l S 330 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 330 642.96 m 330 642.96 l S 332.88 642.96 0.24 0.24 re f 332.88 642.96 m 332.88 642.96 l S 336 642.72 0.24 0.24 re f 336 642.72 m 336 642.72 l S 339.12 642.24 0.24 0.24 re f 338.88 642.24 m 339.12 642.24 l S 342 642 0.24 0.24 re f 342 642 m 342 642 l S 345.12 641.76 0.24 0.24 re f 345.12 641.76 m 345.12 641.76 l S 348 641.04 0.24 0.24 re f 348 641.04 m 348 641.04 l S 351.12 640.08 0.24 0.24 re f 351.12 640.08 m 351.12 640.08 l S 354 639.12 0.24 0.24 re f 354 639.12 m 354 639.12 l S 357.12 638.16 0.24 0.24 re f 357.12 638.16 m 357.12 638.16 l S 360.24 636.72 0.24 0.24 re f 360 636.72 m 360.24 636.72 l S 363.12 634.56 0.24 0.24 re f 363.12 634.56 m 363.12 634.56 l S 366.24 632.4 0.24 0.24 re f 366.24 632.64 m 366.24 632.4 l S 369.12 630.48 0.24 0.24 re f 369.12 630.48 m 369.12 630.48 l S 372 628.08 0.24 0.24 re f 372 628.08 m 372 628.08 l S 374.64 624.96 0.24 0.24 re f 374.64 624.96 m 374.64 624.96 l S 377.28 622.08 0.24 0.24 re f 377.28 622.08 m 377.28 622.08 l S 379.92 618.96 0.24 0.24 re f 379.92 618.96 m 379.92 618.96 l S 382.56 615.84 0.24 0.24 re f 382.56 616.08 m 382.56 615.84 l S 384.72 612.96 0.24 0.24 re f 384.72 612.96 m 384.72 612.96 l S 386.64 609.84 0.24 0.24 re f 386.64 609.84 m 386.64 609.84 l S 388.56 606.96 0.24 0.24 re f 388.56 606.96 m 388.56 606.96 l S 390.48 603.84 0.24 0.24 re f 390.48 603.84 m 390.48 603.84 l S 392.4 600.96 0.24 0.24 re f 392.16 600.96 m 392.4 600.96 l S 394.08 597.84 0.24 0.24 re f 394.08 597.84 m 394.08 597.84 l S 396 594.72 0.24 0.24 re f 396 594.96 m 396 594.72 l S 397.68 591.84 0.24 0.24 re f 397.68 591.84 m 397.68 591.84 l S 399.36 588.72 0.24 0.24 re f 399.36 588.96 m 399.36 588.72 l S 400.8 585.84 0.24 0.24 re f 400.8 585.84 m 400.8 585.84 l S 402.48 582.72 0.24 0.24 re f 402.48 582.72 m 402.48 582.72 l S 404.16 579.84 0.24 0.24 re f 404.16 579.84 m 404.16 579.84 l S 405.84 576.72 0.24 0.24 re f 405.84 576.72 m 405.84 576.72 l S 407.52 573.84 0.24 0.24 re f 407.52 573.84 m 407.52 573.84 l S 409.2 570.72 0.24 0.24 re f 409.2 570.72 m 409.2 570.72 l S 410.88 567.6 0.24 0.24 re f 410.88 567.84 m 410.88 567.6 l S 412.56 564.72 0.24 0.24 re f 412.56 564.72 m 412.56 564.72 l S 414.24 561.6 0.24 0.24 re f 414.24 561.6 m 414.24 561.6 l S 416.16 558.72 0.24 0.24 re f 415.92 558.72 m 416.16 558.72 l S 417.84 555.6 0.24 0.24 re f 417.84 555.6 m 417.84 555.6 l S 419.52 552.72 0.24 0.24 re f 419.52 552.72 m 419.52 552.72 l S 421.2 549.6 0.24 0.24 re f 421.2 549.6 m 421.2 549.6 l S 423.36 546.48 0.24 0.24 re f 423.12 546.72 m 423.36 546.48 l S 425.28 543.6 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 543.6 m 425.28 543.6 l S 427.2 540.48 0.24 0.24 re f 427.2 540.72 m 427.2 540.48 l S 429.12 537.6 0.24 0.24 re f 429.12 537.6 m 429.12 537.6 l S 431.28 534.48 0.24 0.24 re f 431.28 534.48 m 431.28 534.48 l S 433.2 531.6 0.24 0.24 re f 433.2 531.6 m 433.2 531.6 l S 435.12 528.48 0.24 0.24 re f 435.12 528.48 m 435.12 528.48 l S 437.28 525.6 0.24 0.24 re f 437.28 525.6 m 437.28 525.6 l S 439.2 522.48 0.24 0.24 re f 439.2 522.48 m 439.2 522.48 l S 441.36 519.36 0.24 0.24 re f 441.36 519.6 m 441.36 519.36 l S 443.28 516.48 0.24 0.24 re f 443.28 516.48 m 443.28 516.48 l S 445.44 513.36 0.24 0.24 re f 445.44 513.36 m 445.44 513.36 l S 157.2 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 157.2 657.12 m 157.2 657.12 l S 157.68 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 157.68 657.12 m 157.68 657.12 l S 160.8 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 160.8 657.12 m 160.8 657.12 l S 163.92 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 163.68 657.12 m 163.92 657.12 l S 166.8 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 166.8 657.12 m 166.8 657.12 l S 169.92 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 169.92 657.12 m 169.92 657.12 l S 172.8 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 172.8 657.12 m 172.8 657.12 l S 175.92 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 175.92 657.12 m 175.92 657.12 l S 178.8 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 178.8 657.12 m 178.8 657.12 l S 181.92 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 181.92 657.12 m 181.92 657.12 l S 185.04 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 184.8 657.12 m 185.04 657.12 l S 187.92 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 187.92 657.12 m 187.92 657.12 l S 191.04 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 191.04 657.12 m 191.04 657.12 l S 193.92 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 193.92 657.12 m 193.92 657.12 l S 197.04 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 197.04 657.12 m 197.04 657.12 l S 200.16 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 199.92 657.12 m 200.16 657.12 l S 203.04 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 203.04 657.12 m 203.04 657.12 l S 206.16 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 206.16 657.12 m 206.16 657.12 l S 209.04 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 209.04 657.12 m 209.04 657.12 l S 212.16 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 212.16 657.12 m 212.16 657.12 l S 215.28 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 215.04 657.12 m 215.28 657.12 l S 218.16 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 218.16 657.12 m 218.16 657.12 l S 221.28 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 221.28 657.12 m 221.28 657.12 l S 224.16 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 224.16 657.12 m 224.16 657.12 l S 227.28 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 227.28 657.12 m 227.28 657.12 l S 230.16 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 230.16 657.12 m 230.16 657.12 l S 233.28 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 233.28 657.12 m 233.28 657.12 l S 236.4 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 236.16 657.12 m 236.4 657.12 l S 239.28 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 239.28 657.12 m 239.28 657.12 l S 242.4 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 242.4 657.12 m 242.4 657.12 l S 245.28 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 245.28 657.12 m 245.28 657.12 l S 248.4 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 248.4 657.12 m 248.4 657.12 l S 251.52 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 251.28 657.12 m 251.52 657.12 l S 254.4 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 254.4 657.12 m 254.4 657.12 l S 257.52 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 257.52 657.12 m 257.52 657.12 l S 260.4 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 260.4 657.12 m 260.4 657.12 l S 263.52 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 263.52 657.12 m 263.52 657.12 l S 266.4 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 266.4 657.12 m 266.4 657.12 l S 269.52 657.12 0.24 0.24 re f 269.52 657.12 m 269.52 657.12 l S 272.64 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 272.4 656.88 m 272.64 656.88 l S 275.52 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 275.52 656.88 m 275.52 656.88 l S 278.64 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 278.64 656.88 m 278.64 656.88 l S 281.52 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 281.52 656.88 m 281.52 656.88 l S 284.64 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 284.64 656.88 m 284.64 656.88 l S 287.76 656.88 0.24 0.24 re f 287.52 656.88 m 287.76 656.88 l S 290.64 656.64 0.24 0.24 re f 290.64 656.64 m 290.64 656.64 l S 293.76 656.64 0.24 0.24 re f 293.76 656.64 m 293.76 656.64 l S 296.64 656.64 0.24 0.24 re f 296.64 656.64 m 296.64 656.64 l S 299.76 656.64 0.24 0.24 re f 299.76 656.64 m 299.76 656.64 l S 302.88 656.4 0.24 0.24 re f 302.64 656.4 m 302.88 656.4 l S 305.76 656.4 0.24 0.24 re f 305.76 656.4 m 305.76 656.4 l S 308.88 656.4 0.24 0.24 re f 308.88 656.4 m 308.88 656.4 l S 311.76 656.16 0.24 0.24 re f 311.76 656.16 m 311.76 656.16 l S 314.88 655.92 0.24 0.24 re f 314.88 655.92 m 314.88 655.92 l S 317.76 655.92 0.24 0.24 re f 317.76 655.92 m 317.76 655.92 l S 320.88 655.68 0.24 0.24 re f 320.88 655.68 m 320.88 655.68 l S 324 655.44 0.24 0.24 re f 323.76 655.68 m 324 655.44 l S 326.88 655.2 0.24 0.24 re f 326.88 655.2 m 326.88 655.2 l S 330 655.2 0.24 0.24 re f 330 655.2 m 330 655.2 l S 332.88 654.96 0.24 0.24 re f 332.88 654.96 m 332.88 654.96 l S 336 654.72 0.24 0.24 re f 336 654.72 m 336 654.72 l S 339.12 654.48 0.24 0.24 re f 338.88 654.48 m 339.12 654.48 l S 342 654.24 0.24 0.24 re f 342 654.24 m 342 654.24 l S 345.12 653.76 0.24 0.24 re f 345.12 653.76 m 345.12 653.76 l S 348 653.76 0.24 0.24 re f 348 653.76 m 348 653.76 l S 351.12 653.52 0.24 0.24 re f 351.12 653.52 m 351.12 653.52 l S 354 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 354 653.28 m 354 653.28 l S 357.12 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 357.12 653.28 m 357.12 653.28 l S 360.24 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 360 653.28 m 360.24 653.28 l S 363.12 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 363.12 653.28 m 363.12 653.28 l S 366.24 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 366.24 653.28 m 366.24 653.28 l S 369.12 653.28 0.24 0.24 re f 369.12 653.28 m 369.12 653.28 l S 372.24 653.04 0.24 0.24 re f 372.24 653.04 m 372.24 653.04 l S 375.36 652.8 0.24 0.24 re f 375.12 652.8 m 375.36 652.8 l S 378.24 652.32 0.24 0.24 re f 378.24 652.32 m 378.24 652.32 l S 381.36 652.08 0.24 0.24 re f 381.36 652.08 m 381.36 652.08 l S 384.24 651.36 0.24 0.24 re f 384.24 651.36 m 384.24 651.36 l S 387.36 649.68 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 649.68 m 387.36 649.68 l S 390.48 648 0.24 0.24 re f 390.24 648 m 390.48 648 l S 393.36 646.32 0.24 0.24 re f 393.36 646.32 m 393.36 646.32 l S 396.24 644.64 0.24 0.24 re f 396.24 644.64 m 396.24 644.64 l S 398.4 641.52 0.24 0.24 re f 398.4 641.76 m 398.4 641.52 l S 400.56 638.64 0.24 0.24 re f 400.56 638.64 m 400.56 638.64 l S 402.48 635.52 0.24 0.24 re f 402.48 635.76 m 402.48 635.52 l S 404.64 632.64 0.24 0.24 re f 404.64 632.64 m 404.64 632.64 l S 406.8 629.52 0.24 0.24 re f 406.8 629.52 m 406.8 629.52 l S 408.72 626.64 0.24 0.24 re f 408.72 626.64 m 408.72 626.64 l S 409.92 623.52 0.24 0.24 re f 409.92 623.52 m 409.92 623.52 l S 411.12 620.64 0.24 0.24 re f 411.12 620.64 m 411.12 620.64 l S 412.32 617.52 0.24 0.24 re f 412.32 617.52 m 412.32 617.52 l S 413.76 614.4 0.24 0.24 re f 413.76 614.64 m 413.76 614.4 l S 414.72 611.52 0.24 0.24 re f 414.72 611.52 m 414.72 611.52 l S 416.16 608.4 0.24 0.24 re f 415.92 608.4 m 416.16 608.4 l S 417.36 605.52 0.24 0.24 re f 417.36 605.52 m 417.36 605.52 l S 418.56 602.4 0.24 0.24 re f 418.56 602.4 m 418.56 602.4 l S 419.76 599.52 0.24 0.24 re f 419.76 599.52 m 419.76 599.52 l S 420.96 596.4 0.24 0.24 re f 420.96 596.4 m 420.96 596.4 l S 421.92 593.28 0.24 0.24 re f 421.92 593.52 m 421.92 593.28 l S 423.12 590.4 0.24 0.24 re f 423.12 590.4 m 423.12 590.4 l S 424.08 587.28 0.24 0.24 re f 424.08 587.52 m 424.08 587.28 l S 425.28 584.4 0.24 0.24 re f 425.28 584.4 m 425.28 584.4 l S 426.24 581.28 0.24 0.24 re f 426.24 581.28 m 426.24 581.28 l S 427.2 578.4 0.24 0.24 re f 427.2 578.4 m 427.2 578.4 l S 428.4 575.28 0.24 0.24 re f 428.4 575.28 m 428.4 575.28 l S 429.36 572.4 0.24 0.24 re f 429.36 572.4 m 429.36 572.4 l S 430.56 569.28 0.24 0.24 re f 430.56 569.28 m 430.56 569.28 l S 431.52 566.16 0.24 0.24 re f 431.52 566.4 m 431.52 566.16 l S 432.48 563.28 0.24 0.24 re f 432.48 563.28 m 432.48 563.28 l S 433.68 560.16 0.24 0.24 re f 433.68 560.16 m 433.68 560.16 l S 434.88 557.28 0.24 0.24 re f 434.88 557.28 m 434.88 557.28 l S 436.32 554.16 0.24 0.24 re f 436.32 554.16 m 436.32 554.16 l S 437.76 551.28 0.24 0.24 re f 437.76 551.28 m 437.76 551.28 l S 439.2 548.16 0.24 0.24 re f 439.2 548.16 m 439.2 548.16 l S 440.64 545.04 0.24 0.24 re f 440.64 545.28 m 440.64 545.04 l S 442.08 542.16 0.24 0.24 re f 442.08 542.16 m 442.08 542.16 l S 443.52 539.04 0.24 0.24 re f 443.28 539.28 m 443.52 539.04 l S 444.72 536.16 0.24 0.24 re f 444.72 536.16 m 444.72 536.16 l S 446.16 533.04 0.24 0.24 re f 446.16 533.04 m 446.16 533.04 l S BT 195.36 552.72 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0313 Tc 0.009 Tw (EC20 = 8.18 mg N/L \(5.89-11.37\)) Tj ET 0.24 w 161.76 646.8 m 175.2 646.32 l S 172.08 643.68 m 161.76 646.8 l 172.08 649.2 l S 160.32 649.68 m 173.04 649.68 l S 170.64 647.04 m 160.32 649.68 l 170.64 652.32 l S BT 174.24 708.96 TD /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0488 Tc -0.0109 Tw (SMALLMOUTH BASS, 32-DAY ELS, BRODERIUS ET AL. 1985) Tj 21.36 -173.52 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 22.3) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -17.76 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 7.83) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 47.76 468 360.96 re f [] 0 d 1 1 1 RG 157.2 122.16 318.96 212.16 re b BT 192.24 357.84 TD 0 0 0 rg /F0 9.36 Tf 0.0521 Tc -0.0142 Tw (SMALLMOUTH BASS, 32-DAY ELS, BRODERIUS ET AL.) Tj 66.48 -264 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0315 Tc -0.0072 Tw (Total Ammonia \(mg N/L\)) Tj ET 0.48 w [] 0 d 0 0 0 RG 157.2 122.16 m 476.16 122.16 l S 198.72 122.16 m 198.72 126.24 l S 337.44 122.16 m 337.44 126.24 l S 476.16 122.16 m 476.16 126.24 l S 240.48 122.16 m 240.48 126.24 l S 295.68 122.16 m 295.68 126.24 l S 379.2 122.16 m 379.2 126.24 l S 434.4 122.16 m 434.4 126.24 l S BT 149.04 110.64 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.0502 Tc 0 Tw (0.05) Tj 85.68 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.2) Tj 55.2 0 TD (0.5) Tj 87.12 0 TD 0.023 Tc (2) Tj 54.96 0 TD (5) Tj -238.8 0 TD 0.0592 Tc (0.1) Tj 142.08 0 TD 0.023 Tc (1) Tj 136.32 0 TD (10) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 131.52 168.96 Tm /F1 10.56 Tf 0 Tc (Biomass at 32 Days \(mg\)) Tj ET 157.2 122.16 m 157.2 334.32 l S 157.2 188.4 m 161.28 188.4 l S 157.2 254.88 m 161.28 254.88 l S 157.2 321.12 m 161.28 321.12 l S 157.2 155.28 m 159.12 155.28 l S 157.2 221.52 m 159.12 221.52 l S 157.2 288 m 159.12 288 l S BT 148.32 119.28 TD /F1 8.16 Tf 0.023 Tc (0) Tj -4.56 66.48 TD (50) Tj -4.56 66.24 TD (100) Tj 0 66.24 TD (150) Tj ET 0.24 w 202.32 306.72 m 202.32 308.5209 200.7072 310.08 198.72 310.08 c 196.7328 310.08 195.12 308.5209 195.12 306.6 c 195.12 304.679 196.7328 303.12 198.72 303.12 c 200.7072 303.12 202.32 304.679 202.32 306.6 c b 202.32 284.16 m 202.32 286.1472 200.7072 287.76 198.72 287.76 c 196.7328 287.76 195.12 286.1472 195.12 284.16 c 195.12 282.1728 196.7328 280.56 198.72 280.56 c 200.7072 280.56 202.32 282.1728 202.32 284.16 c b 277.68 292.08 m 277.68 294.0672 276.121 295.68 274.2 295.68 c 272.279 295.68 270.72 294.0672 270.72 292.08 c 270.72 290.0928 272.279 288.48 274.2 288.48 c 276.121 288.48 277.68 290.0928 277.68 292.08 c b 277.68 285.6 m 277.68 287.401 276.121 288.96 274.2 288.96 c 272.279 288.96 270.72 287.401 270.72 285.48 c 270.72 283.559 272.279 282 274.2 282 c 276.121 282 277.68 283.559 277.68 285.48 c b 317.76 266.88 m 317.76 268.8672 316.1472 270.48 314.16 270.48 c 312.1728 270.48 310.56 268.8672 310.56 266.88 c 310.56 264.8928 312.1728 263.28 314.16 263.28 c 316.1472 263.28 317.76 264.8928 317.76 266.88 c b 317.76 275.04 m 317.76 276.8409 316.1472 278.4 314.16 278.4 c 312.1728 278.4 310.56 276.8409 310.56 274.92 c 310.56 272.9991 312.1728 271.44 314.16 271.44 c 316.1472 271.44 317.76 272.9991 317.76 274.92 c b 344.88 255.12 m 344.88 256.9209 343.321 258.48 341.4 258.48 c 339.479 258.48 337.92 256.9209 337.92 255 c 337.92 253.0791 339.479 251.52 341.4 251.52 c 343.321 251.52 344.88 253.0791 344.88 255 c b 344.88 300.24 m 344.88 302.041 343.321 303.6 341.4 303.6 c 339.479 303.6 337.92 302.041 337.92 300.12 c 337.92 298.199 339.479 296.64 341.4 296.64 c 343.321 296.64 344.88 298.199 344.88 300.12 c b 377.04 241.68 m 377.04 243.6672 375.4272 245.28 373.44 245.28 c 371.4528 245.28 369.84 243.6672 369.84 241.68 c 369.84 239.6928 371.4528 238.08 373.44 238.08 c 375.4272 238.08 377.04 239.6928 377.04 241.68 c b 377.04 229.92 m 377.04 231.7209 375.4272 233.28 373.44 233.28 c 371.4528 233.28 369.84 231.7209 369.84 229.8 c 369.84 227.8791 371.4528 226.32 373.44 226.32 c 375.4272 226.32 377.04 227.8791 377.04 229.8 c b 410.16 162.24 m 410.16 164.0409 408.601 165.6 406.68 165.6 c 404.759 165.6 403.2 164.0409 403.2 162.12 c 403.2 160.1991 404.759 158.64 406.68 158.64 c 408.601 158.64 410.16 160.1991 410.16 162.12 c b 410.16 160.8 m 410.16 162.6009 408.601 164.16 406.68 164.16 c 404.759 164.16 403.2 162.6009 403.2 160.68 c 403.2 158.7591 404.759 157.2 406.68 157.2 c 408.601 157.2 410.16 158.7591 410.16 160.68 c b 2.4 w 350.88 250.08 m 363.36 250.08 l 375.84 250.08 l S 0.24 w 359.52 246.24 7.92 7.92 re b 0.48 w 198.72 282.24 m 207.12 282.24 l 215.52 282.24 l 223.68 282.24 l 232.08 282.24 l 240.48 282.24 l 248.64 282.24 l 257.04 282.24 l 265.44 282 l 273.6 282 l 282 281.76 l 290.4 281.52 l 298.56 281.28 l 306.96 280.8 l 315.36 279.84 l 323.52 278.16 l 331.92 276 l 340.32 272.16 l 348.48 266.64 l 356.88 258.72 l 365.28 247.2 l 373.44 232.56 l 381.84 214.8 l 390.24 195.84 l 398.4 177.36 l 406.8 161.52 l S 198.96 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 198.72 273.6 m 198.96 273.6 l S 201.84 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 201.84 273.6 m 201.84 273.6 l S 204.96 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 204.96 273.6 m 204.96 273.6 l S 207.84 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 207.84 273.6 m 207.84 273.6 l S 210.96 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 210.96 273.6 m 210.96 273.6 l S 214.08 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 213.84 273.6 m 214.08 273.6 l S 216.96 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 216.96 273.6 m 216.96 273.6 l S 220.08 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 220.08 273.6 m 220.08 273.6 l S 222.96 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 222.96 273.6 m 222.96 273.6 l S 226.08 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 226.08 273.6 m 226.08 273.6 l S 228.96 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 228.96 273.6 m 228.96 273.6 l S 232.08 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 232.08 273.6 m 232.08 273.6 l S 235.2 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 234.96 273.6 m 235.2 273.6 l S 238.08 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 238.08 273.6 m 238.08 273.6 l S 241.2 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 241.2 273.6 m 241.2 273.6 l S 244.08 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 244.08 273.6 m 244.08 273.6 l S 247.2 273.6 0.24 0.24 re f 247.2 273.6 m 247.2 273.6 l S 250.32 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298.56 273.36 l S 301.68 273.12 0.24 0.24 re f 301.44 273.12 m 301.68 273.12 l S 304.56 273.12 0.24 0.24 re f 304.56 273.12 m 304.56 273.12 l S 307.68 272.88 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 272.88 m 307.68 272.88 l S 310.56 272.64 0.24 0.24 re f 310.56 272.64 m 310.56 272.64 l S 313.68 272.4 0.24 0.24 re f 313.68 272.4 m 313.68 272.4 l S 316.56 271.92 0.24 0.24 re f 316.56 271.92 m 316.56 271.92 l S 319.68 271.44 0.24 0.24 re f 319.68 271.44 m 319.68 271.44 l S 322.8 270.72 0.24 0.24 re f 322.56 270.72 m 322.8 270.72 l S 325.68 270 0.24 0.24 re f 325.68 270 m 325.68 270 l S 328.8 268.8 0.24 0.24 re f 328.8 268.8 m 328.8 268.8 l S 331.68 267.84 0.24 0.24 re f 331.68 267.84 m 331.68 267.84 l S 334.8 265.92 0.24 0.24 re f 334.8 265.92 m 334.8 265.92 l S 337.92 264 0.24 0.24 re f 337.68 264.24 m 337.92 264 l S 340.8 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 340.8 262.08 m 340.8 262.08 l S 343.92 259.2 0.24 0.24 re f 343.92 259.2 m 343.92 259.2 l S 346.8 256.32 0.24 0.24 re f 346.8 256.56 m 346.8 256.32 l S 349.68 253.44 0.24 0.24 re f 349.68 253.44 m 349.68 253.44 l S 351.84 250.56 0.24 0.24 re f 351.84 250.56 m 351.84 250.56 l S 354.24 247.44 0.24 0.24 re f 354.24 247.44 m 354.24 247.44 l S 356.64 244.56 0.24 0.24 re f 356.64 244.56 m 356.64 244.56 l S 358.56 241.44 0.24 0.24 re f 358.56 241.44 m 358.56 241.44 l S 360.48 238.32 0.24 0.24 re f 360.48 238.56 m 360.48 238.32 l S 362.4 235.44 0.24 0.24 re f 362.4 235.44 m 362.4 235.44 l S 364.32 232.32 0.24 0.24 re f 364.08 232.56 m 364.32 232.32 l S 366 229.44 0.24 0.24 re f 366 229.44 m 366 229.44 l S 367.68 226.32 0.24 0.24 re f 367.68 226.32 m 367.68 226.32 l S 369.36 223.44 0.24 0.24 re f 369.36 223.44 m 369.36 223.44 l S 371.04 220.32 0.24 0.24 re f 371.04 220.32 m 371.04 220.32 l S 372.72 217.44 0.24 0.24 re f 372.72 217.44 m 372.72 217.44 l S 374.4 214.32 0.24 0.24 re f 374.16 214.32 m 374.4 214.32 l S 375.84 211.2 0.24 0.24 re f 375.84 211.44 m 375.84 211.2 l S 377.52 208.32 0.24 0.24 re f 377.52 208.32 m 377.52 208.32 l S 379.2 205.2 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406.08 156.96 l S 198.96 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 198.72 290.88 m 198.96 290.88 l S 201.84 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 201.84 290.88 m 201.84 290.88 l S 204.96 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 204.96 290.88 m 204.96 290.88 l S 207.84 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 207.84 290.88 m 207.84 290.88 l S 210.96 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 210.96 290.88 m 210.96 290.88 l S 214.08 290.88 0.24 0.24 re f 213.84 290.88 m 214.08 290.88 l S 216.96 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 216.96 290.64 m 216.96 290.64 l S 220.08 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 220.08 290.64 m 220.08 290.64 l S 222.96 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 222.96 290.64 m 222.96 290.64 l S 226.08 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 226.08 290.64 m 226.08 290.64 l S 228.96 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 228.96 290.64 m 228.96 290.64 l S 232.08 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 232.08 290.64 m 232.08 290.64 l S 235.2 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 234.96 290.64 m 235.2 290.64 l S 238.08 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 238.08 290.64 m 238.08 290.64 l S 241.2 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 241.2 290.64 m 241.2 290.64 l S 244.08 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 244.08 290.64 m 244.08 290.64 l S 247.2 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 247.2 290.64 m 247.2 290.64 l S 250.32 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 250.08 290.64 m 250.32 290.64 l S 253.2 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 253.2 290.64 m 253.2 290.64 l S 256.32 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 256.32 290.64 m 256.32 290.64 l S 259.2 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 259.2 290.64 m 259.2 290.64 l S 262.32 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 262.32 290.64 m 262.32 290.64 l S 265.44 290.64 0.24 0.24 re f 265.2 290.64 m 265.44 290.64 l S 268.32 290.4 0.24 0.24 re f 268.32 290.4 m 268.32 290.4 l S 271.44 290.4 0.24 0.24 re f 271.44 290.4 m 271.44 290.4 l S 274.32 290.4 0.24 0.24 re f 274.32 290.4 m 274.32 290.4 l S 277.44 290.4 0.24 0.24 re f 277.44 290.4 m 277.44 290.4 l S 280.32 290.16 0.24 0.24 re f 280.32 290.16 m 280.32 290.16 l S 283.44 290.16 0.24 0.24 re f 283.44 290.16 m 283.44 290.16 l S 286.56 289.92 0.24 0.24 re f 286.32 289.92 m 286.56 289.92 l S 289.44 289.68 0.24 0.24 re f 289.44 289.68 m 289.44 289.68 l S 292.56 289.68 0.24 0.24 re f 292.56 289.68 m 292.56 289.68 l S 295.44 289.44 0.24 0.24 re f 295.44 289.44 m 295.44 289.44 l S 298.56 289.2 0.24 0.24 re f 298.56 289.2 m 298.56 289.2 l S 301.68 288.96 0.24 0.24 re f 301.44 288.96 m 301.68 288.96 l S 304.56 288.72 0.24 0.24 re f 304.56 288.72 m 304.56 288.72 l S 307.68 288.24 0.24 0.24 re f 307.68 288.48 m 307.68 288.24 l S 310.56 288 0.24 0.24 re f 310.56 288 m 310.56 288 l S 313.68 287.52 0.24 0.24 re f 313.68 287.52 m 313.68 287.52 l S 316.56 287.04 0.24 0.24 re f 316.56 287.04 m 316.56 287.04 l S 319.68 286.56 0.24 0.24 re f 319.68 286.56 m 319.68 286.56 l S 322.8 286.08 0.24 0.24 re f 322.56 286.08 m 322.8 286.08 l S 325.68 285.6 0.24 0.24 re f 325.68 285.6 m 325.68 285.6 l S 328.8 284.88 0.24 0.24 re f 328.8 284.88 m 328.8 284.88 l S 331.68 284.16 0.24 0.24 re f 331.68 284.16 m 331.68 284.16 l S 334.8 283.44 0.24 0.24 re f 334.8 283.44 m 334.8 283.44 l S 337.92 282.72 0.24 0.24 re f 337.68 282.72 m 337.92 282.72 l S 340.8 281.76 0.24 0.24 re f 340.8 281.76 m 340.8 281.76 l S 343.92 280.56 0.24 0.24 re f 343.92 280.56 m 343.92 280.56 l S 346.8 279.36 0.24 0.24 re f 346.8 279.36 m 346.8 279.36 l S 349.92 277.68 0.24 0.24 re f 349.92 277.92 m 349.92 277.68 l S 353.04 275.76 0.24 0.24 re f 352.8 275.76 m 353.04 275.76 l S 355.92 273.84 0.24 0.24 re f 355.92 273.84 m 355.92 273.84 l S 358.8 270.96 0.24 0.24 re f 358.56 271.2 m 358.8 270.96 l S 361.44 268.08 0.24 0.24 re f 361.44 268.08 m 361.44 268.08 l S 364.08 264.96 0.24 0.24 re f 364.08 264.96 m 364.08 264.96 l S 366.24 262.08 0.24 0.24 re f 366.24 262.08 m 366.24 262.08 l S 367.92 258.96 0.24 0.24 re f 367.92 258.96 m 367.92 258.96 l S 369.6 256.08 0.24 0.24 re f 369.6 256.08 m 369.6 256.08 l S 371.28 252.96 0.24 0.24 re f 371.28 252.96 m 371.28 252.96 l S 373.2 249.84 0.24 0.24 re f 373.2 250.08 m 373.2 249.84 l S 374.4 246.96 0.24 0.24 re f 374.4 246.96 m 374.4 246.96 l S 375.84 243.84 0.24 0.24 re f 375.84 243.84 m 375.84 243.84 l S 377.04 240.96 0.24 0.24 re f 377.04 240.96 m 377.04 240.96 l S 378.24 237.84 0.24 0.24 re f 378.24 237.84 m 378.24 237.84 l S 379.44 234.96 0.24 0.24 re f 379.44 234.96 m 379.44 234.96 l S 380.88 231.84 0.24 0.24 re f 380.64 231.84 m 380.88 231.84 l S 382.08 228.72 0.24 0.24 re f 382.08 228.96 m 382.08 228.72 l S 383.04 225.84 0.24 0.24 re f 383.04 225.84 m 383.04 225.84 l S 384.24 222.72 0.24 0.24 re f 384.24 222.96 m 384.24 222.72 l S 385.2 219.84 0.24 0.24 re f 385.2 219.84 m 385.2 219.84 l S 386.4 216.72 0.24 0.24 re f 386.4 216.72 m 386.4 216.72 l S 387.36 213.84 0.24 0.24 re f 387.36 213.84 m 387.36 213.84 l S 388.56 210.72 0.24 0.24 re f 388.56 210.72 m 388.56 210.72 l S 389.76 207.84 0.24 0.24 re f 389.76 207.84 m 389.76 207.84 l S 390.72 204.72 0.24 0.24 re f 390.72 204.72 m 390.72 204.72 l S 391.92 201.6 0.24 0.24 re f 391.92 201.84 m 391.92 201.6 l S 393.12 198.72 0.24 0.24 re f 393.12 198.72 m 393.12 198.72 l S 394.08 195.6 0.24 0.24 re f 394.08 195.6 m 394.08 195.6 l S 395.28 192.72 0.24 0.24 re f 395.28 192.72 m 395.28 192.72 l S 396.48 189.6 0.24 0.24 re f 396.48 189.6 m 396.48 189.6 l S 397.44 186.72 0.24 0.24 re f 397.44 186.72 m 397.44 186.72 l S 398.88 183.6 0.24 0.24 re f 398.64 183.6 m 398.88 183.6 l S 400.32 180.48 0.24 0.24 re f 400.32 180.72 m 400.32 180.48 l S 401.76 177.6 0.24 0.24 re f 401.76 177.6 m 401.76 177.6 l S 403.2 174.48 0.24 0.24 re f 403.2 174.72 m 403.2 174.48 l S 404.64 171.6 0.24 0.24 re f 404.64 171.6 m 404.64 171.6 l S 406.08 168.48 0.24 0.24 re f 406.08 168.48 m 406.08 168.48 l S BT 189.84 203.52 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0274 Tc 0.0129 Tw (EC20 = 1.54 mg N/L \(1.25-1.89\)) Tj 0.72 -18.48 TD 0.0718 Tc -0.1275 Tw (T = 22.3) Tj 39.36 0 TD /F5 10.56 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 5.28 0 TD /F1 10.56 Tf 0.0557 Tc (C) Tj -44.64 -17.76 TD 0.0496 Tc -0.1053 Tw (pH = 8.68) Tj ET endstream endobj 283 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 284 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (135) Tj -223.92 686.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0698 Tc 0.04 Tw (Appendix 7. Acute-Chronic Ratios) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (Although the CCC was calculated directly from Chronic Values using the fifth percentile) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0329 Tc -0.0089 Tw (procedure \(U.S. EPA 1985b\), it is of interest to consider how this compares with the) Tj T* 0.0353 Tc -0.0113 Tw (use of Acute-Chronic Ratios \(ACRs\). Therefore, ACRs were determined for all of the) Tj T* 0.0421 Tc -0.0181 Tw (EC20s in Table 5 that are used in the derivation of a GMCV and for which comparable) Tj T* 0.0427 Tc -0.0187 Tw (acute values were found. \(Sufficient ACRs are available for freshwater species that) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (ACRs determined with saltwater species were not considered.\) Because the acute) Tj T* 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (toxicity of total ammonia is related to pH differently from its chronic toxicity, all relevant) Tj T* 0.0197 Tc 0.0043 Tw (acute and chronic values were adjusted to pH=8 and are expressed in terms of mg N/L,) Tj T* 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (where N is total ammonia nitrogen. The resulting ACRs are given in Table 7, along) Tj T* 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (with the resulting Genus Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios \(GMACRs\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (When ACRs are used, it is hoped that if the acute and chronic tests are conducted with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0325 Tc -0.0085 Tw (the same test species in the same water, any biological or chemical factor that affects) Tj T* 0.0516 Tc -0.0276 Tw (the result of one of the tests will have a proportional effect on the result of the other test) Tj T* 0.0523 Tc -0.0283 Tw (so that the ACR is more constant than the result of either individual test. In addition, it) Tj T* 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (is hoped that the ACRs within a genus agree well. The ACRs within the genera) Tj T* /F3 12 Tf -0.007 Tc 0 Tw (Ceriodaphnia) Tj 71.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and ) Tj 26.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0069 Tc 0 Tw (Daphnia) Tj 44.64 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0667 Tc -0.0427 Tw ( agree well \(Table 7\).) Tj -142.8 -28.32 TD 0.03 Tc -0.006 Tw (The available ACRs at pH=8 for the fathead minnow range from 6.5 to 20.7, but the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0508 Tc -0.0268 Tw (range can probably be explained because of the different kinds of chronic tests on) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (which they are based. The ACR of 20.7 was based on the life-cycle test of Thurston et) Tj T* 0.0426 Tc -0.0186 Tw (al. \(1986\) whereas the early life-stage tests of Swigert and Spacie \(1983\) and Mayes et) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (al. \(1986\) gave ACRs of 6.5 and 9.7. The range of ACRs for the early life-stage tests is) Tj T* 0.0603 Tc -0.0363 Tw (small, and it is not surprising that a life-cycle test gave a higher ACR than the early life-) Tj T* 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (stage test. The range of the nine 96-hr LC50s from three laboratories was only 27.2 to) Tj T* -0.0047 Tc 0.0287 Tw (51.5 mg N/L when adjusted to pH=8.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0267 Tc -0.0027 Tw (Table 8 gives the GMACRs beside the ranked GMAVs to demonstrate whether there is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (a trend, because ACRs for some chemicals are higher for resistant species than for) Tj T* 0.043 Tc -0.019 Tw (sensitive species \(U.S. EPA 1985b\). No trend is obvious and the range of the) Tj T* 0.0187 Tc 0.0053 Tw (GMACRs is 1.9 to 10.9.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0179 Tc 0.0061 Tw (A major problem with use of the ACR procedure for calculating a CCC for ammonia is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (that ACRs are not available for ) Tj 168.24 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.0443 Tc -0.0203 Tw (M. transversum) Tj 83.28 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw ( and ) Tj 26.88 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.039 Tc 0.063 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 50.4 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0447 Tc -0.0207 Tw (, which are very sensitive) Tj -328.8 -14.16 TD 0.0409 Tc -0.0169 Tw (in chronic tests; the data in the 1984/1985 ammonia criteria document indicate that ) Tj 445.44 0 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.054 Tc 0 Tw (M.) Tj -445.44 -14.16 TD 0.0425 Tc (transversum) Tj 66.48 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.044 Tc -0.02 Tw ( is not very sensitive in acute tests, which implies a large ACR. In these) Tj -66.48 -14.16 TD 0.0562 Tc -0.0322 Tw (circumstances, direct calculation of the CCC using the fifth percentile calculation) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0463 Tc -0.0223 Tw (procedure is certainly much more appropriate than calculation using the ACR) Tj T* 0.0572 Tc -0.0332 Tw (procedure. In addition, the CCC obtained using the fifth percentile procedure agrees) Tj T* 0.0589 Tc -0.0349 Tw (well with the available chronic data.) Tj ET endstream endobj 285 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 286 0 obj <>stream BT 385.92 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (136) Tj -313.92 507.84 TD 0.0442 Tc -0.0202 Tw (Table 7. Genus Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios) Tj 0 -39.12 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0472 Tc 0.0036 Tw ( Species) Tj 108 0 TD 0.02 Tc 0.0309 Tw ( Chronic Results ) Tj ET 180 505.68 103.2 0.72 re f BT 302.4 507.6 TD 0.0403 Tc 0.0106 Tw ( Acute Results) Tj ET 302.4 505.68 74.88 0.72 re f BT 377.28 512.16 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0.1882 Tw (a ) Tj ET 377.28 505.68 5.52 0.72 re f BT 382.8 507.6 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0 Tc 0.0509 Tw ( ) Tj ET 382.8 505.68 3.12 0.72 re f BT 410.4 507.6 TD 0.0587 Tc -0.0078 Tw ( Adjusted to pH=8 ) Tj ET 410.4 505.68 117.12 0.72 re f BT 180 494.64 TD 0.1139 Tc 0 Tw (Ref) Tj 17.52 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0.1037 Tc (b) Tj 18.48 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0254 Tc (Temp) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0254 Tc 0.0254 Tw ( pH) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0572 Tc 0 Tw (EC20) Tj 27.84 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj 36.96 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0254 Tc (Temp) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0254 Tc 0.0254 Tw ( pH) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0636 Tc 0 Tw (LC50) Tj 26.64 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0 Tc (c) Tj 45.36 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0572 Tc (EC20) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0636 Tc -0.0127 Tw ( LC50) Tj 50.4 0 TD -0.0085 Tc 0 Tw (ACR) Tj 23.28 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0.1037 Tc (d) Tj 19.92 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf -0.0582 Tc (GMACR) Tj -590.4 -25.92 TD -0.0028 Tc 0.0537 Tw (M. transversum) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (23.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.15) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 5.82) Tj 64.8 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0 Tw (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (-----) Tj 72 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 7.30) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.1272 Tw ( ----) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0 Tw (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (----) Tj -482.4 -12.96 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (21.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.80) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 1.23) Tj 64.8 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0 Tw (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (-----) Tj 72 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.1272 Tw ( ----) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0 Tw (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (----) Tj -590.4 -25.92 TD 0.0555 Tc -0.0046 Tw (C. acanthina) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (24.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.15) Tj 43.2 0 TD (44.9) Tj 64.8 0 TD (24.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.06) Tj 43.2 0 TD (105.) Tj 72 0 TD (19.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 24.4) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 1.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 1.9) Tj -590.4 -12.96 TD 0.0509 Tc 0 Tw (C. dubia) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (26.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.57) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 5.80) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (26.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.61) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 14.8) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tw (14.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 48.6) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 3.4) Tj -439.2 -12.96 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (25.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc (15.2) Tj 64.8 0 TD (25.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 41.3) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tw (11.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 31.5) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 2.7) Tj -547.2 -25.92 TD 0.0472 Tc 0.0036 Tw (D. magna) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 6) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (19.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.45) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 7.37) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (20.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.50) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 26.4) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tw (15.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 70.2) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 4.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 5.3) Tj -482.4 -12.96 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (20.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.92) Tj 43.2 0 TD (21.7) Tj 64.8 0 TD (19.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.34) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 61.3) Tj 72 0 TD 0 Tw (19.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD (119.) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 6.1) Tj -547.2 -25.92 TD 0.0445 Tc 0.0064 Tw (H. azteca) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 8) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (25.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.94) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0778 Tc (<1.58) Tj 64.8 0 TD -0.0763 Tc (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (-----) Tj 72 0 TD 0.0778 Tc (<1.45) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0763 Tc 0.1272 Tw ( ----) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0 Tw (----) Tj 43.2 0 TD (----) Tj -590.4 -25.92 TD 0.0331 Tc 0.0178 Tw (P. promelas) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 9) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (24.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 1.97) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.03) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 48.6) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 47.04 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 1.97) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 51.5) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0 Tw (20.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD (10.9) Tj -295.2 -12.96 TD (22.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.06) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 42.6) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 90.24 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 47.8) Tj -201.6 -12.96 TD 0 Tw (19.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.94) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 42.3) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 90.24 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 37.7) Tj -201.6 -12.96 TD 0 Tw (19.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.76) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 50.4) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 90.24 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 32.2) Tj -201.6 -12.96 TD 0 Tw (22.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.83) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 50.6) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 90.24 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 36.7) Tj -201.6 -12.96 TD 0 Tw (18.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.91) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 49.3) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 90.24 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 41.5) Tj -388.8 -12.96 TD 0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc (25.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.82) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 3.73) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (25.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.78) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 41.0) Tj 72 0 TD ( 2.92) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 27.2) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 9.7) Tj -252 -12.96 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (25.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 42.8) Tj 115.2 0 TD ( 29.4) Tj -388.8 -12.96 TD 0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (11) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc (24.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 5.12) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.14) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 25.2) Tj 72 0 TD ( 5.12) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 33.1) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 6.5) Tj -547.2 -25.92 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.0403 Tw (C. commersoni) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (18.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.32) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0718 Tc (>2.9) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0.089 Tc (15.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.16) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 30.3) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1882 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 47.04 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0778 Tc (>4.79) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 41.4) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0718 Tc 0 Tw (<8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD (<8.4) Tj -295.2 -12.96 TD 0.089 Tc (15.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.14) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 29.7) Tj 24.96 4.56 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1882 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 90.24 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 39.0) Tj -496.8 -25.92 TD 0.0429 Tc 0.0079 Tw (I. punctatus) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (10) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc (26.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.76) Tj 43.2 0 TD (11.5) Tj 64.8 0 TD (25.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 32.8) Tj 72 0 TD ( 8.35) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 22.6) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 2.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 2.7) Tj -590.4 -25.92 TD 0.0416 Tc 0.0093 Tw (L. cyanellus) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc -0.0509 Tw ( 7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (25.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.16) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 5.84) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (26.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.28) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 8.6) Tj 72 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 7.44) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 14.8) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 2.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 7.6) Tj -482.4 -12.96 TD 0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (12) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc (22.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 5.61) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0339 Tw ( 57.) Tj 72 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 4.88) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 32.8) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 6.7) Tj -547.2 -25.92 TD 0.0215 Tc 0.0294 Tw (L. macrochirus) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (13) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc (22.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.76) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 1.85) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (21.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.089 Tc -0.0382 Tw ( 44.2) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.35) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 21.4) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0 Tw (15.9) Tj ET endstream endobj 287 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 288 0 obj <>stream BT 385.92 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (137) Tj -313.92 508.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0065 Tc 0.0444 Tw (M. dolomieu) Tj 108 0 TD 0.1018 Tc 0 Tw (14) Tj 36 0 TD 0.089 Tc (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (6.60) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 9.61) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (6.53) Tj 43.2 0 TD (371.) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 3.57) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 59.3) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0 Tw (16.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 7.4) Tj -446.4 -12.96 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.25) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 8.62) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.16) Tj 43.2 0 TD (117.) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 4.01) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 30.4) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 7.6) Tj -403.2 -12.96 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.83) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 8.18) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (7.74) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 39.5) Tj 72 0 TD ( 6.50) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 24.4) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 3.8) Tj -403.2 -12.96 TD 0.089 Tc 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.68) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 1.54) Tj 64.8 0 TD 0 Tw (22.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD (8.71) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0382 Tw ( 7.43) Tj 72 0 TD ( 4.65) Tj 43.2 0 TD ( 29.3) Tj 50.4 0 TD 0.0848 Tc -0.0339 Tw ( 6.3) Tj -547.2 -34.32 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj 14.4 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.052 Tc -0.0011 Tw (If acute values were available at more than one pH, the acute value\(s\) at a pH close to the pH of the chronic value were used. ) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0716 Tc -0.0207 Tw (Dashes indicate that a comparable acute test was not found. When an acute test listed above was in Table 1 of the 1984/1985) Tj T* 0.047 Tc 0.0038 Tw (ammonia criteria document \(U.S. EPA 1985a\), the values given in Table 1 for pH and temperature were used unless inspection) Tj T* 0.0592 Tc -0.0083 Tw (of the reference indicated that an incorrect value was in Table 1. If given in the reference, an LC50 based on total ammonia) Tj T* 0.0539 Tc -0.003 Tw (was used, after conversion to total ammonia nitrogen if necessary. If a total ammonia LC50 was not given in the reference, an) Tj T* 0.0524 Tc -0.0015 Tw (LC50 based on un-ionized ammonia was used, after conversion to un-ionized ammonia nitrogen if necessary. Each LC50) Tj T* 0.0529 Tc -0.002 Tw (based on un-ionized ammonia nitrogen was converted to total ammonia nitrogen in the table above, using the speciation) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc 0.0108 Tw (relationship derived by Emerson et al. \(1978\).) Tj -14.4 -8.4 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0.1037 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 14.4 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0472 Tc 0.0037 Tw (\(1\) Anderson et al. 1978; \(2\) Sparks and Sandusky 1981; \(3\) Mount 1982; \(4\) Willingham 1987; \(5\) Nimmo et al. 1989; \(6\)) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0465 Tc 0.0044 Tw (Gersich et al. 1985; \(7\) Reinbold and Pescitelli 1982a; \(8\) Borgmann 1994; \(9\) Thurston et al. 1986; \(10\) Swigert and Spacie) Tj T* 0.0372 Tc 0.0137 Tw (1983; \(11\) Mayes et al. 1986; \(12\) McCormick et al. 1984; \(13\) Smith et al. 1984; \(14\) Broderius et al. 1985.) Tj -14.4 -8.4 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 14.4 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0434 Tc 0.0074 Tw (Expressed as total ammonia nitrogen \(mg N/L\). Three digits are retained in intermediate calculations to reduce roundoff error in) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0531 Tc -0.0022 Tw (subsequent calculations.) Tj -14.4 -8.4 TD /F1 6.72 Tf 0.1037 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 14.4 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.053 Tc -0.0021 Tw (One ACR was calculated for each EC20 for which a comparable acute value was available; if more than one comparable acute) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0537 Tc -0.0028 Tw (value was available, the geometric mean of the acute values was used.) Tj -14.4 -8.4 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1363 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 14.4 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0532 Tc -0.0024 Tw (These are the results of the six acute tests given by Thurston et al. \(1983\) in their appendix that were conducted with fish that) Tj 0 -12.96 TD 0.0546 Tc -0.0037 Tw (were 0.1 to 1.0 g and whose test temperature was closest to the temperature of the chronic test.) Tj -14.4 -8.4 TD /F1 6.72 Tf -0.1882 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 14.4 -4.56 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0499 Tc 0.0009 Tw (Reinbold and Pescitelli 1982b.) Tj ET endstream endobj 289 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 290 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (138) Tj ET 72 680.4 1.2 17.52 re f 72 696.72 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 680.4 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 696.72 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 680.4 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 696.72 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 680.4 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 696.72 90 1.2 re f 525.6 680.4 1.2 17.52 re f 72 663.12 1.2 17.52 re f 72 679.44 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 663.12 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 679.44 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 663.12 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 679.44 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 663.12 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 679.44 90 1.2 re f 525.6 663.12 1.2 17.52 re f 72 645.84 1.2 17.52 re f 72 662.16 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 645.84 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 662.16 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 645.84 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 662.16 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 645.84 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 662.16 90 1.2 re f 525.6 645.84 1.2 17.52 re f 72 628.56 1.2 17.52 re f 72 644.88 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 628.56 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 644.88 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 628.56 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 644.88 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 628.56 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 644.88 90 1.2 re f 525.6 628.56 1.2 17.52 re f 72 611.28 1.2 17.52 re f 72 627.6 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 611.28 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 627.6 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 611.28 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 627.6 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 611.28 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 627.6 90 1.2 re f 525.6 611.28 1.2 17.52 re f 72 594 1.2 17.52 re f 72 610.32 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 594 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 610.32 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 594 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 610.32 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 594 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 610.32 90 1.2 re f 525.6 594 1.2 17.52 re f 72 576.72 1.2 17.52 re f 72 593.04 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 576.72 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 593.04 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 576.72 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 593.04 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 576.72 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 593.04 90 1.2 re f 525.6 576.72 1.2 17.52 re f 72 559.44 1.2 17.52 re f 72 575.76 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 559.44 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 575.76 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 559.44 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 575.76 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 559.44 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 575.76 90 1.2 re f 525.6 559.44 1.2 17.52 re f 72 542.16 1.2 17.52 re f 72 558.48 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 542.16 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 558.48 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 542.16 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 558.48 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 542.16 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 558.48 90 1.2 re f 525.6 542.16 1.2 17.52 re f 72 524.88 1.2 17.52 re f 72 541.2 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 524.88 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 541.2 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 524.88 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 541.2 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 524.88 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 541.2 90 1.2 re f 525.6 524.88 1.2 17.52 re f 72 507.6 1.2 17.52 re f 72 523.92 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 507.6 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 523.92 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 507.6 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 523.92 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 507.6 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 523.92 90 1.2 re f 525.6 507.6 1.2 17.52 re f 72 490.32 1.2 17.52 re f 72 506.64 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 490.32 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 506.64 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 490.32 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 506.64 162.24 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17.52 re f 72 196.56 1.2 17.52 re f 72 212.88 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 196.56 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 212.88 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 196.56 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 212.88 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 196.56 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 212.88 90 1.2 re f 525.6 196.56 1.2 17.52 re f 72 179.28 1.2 17.52 re f 72 195.6 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 179.28 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 195.6 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 179.28 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 195.6 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 179.28 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 195.6 90 1.2 re f 525.6 179.28 1.2 17.52 re f 72 162 1.2 17.52 re f 72 178.32 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 162 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 178.32 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 162 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 178.32 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 162 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 178.32 90 1.2 re f 525.6 162 1.2 17.52 re f 72 144.72 1.2 17.52 re f 72 161.04 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 144.72 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 161.04 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 144.72 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 161.04 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 144.72 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 161.04 90 1.2 re f 525.6 144.72 1.2 17.52 re f 72 127.44 1.2 17.52 re f 72 143.76 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 127.44 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 143.76 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 127.44 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 143.76 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 127.44 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 143.76 90 1.2 re f 525.6 127.44 1.2 17.52 re f 72 110.16 1.2 17.52 re f 72 126.48 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 110.16 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 126.48 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 110.16 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 126.48 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 110.16 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 126.48 90 1.2 re f 525.6 110.16 1.2 17.52 re f 72 92.88 1.2 17.52 re f 72 109.2 81.36 1.2 re f 72 92.88 81.36 1.2 re f 153.12 92.88 1.2 17.52 re f 153.12 109.2 121.92 1.2 re f 153.12 92.88 121.92 1.2 re f 274.8 92.88 1.2 17.52 re f 274.8 109.2 162.24 1.2 re f 274.8 92.88 162.24 1.2 re f 436.8 92.88 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 109.2 90 1.2 re f 525.6 92.88 1.2 17.52 re f 436.8 92.88 90 1.2 re f BT 72 726.48 TD 0.046 Tc -0.022 Tw (Table 8. Ordered Genus Mean Acute-Chronic Ratios) Tj 24.96 -41.28 TD /F1 11.04 Tf 0.0127 Tc 0 Tw (RANK) Tj 96.96 0 TD 0.0204 Tc (GENUS) Tj 90.48 0 TD 0.0083 Tc 0.0426 Tw (GMAV ADJUSTED TO pH=8) Tj 176.64 0 TD -0.0582 Tc 0 Tw (GMACR) Tj -354.96 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (34) Tj 83.28 0 TD 0.0254 Tc (Philarctus) Tj 143.28 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (388.8) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (33) Tj 79.2 0 TD 0.0432 Tc (Orconectes) Tj 147.36 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (246.0) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (32) Tj 89.76 0 TD 0.0254 Tc (Asellus) Tj 136.8 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (210.6) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (31) Tj 76.32 0 TD 0.0393 Tc (Ephemerella) Tj 150.24 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (189.2) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (30) Tj 82.08 0 TD 0.0185 Tc (Callibaetis) Tj 144.48 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (115.5) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (29) Tj 83.28 0 TD 0.0283 Tc (Stenelmis) Tj 143.28 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (113.2) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (28) Tj 80.64 0 TD 0.0424 Tc (Crangonyx) Tj 145.92 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (108.3) Tj -226.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (27) Tj 89.28 0 TD 0.0743 Tc (Tubifex) Tj 143.52 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (97.82) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (26) Tj 84.48 0 TD 0.0095 Tc (Helisoma) Tj 148.32 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (93.52) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (25) Tj 75.12 0 TD 0.0318 Tc (Arcynopteryx) Tj 157.68 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (77.10) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (24) Tj 92.16 0 TD 0.056 Tc (Physa) Tj 140.64 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (73.69) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (23) Tj 91.44 0 TD 0.0424 Tc (Cottus) Tj 141.36 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (51.73) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (22) Tj 82.32 0 TD 0.0413 Tc (Gambusia) Tj 150.48 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (51.06) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (21) Tj 78.48 0 TD 0.0407 Tc (Pimephales) Tj 154.32 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (43.55) Tj 126 0 TD 0.089 Tc (10.9) Tj -358.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (20) Tj 78 0 TD 0.0382 Tc (Catostomus) Tj 154.8 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (38.11) Tj 125.76 0 TD 0.0718 Tc (<8.4) Tj -358.56 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (19) Tj 86.88 0 TD 0.0581 Tc (Daphnia) Tj 145.92 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (36.82) Tj 132.24 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (5.3) Tj -365.04 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (18) Tj 82.32 0 TD 0.0331 Tc (Salvelinus) Tj 150.48 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (36.39) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (17) Tj 81.36 0 TD -0.021 Tc (Musculium) Tj 151.44 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (35.65) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (16) Tj 86.64 0 TD 0.0044 Tc (Ictalurus) Tj 146.16 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (34.44) Tj 132.24 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (2.7) Tj -365.04 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (15) Tj 72.72 0 TD 0.0424 Tc (Simocephalus) Tj 160.08 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (33.99) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (14) Tj 88.08 0 TD 0.0286 Tc (Poecilia) Tj 144.72 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (33.14) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (13) Tj 71.52 0 TD 0.0382 Tc (Dendrocoelum) Tj 161.28 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (32.82) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (12) Tj 88.8 0 TD 0.0024 Tc (Morone) Tj 144 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (30.89) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (11) Tj 74.64 0 TD 0.0356 Tc (Campostoma) Tj 158.16 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (26.97) Tj -232.8 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (10) Tj 78.72 0 TD -0.0056 Tc (Micropterus) Tj 154.08 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (26.50) Tj 132.24 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.4) Tj -361.92 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (9) Tj 74.16 0 TD 0.0488 Tc (Stizostedion) Tj 155.52 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (26.11) Tj -229.68 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (8) Tj 71.28 0 TD 0.0488 Tc (Ceriodaphnia) Tj 158.4 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (25.78) Tj 132.24 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (1.9) Tj -361.92 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (7) Tj 83.76 0 TD 0.0223 Tc (Notropis) Tj 145.92 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (25.60) Tj -229.68 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (6) Tj 88.8 0 TD 0.0305 Tc (Salmo) Tj 140.88 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (23.74) Tj -229.68 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (5) Tj 83.52 0 TD 0.04 Tc (Lepomis) Tj 146.16 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (23.61) Tj 132.24 0 TD 0.0848 Tc (7.6) Tj -361.92 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (4) Tj 68.64 0 TD 0.0488 Tc (Oncorhynchus) Tj 161.04 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (21.95) Tj -229.68 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (3) Tj 74.64 0 TD 0.0611 Tc (Etheostoma) Tj 155.04 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (17.96) Tj -229.68 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (2) Tj 71.76 0 TD 0.0439 Tc (Notemigonus) Tj 157.92 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (14.67) Tj -229.68 -17.28 TD 0.1018 Tc (1) Tj 78 0 TD 0.0311 Tc (Prosopium) Tj 151.68 0 TD 0.0916 Tc (12.11) Tj ET endstream endobj 291 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 292 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (139) Tj -223.92 686.16 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0851 Tc 0.0553 Tw (Appendix 8. A Field Study Relevant to the CCC) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) and Zischke and Arthur \(1987\) reported the effects of different) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0404 Tc -0.0164 Tw (concentrations of ammonia on fishes and invertebrates in various tests at the) Tj T* 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (Monticello, MN, outdoor experimental stream facility. The study involved essentially) Tj T* 0.0419 Tc -0.0179 Tw (constant dosing of total ammonia into four parallel streams \(three concentrations of) Tj T* 0.0275 Tc -0.0035 Tw (ammonia and a control treatment\). The approximate average concentrations of total) Tj T* 0.006 Tc 0.018 Tw (ammonia nitrogen were:) Tj 14.4 -28.32 TD 0.0196 Tc 0.0044 Tw (0.08 mg N/L in the control stream) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (0.66 mg N/L in the low concentration stream) Tj T* 0.0103 Tc 0.0137 Tw (2.0 mg N/L in the medium concentration stream, and) Tj T* 0.0292 Tc -0.0052 Tw (7.1 mg N/L in the high concentration stream.) Tj -14.4 -28.32 TD 0.0386 Tc -0.0146 Tw (Although the streams were physically identical, the different concentrations of ammonia) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.027 Tc -0.003 Tw (caused chemical and microbiological differences among the streams. Higher ammonia) Tj T* 0.0634 Tc -0.0394 Tw (concentrations yielded lower pH, and, as a result of higher nitrifying bacterial activity,) Tj T* 0.0533 Tc -0.0293 Tw (higher nitrite and nitrate concentrations and lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen,) Tj T* 0.0401 Tc -0.0161 Tw (particularly in the lower reaches of the streams containing added ammonia. For) Tj T* 0.0323 Tc -0.0083 Tw (example, in the lower reaches of the high concentration stream, dissolved oxygen) Tj T* 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (regularly dropped to 2 mg/L at night during summer. Although these differences) Tj T* 0.0182 Tc 0.0058 Tw (between streams reflect real-world phenomena usually accompanying ammonia) Tj T* 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (enrichment, they confound interpreting some of the results in terms of the toxicity of) Tj T* 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (ammonia. Six of the thirteen tests with fishes, however, either did not use the lower) Tj T* 0.0289 Tc -0.0049 Tw (reaches of the streams or did not take place during the summer. For these tests the) Tj T* 0.055 Tc -0.031 Tw (confounding influences of nitrifier activity should not be of much concern.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0424 Tc -0.0184 Tw (The study began in June 1983 and ended in November 1984, but all of the tests with) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (the various taxa were of shorter durations. Macroinvertebrate tests lasted for two) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (months, whereas the durations of the fish tests were 28 to 237 days. During all of the) Tj T* 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (tests, the organisms were left to forage on naturally occurring flora and fauna, except) Tj T* 0.0169 Tc 0.0071 Tw (that the walleyes were fed fathead minnows.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0428 Tc -0.0188 Tw (As reported by Hermanutz et al. \(1987\), densities of individual macroinvertebrate taxa,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0196 Tc 0.0044 Tw (sampled approximately 1 to 2 months after the start of the dosing, differed somewhat) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (among the streams. Cladoceran and protozoan densities might have been inhibited by) Tj T* 0.0354 Tc -0.0114 Tw (elevated ammonia concentrations \(or accompanying changes\), rotifer densities might) Tj T* 0.0288 Tc -0.0048 Tw (have been somewhat stimulated, and copepod densities showed little effect. However,) Tj T* 0.0497 Tc -0.0257 Tw (concentration-effect patterns were generally inconsistent, and the results do not) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (support any overall conclusion of either stimulatory or inhibitory effects. Because) Tj T* 0.0471 Tc -0.0231 Tw (laboratory toxicity tests indicate that these types of macroinvertebrates are generally) Tj T* 0.0287 Tc -0.0047 Tw (substantially more resistant to ammonia than fishes, absence of effects might not be) Tj T* 0.0152 Tc 0.0088 Tw (viewed as unexpected.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0372 Tc -0.0132 Tw (Tests with fishes included two tests with the fathead minnow, one with the bluegill,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0271 Tc -0.0031 Tw (three with the channel catfish, two with the white sucker, two with the walleye, and) Tj ET endstream endobj 293 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 294 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (140) Tj -223.92 687.84 TD 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (three with the rainbow trout. Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) studied percent survival, fish) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0502 Tc -0.0262 Tw (length, fish weight, and final fish biomass, and identified those treatments and variables) Tj T* 0.0559 Tc -0.0319 Tw (that were significantly different than the control stream for individual species. The) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (Technical Support Document for Water Quality-based Toxics Control, EPA \(1991\)) Tj T* 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (attempted a subjective summarization of these results, relative to the CCC defined in) Tj T* 0.008 Tc 0.016 Tw (U.S. EPA \(1985a\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (The fingernail clam data of Zischke and Arthur \(1987\) were also evaluated. These) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0422 Tc -0.0182 Tw (investigators selected this species for study because it is an important component of) Tj T* 0.0283 Tc -0.0043 Tw (many freshwater communities and because it was reported to be highly sensitive to) Tj T* 0.0238 Tc 0 Tw (ammonia \(Anderson et al. 1978; Sparks and Sandusky 1981\).) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0623 Tc -0.0383 Tw (The intent of this new analysis is to provide a quantitative graphical portrayal of the) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0395 Tc -0.0155 Tw (results of the thirteen tests with fishes and the two tests with the fingernail clam. ) Tj T* 0.0469 Tc -0.0229 Tw (Recognizing that field and macrocosm data involve a substantial amount of variability,) Tj T* 0.0357 Tc -0.0117 Tw (this analysis is intended to determine whether any pattern emerged from the noise.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (To integrate the results as much as possible, this analysis used biomass at the end of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (each test with fish, which Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) determined from the number of) Tj T* 0.0524 Tc -0.0284 Tw (surviving individuals multiplied by the individual mean weight. For the fathead minnow,) Tj T* 0.0393 Tc -0.0153 Tw (this measure combines survival, growth, and reproduction. For the other tested fish) Tj T* 0.0242 Tc -0 Tw (species, this measure combines survival and growth. Biomass was not available from) Tj T* 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (the data on the fingernail clam. In its place, the product of survival and mean organism) Tj T* 0.0274 Tc -0.0034 Tw (length was used.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0264 Tc -0.0024 Tw (Concentrations of ammonia were normalized to account for the dependence of) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0106 Tc 0.0134 Tw (ammonia toxicity on pH. The exposure metric used was the concentration of ammonia) Tj T* 0.0324 Tc -0.0084 Tw (in the stream divided by the 1998 CCC, which is 2% lower than the 1999 CCC at 25) Tj 446.64 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf -0.024 Tc (C) Tj -452.64 -14.16 TD 0.0392 Tc -0.0152 Tw (but 35% higher than the 1998 CCC at 20) Tj 218.16 0 TD /F5 12 Tf 0 Tc 0 Tw (E) Tj 6 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0 Tc (C.) Tj -224.16 -28.32 TD 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (Because both 4-day and 30-day averaging periods are used in the criteria statement,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0066 Tc 0.0174 Tw (this analysis considered whether the maximum 4-day or the maximum 30-day average) Tj T* 0.0478 Tc -0.0238 Tw (was significantly different than the long-term average concentration. Although the) Tj T* 0.0503 Tc -0.0263 Tw (concentration of total ammonia varied little over the duration of the Monticello tests, the) Tj T* 0.0294 Tc -0.0054 Tw (pH, and therefore ammonia toxicity, varied somewhat over time, particularly in the) Tj T* 0.0435 Tc -0.0195 Tw (longer tests. In this case, the CCC varies over time, while the concentration of total) Tj T* -0.0084 Tc 0.0324 Tw (ammonia is more constant. The CCC calculated from the maximum 4-day mean pH) Tj T* 0.0017 Tc 0.0223 Tw (would be lower than the CCC calculated from the maximum 30-day mean pH. Both) Tj T* 0.0207 Tc 0.0033 Tw (would be lower than the CCC calculated from the long-term mean pH. Because the) Tj T* 0.0683 Tc -0.0443 Tw (original data books for these tests are no longer available, this analysis relied on data) Tj T* 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw (published by Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) and Zischke and Arthur \(1987\), which precluded) Tj T* 0.0151 Tc 0.0089 Tw (any attempt to estimate the day-by-day exposure.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0504 Tc -0.0264 Tw (For tests of 28 to 90 days \(that is, up to threefold greater than the 30-day averaging) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0595 Tc -0.0355 Tw (period\), the applicable CCC applied with a 30-day averaging period was calculated) Tj T* 0.0277 Tc -0.0037 Tw (from the mean pH for the test. For the longer tests within this range, use of the mean) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (pH probably causes a slight bias toward underestimating the excursion of the CCC.) Tj ET endstream endobj 295 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 296 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (141) Tj -223.92 687.84 TD 0 Tc 0.024 Tw ( ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0438 Tc -0.0198 Tw (For tests of 91 to 237 days \(more than threefold greater than the 30-day averaging) Tj T* 0.0595 Tc -0.0355 Tw (period\), the applicable CCC applied with a 30-day averaging period was calculated) Tj T* 0.0304 Tc -0.0064 Tw (from the highest 30-day mean pH occurring during the test. For the high ammonia) Tj T* 0.0197 Tc 0.0043 Tw (stream, this mean pH was estimated directly from the published graph of pH-time) Tj T* 0.0482 Tc -0.0242 Tw (variability in this stream. For the other streams, which lacked published graphs on the) Tj T* -0.0038 Tc 0.0278 Tw (time course of pH variations, the maximum 30-day mean pH was estimated from the) Tj T* 0.0296 Tc -0.0056 Tw (test mean pH for the stream, coupled with the variation about the mean observed in the) Tj T* 0.0314 Tc -0.0074 Tw (high treatment stream. That is, the degree of pH variability was assumed to be the) Tj T* 0.0213 Tc 0.0027 Tw (same in all of the streams. ) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0536 Tc -0.0296 Tw (For the fish tests, the applicable CCC applied with a 4-day averaging period was) Tj 0 -14.16 TD -0.0034 Tc 0.0274 Tw (estimated from the maximum weekly mean pH, estimated from the published graphs, or) Tj T* 0.0462 Tc -0.0222 Tw (from the expected pH variability, in the manner described in the preceding paragraph. ) Tj T* 0.0095 Tc 0.0145 Tw (For the fingernail clam tests, the maximum 4-day mean pH was taken to be the) Tj T* 0.0196 Tc 0.0044 Tw (maximum weekly mean pH published by Zischke and Arthur \(1987\) for their tests,) Tj T* 0.0156 Tc 0.0084 Tw (which is likely to be lower than the actual maximum 4-day mean pH.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0417 Tc -0.0177 Tw (Table 9 presents the fish data from Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) and the fingernail clam) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0487 Tc -0.0247 Tw (data from Zischke and Arthur \(1987\). The results of the analysis are presented in) Tj T* 0.048 Tc -0.024 Tw (Figure 15, which show the biological effect, relative to the control treatment, on the) Tj T* 0.037 Tc -0.013 Tw (vertical axis, and the exposure concentration, relative to the 1998 CCC of 1.27 mg N/L,) Tj T* 0.0522 Tc -0.0282 Tw (on the horizontal axis.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0668 Tc -0.0428 Tw (Uncertainties exist in the vertical and horizontal locations of points in Figure 15. ) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0322 Tc -0.0082 Tw (Biological measurements on side-by-side macrocosms generally show substantial) Tj T* 0.0614 Tc -0.0374 Tw (inherent variability. The frequent occurrence of inversions in the concentration-effect) Tj T* 0.067 Tc -0.043 Tw (curves suggests that an overly specific or overly literal interpretation of each individual) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (data point might not be well founded. With regard to the exposure concentration) Tj T* 0.051 Tc -0.027 Tw (associated with the effect, uncertainties are introduced by the time variability of the) Tj T* 0.0437 Tc -0.0197 Tw (concentration of ammonia during the tests, and by longitudinal gradients in the streams) Tj T* 0.0388 Tc -0.0148 Tw (during some of the tests. Horizontal placement of points is subject to uncertainties) Tj T* 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (caused by the time variability of pH, and might be subject to a slightly low bias in some) Tj T* 0.0457 Tc -0.0217 Tw (cases. Finally, the elevated concentrations of ammonia yielded other changes \(e.g.,) Tj T* 0.0458 Tc -0.0218 Tw (depressed concentration of dissolved oxygen\) that confound the attribution of effects) Tj T* 0.0403 Tc -0.0163 Tw (solely to ammonia toxicity, although many of the data points appear to have little) Tj T* 0.0453 Tc -0.0213 Tw (potential to be affected by such other changes.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0514 Tc -0.0274 Tw (Some patterns can nevertheless be recognized in the data in Figure 15. Considering) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0467 Tc -0.0227 Tw (the inherent variability, concentrations of ammonia below the 1998 CCC appear to yield) Tj T* 0.0461 Tc -0.0221 Tw (no significant effects relative to the control treatment. At concentrations above the) Tj T* 0.0399 Tc -0.0159 Tw (CCC applied as a 30-day average, many species experienced substantial stress,) Tj T* 0.0517 Tc -0.0277 Tw (although certain species might flourish under the conditions associated with such) Tj T* 0.0342 Tc -0.0102 Tw (concentrations of ammonia. Concentrations more than fourfold above the CCC applied) Tj T* 0.0528 Tc -0.0288 Tw (as a 30-day average appeared to yield conditions intolerable to many tested species. ) Tj T* 0.0203 Tc 0.0037 Tw (At the tested temperatures, the 1999 CCC is somewhat higher than the 1998 CCC. ) Tj ET endstream endobj 297 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 298 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (142) Tj -223.92 687.84 TD 0.0436 Tc -0.0196 Tw (Consequently, the 1999 CCC provides slightly less margin below the observed effect) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0554 Tc -0.0314 Tw (levels shown on the log scale plot.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0355 Tc -0.0115 Tw (Tests with two species, the fathead minnow and the fingernail clam, occurred during a) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0335 Tc -0.0095 Tw (time period when the pH was so variable that the CCC applied as a 4-day average was) Tj T* 0.0542 Tc -0.0302 Tw (substantially different than the CCC applied as a 30-day average. If applied simply as) Tj T* 0.0489 Tc -0.0249 Tw (a 30-day average, the CCC would have allowed substantial effects on the fingernail) Tj T* 0.0297 Tc -0.0057 Tw (clam. However, this species, which appeared to be the most sensitive tested species) Tj T* 0.0491 Tc -0.0251 Tw (in the study, would be protected by the additional limitation, which is expressed in the) Tj T* 0.0368 Tc -0.0128 Tw (1998 criterion statement, that the 4-day average concentration cannot be more than) Tj T* 0.0235 Tc 0 Tw (two times the CCC \(or 2.5 times in the 1999 criteria statement\).) Tj ET endstream endobj 299 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 300 0 obj <>stream BT 385.92 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (143) Tj -313.92 507.84 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (Table 9. Data for Fishes and Clams in the Monticello Study) Tj 318.72 6 TD /F1 8.64 Tf -0.0038 Tc 0 Tw (a) Tj -318.72 -32.64 TD /F10 10.08 Tf 0.0079 Tc 0.08 Tw ( Test Duration) Tj 158.4 0 TD 0.0478 Tc 0 Tw (Mean) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0401 Tw (Mean ) Tj 37.68 0 TD 0.0412 Tc 0.0466 Tw (Est. Max pH) Tj ET 311.28 518.16 56.4 0.72 re f BT 396 520.08 TD 0 Tc 0.0877 Tw (Est. Total Amm. N ) Tj ET 396 518.16 86.88 0.72 re f BT 540 520.08 TD 0.0023 Tc 0.0855 Tw (Rel. Conc.) Tj ET 540 518.16 50.64 0.72 re f BT 590.64 525.12 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.0984 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj ET 590.64 518.16 4.56 0.72 re f BT 626.4 520.08 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0237 Tc 0.1116 Tw ( Biomass ) Tj ET 626.4 518.16 49.92 0.72 re f BT 72 507.6 TD 0.0505 Tc 0.0374 Tw ( \(Days\)) Tj 158.4 0 TD 0.0064 Tc 0 Tw (Temp.) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0804 Tc 0.0074 Tw ( pH) Tj 36 0 TD -0.015 Tc 0 Tw (30-d) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0014 Tc (4-d) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0286 Tc 0.1165 Tw (\22198 CCC) Tj 42 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1104 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 4.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf 0.014 Tc 0.0739 Tw ( Est. avg.) Tj 183.6 0 TD -0.0228 Tc 0 Tw (Final) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0497 Tc (Rel.) Tj 17.28 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf 0.108 Tc (d) Tj -456.48 -17.52 TD /F10 10.08 Tf 0.0686 Tc 0.0192 Tw ( \(C\)) Tj 79.2 0 TD -0 Tc 0 Tw (mean) Tj 43.2 0 TD (mean) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0.0046 Tc 0.0832 Tw ( \(mg N/L\) exp. conc) Tj 230.4 0 TD 0.059 Tc 0.0288 Tw ( \(g\)) Tj -230.4 -12.48 TD -0.017 Tc 0.1048 Tw ( \(mg N/L\)) Tj -324 -24.96 TD 0.0163 Tc 0.0716 Tw (Fathead minnow) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 63) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (19.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.8) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.14) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.07) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 81) Tj -554.4 -12.48 TD -0.0071 Tc 0.0949 Tw (1st generation) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.35) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.47) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 90) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (1.11) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0354 Tc 0.1232 Tw (Start 5/18/83 ) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.6) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.59) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.24) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 86) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (1.07) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.88) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 3.75) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 70) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.87) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0.0163 Tc 0.0716 Tw (Fathead minnow) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 63) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (19.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.8) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.14) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.07) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 377) Tj -554.4 -12.48 TD 0.014 Tc 0.0738 Tw (2nd generation) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.35) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.47) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 726) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (1.93) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0228 Tc 0.1106 Tw (End 8/19/83) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.6) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.59) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.24) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 263) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.70) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.88) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 3.75) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2437) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (6.46) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD -0.0543 Tc (Bluegill) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 90) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (21.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.80) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.10) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1237) Tj -554.4 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (6/27/84-9/25/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.58) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1489) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (1.20) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 2.11) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1118) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.90) Tj -396 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.50) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 803) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.65) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0 Tc 0.0877 Tw (Channel catfish) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (177) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (18.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.57) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.14) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (5138) Tj -554.4 -12.48 TD (1983) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.9) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.95) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (4981) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.97) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (5/25/83-11/18/83) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.55) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (4385) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.85) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 5.53) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3238) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.63) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0 Tc 0.0877 Tw (Channel catfish) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 36) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (16.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2108) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0553 Tc 0 Tw (1984A) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.0) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.50) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2030) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.96) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0647 Tc (5/7/84-6/12/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.87) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.06) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2202) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (1.04) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.6) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (7.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 2.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 3.39) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1921) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.91) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0 Tc 0.0877 Tw (Channel catfish) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 89) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (21.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.80) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.10) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2923) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0566 Tc 0 Tw (1984B) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.58) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2377) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.81) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (6/28/84-9/25/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.80) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1204) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.41) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.50) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1037) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.35) Tj ET endstream endobj 301 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 302 0 obj <>stream BT 385.92 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (144) Tj -313.92 509.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0199 Tc 0.1077 Tw (White sucker) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (183) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (18.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.8) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.41) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.20) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2313) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1983) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.9) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.95) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (4287) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (1.85) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (5/19/83-11/18/83) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.55) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3010) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (1.30) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.5) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 5.53) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (5854) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (2.53) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD -0.0199 Tc 0.1077 Tw (White sucker) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 88) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (21.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.80) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.10) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (4319) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1984) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.58) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3866) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.90) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (6/29/84-9/25/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.80) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3034) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.70) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.50) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3366) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.78) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD -0.0119 Tc 0.0997 Tw (Walleye yearling) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 46) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (24.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.09) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2958) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc 0 Tw (6/29/84-8/14/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.58) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2731) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.92) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0358 Tc 0.052 Tw (in upper reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.0) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.55) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2092) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.71) Tj -396 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.50) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 0) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.00) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0.0128 Tc 0.0751 Tw (Walleye young) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 43) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (16.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.12) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3056) Tj -554.4 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (8/20/84-10/2/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.80) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.80) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2678) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.88) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0358 Tc 0.052 Tw (in upper reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 2.93) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (2178) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.71) Tj -396 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0339 Tc 0.1217 Tw ( 10.44) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 0) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.00) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0.0316 Tc 0.0562 Tw (Rainbow trout) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (237) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 5.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.48) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.17) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (5305) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0557 Tc 0 Tw (1983-1984) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.95) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (4514) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.85) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (10/19/83-6/12/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.8) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.80) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (5487) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (1.03) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (7.7) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.0) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.27) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD ( 5.53) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (3630) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (0.68) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0.0316 Tc 0.0562 Tw (Rainbow trout) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 69) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (10.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.3) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.80) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.10) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1781) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0553 Tc 0 Tw (1984A) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.2) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.94) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.68) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0 Tw (1971) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc (1.11) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (9/6/84-11/14/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.80) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 948) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.53) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0339 Tc 0.1217 Tw ( 10.44) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 0) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.00) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD 0.0316 Tc 0.0562 Tw (Rainbow trout) Tj 115.2 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 28) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 5.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.08) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 403) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0566 Tc 0 Tw (1984B) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (7.9) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.1) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.46) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.64) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.44) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 420) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (1.04) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc (10/16/84-11/13/84) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc (8.1) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.2) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.10) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.98) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.80) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 252) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.63) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD 0.0161 Tc 0.0718 Tw (in lower reach) Tj 201.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 36 0 TD 0.1014 Tw ( 8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.67) Tj 72 0 TD ( 7.04) Tj 72 0 TD -0.0339 Tc 0.1217 Tw ( 10.44) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 201) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0 Tw (0.50) Tj ET endstream endobj 303 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 304 0 obj <>stream BT 385.92 38.88 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (145) Tj -313.92 509.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.023 Tc 0.1109 Tw (Fingernail clam A) Tj 237.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.81) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.11) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.13) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 25) Tj 13.92 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 29.28 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0647 Tc 0 Tw (6/6/83-8/1/83) Tj 237.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.14) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.60) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.53) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 25) Tj 13.92 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 29.28 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc (1.01) Tj -360 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.6) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.96) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 2.06) Tj 72 0 TD ( 2.14) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 12) Tj 13.92 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 29.28 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc (0.48) Tj -360 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.9) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.14) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 7.82) Tj 72 0 TD ( 6.87) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 0) Tj 11.28 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 31.92 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc (0.00) Tj -597.6 -24.96 TD -0.0235 Tc 0.1113 Tw (Fingernail clam B) Tj 237.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.5) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.14) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.11) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.09) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 11) Tj 13.92 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 29.28 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf 0 Tc 0.0878 Tw ( ) Tj -597.6 -12.48 TD -0.0646 Tc 0 Tw (6/13/83-7/11/83) Tj 237.6 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.59) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 0.60) Tj 72 0 TD ( 0.38) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 14) Tj 13.92 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 29.28 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc (1.31) Tj -360 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.4) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.35) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 2.06) Tj 72 0 TD ( 1.53) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 2.4) Tj 19.68 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 23.52 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc (0.22) Tj -360 -12.48 TD -0.0136 Tc 0.1014 Tw ( 7.7) Tj 43.2 0 TD 0 Tw (8.3) Tj 43.2 0 TD -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 1.59) Tj 25.2 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 46.8 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc 0.1141 Tw ( 7.82) Tj 72 0 TD ( 4.91) Tj 86.4 0 TD -0.0643 Tc 0.1522 Tw ( 0) Tj 11.28 5.04 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 31.92 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0263 Tc (0.00) Tj -597.6 -44.88 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1176 Tc (a) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf 0.0157 Tc 0.0722 Tw (The data are from Hermanutz et al. \(1987\) and Zischke and Arthur \(1987\). All concentrations are total ammonia nitrogen and are) Tj 0 -12.48 TD -0.0258 Tc 0.1136 Tw (expressed as mg N/L.) Tj -14.4 -7.44 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1104 Tc 0 Tw (b) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0 Tc 0.0886 Tw (The tabulated criterion is the lower of \(1\) the 1998 CCC calculated from the estimated maximum 30-day average pH or \(2\) two) Tj 0 -12.48 TD -0.0106 Tc 0.0984 Tw (times the 1998 CCC calculated from the estimated maximum 4-day average pH. Footnote e indicates where the latter condition) Tj T* 0.0028 Tc 0.0851 Tw (controlled the result.) Tj -14.4 -7.44 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.0984 Tc 0 Tw (c) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0045 Tc 0.0923 Tw (Relative concentration = \(treatment concentration/CCC calculated from the estimated maximum 30-day average pH\).) Tj -14.4 -7.44 TD /F10 7.2 Tf 0.108 Tc 0 Tw (d) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0094 Tc 0.0972 Tw (Relative biomass = \(treatment biomass/control biomass\).) Tj -14.4 -7.44 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.12 Tc 0 Tw (e) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0049 Tc 0.0927 Tw (For the fathead minnow and the fingernail clam, two times the CCC calculated from the estimated maximum 4-day average pH) Tj 0 -12.48 TD -0.0085 Tc 0.0964 Tw (was less than the CCC calculated from the estimated maximum 30-day average pH.) Tj -14.4 -7.44 TD /F10 7.2 Tf -0.1008 Tc 0 Tw (f) Tj 14.4 -5.04 TD /F10 10.08 Tf -0.0039 Tc 0.0918 Tw (For the fingernail clam, number of survivors times mean length is tabulated instead of biomass.) Tj ET endstream endobj 305 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 306 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (146) Tj -223.92 692.4 TD 0.0298 Tc -0.0058 Tw (Figure 15. Monticello data compared with the 1998 CCC statement) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 72 138.24 468 575.52 re f 72 138 468.24 575.76 re f 1.68 w 1 J 1 j 0 0 0 RG 132 667.2 m 132 250.8 l 509.52 250.8 l 509.52 667.2 l 132 667.2 l S 128.4 250.8 m 135.36 250.8 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 132 250.8 m 509.52 250.8 l S BT 98.64 246 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 15.36 Tf 0.0832 Tc -0.0333 Tw (0.1 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 130.32 313.2 m 133.44 313.2 l S 130.32 349.68 m 133.44 349.68 l S 130.32 375.6 m 133.44 375.6 l S 130.32 395.76 m 133.44 395.76 l S 130.32 412.56 m 133.44 412.56 l S 130.32 426.24 m 133.44 426.24 l S 130.32 438.48 m 133.44 438.48 l S 130.32 449.04 m 133.44 449.04 l S 128.4 458.88 m 135.36 458.88 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 132 458.88 m 509.52 458.88 l S BT 111.6 454.08 TD 0.0998 Tc -0.0499 Tw (1 ) Tj ET [] 0 d 130.32 521.28 m 133.44 521.28 l S 130.32 557.76 m 133.44 557.76 l S 130.32 583.92 m 133.44 583.92 l S 130.32 604.08 m 133.44 604.08 l S 130.32 620.64 m 133.44 620.64 l S 130.32 634.56 m 133.44 634.56 l S 130.32 646.8 m 133.44 646.8 l S 130.32 657.36 m 133.44 657.36 l S 128.4 667.2 m 135.36 667.2 l S [0 3.36 ] 0 d 132 667.2 m 509.52 667.2 l S BT 102.96 662.4 TD (10 ) Tj ET BT 0 1 -1 0 97.44 328.08 Tm 0 Tc 0 Tw (Relative Biomass \(treatment/control\)) Tj ET [] 0 d 132 244.08 m 132 257.28 l S BT 114.48 221.04 TD 0.0874 Tc -0.0374 Tw (0.01 ) Tj ET 160.56 246.48 m 160.56 255.12 l S 177.12 246.48 m 177.12 255.12 l S 188.88 246.48 m 188.88 255.12 l S 198 246.48 m 198 255.12 l S 205.44 246.48 m 205.44 255.12 l S 211.68 246.48 m 211.68 255.12 l S 217.2 246.48 m 217.2 255.12 l S 222.24 246.48 m 222.24 255.12 l S 226.56 244.08 m 226.56 257.28 l S BT 213.6 221.04 TD 0.0832 Tc -0.0333 Tw (0.1 ) Tj ET 254.64 246.48 m 254.64 255.12 l S 271.44 246.48 m 271.44 255.12 l S 283.2 246.48 m 283.2 255.12 l S 292.32 246.48 m 292.32 255.12 l S 300 246.48 m 300 255.12 l S 306.24 246.48 m 306.24 255.12 l S 311.52 246.48 m 311.52 255.12 l S 316.56 246.48 m 316.56 255.12 l S 320.64 244.08 m 320.64 257.28 l S BT 314.16 221.04 TD 0.0998 Tc -0.0499 Tw (1 ) Tj ET 349.2 246.48 m 349.2 255.12 l S 366 246.48 m 366 255.12 l S 377.52 246.48 m 377.52 255.12 l S 386.64 246.48 m 386.64 255.12 l S 394.32 246.48 m 394.32 255.12 l S 400.56 246.48 m 400.56 255.12 l S 406.08 246.48 m 406.08 255.12 l S 411.12 246.48 m 411.12 255.12 l S 415.2 244.08 m 415.2 257.28 l S BT 404.4 221.04 TD (10 ) Tj ET 443.52 246.48 m 443.52 255.12 l S 460.32 246.48 m 460.32 255.12 l S 472.08 246.48 m 472.08 255.12 l S 481.2 246.48 m 481.2 255.12 l S 488.64 246.48 m 488.64 255.12 l S 495.12 246.48 m 495.12 255.12 l S 500.4 246.48 m 500.4 255.12 l S 505.44 246.48 m 505.44 255.12 l S 509.52 244.08 m 509.52 257.28 l S BT 494.64 221.04 TD (100 ) Tj -286.32 -18.72 TD 0.0453 Tc 0.0046 Tw (Relative Conc. \(treatment/CCC\)) Tj ET 0.24 w 0 0 1 RG 0 0 1 rg 208.56 463.92 m 212.88 453.36 l 217.2 463.92 l 208.56 463.92 l b* 285.6 473.76 m 289.92 463.2 l 294.24 473.76 l 285.6 473.76 l b* 325.2 470.4 m 329.52 459.6 l 333.84 470.4 l 325.2 470.4 l b* 370.56 451.44 m 374.88 440.64 l 379.2 451.44 l 370.56 451.44 l b* 208.56 463.92 m 212.88 453.36 l 217.2 463.92 l 208.56 463.92 l b* 285.6 523.2 m 289.92 512.64 l 294.24 523.2 l 285.6 523.2 l b* 325.2 431.52 m 329.52 420.72 l 333.84 431.52 l 325.2 431.52 l b* 370.56 632.64 m 374.88 622.08 l 379.2 632.64 l 370.56 632.64 l b* 370.56 632.64 m 374.88 622.08 l 379.2 632.64 l 370.56 632.64 l b* 0 0 0.502 RG 221.76 451.68 m 227.52 466.08 l 233.52 451.68 l 221.76 451.68 l S 292.56 468.24 m 298.56 482.64 l 304.32 468.24 l 292.56 468.24 l S 345.36 442.32 m 351.12 456.72 l 357.12 442.32 l 345.36 442.32 l S 397.44 412.56 m 403.44 426.96 l 409.2 412.56 l 397.44 412.56 l 403.44 426.96 l 409.2 412.56 l 397.44 412.56 l S 1 0 0 RG 1 0 0 rg 245.04 458.88 m 245.04 461.2646 243.4272 463.2 241.44 463.2 c 239.4528 463.2 237.84 461.2646 237.84 458.88 c 237.84 456.4954 239.4528 454.56 241.44 454.56 c 243.4272 454.56 245.04 456.4954 245.04 458.88 c b 321.84 456 m 321.84 458.3847 320.281 460.32 318.36 460.32 c 316.439 460.32 314.88 458.3847 314.88 456 c 314.88 453.6154 316.439 451.68 318.36 451.68 c 320.281 451.68 321.84 453.6154 321.84 456 c b 342.24 444.48 m 342.24 446.8646 340.681 448.8 338.76 448.8 c 336.839 448.8 335.28 446.8646 335.28 444.48 c 335.28 442.0953 336.839 440.16 338.76 440.16 c 340.681 440.16 342.24 442.0953 342.24 444.48 c b 394.32 417.12 m 394.32 419.5047 392.7072 421.44 390.72 421.44 c 388.7328 421.44 387.12 419.5047 387.12 417.12 c 387.12 414.7354 388.7328 412.8 390.72 412.8 c 392.7072 412.8 394.32 414.7354 394.32 417.12 c b 217.92 458.88 m 217.92 461.2646 216.361 463.2 214.44 463.2 c 212.519 463.2 210.96 461.2646 210.96 458.88 c 210.96 456.4954 212.519 454.56 214.44 454.56 c 216.361 454.56 217.92 456.4954 217.92 458.88 c b 295.68 455.28 m 295.68 457.6646 294.121 459.6 292.2 459.6 c 290.279 459.6 288.72 457.6646 288.72 455.28 c 288.72 452.8954 290.279 450.96 292.2 450.96 c 294.121 450.96 295.68 452.8954 295.68 455.28 c b 326.4 462.72 m 326.4 465.1046 324.841 467.04 322.92 467.04 c 320.999 467.04 319.44 465.1046 319.44 462.72 c 319.44 460.3354 320.999 458.4 322.92 458.4 c 324.841 458.4 326.4 460.3354 326.4 462.72 c b 374.16 450.48 m 374.16 452.8647 372.5472 454.8 370.56 454.8 c 368.5728 454.8 366.96 452.8647 366.96 450.48 c 366.96 448.0953 368.5728 446.16 370.56 446.16 c 372.5472 446.16 374.16 448.0953 374.16 450.48 c b 231.12 458.88 m 231.12 461.2646 229.561 463.2 227.64 463.2 c 225.719 463.2 224.16 461.2646 224.16 458.88 c 224.16 456.4954 225.719 454.56 227.64 454.56 c 229.561 454.56 231.12 456.4954 231.12 458.88 c b 301.92 440.16 m 301.92 442.5446 300.361 444.48 298.44 444.48 c 296.519 444.48 294.96 442.5446 294.96 440.16 c 294.96 437.7753 296.519 435.84 298.44 435.84 c 300.361 435.84 301.92 437.7753 301.92 440.16 c b 348.24 378.48 m 348.24 380.8647 346.681 382.8 344.76 382.8 c 342.839 382.8 341.28 380.8647 341.28 378.48 c 341.28 376.0953 342.839 374.16 344.76 374.16 c 346.681 374.16 348.24 376.0953 348.24 378.48 c b 406.8 365.04 m 406.8 367.4247 405.241 369.36 403.32 369.36 c 401.399 369.36 399.84 367.4247 399.84 365.04 c 399.84 362.6554 401.399 360.72 403.32 360.72 c 405.241 360.72 406.8 362.6554 406.8 365.04 c b 406.8 365.04 m 406.8 367.4247 405.241 369.36 403.32 369.36 c 401.399 369.36 399.84 367.4247 399.84 365.04 c 399.84 362.6554 401.399 360.72 403.32 360.72 c 405.241 360.72 406.8 362.6554 406.8 365.04 c b 0 0 1 RG 252.48 462.24 m 255.12 458.88 l 258.24 462.24 l 252.48 462.24 l b* 252.48 455.04 m 255.12 458.88 l 258.24 455.04 l 252.48 455.04 l b* 315.6 518.16 m 318.48 514.56 l 321.36 518.16 l 315.6 518.16 l b* 315.6 510.96 m 318.48 514.56 l 321.36 510.96 l 315.6 510.96 l b* 336 486.24 m 338.88 482.64 l 341.76 486.24 l 336 486.24 l b* 336 479.04 m 338.88 482.64 l 341.76 479.04 l 336 479.04 l b* 387.84 546.24 m 390.72 542.88 l 393.84 546.24 l 387.84 546.24 l b* 387.84 539.04 m 390.72 542.88 l 393.84 539.04 l 387.84 539.04 l b* 224.88 462.24 m 227.52 458.88 l 230.64 462.24 l 224.88 462.24 l b* 224.88 455.04 m 227.52 458.88 l 230.64 455.04 l 224.88 455.04 l b* 295.68 452.16 m 298.56 448.8 l 301.44 452.16 l 295.68 452.16 l b* 295.68 444.96 m 298.56 448.8 l 301.44 444.96 l 295.68 444.96 l b* 342 430.32 m 344.88 426.96 l 348 430.32 l 342 430.32 l b* 342 423.12 m 344.88 426.96 l 348 423.12 l 342 423.12 l b* 400.56 439.92 m 403.44 436.32 l 406.32 439.92 l 400.56 439.92 l b* 400.56 432.72 m 403.44 436.32 l 406.32 432.72 l 400.56 432.72 l b* 400.56 439.92 m 403.44 436.32 l 406.32 439.92 l 400.56 439.92 l b* 400.56 432.72 m 403.44 436.32 l 406.32 432.72 l 400.56 432.72 l b* 0.502 0 0 RG 216.72 463.92 m 225.36 453.36 l S 225.36 463.92 m 216.72 453.36 l S 216.72 463.92 m 225.36 463.92 l 225.36 453.36 l 216.72 453.36 l 216.72 463.92 l S 294.24 456.72 m 302.88 446.16 l S 302.88 456.72 m 294.24 446.16 l S 294.24 456.72 m 302.88 456.72 l 302.88 446.16 l 294.24 446.16 l 294.24 456.72 l S 334.56 432.72 m 343.2 421.92 l S 343.2 432.72 m 334.56 421.92 l S 334.56 432.72 m 343.2 432.72 l 343.2 421.92 l 334.56 421.92 l 334.56 432.72 l S 399.12 264.24 m 407.76 253.68 l S 407.76 264.24 m 399.12 253.68 l S 399.12 264.24 m 407.76 264.24 l 407.76 253.68 l 399.12 253.68 l 399.12 264.24 l S 230.16 463.92 m 238.8 453.36 l S 238.8 463.92 m 230.16 453.36 l S 230.16 463.92 m 238.8 463.92 l 238.8 453.36 l 230.16 453.36 l 230.16 463.92 l S 307.44 452.16 m 316.08 441.6 l S 316.08 452.16 m 307.44 441.6 l S 307.44 452.16 m 316.08 452.16 l 316.08 441.6 l 307.44 441.6 l 307.44 452.16 l S 360.48 433.44 m 369.12 422.88 l S 369.12 433.44 m 360.48 422.88 l S 360.48 433.44 m 369.12 433.44 l 369.12 422.88 l 360.48 422.88 l 360.48 433.44 l S 412.56 264.24 m 421.2 253.68 l S 421.2 264.24 m 412.56 253.68 l S 412.56 264.24 m 421.2 264.24 l 421.2 253.68 l 412.56 253.68 l 412.56 264.24 l 421.2 253.68 l S 421.2 264.24 m 412.56 253.68 l S 412.56 264.24 m 421.2 264.24 l 421.2 253.68 l 412.56 253.68 l 412.56 264.24 l S 0 0 0.502 RG 0 0 0.502 rg 244.8 454.32 7.2 8.88 re b 314.88 439.44 7.2 9.12 re b 341.28 457.44 7.2 8.88 re b 387.12 420 7.44 8.88 re b 224.16 454.32 7.2 8.88 re b 301.44 463.44 7.2 8.88 re b 341.28 397.2 7.2 8.88 re b 413.28 254.4 7.2 9.12 re b 210.96 454.32 7.2 8.88 re b 282.96 457.92 7.44 8.88 re b 341.28 411.6 7.2 8.88 re b 413.28 391.2 7.2 8.88 re b 413.28 391.2 7.2 8.88 re b 0 0 0 RG 231.6 458.88 m 243.36 458.88 l S 237.36 466.08 m 237.36 451.68 l S 288.48 459.6 m 300.24 459.6 l S 294.24 466.8 m 294.24 452.4 l S 346.08 392.4 m 357.6 392.4 l S 351.84 399.6 m 351.84 385.2 l S 393.84 259.2 m 405.36 259.2 l S 399.6 266.4 m 399.6 252 l S 217.68 458.88 m 229.44 458.88 l S 223.68 466.08 m 223.68 451.68 l S 274.8 483.36 m 286.56 483.36 l S 280.8 490.56 m 280.8 476.16 l S 332.16 321.36 m 343.92 321.36 l S 338.16 328.56 m 338.16 314.16 l S 379.92 259.2 m 391.68 259.2 l S 385.68 266.4 m 385.68 252 l S 1.68 w 1 1 1 rg 145.92 645.84 376.08 59.04 re b 0 0 0 rg 522 703.44 m 522 645.84 l 147.6 645.84 l 147.6 646.08 l 522 646.08 l 522 703.44 l b* 0.24 w 0 0 1 RG 0 0 1 rg 155.52 693.36 m 159.84 682.8 l 164.16 693.36 l 155.52 693.36 l b* BT 172.08 685.68 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 8.4 Tf -0.1539 Tc 0.2187 Tw (fathead minnow) Tj ET 1.68 w 0 0 0.502 RG 246 680.88 m 252 695.28 l 257.76 680.88 l 246 680.88 l S BT 264.24 685.68 TD -0.1776 Tc 0 Tw (bluegill) Tj ET 1 0 0 RG 1 0 0 rg 347.76 688.08 m 347.76 690.4646 346.1472 692.4 344.16 692.4 c 342.1728 692.4 340.56 690.4646 340.56 688.08 c 340.56 685.6953 342.1728 683.76 344.16 683.76 c 346.1472 683.76 347.76 685.6953 347.76 688.08 c b BT 356.64 685.68 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0981 Tc 0.1629 Tw (channel catfish) Tj ET 0 0 1 RG 1 0 0 rg 433.44 691.68 m 436.32 688.08 l 439.44 691.68 l 433.44 691.68 l b* 433.44 684.48 m 436.32 688.08 l 439.44 684.48 l 433.44 684.48 l b* BT 448.8 685.68 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0603 Tc 0.1251 Tw (white sucker) Tj ET 0.502 0 0 RG 155.52 667.92 m 164.16 657.36 l S 164.16 667.92 m 155.52 657.36 l S 155.52 667.92 m 164.16 667.92 l 164.16 657.36 l 155.52 657.36 l 155.52 667.92 l S BT 172.08 660.24 TD -0.2294 Tc 0 Tw (walleye) Tj ET 0 0 0.502 RG 0 0 0.502 rg 248.4 658.32 7.2 8.88 re b BT 264.24 660.24 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.1114 Tc 0.1762 Tw (rainbow trout) Tj ET 0 0 0 RG 338.4 662.88 m 349.92 662.88 l S 344.16 670.08 m 344.16 655.68 l S BT 356.64 660.24 TD -0.1351 Tc 0.1999 Tw (fingernail clam) Tj ET 1 1 1 rg 207.36 422.64 69.36 25.44 re f BT 208.8 438.72 TD 0 0 0 rg -0.0991 Tc 0 Tw (Controls) Tj ET 404.4 265.2 m 404.4 248.64 l S 1 1 1 rg 404.4 248.64 m 399.12 248.64 l 404.4 232.56 l 409.92 248.64 l 404.4 248.64 l b* 415.92 264.96 m 415.92 248.4 l S 415.92 248.4 m 410.64 248.4 l 415.92 232.32 l 421.44 248.4 l 415.92 248.4 l b* 417.6 263.04 m 417.6 246.72 l S 417.6 246.72 m 412.32 246.72 l 417.6 230.64 l 423.12 246.72 l 417.6 246.72 l b* 402 264.96 m 402 248.4 l S 402 248.4 m 396.48 248.4 l 402 232.32 l 407.28 248.4 l 402 248.4 l b* 387.6 264.96 m 387.6 248.4 l S 387.6 248.4 m 382.32 248.4 l 387.6 232.32 l 393.12 248.4 l 387.6 248.4 l b* endstream endobj 307 0 obj <>/ProcSet 377 0 R>>/Type/Page>> endobj 308 0 obj <>stream BT 295.92 38.64 TD 0 0 0 rg /F1 12 Tf 0.048 Tc 0 Tw (147) Tj -223.92 690.72 TD /F0 13.92 Tf -0.0551 Tc 0.0254 Tw (Appendix 9. Water-Effect Ratios) Tj 0 -43.2 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0624 Tc -0.0384 Tw (Although the current guidance concerning Water-Effect Ratios \(WERs\) mainly) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0264 Tc -0.0024 Tw (concerns their use with metals \(U.S. EPA 1994\), EPA provides for the determination) Tj T* 0.0287 Tc -0.0047 Tw (and use of WERs for ammonia. Because pH is the factor that has been shown to) Tj T* 0.033 Tc -0.009 Tw (substantially affect the toxicity of total ammonia in fresh water and the freshwater) Tj T* 0.0224 Tc 0.0016 Tw (criterion for ammonia is adjusted for pH, EPA expects that WERs for ammonia will) Tj T* 0.0306 Tc -0.0066 Tw (usually be close to 1. Indeed, most experimentally determined WERs for ammonia) Tj T* 0.0466 Tc -0.0226 Tw (have been close to 1:) Tj T* 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (a.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0473 Tc -0.0233 Tw (Gersich and Hopkins \(1986\) and Mayes et al. \(1986\) reported that the acute and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0184 Tc 0.0056 Tw (chronic toxicity of ammonia in Tittabawassee River water was about the same as) Tj T* 0.0596 Tc -0.0356 Tw (reported by other investigators in laboratory dilution waters.) Tj -14.4 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (b.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.038 Tc -0.014 Tw (When Nimmo et al. \(1989\) compared a river water with a well water, the four WERs) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.034 Tc -0.01 Tw (ranged from 0.84 to 1.3; the four WERs obtained in comparisons of a wastewater) Tj T* 0.0206 Tc 0.0034 Tw (with the well water ranged from 0.5 to 1.5.) Tj -14.4 -14.16 TD 0.012 Tc 0 Tw (c.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0396 Tc -0.0156 Tw (Diamond et al. \(1993\) obtained WERs of 1.1 and 2.0 with the fathead minnow and) Tj 0 -14.16 TD /F3 12 Tf 0.019 Tc 0.005 Tw (Daphnia magna) Tj 84.96 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0376 Tc -0.0136 Tw (, respectively, using a well water and a pH-adjusted laboratory water.) Tj -99.36 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (d.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0286 Tc -0.0046 Tw (In comparisons of a sewage effluent \(pH=7.86 to 7.94\) and a well water \(pH=8.15 to) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.047 Tc -0.023 Tw (8.17\), Monda et al. \(1995\) found WERs of 0.83 and 0.62 with a chironomid.) Tj -14.4 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (e.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0591 Tc -0.0351 Tw (Using five species and waters from eight rivers, Willingham \(1996\) obtained) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0485 Tc -0.0245 Tw (nineteen WERs that ranged from 0.57 to 1.47; one other WER was 3.) Tj -14.4 -14.16 TD 0.024 Tc 0 Tw (f.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0232 Tc 0.0008 Tw (Acute and chronic tests with the fathead minnow and ) Tj 285.36 0 TD /F3 12 Tf -0.0092 Tc 0.0332 Tw (Ceriodaphnia dubia) Tj 103.92 0 TD /F1 12 Tf 0.0465 Tc -0.0225 Tw ( produced) Tj -389.28 -14.16 TD 0.0558 Tc -0.0318 Tw (four WERs that ranged from about 0.73 to 1.07 for Lake Mead \(Willingham 1987\).) Tj -14.4 -14.16 TD 0.036 Tc 0 Tw (g.) Tj 14.4 0 TD 0.0265 Tc -0.0025 Tw (Camp Dresser and McKee \(1997\) reported a WER of 2.5 with the fathead minnow,) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0414 Tc -0.0174 Tw (but the test in site water lasted for seven days, whereas the tests in laboratory) Tj T* 0.0513 Tc -0.0273 Tw (dilution waters lasted for 30 and 350 days.) Tj -14.4 -14.16 TD 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (Although some of these WERs were not determined according to the guidance) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0193 Tc 0.0047 Tw (presented in U.S. EPA \(1984\) and some might not have been adjusted for a pH) Tj T* 0.0493 Tc -0.0253 Tw (difference in the waters, they do illustrate that experimentally-determined WERs for) Tj T* 0.0385 Tc -0.0145 Tw (ammonia are likely to be close to 1.) Tj 0 -28.32 TD 0.0468 Tc -0.0228 Tw (It is possible that WERs for ammonia might be substantially different from 1 if there is) Tj 0 -14.16 TD 0.0678 Tc -0.0438 Tw (an interaction with other pollutants or if there is a substantial difference in ionic) Tj T* 0.0474 Tc -0.0234 Tw (composition, possibly in conjunction with a difference in pH or hardness \(Ankley et al.) Tj T* 0.0261 Tc -0.0021 Tw (1995; Borgmann 1994; Borgmann and Borgmann 1997; Russo et al. 1988\). WERs) Tj T* 0.0358 Tc -0.0118 Tw (might also be different from 1 if they are used to derive criteria for ammonia at pH<6.5) Tj T* 0.0444 Tc -0.0204 Tw (or pH>9.0. The pH of each of the waters used in the determination of the WERs given) Tj T* 0.0349 Tc -0.0109 Tw (above was between 7.3 and 8.7, except that pH was not reported by Willingham) Tj T* 0.0415 Tc -0.0175 Tw (\(1996\). Even though it appears that most WERs for ammonia will usually be close to) Tj T* 0.0451 Tc -0.0211 Tw (1.0, States and Tribes may nevertheless determine and use WERs to derive site-) Tj T* 0.0268 Tc -0.0028 Tw (specific criteria for ammonia. For this purpose EPA recommends the procedures of) Tj T* 0.0051 Tc 0.0189 Tw (U.S. EPA \(1994\).) 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