Eliminating CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform
in Precision Cleaning Operations
Final
June 1991
Revised October 1994
Printed on Recycled Paper
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ELIMINATING CFC-113 AND METHYL CHLOROFORM
IN PRECISION CLEANING OPERATIONS
by
1COLP Technical Committee*
Bryan Baxter (Chairman)
Abyd Karmali
Farzan Riza
John Stemniski
Ron Stephenson
Richard Szymanowski
David Vickers
Bob Woodwell
Stephen O. Andersen
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Revised by
Stephen O. Andersen, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Nina Bonneiycke, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
John Sparks, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Michael Zatz, ICF Incorporated
* ICOLP is the International Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection ICOLP corporate member companies include AT&T, British
f Aerospace Delense. Ford Motor Company, Hitachi, Honeywell, IBM Corporation, Mitsubishi Electric CorporationvMotoroIa Corporation,
Ontario Hydro, Northern Telecom, Texas Instruments, and Toshiba Corporation, Industry association affiliates include American
hlectronies Association. Association Pour la Research et Development des Methodes et Processus Indusineli, CANACINTRA (Mexico).
Center lor Global Change, Electronic Industries Association. Halogenated Solvents Industry Alliance (U.S.), Industrial Technology
Research Institute of Taiwan. Japan Electrical Manufacturers Association. Korea Ann-Pollution Movement, and Korea Specialty Chemical
Industry Association Government xand NGO affiliates include the City of Irvine (CA), National Academy of Engineering, Research
Tnangle Institute, Russian Institute of .Applied Chemistry, Russian Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources. Swedish
National Environmental Protection Agency. Technology Development Foundation of Turkey, Turkish Ministry of the Environment. I Inited
Nations Environment Programme. U.S. Air Force, and U.S. Environmental Protection-Agency (EPA)
< %
Bryan Baxter is employed by British Aerospace; Ron Stephenson is employed by Boeing Company; David Vickers is employed by Digital
Equipment Corporation, John Stemniski is employed by Draper Laboratory, Bob Woodwell is employed by Honeywell, Abyd Karmali and
Farzan Riza are employed by ICF Incorporated; and Richard Szymanowski is employed by Northern Telecom We would like to thank
the many individuals and companies that provided insight and information that helped produce tins'manual This manual was funded by
the I !_S. EPA and ICOLP
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Ill
Disclaimer
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the International Cooperative for Ozone
Layer Protection (ICOLP), the ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ
the ICOLP committee members do not endorse the cleaning performance, worker safety, or
environmental acceptability of any of the technical options discussed. Every cleaning
operation requires, consideration of worker safety and proper disposal of contaminants and
waste products generated from the cleaning processes. Moreover, as work continues,
including additional toxicity testing and evaluation under Section 612 (Safe Alternatives
Policy) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 and elsewhere, more information on the
health, environmental and safety effects of alternatives will become available for use in
selecting among the alternatives discussed in this document.
EPA and ICOLP, in furnishing or distributing this information, do not make any warranty
or representation, either express or implied, with respect to its accuracy, completeness, or
utility; nor does EPA and ICOLP assume any liability of any kind whatsoever resulting from
the use of%or reliance upon, any information, material, or procedure contained herein,
including but not limited to any claims regarding health, safety, environmental effects or fate,
efficacy, or performance, made by the source of the information.
Mention of any company or product in this document is for informational purposes only, and
does not constitute a recommendation of any such company or product, either express or
implied by EPA, ICOLP, ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the
ICOLP committee members. !
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Table of Contents
List of Exhibits vii
Foreword | 1
! * .
The Montreal Protocol , 1
International Phaseout Schedules .. • 1
Excise Tax, 5
Cooperative Efforts .., 6
Structure of the Manual 9
I
Introduction to Precision Cleaning 11
Historical Perspective , 11
Industries Using CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform for Precision Cleaning ..... 12
Industrial Dependence on CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform .12
Existing Cleaning Process Characterization ; 17
i
Analyze Basting Cleaning Methods 17
Determine if Solvent Cleaning is Necessary 18
Analyze Solvent Disposal Procedures ...... ^ 18
Characterize the Soils and Their Sources 21
Characterize the Substrate 22
Methodology for Selecting an Alternative Cleaning Process 25
*
Organizational 25
Policy and Regulatory ; 25
Technical ... .! . 25
Economic ,. 30
Environmental, Health, and Safety 30
. Review of the Program f . 33
Alternatives to CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform 35
"Good Housekeeping" Practices . . . . .| 37
Aqueous Cleaning 39
Semi-Aqueous Cleaning ...... 47
Pressurized Gases '. . . 51
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Table of Contents (Continued)
• \
Supercritical Fluids .55
Gas Plasma Cleaning 59
Ultraviolet light/Ozone Cleaning Method • f ^.... 61
CO2 Snow 63
Aliphatic Hydrocarbons i....... 65
Perfluorocarbons ... — ." .67
Alcohol Cleaning with Perfluorocarbon , 69
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons for Essential Applications 71
. N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone 77
Other Organic Solvents - 79
Other Chlorinated Solvents 83
Volatile Methyl Siloxanes ...» 87
; '
Wastewater Minimization and Treatment 91
Pre-Treatment of Water 91
Post-Treatment of Water 91
Wastewater Quality 92
Wastewater Minimization 92
Wastewater Treatment Technologies 94
Conceptual Design of a Wastewater Treatment System 97
Contract Hauling of Wastewater 97
Summary and Review .,.../.. 99
Case Studies of Industrial Practices '. 101
Case Study #1: Aqueous Process for Cleaning Disk Drives 103
Case Study #2: Alcohol with Perfluorocarbon Cleaning Process 105
Case Study #3: Aqueous Processes for Cleaning Inertial System Parts ..... 109
References ., '. Ill,
"Glossary '. „ 115
Appendix A - International Cooperative for Ozone Layer Protection 119
Appendix B - List of Vendors tor CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform Solvent
Cleaning Substitutes 121
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List of Exhibits
Exhibit 1 Parties to the Montreal Protocol 2
Exhibit 2 Successful Corporate Ozone-Depleting Solvent Phaseouts 3
Exhibit 3 Size Comparison of Computer Disk Drive Head Clearance with
Various Contaminants 13
Exhibit 4 Principal Properties of CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform . 1..... 15
Exhibit 5 CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform Usage Profile ... 19
Exhibit 6 Aqueous Cleaning: Advantages and Disadvantages 40
Exhibit 7 Aqueous Cleaning Process Equipment 42
Exhibit 8 Configuration of Aqueous Cleaning Process : 44
Exhibit 9 Semi-Aqueous Process for Immiscible Hydrocarbon Solvent . 49
Exhibit 10 Data for Typical Supercritical Solvents 56
Exhibit 11 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Applications 57
Exhibit 12 Basic Model Design for Carbon Dioxide Supercritical Cleaning System . 58
Exhibit 13 Properties of Aliphatic Solvents .... — 66
Exhibit 14 Perfluorocarbon (PFC) Compatibility with Various Materials ........ 68
Exhibit 15 Physical Properties of HCFCs and Other Solvent Blends 71
Exhibit 16a Advanced Design Degreaser for Use with Low Boiling Point
Solvents L 74
Exhibit 16b Advanced Design Degreaser for Use with Low Boiling Point
Solvents • .' 75
Exhibit 16c Stacked Low Emission pegreaser With Solvent Saving
Features 76
Exhibit 17 Summary of Properties of N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone , 77
Exhibit 18 NMP Cleaning Processes 78
Exhibit 19 Properties of Ketones •'...., 81
Exhibit 20 Properties of Alcohols 82
Exhibit 21 Control Equipment Combinations and Alternative Idling Limits
under NESHAPs ; 84
Exhibit 22 Alternative Total Emissions Limits under NESHAPs '. 85
Exhibit 23 Properties of Chlorinated Solvents "85
' Exhibit 24 Properties of Sample VMS Blends 88
Exhibit 25 Compatibility of Sample VMS Blends with Elastomers 88
/ Exhibit 26 Compatibility of Sample VMS Blends with Plastics 89
Exhibit 27 Semi-Continuous Wastewater Treatment Process * 98
Exhibit 28 Diagram of Functional Prototype Alcohol with Periluorocarbon
Cleaning Machine . 107
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FOREWORD
This manual bas been developed jointly by the
International Cooperative for Ozone Layer
Protection (ICOLP) and the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to aid the phaseout of
ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) in precision
cleaning applications. It will prove useful to
manufacturers world-wide because the procedures
used to precision clean parts apply to all
manufacturers, regardless of location or size. The
manual has been prepared by the U.S. EPA and an
international committee of experts from the
solvent cleaning industry. Committee members
represent both developed and developing countries.
The manual .describes a step-by-step approach for
characterizing the use of ozone-depleting solvents
and identifying and evaluating alternatives. It is a
"how-to" document which describes all of the steps
necessary to successfully phase out the use of CFC-
113 and methyl chloroform (MCF) in precision
cleaning applications. Many of the alternatives
described are currently in use at major companies
around the world. The manual addresses primary
cleaning applications and gives brief descriptions of
the commercially available alternatives to CFC-113
and MCF. The manual provides sufficient
technical information on the solvent alternatives to
enable users to gather more detailed information
on their alternatives of choice. A 'list of
equipment and materials vendors is provided to
facilitate such further research.
The Montreal Protocol
The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that
.Deplete the Ozone Layer and subsequent 1990 and
1992 amendments and adjustments control the
production and consumption of ODSs
internationally. As a result of the most recent
meetings in Copenhagen in ^November 1992, two
chemicals commonly used as solvents are scheduled
to be phased out. The chlorofluorocarbon 1,1,2-
trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane (commonly referred
to as CFC-113) and 1,1,1-triehloroethane
(commonly referred to as methyl chloroform,or
MCF), will be completely phased out in developed
countries by 1996, and in developing countries
between 2006 and 2015, depending on decisions
taken by the Parties to the Protocol in 1995. In
addition, the 1992 amendments •• include a
developed country production freeze and reduction
schedule for hydroclilorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),
with a phaseout in developed countries by the year
2030.
Exhibit 1 lists the countries that are Parties to-the
Montreal Protocol as of February 1994. In
addition, many companies world-wide have
corporate policies to expedite the phaseout of
ozone-depleting chemicals. Exhibit 2 lists
corporations around the world that have
successfully phased out their use of ODSs.
In addition to providing regulatory schedules for
the phaseout of ODSs, the Montreal Protocol
established a fund that will finance the agreed
incremental costs of phasing out ODSs by eligible
developing countries that are Party to the Protocol.
Eligible countries are defined as those developing
countries having a total annual consumption of
CFCs of less than 0.3 kg per person, and of MCF
and carbon tetrachloride of less than 0.2 kg per
person.
International Phaseout
Schedules
Several countries have passed legislation to phase
out CFC-113 and MCF earlier than target dates set
by the Montreal Protocol in an effort to slow
ongoing depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.
Their policies are summarized below.
Canada , .
Environment. Canada, the federal agency
responsible for environmental protection in
Canada, enacted a CFC phaseout program more
stringent than the Montreal Protocol.
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Environment Canada has also announced a series
of target dates for the phaseout of CFCs in specific
end uses. For solvent cleaning applications such as
metal and precision cleaning, it mandates a
phaseout of CFC-113 .by the end of 1994.
Production, imports, and exports of CFCs are to be
eliminated by January 1, 1996, with a 75 percent
reduction by January 1, 1994. " For carbon
teirachloride, the phaseout date is January 1,1995
— one year earlier than that mandated by the
Montreal Protocol. Halons were,eliminated by
January 1,1994. Production, imports, and exports
of MCF will be halted by January 1, 1996, with
interim reductions of 50 percent by January 1,
1994, and 85 percent by January 1,1995.
European Community
Under the Single European Act of 1987, the twelve
members of the European Community (EC) are
Algeria
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Bahamas
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Benin "
Bosnia/Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Canada
Central African
Republic
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo
Costa Rica
Cote d'lvoire
Croatia
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominica
Date February 1994
PARTIES TO
Ecuador
Egypt
El Salvador
EEC
Kji
Finland
France
Gambia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
-Grenada
Guatemala
Guinea
Guyana
Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Kiribati
Kuwait
Lebanon
Libyan Arab '
Jamahiriya
Liechtenstein
Exhibit I
THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL
Luxembourg
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritius
Mexico
Monaco
Morocco
Myanmar
Namibia
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger •
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Romania >
Republic of Korea
Russian Federation
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
Samoa
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
• .
,
Seychelles
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
Solomon Islands
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan _
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad & Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab
Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Viet Nam
Yugoslavia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
.-
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Exhibit 2
SUCCESSFUL CORPORATE OZONE-DEPLETING SOLVENT PHASEOUTS
A-dee
ADC Telecommunications
Advanced Micro Devices
Alcatel Network Systems
Apple Computer
Applied Magnetics
Aishin Seiki
Alps Electric
AT&T
Cadillac Gage
Calsonic
Canon
Corbin Russwin Hardware
Casio Computer
Chip Supply
Citizen Watch
Clarion
Compaq Computers
Conner Peripherals
Commms Engine
Diatek
Fuji Photo Film
Fujitsu
Funac
Hams Semiconductors
Hewlett Packard
Hitachi
Hitachi Metals
IBM
Ba Electric
Isuzu Motors
ITT Cannon
Japan Aviation Electronics
Kilovac
Kohyo Seiko
Kyocera
Mabuchi Motor
Matsushita
MDM
Minebea
Minolta Camera
Mitsubishi Electric
Mitsubishi Heavy Industry
Mitsubishi Motors
Mitsui High-tech
Motorola
Murata Erie RA.
Murata Manufacturing
National Semiconductor
NEC
NHK Spnng
Nihon Dempa Kogyo
Nissan
Nissan Diesel Motor
Northern Telecom
NRC
NSK
Olympus Optical
Omron
OTQSPX
Pacific Scientific EKD
Ricoh
Rohm
Sanyo MEG
Sanyo Energy
Seagate Technology
Seiko Epson
Seiko-sha
Sharp
Shm-etsu Polymer
SMC
Sony
Stanley Electtic
Sumitomo Electric
Sumitomo Special Metals
Sun Microsystems
Suzuki Motor
Symmons Industries
Taiyo Yuden
Talley Defense Systems
Thomson Consumer Electronics
3M
Toshiba
Toshiba Display Devices
Toyota Motor
Unisia JECCS
Victor Japan
Yamaha
Yokogawa Electric
Zexel
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subject to environmental directives issued by the
EC Governing Council. Members of the EC are
Belgium, Denmark, Germany, France, Greece,
Great Britain, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the
Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. Council
Regulation number 594/91 of March 4, 1991
includes regulatory provisions for the production
of substances that deplete the ozone layer. The
EC phaseout schedule for CFC-113 production is
more exacting than the Montreal Protocol. It
caUed for an 85 percent reduction of CFC-113
production by January 1, 1994 and a complete
phaseout by January 1, 1995. For MCF, the
schedule called for a 50 percent cut in production
by January 1, 1994 and* a complete phaseout by
January 1,1996. While all members must abide by
these directives, Council Regulation number
3322/88 of October 31, 1988 states that EC
members may take even more extensive unilateral
measures to protect the ozone layer.
European Free-Trade Agreement
Countries
The European Free Trade Agreement (EFTA)
countries of Austria, Finland, Iceland, Norway,
Sweden, and Switzerland, have each adopted
measures to completely phase out fully-
halogenated ODSs. Austria, Finland, Norway, and
Sweden will completely phase out their use of
CFC-113 in all applications by January 1, 1995.
Sweden plans to ohase out MCF by this date as
well. In addition, some EFTA countries have set
sector-specific interim phaseout dates for certain
solvent uses. Austria phased out CFC-113 in a
number of solvent cleaning applications by January
1,1994. Norway and Sweden eliminated their use
of CFC-113 on July 1,1991 and January 1, 1991,
respectively for all applications except textile dry
cleaning.
Japan
On May 13, 1992, the Ministry of International
Trade and Industry (MITJ) requested its 72
Industrial Associations to phase out CFC and
MCF usage by the end of 1995.
United States
The U.S. Clean Air Act (CAA), as amended in
1990, contains several provisions pertaining to
stratospheric ozone protection. ODSs are
categorized by the CAA as either Class I or Class
II substances. Class I substances include MCF,
three types of halons, carbon tetrachloride, and all
fully-halogenated CFCs, including CFC-113. Class
II substances include 33 t types of
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).' The sections
of the CAA important to users of this manual are
discussed below.
* Section 112: Notional Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
This section of the CAA requires the EPA to
develop emissions standards for 189 chemical
compounds listed as hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs). The list of HAPs includes the
chlorinated solvents as well as many organic
solvents likely to be used in precision cleaning
parts.
?
* Section 604 and Section 605: Phaseout of
Production and Consumption of Class I and Class
II Substances.
These sections detail the phaseout schedule for
both Class I and Class II substances. EPA
accelerated the schedule in response to both
former President George Bush's call for a more
rapid .phaseout and the recent amendments
made to the Protocol in Copenhagen.
* Section 610: Nonessential Products Containing
Chlorofluorocarbons *
This provision directs EPA to promulgate
regulations that prohibit the sale or distribution
of certain "nonessential" products that release'
Class I and Class 0 substances during their
manufacture, use, storage, or disposal.
• Section 611: Labeling
This section directed EPA to issue regulations
requiring the labeling of products that contain
or were manufactured with Class I and Class II
substances. Containers in which Class I and
Class II substances are stored must also be
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labeled. • The label will read "Warning:
Contains or manufactured with [insert name of
substance], a substance which harms public
health and environment by destroying ozone in
the upper atmosphere*. Hie label must clearly
identify the ODS by chemical name for easy
recognition by average consumers, and must be
placed so that it is clearly legible and
conspicuous.
Labeling regulations affecting Class I substances
took effect on May 15, 1993. Products
containing or manufactured with a Class II
substance must be labeled no later than January
1,2015.
Section 612: Safe Alternatives Polity
Section 612 establishes a framework for
evaluating the overall environmental and human
health impact of current and future alternatives
to ozone-depleting solvents. Such regulation
ensures that ODSs will be replaced by
substitutes that reduce overall risks to human
health and the environment. As a result of
provisions set in Section 612, the Environmental
Protection Agency:
• Issued rules in November 1992 that make it
unlawful to replace any Class I and Class II
substance with a substitute that may present
adverse effects to human health and the
environment when the EPA has identified
an available or potentially available
alternative that can reduce the overall risk
to human health and the environment.
• Has published a list of prohibited
substitutes, organized by use sector, and a
list of the corresponding alternatives;
• Will accept petitions to add or delete a
substance previously listed as a prohibited
substitute or an acceptable alternative;
• Requires any company that produces a
chemical substitute for a Class I substance
to notify EPA 90 days before the new or
existing chemical is introduced into
commerce as a significant new use of that
chemical. In addition, EPA must be
provided with the unpublished health and
safety studies/data on the substitute.
To implement Section 612 EPA has (1)
conducted environmental risk characterizations
for substitutes in each end use and (2)
established the Significant New Alternatives
Program (SNAP) to evaluate the substitutes for
Class I substances. EPA also initiated
discussions with NIOSH, OSHA, and other
. governmental and nongovernmental associations
to develop a consensus process for establishing
occupational exposure limits for the most
significant substitute chemicals. '
The environmental risk characterizations for the
substitutes involve a comprehensive analysis
based on the following criteria: ozone-depleting
.potential, flammabili ty, tosacity, exposure effects,
energy efficiency, degradation impacts, air,
water, and solid waste/hazardous waste pollution
effects, and global wanning potential.
Economic factors are also considered. EPA has
organized these assessments by use sector (i.e.
solvents, refrigeration, etc). "The risk
characterizations result in risk-management
strategies for each sector and substitute. EPA
has also categorized each substance as
' unacceptable, acceptable with limitations on use
or quantity, acceptable without comment, or
delayed pending further study. Petitions are
allowed to change a substance's status with the
burden of proof on the petitioner.
In early 1994, the EPA issued a list of
alternatives it found to be acceptable and
unacceptable according to this framework in its
Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP)
Program ruling. The list will be updated
regularly as new alternatives become available.
Excise Tax
As an incentive to reduce the production and
consumption of ODSs in the U.S., Congress placed
an excise tax on ODSs manufactured or imported
for use in the U.S. Taxes do not apply to recycled
chemicals. This tax provides a further incentive to
use alternatives arid substitutes to CFC-113 and
MCF and to recycle used chemicals. The tax
amounts are based on each chemical's ozone-
depleting, potential. These taxes have recently
been increased as a part of the U.S. Congress*
comprehensive energy bill of 1992.
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Tax Amount
* Calendar Year
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
Per
CFC-113
$1.096
'$1336
$2.68
$3.48
$4.28
Pound
MCF
$0.137
$0.167
'$0.211
$0.435
SOJ35
Cooperative Efforts
Japan
The Japanese Ozone Layer Protection Act gives its
Ministry of International Trade and • Industry
(MITI) the authorization to issue restrictions on
ODSs. MITI and the Environmental Agency have
established -the "Guidelines for Discharge
Reduction and Use Rationalization." Based upon
these guidelines, various government agencies have
provided administrative guidance and advice to the
.industries under their respective jurisdictions.
Specifically, MITI worked with the Japan Industrial
Conference for Ozone Layer Protection (JICOP)
to prepare two manuals that provide technical
information on alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF.
The manuals are titled: '
* Manual for Phasing-Out 1,1,1-Trichloroethane;
and
* Manual for Reduction in the Use of Ozone-
Depleting Substances.
Mm "also encourages industry to reduce
consumption of ODSs through'economic measures
such as tax incentives to promote the use of
equipment to recover and reuse solvents.
Sweden
TTie Government/Industry/Research Institution
sectors are conducting two major cooperative
efforts targeting the phaseout of ODSs and
chlorinated solvents:
• The TRE-project (Technology for Clean
Electronics); and
• The AMY-project (Cleaning of Metallic
surfaces).
In addition, direct support is being provided to
industry-for industrial scale introduction of new
technologies. These are, to name a few, closed
loop systems, microbiological cleaning systems, ion
exchange technologies, electrochemical cleaning
systems, vacuum evaporation systems, reverse
osmosis, and alternative solvent-based systems.
United States
EPA has been working with industry to
disseminate information on technically-feasible,
cost-effective, and environmentally-sound
alternatives to ODSs. As part of this effort, the*
Agency, along with ICOLP, prepared a series of
manuals that provide -technical information on
alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF. Additional
information about ICOLP can be found in
Appendix A. The manuals are based on actual
industrial experiences and serve as a guide to users
of CFC-113 and MCF worldwide. These manuals
will be updated periodically as technical
developments occur.
The complete set of manuals produced includes:
• Alternatives for CFC-113 and Methyl
Chloroform in Metal Cleaning.
• Aqueous and Semi-Aqueous Alternatives to
CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform Cleaning of
Printed Circuit Board Assemblies.
• Conservation and Recycling Practices for CFC-
113 and Methyl Chloroform.
• Eliminating CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform in
Aircraft Maintenance Procedures.
• Eliminating CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform in
Precision Cleaning Operations.
• No-Clean Soldering to Eliminate CFC-113 and
Methyl Chloroform Cleaning of Printed Circuit
Board Assemblies.
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This particular manual provides those in an
organization currently cleaning with ODSs with a
simply-structured program to help eliminate their
use of CFC-113 and/or MCF. Moreover, it
'presents alternative processes that can be used in
precision cleaning. Many of these processes are
currently in use around the world, The goal of the
manual is to:
* }
- Warn users of CFC-113 and MCF of the
impending halt in production and the
consequences to their operations;
* Identify the currently available and emerging
alternatives for CFC-113 and MCF;
• Provide an overview of the tasks that are
required to, successfully implement an
alternative process or chemical;
• Provide an overview • of the environmental,
health, safety, and other factors associated with
alternatives and the benefits achievable from the
phaseout of CFC-113 and MCF;
• Present detailed case studies on the actual
industrial applications of these technologies to:
— Identify unresolved problems in eliminating
CFC-113 and MCF; and
\
— Describe the equipment configuration of a
typical facility after it has eliminated its use
of CFC-113 and MCF.
>
This manual will benefit all users of CFC-113 and
MCF in the precision cleaning industry.
Ultimately, however, the success of a CFC-113 and
MCF elimination strategy will depend upon how
effectively reduction and elimination programs are
organized. Experience has also shown that a
strong education and training program for workers
using new processes results in greater efficiency
- and a smooth transition away from CFC-113 and
MCF. The development and implementation of
alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF for precision
cleaning present a challenge for most
organizations. The rewards for success are the
contribution to global environmental protection
and an increase in industrial efficiency.
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8
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STRUCTURE OF THE MANUAL
This manual is divided into the following sections:
• INTRODUCTION TO PRECISION CLEANING
This section provides some historical background on precision cleaning. In
particular, it explains the reasons for industry's dependence on CFC-113 and
MCF, and describes the factors that define precision cleaning applications.
• EXISTING CLEANING PROCESS CHARACTERIZATION
This section presents the 'initial steps a facility must take in order to reduce and
eliminate CFC-113 and MCF usage in cleaning procedures. It emphasizes the
importance of being familiar with the different aspects of the cleaning processes.
• METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTING AN ALTERNATIVE CLEANING
PROCESS
This section discusses various organizational, policy, technical, economic, and
environment, health, and safety issues that should be considered when selecting
a precision cleaning process.
• ALTERNATIVES TO CFC-113 AND METHYL CHLOROFORM
This section describes the operational principles, costs, and advantages and
disadvantages of several alternative technologies.
• WASTEWATER MINIMIZATION AND TREATMENT
This section presents methods to minimize and treat wastewater from aqueous
and semi-aqueous cleaning processes.
• CASE STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
This section provides examples of successful applications of alternative
technologies. '
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10
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11
INTRODUCTION TO PRECISION CLEANING
Precision cleaning is not easy to define. For this
reason, we will briefly examine the history of, and
requirements for, precision cleaning. This
information will describe the characteristics that
help to define precision cleaning applications.
CFC-113 and, to a lesser degree, MCF have been
the solvents of choice within the precision cleaning
industry. In order to assist a plant in finding
alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF, this manual will
first explain the reasons for industry's historical
dependence on these solvents. This understanding
will be useful in evaluating alternatives later on.
Historical Perspective
Since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution,
industry has been required to clean mechanical
components. Before assembling manufactured
parts, machining-lubricants and metallic residue
(swarf) must be removed. Aliphatic hydrocarbons
(paraffin, white mineral spirit, Stoddard solvent)
were widely used in heavy engineering such as
railroads, bridges, mining, shipbuilding, civil
engineering, and chemical plants where
dimensional tolerances were large and assemblies
were not critically sensitive to contamination. This
technology lasted unchanged for about 150 years.
But the technology gradually changed with a
growing concern for industrial safety, the need for
increased solvent power, and the manufacturing of
more precise components.
Precision component cleaning required the use of
more effective cleaning technologies than those
traditionally employed in heavy industries. The
mass production of watches provided the basis for
the "modern precision engineering industry. The
watch industry required a pure, chemically inert,
nonflammable, and reasonably nontoxic solvent.
This solvent would be used to clean small parts
and finished assemblies, so that particles (dusts,
metal swarf, etc.) and organic residues (oils, skin
fats, etc.) were removed, and contaminant-free final
assemblies could be made cheaply and quickly.
Pure synthetic solvents filled this requirement.
From this precision engineering basis, the modern
precision engineering industry has grown. The
specifications of defense and space technology
require this industry to achieve high levels of
sophistication. Yet, the basic concepts of precision
cleaning are still the same in modern industries.
Precision cleaning requires solvents with the
following characteristics:
• A volatile solvent-that leaves no residues;
e Sufficient solvent power to remove organic soils;
» Low surface tension to penetrate small spaces;
* High density to assist the lift-off of small
particles;
• Rapid drying;
» Low cost;
• Low toxicity; )
• Nonflammability.
The next section discusses the applications which
require these characteristics.
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12
Industries Using CFC-113
and Methyl Chloroform for
Precision Cleaning
Although precision,cleaning is needed in a wide
range of industries, several key factors define the
applications where precision cleaning is required:
These include those applications in which:
* Critical cleanliness standards of
paniculate and/or organic contami-
nants need to be satisfied;
• - Components have sensitive compati-
bilities;
» 'Components have physical
characteristics such as geometry and
porosity which make dewatering
crucial in the cleaning process; and
* Components being cleaned are
costly.
The following list provides an indication of the
wide and varied applicability of precision cleaning
operations.
• Electronics industry
— Microelectronics
* — Recording heads and components for disk
drives
~ Microswitches
— Miniature precision potentiometers
— Plastic electronics packaging
— Servo motors
— Solenoids
— Slip ring assemblies.
'• Medical
— Heart pacemakers
— Prosthesis manufacture
~ Contact lenses
— Hospital oxygen systems
-- Kidney dialysis capillaries
\
— Hypodermic needles.
i
« Defense
~ Inertial sensors and platforms
— Hydraulic systems for aircraft and missiles
— Decontamination of nuclear systems
— Decontamination of chemical agents
' — Flushing fuel systems
- Ball bearing manufacture and assembly.
» Aerospace
— Manufacture of airframe components
— Maintenance of avionics, auxiliary power
generators, oxygen systems, undercarriages,
flight controls, fuel systems.
A variety of paniculate and nonparticulate
contaminants are removed in precision cleaning
operations. Paniculate contamination includes
scrap material created during cutting, drilling,
grinding, and buffing of precision pans (e.g.,
silicon wafers and aluminum storage disk
substrates). Nonparticulate contamination in-
cludes waxes (used to hold silicon wafers during
semiconductor manufacturing), fingerprint oils,
and other contaminants.
As the term suggests, precision cleaning involves
cleaning components to extremely strict standards
of cleanliness. A good indication of the cleaning
ability required for precision cleaning processes is
provided in Exhibit 3, which shows the clearance
on a computer disk drive relative to the size of
various contaminants.
Industrial Dependence on
CFC-113 and Methyl
Chloroform
Although CFC-113 and MCF have relatively high
ozone-depleting potentials, they possess other
properties that, have made them ideal for precision
cleaning.
The characteristics that made CFC-113 the
precision. cleaning solvent of choice are its
remarkable chemical stability (manifested directly
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13 _
Jf-
Exhibits
SIZE COMPARISON OF COMPUTER DISK DRIVE
HEAD CLEARANCE WITH VARIOUS CONTAMINANTS
HUMAN HAIR
.003 INCHES
DIAMETER
LINT AND DUST
SMOKE PARTICLE *
250 MICRO INCHES
DIAMETER
FINGER PRINT
EDGE OF FLYING HEAD
FLYING HEAD
HEIGHT = 15
MICRO INCHES
OXIDE COATING (200 MICRO INCHES)
ALUMINUM SUBSTRATE SURFACE
Source: Digital Equipment Corporation
C47034-1
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14
in its compatibility to structural materials), its low
tenacity, and nonflammability. These properties
have allowed closed, superclean white-room
assembly areas to be operated safely and
effectively.
Probably the best example of the benefits of
solvent compatibility is in the cleaning of
beryllium, specifically in the inertial sensor
industry. As the performance requirements of
gyros increased for both defense and aerospace
applications, there was a need for a structural
material that combined low density with high
dimensional stability. Hot pressed beryllium
satisfied those requirements, with properties
unique among metals. It has one distinct
disadvantage — chemical reactivity, especially with
ionic chlorine. The availability of CFC-113 as a
pure, stable cleaning solvent has allowed beryllium
to be widely used as a structural material.
Another advantage of CFC-113 is its solvent
abilities with high density polychlorofluoroethylene
and polybromofluoroethylene compounds: liquids
with densities of 1.8 to 2.4 g/cm3 (at 158°F to
!76°F). These compounds are used as flotation
fluids in the gyro industry and are not soluble in
common solvents. Furthermore, flotation fluids
may contain other polymeric additives as property
modifiers that must not be affected by whatever
solvent is used. CFC-113 is compatible with all
current flotation fluids and is extremely useful in
this application.
MCF is also used in some precision cleaning
applications (e.g., medical). Its physical properties,
including its solvency, evaporation rate, and higher
boiling point, make it an ideal product for
removing certain soils. Like CFC-113, MCF is
both nonflammable and low in toxicity. The lower
cost of MCF is also a reason for its use as a
cleaner.
. Exhibit 4 provides a comprehensive list of the
principal properties of CFC-113 and MCF.
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Exhibit 4
PRINCIPAL PROPERTIES OF CFC-113
AND METHYL CHLOROFORM
Formula
Molecular Weight
Pounds Per Gallon at 68°F ;
Boiling Point °F
Freezing Point °F '
Coefficient of Expansion Per °F
Surface Tension At 68°F Dynes/cm
Solubility % By Weight at 68°F -
In Water ;
Of Water
Flash Point (Tag Closed Cup) °F
Flammable Limits % By Volume in Air;
Lower t
Upper
Toxicity P.EJL in PPM* |
Specific Heat Liquid At 68°F j
Btu/(lb)(°F)
Latent Heat of vaporization at
B.P. Btn/n> I
i
* i
Kauri-Butano] Value !
CFC-113
CCI2FCCIF2
187.39
13.16
117.63
-31
0.00089
19.6
0.017
6.0086
None
Nonflammable
Nonflammable
1000
0.22
63.12
31
MCF
CH3-CC13
133.4
11.16
165.20
-30.4
0.00008
25.56
0.15
0.03
None
8.0
10.5
350
0.43
103.18
124
* P.E.L. is the Permissible Exposure Limit as defined under the Occupational
Safety and Health Act.
Source: DuPont Company, Handbook of Standards for Solvents.
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EXISTING CLEANING PROCESS
CHARACTERIZATION
The first step in reducing and eventually
eliminating the use of CFC-113 and MCF in
precision cleaning is designating a team to
coordinate the effort. Team members should
represent various plant functions including process
design, production and production engineering,
environmental control, occupational health and
safety, quality control, and purchasing.
to order for the team to develop an effective
program, it must first acquire a good overall
knowledge of existing cleaning processes within its
facility. This knowledge will help the team to
identify and prioritize the cleaning operations to
which it must direct its attention. Once these
operations are identified, the team can analyze the
processes to reduce CFC-113/MCF usage and
determine cleaning requirements so that an
optimal alternative may be selected for each
application.
Acquiring an adequate knowledge of the precision
cleaning processes in a facility can be accomplished
through the use of surveys. The team should
determine the^quantities of CFC-113 and MCF
used in every aspect of the plant's operations. If
possible, the team should also visit the cleaning
shop(s) to observe existing procedures, interview
operators, and collect substrate and soil samples
for laboratory tests. The study should include a
flow chart of each manufacturing or maintenance
process as well as tabular summaries of soils,
substrates, and part geometry. Conducting the
survey will allow the team to establish contacts and
develop rapport with the individuals who will
ultimately be affected by the process change. The
cooperation and input of these individuals is
essential to the success of the phaseout program.
After the study has been ..completed, the team
should be able to characterize the different
cleaning operations in the plant. The following
sections suggest typical questions the team should
be able to answer about existing cleaning
processes, disposal' practices, the soils being
removed, and the substrates being cleaned.
Analyze Existing Cleaning
Methods
In order to reduce and eliminate the use of CFC-
113 and MCF in precision cleaning, the team must
identify and analyze all of the processes that use
these substances. Questions the team should be
able to answer include:
What processes incorporate CFC-
113 and MCF?
What quantity of CFC-113 and MCF
is used in each process?
Where do CFC-113'and MCF losses
occur?
Where does cleaning take place in
the facility?
What percentage of the time are the
cleaning machines in use?
How many parts are cleaned per day
per machine?
An effective way to collect such information is
through a written survey. Exhibit 5 shows an
example of a survey that -can be used to
characterize CFC-113 and MCF usage in all
aspects of the plant's operations. Of course, this
survey should be modified to fit each individual
plant.
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In. facilities where CFC-113 and MCF use is
extensive, the information gathered using surveys
and other -means can be stored in an electronic
database for future use. Hie creation of a
comprehensive database will allow the team to
monitor progress and to pinpoint areas in the
facility where consumption of ODSs remains high.
Facilities may choose to design the tracking system
themselves, hire a firm to create a custom system,
or purchase an existing system.
• >
Through familiarizing itself, with current usage
patterns, the team will not only know which
cleaning operations can utilize currently available
alternative cleaning methods, but also which,
operations can reduce their use of CFC-113 and
MCF until an acceptable method becomes
available. .
If the team finds that CFC-113 and MCF losses are
fairly high, they may suggest ways to" curb the loss,
such as using covers on vapor degreasers and using
wipe cloths and storage bags to save spilled CFC-
113/MCF. Taking such measures will help the
plant reduce its use of ozone depleting substances
until an alternative, .CMOS-free method is chosen.
Determine if Solvent
Cleaning Is Necessary
After identifying the processes where solvents are
being used, the next step is to determine whether
each cleaning step is necessary. The goal is to
pinpoint ways the plant can:
• improve housekeeping to eliminate ODS
use
* * change production materials or processes to
reduce or eliminate the soiling of parts
* change production materials so the soils can
be cleaned using non-ODS cleaning
technologies.
* consolidate operations
Practicing good t housekeeping measures involves
identifying all the CFC-113 and MCF uses within
a plant and determining whether these solvents
were intended for use in each application. In
many cases, the ozone-depleting substances are
used unnecessarily because of their convenience
and excellent cleaning characteristics. By
restricting CFC-113 and MCF use to intended or
essential applications, a plant can significantly
reduce its use of these solvents. Further discussion
of good housekeeping practices can be found in
the Alternative Materials and Processes section of
the manual.
Another way a plant can reduce or eliminate the
use of CFC-113 or MCF is by evaluating the
process that occurs before solvent cleaning, to see
if changing the materials or the process itself can
eliminate the soiling of parts or change the nature
of the soil. In doing this, a plant may render
'precision cleaning with CFC-113 or MCF
unnecessary.
Whenever it is possible, a plant should separate
components that require precision cleaning from
those needing only gross cleaning.
Once all 'the unnecessary solvent cleaning
operations are eliminated, the plant may want to
consider consolidating remaining operations into
one or a few locations. This will free-up floor
space within the plant, make it easier to keep track
of CFC-113 and MCF consumption, and possibly
lower operating costs through reduced electricity
and solvent use.
Analyze Solvent Disposal
Procedures
In addition to analyzing the cleaning processes, the
team should also analyze the facility's disposal
practices. Being familiar with disposal practices
will aid,the team in further reducing CFC-113 and
MCF usage. Questions the team should be able to,
answer include:
How is CFC-113 and MCF
reclaimed/disposed of after use?
How often is the CFC-113 and MCF
replaced in degreasing processes?
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Exhibit 5
CFC-113 AND METHYL CHLOROFORM USAGE PROFILE
SHOP NAME & LOCATION:
NAME OF CONTACT IN SHOP:
A. PROCESS
Parts Cleaned (be as specific as possible):
Current Cleaning Method (e.g, open-top vapor degreasing, conveyorfced vapor degreasing, cold
cleaning, dip tank, hand-wipe, aerosol, etc.):
Number of Cleaning Machines in Shop Which Use CFC-113 or MCF:
Controls on Cleaning Equipment (e.g. covers, extended freeboard, cooling coils, etc.):
Other Uses (e.g., carriers, drying):
Substrates Typically Cleaned:
Soils Typically Removed (e.g., dirt, oil, grease) (attach MSDS for the soil if available):
Standards to be met (e.g., military, ASTM):
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B. PRODUCTS USED
Generic Name of Solvent (circle one; use one survey for each chemical):
CFC-113 .MCF (1,1,1-trichloroethane)
Tirade Name of Solvent (e.g. Daiflon 113, Freon TF, Chlorothene SM, Triethane) (see Appendix
C for additional tradenames):
Manufacturer (e.g. Daikin, DuPont, Dow, PPG) (see Appendix C for additional manufacturers):
C. USE HISTORY
Quantity Purchased and Used Yearly, specify units (e,g, liters, gallons):
PURCHASED (quantity of solvent
purchased or requisitioned by this
shop for cleaning)
USED (quantity of solvent
consumed in this shop for cleaning)
1991
1992
1993
1994
D. CFC-113 AND MCF DISPOSAL PRACTICES
Quantity shipped out as
waste for disposal (specify
units):
Disposal costs:
Quantity shipped out for
recycling (specify units):
Cost of recycling:
Quantity recycled on site
(specify units):
Quantity lost to the
environment1 (through
leakage, spillage, testing,
dragout, evaporation,
etc.) (specify units)
1991
1992
1993
1994
-
i ,
1 This quantity can be calculated as follows: Quantity Lost = Quantity Purchased - Quantity
shipped out as waste.-
NOTE: The total quantity of CFC-113 and MCF used should be divided by the quantity of goods produced to obtain the
ratio of kilograms or pounds of CFC-113 and MCF used per production unit* This value can be a benchmark for
reduction and elimination programs.
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The team should ensure that the used CFC-113
and MCF is being treated and disposed of safely.
An evaluation of disposal techniques will allow the
team to investigate whether these solvents can be
used for longer periods of time prior to disposal,
thus further reducing the facility's usage of CFC-
113 and MCF. In addition, the team will be able
to evaluate the possibility of using spent solvent in
subsequent cleaning operations where pure solvent
is not needed.
Characterize the Soils and
Their Sources
An important step in characterizing existing
cleaning processes is identifying the soils to be
removed and their sources. The purpose of this
step is either to: 1) identify ways to eliminate the
need for cleaning or reduce the amount of soil to
be removed, or 2) select an alternative that can
remove the identified soil from parts. A plant
should be able to answer the following questions
when identifying soils:
presents some physical characteristics that can
be used to identify and compare particulates.
• What type of soils are being removed?
• Where are the soils coming from?
» What are the performance conditions
around the substrate and soil (e.g. heat,
cold, high stress)?
» Why is the soil being removed (e.g.
performance requirements, inspection,
appearance)?
Soils removed through precision cleaning can be
. generally classified into two groups:
* Paniculate contamination often must be
identified with methods such as optical'
microscopy. Most optical and microchemical
methods are sensitive to the nanogram or
picogram level. It is better to perform the
laboratory analysis of soils in-house. Sending
contamination samples out risks further
contamination of the sample. The following list
Morphological
• Size
* Shape factor
• Crystal structure
• Interface angles
• Ratios
• Cleavage
* Invariants derived from
transform coefficients
* Surface features
fourier
Optical Properties
• Refractive index
* Dispersion (variation and refractive
index with frequency or wavelength)
• Isotropy versus anistropy
• Birefringence
• Extraction angles
• Pleochrois'tn
Microchemisiry
• Precipitation reactions
• Recrystallization
• Solubility data
• Electronic series (plate out) of metals
A matrix of characteristics can be gradually
developed for each type of particle contaminant
found. A publication known as The Particle
Atlas" (see reference list) can help narrow the
range of possibilities to be evaluated.
* Thin film chemical contamination occurs in
many precision components. Sources of thin
film chemicals include outgassing from sources
such as lubricants^ adhesives, coatings, polymeric
and elastomeric materials. Chemical residues
" can also originate from sources such1 as
fingerprints, machining fluids, coolants, and
packaging. Methods to test the ability of the
1 cleaning process in removing thin film chemical
contamination are discussed later in the manual.
There are five additiona.l categories of soils that
are more often associated with gross cleaning
rather than precision cleaning operations, but are
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described below for completeness.
* "Pigmented drawing compounds are used in.
process steps where the metal is extruded
through dies to produce parts. The most
..commonly used pigmented compounds contain
one or more of the following substances:
•whiting, lithopone, mica, zinc oxide, bentonite,
flour, graphite, white lead, molybdenum
disulfide, titanium dioxide, and soaps.
* Unpigmented oil and grease include common
shop oils and greases such as drawing lubricants,
rust preventive oils, and quenching oils.
* Forming lubricants and fluids used for
machining can be classified into three
subgroups: (1) hydrocarbon-based oils: plain
or sulfurized mineral and fatty • oils (or a
combination of the two), chlorinated mineral
oils, and sulfurized chlorinated mineral oils, (2)
soluble/emulsifiable oils: conventional or heavy
duty soluble oils containing sulfur or other
compounds, glycol ethers,, glycols or other
emulsifiers added, and (3) water soluble
(synthetics): chemical cutting fluids that are
, water soluble and contain soaps, amines, sodium
salts of sulfonated fatty alcohols, and alkyl
aromatic salts of sulfonates.
* Polishing and buffing compounds can also be
classified into three subgroups: (1) liquids:
mineral oils and oil-in-water emulsions or
animal and vegetable- oils with abrasive
materials, (2) semi-solids: oil-based containing
abrasives and emulsions or water-based
containing abrasive and dispersing agents, and
(3) solids: grease containing stearic acid,
hydrogenated fatty acids, tallow, hydrogenated
glyceride, petroleum waxes, and combinations
that produce either saponifiable or
nonsaponifiable materials in addition to
abrasive materials.
* Miscellaneous surface contaminants such as
lapping compounds, residue from magnetic
particle inspection, hand oils, shop din, chips,
airborne dust, finger grease, ink marks, barrier
cream, or hand protective cream and metal
pieces also exist.
Once the soils are identified, their sources should
be determined. Soils are often
** received as raw material
» received with vendor parts
* produced in forming/stamping operations
* produced in general machining operations
* produced in sub-assembly
The handling, packaging, and routing of parts
through the production process should be
reassessed to minimize the number of times a part
is soiled and cleaned. If several similar cleaning
operations exist throughout the plant, the team
may choose to consolidate some of them into a
central location. This could also allow for more
efficient use of the cleaning materials and facilities
and improved control of waste and emissions.
Segregation and precleaning of parts can extend
bath life and make cleaning more efficient.
Heavily soiled parts should be routed separately
through a single precleaning system, thereby
concentrating soils in one cleaning process.
Characterize the Substrate
When studies are conducted regarding alternative
cleaning methods, it is critical that the team is
familiar with the substrates being* cleaned in each
operation. Often, cleaning processes that are
effective on one substrate cannot be used on
another substrate, even if the soil is identical.
Questions that the team should consider include:
• What material/substrate is being
cleaned?
« What degree of cleanliness is
required?
?
• What is the surface finish required?
• What coatings are on the surface?
As the team learns more about the substrates that
are being cleaned, it will become aware of the
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23
What coatings are on the surface?
What is the size. and geometric
configuration of the part? Is there
solvent entrapment potential
associated with the part? How rough
is the surface of the part?
To what level of assembly has the part
been dismantled?
properties that.it must look for and the choices
that it will be limited to in choosing a new
cleaning chemical or process.
(
As mentioned earlier, precision components that
are made of beryllium are chemically reactive,
especially with ionic chlorine. Care must be taken
to select an alternative that is compatible with the
substrate.
Metals such as aluminum and alloys containing
magnesium, lithium, and zinc require special
consideration because of their sensitivity to attack
by certain chemicals. For example, cleaners for
aluminum and zinc are mildly alkaline
(approximately 9-10 pH) or contain inhibitors such
as silicate to prevent alkaline attack on these soft
metals, while those for magnesium and steel are
best used above 11 pH. Zinc and cadmium are
subject to corrosion and pitting by alkaline
solutions.
overlapping joints, and parts with blind holes and
tubing can retain cleaning solution, which may
cause corrosion. Care must be taken to thoroughly
dry these parts after cleaning.
Special care is also required during cleaning prior
to nondestructive testing procedures such as
penetrant inspection. In order to conduct an
accurate penetrant inspection test, the product
surface must be completely free of residual surface
contamination. The presence of cleaner residue or
other contaminants may shield flaws in the
structure and prevent the inspection fluid from
penetrating surface flaws or cracks. Therefore,
care must be exercised to ensure that the cleaning
method employed results in a sufficiently clean
surface prior to inspection.
Another material that requires special attention is
titanium (and its alloys). It can be sensitive to
attack (e.g., stress corrosion cracking) by residual
chlorinated and fluorinated solvents, particularly if
subjected to processes at temperatures greater than
662°F (350°C), Therefore, the team should be
familiar with the parts that contain this metal.
Composite materials, which are used in aircraft
and other products that require high strength and
stiffness and low density, also warrant special
attention. Examples of > composite materials
include Kevlar, graphite/epoxy, and
Kevlar/graphite.
Parts with excessive porosity, parts that have
severely rough surfaces, parts that have permanent
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24
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25
METHODOLOGY FOR SELECTING AN
ALTERNATIVE CLEANING PROCESS
In developing and selecting an alternative chemical
or process for precision cleaning, several criteria
should be considered. These criteria can be
broadly grouped into the following categories:
Organizational
Policy and Regulatory
Technical
Economic
Environmental, Health, and Safety
Organizational
The most important aspect of a corporate
phaseout of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) is
the commitment of the corporate management to
such a program. Without such a commitment, a
facility would be hard-pressed to successfully
complete its phaseout. Important considerations
which pertain to the corporate organization
include:
* Compatibility with other corporate goals.
Corporate policy may not allow the use of
particular solvents if the company is sensitive to
public opinion. This would result from a
corporate policy in which the opinions of the
•' general public are to be considered in all
decision-making.
* Compatibility with corporate environmental policy.
Some alternatives genefate other forms of
emissions, effluents, or wastes that are also the
subject of corporate environmental goals.
Feasibility given existing organizational structure.
Environmental concerns may already be the
responsibility of a particular task'force within
the company. Some companies have made
environmental performance a criterion for
evaluating managerial performance.
Willingness to provide capital. Corporate
management must be willing to make capital
investments in mew equipment in order to
facilitate a phaseout of ODSs. They should
understand that a capital outlay at the .present
time may result in significant cost savings in
future years.
Policy and Regulatory
Any potential alternative chemical or process must
be examined for compliance with a variety of
government regulations and laws. At the very
least, alternatives must comply with the mandates
of the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer and its subsequent
amendments and adjustments. In addition,
alternatives must meet federal and local
regulations that apply in the country where the
alternative is to be implemented. In the United
States for example, alternatives must comply with
the sections pertaining to stratospheric ozone
protection in the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990. These include Section 608: National
Emissions Reduction Program, Section 611:
Labeling, and Section 612: Safe Alternatives
Policy. Alternatives must also follow strict
regulations on emissions of-, volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) in some metropolitan areas.
Technical
The technical feasibility of an alternative process is
dependent on a number of important
considerations. While these considerations will
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26
vary from facility to facility depending on location
and function, a number of these considerations are
universal in their applicability. Important criteria
to consider when evaluating an alternative cleaning
process for its technical adequacy include the
following:
* Cleaning ability
* Compliance to specifications
* Material compatibility
•• Effect on subsequent processes
« Process control
• Throughput of the cleaning process
• Ease of new process installation
« Floor space requirements
* Operating and maintenance require-
ments.
Cleaning Ability
The degree of cleanliness required when cleaning
a part varies from industry to industry and from
process to process. In general, precision cleaning
is performed when cleanliness requirements are
fairly stringent and/or component materials are
sensitive.
The successful removal of contamination from a
surface is not a property of the solvent alone, but
a combined relationship 'of the cleaner, the
substrate, the soils, and the cleaning conditions.
'" Characteristics of the cleaner or solvent that
greatly affect its cleaning ability include wetting,
capillary action, detergency, solubility, and
emulsification.
s
Several standard tests can be used to determine the
cleaning ability of an alternative chemical or
process. Some of these tests can be run on the
shop floor (visuals, tissue paper test, water break, •
and acid copper test), whereas other tests would
have to be performed in a laboratory.
* Visual Inspection. These tests are conducted
under high-intensity or long-wave ultraviolet
lamps primarily on large production parts,
rather than test coupons. Examination reveals
•water-spotting, streaking or haze that might
indicate insufficient rinsing.
* Electron or Optical Microscopy. These tests can
be conducted with test coupons or production
parts to examine contamination residues, obtain
photographic documentation, and* observe
crystal properties. When using electron
microscopy, particular care must be taken to
prevent the test coupon from introducing
external contamination.
• Microchemistry. This method characterizes
microscopic residues on surfaces. This
technique involves dissolving the residue with a
drop of liquid, transferring the drop (and the
dissolved contamination) to a microscopic slide,
and performing the chemical analysis under a
microscope. The most common residues
analyzed are the crystal precipitates that form as
a result of the reactions between specific
contaminants and reagents.
• X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) or
Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis
(ESCA). XPS is a surface analysis technique
that is particularly useful for identifying thin
films on surfaces. The system can examine an
area of one millimeter or more in diameter or,
with small-spot ESCA, can be focused to a fine
spot micrometers in diameter. Other useful
chemical analysis techniques include Auger
electron spectroscopy (AES), secondary ion
mass spectroscopy (SIMS), and microscopic
Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (micro.
FT-IR).
*t
• Tissue Paper Test. The cleaned surface is rubbed
with white tissue paper and the tissue is
" observed for discoloration. This test is simple
and can be done in the production/plant
environment.
• Water Break. If the last clean rinse forms a
continuous water film on the part as it is
removed, the surface can be considered clean.
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Acid Copper Test. A ferrous panel is immersed
in a copper sulfate solution. On clean surface
areas, copper will be deposited by chemical
activity, forming a strong adherent, semi-bright
coating that is spot free.
Residue Level, The test panel is rinsed with an
appropriate solvent after cleaning. The solvent
is then evaporated and the residue analyzed
quantitatively and qualitatively using analytical
instrumentation (EDS, SEM, JR, etc).
Atomizer Test. Water mist is applied to a clean
dry surface with an atomizer. The cleanliness is
determined by the value of the advancing
contact angle.
Contact Angle of Water Drop. A drop of water is
placed on the test surface; the contact angle is
then measured either photographically or by a
contact angle goniometer. Although this is an
accurate method of determining relative surface
cleanliness, it can only be used under laboratory
conditions. In addition, the presence of a
surfactant on the test surface may result in a
false reading.
Kerosene Viewing of Water Break. The test panel
is withdrawn from water and is immediately
submerged in -a transparent container of
kerosene that is lighted from the bottom.
Water breaks are displaced by kerosene.
(Because kerosene is combustible, care must be
taken when using thr method.)
Radioactive Tracer. A radioactive soiling
compound is applied to the test piece, and the
residual radioactivity is measured after cleaning.
This is the most sensitive of the quantitative
tests now available. Standard precautions
should be taken when working with radioactive
materials.
Elemental Analysis. A surface carbon
determination is one of the most accurate
methods of identifying small amounts of organic
residues such as oils remaining after the
cleaning of metal parts. A test part is placed in
an electric resistance furnace and carbon'dioxide
is introduced at 958°F (500°C). Measurements
are taken using a non-dispersive infrared
analyzer (wave length = 4240 nm). The
sensitivity of this method is 0.01 mg/nr and the
accuracy is 0.5 percent carbon content.
Fluorescent Dye. An oil soluble fluorescent dye
is mixed with an oily soiling -013161131 and
applied to the test panels. After the panels are
cleaned, the retained soil is visible under
ultraviolet or black light. Note that some
.cleaners may selectively remove tracer or
fluorescent dyes.
Gravimetric. The test panels are weighed before
and after cleaning. The sensitivity of the
method depends upon the sensitivity of the
balance and the size of the panel.
Oil Spot. A drop of solvent is used to degrease
an area the size of the drop. The drop is picked *
up with a pipette and evaporated on ground
glass. An evaporation ring indicates
contamination.
Paniculate Contamination. A thin film of
polyvinyl chloride is pressed against the test
surface, heated to 240°F (115°C), and cooled. It
is then carefully stripped from the surface and
examined under the microscope. The
paniculate contaminants will be embedded in
the vinyl sheet.
Panicle Removal Test. Particle removal can be
tested by artificially contaminating surfaces with
known particles of various sizes down to and
below the size of interest for removal. Precision
particles from submicron to tens of microns in
size can be obtained. Nephelometric methods
and membrane filtration methods such as
ASTM-F24 are useful low-cost techniques for
evaluating general cleaning.
Compliance to Specifications
Many precision cleaning applications are subject to
military or other specifications. Standards and
specifications often complicate the search for
alternative chemicals or processes by requiring the
use of a specific cleaner or solvent for a specific
cleaning application. In such instances, it is
necessary to negotiate existing specifications before
switching to alternative technologies.
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Material Compatibility
In the selection of an alternative process, material
compatibility is as* important as the cleaning ability
of 'the cleaner itself. Issues to be considered
include: the possibility for corrosion or chemical
attack of metals, plastics, composites, and other
sensitive materials; swelling or deformation of
elastomers; and damage to coatings or adhesives
present on the surface.
Compatibility can be evaluated by performing a
number of tests including:
* Intergranular attack testing determines if the
cleaning solution unacceptably weakens the test
metal by selectively removing material along
grain boundaries.
• Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) (ASTM-G38)
of parts can occur when susceptible materials
(from which the parts are made) are corrosion
sensitized during cleaning and are subsequently
•aged in a tension stress application, possibly
with variations in temperature. In general SCC'
tests are run by subjecting a test specimen of
the same composition and heat treatment as the
part to a constant tension stress load after being
exposed to the corrosive medium. A number of
ASTM test methods specify complete test
details for specimen configuration and stress
loading. See TM-01-69 MACE standard
"Laboratory Corrosion Testing of Metals for the
Process Industry."
• Total immersion corrosion (ASTM 483) testing
evaluates the general corrosive attack of a
cleaner which can cause unacceptable
dimensional changes in a metal surface: A
number of specifications describe variations on
this test (MIL-C-87936, ASTM F483). Metal
cleaners for aluminum and aluminum alloys can
be evaluated in accordance with ASTM D930.
i Cleaners for all other metals can be evaluated
using ASTM D1280. For example, the test can
be conducted by completely immersing a tared
specimen into the test solution so that there is
•no air/solution interface? The specimen is
allowed to sit undisturbed for 24 hours after
which it is removed, rinsed, dried, and
reweighed,. Corrosion is measured as weight
loss or gain. The amount of allowable loss
should be predetermined depending on the kind
of material and use, but should be restricted to
a few milligrams.
Sandwich corrosion (ASTM F1110) testing
measures the corrosivity of a cleaner confined
between fraying surfaces and periodically
exposed to specified temperature and humidity
conditions.
Hydrogen , embrittlement (ASTM F519-77)
testing is conducted to determine if cleaners will
adversely affect high strength steel. Testing can
be conducted in accordance with ASTM F519,
using both cadmium plated! and unplated Type
1A steel specimens. The specimens are
subjected to 45 percent of their ultimate tensile
strength while immersed in the test solution.
The specimens must not break for a minimum
of 150 hours.
Accelerated testing involves the use of
temperature, humidity, and chemical accelerants
in environmental test chambers. Optical and
electron microscopy, Auger electron
spectroscopy' (AES), and ESCA are useful
analytical tools.
Effect on Subsequent Processes
Since cleaning is an integral part of manufacturing
processes, it is critical to examine cleaning
effectiveness and* the effect of cleaners on
subsequent manufacturing steps. Process steps that
may follow precision cleaning include:
1
* Inspection. Inspections may be numerous,
making speed and ease of handling of parts very
important. Parts are cleaned to meet customer
requirements and must be inspected to identify
any defects.
* Assembly. Assembly requires that parts be free
from inorganic and organic contaminants. The
cleaning process' should leave the parts clean
and dry, ready for assembly and/or subsequent
finishing*.
« Packaging. Final cleaning prepares parts for
packing and shipping. Precision cleaning may
not make sense if packaging contaminates the
parts.
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* Application of Protective Coatings. Cleaning is
used extensively before and after the application
of protective and/or decorative finishes. For
example, surfaces cleaned before painting,
enameling, or lacquering, give better adhesion
of finishes. Similarly, cleaning is used to
remove large amounts of oil contamination,
prior to electroplating and passivation of
ferrous metal alloys, and anodizing and chemical
conversion coating of aluminum.
• Further Metal Working or Treatment. In many
instances, parts must be prepared for
subsequent operations such as welding, heat
treating, or further machining. Cleaning
between steps allows the operator to start each
new step with clean, dry parts. Before heat
treatment, all traces of processing oils should be
removed from the surfaces, since their presence
causes smoking, nonuniform hardening, and
heat treatment discoloration on certain metals.
Residual contaminants remaining on a surface
during heat treatment can cause intergranular
attack, which leads to stress corrosion or loss of
fatigue strength.
Potential residues remaining after cleaning with an
alternative product or process must be evaluated
for their compatibility with subsequent processes.
This is especially important in cleaning prior to
nondestructive testing (NDT) inspection.
Process Conlro/
Process control is part of a quality assurance
program. Precision cleaning operations must be
controlled to maintain the required level of
cleanliness. One example of good process control
is checking cleaner solution concentration on a
routine basis. Maintaining proper solution
concentration by making small, frequent additions
is much more effective than making a few large
/additions. The proper automated chemical
dispensing equipment, which can be activated by a
timer or by conductivity of the solution, is a good
method for control.
Throughput of the Cleaning Process
Cleaning process throughput can be an important
parameter, especially if cleaning is part of a
continuous production process. Some alternative
cleaning processes may have slower throughput
due to optimized operations and special drying
stages. For example, if a plant switches from a
solvent cleaning to aqueous cleaning process, it
must allow more time for drying. This added
drying time reduces ithe throughput of the cleaning,
and possibly manufacturing, process. If enough
time is not given to dry parts, subsequent
operations can be adversely affected. For batch
cleaning processes, throughput may not be critical.
Ease of New Process Installation
The ease with which a solvent cleaning process
using CFC-113 or MCF can be converted to or
replaced by an alternative cleaning process will
have a direct bearing on the choice of alternative.
Issues associated with the installation of the new
process include facility preparation, production/
service downtime, user awareness/education,
qualification testing, and transition between the
two processes. In some-cases, the addition of
wastewater treatment facilities may be necessary.
Floor Space Requirements
Equipment must be compatible with the plan and
space constraints of the facility's manufacturing
floor. A new process might require rearranging
subsequent processes to optimize the floor plan.
In some cases, alternatives take up more space
than solvent cleaning processes. For example,
compared to a single vapor degreaser, most
aqueous cleaning processes include a minimum of
two wash/rinse tanks and a drying device. The
result often is an increase in the amount of floor
space required. However, some cabinet spray
washers are designed to wash, rinse, and dry in the
same cabinet, thereby minimizing the need for
multiple tanks. Rearranging existing equipment or
installing a new process also may trigger additional
permitting requirements.
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Operating and Maintenance
Requirements
Each new process may require a modification of
cleaning procedures. In these cases, not only will.
there be the need to develop and test the new
procedures, but special operator training may be
needed to familiarize operators with the proper
techniques for use with new cleaning technologies.
Due to the fact that process parameters are'likely
to require more close control when substituting an
alternative process, maintenance of process
equipment on a regular basis is critical. For
example, cleaning of spray nozzles is necessary to
remove soil contamination, and pumps and valves
should be checked regularly.
In some alternative processes, as the concentration
of soils in the cleaning solution increases, parts
may leave the cleaning solution with unacceptable
amounts of residual soil. Therefore, plants should
consider 'monitoring solutions regularly, using
filtration, and having a post-rinse/wash step. f ,
Economic
Process economics is a key factor in the selection
of alternative processes. Initial costs associated
with an alternative process include capital costs of
equipment, possible costs associated-with waste,
treatment/handling equipment and costs for permit •
changes for new construction or new operating
procedures. In addition, operating cost equations
include material, labor, maintenance, and utility
costs. Cost estimates for an alternative process can
be developed through preliminary process design.
One simple approach is to calculate net present
value (NPV) based on the discount rate and period
of investment your company uses. The NPV is
calculated as follows, where (n) is the number of
years, and (i) is the discount rate.
NPV m Cost^ + Costj/Cl-t-i) 4-
CosV(H-i)2 + ...
While traditional economic considerations such as
rate of return and payback period are important,
the CFC-113 and MCF reduction program can be
justified on a basis of environmental protection
and solvent supply reliability. It is important to
recognize that the price of CFC-113 and MCF will
continue to rise rapidly as the supplies are reduced
and higher taxes are imposed. Because of the
considerable difference in ozone-depleting
potential, the price increases of CFCtllS and MCF
will vary. The cost savings resulting from savings
in solvent consumption should be included in all
cost calculations. Many of the alternative
processes can be much less expensive than the
current CFC-113 and MCF, processes being used.
Environmental, Health, and
Safety
Important environment, health, and safety issues to
consider when evaluating an alternative cleaning
process include:
* Compatibility with appropriate federal, state, and
local regulations. State and local regulations on
ozone-depleting chemicals, VOCs, effluents of
waste can be more stringent than their federal
counterparts. For example, in the United
States, some cities have taken steps to phase out
ozone-depleting compounds (ODCs) more
quickly than the U.S. Clean Air Act requires.
Other areas have strict laws regulating the use
of VOCs. In addition to the phaseout
requirements under the Clean Air Act, there are
a number of provisions in effect that will also
•impact the selection of alternatives. These
provisions include Section 608; National
Emissions Reduction Program, Section 610:
' Nonessential Products Containing
Chlorofluorocarbons, Section 611: Labeling,
and Section 612: Significant New Alternatives
Policy, , These and other provisions must be
considered before selecting alternatives. In
Europe, "Best Available Technology (BAT)"
guidelines have been developed in order to
control VOC emissions from solvent cleaning
processes. These guidelines outline
recommended equipment design and operating
practices for use in cold cleaning, vapor
degreasing, and "in-line" cleaning.. The
guidelines also address treatment and disposal
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of waste materials from solvent cleaning
operations. This includes not only spent
solvent, |>ut contaminants such as solids and oils
as well.
Compatibility with regulatory trends. Since new
environmental policy is emphasizing pollution
prevention and risk reduction, it is prudent to
move to cleaner products and processes that are
less polluting, less energy-intensive, less toxic,
and less dependent on raw materials.
Public perceptions. Legislation such as "right-to-
know" laws,has provided the public with more
information about the chemicals used by specific
plants and their associated risks. Public
information has made plants more accountable
to the concerns of neighboring communities.
Potential of alternatives to contribute to ozone
depletion and global vanning. Each potential
alternative must be evaluated for its
contribution to ozone depletion as well as
global warming. In most cases, it will be
considered unacceptable to replace a high ozone
depletor with a nonozone-depleting substance
that has a high global warming potential
(GWP). The focus during the phaseout of
ozone-depleting substances should be on rinding
substitutes that do not contribute significantly
to other environmental problems. The U.S.
EPA is evaluating the ozone-depleting potential
(ODP) and GWP of alternatives as a part of its
overall risk characterization under Sectiort./»12
of the Clean Air Act.
Energy efficiency. As energy costs rise, it is
important to consider the energy requirements
of each alternative. The energy efficiency of an
alternative cleaning process will have direct
impacts on both the cost of maintaining a
process as well as on the environment via global
warming concerns. Energy issues are being
evaluated by the U.S. EPA as part of the overall
risk characterization under Section 612 of the
Clean Air Act. ,
Effects on emissions, effluents, and wastes
generated. Every alternative has different effects
on water, air, and land pollution. It is
preferable to eliminate environmental problems,
rather than to transfer them from one medium
to another. The phaseout of CFC-113 and
' MCF in cleaning operations will reduce or
eliminate the need to dispose of spent solvent.
However, processes such as aqueous cleaning,
which are sometimes used in precision cleaning,
will create large amounts of wastewater that
may have to be treated before being discharged
to a POTW. The emissions, effluents, and
waste streams of alternatives are being evaluated
as part of the overall risk characterization that
the U.S. EPA is conducting for Section 612 of
the Clean Air Act..
VOC concerns. Limitations on VOC emissions
may influence the selection of an alternative. In
many areas, switching solvents requires
repermitting and the adoption of more stringent
controls. In the U.S., for example, certain states
have legislation that restricts the use of solvents
that are VOCs. Some states also ban the use of
certain substances (e.g., methylene chloride in
New Jersey) because of possible toxic health
effects. Application-specific exemptions and
containment criteria may also exist, so VOC
regulatory provisions should be researched
thoroughly. The air toxics provisions of the
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments target 189
toxic air pollutants. Of these, 149 are organic
compounds.
Toxicity and Worker Safety. Alternatives should
minimize occupational exposure to hazardous
chemicals where possible. Exposure limits such
as those determined by the Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) in the U.S.
should be considered before selecting
alternatives. The American Conference of
Governmental and Industrial Hygienists also
provides threshold limit values (TLVs) for
different chemicals. Personal protective
equipment such as gloves, safety glasses, and
shop aprons can be used to increase' worker
safety. Work procedures and practices should
be reviewed and modified to accommodate the
properties of the alternative cleaner. A
lexicologist should also be consulted if the
cleaner or cleaning process is new to the facility.
As part of the implementation strategy for
Section 612 of the Clean Air Act Amendments,
the U.S. EPA has initiated discussions with
NIOSH, OSHA, and other governmental and
nongovernmental associations to develop a
consensus process for establishing occupational
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exposure* limits for the most significant
substitute chemicals.
Flammability. Fire and explosion hazards are
very important considerations. In some
instances, changes in a material or process will
require the review, of fire protection engineers
and insurance carriers. Flammability should be
evaluated and adequate-fire control measures
implemented before switching to a cleaning
process which involves potentially flammable
substances. Flammability is being evaluated as
part of the overall risk characterization that is
being conducted by the U.S. EPA under Section
612 of the Clean Air Act
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REVIEW OF THE PROGRAM
The following sequence of activities should be performed to develop a maintenance cleaning
program that eliminates the use of CFC-113 and MCF in precision cleaning:
• Determine where and why CFC-113 and methyl chloroform are consumed in
precision cleaning operations;
• Characterize existing cleaning processes. This activity will help reveal how
precision cleaning integrates with other manufacturing processes and determine
whether cleaning is necessary;
* Characterize current solvent material, process control methods, operating
procedures, and disposal practices, and determine the sources of any solvent
losses. This step will help identify "housekeeping" measures to reduce solvent
consumption at little or no net cost to the facility; ,
i
• Characterize the substrate materials being cleaned. This step includes identifying
the type and geometry of materials being cleaned;
~%
« Characterize the soils and their sources; and
• Establish criteria that must be considered before selecting an alternative cleaning
process. These criteria include organizational, policy, technical, economic,
, environmental, health, and safety issues.
These steps will provide a plant with a better understanding of its cleaning needs, allow for
the elimination and/or consolidation of certain cleaning operations, and develop a systematic -
procedure for selecting an alternative cleaning process. With this understanding, the next
section describes some major alternative processes to solvent cleaning using CFC-113 and
methyl chloroform. |
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ALTERNATIVES TO CFC-113 AIMD METHYL
CHLOROFORM
A number of alternative cleaning processes and
alternative solvents to eliminate CFC-113 and
MCF are now available lor precision cleaning
operations. The choice of an alternative depends
on a variety of factors, including the cleanliness
required and economic, technical, health, safety,
and environmental issues.
It may also be possible to reduce and/or eliminate
deposition'of soils which require cleaning, allowing
the use of a less aggressive cleaning method.
Therefore, the conversion to an alternative
cleaning process may be made simpler by
evaluating the ability to reduce contamination.
The following sections describe the major
advantages, disadvantages, and key process details
associated with the most promising alternatives.
Provision of this material in no way constitutes
EPA or ICOLP recommendation or approval of
any company or specific offering. These
technologies should be evaluated on a case-by-case
basis. A list of vendors and references at the end
of this manual may be a useful additional source of
information. The following alternatives are
addressed in this manual:
% "Good Housekeeping" Practices
Alternative Cleaning Processes:
* Aqueous
• Semi-Aqueous
« Pressurized Gases
* Supercritical Fluids
• Gas Plasma Cleaning
« Ultraviolet/Ozone
• CO2Snow
Alternative Solvents:
* Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
« Perfluorocarbons
« Alcohol Cleaning with
Perfluorocarbon
• Hydrochloroiluorocarbons
« N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone
• Other Organic Solvents
• Other Chlorinated Solvents
i
« Volatile Methyl Siloxanes
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"GOOD HOUSEKEEPING" PRACTICES
As previously mentioned, one of the primary
components of a successful phaseout strategy is the
identification of uses of the solvent to be
eliminated. An accurate picture of solvent usage
will allow the phaseout team to focus its efforts on
those areas where large quantities of solvent are
used and where alternatives are readily available.
This solvent use characterization can also be used
to decrease consumption' immediately through the
classification of uses as either legitimate and
improper uses.
Many of the precision cleaning applications in
which CFC-113 and MCF are being used are
neither necessary nor intended uses. When these
substances were introduced to plants years ago,
they were intended for specific applications.
However, their excellent cleaning ability, coupled
with the availability of these solvents, often
resulted in their extensive use.
One method of significantly reducing a plant's
usage of CFC-113, and especially MCF, is the
implementation of "good housekeeping" measures.
These measures should be designed to limit use of
these substances to applications for which they are
intended, and to eliminate their use in other
convenience applications. The first step in this
"good housekeeping" procedure is to identify all
uses of the solvents.
Use of CFC-113 and MCF should be evaluated
using surveys, shop inspections, and whatever
additional means are necessary. The resulting data
should be cataloged so that it can be compared
with future data. Computerizing the cataloging
system may make tracking usage patterns easier in
- the long run.
Once the survey of current uses is completed, the
solvent substitution team should evaluate each of
the uses to determine whether or not the solvent
being used was intended for use in that
application. In cases where it is decided that the
solvent was not meant to be used in a "specific
application, this usage should be eliminated
immediately and replaced with the originally
intended solvent or cleaning process.
Investigations should also be conducted to learn
how CFC-113 or MCF came to be used for the
unintended application. The results of this
investigation should help to preve'nt, the same
problem from occurring in other applications or
with other chemicals.
After the cataloging system is in place,
arrangements can be made to monitor and log all
future purchases and dispersements of CFC-113,
MCF, and all other solvents. Several players in the
airline industry, using an approach such as this,
have had substantial success in controlling their
consumption not only of ozone-depleting solvents,
but of other solvents as well, thereby experiencing
significant cost savings. One major airline in
Europe has reported a reduction in CFC-113 and
MCF usage of more than 50 percent through "good
housekeeping" measures alone.
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AQUEOUS CLEANING
39
Aqueous cleaners use water as the primary solvent.
They often incorporate surfactants and builders
with special additives such as pH buffers, corrosion
inhibitors, chelates, saponifiers, emulsifiers,
deflocculants, complexing agents, antifoaming
agents, and other materials. These ingredients can
be formulated, blended, and concentrated in
varying degrees to accommodate the user's cleaning
needs. Exhibit 6 presents an overview of the
advantages and disadvantages of aqueous cleaning.
Process Chemistry
Aqueous cleaners are made up'of three basic
components: (1) the builders which make up the
largest portion of the cleaner and create stable soil
emulsions once soils are removed from a surface,
(2) the organic and inorganic additives which
promote cleaning and cleaner stability, and (3) the
surfactants and wetting agents which are the key
constituents and remove or displace soils from
surfaces and initiate the emulsification process. As
noted earlier, being able to tailor the cleaner
formulation gives aqueous cleaning great flexibility.
Molecular structure, which has significant effects
on the properties, can be varied over a wide range.
For example, the number of carbons on the
molecule (whether straight chain, branched chain,
or ring structure) and the ratio of the hydrophilic
to hydrophobic moiety can be tailored to achieve
the desired cleaning requirements.
Builders are the alkaline salts in aqueous cleaners.
They are usually a blend selected from the
following groups: alkali metal orthophosphates,
pyrophosphates, and condensed phosphates, alkali
metal hydroxides, silicates, carbonates,
bicarbonates, and borates. A blend of two or more
builders is typically used in aqueous cleaners..
Although phosphates are the best overall builders,
discharge of cleaning solutions containing
phosphates is often subject to environmental
regulations, thereby limiting their use. Chelating
agents such as the sodium salt of ethylenediamine
tetra acetic acid (EDTA), the trisodium salt of
-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), and gluconates used
with other builders can be employed instead of
phosphates. Silicates are sometimes difficult to
rinse and may cause trouble in subsequent plating
and painting operations if not completely removed.
They may also cause fouling in process equipment
such as filters and pumps. Hydroxides are effective
on difficult soils. They saponify effectively because
of their high pH. Carbonates are an inexpensive
alkaline source but less effective than phosphates.
Additives are either organic or inorganic
compounds that provide additional cleaning or
surface modifications. Glycols, glycol ethers,
chelating agents, and polyvalent metal salts are
common additives.
Surfactants are organic compounds that provide
detergency, emulsification, and wetting in alkaline
cleaners. Surfactants are unique because of their
characteristic chemical structure. They have two
distinct structural components attached together as
a single molecule. A hydrophobic half has little
attraction for the solvent (water) and is insoluble.
The other half is hydrophilic and is polar, having
a strong attraction for the solvent (water) which
. carries the molecule into solution. Their unique
chemical structure provides high affinity for surface
adsorption. Surfactants are classified as anionic,
cationic, nonionic, and zwitterionic (amphoteric).
Surfactants most useful in metal cleaning are
anionic and nonionic. The use of surfactants
reduces the surface tension of water, allowing the
water to penetrate into tightly spaced areas where
it could not otherwise reach.
The use of a nonfoaming cleaner is extremely
important in alkaline cleaning applications
performed using a spray technique,
Nonionic surfactant is generally the only type of
surfactant that results in minimum foaming and
provides good detergency. Therefore, it is often
used in spray applications. All types of surfactants
can be used for immersion cleaning, although
cationic surfactants are rarely used.
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Exhibit 6
AQUEOUS CLEANING
ADVANTAGES
Aqueous cleaning has several advantages over organic
solvent cleaning.
* Safety —Aqueous systems have fewer worker safety
problems compared to many solvents. They are not
flammable or explosive. Consult material safety
data sheets for information on health and safety.
* * Q caning — Aqueous systems can be designed to
dean panicles and films better than solvents.
* Flexibility — Aqueous systems have multiple
degrecs-of-freedom in process design, formulation
and concentration. This freedom helps aqueous
cleaning provide superior cleaning for a wider
variety of contamination.
• Removal of Inorganic or Polar Soils — Aqueous
cleaning is particularly good for cleaning inorganic
or polar materials. Many machine shops are using
water-based lubricants and coolants to replace oil-
based lubricants for environmental and other
reasons. Water-based lubricants are well suited to
aqueous cleaning processes.
* .Oil and Grease Removal - Organic films, oils, and
greases can be effectively removed by aqueous
chemistry.
• Multiple Cleaning Mechanism — Aqueous cleaning
functions by several mechanisms rather than just
dissolution. These include saponification (chemical
reaction), displacement, emulsification, dispersion,
and others. Panicles are effectively removed by
surface activity coupled with the application of
mechanical energy.
* Ultrasonics Applicability — Ultrasonics are much
more effective in water-based solvents than in CFC-
113 or MCF solvents. "
* Material and Waste Disposal Cost — Aqueous
. cleaning solutions are generally less expensive than
solvents and, when properly handled, will reduce
waste disposal costs.
DISADVANTAGES
Depending upon the specific cleaning applicatiqn there are
also disadvantages.
* Cleaning Difficulty — Parts with blind holes, small
crevices, and tubing may be difficult to clean and/or dry,
and may require process optimization.
• * Process Control — Solvent cleaning is a very forgiving
process. To be effective, aqueous processes require
careful engineering and control.
* Rinsing -- Some aqueous cleaner residues, particularly
from surfactants, can be difficult to nnse. Trace residues
may be detrimental for some applications and materials.
Special caution should be taken for parts requiting
subsequent vacuum deposition, liquid oxygen contact, etc.
Rinsing can be improved using DI water or alcohol nnse.
• Drying — It may be difficult to dry certain part
geometries with crevices and blind holes. Drying
equipment is often required.
* Floor Space — In some instances aqueous cleaning
equipment may require more floor space.
* Capital Cost — In some cases, new facilities will need to
be constructed.
* Material Compatibility — Corrosion of metals or delayed
environmental stress cracking of cenam polymers may
occur.
« Water — In some applications high punty water is needed.
Pure water can be expensive.
* Energy Consumption — Energy consumption may be
higher than solvent cleaning if applications require heated
nnse and drying stages.
* Wastewatcr Disposal"— In some instances, wastewater
may require treatment pnor to discharge.
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41
Process Equipment
Typical aqueous cleaning equipment can be
classified into two general categories: in-line and
batch. In-line equipment is generally highly
automated and allows for continuous processing of
the product being cleaned. Batch cleaning requires
that operators load and unload the cleaning
equipment after each cycle is completed. Given
equal cleaning cycle times, in-line cleaners allow
for a significantly higher throughput than 'batch
cleaners.
Hie in-line and batch equipment can be further
classified according to the method by which the
cleaner is applied to the part to be cleaned. Hie
three basic methods of aqueous cleaning are
immersion, spray, and ultrasonic. Exhibit 7
presents an overview of the advantages and
disadvantages of these three types of equipment.
Immersion equipment cleans by immersing parts in
an aqueous solution and using agitation or heat to
displace and float away contaminants. Agitation
can be either mechanical or ultrasonic.
Spray equipment cleans parts with a solution
sprayed at medium-to-high pressure. Spray
pressure can vary from as low as 2 psi to 400 psi or
more. In general, higher spray pressure is more
effective in removing soil from metal surfaces.
Aqueous cleaners that are specifically designed for
spray application are prepared with low foaming
•detergents.
The spray design should be able to reach all part
surfaces by mechanically manipulating the part or
the spray nozzles. Although spray cleaning is
effective on a wide variety of parts, some part
configurations may be difficult to clean using
currently available spray technology. For example,
parts with capillary spaces and blind holes may
trap low surface tension cleaning solutions. This
'is particularly a concern in precision cleaning
applications. Sometimes, high velocity sprays can
improve the flushing action to remove the cleaning
solution. However, in other cases, immersion
cleaning may be more effective.
A number of disk drive and aerospace
manufacturers currently use high velocity sprays for
critical cleaning. It has been found that these
.sprays are effective in removing .surface active
agents when high purity water is used, and when
the sprays have an increased turbulent layer and
reduced laminar sublayer.
A high pressure spray is an effective final rinse
step. Pressures may range from 100 psi in
noncritical applications to 500 - 2000 psi in critical
applications. Optimization of nozzle design such
as spray pattern, drop size and formation,
pressure/velocity, and volume have a major impact
on effectiveness. A final spray is much cleaner
than an immersion rinse, since the water spray
contacting the part can be highly pure and filtered.
Ultrasonics equipment works well with water-based
processes. Because the cavitation efficiency is
higher for water than for CFC-113 and MCF, the
removal of particles from surfaces is usually more
effective in aqueous versus organic solvent media.
A plant should exercise caution in the design of
the cleaning process to insure that cavitation
erosion of part surfaces is not a problem. Certain
part geometries are also sensitive to ultrasonic
agitation.
It is important to optimize system operations
when using ultrasonic systems. The current
industry practice is to use a 40 kHz operating
frequency for delicate operations. Since good
ultrasonic cleaners have few standing waves,
reflection from the surface and the walls is an
important consideration. The number of parts and
their orientation to walls, fixtures, and other parts
will impact cleaning performance.
The fixtures on the ultrasonic equipment should be
low mass, low surface energy, and nonabsorbing
cavitation resistant material such as a stainless
steel wire frame. Avoid using plastics for fixtures
because of leaching and absorption of sonic energy.
Both ultrasonic and spray equipment can be used
together to great advantage, especially in rinsing.
Low pressure (40-80 psi) spray at relatively high
volumes is good for initial rinsing. It is critical to
keep the part wet at all times prior to final drying.
A secondary immersion-ultrasonic rinse is
especially useful for parts with complex geometry
or blind holes.
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42
Exhibit?
AQUEOUS CLEANING PROCESS EQUIPMENT
IMMERSION WITH
ULTRASONIC .
AGITATION
IMMERSION
WITH MECHANICAL
AGITATION
SPRAY WASHER
ADVANTAGES
High level of cleanliness;
cleans complex parts/
configurations
Can be automated
Usable with parts on
trays
Low, maintenance
May be performed at
ambient temperature
Cleans complex parts
•and configurations
Will flush out chips
Simple to operate
Usable with parts on
trays
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43
Effective rinsing is a key part of aqueous cleaning
in precision applications. Residues of water-based
cleaning media, such as synthetic detergents,
surfactants, and additives, may have a detrimental
effect on component performance and reliability.
Elements such as sodium and sulfur are common
synthetic detergent materials that may remain on
surfaces. Substances such as phosphorus, calcium,
magnesium, chlorides, hydrocarbon films, amines,
and nitrates are also potential residues of aqueous-
based systems. Rinsing is particularly critical in
parts with capillaries or complex geometry, where
aqueous cleaning solutions might easily be trapped.
In some instances final rinsing with DI water or an
alcohol, such as isopropanol, can remove residues
and prevent water spots.
Process Details
The aqueous cleaning procedure used in precision
cleaning consists of three general process steps:
• Wash Stage
• Rinse Stage
• Dry Stage
Exhibit 8 provides a conceptual diagram of the
different stages that make up the aqueous cleaning
process. The following is a description of the
three stages.
Wash Stage. The wash stage in an aqueous
cleaning process refers to the application of a
water-based cleaner, often containing detergents
and surfactants. The method of cleaner
application is primarily dependent on the part or
surface being cleaned.
Relatively small assemblies may be immersed in a
tank which contains the cleaning agent. Often this
' solution will be heated to improve cleaning. If
immersion tanks are used, contamination build-up
in the cleaning solution must be monitored. When
the level of contamination becomes too high, the
cleaner should be treated and reused or disposed
of. Parts which are too large for immersion tanks
may be cleaned using a hand-held wand-type spray
washer.
Rinse Stage. In the rinse stage of the aqueous
cleaning process, all of the cleaning solution
applied during the wash stage is removed from the
. part being cleaned. As the cleaner is removed, all
of the contaminants which have been displaced
and/or solubiiized are also removed from the part.
The rinse is often performed using water with no
additives or, in some cases, deionized water.
However, rinse aids are sometimes added to water
to cause the water to form a sheet rather than
"bead up." This sheeting action reduces water
spots and aids in quicker, more uniform drying.
The rinse processes used in precision cleaning .are
identical to those employed in the wash stage -
immersion or spray. In some cases, several rinse
stages are required.
Dry Stage. The dry stage is a vital part of an
aqueous cleaning process. For simple parts, drying
may be relatively easy, but for complex parts,
drying is often more difficult.
There are several drying methods' currently
employed after the aqueous cleaning of parts. The
first is the use of a drying oven. These units
evaporate excess water through the application of
heat and can accommodate a wide variety of parts.
The second drying option is a manual wipe with a
dry cloth or mop to absorb the excess water from
the clean part. This method is not adequate for
parts with small crevices and/or closely spaced
components since a cloth or mop may not be able
to fit into the small spaces where water may be
trapped. A third method for removing excess
water is through forced air drying. In this method,
hot air is blown onto the cleaned part to force
water off the part. Applications where the air is
blown at an angle of approximately 45° are known
as air knives. A fourth method for drying parts
after cleaning is the use of dewatering oils. These
oils, when placed en a cleaned surface, displace.
moisture and provide a thin film preservative on
the part. As an alternative to these four drying1
methods, some plants choose to let the cleaned
parts dry in air. Given enough drying time, all
residual water should evaporate, leaving a clean,
dry part. However, air drying increases the risk of
corrosion and may leave residual salts from
evaporation on the component.
If the forced air drying method is used, compact
turbine blowers with filtered outputs may be used
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44
Exhibits
CONFIGURATION OF AQUEOUS CLEANING PROCESS
Part* from
"Manufacturing
Process
Solution
Reclrcutation:
Filtering, Skimming
Wash
Stage:'
Haaiad Detergent
Solution: Spray,
Immenton
Ultrasonics, etc.
Rinse
Stage:
Water.
Spray, Immersion
Dryer:
Room Temp Air
of Heated Air
Periodic Removal
Cleaned
Parts Ready
for Continued
Production
Waste Treatment
Source: EPA 1989
M70J4-1
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45
as a source of air. Blowers are capable of
removing 90 percent or more of water from parts.
Design options in blowers include variation of
pressure, velocity, and volume flow. Other sources
of air include dedicated compressors and plant air.
Plants should use filters to remove oil, panicles,
and moisture to achieve the desired level of air
quality. When using the forced air drying method,
issues such as noise, humidity, and air conditioning
may have to be considered.
Regardless of the drying method selected, a plant
should test the method's effectiveness before it is
implemented.
Other Process Details
Hie following are additional process details that
will influence a facility's decision regarding the
feasibility of aqueous cleaning.
Removal 0f Owning Fluids, Care should be taken
to prevent cleaning fluids from becoming trapped
in holes and capillary spaces. Low surface tension
cleaners sometimes penetrate spaces and are not
easily displaced by a higher surface tension, pure
water rinse. Penetration into small spaces is a
function of both surface tension and capillary
forces.
Improving Process Control. Water-based cleaning is
sometimes not as forgiving as CFC-113 and MCF
cleaning. A plant may have to experiment with
process control in order to achieve optimal
washing with aqueous cleaning. Different
parameters that may need to be varied include
bath temperatures, pH, agitation, rinse water
quality, and cleaning bath quality. Parts can be
inspected for cleanliness using tests such as the
Contact Angle test or ASTM-F24 test, as described
in the Technical section of the Methodology for
Selecting an Alternative Cleaning Process.
Wastewater Issues.' One of the major drawbacks
associated with the use of aqueous cleaning is the
fact that wastewater. treatment may be required
prior to discharging spent cleaner and rinse water.
In some applications the cleaning bath is changed
infrequently and a relatively low volume of
wastewater is discharged. In others, the water can
be evaporated to leave only a small volume of
concentrated waste for recycling. Plants that make
extensive use of aqueous cleaning may find
themselves with substantial wastewater treatment
needs. Facilities considering a switch to aqueous
cleaning should consult with their local water
authorities to determine the need for pre-
treatment of wasiewater prior to discharge.
Wastewater minimization and treatment is
'discussed in further detail later in this manual.
Water Recycling. Recycling or regene'ratiqn of the
cleaner/detergent solution is feasible and should be
considered. This can be accomplished using a
combination of oil skimming techniques, coalescing
separators, and membrane filtration (ceramic or
polypropylene membranes). Vendors of aqueous
cleaners sometimes pick-up spent cleaner from
customers, recycle it, and re-sell it.
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46
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47
SEMI-AQUEOUS CLEANING
Semi-aqueous cleaning involves the use of a
nonwater-based cleaner with a water rinse. While
it is most frequently used in metal cleaning, it is
also used in electronics and precision cleaning.
Semi-aqueous cleaners can consist of a wide variety
of chemical constituents. Examples of semi-
aqueous cleaning formulations are
hydrocarbon/surfactant mixtures, alcohol blends,
terpenes, and petroleum distillates.
The advantages of semi-aqueous cleaning solutions
include the following:
* Good cleaning ability; typically superior to
aqueous cleaning for heavy grease, tar, waxes,
and hard-to-remove soils;
- Compatible with most metals and plastics;
• Suppressed vapor pressure (especially if used in
emulsified form);
• Non-alkalinity of'process prevents etching of
metals, thus helping to keep metals out of the
waste stream-and minimizing potential adverse
impact to the-substrate;
• Reduced evaporative loss;
• Potential decrease in solvent purchase cost;
• A rust inhibitor can be included in the
formulation to protect parts from rusting.
Drawbacks associated with the use of semi-aqueous
cleaning processes include:
, • Rinsability problems; thus residues may remain
on the part; *
• Disposal of spent solvent after water recycling
may increase costs;
* Flammability concerns, particularly if a
concentrated cleaner is used in a spray
application. However, the flammability issue
can be solved with proper equipment design;
Some cleaners have objectionable odors;
Some of the cleaners are VOCs;
Drying equipment may be required in some
applications;
Some cleaners can auto-oxidize in the presence
of air. One example of such a cleaner is d-
limonene (a terpene hydrocarbon isomer). This
can be reduced using an antioxidant additive;
Some constituents pose potential exposure risks
to workers. For example, ethylene giycol methyl
ether has displayed evidence of potential risk in
laboratory animals.
Process Equipment
The equipment normally used in a typical semi-
aqueous cleaning process is similar to that used in
aqueous applications: immersion equipment and
spray equipment.
While equipment that has been designed
specifically for use with concentrated semi-aqueous
cleaners is available, some vapor degreasing units
can be modified to become immersion wash tanks.
However, rinse tanks are usually also required.
Immersion equipment is still the simplest method
of cleaning parts. The primary distinction of semi-
aqueous immersion cleaning from aqueous
immersion cleaning is that, due to the high
solvency of hydrocarbon/surfactant blends, less
mechanical energy may be required to achieve a
satisfactory level of cleanlinefs. However, to
achieve a higher level of cleanliness, agitation must
be added to the process, either mechanically or
with ultrasonics, or the cleaning solution must be
heated.
As with aqueous cleaning, a mechanical spray can
improve the cleaning performance of the semi-
aqueous cleaning solution. It is important to note
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48
that, if a spray is used with a concentrated
hydrocarbon/surfactant blend, the atomized
solution is prone to combustion and special care
must be taken to prevent fire risks. One such
prevention measure is the use of a nitrogen
blanket which displaces oxygen from the spray
chamber, thereby reducing" fire risk.
One semi-aqueous cleaning option, called "spray-
under immersion," combines both immersion and
spray cleaning techniques. In this equipment, high
pressure spray nozzles are placed below the surface
of the* liquid. This prevents the formation of
atomized solution and decreases risk associated
with flammability. Workpiece movement may also
be used to enhance cleaning without increasing the
flammability hazard of the semi-aqueous cleaner.
Process Details
Just as the equipment used in semi-aqueous
cleaning processes is similar to that used in
aqueous cleaning, so too are the cleaning stages.
The semi-aqueous cleaning process consists of a
wash stage, a rinse stage, and a dry stage. Exhibit
9 shows a schematic for a typical semi-aqueous
cleaning process.
There are two primary differences between the
aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning processes. The
first is the cleaner which is used in the wash stage.
As mentioned, rather than the simple detergent
and water mixture used in aqueous cleaning, semi-
aqueous processes make use of any one of a
number of cleaning agents, including hydrocarbons,
alcohols, and terpenes.
The cleaner is applied to the part being cleaned
using some form of mechanical energy. As
mentioned, however, due to the fact that semi-
aqueous cleaners generally have higher solvency
power than aqueous cleaners, less mechanical
'energy is usually needed 10 achieve an acceptable
level of cleanliness.
Low flash point hydrocarbon/surfactant cleaners
are generally not heated;" however, some are
slightly warmed when the cleaner is used in a
diluted form. .High flash point hydrocarbon/
surfactant cleaners may be heated to within 20 to
30°F (-7 to -l°e) of their flash point to remove
difficult soils. When -using cleaners that are
ignitable, it is best to apply them using methods
that do not mist such as spray-under immersion or
ultrasonics. If the cleaners are used in vapor- or
spray cleaning, they should be used with an inert
atmosphere or other protective equipment.
The second difference between the aqueous and
semi-aqueous cleaning process lies in the addition
of a second, emulsion wash stage after the initial
wash and before the rinse. In this stage, the part
is immersed in an emulsion which further cleans
the part and helps to .remove soils from the part's
surface. This step results in less contamination of
the rinsewater, making recycling of the rinsewater
easier than it would be otherwise. The emulsion ,
cleaner is sent to a decanter where the soils are
removed from the cleaner. The cleaner can then
be reused in the emulsion wash.
A rinse with clean water removes the residues left
by the wash step(s). The rinse step is necessary
when concentrated cleaners are used because of
their low volatility (which prevent them from
evaporating from the parts cleaned in the wash
stage). However, the rinse step may not be
necessary when a dilute hydrocarbon emulsion is
used, provided the level of cleanliness needed does
not require removal of the residue from the wash
stage. In some instances, a fast evaporating
alcohol is used as a final rinse step. The rinse step
may also serve as a finishing process and, in some
instances, is used to apply rust inhibitors to the
parts.
The drying step serves the same function as in
aqueous cleaning. The removal of excess water
from the part prepares it for further processing
and prevents it from rusting. The same types of
drying methods used in aqueous cleaning — heat;
forced air, manual wipe, dewatering oils, ambient
air drying — are also used in semi-aqueous
processes.
Another similarity between aqueous and semi-
aqueous processes is the possible need for
wastewater treatment. In order to avoid processing
excessive quantities of wastewater, some plants may
choose to recycle their spent cleaners. Some
currently available semi-aqueous cleaners can be
easily separated from the rinse water. This allows
the rinse water to be recycled or reused. The
waste cleaner can then be burned as fuel.
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49
ExMbit9
SEMI-AQUEOUS PROCESS FOR
IMMISCIBLE HYDROCARBON SOLVENT
Hydrocarbon/
.Surfactant
Waah Stage
Emulsion
HInw
Rim*
IHyw
Fora id Hot Air
Cleaned
Part*
Hydrocarbon/
Surfactant
Reuse
DIspOMor
Recycle
(T)Ck>«»d Loop Water
Treatment
0SHe Water
Treatment or
C3)tXreettoDraln
Do canter
F470M4
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50
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PRESSURIZED GASES
51
When removing paniculate contamination,
pressurized gases can serve as an alternative to
cleaning with CFC-113 and MCF. Gases that are
typically used include air, rare gases, carbon
dioxide, chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), and
nitrogen. These gases, which may be stored at
room temperature, are readily available in bulk
and smaller quantities, and in numerous grades of
purity.
Depending upon the pressurized gas that is used in
the cleaning application, the advantages of cleaning
with pressurized gases may include the following:
» Low viscosity
• Low toxicity
* High diffusitivity
t
• Nonflammability
• Low capital cost
The drawbacks associated with the use of
pressurized gases may include:
• I «ow density
• High pressure (may cause rupturing of seals)
• Often not effective for removing microscopic
particles
• May not be appropriate for 'cleaning some
critical components.
Process Chemistry
Air. Dry air is produced using ordinary air by
removing hydrocarbons through oxidation. Carbon
dioxide is removed from the air, and the air is then
compressed and dried.
Clean dry air may be economically produced from
pressurized air in-house. Specifically designed
diaphragms and other noncontaminating pumps
are available for this purpose. High efficiency
filters, drying agents, and other equipment are also
useful.
Rare Gases. Helium, neon, argon, krypton, and
xenon are all rare gases. Unlike air, which reacts
with many substances due, to its high oxygen
content, rare earth gases are noted for their
extreme chemical inactivity. These monatomic
gases are obtained by fractionation of liquid air.
Argon, the most abundant of the rare earth gases,
is commercially available in cylinders ranging from
1,775 to 6,000 psig at 2L1°C. Argon is not toxic,
but is an asphyxiant.
A problem inherent in cleaning with high pressure
gases is the development of static charges.
Ionizing guns are available from clean room
equipment suppliers that can alleviate this
problem.
Carbon Dioxide. Carbon dioxide, which can be
recovered from a number of processes, is colorless,
odorless, nonflammable, and slightly acidic. When
used in pressurized cleaning, carbon dioxide does
not contribute to global warming since its primary
source is the air itself.
The gas is stable under most conditions, but will
dissociate into carbon dioxide and carbon
monoxide in the presence of free carbon at high
temperatures. For example, at 1000°C, the
equilibrium ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon
monoxide is 0.7 percent to 99.3 percent.
t
Above the critical temperature of -31°C, all solid
carbon dioxide converts to a gas. The gas can be
shipped under its own vapor pressure of 830 psig
at 21.1°C. Care must be taken when handling
carbon dioxide because it is an asphyxiant, and
cumulative amounts of the gas are poisonous.
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52
JtCFC-22, Chlorodifluoromethane, or HCFC-22,
is colorless and nonflammable. Continued
flooding of localized areas with liquid HCFC-22
causes rapid chilling, which helps to remove more
tenacious contaminants.
At high temperatures, various metals may catalyze
decomposition of HCFC-22. Silver is the most
reactive with HCFC-22, followed by brass, bronze,
aluminum, 1340 steel, copper, nickel, 18-8 stainless
steel, and inconel. Magnesium and aluminum
alloys with 2 percent or more magnesium are also
particularly reactive with HCFC-22 in the presence
of water. Natural rubber may also become swollen
and degraded by the solvent.
HCFC-22 is often shipped as a liquified gas under
Its own pressure of 123 psig at 21.1°C. The gas is
available in bulk and small disposable cans. Direct
contact with liquid HCFC-22 may cause frostbite.
The gas is considered to be nontoxic, but high
concentrations can produce dizziness, narcosis, and
nausea.
HCFC-22 has an ozone depletion potential (ODP)
of 0.05. In comparison, MCF and CFC-113 have
ODPsofO.1 and 0.8 respectively. Because HCFC-
22 is an ozone-depleting chemical, it's use is slated
fur reduction and elimination by the year 2030
under the 1992 amendments to the Montreal
Protocol. The solvent is also subject to production
control requirements under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. Therefore, while HCFC-22
may be a viable short-term substitute to CFC-113
«r MCF, its long-term use is limited.
To reduce the health and environmental impacts of
HCFC-22, a plant should take measures to reduce
emissions during use.
Nitrogen. Nitrogen can react with hydrogen,
oxygen, and some metals at elevated temperatures.
Reactive metals include calcium, barium, and
/magnesium. A very reactive form of nitrogen,
called active nitrogen, is produced when it is
passed through a glow discharge at low pressure.
Active nitrogen combines with mercury, arsenic,
zinc, calcium, sodium, phosphorous, and sulphur to
produce nitrides.
Equipment Considerations
Typically, clean, dry, inert gas or air is fed to a
pressurized gas gun at 100 psi. Many models offer
0.3 to 0.5 micron panicle filtration with a
maximum outlet pressure of ionized gas at 30 psi.
Different ionizing and filtration techniques have
been designed for specific needs. /One model is
reported to remove 3.0 micron size particles with
99 percent efficiency from bare silicon wafers.
Whether the ejected material produced by
pressurized gas will damage surrounding surfaces
depends on the composition of the contaminant
and substrate. For example, metal dust can be
easily removed from an assembly using pressurized
gas. However, if the assembly includes an optical
component with a sensitive coating, the component
may be scratched by impinging particles. Particles
with low mass may not damage the sensitive
surfaces. Likewise, harder components may be
resistant to scratching and indentation by particles.
Dislodged particles may also be a cause for
concern because clean room requirements as well
as surrounding structure may not tolerate increased
levels of contamination. Ejected debris can be
contained when small parts are being cleaned by
performing the cleaning process in a lapinar flow
work station equipped with a high efficiency
paniculate air filter or an ultra-low penetration air
filter. A vacuum may also be used with
pressurized gas on some parts to capture dislodged
contamination.
Process Details
Some of the primary considerations in choosing
pressurized gases for precision cleaning include
following properties:
* Surface chemistry. This factor is ultimately
responsible for the nature o'f the electrostatic
forces between surfaces;
« Porosity. Porous (and rough) surfaces possess
the potential to mechanically lock contaminant
• and substrate and further hinder the cleaning
process;-
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53
Roughness of surface. Large particles on a
smooth surface may be removed,more easily
than small panicles on a rough surface for the
same reason;
Size, shape, and homogeneity of the contaminant.
On a microscopic level, all surfaces possess
ridges and valleys that make intimate contact
between surfaces difficult. Adsorbed
contamination on panicles and other surfaces
also hinders contact and prevents relatively
short-range molecular interactions from
occurring;
Sensitivity of the surrounding area to ejected
material. Relatively inert gases and mixtures are
most often used with specially designed
equipment to meet cleanliness requirements
without damaging the surrounding area.
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S4
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55
SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS
Supercritical fluids (SCFs) are a special category of
pressurized gases. Specifically, they are fluids that
are above their critical values for temperature and
pressure. The critical region is characterized by
the following conditions:
0.9 < Tr < 1.2 and
1.0
-------
SB
behavior. Phase equilibrium and mass transport
data are used to size equipment, determine utility
requirements, and estimate costs. . Important
parameters to consider include:
* the number of phases present; *
» the composition and density of each phase;
« the equilibrium changes associated with
temperature, pressure, and composition
variation. , >
Exhibit 10
DATA FOR TYPICAL SUPERCRITICAL
•
Solvent
Methane
Ethylene
Chlorotrifluoromethane
Carbon dioxide
Ethane
Nitrous oxide
Sulfur hexafluoricle
Propylene
Propane
Ammonia
Trichlorofluoromethane
n-Hexane
Isopropanol
Ethanol
Toluene
Water
Critical
Temperature
fdeg. Q
-83
9
29
31
32 '
36
45
92
97
132
198
234
• 235
243
318
374
Critical
Pressure
( atnrt
45.4
49.7
38.7
72.8
48.2
71.5
37.1
45.6
41.9
111.3
43.5
29.3
47.0
63.0
40.6
217.7
SOLVENTS
Density
fp/cmS')
0.16
0.22
OJ&
0.47
0.20
0.45
0.74
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.55
0.23
0.27
• 0.28
0.29
0.32 -
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57
Exhibit 11
SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE APPLICATIONS
Hardware
Materials/Components Qeaned Contaminants Removed
Spacecraft
Radar
Laser
Gas system
Cleaning aid
High voltage cables
Bearings
Rivets
Connectors
Transformers
Cables
Optical benches .
O-rings
i
Seals
Cotton ball/wipers
Cotton tipped applicators
Silicon e oils
Lubricants
Flux residues
Dielectric oils
Machine oils
Plasticizers
Plaslicizers
Monomers «
Organic extractables
Triglycerides
Adhesive residues
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58
Exhibit 12
BASIC MODEL DESIGN FOR CARBON DIOXIDE
SUPERCRITICAL CLEANING SYSTEM
Pressure Regulator
/T"\
Pump
Pump 2
Conditioner
Carbon Dioxide
Gts Supply
High Pressure
Vessel
\
Exhaust
Separator,
Gauge
Source: Jackson 1987
FX7084-3
-------
GAS PLASMA CLEANING
59
Gas plasma cleaning is typically used as a final
clean in a multi-stage process to achieve surfaces
completely free of organic contamination. It is
. used in a variety of industries, including electronic,
automotive* medical, textiles, and plastics to clean
and surface treat microelectronic devices, plastic
automotive bumpers, stainless steel syringe needles,
angioplasty balloon catheters, plastic lenses, golf
balls, lawnmower distributor covers, and other
products.
Gas plasma cleaning involves using electrically
excited, nontoxic gas such as oxygen or air to
remove thin layers of organic residues. The
electrically excited gas, called plasma, is made up
of electrons, ionized atoms, and neutral molecular
fragments (free radicals). The molecular fragments
combine with the organic surface films to form
small quantities of volatile gaseous by-products
such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and trace
amounts of carbon monoxide and other
hydrocarbons.
The advantages of using plasma cleaning include
the following:
• Process gases are relatively cheap, nontoxic, and
noncaustic. Examples of gases are air, oxygen,
argon, helium, and silicon tetrafluoride;
• Because the reactions occur on the surface of
the part, the bulk of the part is unaffected;
• Gas plasma cleaning is compatible with most
metals, ceramics, and glass materials;
• Plasma cleaning offers a high level of worker
safety because cleaning takes place in a closed
vacuum chamber and the reaction by-products
are evacuated through a vacuum pump as soon
as they are formed;
•. Operating costs are low compared to solvent
cleaning because there is no need to regularly
monitor, replenish, and dispose of chemicals;
• The plasma cleaning process cleans and surface
treats at the same time. Gas removes organic.
contaminants and chemically combines with the
material surface to enhance its chemical
properties for adlliesive bonding ~ it makes the
surfaces more polar and allows adhesives to fill
surface micro-pores and form stronger covalent
bonds;
• By-product vapors do not require scrubbing and
can be vented to the atmosphere through
standard hose exhaust.
There are also several disadvantages to using gas
plasma cleaning. These include the following:
• Capital costs are initially high and the
equipment is higltily specialized. Reactor costs
are typically $20,000 to $130,000.
• For space systems such as satellite optical
components that must be cleaned during use,
the plasma gases must be provided at launch or
produced chemically;
• It may be difficult to determine exactly how
long the process should last. Outer
contaminant-layers are stripped faster and at
lower energies than layers close to the original
surface. A possible reason for this could be
that the inner contaminant layers are exposed to
more UV radiation from the plasma itself, and
therefore cross-polymerize and form stronger
bonds with the surface of the pan. This
uncertainty could lead to overuse of process gas
supplies;
• Using oxygen as a process gas produces a visible
film on the surface of gold mirrors. Such a film.
may be difficult to remove'and, if left on the
mirror, can increase light scattering;
• Plastics may be superficially etched by oxygen
after extended cleaning;
• The energy of tbe process must be limited to
avoid sputtering, a 'phenomenon that can
damage the elements being cleaned;
-------
60
Because cleaning capacity is low, gross
contamination must be removed prior to plasma
cleaning.
Process Chemistry
Cleaning occurs through the combined action of
UV light and atomic oxygen fragments reacting
with organic residues on the part. Although some
chemical reactions between the plasma and
contaminants are not understood, most of the by-
products formed are the result of conventional
chemical reactions. The reaction is similar to the
normal combustion of hydrocarbons, but at lower
temperatures (25°C - 50°C). The nighty energized
ions and UV • light help, break apart the
hydrocarbons and provide the activation energy
necessary to start the chemical reactions. The
formula for the two stages of reactions may be
written as:
O2 4- RF energy •* 2O + ions + electrons +
UV light & visible light
• O plasma •* CO2 + H2O + CO +
smaller hydrocarbons
The quantity of by-product gas generated is so low
that one year of plasma cleaning produces the
equivalent of approximately 10 minutes of
automobile exhaust.
Process Equipment
A typical plasma cleaning system consists of a
vacuum chamber made of aluminum, a vacuum
pump, a radio-frequency generator, a gas flow
module, and a microprocessor-based controller.
The vacuum chamber, which can be cylindrical or
planar, holds the components for cleaning. Within
the vacuum chamber is a set of electrodes, which
,may be in the form of a cage or removable shelves.
During cleaning, the radio-frequency source is
connected across these electrodes. The radio-
frequency generator supplies the energy for
creating plasma. The control equipment governs
the composition of the reagent gas, the flow-rate of
the reagent gas, the radio-frequency power, the
reactor's operating pressure, and the processing
time. Most applications use the closed-vacuum
chambers in batch mode, but continuous cleaning
is also possible.
Many sizes of systems are currently available -for
cleaning applications, ranging from small, modified
microwave ovens to large chambers designed to
hold several car bumpers. As mentioned earlier,
.the initial cost of a plasma cleaning system is
relatively high: one medium-sized system is
approximately $60,000. However, the operating
costs are fairly low. One tank of industrial grade
oxygen gas costs approximately $20, and will last
more than a year for light cleaning/ Furthermore,
training time is low because of the ease of using
plasma cleaning equipment.
Process Details
To use the gas plasma cleaning system, pans are
placed on the electrodes inside the vacuum
chamber. The vacuum is then pumped down to
about O.OS Torr. While pumping continues, the
gas is introduced to the system at a regulated
pressure of 0.1 to 1 Torr. The radio frequency
generator, operating at 13.56 MHz, supplies the
excitation power. A pale blue gas occurs when the
radio-frequency source is 'connected across the
electrodes.
The power, time, pressure, gas flow rate, and gas
type can be varied to optimize the cleaning
process. Most systems offer automatic control of
these process variables. Multi-step processes can
be stored in the controller memory, which allows
for high consistency and repeatability.
The cleaning time depends greatly on the specific
process, but generally ranges from a few seconds to
a few hours. Sophisticated plasma systems are
capable of strip rates exceeding 1 micron per
minute at temperatures near 200°C. Lower cost
industrial systems are capable of rates up to 0.2
microns per minute at 100°Q or less. Most
cleaning can occur in less than IS minutes,
assuming larger contaminants have already been
removed through another cleaning process such as
hot water rinsing or wiping. Thicker organic
residues up to 0.001 inches may be removed in
about 30 minutes at 150°C.
-------
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT/OZONE
CLEANING METHOD
The UV/ozone cleaning process has been used
successfully to remove thin organic films from a
number of different surfaces, including glass,
quartz, mica, sapphire, ceramics, metals, silicon,
gallium arsenide, and polyamide cement.
Process Overview
UV/ozone cleaning is a simple process that is
relatively inexpensive to set up and operate.
Under the proper conditions, the process can
produce clean surfaces in less than one minute.
Furthermore, these surfaces will remain clean
during storage under UV/ozone.
The basic UV/ozone cleaning process involves the
exposure of a contaminated surface to UV light in
the presence of ozone. Cleaning occurs as a result
of various photosensitized oxidation processes.
Contaminant molecules are excited and/or
dissociated by the absorption of short-wavelength
UV light. These molecules and the free radicals
produced by dissociation react with atomic oxygen
to form simpler, volatile molecules such as carbon
dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen that can easily
leave the surface.
There are several variables that determine the
effectiveness of UV/ozone cleaning. These include:
contaminants present, precleaning procedure, UV
wavelengths emitted, distance and atmosphere
between the UV source and the surface to be
cleaned, contact angle of the light, and length of
time of the exposure.
Testing must be performed to determine optimal
conditions for different surfaces to be cleaned and
contaminants to be removed. The part being
cleaned should be kept as close as practicable to
the UV light source, to maximize the rate of
cleaning. Surfaces that have multiple contaminants
or thick layers of contaminants require precleaning
in order for the UV/ozone process to work.
UV/ozone will efficiently clean organic
contamination, but particles and inorganic
components are more difficult to remove with this
process.
Because the UV/ozone process requires no moving
parts, it is easy to maintain and operate. However,
both the use of UV light and the presence of
excessive ozone can be dangerous to humans. UV
light can cause eye- injuries, and ozone causes
respiratory distress. Special design considerations
are necessary to accommodate the low workplace
limits for ozone (O.'l ppm).
The UV/ozone process may also cause damage to
the surface being cleaned. Staining and
discoloration of materials can result from improper
wavelengths and exposure times. Overexposure of
materials to UV lijht can also cause corrosion.
One positive side effect of the UV/ozone process
is the neutralization of static charges on insulator
surfaces.
Possible Applications
The UV/ozone cleaning process has numerous
applications. Its primary use is substrate cleaning
prior to thin film deposition, such as is necessary
in the production of quartz crystal resonators. The
process is also used for cleaning and storing metal
tools, masks, resonator parts, and storage
containers. Other applications that have been
identified for UV/ozone cleaning include:
photoresist removal, the cleaning of vacuum
chamber walls, photomasks, silicon wafers, lenses,
mirrors, solar panels, and gallium-arsenide wafers.
Future Developments
Future developments in UV/ozone cleaning
procedures will corne front further testing and
-------
62
experimentation with specific applications.
Cleaning techniques can be refined considerably.
-------
CO2 SNOW
63
CO2 snow is a relatively 'new cleaning technique
that can be used to replace CFC-113 and MCF in
a variety of cleaning applications. CO2 snow is
produced when liquid CO2, which is stored at high
pressure (> 800 psi) at ambient temperature,
moves through specially designed orifices, or "jets".
The CO2 expands and cook rapidly, generating a
combination of solid CO2 particles,.or "snow", and
gas. During cleaning, the snow is directed at the
contaminated surface, and cleaning occurs as a
result of the momentum transfer between the solid
CO2 particles and paniculate contamination. The
collisions loosen the participates from the surface,
and the gaseous CO2 sweeps them away. The level
of cleaning can be controlled by adjusting the spray
force, and the size of the area to be cleaned is
changed by varying the spray pattern.
CO2 snow removes paniculate and organic
contamination from parts ranging from small,
extremely delicate items to large structures.
Examples of military applications of CO2 snow
cleaning include restoring silicon wafers to original
optical performance; removing thin molecular films
such as Krytox, T-15u, and pump oil; and cleaning
optical components such as glass mirrors, reflective
optical elements, optical filters, and windows.
Commercial applications include removing sanding
residue from automobile body panels, nylon
residue from disk drive pans, laser ablated metal
Irom sunshields, cleanroom debris from light
valves, and carbon epoxy dust from UV coatings.,
The following are several advantages to cleaning
using CO2 snow:
• Does not damage sensitive surfaces (e.g., gold
coatings and pristine silicon);
• Does not depade material or change internal
properties;
• Leaves no detectable residue;
* Meets stringent cleaning requirements —
provides superior cleaning performance
compared to conventional solvent spray
methods;
• Environmentally compatible. CO2 does not
damage the ozone layer and is not-hazardous;
• Does not generate waste or residue, so clean-up
and disposal problems are eliminated;
• Cost effective, since CO2 is readily available and
inexpensive compared to most solvents;
• Efficient. Spraying time is significantly shoner
in comparison to solvent spray cleaning
methods. For example, CO2 reduced the
cleaning time of aircraft windows from three
days to one hour, thus saying $1.3 million a
year.
As mentioned earlier, CO2 snow is dispensed
through specially designed orifices or jets. In some
cases the nozzle is a pan of a hand-held gun, while
in other cases, nozzles are placed inside automated
jet spray cleaning systems.
^
There are several variations of the hand-held gun
currently commercially available, including the
fixed-orifice gun and variable-orifice gun. The
fixed-orifice gun emits a constant stream of CO2
snow. The nozzle determines the spray pattern
and force, and snowflake size. Various
interchangeable nozzles are available for use with
this gun. 'The operator can clean large quantities
of similarly sized parts, achieving consistent results
with a fixed-orifice gun. The variable-orifice gun
has an adjustable orifice that allows the operator
to vary the snowflake size and spray force. It is'
useful when various contaminants need to be,
removed from a wide range of'parts composed of
different materials.
The semi- and fully-automated jet spray cleaning
systemsoffer moisture-free, temperature-controlled
cleaning environments. Because nozzle location
and nozzle motion can be programmed, these
systems offer high repeatability with, minimal
operator interaction. Often, these cleaning systems
-------
64
are equipped wjth multiple nozzle capabilities tbat
allow for a wide range of applications (e.g., CO2
jet spray, hot N2 gas).
-------
65
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
There is a wide range of aliphatic hydrocarbon
solvents that can be used in precision cleaning (see
Exhibit 13). Petroleum fractions, commonly
known as mineral spirits or kerosene, are derived
from the distillation of petroleum and are used
extensively in maintenance cleaning (e.g., auto
repair). They are most often used in single-stage .
cleaning operations in open-top equipment using
ambient air drying. Synthetic aliphatic
hydrocarbons, which offer closer control of
composition, odor, boiling range, evaporation rate,
etc., are employed in manufacturing cleaning
processes as well as in maintenance operations.
The advantages of aliphatic hydrocarbon cleaners
include:
* Superior cleaning ability for a wide variety of
soils, especially heavy grease, tar, waxes and
hard to remove soils. Low surface tension
allows good penetration into areas with closely
spaced parts or components;
* Compatible (non-corrosive) with most rubbers,
plastics and metals;
« They employ no water and can therefore clean
water-sensitive parts;
• Reduced evaporative loss;
* No wastewater is produced;
* Waste streams from those products with flash
points greater than 140°F (60°C) may be
classified as nonhazardous;
* Synthetic aliphatic hydrocarbons are not
regulated as hazardous air pollutants under the
U.S. Clean Air Act;
* Recyclable,by distillation. High stability and
recovery.
The disadvantages of using aliphatic hydrocarbons
include:
• Flammability concerns. However,, these
concerns can be mitigated with proper
equipment design and some products are
available with flash points greater than 200°F
(93°C);
• Slower drying times than CFC-113 and MCR
« VOC control may be required.
* Some grades have low Occupational Exposure
Limits.
* Odors may cause some worker discomfort.
The steps in a typical aliphatic hydrocarbon
cleaning process are analogous to those for
aqueous or semi-aqueous processes, with the
exception that the rinse step may be replaced with
additional wash steps. 'Equipment designs for use
with aliphatic hydrocarbons are modified aqueous
equipment design:;, primarily to account for
flammability and VOC concerns.
The major steps in the cleaning process are
typically:
* Wash steps (1 to 3 stages depending on degree
of cleaning needed) with an aliphatic
hydrocarbon cleaner;
• Drying step, often using forced air;
i
« VOC emission control by destruction or
recovery from solvent laden air, if required; and
• Waste solvent recovery and/or disposal.
The wash steps involve liquid-phase cleaning at
temperatures sufficiently below the flash point of
the fluid. Ultrasonics or other agitation.processes
such as immersion spraying can be used to
augment cleaning action. Spraying or misting
processes, where fine droplets are formed, should
be employed only In an inert environment or with
equipment that can provide protection against
ignition conditions. This protection is required
-------
66
because fine'droplets can1 ignite at temperatures
below the bulk fluid flash point.
Fluids with flash points below approximately 104°F
(4ff*C) should be operated in unheated equipment,
at ambient temperatures. For higher flash points,
hot cleaning can be employed to boost cleaning
action. For systems with good temperature control
(independent temperature sensors, cutouts, level
.indicators, etc.), a safety margin of 59°F (15°C)
between the fluid flash point and the cleaning
temperature is recommended. For systems-with
poor temperature control, a larger margin should
be employed. .
Each wash step should be followed by a drain
period, preferably with parts rotation, to minimize
solvent dragout from stage to stage.
In multistage processes, fluid from one bath is
periodically transferred to the preceding bath as its
soil level builds up. Fresh solvent is added only to
the final bath to ensure the highest cleanliness of
parts, and spent •solvent is removed only from the
first stage. Hie drying step normally uses forced
air, which may be heated. If the dryer is not
operating at $9°F (15°C) below the flash point of
the fluid, sufficient air flow should be provided so
that the effluent air composition is well below the
Lower Explosive Limit of the system.
Regardless of whether or not it is required by law,
the VOC recovery step is an important part of the
cleaning process. Depending on the aliphatic
hydrocarbon solvent chosen, either carbon
adsorption or condensation are the best
technologies for capturing solvent vapors from
spent drying air. Numerous vendors market this
type of recovery equipment. In -some cases,
however, the VOC concentration in the air may be
too low to facilitate recovery and catalytic
incineration may be necessary to destroy the
VOCs.
For waste recovery, the best reclamation
technology for aliphatic hydrocarbons is -usually
filtration and distillation. One of the'advantages
of some of the aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents with
few impurities and a narrow distillation range is
the high recovery rate in distillation. Should some
disposal of residual solvent be necessary, fuel
substitution or incineration are good options.
Some companies specialize in the service of
recycling these solvents and their services may be
contracted by a solvent user.
Exhibit 13
PROPERTIES OF ALIPHATIC SOLVENTS
PRODUCT
Mineral Spirits
Odorless Mineral Spirits
140 Solvent
C10/C11 Isoparaffin
C13 N-Paraffin
C10 Cyeloparaffin
Kerosene »
Lb./Gal.
60°F
6.37
6.33
6.54
6.25.
6.35
6.75
6.60
Sp. Gr.
60°/60qF
0.764
, 0.760
0.786
0.750
0.760
0.810
0,790
Boiling,
Range °F
305-395
350-395
360-410
320-340
320-340
330-360
330-495
FL Pt.
°FTGC
105
128
,140
107
200
105
130
KB
32
27
30
29
2S
54
30
Evap
Rate1
0.1
01
0.1
0.3
0.1
0.2
-
1 n-Butyl Acetate=i
Note: KB = Kauri Butanol Value
FI. Pt. = Flash Point
-------
PERFLUOROCARBONS
67
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) offer possible solutions to
current CFC-113 and MCF users, particularly in
cleaning parts for high accuracy gyros, before
assembly and during strip down and rework.
Because of the extremely high global wanning
potential of perfluorocarbons, their use is being
severely restricted in many countries, including the
United States. Acceptable applications of
perfluorocarbons are being limited to only those
applications in which no other currently available
alternative that is not an ozone-depleting substance
is acceptable. A new line of chemicals known as
hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) is currently being
developed for use in general cleaning applications
and to replace perfluorocarbons.
Process Chemistry
The PFCs are a group of compounds in which all
the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon are
substituted by fluorine. Because of the extreme
electronegativity of the fluorine atom, this total
substitution results in extreme chemical stability in
all of the compounds. The compounds are
virtually inert chemically, have low toxicity, are
completely nonflammable, and have no ozone
'Depletion potential. As a result of this very low K
chemical activity, PFCs can be used-in medical
applications and are safe in contact with pure
oxygen at high pressures. The excellent chemical
stability of these fluids also makes them
compatible with all gyro construction materials
including beryllium. Exhibit 14 summarizes the
compatibility of PFCs with various other materials.
Because their base hydrocarbons can vary, PFCs
• can have a wide range of molecular weights and
structures. This results in a wide range of boiling
points. One manufacturer identified six
compounds available commercially with boiling
points ranging from 29°C to-160°C, at 1 atm.
All the PFC compounds are strong infrared
absorbers. This capability, coupled with the PFCs*
extremely long atmosphere lifetimes, result in the
chemicals having a very significant global wanning
potential. Another drawback of PFCs is their very
low solvency power, which makes them unlikely to
be very useful for removing oils.
Another major disadvantage of PFCs is their high
cost, resulting from complex synthetic production
processes. A typicaHow to mid-range boiling PFC,
for example, is approximately $90 US per kg (late
1990).
Process Equipment
Design of equipment for gyroscope or other
precision parts cleaning must be specific to each
application. One requirement for all equipment,
however, is that it must be hermetically sealed.
Unless effective sealing is achieved, the loss of
PFC will be prohibitively expensive (even
considering the high cost and strategic importance
of the products) and environmentally unacceptable
because of its high global warming potential. ,
Process Details
All current high density flotation fluids are soluble
in certain PFCs, allowing them to be used for
flushing filled assemblies.
High pressure spraying with PFCs appears to be a
very effective method of particle removal.
-------
Exhibit 14
PERFLUOROCARBON (RFC) COMPATIBILITY
WITH VARIOUS MATERIALS
Class of MatenaL
Rubbers
Polyethylene, polypropylene
Nylons.
Polystyrene
"Perspex" ("Plexiglass")
FTFE (unfilled)
PVC (Rigid)
PVC (Flexible)
Electronic circuit boards*
Copper and brass
Other Common metals
Silicone and microcircuit chips
Adhesives
Adhesive tapes
Paper
Enamelled wires
Insulating tapes
Paints
Other surface coatings and sealants
Observation
<1% linear swell, +.1% change in weight
<\% shrinkage, zero change in weight
Negligible change in dimensions or weight
Variable, generally negligible, shrinkage (e.g., 0.2%)
<0.2% shrinkage, slight loss in' weight
2-3% linear swell, up to 10% increase in weight
Negligible change
Extraction of plasticizer, loss of flexibility (in hot Flutec)
+. <0.1% dimensional change, zero change in weight
Slight tarnishing (from dissolved oxygen)
No e&e-A detectable
No known effect
No adverse effects detected in any samples tested up to
the present time
* Including: SRBP, Epoxy, DAP, Silicone, Melamine, Polyester, with filler materials of all common
types.
-------
.69
ALCOHOL CLEANING WITH
PERFLUOROCARBON
Alcohols such as methyl, ethyl, and isopropyl have
been used extensively for cleaning printed circuit
boards and precision components. They are very
effective in removing rosin and polar activators
commonly used in flux.
Safety is the primary difficulty in using alcohols,
which are highly flammable. Both flame and
explosion proofing are necessary equipment
characteristics to prevent operator injury and
equipment damage. Using a perfluorocarbon
(PFC) "blanket" adequately suppresses the
flammabilily of the alcohol vapor, thereby allowing
for temperatures sufficiently high for distillation.
PFCs are relatively immiscible with alcohol; the
two may be used together with little or no mixing.
There are several advantages to using alcohol as a
solvent for precision cleaning. These include the
following:
* Alcohol, being extremely polar, has great
solvency and allows for greater freedom in
removing paniculate and organic contamination
thanCFC-113.
• PFCs are nonflammable, have low toxicity and
reactivity, and have no ozone-depleting
potential.
* Relatively small amounts of alcohol are
required for each cleaning. This amount varies
with the process.
• The nonflammable nature of the alcohol-PFC
vapor allows for continuous distillation, thus
permitting clean rinses.
• Since alcohol and PFC jhave different boiling
points, an operating temperature between the
two will allow for selective boiling and will
prevent the percentage of alcohol in the vapor
from rising to a point where the vapor becomes
flammable. Adding water to the alcohol raises
'the alcohol's flash point above the PFC's boiling
point.
• Alcohol and PFC a're "clean" agents; i.e., they
leave no residue, They also evaporate readily at
low temperatures.
There are also several drawbacks associated with
the use of alcohol/PFC cleaning. These include
the following:
* Safety systems must be designed to
automatically cease operations if the PFC level
drops below the level necessary to prevent
explosion.
* PFCs have a high global warming potential.
• PFCs are expensive.
* Pure alcohols are not effective at removing
nonpoiar contaminants like grease.
• High capital cost of equipment.
• Uncertain development time and costs.
-------
70
-------
71
HYDROCHLOROFLUOROCARBONS FOR
ESSENTIAL APPLICATIONS
Faced with the phaseout of CFC-113 and MCF,
some users of these solvents have looked toward
several hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) (e.g.,
HCFC-225ca, HCFC-225cb, HCFC-141b, and
HCFC-123) as possible substitutes. Exhibit 15
presents physical properties of these chemicals.
HCFCs have been attractive alternatives due to
their good cleaning performance, and their
similarity in application method to CFC-113 and
MCF. ' However, due to their environmental and
health impacts, the use of these substances in
solvent cleaning applications will be severely
limited. At the present time, the only HCFC that
can be used legally in metal cleaning in the U.S. is
HCFC-141b. Under the SNAP rule (described in
the Foreword), HCFC-i41b use will be allowed in
existing equipment until January 1, 1996. After
January 1, 19%, the use of HCFC-141b in any
metal cleaning application will be allowed only as
a replacement for CFC-113, and then only with a
special exemption granted by the U.S. EPA. At
the time of revision of this manual, the use of
HCFC-225 had not yet been approved for metal
cleaning applications, although a SNAP submission
was pending.
'
Exhibit 15
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
AND OTHER SOLVENT
.
OF HCFCs
BLENDS
CFC-113 MCF HCFC-22Sca HCFC-225cb HCFC-141b
Chemical Formula
Ozone Depleting
Potential
Boiling Point (°C)
Viscosity (cps)
@2S°C
Surface Tension
(dyne/cm)
Kauri-Butanol
Value
Flash Point PC
Toxieity
f*f**t cf^f^uc ^**t j ^^i /"%c (~*c <">j-j*"n
wwlpi wWlr^ «**gwwi2 wrgwigwrlwlg
0.8 0.1 , -0.05
i
47.6 73.9 61.1 ,
0.68 " 0.79 0.59
17.3 25.56 16.3
31 124 34
i
None None None|
Low Low Underway
CaF2CF2CHCIF CHgCFCIg
-0.05 0.11
56.1 32 1
0.61 0.43
17.7 184
30 76
None None
Underway Near Completion
-------
72
Therefore, these substances are no longer being
recommended* for use In solvent cleaning
applications', where workers will be exposed to the .
chemicals for long periods of time. In addition,
two major manufacturers have withdrawn all of
their HCFC-123 formulations previously marketed
for solvent cleaning applications. HCFC-141b is
currently available and is manufactured by several
chemical companies for use in solvent cleaning
applications. Previous formulations of HCFC-14Ib
included mixtures with HCFC-123 and methanol,
but current formulations have dropped the use of
HCFC-123. The major drawback associated with
the use of HCFC-141b is its relatively high ODP of
0.11. This is only slightly below the ODP of MCF
(0.12), a product which HCFC-141b is to be
replacing. Because of the similarity in ODP,
HCFC-141b is generally seen as an unacceptable
substitute to MCF. In the U.S., for example, the
Environmental Protection Agency has banned the
use of HCFC-141b as a substitute for MCF in
solvent cleaning applications, and has limited its
use as a substitute for CFC-113. For these
reasons, it is unlikely that HCFC-141b will be a
suitable substitute for MCF in precision cleaning
applications.
At the present time, it appears HCFC-225 is a
good substitute for CFC-113 in general metal and
precision cleaning. It is similar to CFC-113 in its
chemical and physical properties and compatible
with most plastics, elastomers, and metals. Thus,
HCFC-225 has been applied as a CFC-113
replarsment, where other alternatives can not be
applied, with relatively few changes in equipment
or process operations. Jts ability to replace MCF,
however, is limited because the solvency of HCFC-
(225 is low compared with that of MCF. When
'combined with other solvents such as petroleum,
HCFC-225 may serve as an adequate substitute to
MCF. AH of the toxicological testings of HCFC-
225ca and HCFC-225cb planned under PAFT-IV
were completed in early 1994. Data from acute
•JOXicity studies indicate that HCFC-225cb has very
low toxicity. As a result, an Acute Exposure Limit
(AEL) of 250 ppm has been set for HCFC-225cb,
while the more toxic HCFC-225ca has an AEL of
25 ppm. Twenty-eight day inhalation studies also
demonstrate no significant effects, and evidence
from several genotoxicity studies indicates that
neither isomer is a genetic hazard. At present,
there is a capacity for the commercial production
of a few thousand metric tons HCFC-225 (as a
mixture of HCFC-225ca and HCFC-225cb). It is
anticipated that this capacity will increase soon to
• meet worldwide demand.
As a means of addressing the ODP of HCFCs, the
Parties to the Montreal Protocol developed a
phaseout schedule for HCFCs at their November
1992 meeting in Copenhagen. Under the new
amendment, HCFC consumption must be frozen at
the base level by 1996; cut by 90 percent from the
base level by 2015; cut by 99.5 percent by 2020;
and cut by 100 percent by 2030. The base level is
equal to 3.1 percent of 1989 CFC consumption
plus 100 percent of 1989 HCFC consumption.
This phaseout is prompting many potential users
of HCFCs to switch directly to other alternatives.
If HCFCs must be used, it is important to consider
the process design changes that may be required in
order to reduce emissions. For example, on
conventional degreasers, freeboards should be
extended and condenser temperatures should be
lowered. In addition, provisions such as
superheated-vapor drying or increased dwell times
in freeboard are desirable to reduce dragout losses,
The high volatility of HCFC cleaning solutions
requires special equipment design criteria. In
addition, the economic use of HCFCs may require
special emission control features for vapor
.degreasers (see Exhibit 16a, 16b, and 16c). These
include:
* Automated work transport facilities;
* Hoods and/or automated covers on top entry
machines;
*
* Facilities for work handling that minimize
solvent entrapment;
• Facilities for superheated vapor drying;
• Freeboard deepened to width ratios of 1.0 to
2.0;
• Main condenser operating at 45° to 55°F (7° to
Secondary condenser operating at -30° to -20°F
(-34° to -29°C);
-------
73
* Dehumidification condenser operating at -30 to
-20°F (-34° to -29°C)(optional);
* Seals and gaskets of chemically compatible
materials;
• Stainless steel construction;
* Welded piping containing a minimum of flanged
Joints;
•• A gasketed water separator or refrigerated
desiccant dryer for raethanol Mends; -
* A cool room to work in is recommended;
• Controlled exhaust from refrigeration unit to
• prevent excessive heat from reaching the
separator chambers.
Material compatibility is another important
consideration. Certain HCFC blends may require
compatibility testing with titanium, magnesium,
zinc and other metals. Solvent blends have shown
some adverse effects with plastics such as ABS,
acrylic, and Hi-Impact Styrene. Therefore, plastics
also need to be tested on an individual basis.
-------
74
Exhibit 16a
ADVANCED DESIGN DEGREASER FOR
USE WITH LOW BOILING POINT SOLVENTS
Hood
Hooded Work Transporter on Opem-Top Degreaser
Work Transporter
Additional
Freeboard
,Tumed-in
Anti-Diffusion
Lip
Dehumidifier
Coll
-20 "F
Main
Condenser
40'-50*F
Heating
Coil
Source: PuPont
M4038-2
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75
Exhibit 16b
ADVANCED DESIGN DEGREASER FOR
USE WITH LOW BOILING POINT SOLVENTS
Turned-ln
Anti-Diffusion
Lip
Vapor Trap
(optional In
many eases)
-20° F to-40» F
Main Condenser
35°F
n
n
Freeboard
Depth = 1*
Gasketed
Desiccant
Dryer with
P-Trap
Vapor Generator
Sump
Heating Elements
i
•Machine Width = w; w = 1 indicates 100% Freeboard
Source: Allied-Signal
Rinse Sump
' W7Q34-*
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76
Exhibit 16c
STACKED LOW EMISSION DEGREASER WITH
SOLVENT SAVING FEATURES
Closing Ud
Refrigerated
Freeboard
Inter Coll _
Baffle
Four Sided
Cascade
Condensing
o
o
o
°J
Free °
Board °
o
F.B.R. = 1 Jo
Convection
f Current
Break
Standby
Mode
Defrost
Trough
Source; ICi
Solvent Saving
Features
(not shown)
t
Screwed pipe joints
Correct sealing material
Correct pump seals
Minimum number of
pipe joints
Degreaser enclosure .
Mechanical handling with
optional rotation
Correct size, basket .
F47034-S
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77
N-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDONE
N-Methyl-2-Pyrrqlidone, also referred to as M-
Pyrol® or NMP, is miscible with water and most
other organic solvents including esters, ethers,
alcohols, ketones, aromatic and .chlorinated
hydrocarbons, and vegetable oils. It has powerful
solvent properties as evidenced by its physio-
chemical properties. These properties include a
solubility parameter of 11.0, high purity, high flash
point, and low volatility.
Testing of NMP for specific cleaning applications
is underway. Initial results indicate that NMP is
effective in ultrasonics applications and cavitates at
both room temperature and elevated temperatures
in its 100 percent active form. Metal substrates
that have been successfully tested with NMP
include carbon steels, stainless steel 304,316,317,
Carpenter 20CB3 Admiralty brass, Cupro-Nickel
and ferralium. Several polymeric materials such as
Epoxy-Urethane are sensitive to NMP. Exhibit 17
summarizes the solvent's principal properties.
Exhibit 18 shows two typical process equipment
designs that have been used successfully for both
batch and in-line operations.
Exhibit 17
i
SUMMARY OF PROPERTIES
OF N-METHYL-2-PYRROLIDONE
Empirical Formula
Molecular Weight
Freezing Point
Boiling Point
Vapor Pressure (20°C)
Viscosity (25°C)
Specific Gravity
Interfacial Surface Tension (25°C)
Flash Point (open cup) •
(closed cup)
Explosive limits
Heat of Combustion
Specific Heat
Heat of Vaporization
Miscibility with Other Solvents
Source: GAF Chemical
99.1
-24.4°e (-1
202°C (395°F) @ 760 mm '
0.29 j im
1.65 cp '
1.027
40.7 dynes/cm
95°C (204°F)
93°C (199°F)
0.058 grams/filter - lower limit
2.18% vapor in air - 360°F (182°C)
0.323 grams/liter - upper limit
12.24% vapors in air - 370°F (18TC)
719 K eal/mol
0.40Kcal/kgat20°C-
127.3 K cal/kg (230 BTU/lb)
Completely miscible with water and most organic
solvents including alcohols, ethers, ketones, aromatic
and chlorinated hydrocarbons and vegetable oils.
-------
78
Exhibit 18
NMP CLEANING PROCESSES
Cleaning Tank
xK ,xK xK.
NMP
Ambient to 180° F.
20to30Pslg.
SPRAY WASH CLEANING
(Spray under imnwralon recomrnenctod.)
Rinse Tanks
xK. xK, xK
Deionized Water.
120°F,i2Ps!g
Drying
Forced
Hot Air
or
Vacuum.
IMMERSION TANK CLEANING
Cleaning Tanks
VWWWW
wwwwd
vwwvvw
WWWMA-
NMP
• Ambient to 180° F.
With or without Ultrasonics
Rinse Tanks
Deionizad Water.
200* F.
Drying
Slow Pull©
or Capillary
Drying.
Forced Hot
Air.
U May bo spray rinsed.
© Stow incremental removal from Ol water.
Effective on flat surfaces.
Source: GAF Chemicals Corporation
F4703411
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79
OTHER ORGANIC SOLVENTS
The precision cleaning industry has always used a
wide range of miscellaneous solvents. In most
applications,-such solvents are used in manual
operations. They are often applied using camel or
sable hair brushes during assembly or rework.
Typical solvent cleaning applications include:
* Local defluxing after solder rework operations;
• Defluxing after special solder operations (e.g.,
strain gauge lead attachment);
• Varnish applications (e.g., small scale in-situ
coil impregnations).
Some of the solvents commonly used include
organic solvents such as ketones, alcohols, ethers,
and esters, and chlorinated solvents such as
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and
methylene chloride. Chlorinated solvents will be
described in further detail in the next section.
Organic solvents can be used in either a heated
state or at room temperature in a dip tank, or in
hand-wipe operations. However, due to the fact
that most are flammable, these types of organic
solvents are most often used at room temperature
in a process commonly known as cold cleaning.
The ketones form a group of very powerful
solvents (see Exhibit 19). In particular, acetone
(dimethyl ketone) and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK)
are good solvents for polymers and adhesives. In
addition, acetone is an efficient dewatering agent.
However, the flammability of both solvents (note
that acetone has a flash point of 0°F) and their
incompatibility with many structural polymers (e.g.,
stress cracking of polyether sulphone, polyether
ketone, and polycarbonate) mean that they should
only be used with care and in small quantities. It
is important to note that MEK is often classified
as a hazardous air pollutant, as it is in the U.S.
Even so, it is extremely widely used in a variety of
applications.
in a number of applications. These solvents are
chosen for their high polarity and for their
effective solvent power. However, certain glyeol
ethers, can cause swelling, cracking, and structural
degradation of polymeric and • elastomeric
materials. The alcohols have a range of flash
points. Extreme care must be exercised while
using the lower flash point alcohols (see Exhibit
20).
As mentioned earlier, one method of organic
cleaning involves the use of an alcohol vapor zone
to clean the parts, and a perfluorocarbon vapor
blanket above the to reduce the flammability risk
of the heated alcohol. A different class of alcohol
vapor degreasing equipment does not make use of
an inciting agent such as perfluorocarbons.
Instead, these systems have numerous safety
devices built into the equipment, including air
monitors, automatic sprinkler systems, and
automatic shutoff capabilities. Nevertheless, when
using both types of equipment, workers must
exercise extreme caution to reduce the risk of
explosion.
Esters, such as dibasic esters and aliphatic mono
esters, have good solvent properties. They offer
good cleaning for a variety of grimes and soils.
Most esters are readily soluble in alcohols,
ketones, ethers, and hydrocarbons, but are only
slightly soluble in water and in high paraffinic
hydrocarbons. Dibasic esters generally have a high
flash point and low vapor pressure. In fact, dibasic
esters are so low in vapor pressure that a residual
film may remain on a surface after application,
thereby necessitating a water rinse stage. Aliphatic
esters, generally acetates, range in formula from
ethyl acetate to tridecyl acetate. The higher grades
(hexyl acetate and heavier) art commonly used in
degreasing. They fall into the combustible or
noncombustible flash point range, and have
acceptable compatibility with most polymers.
These esters can be dried from a surface by forced
air drying with no lesidual film.
Alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, and
several glyeol ethers are used alone and in blends
Many of the organic solvents are toxic and have
low worker exposure limits. Prior to implementing
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80
such products, a plant should coordinate a review
by an occupational health professional to ensure
that the products are being used in a safe manner.
All possible efforts should be made to protect
workers from prolonged exposure to toxic
chemicals.
Many organic solvent alternatives to CFC-113 and
MCF also have problems with odor. Even though
volatility and airborne concentrations can be
reduced, the relatively strong odors of some of
these solvents may build up. Without adequate
ventilation and possibly masks for workers, these
odors may reach a level which will cause
discomfort for workers. Therefore, care should be
taken to reduce the odor build-up in any location.
Other issues to consider when evaluating organic
solvents as CFC-113 and MCF substitutes include
VOC emissions and waste disposal. In many
Ideations, most of the organic solvents will be
considered VOCs, and their use will require
emissions control. In addition, spent solvent may
be considered hazardous waste. If it is, the solvent
will require special handling and disposal practices.
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81
Exhibit 19
PROPERTIES OF KETONES
KETONES
ACETONI
METHYL ETHYL KETONE
DiETHYL KETONE
METHYL n-PROPYL KETONE
CYCLOHEXANONE
METHYL ISOBUTYL KETONE
METHYL n-BUTYL KETONE
METHYL CYCLOHEXANONE
(Mixed Isomers)
ACETONYL ACETONE
DIISOPROPYL KETONE
METHYL n-AMYL KETONE
DIACETONE
Formula
CHaCOCH3
CHgCOCgHg
CgHgCQCgHg
CHgCOCaHj
-------
82
Exhibit 20
PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS
CHEMICAL
Meihanol
Ethanol, Prop. Anhydrous
Ethanol, Spec. Industrial Anhydrous
Isopropanol, Anhydrous
n-Propanol
2-Butano!
Isobutanol
n-Butanol
Amyl Alcohol (primary) .
Methyl Amyl Alcohol
Cyclohexano!
2-Ethylhexanol
Texanol
, Lb./Gal.
60°F
6.60
6.65
6.65
6.55
6.71
6.73
6.68
6.75
6.79
6.72
7.89
6.94
7.90
Sp. Gr.
2Q«I2D°C
0.792
0.799
0.795
0.786
0.806
0.809
0.803 ,
0.811
0.815
0.808
0.949
0.834
0.950
Boiling
Range °F
147-149
165-176
167-178
179-182
205-208
207-215
225-228
241-245
261-282
266-271
320-325
360-367
471-477
Fl. Pt. "F
TCC
54
" 49
50
53
74
72
85
97
120
103
142
164
2482
Evap. Rate1
3.5
1.8
1.8
- 1.7
1.0
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.3
0.05
0.01
0.002
1 n-Butyl Acetate=1
2 C.O.C.
Source: Southwest Chemical Company, Solvent Properties Reference Manual
-------
83
OTHER CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
One of the most appealing substitutes for CFC-113
and MCF in terms of process similarity is the use
of another chlorinated solvent which does not
contribute to ozone-depletion. The solvents
normally used in cleaning applications are
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and
methylene chloride. While these substances, are
ideal due to the fact that they can be used in vapor
, degreasing applications, as are CFC-113 and MCF,
they may have significant health and environmental
impacts which, if not properly addressed, make
their use less attractive.
These three cleaning solvents have undergone
extensive testing in recent years for safety, health,
and environmental impacts. As a result of this
testing, two of the solvents — trichloroethylene and
perchloroethylene — have been classified as VOCs
(although the U.S. EPA has recently proposed that
perchloroethylene be exempted'from regulation as
a VOC), and all three have been classified as
hazardous air pollutants in the U.S. These
classifications have significant implications for
chlorinated solvent use in the U.S. since they
require that emissions control measures be
employed and extensive records be kept when
using these solvents. In November 1993, the U.S.
EPA proposed national emission standards for
• hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPs) used in
existing and new haiogenated solvent cleaning
applications. The standards, which were developed
under the requirements of Title III (Hazardous Air
Pollutants) of the Clean Air Act, cover both vapor
degreasing and immersion cleaning with
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, and
methylene chloride, as well as with MCF. The
standards are expected to be finalized by November
/1994. After that time, companies operating
existing equipment will have two years to comply
with the requirements.
Under the proposal, companies are required to
install emission control equipment and to
implement automated parts handling and specified
work practices in order to meet emission
standards. Alternatively, companies may choose to
comply with either an idling mode emission limit,
1 in conjunction with parts handling and work
I practice requirements, or a limit on total
emissions. Exhibit 21 presents the proposed
', control equipment combinations and the
alternative idling limits for different types of
equipment. Exhibit 22" lists the alternative total
emissions limits.
> Within 90 days of the finalization of the standards,
companies must submit an initial 'notification of
I each solvent cleaning machine. Companies are
i expected to implement one of the compliance
; options within two years, and to submit an initial
! compliance report within 30 days of the end of the
two-year period. Cleaning machines that begin
; operation after the proposal date are expected to
comply with the standards upon start-up or on the
date the standards are finalized, whichever is later.
; Following the submission of the initial compliance
report, companies are required to submit annual
compliance reports. Noncompliance reports, if
! necessary, are submitted quarterly. The operators
; of batch vapor and in-line vapor and cold cleaning
! machines are required to obtain an operating
permit from the EPA or the operator's state, if the
< state has an EPA-approved permitting program.
Companies that .choose to comply with the
alternative emission limit are required to keep a
i monthly log of solvent additions and removals, and
•< to use mass-balance equations to calculate their
! total emissions. The emissions, based on a three-
| month rolling average, must be equal or less than
', the totalemissions limit.
"In addition to being VOCs and/or hazardous air
pollutants, two of the nonozone-depleting
chlorinated solvents have been shown to be
carcinogenic to animate in extensive toxicity
I testing. This discovery has prompted the
International Agency for Research on Cancer to
1' classify both perchloroethylene and methylene
chloride as "possibly carcinogenic to humans." In
1 addition, many governments have set very low
permissible worker exposure limits for all three
) chlorinated solvents. The U.S. Occupational Safety
and Health Administration (OSHA) has set worker
! exposure limits at 100 parts per million (ppm) for
-------
84
perchloroethyJene and trichloroethylene, and 500
ppm for methylene chloride. A proposal has been
submitted to lower the permissible exposure limit
(PEL) for methylene chloride to 25 ppm,
Chlorinated solvents are subject to hazardous
•waste regulations in some areas, including the U.S.
where "they are covered under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). Users
of these solvents must be aware of and comply
with all regulations governing use, storage, and
disposal of these materials.
Despite the many possible environmental and
safety effects associated with the use of chlorinated
solvents, they are feasible substitutes for CFC-113
and MCF in precision cleaning provided adequate
control measures are used. Exhibit 23 summarizes
the solvent properties of these other chlorinated
solvents.
Exhibit 21
CONTROL EQUIPMENT COMBINATIONS AND
ALTERNATIVE IDLING LIMITS UNDER NESHAPs
Cleaner Type (m2 solvent/air
•Interface area)
Batch Vapor ,( 1.21 m2)
In-Une" (Existing)
In-Unec (New)
Batch Cold Cleaning
Control Equipment
Combination Options81**
1. FBR=1.0, FRD, RRD
2. FBR=1.0, BPC, RRD
3. BPC, FRD, RRD
4. CVR, FRD, RRD
1. BPC, FRD RRD
2. BPC, DWL, RRD
3. DWL, FRD, RRD
4. BPC, FRD, SHV
5. BPC, RRD, SHV
6. FBR=1.0, RRD, SHV
7. DWL, RRD, SHV
FBR=1.0, FRD
SHV, FRD
CVR, Water Layer
Alternative Idling Limit
(kg/hr)b
9
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
N/A
ft FBR - freeboard ratio
FRD - freeboard refrigeration device
RRD - reduced room draft
BPC - biparting cover
CVR - manual cover
DWL - dwell '
SHV - superheated vapor
b Compliance with the proposed equipment or idling emission standard also requires automated parts handling
and work practices
c Includes both vapor and cold cleaning equipment
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85
Exhibit 22
ALTERNATIVE TOTAL EMISSIONS LIMITS UNDER NESHAPs
(BASED ON THREE-MONTH ROLLING AVERAGE)
f
Batch Vapor (Existing and New)
In-Line Vapor and Cold Cleaning (Existing)
In-Line Vapor and Cold Cleaning (New)
Batch Cold Cleaning
Average Emission (kg/m2-month)
109.8
1i53.2
§8.5 -
N/A
Exhibit 23
PROPERTIES OF CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
Physical Properties
Ozone Depleting
Potential
* * f
Chemical Formula
Molecular Weight
Boiling Point f C)
Density (g/cm"*)
Surface Tension
(dyne/cm)
Kauri Butanol Value
U.S. OSHA PEL 8 hr.
TWA (ppm)
Flash Point f C)
a- Obtained from HSFA
CFC-113 MCF
0.8 0,12
CClnFOCIFn CH^CCIo
£ £ $ •&
187.38 133.5
47.6 73.8
1.56 1.34
17.3 25.4
31 124
1000 , 350a,
None None
White Paper 1989
Trichloro- Perehloro- -Methylene
ethylene ethylene Chloride
0 0 0
f^^lf^$f^if^>l f*l*"%t /"%/"*! fMml f^"l
wtiwlwwljj V/'ta/^wwIp wnpv'in
131.4 - 1€S.9 84.9
87 - 121 4.0
146 1.62 1.33
29.3 31.3 N/A
130 91' 132
100 100 500b
None None None
b A proposal has been submitted to lower the PEL for methylene chloride to 25 ppm, - ,
Source: UNEP 1991,
!1
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86
-------
VOLATILE METHYL SILOXANES
Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMSs) are relatively
new alternatives to CFC-113 and MCF in precision
and electronics cleaning. They remove most
surface contaminants in precision metal working
and optics processing, as well as most nonionic
soils in electronics processing.
VMSs are low molecular weight silicone fluids that
occur in both linear and cyclic form. Commercially
available formulations are often made up of blends
of several different VMS fluids. VMSs have been
used for many years as ingredients in cosmetics and
a variety of personal care products, but have not
been traditionally used in solvent cleaning
applications.
The primary benefits associated with the use of
VMSs in cleaning applications include:
* Good cleaning capabilities for a variety of
contaminants, including oils, greases, cutting
fluids, silicone fluids, and waxes (when heated);
* Ability to evaporate without leaving a residue;
« Low surface tension allows VMSs, like CFC-
113, to spread rapidly and penetrate tightly-
spaced 'areas;
• Compatibility with a wide.variety of substrates,
including most plastics and elastomers;
• Easily recoverable and reusable. VMSs are
recycled by distillation and/or filtration,
depending on the contaminants present;
* No rinsing is needed, thereby eliminating any
wastewater concerns.
The major drawbacks associated with the use of
VMSs in precision cleaning include: *,
• Flammability. The most flammable VMS blend
currently available has a flash point of 30°F-and
is classified as flammable. The least flammable
blend has a flash point of 135°F and is classified
as combustible.
- Longer drying tunes than CFC-113 and MCF.
The evaporation rates of VMS blends are
comparable to that of butyl acetate.
* Some constituents of VMS blends have very low
recommended ecposure limits on the order of
10 ppm. Overall toxia'ty testing on VMS blends
is not yet complete.
The VMS blends used in cleaning are pure distilled
methyl polysiloxanes that contain no additives and
are clear in color. Because VMSs have low Kauri-
Butanol values, they are excellent solvents for
surface soils such as oils, greases, cutting fluids,
silicone fluids, yet harmless on most elastomers
and plastics. t Exhibit 24 presents the properties of
three VMS blends as compared to CFC-113 and
MCF. Exhibits 25 and 26 list the compatibility of
VMS fluids with certain elastomers and plastics.
VMSs are used as cleaning and rinsing agents.
The most volatile VMS blend can also function as
a drying agent. Parts rinsed with this blend will
dry in less than one minute at room temperature.
Less volatile VMS blends take longer to dry.
Moderate heat may be applied to speed up the
drying process.
VMSs can be used in existing cleaning equipment
that is designed to safely handle flammable or
combustible liquids. For example, equipment that
uses isopropyl alcohol can be easily adapted for
use with VMS fluids. In addition, CFC-113 or
MCF vapor degreasers can be modified for VMS
use. Mechanical agitation or ultrasonics can be
added to enhance or speed the cleaning process.
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88
Exhibit 24
PROPERTIES OF SAMPLE VMS BLENDS
Molecular Weight
Flash Point («F)
Freezing Point fC)
Boiling Point (°C)
Evaporation Rale
(butyl acetate - 1.0)
Viscosity at 25*C
Specific Gravity at 25" C
Surface Tension at 25° C
(dynes/cm)
Heat of Vaporization at
1*50*F (cal/gm)
Kaurl-Butanol Value
CFC-113
187
none
-35
47
17
0.68
t.56
17.3
35
31
MCF
133 '
none
-37
74
6
0.79
1.31
25.5
56.7
124.8
VMS Blend 1
162
30
-68
100
3
0.65
0.76
15.9
46
16.6
VMS Blend 2
236
94
-86
149
1
1.0
0.82
16
44
15.1
VMS Blend 3
310
135
-76
, 192
0.1
1.5
0.85
18
36
13.4
Exhibit 25
COMPATIBILITY OF SAMPLE VMS BLENDS WITH ELASTOMERS
1 weekJmmersion at 50°C (percent swell)
Polymer
AcrylonitrilB-Butadiene
Chtorosutfonated
Potyethylene
EPDM Rubber
Fluoroelastomer
Isobutylene-lsoprene
Natural Polyisoprene
Polychloroprene
Polyslloxane
Common Name
Buna N
Hypalon
Nordel
VitonA
VitonB
Butyl Rubber
Natural Rubber
Neoprene
Silicone
VMS Blend
1
8.1
2.4
-3.9
-1.7
-1.2
3.5
16.0
58.5
-7.1
VMS Blend
2
0
-1.8
-6.6
0
-1.2
-5.8
11.5
' 56.9
-8.3
VMS Blend
3
.4
-1.9
-8.6
0
" 0
-4.0
4.9
53.9
-8.3
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89
Exhibit 26
i
COMPATIBILITY OF SAMPLE VMS BLENDS WITH PLASTICS
1 day immersion at 50°C (percent weight change)
Polymer
Nylon
Acrylic »
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-------
90
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91
WASTEWATER MINIMIZATION AND
TREATMENT
Pre-Treatment of Water
Because the cleanliness of precision components
rinsed with water is largely determined by the
quality of the rinsewater, a plant should
understand its requirements for water supply and
quality of water. For example, plants should
remember that in some areas, water is in short
supply and in others areas, the quality of water is
not suitable for precision cleaning. Other factors
to consider regarding water supply, quality, and
pre-treatment include:
• Water supply requirements vary between
machines and with various recycling schemes;
;
« Water supply requirements range from 0.5 gpm
to 10 gpm with 3 to 5 gpm being most common.
Systems that recycle water require additional
water only to make up for evaporation;
• Pre-treatment of water may be required to
reduce hardness and suspended participates, or
to reduce machine maintenance. Water
softening can be done with off-the-shelf water
softening packages;
* Water with hardness greater than four should
not be used with saponifiers;
• Tap water costs less and wets better than
purified deionized water, but can introduce
contaminants or interfere with the cleaning
chemistry;
, • Highly deionized water can cause problems.
Typically, aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning use
tap water and/or deionized water. If the tap or
deionized water is inadequate for the specific
application, water treatment may be required.
The following treatment methods and equipment
can be used to adjust water quality:
* Mechanical filtration to remove suspended
particles;
* Sedimentation (to allow suspended particles to
settle);
* Coagulation (to remove fine particles in
colloidal suspension);
' v
• Carbon filtration (to adsorb gases, vapors,
organic substances, and colloidal solids);
* Bacteria filtration (to remove bacteria and other
microorganisms);
* Irradiation with ultraviolet light (to. destroy
bacteria and other microorganisms);
* Water softening (to remove calcium and
magnesium);
• Reverse osmosis (to remove dissolved solids,
colloids, and microorganisms).
Depending on the initial water quality, different
combinations of the above units are used to
achieve the desired quality level. _ x
Post-Treatment of Water
In order to meet local, state, or federal regulations,
wastewater generated from aqueous and semi-
aqueous based cleaning processes may require
pretreatment prior to discharge to a publicly
owned treatment works (POTW) or the sewer •
system. The type of treatment technology used
depends primarily on the quality and quantity of
the wastewater generated.
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92
Wastewater Quality
Wastewatef may contain organic contaminants
along with dissolved or suspended metals.
Additionally, when using alkaline cleaners,
wastewater can have a pH that is too high for
discharge to a POTW or sewer.
Organic Matter
Organic matter in the wastewater results from the
removal of oil and grease from the parts being
cleaned and from the chemical constituents of the
cleaners.
Oil and grease are generally considered a single
type of pollutant. They are not categorized by any
chemical formula, but rather as a semi-liquid
material that may contain fatty acids, fats, soaps,
and other similar materials. Oily wastewater can
be placed-in to five categories:
» Free oU'. oil which rises rapidly to the surface
under quiescent conditions;
• Mechanical dispersions: fine oil droplets ranging
in size from microns to a few millimeters in
diameter that are stabilized by electrical charges
or other forces but not through the influence of
surface active agents;
* Chemically stabilized emulsions: oil droplets
similar to mechanical dispersions but with
enhanced stability resulting from surface active
agents at the oil/water interface;
* "Dissolved* oik truly soluble chemical species
plus finely divided oil droplets (typically less
than 5 microns diameter). This form generally
defies removal by normal physical means;
* Oil-wet solids: oil adhering to the surface of
paniculate material in the wastewater.
Organic matter such as oil and grease create visual
and olfactory problems in the water, interfere with
normal oxygen transfer from air to water, and exert
both a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and a
chemical oxygen demand (COD). BOD is a
measure of the oxygen consuming characteristics of
organic matter. COD measures the total
oxidizable carbon in the wastewater. BOD differs
from COD in that BOD relates to the dissolved
oxygen in water, while COD relates to the
chemically bound oxygen in the .water. The
measure of organic matter in a waste stream is
generally characterized by measuring the BOD and
COD.
Most aqueous and semi-aqueous chemicals used in
their cleaner formulations are biodegradable. The
term "biodegradable" may be misleading, however,
because it may take too long for them to break
'down into their constituent • elements to be
environmentally acceptable.
Metals
Metals can exist either in suspension or solution.
Metals in suspension are chips and fines removed
from the parts being cleaned. Dissolved metals in
aqueous-based wastewater generally arise from
metals that are etched off parts as a result of the
alkalinity of the-solution.
pH
A high pH, or alkaline content, can harm aquatic
life. Aqueous cleaning wastewater generated in the
precision cleaning industry is generally alkaline
(i.e., has a pH greater than 7). In most instances,
the wastewater has a pH ranging from 9 to 12, and
mus.t be neut'ilized prior to discharge to a POTW
or sewer.
Wastewater Minimization
Before considering wastewater treatment options,
a plant should investigate methods to minimize the
amount of wastewater generated from aqueous and
semi-aqueous cleaning processes. One important
step in minimizing wastewater9 is optimizing the
cleaning process.
Optimizing the cleaning process includes:
• Avoiding unnecessary loading
• Removing sludge promptly
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93
* Monitoring the cleaning solution
• Maintaining equipment
* Designing more efficient process features
Avoid Unnecessary Loading
In addition to consuming more of tbe cleaner, an
excessive amount of loading will cause the soils
removed from the parts to interfere with cleaning.
These soils can form scale on the heating tubes
and reduce heat transfer efficiency. Excessive
loading requires regular maintenance and increased
discharge of wastewater. -
When using alkaline cleaners, alkalinity may be
unintentionally reduced by'the acidity of the soils
being removed, reaction of the alkali with the
carbon dioxide in the air used for agitation, and
reaction of the cleaner components with the hard
water salts. This reduction in alkalinity consumes
, the cleaner and reduces bath life. Solutions to
such problems include using mechanical agitation,
soft water, demineralized water, or deionized.
water, and replacing the used alkaline cleaner
frequently.
Remove Sludge and Soils Promptly
Removing sludge and soils promptly from cleaning
tanks reduces cleaner use by increasing the time
before the entire tank needs to be cleaned out.
Alkaline cleaners are available that allow the
separation of excess oily soils from the cleaning
solution. These formulations use surfactants thai
are good detergents but poor emulsifiers.
Agitation .of the bath keeps the soils suspended.
After a period of inactivity (e.g. overnight), the oily
soils float to the surface and can be skimmed off.
'.Although this method is effective with mineral oil,
it is less effective with fatty oils.
*
Similarly, there are also semi-aqueous cleaning
systems that have a hydrocarbon phase that
dissolves the soils but does not dissolve in the
water phase. When allowed to stand without
agitation, this hydrocarbon phase easily separates
out.
Monitor Cleaning Solution Routinely
If solution strengths are analyzed on a routine
basis, solution strength can be maintained more
effectively by making small and frequent additions
rather than a few large ones. Analyses can be
performed by the operator using simple titration
techniques (for example, the addition of a given
amount of reagent to a known volume of cleaner
and indicator can result in a color change). Full
scale titration tests may be performed by a
laboratory on a less frequent basis. The plant
should keep an accurate log of all tests and cleaner
additions.
Maintain Equipment
All equipment should be regularly maintained.
Metal tanks that are not fabricated with stainless
steel should be properly coated with protective
finishes. Tanks that hold deionized water should
be stainless steel or lined with plastic lining in
order to prevent rapid rusting. Spray nozzles
should be inspected regularly to avoid clogging.
Additional important items to maintain are the
float valves that supply make-up water. Leaks in
these valves can cause dilution of cleaner. It is
also important to determine. whether plastic
material used in equipment is compatible with the
hydrocarbon material used in the semi-aqueous
.process.
Consider Other Process Design
Features
Other process design features that can reduce
wastewater discharge include:
« Use of demineralized water during rinsing, to
clean parts that cannot tolerate minor residue.
This water reduces the amount of sludge
generated during wastewater treatment and may
allow the direct use of rinse water as make-up
water for the wash tank;
« Counterflow rinse systems should always be
• used to reduce overall water consumption and
subsequent treatment requirements; '
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94
Fog nozzles use much less water than
conventional spray systems.
Wastewater Treatment
Technologies -
Wastewater generated from precision cleaning
.processes can have a wide range of pollutants.
Therefore, the treatment technologies applied will
depend on the type of pollutant present and the
quantity of wastewater being generated. The
wastewater treatment equipment and processes
discussed below are categorized based on the type
of pollutant being treated.
Oil and Grease
4
Gravity Separator. "This treatment technology takes
_ advantage of the difference in specific gravity
between water and oil and grease. Hie process
involves retaining the oily waste in a holding tank
and allowing gravity separation of the oily material,
which is then skimmed from the wastewater
surface. Gravity separators are the most common
devices employed in waste treatment to separate
grease and nonemulsified oils. The technique does
not always remove very finely divided (colloidal)
oily or scummy material. The process generates an
oily dispersion that may have to be treated prior to
disposal. Relative energy requirements are low.
In instances where the quantity of wastewater to be
treated is small, a simple skimmer attached to a
tank can be used to remove the free floating oils.
The oil skimmers are either operated continuously
during cleaning or are operated once a day before
the cleaning process is started. It should be noted
that during the removal of oil, other suspended
solids like metal fines and chips are also removed.
»The treatment of wastewater from a semi-aqueous
cleaning process should not involve the removal of
gross amounts of oil and grease if a Decanter is
used with properly designed cleaning equipment.
The removal of dissolved organic material and
small amounts of suspended oils may be required.
ULtrafiltration, Ultrafiltration is a low pressure (10-
150 psi) membrane process for separating high
molecular weight emulsified oils and paniculate
matter less than 0.2 microns in diameter from
liquids. A semi-permeable membrane,
incorporated in membrane modules, performs the
separation. The wastewater feed is pumped across
the membrane surface at high velocity. Water and
low-molecular weight solutes such as salts and
some surfactants pass through the membrane pores
as permeate. This solution may bef reused or
further treated prior to disposal. Emulsified oil
and suspended solids cannot pass through the
membrane pores and are retained as a'concentrate.
The cross-flow characteristic of ultrafiltration
differs from the perpendicular flow of ordinary
filtration, where "cake" builds up on the filter
surface, requiring frequent filter replacement and
cleaning. Tangential-flow prevents filter cake
buildup, resulting in high filtration rates that can
be .maintained continuously, eliminating the cost
for frequent membrane cleaning.
Data from aerospace industry investigators indicate
that a ceramic ultrafiltration system can be used to
recover the entire cleaner (builder and surfactant
package) used in aqueous cleaning systems, and
that the efficiency of oil removal is best when
using ultrafiltration. However, the ultrafiltration
process must be specifically tailored to the aqueous
cleaner used in order to prevent excessive loss of
specific components.
The capital cost of ultrafiltration equipment and
operating costs associated with pumping
wastewater at high pressure are greater than the
costs of other treatment methods. Material and
disposal cost savings can provide an acceptable
return on investment in cases where recycling of
the permeate solution is possible.
Coalescing. During the coalescence process, oil
droplets wet a coalescing medium. As the oil
droplets combine to form larger particles, they rise
to the surface of the solution. The most important
properties of the coalescing media are its ability to
absorb oil and its large surface area.
Polypropylene and monofilament line are
sometimes used as coalescing media. Floating
absorption blankets or pillows are available from
a number of suppliers. The active material is
generally a blown polypropylene that is highly
oleophilic but will not remove active ingredients
from the cleaner.
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95
Because of its simplicity, coalescing provides high
reliability and low capital and operating costs. It
cannot be used, however, to remove emulsified
oils; if emulsified oils are present, the wastewater
must be pretreated before being sent to the
coalescing unit.
Chemical Treatment. Chemical treatment is often
used to break down stable oil-water emulsions.
Chemical treatment consists of three steps: (1)
coagulation - breaking of the emulsion; (2)
flocculation — agglomeration of the tiny oil
droplets to form, larger droplets; and (3)
sedimentation — the removal of oil from water.
Coagulants (e.g., polymers, alum, ferric chloride,
and organic emulsion breakers) break emulsions by
neutralizing repulsive charges between particles,
precipitating or salting out emulsifying agents, or
altering the interfacial film between the oil and
water so it breaks down. After the addition of the
coagulant, the flocculem is added to bring the tiny
oil droplets together to form larger oil drops, so
that they can easily be separated from the
wastewater. Typical flocculents are high molecular
weight polymers.
The disadvantage of this process is that chemical
treatments used to break the emulsions generate
sludge that has to be disposed. The cost of
chemicals and sludge disposal can be high.
Organics
Organics present in the wastewater from aqueous
and semi-aqueous based processes are generated
from contaminants like the hydrocarbon chemicals
and surfactants used in the chemical cleaners and
from the finishing and pigment compounds used in
the processing of precision components. Although
oil and grease are organic in nature, they are not
considered organic pollutants under this definition.
sli is known that many organic compounds are
eliminated during the treatment steps for the
removal of waste oil and grease. Higli molecular
weight organics are much more soluble in oil than
in the water and are skimmed off with the removed
oil.
Carbon adsorption. This system involves passing
wastewater through a chamber containing activated
carbon in order to remove the dissolved organic
material from the wastewater. Carbon adsorption
is one of the most efficient organic removal
processes available. In addition, it is reversible,
thus allowing activated carbon to be regenerated by
the application of heat and steam and then reused.
Some general rules regarding carbon adsorption
capacity include:
* Higher surface area provides greater adsorption
capacity;
• Larger pore size provides greater adsorption
capacity;
* Adsorptiviiy incnsases as the solubility of the
solute decreases. For hydrocarbons, adsorption
increases with molecular weight;
* Adsorption capacity decreases with increasing
temperature;
* For solutes with tonizable groups, maximum
adsorption is achieved at a pH corresponding to
the minimum ionization.
The same factors can also affect the rate of
adsorption. For .example, while adsorption
capacity is greater when removing higher molecular
weight hydrocarbons, the rate of adsorption is
decreased. Similarly, while higher temperatures
decrease capacity, they may increase the rate of
remqval of solute from solution.
Before carbon adsorption is performed, wastewater
should be pretreated to remove excess suspended
solids, oil, and grease. Suspended solids in the
stream entering the carbon adsorption bed should
be less than 50 parts per million (ppm) to
minimize backwash requirements. Oil and pease
should be less than 10 ppm. High levels of oil and
grease can block the pores of the activated carbon,
making the carbon ineffective in the adsorption of
organic matter.
Activated carbon columns are typically placed in
series or parallel in wastewater treatment plants.
A minimum of two columns is generally used in
continuous operation: when the activated carbon
in one column is used up and being regenerated,
the other column removes the contaminants.
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96
Carbon adsorption is an economical treatment
process. The greatest cost associated with the
technology is regenerating the activated carbon.
P"
Aqueous cleaning wastewater is alkaline and can
have a pH ranging from 7 to 12, depending upon
the cleaning process and, in particular, on the type
and strength of the chemical cleaner used. Adding
sulfuric or hydrochloric acid adjusts the pH of
wastewater. The major investment cost associated
with this treatment is the cost of the mixing tank.
The operating costs, which are primarily, the cost
of material, are low.
Dissolved Metals
Precipitation. The most commonly used technique
to treat dissolved metals consists of hydroxide
precipitation followed by sedimentation. Reagents
used to effect the precipitation include alkaline
compounds such, as lime and sodium hydroxide.
The treatment chemicals may be added to a mix
tank or, if a clarifier or similar device is being
used, directly to the sedimentation device. The
greatest advantage of using a clarifier is the short
retention time it takes for metal precipitates to
settle. However, the cost of installing and
maintaining a clarifier are high. The sludge that is
generated must be disposed according to federal,
state and social regulations.
The performance of hydroxide precipitation
depends on several variables. The most important
factors affecting precipitation effectiveness are:
• Addition of sufficient excess hydroxide to drive
the precipitation reaction to completion;
* Maintenance of an alkaline pH throughout the
precipitation reaction and subsequent settling;
* Effective removal of precipitation solids.
In some instances flocculating agents are added to
enhance the sedimentation process.
It is important to note that the use of hydroxide
precipitation produces sludge that must be
disposed, thus increasing treatment cost.
In Japan, ferrite precipitation is frequently used in
place of hydroxide * precipitation. It has the
advantages of precipitating the metals at lower
concentrations (by a factor of about two).
Furthermore, a market already 'exists for the
precipitates in the technical ceramics industry. Its
disadvantages are higher operating costs and the
considerable quantities of dissolved iron left in the
effluent water. Regulations on ferrous and ferric
ions should be investigated.
Ion-Exchange. Ion exchange is used in a number of
wastewater treatment applications, particularly in
water softening and deionization, to remove
dissolved metals from solution. The process
involves the reversible interchange of ions between
a solid, called the ion-exchange material, and a
liquid so that there is no permanent change in the
structure of the solid. The utility of ion exchange
rests with the ability to reuse the ion-exchange
materials. Eventually, the resin beds will lose their
efficiency and have to be either regenerated or
replaced, thereby producing either concentrated
wastewater or a volume of contaminated resin to
be disposed of properly. For example, in the
wastewater treatment reaction to remove lead (Pb):
i
2 Na+' R + Pb2Hh = Pb2+ R-, + 2 Na+'
The exchanger R in the sodium-ion form is able to •
exchange for lead, and thus, remove lead from the
wastewater and replace it with an equivalent
quantity of sodium. Subsequently, the lead-loaded
resin may be treated with a sodium chloride
solution, which regenerates the sodium form so
that it is ready for another cycle of operation. The(
regeneration reaction is reversible and the ion
exchanger is not permanently changed. Relative,
energy costs for this system are low.
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97
Conceptual Design of a
Wastewater Treatment
System
In most aqueous and ..semi-aqueous cleaning
systems, the wash and rinse water is recycled and
reused for a certain period of time before being
discarded. Because of stringent environmental
regulations, high water costs, 'and high energy
costs, recycling of wastewater is recommended.
Exhibit 27 presents a conceptual design of a semi-
- continuous wastewater treatment system that treats
wastewater generated from precision cleaning
industries.
The system consists of six unit operations. Unit 1
is a holding tank where the wastewater generated
is periodically discharged. Unit 2 is an enhanced
gravity separator that removes free floating oil and
suspended solids. Unit 3 is a ultrafiltration device
that removes the emulsified-dissolved oils. Unit 4
is an ion-exchange column used to remove
dissolved metals. Unit 5 is an activated carbon bed
used to remove organic matter. Unit 6 is a pH
adjusting tank. The final wastewater discharged
from this system,can be either reused as process
water for an aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning
process or discharged to the POTW.
Contract Hauling of
Wastewater
For small users of aqueous and semi-aqueous
cleaning processes, it may be more economical to
contract wastewater treatment rather than treating
it in-house. In some cases, the volume of the
wastewater can be reduced to make.it more
economical for shipment (hauling) by evaporating
excess water. Most companies that contract haul
waste generally treat it in large treatment facilities
such as large wastewater treatment plants or large
incinerators where it is burned as fuel. Waste
from semi-aqueous processes can be spfuel source
for incinerators.
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'98
Exhibit 27
SEMI-CONTINUOUS WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PROCESS
\
s
So
Wastewaier
Holding
Tank
\
Enhanced
Gravity -f
Separator *-
1
Removal of
Free OH &
uspended Solids
urea: EPA 1989
.
-»^ Membrane r~^. Carbon /-^^ Ion __^ Removal of
^ Filtration "r\ Adsorption "^T Exchange Wsaolved Metals
* * ^
Dissohdd- Organies u"61,1^ ,
Emulsified Oil . , pH Adjusting _QJVxW WaJte
Tank £lvp^ Treatment
? Facility
Reuse as
Process Water
H9081-1
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99
SUMMARY AND REVIEW
The manual has described the necessary steps to develop a program to eliminate the use of
CFC-113 and MQF in precision cleaning operations. In doing so, it has:
Summarized the reasons for the precision cleaning industry's historical
dependence on CFC-113 and MOP; ,;
Outlined the steps necessary to characterize existing manufacturing processes and
precision cleaning needs;
Detailed the key organizational, technical, economic, and environmental criteria
to consider when developing a phaseout program;
Discussed the many new alternative cleaning processes and solvents for precision
cleaning, and summarized their operational principles, advantages and
disadvantages;
Presented methods and options to minimize wastewater from the use of aqueous
and semi-aqueous cleaning processes.
The next section presents some case studies that provide examples of successful programs
on alternatives being implemented in industry. The case studies are followed by references
and a list of vendors that may serve as an additional source of information.
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100
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101
CASE STUDIES OF INDUSTRIAL PRACTICES
The following section presents case studies of industrial experiences of some of the
alternative technologies discussed earlier. ,
i
Mention of any company or product in this document is for informational purposes only and
does not constitute a recommendation of any such company or product, either express or
implied by EPA or ICOLP, ICOLP committee members, and the companies that employ the
ICOLP committee members.
Case Study #1: Aqueous Process for Cleaning Disk Drives.
Case Study #2: Alcohol with Perfluorocarbon Process for Cleaning Various
Precision Components.
Case Study #3: Aqueous Process for Cleaning Inertial System Parts.
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102
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103
CASE STUDY #\\
AQUEOUS PROCESS
FOR CLEANING DISK
DRIVES
consumption beyoitd that of the Phase I effort.
Phase II addresses longer lead time and higher cost
solutions. In this phase, Digital has implemented
carbon adsorption columns, closed or nearly-closed
systems, balloon accumulators, and other
conservation devices.
Case study #1 describes the work conducted by
Digital Equipment Corporation (Digital) at its
Colorado Springs Facility, to significantly reduce
CFC-113 use and to identify alternative solvents.
Introduction
Digital designs and manufactures a variety of disk
drives and controllers. The products range from 5
1/4" to 14" disks, from a few hundred megabytes to
more than 1.5 gigabytes per spindle.
Disk drives are manufactured in cleanroom
environments. The electromechanical components
require precision cleaning from particles to
submicron sizes and from ionic and organic film
residues.
Digital previously used CFC-113 extensively for
precision cleaning of components. In 1987, Digital
adopted an overlapping, three-phased approach to
reduce and eventually eliminate CFCs from its
manufacturing operations. CFC consumption for
1987 was 62 tons. Early conservation efforts have
led so substantial reductions - to 56 tons ir 1989
and 45 tons in 1990. Projections for 1991 are 15
to, 20 tons. The goal is for virtually complete
elimination by the end of 1991.
Phase III -CFC Alternatives
Feasibility Study
Phase III efforts have been targeted to finding a
permanent alternative to ozone-depleting CFCs in
manufacturing operations. Initial efforts focused
on an extensive feasibility study. This part of the
project involved literature searches, vendor
searches, and laboratory work with potential
alternatives. Laboratory studies included testing a
variety of organic, semi-aqueous, and aqueous
solvent systems for particle removal, film removal,
residues, and material compatibility with the
variety of metal and polymer parts, coatings, and
platings used in disk drive hardware. The decision
was made to pursue an aqueous cleaning
alternative for the bulk of precision cleaning.
Internal Consortium
Digital has several other plants that assemble disk
drives or provide component hardware to be used
in the drives. The company established a
cooperative effort tiiat allowed better utilization of
funding, knowledge, and resources in a division of
labor.
Phases I and II -- CFC
Reductions
Phase I was designed to achieve immediate
reductions through engineering enhancements,
process improvements, and operating discipline.
Phase I efforts which have been implemented
successfully, focused on short lead time and low
cost immediate reduction in CFC emissions.
Phase II is a strategy during transition to
alternatives., It accommodates near and mid-term
efforts to achieve significant reductions in CFC
Process Design
The initial activity involved the selection of specific
aqueous chemistry for process parameters and then
an optimization of these variables. Primary design'
activities focussed on material compatibility, such
as corrosion of metals and effects on polymers.
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104
Test Program For Cleaning
Effectiveness
Cleaning effectiveness was evaluated using a variety
of tools. Optical microscopy, a very valuable
method, can be used to count and size particles
down to about one micron.
Panicles made of a variety of materials such as
aluminum oxide, stainless steel, nickel, glass, and
polystyrene latex can be obtained in sizes from
submicron to several tens of microns. These
particles were used to artificially contaminate test
coupons. Coupons were cut from disk drive-
materials, providing the same surface material and
structure as actual production hardware. Hie
panicles were counted and sized to obtain initial
frequency distributions either manually with a
microscope or by using image analysis equipment.
The contaminated parts were subjected to the
treatment combination of fractional * factorial
experiments, and the effectiveness of the various
combinations evaluated.
Similar testing was conducted using chemical film
contamination where hydrocarbon oils and ionic
contamination were used to contaminate the parts.
Measurement can be conducted using optical
microscopy or surface energy measurements
(contact angle) or by more sophisticated methods
such as X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
dispersive x-ray spectrometer), and XPS. Metals
were tested for corrosion by acceleration in
environmental chambers. Plastics were
mechanically and environmentally stressed and
cycled tq evaluate the effects of surfactants on
specific polymers.
Implementation
Digital is-adopting an aqueous cleaning alternative*
for the majority of the precision cleaning
requirements for disk drive cleaning. Based on the
testing described above, a synthetic detergent blend
of nonionic and anionic surfactants with additives
(such as builders, inhibitors, dispersing agents,
buffers, and others) .will be used in an ultrasonic
immersion process.
Rinsing will be conducted in three stages: an
initial high-volume, low-pressure spray; a second,
stage immersion-ultrasonic rinse; and a final high-'
pressure spray rinse. The nozzle used in the sprays
will be optimized for pressure, flow-rate, spray
pattern, and other parameters.
Drying will be performed using a mechanical
dewatering stage with high velocity and high
volume of filtered air to remove the bulk water,
followed by evaporative drying of residual
moisture.
Test Program For Rinsing
A Key element of aqueous cleaning is removal of
cleaning chemistry from the parts. Trace residues
of ionic and,organic films left behind can be
detrimental to product function.
Experiments using contact angle, optical and
chemical microscopy, and XPS are useful for
identifying process residues and quantities in
'testing optimum methods of rinsing.
Test Program for Material
Compatibility
Material compatibility was tested by evaluation
before and after cleaning using Optical microscopy,
scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS (energy
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CASE STUDY
ALCOHOL WITH
PERFLUOROCARBON
CLEANING PROCESS
Case study #2 .discusses the work carried out by
British Aerospace (Dynamics) Ltd, (BADL) to
develop two prototype cleaning systems that could
use an alternative solvent and eliminate the use of
CFC-113.
Introduction
BADL designs and manufactures a wide range of
defensive missile systems which involves the
manufacture of many subsystems. These include
flight and ground equipment, electronics, guidance
equipment, and control systems - all of which
require the use of CFC-113 as a precision cleaning
agent.
In common with most companies in the aerospace
industry, BADL has set up an extensive Design
Support Laboratory. Other organizations refer to
these groups as Materials and Process Laboratories
(M + PL). Their function is varied and is
concerned with the fine tuning of designs which,
among many other factors, includes contamination
and the means of its prevention.
Company Requirements
The following characteristics- of BADL's business
defined the options and alternatives to CFC-113:
• Many of the manufacturing activities were
relatively small. No single, large, high-
throughput plant existed, especially in the
electronics and precision engineering areas.
*
• As a major military contractor, BADL's
manufacturing contracts often run for many
years and thus represent technologies of varying
dates. Changes to long-standing designs to
enable different cleaning techniques to be
introduced would require expensive
requalification and would not be supported by
customers.
Considerable amounts of CFC-113 were used in
dewatering processes to give rapid spot-free
drying of electronics, small parts, and optics.
BADL's business is supported by large numbers
of subcontractor;, many of whom are relatively
small and use small scale batch cleaning
methods.
The bulk of BADiL's CFC-113 applications were
carried out in superclean, white room working
conditions.
Certain special materials such as beryllium, were
used in both the sensor manufacture and in the
space component divisions. These would
require a careful choice of cleaning solvent,
because of the sensitivity to corrosive attack.
Company Response
Following the approach by one of BADL's
suppliers of CFC-113, the alcohol/perfluorocarbon
cleaning process was considered as a useful
alternative to CFC-113 for both- electronics and
small parts cleaning.
The process, which is described in the previous
section, is based on the principle'of adding a
perfluorocarbon (PFC) to isopropanol (IPA).
Components are immersed in the hot alcohol,
cleaned by ultrasonic agitation, and then removed
through the vapor resulting in a warm, dry,
alcohol-free product. Alternatively, parts can be
held within the vapor and spray cleaned with pure
alcohol.
In order to move from the conceptual phase to
design and implementation, BADL formed a
cooperative venture with several partners: its
supplier of perfluorocarbon, an industrial partner
who could assist in the design of cleaning
equipment and provide the industrial environment
for the realistic evaluation of the process, and an
industrial partner with experience in the
manufacture of solvent cleaning machines.
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106
Through this cooperative venture, BADLwas able
to design two prototype machines:
** A printed circuit board (PCB) cleaner; and
• A general purpose cleaner.
*
PCB Cleaner
This prototype was designed primarily to clean
PCBs of all types including single sided through-
hole, SMT and hybrids. The basic principles of the
machine are shown in Exhibit 28. Mixed PFC and
IPA vapor, generated by remote hot water heating
of a PFC/IPA sump (A), volatilizes and the mixed
vapors rise into a cleaning tank (B). This tank is
closed-by hermetic lid (C). The vapors condense
on the cooling coils (D), with the condensate
returning to the .three tanks (El), (E2), and (E3)
each of which contains IPA and PFC. An inner
gauze lid, (F), interconnected to the main lid is
fitted to break up aerosols of alcohol from the
spray, and vapors rising above the cooling coils are
condensed on the refrigerated panel (G). Air and
vapor displaced by the thermal expansion of the air
in the cleaning tank passes via valves to the
pressure balancing volume (H) thus preventing loss
of vapors on heat-up and cool-down.
To operate the system, a holder containing the test
circuits is fitted manually and the interlocked Ms-
dosed. Clean alcohol is pumped via pneumatic
pump (J) from tank (El) to spray heads (K)
arranged on both sides of the PCBs; .dirty alcohol
flows back via the appropriate valve to (El). The
boards can then be rinsed with PFC (also from El)
to remove residues of contaminated alcohol from
the first cleaning stage. This process of alcohol
and PFC spray cleaning can be repeated twice
more from tanks (E2) and (E3), so that the work
pieces are cleaned with successively cleaner solvent.
In common with all vapor degreasing systems, this
PFC /alcohol machine is self-cleaning. The
majority of the solvent distillate returns to tank
(E3) and the overflow weirs over into (E2) and
(El) and then into the sump. By this means, the
soil is collected in the sump and tank (E3) always
remains clean. .The working fluid in the tank is
the alcohol; dirty alcohol can be removed from the
sump and replaced automatically by clean material
pumped into tank (E3). Level sensors detect and
automatically adjust both the PFC and alcohol
levels throughout the system.
General Purpose Cleaner
*
During the development of the first prototype
machine results of a research program on the
effects of ultrasonic cleaning on microelectronics
was published. This work showed that ultrasonic
cleaning carried out under normal conditions did
not damage electronic components nor sensitize
them to long-term deterioration.
In the design of the first prototype, ultrasonic
cleaning was not incorporated because of concerns
about possible long-term damage. However, recent
research has documented that ultrasonics do not
have damaging impacts on properly designed
boards. These results have greatly simplified the
design of the second cleaner.
The second cleaner is also a batch operation with
fully automatic under-lid handling of components.
Pans are cleaned by an automatically programmed
combination of hot alcohol immersion and
ultrasonic cleaning; parts are dried before leaving
the machine with heated PFC. Clean, dry, warm
components are presented at the end of the
sequence. Like the first prototype, this machine is
also fitted with a hermetic lid system to eliminate
solvent loss.
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tor
Exhibit 28
DIAGRAM OF FUNCTIONAL PROTOTYPE
ALCOHOL WITH PER FLUOROCARBON
CLEANING MACHINE:
_ Refrigerated Panel G
x Gauzg ScrBBfi F \j
Hermetic Lid
H
Pressure
Balance
Volume
Hot Water
Heater>
To Drain
DS 625 BBSS 0990
Source: British Aerospace
C47034-2
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109
CASE STUDY
AQUEOUS PROCESSES
FOR CLEANING
INERTIAL SYSTEM
PARTS
Case study #3 details the work carried out at a
U.S. Air Force Base technical center to identify
aqueous processes that could replace the use of
CFC-113 and MCF.
Introduction
The Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center
(The Center), located at the Newark Air Force
Base in Ohio, repairs a variety of inertia! guidance
and navigation systems and related components.
The repair processes require extensive cleaning to
remove contamination from parts made of
aluminum, copper, beryllium, steel, and other
materials. The contamination includes particulates
and nonparticulates. Many assemblies have critical
tolerances that mandate precision cleaning of the
component parts before reassembly. The critical
tolerances of some devices are such that paniculate
contamination as small as O.S microns can cause
the device to fail.
Traditionally, CFC-113 and MCF have been the
solvents most frequently used to meet The Center's
stringent cleaning requirements. Prior to 1989, the
Center purchased over 600,000 pounds of CFC-113
annually. The policy of The Center is to
completely eliminate the use of CFC-113 and MCF
for cleaning by the end of 1995.
Several cleaning procedures previously based on
CFC-113 and/or MCF were changed to aqueous
'processes in late 1989 and early 1990. This
conversion has resulted in many .benefits in
addition to reduced solvent use. * Work is
continuing to extend the use of aqueous processes
throughout The Center's cleaning operations as a
major contribution to achieving the goal in its
military policy. '
Aqueous Process as an
Alternative
Aqueous cleaning was considered as an attractive
alternative to CFC-113 and MCF for several
reasons. First, The Center already possessed a
sophisticated ultrasonic cleaning device specifically
designed to use water and biodegradable detergents
for cleaning metal parts. The Center's engineers
believed that many of .the parts that were being
cleaned with CFC-113 and/or MCF could be
precision cleaned in the ultrasonic cleaner.
i
Another reason involved perceived "difficulties in
obtaining approval to change processes. Since any
procedural change in the repair practices
performed by The Center must be approved by the
appropriate military office, it is normally difficult
to make changes. One such office, however, had
originally required aqueous cleaning but subse-
quently authorized CFC-113 and MCF to be used
instead. Therefore, The Center expected that they
would be willing to approve aqueous cleaning if it
were demonstrated to clean equal to or better than
the CFC-113/MCF based processes. It was felt this
should provide a basis for approaching other
military offices to permit changes.
Finally, the aqueous processes using biodegradable
detergents were attractive because of their relative
low cost, their availability, and their nonhazardous
nature.
Testing and Implementation
of Aqueous Procedures
Teams were formed to investigate and develop an
acceptable aqueous process for each cleaning
operation selected as a candidate for conversion
from CFC-113 or MCF. The team members were
from engineering, production, and quality
assurance sections. The team concept proved to be
very effective. One reason for this was that the
cross feed of ideas contributed significantly to the
solution of many of the original (and inevitable)
problems encountered. In addition, the new
processes were readily accepted when they were
subsequently approved for implementation because
all the participating sections had been involved in
the design stage.
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110
The teams experimented until they were able to fit
an aqueous cleaning process .to the specific
procedure being examined. For the experiment to
be a success, it had to produce results that were at
least as good as the CFC-113 or MCF based
process. These experiments proved that high
quality deionized water was essential to the success
of the aqueous process. The many other factors
that came into play included: process development
of proper techniques for drying the parts,
development of a procedure to bag the parts after
cleaning to ensure cleanliness during travel from
the cleaning site to the reassembly site,
•development of fixtures to permit proper
orientation of the parts within the ultrasonic
cleaning chamber, and controls to prevent the
effects of electrostatic charge in the cleaning area
from causing recontamination of the cleaned parts.
Extensive testing and evaluation were performed to
convince the team itself and local management that
the new process should be substituted for the old.
The thoroughness of the testing and evaluation
proved adequate to convince the military office to
approve the process changes.
Personnel from the physical science laboratory at
The Center were instrumental in determining the
effects of aqueous cleaning and in providing
documentation. A variety of tests were used to
evaluate the cleanliness achieved from the aqueous
procedures and, also, to determine if the part was
damaged by the procedure, either chemically or
metallurgically. Testing had to be tailored to the
geometry and composition of the parts involved.
It included, as applicable, optical microscopy,
scanning electron microscopy, panicle counts,
water break tests, • and other techniques.
Functional tests were also used on some parts as
•an indicator to 'determine if the parts were clean
and damage free. Once it was determined that a
part could be successfully cleaned with an aqueous
process, the part was subjected to a cleaning time ,
in the ultrasonic environment that would
approximate the expected cumulative cleaning time'
of the part's life. This test was to ensure that no
damage would be experienced as a result of the
new cleaning process during, the life of the part.
The lab also conducted controlled tests with a
variety of metals common to The tenter's parts
and a variety of commercially available
biodegradable detergents to determine the amount
of metal that would be removed through exposure
to each detergent. This information was used to
select an appropriate detergent for application
where minimum metal removal was desired. •
Results
To date, eight cleaning operations that previously
used CFC-113 and/or MCF have been successfully
convened to aqueous processes using the
ultrasonic cleaner; no CFC-113, MCF, or other
solvents are now used in these operations. The
aqueous processes are sophisticated and require
technician care to insure that parameters such as
deionized water quality, water temperature,
vacuum oven drying time, and temperature are
maintained.
Benefits from the conversion include not only
decreased solvent usage, but also improved yields,
, reduced process time, and reduced exposure of the
technicians to hazardous chemicals.
Future Plans
The results of its experience with aqueous
processes has encouraged The Center to continue
convening CFC-113 and MCF based processes to
aqueous processes. However, not all future
conversions will be centered around the specific
ultrasonic cleaner used with the original process
conversions. Additional testing in The Center's
laboratory has produced successful results using
aqueous processes involving water spray booths,
conventional ultrasonic cleaners, and other
equipment. The Center has learned that the
process must be tailored to the specific cleaning
operation to obtain the least expensive and most
practical solution that meets the process
requirements.
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111
REFERENCES
*- Baran, V. Yu, A.M. Ovsyankin, V.V. Ushakov, and G.M. Franchuk. 1986. Cleaning metal surfaces with
electroaerodynamic aerosol jets. ;
* Benzing Technologies. 1987 (May). Plasma cleaning of LPCVD tubes. Solid State Technology: 81-83.
Braker, W. and A. Mossman. 1980. ttfatheson Gas Data Book.
Burow, Richard F. 1993. Volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) as replacements for CFCs and methyl
chloroform in precision and electronics cleaning. 1993 CFC and Halon Alternatives Conference; 654-661.
Chrastil, J. 1982. Solubility of solids and liquids in supercritical gases. Journal of Physical Chemistry
86: 3016-3021.
<< >
Cohen, L.E., and J.A. Hook. 1987 (February). Corrosion of anodized aluminum by alkaline cleaners:
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Cohen, R.S. 1984 (May 2). High pressure equipment selection and capital cost considerations in the
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Crutcher, E. R. 1986 (May 9). Analysis of paniculate contaminants: microscopical methods. Presented
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i
Daufln, G., J.P. Labbe, and J. Pagetti. 1977. Corrosion inhibition of an alumirium-sillcon-magnesium alloy
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Deguchi, T.J., Q.R. Sasaki and R.J. Champetier. 1986. Oxygen ion cleaning of organic contaminant films.
Stray Radiation V. SPIE 675: 287-294.
Deguchi, T.J., and C.B. Kalem. 1987. Oxygen ion cleaning of organic contaminant films. Optical System
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Gahrs, H.J. 1985. High pressure extraction - increase of range of application by use of multicomponent
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Hughes Aircraft Company. 1993. Eliminate CFC cleaning with Eco-Snow™ (a presentation of the
•company's CO2 snow cleaning product). i ,
Jackson, D.P. 1987 (May 15). Dense phase carbon dioxide cleaning process. Presented at the Tenth
Contamination Control Working Group Meeting. Danvers; MA.
Jansen, G. and J. Tervoort 1984 (November). Longer bath life in alkaline cleaning. Product Finishing
: 6-10. - ! • ,
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Koretskie, A.F., A.V. Smlmova, V.A. Kolosanova, and TA Koretskaya. Detergency of nonionic surfactants,,
pp. 935-940.
Listen, T. 1986. Plasma cleaning and surface treatment of hybrids to improve bonding. Proceedings of
Circuit Expo'86. pages 41-43,
Mason, C. W. 1986 (May 9). Handbook of Chemical Microscopy. Volume I. 4th Edition. Wiley
Irrterscience Sciences Technical Meeting, Dallas, "DC,
McCrone, W. C. 1972 (December). Detection and measurement with the microscope. American
Laboratory. . • •
McCrone, W.C. and J. Delly. 1973. The Particle Mas, Volume I. Ann Arbor Science Publications.
American Society for Metals. 1964. Metals Handbook. Volume 2. pages 317-325.
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Motyl, K.M. 1988. Cleaning metal substrates using liquid/supercritical fluid carbon dioxide. Rockwell
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O'Kane, D.F., and K.L Mittal. 1974. Plasma cleaning of metal surfaces. J.Vac. Sci. Technol. 11:3 567
569,
Paquln, Don. 1994 (March). The gas plasma alternative to wet cleaning. Precision Cleaning: 45-48. -
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GLOSSARY
Adsorption — Not to be confused with absorption. Adsorption is a surface phenomenon which some products
can exhibit, whereby they can form a physicochemical bond with many substances.
' i_
Aerosol spray — A means of atomizing liquids by propelling them from a pressurized container by a soluble
ps. Apart from the fact that CFC gases can be used as the propellant, CFC-113 mixtures may be the
propelled liquid. I
Alcohols — A series of hydrocarbon derivatives with at least one hydrogen atom replaced by an -OH group.
The simplest alcohols (methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol) are good solvents for some organic
soils, notably rosin, but are flammable and can form explosive mixtures with air: their use requires caution
and well-designed equipment.
Aqueous cleaning - Cleaning parts with water to whiclit may be added suitable: detergents, saponifiers or other
additives.
i
Azeotrope — A mixture of chemicals is azeotropic if the vapor composition is identical to that of the liquid
phase. This means that the distillate of an azeotrope is theoretically identical to the solvents from which it
is distilled. In practice, the presence of contaminants in the solvent slightly upsets the azeotropy.
Biodegradable — Products in wastewater are classed as biodegradable if they can be easily broken down or
digested by, for example, sewage treatment. '
i
BOD ~ An abbreviation for biochemical oxygen demand.
E
CFC — An abbreviation for chlorofluorocarbon. i
CFC-113 - A common designation for the most popular CFC solvent, l,l,2-trichloro-l,2,2-trifluoroethane,
with an ODP of approximately 0.8. -
Chlorocarbon — An organic chemical composed of chlorine and carbon, e.g., tarbon tetrachloride.
Chelation — is the solubilization of a metal salt by forming a chemical complex or sequestering. One way of
doing this is with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) salts which have a multi-dentate spiralligand form
that can surround metallic and other ions. i
Chlorofluorocarbon — An organic chemical composed of chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms, usually
characterized by high stability contributing to a high ODP.
I
COD - An abbreviation for chemical oxygen demand.
Defluxing — The removal of flux residues after a soldering operation. Defluxing is a part of most high-
. reliability electronics production. *
i '
Detergent — A product designed to render, for example, oik and greases soluble in water, usually made from
synthetic surfactants.
Flux — An essential chemical employed in the soldering process to facilitate the production of a solder joint.
It is usually a liquid or solid material, frequently based on rosin (colophony).
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116 __ '•
Greenhouse effect -- A thermodynamic effect whereby energy absorbed at the earth's surface, which is normally
able to radiate back out to space in the form of long-wave infrared radiation, is retained by gases in the
atmosphere, causing a rise in temperature. The gases in question are partially natural, but man-made pollution
is thought to increasingly contribute to the effect. The same CFCs that cause ozone depletion are known to
be "greenhouse gases", with a single CFC molecule having the same estimated effect as 10,000 carbon dioxide
molecules.
HCFC — An abbreviation for hydrochlorofluorocarbon.
Hydrocarbon — An organic chemical composed only of hydrogen and carbon. Gaseous or volatile
hydrocarbons are flammable.
Hydrocarbon derivative — An organic hydrocarbon whose molecule has been modified by adding atoms other
than hydrogen and carbon, e.g., alcohols.
Hydrocarbon/surfactant blend — A mixture of low-volatile hydrocarbon solvents with surfactants, allowing the
use of a two-phase cleaning process. The first phase is solvent cleaning in the blend and the second phase is
water cleaning to remove the residues of the blend and any other water-soluble soils. The surfactant ensures
the water-solubility of the otherwise insoluble hydrocarbon. Terpenes are often used in this application.
Hydrochlorocarbon — An organic chemical composed of hydrogen, chlorine and carbon, e.g., trichloroethylene.
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon — An organic chemical composed of hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms.
These chemicals are less stable than pure CFCs, thereby having generally lower ODPs.
Metal cleaning — General cleaning or degreasing of metallic components or assemblies, without specific quality
requirements or with low ones.
Methyl chloroform — See 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
ODP - An abbreviation for ozone depletion potential.
Ozone — A gas formed when oxygen is ionized by, for example, the action of ultraviolet light or a strong
electric field. It has the property of blocking the passage of dangerous wavelengths of r'traviolet light.
Whereas it is a desirable gas in the stratosphere, it is toxic to living organisms at ground level (see volatile
organic compound).
Ozone depletion — Accelerated chemical destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by the presence of
substances produced, for the most part, by human activities. The most depleting species for the ozone layer
are the chlorine and bromine free radicals generated front relatively stable chlorinated, fluorinated, and
brominated products by ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone depletion potential — A relative index indicating the extent to which a chemical product may cause
ozone depletion. The reference level of 1 is the potential of CFC-11 and CFC-12 to cayse ozone depletion;
If a product has an ozone depletion potential of 0.5, a given weight of the product in the atmosphere would,
in time, deplete half the ccone that thc,same weight of CFC-11 would deplete. The ozone depletion potentials
are calculated from mathematical models which take into account factors such as the stability of the product,
the rate of diffusion, the quantity of depleting atoms per molecule, and the effect of ultraviolet light and other
radiation on the molecules.
Ozone layer — A layer in the stratosphere, at an altitude of approximately 10-50 km, where a relatively strong
concentration of ozone shields the earth from excessive ultraviolet radiation.
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, 117
"" i . -
Pentafluoropropanol ~ A fluorinated alcohol. *, , ,
Perchloroethylene - A perhaiogenated chlorocarbon solvent used extensively ;in industrial degreasing and for
dry cleaning.
Precision cleaning - Though not a perfect definition, this term refers to the cleaning of high-precision
mechanical parts and electronic sensory devices, as opposed to general metal cleaning. This is usually done
under controlled atmospheres, notably in "clean-rooms* with low paniculate contamination.
f / *
Printed circuit -- A printed circuit is an electronic component designed for interconnecting the other
components. It usually consists of a metallic conductor pattern on an organic insulating substrate. After
fabrication, it is known as a printed circuit board (PCB); after assembly where components are added, it is
known as a printed wiring assembfy (PWA).
Saponifier — A chemical designed to react with organic fatty acids, such as rosin, some oils and greases etc.,
in order to form a water-soluble soap. This is a solvent-free method of defluxmg and degreasing many parts.
Saponifiers are usually alkaline and may be mineral (based on sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) or
organic (based on water solutions of monoethanolamine).
Solvent — Although not a strictly correct definition, in this context a product (aqueous or organic) designed
to clean a component or assembly by dissolving the contaminants present on its surface.
Solvent containment — Means of preventing or reducing the emission of CFC or other solvents into the
environment. This technique usually involves improving the design of the equipment in which the solvent is
used and preventing losses. '
Surfactant — A product designed to reduce the surface tension of water. Also referred to as tensio-active
agents/tensides. Detergents are made up principally from surfactants.
Terpene ~ Any of many homocyclic hydrocarbons with the empirical formula C10HW, characteristic odor.
Turpentine is mainly a mixture of terpenes. See hydrocarbon/surfactant blends.
1,1,1-trichloroethane — A hydrochlorocarbon solvent with an estimated OOP of 0.1. Also known as methyl
chloroform.
Vapor phase cleaning — A cleaning process, usually with CFC-113 solvent or hydrochlorocarbon solvents,
where the final rinse of the parts being cleaned is achieved by condensing solvent vapors on the parts.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) — These are constituents, that will evaporate at their temperature of use
and which, by a photochemical reaction, will cause atmospheric oxygen to be converted into potential smog-
promoting tropospheric ozone under favorable climatic conditions.
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APPENDIX A
i
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE
FOR OZONE LAYER PROTECTION
The International Cooperative for Ozone Layer
Protection (ICOLP), was formed lay a group of
industries to protect the ozone layer. The primary
role of ICOLP is to coordinate the exchange of
non-proprietary information on alternative
technologies, substances, and processes to
eliminate ozone-depleting solvents. By working
closely with solvent users, suppliers, and other
interested organizations worldwide, ICOLP seeks
the widest and most effective dissemination of
information harnessed through its member
companies and other sources.
ICOLP corporate members include:
AT&T
British Aerospace Defense
Ford Motor Company
'Hitachi
Honeywell
IBM Corporation
Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
Motorola Corporation
Ontario Hydro
Northern Telecom
Texas Instruments
Toshiba Corporation
In addition, ICOLP has a number of industry
association and government organization affiliates.
Industry association affiliates include American
Electronics Association, Association Pour la
Research et Development des Methodes et
Processus Industriels, CANACINTRA (Mexico),
Center for Global Change, Electronic Industries
Association, Halogenated Solvents Industry
Alliance (U.S.), Industrial Technology Research
Institute of Taiwan, Japan Electrical Manufacturers
Association, Korea Anti-Pollution Movement, and
.Korea Specialty Chemical Industry Association.
Government and NGO affiliates include the City
of Irvine (CA), National Academy of Engineering,
Research Triangle Institute, Russian Institute of
Applied Chemistry, Russian Ministry of
Environmental Protection and Natural Resources,
Swedish National Environmental Protection
Agency, Technology Development Foundation of
Turkey, Turkish Ministry of the Environment,-
United Nations Environment Programme, U.S. Air
Force, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). The American Electronics Association,
Electronic Industries Association, City of Irvine,
California, Japan Electrical Manufacturers
Association, U.S. EPA, U.S. Air Force, Swedish
National Environmental Protection Agency, and
Russian Institute of Applied Chemistry have signed
formal Memorandums of Understanding with
ICOLP. ICOLP will work with the U.S. EPA to,
disseminate information on technically feasible,
cost > effective, and environmentally sound
alternatives for ozone depleting solvents.
ICOLP is also working with the National Academy
of Engineering to hold a series of workshops to
identify promising research directions and to make
most efficient use of research funding.
The goals of ICOLP are to:
• Encourage the prompt adoption- of safe,
environmentally acceptable, non-proprietary
alternative substances, processes, • and
technologies to replace current ozone-depleting
solvents;
• Act as an international clearinghouse for
information on alternatives;
» Work with existing private, national, and
international trade groups, organizations, and
government bodies to develop the most efficient
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•120
means of creating, gathering, and distributing
information on alternatives.
One example of ICOLP's activities is the
development .and support of an alternative
technologies electronic, database "OZONET."
OZONET is accessible worldwide and has relevant
information on the alternatives to ozone-depleting
solvents. OZONET not only contains technical
publications, conference papers, and reports on the
most recent developments of alternatives to the
current uses of ozone-depleting solvents, but it also
contains:
» Information on the health, safety, and
environmental effects of alternative chemicals
and processes;
* Information supplied by companies developing
alternative chemicals and technologies;
* Names, addresses, and telephone numbers for
technical experts, government contacts,
institutions and associations, and other key
contributors to the selection of alternatives;
* Dates and places of forthcoming conferences,
seminars, and workshops; and
* Legislation that has been enacted or is in place
internationally, nationally, and locally.
Information about ICOLP can be obtained from:
Ms. Allison Merrill
Project Manager
ICOLP
2000 L Street, N.W.
Suite 710
Washington, D.C 20036
Tel: (202)737-1419
Fax: (202)296-7472
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121
APPENDIX B
LIST OF VENDORS FOR CFC-113 AND METHYL CHLOROFORM
SOLVENT CLEANING SUBSTITUTES
This is not an exhaustive list of vendors. Vendors can be cited in any subsequent editions of this document
by sending information to ICOLP. ICOLP's address is provided in Appendix A. Listing is for information
purposes only, and does not constitute any vendor endorsement by EPA, ICOLP, or the committee members,
either express or implied, of any product or service offered by such entity.
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AQUEOUS CLEANERS
3D, Inc.
2053 Plaza Drive
Benton Harbor, MI 49022-2211
Tel: (800) 272-4326
Fax: (616) 925-1922
Altos Engineering, Inc.
6009 N. 61 Ave
Glendale.AZ 85301
Tel: (602) 931-8434
Fax: (602) 937-6396
Ambassador Marketing
Route 1-Box 207 .
St. David, AZ 85630
Tel: (602) 720-4310
Fax: (602) 720-4068
Amtrex Technologies Inc.
3361 boulevard Griffith
Saint-Laurent QC
Canada H4T 1W5
Tel: (514) 739-0233
Fax: (514)739-1581
Ardrox
16961 Knott Avenue
La Mirada, CA 90638
Tel: (714)739-2821
Fax: (714) 670-6480
AT-CHEM
1225 W. Main St.
Wilmington, OH 45177
Tel: (513) 362-7511
(800) 443-2436
Fax: (513) 362-8038
AtoChem North America
3 Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Tel: (215) 587-7000
Betz Metchem
508 Prudential Rd.
Horsham, PA 19044
Tel: (800) 775-7175
Batch and inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical,
thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent
formulations available with and without glycol ethers.
Aqueous, and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
decreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonfuming.
Aqueous ultrasonic cleariing/degreasing systems for the
metalworking, aerospace, automotive, military, and
plating industries.
Full range of aqueous-based formulations as well as
aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based
formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and
other cleaning alternatives and equipment.
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Blue Wave Ultrasonics"
Div. of Alpheus Cleaning
Technologies Corp.
96QS. RolffSt.
Davenport, IA 52802
Tel: (319) 322-0144 .
(800) 373-0144
Fax: (319)322-7180
Branson Ultrasonics Corp.
41 Eagle Rd.
Danbury, CT 06810
Tel: (203) 796-0400
Fax: (203) 7964)381
The Brulin Corporation
PO Box 270 .
2920 Dr. Andrew J. Brown Ave.
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Tel: (317) 923-3211
Fax: (317) 925-4596
Buckeye International, Inc.
2700 Wagner Place
Maryland Heights, MO 63043
Tel: (800) 321-2583
Fax: (314) 298-2850 ,
Chem-Tech International
1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600
Alexandria, VA 22314
Tel: (703) 549-1001
Fax: ,(703) 549-1003
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment built for various
applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective
in cleaning different products and materials throughout
the scope of fabricated metals, plastics, and ceramics.
Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are
environmentally safe.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning
systems for metal, electronic, and precision cleaning
requirements. Manual and fully automated material
handling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous,
semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry.
Advanced technology aqueous detergent systems for
spray, immersion, ultrasonic, and passive process
cleaning of fabricated metal or plastic parts.
Aqueous cleaners made with new patented chemistry
have successfully replaced MEK, 1,1,1-trichloroethace,
acetone, and other hydrocarbon solvents hi many
different applications.
Aqueous-based formulations containing detergents with
and without glycol ethers as well as blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in
combination, provide residue-free cleaning. Can be used
on all metals, teflon, plastic, and painted coatings. Also
specially designed cleaning equipment.
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kennesaw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 424^1888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
Circle-Proseo, Inc.
2017 Yost Ave.
Bloomington, IN 47403
Tel: (812) 339-3653
Fax: (812) 331-2566
.Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and non-
ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and
alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol
ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water
miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning).
Water emulsifiabie cleaners containing aliphatic and
terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean
applications.
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Container Products Corp.
PO Box 3767
Wilmington, NC 28406
Tel: (919) 392-6100
Fax: (919) 392-6778
Crest Ultrasonics
Scotch Rd.- Mercer County Airport
PO Box 7266
Trenton, HI 08628
Tel: (609) 883^000
(800) 441-9675
Fax: (609) 883-6452
Dell-Chem of Arizona
7119 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 106-224
Seottsdale, AZ 85254
Tel: (602) 951-5812
Fax: (602) 948-4172
Delta-Omega Technologies, Ltd.
PO Box 81518
Lafayette, LA 70598-1518 -
Tel: (318) 237-5091.
Fax: (318) 237-5131
Detrex Corp.
4000 Town Center, Suite 1100
Southfield, MI 48175
Tel: (313) 358-5800
Fax: 013) 358-5803
Dow U.S.A.
Midland, MI 48674
Tel: (800) 447-4369
Fax: (517) 832-1465
Ecolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800)886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
Electrolube Corporation USA
8200 Saint James Ave.
Elmhurst, NY 11373
Tel: (718) 565-5200
Fax: (718) 565-5715
Systems incorporating a variety -of aqueous cleaning
techniques which include filtered negative pressure
cha&abers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning
systems.
Precision, cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic
systems) from standard wash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles
to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment.
Ultrasonic generator is sweep frequency generator
capable of cavitating both aqueous and semi-aqueous
chemistries. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning
chemistries for ultrasonic applications as well.
Aqueous and alcohol-basied cleaners for low residue
degi easing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and aonfartiing.
Fully aqueous, biodegradable, non-toxic cleaning
solutions. Products leave no residue following proper
cleaning and rinsing, no fumes or odors, are non-
flammable, and contain no hazardous or reportable
components.
Aqueous micro-emulsion solution for gross metal
cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning
solution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty
equipment and solvents for metals and electronics
cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous
and semi-aq-ieous solvents.
Multiple formulations composed of blends of anionic and
nonionic surfactants with corrosion inhibitors and
builders.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety' of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halbgenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
i *" *
i 1
Non-toxic, non-flammable, biodegradable aqueous
solvents suitable for in-liine and batch equipment without
modification. Also ideal for^ screen and pallet cleaning
and precision metal degreasing (ferrous and non-
ferrous).
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Environmental Solvents^Corp.
1840 Southside Blvd.
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Tel: (904) 724-1990
Fix: (904) 724-2508
ETUS, Inc.
151 IKasmer Place
Sanfbrd, FL 32771
Tel: (407) 321-7910
Fax: (407) 321-3098
Fine Organics Corp.
205 Main St.
POBox687
Lodi, NJ 07644-0687
Teh (201) 472-6800
(800) 526-7480
Fax: (201) 472-6810
Fremont Industries, Inc.
4400 Valley Industrial Park
Shakopee, MN 55379
Tel: (612) 445^121
Fax:(612)496-3027
Hubbard-Hall, Inc.
PO Box 790
Waterbury, CT 06725
Tel: a03) 754-2171
(800) 648-3412
Fax: (203) 596-9544
(203) 756-9017
Hurricane Systems, Inc.
2080 Brooklyn Rd.
PO Box 867
Jackson, MI 49204
Tel: (517) 787-3481
Fax: (517) 787-2349
Hurri-Kleen Corp.
POBox29
Trussvllle, AL 35173
Tel: (205) 655-8808
Fax: (205) 655-5392
Blend of coniferous (pine) terpenes, surfactants, and rust
inhibitor. Alternative to conventional alkaline
detergents. Removes hydrocarbon grease/oil where it
floats to tiie surface and is skimmed off.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons' and blends of
hydrocarbons and eraulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers.
Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent and solvent-
emulsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to
the transportation,* aviation, electronics, and coatings
industries. Also offer water-based alternative products.
Aqueous-based metal cleaning and non-metallic substrate
cleaning formulations and application equipment.
Includes spray, soak, and ultrasonic cleaners in rinse and
no-rinse formulations.
Wide range of "off-the-shelf", semi-custom, and custom
parts cleaning systems using water-based cleaning
compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead
conveyors for continuous and batch processing; carousel,
cabinet, and agitation tank washers; multi-stage wash,
rinse, oxidation inhibit, and dry; oil removal and oil
skimming devices; electric, gas, and steam heat
packages.
Aqueous-based biodegradable cleaners with and without
glycol ethers.
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Industrial Chemical Products
15378 Proctor Ave.
City of Industry, CA 91745
Tel: (818) 961-9581
(800)331-1197
Fax: (818) 333-6736
Insitu Environmental Chemical Co.
8402 East Redwing Rd.
Scottsdale, AZ 85250-5740
Tel: (602) 948*9209
Fax: (602) 951-0715
JnJ Industries
195 £. Main St.
Suite 303
Milford, MA 01757
Tel: (800) 554-9994
Fax: (508) 478-2221
.Lewis Corp.
102 Wilienbrock Rd.
Oxford, CT 06478-1033
Tel: (203) 264-3100
Fax: (203) 264-3102
MacDermid, Inc.
245 Freight St.
Waterbury, CT 06702
Tel: (203) 575-5700
Fax: (203) 575-5630
Modern Chemical Inc.
PO Box 368
Jacksonville, AR 72076
Tel: (501) 988-1311
Fax: (501) 682-7691
Neozyme International, Inc.
3333 W. Pacific Coast Hwy. 4th Floor
Newport Beach, CA 92663
Tel: (714) 650-9131
Fax: (714) 642-3005
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonfuming.
Manufacturer of eight nom-CFC formulations including
a supersaturated wipe solvent.
Manufacturer of industrial cleaning systems, specializing
in aqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and non-
ultrasonic washers available.
Non-toxic, non-corrosive, and non-flammable alkaline
aqueous-based cleaner. Clan be used in hand sprayers,
flip tanks, ultrasonic, and spray wash cabinets.
Decreasing formulations made of plant derived enzymes
and fully biodegradable emulsifiers in an aqueous
solution. Unique applications in water treatment
systems. Can be used in conjunction with ultrasound
micro-wave, and other types of mechanical cleaning
devices.
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North American Environmental Oil
& Cleaning Supply Company
270A Route 46, Suite Bl
Roekaway, NJ 07866
Tel: (201) 627-0722
' (201) 627*1503 ,
Fax: ,(201) 627-2982
Oakhe Products, Inc.
50 Valley Rd.
Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922
Td: (201) 464-6900
O.C.S. Systems
PO Box 370
429 Madera St.
San Gabriel, CA 91778-0370
Td:,(818)458-2471
Fax: (818) 458-2437
Parker-Amchem
32100 Stephenson Highway
Madison Heights, MI 48071
Tel: (313) 583-9300
PPG Chemfil
1330 Piedmont
Troy, MI 48083
Tel: (313) 689-0720
PPG Industries, Inc.
Chemicals Group
1 PPG Place
Pittsburgh, PA 15272
Td: (800) 243-6774
Fax: (412) 434-2401
Quaker Chemical Corp.
Elm & Lee Streets
Conshohocken, PA 19428-0809
Td: (215) 828-1250
Fax: (215) 828-1817
i
Qual-Tech Enterprises, Inc.
1485 Bayshore Blvd.
San Francisco, CA 94124
Td: (415) 467-7887
Fax: (415) 467-7092
Offer aqueous-based formulation containing detergents
with and without EGBE. Biodegradable, sewerable.
Ultrasonics, spray wash systems, dishwashers, cabinet
washers for cleaning, defluxing any and all parts.
Complete closed loop systems, including D.I. water
systems.
Micro-emulsion cleaning system suitable for many metal
cleaning applications. System is neutral, non-ionic, low
VOC, non-combustible and biodegradable. Also
contains a rust inhibitor package and features long bath
life and low waste generation. •
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R.G. Hanson Co., Inc.
703 E. Lincoln
Bloomington, EL 61701
Tel: (309) 828-5070
(800) 392-0903
Fax: (309) 829-3294
Rochester Midland Corp.
333 Hollenbeck St.
Rochester, NY 14621
Tel: (716) 336-2200
Fax: (716) 467^406
Selig Chemical Industries
PO Box 43106
840 Selig Dr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30378
Tel: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems
2373 Teller Rd., #107
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Tel: (805) 499-7440
Fax: (805) 375-5781
SONICOR Instrument Corp.
100 Wartburg Ave.
Copiague, NY 11726
Tel: (516) 842-3344
Fax: (516) 842-3389
Storchera Inc.
3600 Billings Court, Suite 110
Burlington, Ontario
Canada L7N3N6
Tel: (416) 639-9700
Fax: (416) 639-5244
Sunshine Makers, Inc./Simple Green
15922 Pacific Coast Highway
Huntington Harbor, CA 92649 -
Tel: (310) 795-6000
(800) 228-0709
Fax: (310) 592-3034
Aqueous cleaning chemicals and * equipment. New
equipment using only steam to.clean also available.
-Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene
solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain
alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers.
Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations
exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for
good oil/grease separation upon standing. ' v
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifuirs. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene.
Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for
precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts.
Systems clean oils, paniculate and other contaminates.
Optional waste evaporator.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous
cleaning systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to
cleaning with hazardous solvents.
Aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emulsifiers; semi-aqueous cleaners and
clegreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons;
terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as non-
water soluble solvents.
Concentrated aqueous-based non-toxic, biodegradable,
non-flammable cleaner/degreaser containing a blend of
high-grade penetrams and surfactants which are activated
by water.
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Terpene Technologies Inc.
3400 Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293
Rochester, NY 14626
Td: (716) 546-8455 .
(716) 777-0790
Fax: (716) 227-3834 ..
Texo Corp.
2801 Highland Ave.
Cincinnati, OH 45212
Td: (513) 731-3400
Fax:(513)731-8113
Thierica
900 Clancy Ave.
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Td: (616)458-1538
Fax: (616)458-7120
Today & Beyond
PO Box 690
Ashland, OH 44805
Td: (419) 945-2628
Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc.
1 Maple St.
Shelton, CT 06484
Td: (203) 924-1624
Fax: (203) 924-1625
Unitech Industrial Inc.
PO Box 330
16 South Ave,
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
Tel: (914) 2974)745
(800) 277-5522
Fax: (914) 297-2919
United Laboratories, Inc.
320 37th Ave.
St. Charles, IL 60174
Td: (708) 773-0252
Fax: (708) 773-0595
Terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon* blends used as non-
water soluble solvents, semi-aqueous • cleaners and
degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons.
Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emulsifiers.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous, and various solvent cleaners for
replacement of vapor degreasing and handwiping with
solvents. Applications of cleaners can be spray
immersion, ultrasonic or handwiping. Cleaners can be
multimetal safe and contain corrosion inhibitors if
necessary.
New low cost spray equipment manages extremely
difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts
containing baked pease and paint soils. Designed to be
safe and environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and
aqueous cleaning agents. Stainless steel construction.
Specialty industrial cleaners formulated utilizing SPC to
.meet the needs and cleaning requirements for the
aerospace, aircraft, automotive, electronics, marine,
military and nuclear industries. Existing vapor tanks can
be used with minor modification in most cases.
Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard tank
volumes of 5, 10, 20, and 30 gallons, as well as special
sizes if required. Systems provide for ultrasonic
washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing
and hot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts.
Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers,
batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and
pretreatment systems available in new equipment and
retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil
removal from the cleaning process.
Aqueous cleaners for use on most metals. Can be used
from ambient temperatures to 200°, direct spray, spray
under immersion, or in ultrasonic operations.
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W.R. Grace & Co. *
Metalworking Fluids Group
55 Hayden Ave.
Lexington, MA 02173
Tel: (617) 861-6600
Fax: (617) 861-9066
Zelman Internationa! Ltd.
PO Box 1112
Studio City, CA 91614
Tel: (818) 786-9488
(310) 576-6830 sales
Fax: (818) 787-8560
(310) 576-6832
Zip-Chem Products
I860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800) 648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
Wide range of aqueous cleaning formulations for metal.
precision, and maintenance cleaning. Includes
formulations that are phosphate-free. Suitable for
agitation, soak, spray, ultrasonic and hand wipe
applications.
Homogeneous blend of colloids, surfactants, hyper-
wetting agents and water in an industrial non-toxic, non-
caustic cleaner designed to clean commercial and
military aircraft, as well as metal surfaces such as
aluminum and magnesium alloys, removing mill
markings, mill inks and shop soils such as dirt, coolants,
lubricants, forming and cutting oils, and other common
shop contaminants. Highly diluted, it is also used in
ultrasonic and precision cleaning and degreasing.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
AQUEOUS CLEANING EQUIPMENT
ACCEL
1825 E. Piano Parkway
Piano, TX 75074-8129
Tel: (214)424-3525
Fax: (214) 424-7526
ACME-FAB
Div. of A-F Industries
11337 Williamson Rd.
Cincinnati, OH 45249
Tel: (513) 489-3060
Fax: (513) 489-6018
Advanced Curing Systems, Inc.
3701 S. Ashland Ave. ,
Chicago, IL 60609
Tel: (312) 247-3600
System utilizing centrifugal cleaning to provide superior
washing, effective rinsing, and drying of populated
printed circuit boards aid hybrid circuits. Includes
automatic solvent recycling and rinse water purification
with no required drain. Compatible with chlorocarbons,
fluorocarbons, H20, and terpenes.
Batch and conveyoirized spray cleaning systems, standard
machines, or custom designed equipment. Also offer
automatic immersion systems incorporating rotation
agitation and pump turbu lation.
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Advanced Debarring and Finishing
25 Marianne Dr.
P0 Box 2491
York, PA 17405
Teh (717) 767-4843
(800) 553-7060 ..
Altos Engineering, Inc.
6009 N. 61 Ave
Glendalc, AZ 85301
Tel: (602) 931-8434
Fax: (602) 937-6396
American Metal Wash, Inc.
PO Box 265
360 Euclid Ave.
Camwnsburg, PA 15317
Tel: (412) 746-4203
Fax:(412)746-5738
Amtrex Technologies Inc.
3361 Boulevard Griffith
Saint-Laurent QC
Canada H4T 1W5
Tel: (514) 739-0233
Fax: (514)739-1581
Ardrox
16961 Knott Avenue
LaMirada, CA 90638
Tel: (714) 739-2821
Fax: (714) 670-6480
ATCOR Corp.
150 Great Oaks Blvd.
San Jose, CA 95119-1367
Tel: (408) 629-6080
(800) 827-6080
Fax: (408) 629-9009
Baron-Blakeslee, Inc.
1500 West 16th St.
Long Beach, CA 90813
Tel: (800) 548-4422
Fax: (310) 491-1091
Batch and inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical,
thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent
formulations available with and without giycol ethers.
Bearing washer for precision cleaning of final assembled
race bearings, including points of contact. Equipment
can be provided in single or multi-stages for
accommodations of washing, rinsing, rust inhibiting, and
thorough drying of each bearing. Can accommodate
bearing diameters of 7/8" to 20" and can be setup for
use with aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning solutions.
Aqueous ultrasonic cleaning/degreasing systems for the
metalworking, aerospace, automotive, military, and
plating industries.
Full range of aqueous-based formulations as well as
aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based
formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and
other cleaning alternatives and equipment.
Full line of cleaning equipment for use with aqueous,
semi-aqueous, HCFC^ and chlorinated solvents. Closed
loop system incorporating vacuum drying available (near
zero emissions).
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Barrett Centrifugals
Box 15059
Worcester, MA 01615-0059
Tel: (508) 755-4306
(800) 228-6442
Fax: (508) 753-4805
Better Engineering Mfg, Inc.
8361 Town Center Court
Baltimore, MD 21236
Tel: (410) 931-0000
(800) 229-3380
Blackstone Ultrasonics, Inc.
9 North Main St.
Jamestown, NY 14701
Tel: (716) 665-2620
(800)766-6606
Fax: (716) 665-2480
Blue Wave Ultrasonics
Div. of Alpheus Cleaning
Technologies Corp.
960 S. RolffSt.
Davenport, IA 52802
Tel: (319) 322-0144
(800) 373-0144
Fax: (319) 322-7180
Bowden Industries Inc.
1004 Oster Dr. NW
Huntsville, AL 35816
Tel: (800) 553-3637 ,
Branson Ultrasonics Inc.
41 Eagle Rd.
Danbury, CT 06810
Tel: (203) 796-0400
Fax: (203) 796-0381
Chem-Tech International
1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600
Alexandria, VA 22314
Tel: (703) 549-1001
Fax: (703) 549-1003
Centrifugal equipment for washing and drying small,
Irregularly shaped parts vising detergent/water solution.
With custom fixturing, can be adapted for larger, more
complex parts or assemblies.
Complete range of ultrasonic cleaning products from
stand-alone and bench-top heated tanks to wash/multiple
rinse/dry console systems with optional material handling
and automation. Also, flnxless ultrasonic solder pots for
tinning leads and electronics.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment built for various
applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective
in cleaning different products and materials throughout
the scope of fabricated metals, plastics, and ceramics.
Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are
environmentally safe.
Ulsrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning.
systems for metal, electronic, and precision cleaning
requirements. Manual and fully automated material
handling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous,
semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry.
Aqueous-based formulations containing detergents with
and without glycol ethers as 'well as blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in
combination, provide residue-free cleaning. Can be used
on all metals, teflon, plastic, and painted coatings. Also
specially designed cleaning equipment.
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Cincinnati Industrial Machinery
PO Box 62027
3280 Hagomn St.
Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street aid.)
45262 (PO Box)
Td: (513) 769-0700 ,
Fax: (513) 769-0697
Container Products Corp.
PO Box 3767
Wilmington, NC 28406
Td: (919) 392-6100
Fax:(919)392-6778
Creative Enterprizes
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Td: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879 -
Crest Ultrasonics
Scotch Rd. - Mercer County Airport
PO Box 7266
Trenton, NJ 08628
Td: (609) 883-4000
(800) 441-9675
Fax: (609) 883-6452
Detrex Corporation
4000 Town Center, Suite 1100
Southfield, MI 48075
Tel: (313)358-5800
Fax: (313) 358-5803
DURR Industries, Inc.
10301 Enterprises Dr.
Davisburg, MI 48350
Tel: (313) 625-5400
Fax: (313) 625-5966
t
Ecolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Td: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
Custom designed machines for cleaning, surface
preparation & other processing of metal and non-metallic
parts.
Systems incorporating a variety of aqueous cleaning
techniques which include filtered negative pressure
chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning
systems.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
Precision cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic
systems) from standard wash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles
to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment.
Ultrasonic generator is sweep frequency generator
capable of cavitating both aqueous and semi-aqueous
chemistries. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning
chemistries for ultrasonic applications as well.
Aqueous micro-emulsion solution for gross' metal
cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning
solution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty
equipment and solvents for metals and electronics
cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous
and semi-aqueous solvents.
All aqueous and semi-aqueous systems recycle and reuse
process water. Solvent systems reduce emissions by
99% over conventional degreasing systems.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as wdl
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
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Electronic Controls Design, Inc.
4287-A SE International Way
Milwaukie, OR 97006
Tel: (503) 659-6100
(800)323-4548
Fax: (503) 659-4422
Environmental Recovery Resources, Inc.
POBox36
South Salem, NY 10590
Tel: (914) 533-6175
Fax:(914)533-6275
FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine & Tool)
1950 Industrial Dr.
Findlay, OH 4584O
Tel: (419) 422-0768
(800)878-8011
Fax: (419) 422-0072
Finishing Equipment Inc.
3640 Kennebec Dr.
St. Paul, MN 55122
Tel: (612) 452-1860
Fax: (612) 452-9851
Forward Technology Ind. Inc.
-13500 County Rd. 6
Minneapolis, MN 55441
Tel: (612) 559-1785
Fremont Industries, Inc.
4400 Valley Industrial Park
Shakopee, MN 55379
Tel: (612) 445-4121
Fax: (612) 496-3027
George Koch Sons Inc.
10 South llth Ave.
EvansvUle,IN 47744
Tel: (812) 426-9600
Fax: (812) 465-9724
Floating, dispersed, and dissolved hydrocarbon
contaminants removed to surface water discharge limits,
using: no coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon
absorption, no sorbent waste. Also offer'systems and
services to extend cleaning bath 'life* for more cost
effective aqueous systems and waste water processing,
and waste-minimized settling-pond and separator
maintenance/remediation.
Custom engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard
part1; cleaning equipment, and pollution control
equipment.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous and solvent cleaning systems
available. From manual systems to automated high-
production cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as
needed. Specialize in automated enclosed vapor
degreasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting
chlorinated solvents.
Aqueous-based metal cleaning and non-metallic substrate
cleaning formulations and application equipment.
Includes spray, soak, and ultrasonic cleaners in rinse and
no-rinse formulations.
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Gray Mills
3705 N. Lincoln Ave.
Chicago, IL 60613
Tel: (312) 268-6825
Hie Hotsy Corp.
21 Inverness Way E.
Englewood.CO 80112-5796
Td: (303) 792-5200
Hurricane Systems, Inc.
2080 Brooklyn Rd.
PO Box 867
Jackson, MI 49204
Td: (517) 787-3481
Fax: (517) 787-2349
Hurri-Kleen Corp.
PO Box 29
Tnissville, AL 35173
Td: (205) 655-8808
Fax: (205) 655-5392
Jensen Fabricating Engineers, Inc.
PO Box 307
East Berlin, CT 06023
Td: (203) 828-6516
J.M. Ney Co,
Neytech Division
Bloomfield, CT 06002
Tel: (203) 342-2281
Fax: (203) 242-5688
K.E.W. Cleaning Systems, Inc.
130B E. St. Charles Rd.
Carol Stream, ZL 60188
Tel: (70S) 690-3000
Kleer-FIo Company
15151 Technology Dr.
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Td: (612) 9343555
(800) 328-7942
Fax: (612) 934-3909
Wide range of "off-the-shelf", semi-custom, and custom
parts cleaning systems using water-based cleaning
compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead
conveyors for continuous and batch processing; carouse!,
cabinet, and agitation tank washers; multistage wash,
rinse, oxidation inhibit, and dry; oil removal and oil
skimming devices; electric, gas, and steam heat
packages.
• t
Aqueous-based biodegradable cleaners with and without
glycol ethers.
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Lewis Coip.
102 WUlenbrock Rd.
Oxford, CT 06478-1033
Tel: (203) 264-3100
Fax:(203)264-3102
NAPCO
Plymouth Industrial Park
Terryville, CT 06786
Tel: (203) 589-7800
Fax: (203) 589-7304
O.C.S. Systems
PO Box 370
429 Madera St.
San Gabriel, CA 91778-0370
Tel: (818) 458-2471
Fax: (818) 458-2437
Proceco
7300TelIierSt.
Montreal, Quebec
Canada BIN 3T7
Tel: (514) 254-8494
Fax: (514) 254-8184
(514) 254-6922
RAMCO Equipment Corp.
32 Montgomery St.
Hillside, NJ 07205
Tel: (908) 687-6700
(800) 553-3650
Ransohoff Co.
North 5th St at Ford Boulevard
Hamilton, OH 45011
Tel: (513) 863-5813
(800) 248-WASH
Fax: (513) 863-8908
R.G. Hanson Co., Inc.
703 E. Lincoln
Bloomington, IL 61701
Tel: (309) 828-5070
(800) 392-0903
Fax: (309) 829-3294
Manufacturer of industrial cleaning-systems, specializing
In aqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and non-
ultntsonic washers available.
Aqueous-based formulation containing detergents with
and without EGBE. Biodegradable, sewerable.
Ultrasonics, spray wash systems, dishwashers, cabinet
washers for cleaning, defluxing any and all parts.
Complete closed loop systems, including D.I. water
systems.
Aqueous spray washers (turntable, belt conveyor, and
immersion types). Also supply contaminated cleaning
solutions recycling systems.
Standard and custom aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning
equipment for small through high production, parts
cleaning requirements, as well as very small to large part
configurations and various part materials. Expertise in
precision cleaning. Patented, mechanically agitated
aqueous technology for iaigh volume intricately shaped
or machined parts as a direct replacement of solvent
vapor degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning systems.
t
Aqueous cleaning chemicals and equipment. New
equipment using only steam to clean also available.
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KmoJet '
2819 San Fernando Blvd.
Burbank, CA 91504
Tel: (818) 841-1520
Fax: (818) 841-6448
S & C Co., Ltd.
North America Division
PO Box 902141
Palmdale, CA 93590-2141 '
Tel: (805) 267-0799
Fax:(805)267-2324
Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems
2373 Teller Rd., #107
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Tel: (805) 499-7440
Fax: (805) 375-5781 !
SON1COR Instrument Corp.
100 Wartburg Ave.
Copiague,NY 11726
Tel: (516) 842-3344
Fax: (516) 842-3389
Sonitech Inc.
239 East Stephenson St.
Freeport, IL 61032
Tel: (815) 235-2400
Fax: (815) 232-2150
Stocking
502 Highway 67
Kiel,WI 53042
Tel: (414) 894-2293
(800) 558-5807
Fax: (414) 894-7029
Surface Dynamics Inc.
9185 General Court
Plymouth, MI 48170
Tel: (313) 459-0010
SURFTRAN (Bosch Group)
30250 Stephenson Highway
Madison Heights, MI 48071
Tel: (313) 547-3133
Four frequency ultrasonic generator and ultrasonic spray
cleaner suited for the cleaning of silicon waters and other
precision parts.
Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for
precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts.
Systems clean oils, paniculate and other contaminates.
Optional waste evaporator.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous
cleaning systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to
cleaning with hazardous solvents.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment using aqueous or semi-
aqueous chemistries for a wide range of applications.
Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks,
dryers and closed loop rinse water recirculation systems.
System uses alcohol or other solvents with perfluorinated
chemistry for rinsing and drying non-water contact
applications.
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Swen Some Corp.
PO Box 4347
Davenport, IA S2808
Tel: (319) 322-0144
Fax: 019} 322-7180
Tally Cleaning Systems
Division of Metfab Engineering
332 John Diestch Blvd.
Attleboro Falls, MA 02763
Tel: (508) 6954007
Fax: (508) 695-6335
Thierica
900 Clancy Ave.
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Tel: (616)458-1538
Fax: (616)458-7120
Tiyoda MFG. U.S.A., Inc.
1613 Lockness Place
Torrance, CA 90501
Tel: (310) 539-5471
Fax: (310) 539-5881
Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc.
1 Maple St.
Shelton, CT 06484
Tel: (203) 924-1624
Fax: (203) 924-1625
t #
Unique Industries, Inc.
PO Box 417
Mohawk Ave. Extension
Derby, CT 06418
Tel: (203) 735-8751
Unitech Industrial Inc.
PO Box 330
16 South Ave,
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 ,
Tel: (914) 297-0745
(800) 277-5522
Fax: (914) 297-2919
Single and multiple stage ultrasonic cleaning systems
which utilize aqueous-based cleaning formulations.
Complete systems available which include ultrasonic,
wash, rinse, rustinhibit, hot air dry, particle filtration,
oil separation, etc. Standard, or custom engineered units.
New low cost spray equipment manages extremely
difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts
containing baked grease and paint soils. Designed to be
safe and environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and
aqueous cleaning agents. Stainless steel construction.
Vacuum desiring ultrasonic batch cleaning system
provides instantaneous cleaning solution penetration into
small tubes and holes and promotes superior cleaning.
Vacuum drying system uses vacuum, hot air, ultra-pure
steam heating and far-infrared heater.
i
Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard tank
volumes of 5, 10, 20, arid 30 gallons, as well as special
sizes if required. Systems provide for ultrasonic
washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing
and hot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts.
Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers,
batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and
pretreatment systems available in new equipment and
retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil
removal from the cleaning process.
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Vitronics Corp.
Forbes Rd.
Newmarket Industrial Park
Newmarket, NH 03857
Td: (603) 659-6550
Fax:(603)659-7194 /
Inline, aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning equipment
with closed loop water treatment systems.
SEMI-AQUEOUS CLEANERS
Aliphatic Hydrocarbon-Based
ARCO Chemical Co.
3801 West Chester Pike
Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387
Td: (215) 359-2441
Fax: (215) 359-5753
Ardrox
16961 Knott Avenue
La Mirada, CA 90638
Td: (714) 739-2821
Fax: (714) 670-6480
Brulin Corporation
PO Box 270
2920 Dr. Andrew J. Brown*Ave.
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Tel: (317) 923-3211
Fax:(317)925-4596 .
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kennesaw, GA 30144
Td: (404) 424-4888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
Cirde-Prosco, Inc.
2017 Yost Ave.
Bloomington, IN 47403
Tel: (812) 339-3653
Fax: (812) 331-2566
Creative Enterprizes
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Tel: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879
Full range of aqueous-based formulations as wdl as
aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based
formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and
other cleaning alternatives and equipment.
Advanced technology aqueous detergent systems for
spray, immersion, ultrasonic, and passive process
cleaning of fabricated metal or plastic parts.
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and non-
ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and
alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol
ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water
miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning).
Water emulsifiable cleaners containing aliphatic and
terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean
applications.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
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Dow U.S.A.
Midland, MI 48674
Tel: (800) 447-4369
Fax: (517) 832-1465
Ecolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
ETUS, Inc.
1511 Kastner Place
Sanford,FL 32771
Tel:(407) 321-7910
Fax: (407) 321-3098
Fine Organics Corp.
205 Main St.
PO Box 687
Lodi, NJ 07644-0687
Tel: (201) 472-6800
(800) 526-7480
Fax: (201) 472-6810
JnJ Industries
195 E. Main St.
Suite 303
Milford, MA 01757
Tel: (800) 554-9994
Fax:(508)478-2221
Kleer-Flo Company
15151 Technology Dr.
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Tel: (612) 934-2555
(800) 328-7942
Fax: (612) 934-3909
MacDermid, Inc.
245 Freight St.
Waterbury, CT 06702
Tel: (203) 575-5700
Fax: (203) 575-5630
Formulations composed of paraffinic hydrocarbons and
glycol ethers and blends of paraffinic hydrocarbons,
glycol ethers, and surfactants.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
Formulations made of liiydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsif iers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and -without
glycol ethers.
Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent and solvent-
emulsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to
the transportation, aviation, electronics, and coatings
industries. Also offer water-based alternative products.
Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including
a supersaturated wipe solvent.
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Micro Care Corp.
?•' Ronzo Road
: «tol,CT 06010
. J: (203) 585-7912
Fix: (203) 585-7378
North American Environmental Oil
& Cleaning Supply Company
270A Route 46, Suite Bl
Rockaway, NJ 07866
Tel: (201) 627-0722
(201) 627-1503
Fax: (201) 627-2982
Pctrofenn Inc.
5415 First Coast Highway
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
Tel: (904) 261-8286
Fax: (904) 261-6994
P-T Technologies, Inc. .
108 4th Ave. South
Safety Harbor, FL 34695
Tel: (800) 441-7874
Fax: (813) 726-9544
The Rission Group Inc.
13349 Michigan Ave.
Dearborn, MI 48126
Tel: (313) 581-2620
Fax: (313) 581-3758
Rochester Midland Corp.
333 Holienbeck St.
Rochester, NY 14621
Tel: (716) 336-2200
Fax: (716) 467-4406
Selig Chemical Industries
PO Box 43106
840 Selig Dr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30378
Tel: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC • technologies.
Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision
cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and
grime.
Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic
solvents with surfactants. Products are used for cold
(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning
equipment. Products can be removed by evaporation,
water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents.
Both products and rinse media can be recycled,
Nonhalogenated hydrocarbon-based and water based
degreasers and cleaners. Specialty formulations for
electronics, cable manufacturing, process cleaning,
utility applications general cleanup. •
Aqueous and non-aqueous formulations containing
surfactants with and without glycol ethers.
Hydrocarbons and blends of hydrocarbons with
emulsifiers also available.
Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene
solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain
alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers.
Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations
exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for
good oil/grease separation upon standing.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene.
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Too Corp.
2801 Highland Ave.
Cincinnati, OH 45212
Tel: (513) 731-3400
Fax:(513)731-8113
Zip-Chem Products
1860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800) 648-2661
Fax:(408)272-8062
Aqueous, semi-aqueous, and various solvent cleaners for
replacement of vapor decreasing and handwiping with
solvents. Applications of cleaners can be spray
immersion, ultrasonic or handwiping. Cleaners can be
mulfimetal safe and contain corrosion inhibitors if
necessary.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols,, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
3D, Inc.
2053 Plaza Drive
Benton Harbor, MI 49022-2211
Tel: (800) 272-4326
Fax: (616) 925-1922
Ardrox '
16961 Knott Avenue
La Mirada, CA 90638
Tel: (714) 739-2821
Fax: (714) 670-6480
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kenne&aw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 4244888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
Circle-Prosco, Inc.
2017 Yost Ave.
Bloomington, IN 47403
Tel: (812) 339-3653
Fax: (812) 331-2566
Ecolink
1481 Rode Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
Full range of aqueous-based formulations as well as
aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based
formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and
other cleaning alternatives and equipment.
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and non-
ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and
alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol
ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water
mtscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning).
Water, emulsifiable cleaners containing aliphatic and'
terpene solvents. Evaporative' oils for no clean
applications.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting -• halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
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Environmental SolventsTorp.
1840 Southside Blvd.
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Tel: (904) 724-1990
Fax: (904) 724-2508
Envirosolutions Inc.
335 Post Road West
Westport, CT 06880
Tel: (203) 454-5902 .
Fax: (203) 222-0190
Fine Organics Corp.
205 Main St.
PO Box 687
Lodi.NJ 07644-0687 .
Tel: (201) 472-6800
(800) 526-7480
Fax: (201) 472-6810
Glidco Organics
PO Box 389
Jacksonville, FL. 32201
Tel: (800) 231-6728
(904) 768-5800
Fax: (904) 768-2200
MacDermid, Inc.
245 Freight St.
Waterbury, CT 06702
Teh (203) 575-5700
Fax: (203) 575-5630
Micro Care Corp.
34 Ronzo Road
Bristol, CT 06010
Tel: (203) 585-7912
Fax: (203) 585-7378
Petroferm Inc.
5415 First Coast Highway
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
Tel: (904) 261-8286
Fax: (904) 261-6994
Blend of coniferous (pine) terpeftes with and without
surfactants. Non-surfactant-containing solvent is very
easy and inexpensive to use with closed-loop water
recyclng. All flash points over 140°F. Very,high
solvency for hydrocarbon soils.
Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral pH cleaner which is
used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several
different formulations developed to suit a variety of
cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is
matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensure optimum
performance.
f f , "
Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent and solvent-
emulsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to
the transportation, aviation, electronics, and coatings
industries. Also offer water-based alternative products.
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, -alcohol, or HCFC technologies.
Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision
cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and
grime.
;
Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic
solvents with surfactants. Products are used for cold
(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning
equipment. Products can be removed by evaporation,
water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents.
Both products and rinse media can be recycled.
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Rochester Midland Corp.
333 Hollenbeck St.
Rochester, NY 14621
Tel: (716) 336-2200
Fax:(716)467-4406
Selig Chemical Industries
PO Box 43106
840 Selig Dr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30378
Tel: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Storchem Inc.
3600 Billings Court, Suite 110
Burlington, Ontario
Canada L7N3N6
Tel: (416) 639-9700
Fax: (416) 639-5244
Terpene Technologies Inc.
3400 Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293
Rochester, NY 14626
Tel: (716) 546-8455
(716) 777-0790
Fax: (716) 227-3834
Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc.
1 Maple St.
Shelton, CT 06484
Tel: (203) 924-1C24
Fax: (203) 924-1625
Union Camp Corp.
Bush Boake Allen Division
PO Box 37617
Jacksonville, FL 32236
Tel: (904) 783-2180
(800) 874-9220
Fax: (904) 786-6495
Zip-Chem Products
1860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800)648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene
solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain
alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers.
Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations
exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for
good oil/grease separation upon standing.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends, of
hydrocarbons and emulsiflers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol .ethers and some containing d-limohene.
Aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emulsifiers; semi-aqueous cleaners and
degreasers based on terpune alcohols and hydrocarbons;
terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as non-
water soluble solvents.
Teipene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as non-
wai:er soluble solvents,, semi-aqueous cleaners and
degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons.
Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emuisifiers.
Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard tank
volumes of 5,10, 20, and 30 gallons, as well as special
sizes if required. Systems provide for ultrasonic
washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing
and hot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts.
Range of wood terpene-based alternative solvents for
semi-aqueous,and solvent only cleaning processes and
maintenance cleaning applications. High solvency and
high soil loading properties for removal of solder fluxes,
heavy oils and greases, polishing compounds,
carbonaceous deposits etc. to the highest cleanliness
standards.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
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Ambassador Marketing
Route 1-Box 207
St. David, AZ 85630
Tel: (602) 7204310 ,
Fax: (602) 720-4068
ARCO Chemical Co.
3801 West Chester Pike
Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387
Tel: (215) 359-2441
Fax: (215) 359-5753
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kcnnesaw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 4244888
Fax: (404) 4244267
Conceptronic, Inc.
6 Post Rd.
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Tel: (603) 431-6262
Fax: (603) 431-3303
Dell-Chem of Arizona
7119 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 106-224
Seottsdale, AZ 85254
Tel: (602) 951-5812
Fax: (602) sM84172
' Insitu Environmental Chemical Co.
8402 East Redwing Rd.
Scottsdale, AZ 85250-5740
Tel: (602) 948-9209
Fax: (602) 951-0715
JnJ Industries
195 E. Main St. .
Suite 303
• Milford, MA 01757
Tel: (800) 554-9994
Fax: (508) 478-2221
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonniming.
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Semi-aqueous/spray-based, totally closed-loop modular
batch cleaning systems utilizing non-flammable, naturally
derived alcohol solvents in solution with water. Also
have an ultrasonic batch cleaning system for metallic and
non-metallic electronic surfaces and other difficult-to-
clean non-electronic parts of unusual geometric shape.
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonniming.
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonniming.
Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including
a supersaturated wipe solvent.
-------
Ken Seika Corp.
314 Willow Dr.
Little Silver, f& 07739
Tel: (908) 141-4920
Fax:(908)758-9531
Kyzen Corp.
413 Harding Industrial Dr.
Nashville, TN 37211
Tel: (615) 831-0888
(800) 845-5524
Fax: (615) 831-0889
\,
Micro Care Corp.
34 Ronzo Road
Bristol, CT 06010
Tel: (203) 585-7912
Fax: (203) 585-7378
The Rission Group Inc.
13349 Michigan Ave.
Dearborn, MI 48126
Tel: (313) 581-2620
Fax: (313) 581-3758
Selig Chemical Industries
PO Bos 43106
840 Selig Dr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30378
Tel: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc.
1 Maple St.
Shelton, CT 06484
Tel: (203) 924-1624
Fax: (203) 924-1625
Zip-Chem Products
1860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800) 648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
Organic intermediates, specialty monomers-polymers,
oligomers, etc. MMB for metal cleaning applications.
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies.
Formulations' are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision
cleaning of all types of Ihix residues, oils, grease and
grime.
Aqueous and non-aqueous formulations containing
{surfactants with and without glycol ethers.
Hydrocarbons and blends of hydrocarbons with
emtilsifiers also available.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsiiiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene.
Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard tank
volumes of 5, 10,20, and 30 gallons, as well as special
sizes if required. Systems provide for - ultrasonic
washing, spray or different -types of immersion rinsing
and hot air drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
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SEMI-AQUEOUS
EQUIPMENT
CLEANING
ACCEL
1825 E. Piano Parkway
Piano, IX 75074-8129
Tel: (214) 424-3525
Fax: (214) 424-7526
Altos Engineering, Inc.
6009 N. 61 Ave
Glendale,AZ 85301
Tel: (602) 931-8434
Fax: (602) 937-6396
American Metal Wash, Inc.
POBox265
360 Euclid Ave.
Cannonsburg, PA 15317
Tel: (412) 7464203
Fax: (412) 746-5738
Baron-BIakeslee, Inc.
1500 West 16th St.
Long Beach, CA 90813
Tel: (800) 548-4422
Fax: (310) 491-1091
Blackstone Ultrasonics, Inc.
£ North Main St.
Jamestown, NY 14701
Tel: (716) 665-2620
(800) 766-6606
Fax: (716) 665-2480
Blue Wave Ultrasonics
Div. of AJpheus Cleaning
Technologies Corp.
960 S. RolffSt.
Davenport, 1A 52802
Tel: (319) 322-0144
(800) 373.-0144
Fax: (319) 322-7180
System utilizing centrifugal cleaning to provide superior
washing, effective rinsing, and drying of populated
printed circuit boards and hybrid circuits. Includes
automatic solvent recycling and rinse water purification
with no required drain. Compatible with chlorocarbons,
fluorocarbons, H20, and terpenes.
Batch and inline cleaning equipment with* non-chemical,
thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent
formulations available with and without glycol ethers.
Bearing washer for precision cleaning of final assembled
race bearings, including points of contact. Equipment
can be provided in single or multi-stages for
accommodations of washing, rinsing, rust inhibiting, and
thorough drying of each bearing. Can accommodate
bearing diameters of 7/8" to 20* and can be setup for
use with aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning solutions.
Full line of cleaning equipment for use with aqueous,
semi-aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents. Closed
loop system incorporating vacuum drying available (near
zero emissions).
Complete range of ultrasonic cleaning products from
stand-alone and bench-top heated tanks to wash/multiple
rinse/dry console systems with optional material handling
and automation. Also, fluxless ultrasonic solder pots for
tinning leads and electronics.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment built for various
applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective
in cleaning different products and materials throughout
the scope of fabricated metals, plastics, and ceramics.
Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are
environmentally safe.
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Branson Ultrasonics Inc.
41 Eagle Rd.
TJanbury, CT 06810
Tel: (203) 796-0400
Fax: (203) 796-0381
Cincinnati Industrial Machinery
PO Box 62027
3280 Hageman St.
Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.)
45262 (PO Box)
Tel: (513) 769-0700
Fax:(513)769-0697
Conceptronic, Inc.
6 Post Rd.
Portsmouth, NH 03801 ,
Tel: (603) 431-6262
Fax: (603) 431-3303
Container Products Corp.
PO Box 3767
Wilmington, NC 28406
Tel: (919) 392-6100
Fax: (919) 392-6778
Creative Enterprizes
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Tel: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879
Crest Ultrasonics
Scotch Rd, - Mercer County Airport
PO Box 7266
Trenton, NJ 08628
Tel: (609) 883-4000
(800) 441-9675
Fax: (609) 883-6452
DURR Industries, Inc.
10301 Enterprise Dr. «
Davisburg, MI 48360
Tel: (313) 625-5400
Fax: (313) 625-5966
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning
systems for metal, electronic, and precision cleaning
requirements. Manual and fully automated material
handling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous,
semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry.
Custom designed machines for cleaning, si
preparation and other processing of metal and
metallic parts.
surface
non-
iSenii-aqueous, spray-based, totally closed-loop modular
batch cleaning systems utilizing non-flammable, naturally
derived alcohol solvents in solution with water. Also
have an ultrasonic batch cleaning system for metallic and
non-metallic electronic surfaces and other difficult-to-
clean non-electronic pare, of unusual geometric shape.
Systems incorporating a variety, of aqueous cleaning
techniques which include filtered negative pressure
chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning
systems.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
Precision cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic
systems) from standard wash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles
to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment.
Ultrasonic generator is sweep frequency generator
capable of cavitating both aqueous and semi-aqueous
chemistries. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning
chemistries for ultrasonic applications as well.
All aqueous and semi-aqueous systems recycle and reuse
process water. Solvent systems reduce emissions by
99% over conventional degreasing systems.
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Eeolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245 ,
.Electronic Controls Design, Inc.
4287-A SE International Way
MUwaukie, OR 97006
Tel: (503) 659-6100
(800) 323-4548
Fix: (503) 659-4422
Envirosolutions Inc.
335 Post Road West
Wesqx>rt,CT 06880
Tel: (203) 454-5902
Fax: (203) 222-0190
Finishing Equipment Inc.
3640 Kennebec Dr.
•St. Paul, MN 55122
Tel: (612) 452-1860
Fax: (612) 452-9851
Hurri-Kleen Corp.
POBox29
Ttussville, AL 35173
Tel: (205) 655-8808
Fax: (205) 655-5392
TfaeJ.M. Key Co.
Ney Industrial Park
Bloomfield, CT 06002
Tel: (203) 286-6149
Fax: (203) 242-5688
Kleer-Flo Company
15151 Technology Dr.
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Tel: (612) 934-2555 '
(800) 328-7942
Fax: (612) 934-3909
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral Ph cleaner which is
used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several
different formulations developed to suit a variety of
cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is
matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensure optimum
performance.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous and solvent cleaning systems
available. From manual systems to automated high-
production cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as
needed. Specialize in automated enclosed vapor
degreasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting
chlorinated solvents.
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Ransohoff Co.
North 5th St at Ford Boulevard
Hamilton, OH 45011
Tel: (513) 863-5813
(800) 248-WASH
Fax:(513)863-8908
S&K Products International
80 Red Schoolhouse Rd. #102
Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977
Tel: (914) 425-6200
Fax: C?14) 425-760
Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems
2373 Teller Rd., f 107
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Tel: (805) 499-7440
Fax: (805) 375-5781
SONICOR Instrument Corp,
100 Wartburg Ave.
Copiague, NY 11726
Tel: (516) 842-3344
Fax: (516) 842-3389
Sonitech Inc.
239 East Stephenson St.
Freeport, IL 61032
Tel: (815) 235-2400
Fax: (S15) 232-2150
Tiyoda MFG. U.S.A., Inc.
1613 Lockness Place
Torrance, CA 90501
Tel: (310) 539-5471
Fax: (310) 539-5881
Ultrasound Fabrications, Inc.
1 Maple St.
Shelton, CT 06484
Tel: (203) 924-1624
Fax: (203) 924-1625
Standard and custom aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning
equipment for small through high production parts
cleaning requirements, as well as very small to large part
configurations and various part materials. Expertise in
precision cleaning. Patented, mechanically agitated
aqueous technology for high volume intricately shaped
or machined parts as a direct replacement of solvent
vapor degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning systems.
Solvent wash followed by one or more aqueous rinses,
including formulated surfactants; men to spot tree, stain
free, partictdate free drying via isopropyl alcohol.
Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for
precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts.
Systems clean oils, paniculate and other contaminates.
Optional waste evaporator.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous
cleaning systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to
cleaning with hazardous solvents.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment using aqueous or semi-
aqueous chemistries for a wide range of applications.
Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks,
dryers and closed loop rinse water recirculation systems.
System uses alcohol or other solvents with perfluorinated
chemistry for raising and drying non-water contact
applications.
Vacuum desiring ultrasonic batch cleaning system
provides instantaneous cleaning solution penetration into
small tubes and holes and promotes superior cleaning.
Vacuum drying system uses vacuum, hot air, ultra-pure
steam heating and far-infrared heater.
Ultrasonic parts washing systems with standard tank
volumes of 5, 10,20, and 30 gallons, as well as special
sizes if required. Systems provide for ultrasonic
washing, spray or different types of immersion rinsing
and hot ah* drying to achieve clean, dry, spot free parts.
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Unitech Industrial Inc."
Pd Box 330
16 South Ave,
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
Tel: (914) 297-0745
(800) 277-5522 ,
Fax: (914) 297-2919
Vitronics Corp.
Forbes Rd.
Newmarket Industrial Park
New-market, NH 03857
Tel: (603) 659-6550
Fax: (603) 659-7194
Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers,
batch cleaning systems, vapor decreasing, and
pretreatraent systems available in new equipment and
retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil
removal from the cleaning process.
Inline aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning equipment
with closed loop water treatment systems.
HYDROCARBON-BASED SOLVENTS
Advanced Research Technologies
312 South Vine St.
Park Ridge, IL 60068
Tel: (708) 696-9371
FAX: (708) 696-4984
ARCO Chemical Co.
3801 West Chester Pike,
Newtown Square, PA 19073-2387
Tel: (215) 359-2441
Fax: (215) 359-5753
Ardrox Inc.
16951 Knott Avenue
La Mirada, CA 90638
Tel: (714) 739-2821
Fax: (714) 670-6480
»
BASF Corp.
100 Cherry Hill Rd.
Parsippany, NJ 07054
The Bnil in Corporation
PO Box 270
2920 Dr. Andrew J. Brown Ave.* -
Indianapolis, IN 46206
Tel: (317) 923-3211
Fax: (317) 925-4596
Ultra-low residue, high purity terpene hydrocarbon
cleaning agents. Used in vapor decreasing applications
for metals cleaning, electronics cleaning, and precision
cleaning.
Full range of aqueous-based formulations as well as
aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based
formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and
other cleaning alternatives and equipment.
Advanced technology aqueous detergent systems, for
spray, immersion, ultrasonic, and passive process
cleaning of fabricated metal or plastic parts.
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Chemical Solvents, Inc. *
3751 Jennings Rd.
Cleveland, OH 44109
Tel: (216) 741-9310
(800) 362-0693
Fax: (216) 741-4080
Chem-Tech International
1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600
Alexandria, VA 22314
Tel: (703) 549-1001
Fax: (703) 549*1003
Cbemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kennesaw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 424^888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
CRC Industries, Inc.
885 Louis Dr.
Warminster, PA 18974
Tel: (215) 674-4300 ,
Fax: (215) 674-2196
Creative Enterprizes
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Tel: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879
Detrex Corp.
4000 Town Center, Suite 1100
Southfield, MI 48175
Tel: (313) 358-5800
Fax: (313) 358-5803
Ecolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: .(404) 621-8245
Aqueous-based formulations containing detergents with
and without glycol ethers as well as blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in
combination, provide residue-free cleaning.' Can be used
on all metals, teflon, plastic, and painted coatings. Also
specially designed cleaning equipment. ,
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Mixtures of hydrocarbon solvents with and without
glycpl ethers. Package types include aerosols and bulk.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
Aqueous micro-emulsion solution for gross metal
cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning
solution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty
equipment and solvents for metals and electronics
cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous
and semi-aqueous solvents.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
-------
Electrolube Corporation USA
8200 Saint James Ave.
Bmtost, NY 11373
Td; (718) 565-5200
Fax:(718)565-5715
Environmental Recovery Resources, Inc.
POBox36
South Salem, NY 10590
Td: (914) 533-6175
Fax: (914) 533-6275
Enviro Tech International
2201 Clement Ave. #43
Alaraeda, CA 94501-1487
Td: (510) 436-7603
Fax:(510)436-7345
ETUS, Inc.
1511 Kastner Place
Sanford, FL 32771
Td:(407) 321-7910
Fax: (407) 321-3098
EXXON Chemical Co.
PO Box 3272
Houston, TX 77253-3272
Td: (800) 526-0749
Fax: (713) 870-6661
Fine Organics Corp.
205 Main St. ,
PO Box 687
Lodi, NJ 07644-0687
Tel: (201) 472-6800
(800) 526-7480
Fax: (201) 472-6810
International Specialty Products
1361 Alps'Rd.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Tel: (201) 628-3000
Fax:(210)628-4117
Non-toxic, non-flammable, biodegradable aqueous
solvents suitable for in-line and batch equipment without
modification. Also ideal for screen and pallet cleaning
and precision metal degreasing (ferrous and non-
ferrous).
Floating, dispersed, and dissolved 'hydrocarbon
contaminants removed to surface water discharge limits,
using: no coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon
absorption, no sorbent waste. Also offer systems and
services to extend cleaning bath 'life* for more cost
effective aqueous systems and waste water processing,
and waste-minimized settling-pond and separator
maintenance/remediation.
Non-flammable, drop-in replacement solvent for vapor
degreasing of metals, electronics, and precision
components. Leaves no residue. Requires no additional
cleaning. For use in existing vapor degreasers. Also,
cold or wipe cleaning applications of metals, high
voltage circuits, oxygen system cleaning, and spot
cleaning of electronics.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers.
Cleaners comprised of narrow boiling range, high flash
point aliphatic hydrocarbons. Low olefm and aromatic
content. Low residue, low corrosivity to metals, low
odor, low toxicity. Require no water handling,
recyclable by distillation. Effective against a wide range
of waxes, oils and greases found in metal and precision
cleaning.
Non-hazardous and biodegradable solvent and solvent-
emulsion based alternatives. Products are applicable to
the transportation, aviation, electronics, and coatings
industries. Also offer water-based alternative products.
Specialty solvents comprised of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP) and gamma-butyrolactone (BLO) as well as other
proprietary ingredients. Products are biodegradable,
water soluble, and recyclable.
32
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Industries
195 E. Main St., Suite 303
Milford, MA 01757
Tel: (800) 554-9994
Fax:(508)478-2221
Micro Care Corp.
34 Ronzo Road.
Bristol, CT 06010
Tel: (203) 585-7912
Fax: (203) 585-7378
North American Environmental Oil
& Cleaning Supply Company
270A Route 46, Suite 81
Rockaway, NJ 07866
Tel: aOl) 627-0722
(201) 627-1503
Fax: (201) 627-2982
Occidental Chemical Corp.
Technical Center
PO Box 344
Niagara Falls, NY 14302
Tel: (800) 733-1165
Fax: (716) 278-7297
Petrofenn Inc.
5415 First Coast Highway
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
Tel: (904) 261-8286
Fax: (904) 261-6994
P-T Technologies, Inc.
108 4th Ave. South
Safety Harbor, FL 34695
Tel: (800) 441-7874
Fax: (813) 726-9544
QO Chemicals.Inc.
PO Box 2500
2801 Kent Ave.
West Lafayette, IN 47906
Tel: (317) 497-6100
Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including
a supersaturated wipe solvent.
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies.
Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications; where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision
cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and
grime.
Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety
of applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes
and benzotrifluorides for cold cleaning of metals and
electronics. Ethyiene biased glycol ethers for use in
maiay cleaning formulations.
Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic
solvents with surfactant;. Products are used for cold
(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning
equipment. Products cm be removed by evaporation,
water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents.
Both products and rinse media can be recycled.
Nonhalogenated hydrocarbon-based and water based
degreasers and cleaner*. Specialty formulations for
electronics, cable manufacturing, process cleaning,
utility applications general cleanup.
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The Rission Group Inc."
13349 Michigan Ave.
Dearborn, MI 48126
Tel; (313) 581-2620
Fax; (313) 581-3758
Rochester Midland Corp.
333 Hollenbcck St.
Rochester, NY 14621
Tel: (716) 336-2200
Fax: (716) 467-4406
Selig Chemica] Industries
PO Box 43106
840 Selig Dr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30378
Tel: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Storchem Inc.
3600 Billings Court, Suite 110
Burlington, Ontario
Canada L7N3N6
Terpene Technologies Inc.
3400 Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293
Rochester, NY 14626
Tel: (716) 546-8455
(716) 777-0790
Fax: (716) 227-3834
Thierica
900 Clancy Ave.
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Tel: (616) 458-1538
Fax: (616) 458-7120
Union Camp Corp.
Bush Boake Allen Division
PO Box 37617
Jacksonville, FL 32236
Tel: (904) 783-2180
(800) 874-9220
Fax: (904) 786-6495
Aqueous and non-aqueous formulations containing
surfactants with and without glycol ethers.
Hydrocarbons and blends of hydrocarbons with
emulsifiers also available.
Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene
solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain
alkaline builders and chelants as 'well as glycol ethers.
Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations
exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for
good oil/grease separation upon standing.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene.
Aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emulsifiers; semi-aqueous cleaners and
degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons;
terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as non-
water soluble solvents.
Terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as non-
water soluble solvents, semi-aqueous cleaners and
degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons.
Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emulsifiers.
New low cost spray equipment manages extremely
difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts
containing baked grease and paint soils. Designed to be
safe and environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and
aqueous cleaning agents. Stainless steel construction.
i
Range of wood terpene-based alternative solvents for
semi-aqueous and solvent only cleaning processes and
maintenance cleaning applications." High solvency and
high soil loading properties for removal of solder fluxes,
heavy oils and greases, polishing compounds,
carbonaceous deposits etc. to the highest cleanliness
standards.
-------
W.R. Grace & Co.
Metal working Fluids Group
55 Hayden Ave.
Lexington, MA 02173
Tel: (617) 861-6600
Fax: (617) 861-6600
Zip-Chem Products
1860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800) 648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
Wide range of aqueous claming formulations for metal,
precision, and maintenance cleaning.* Includes
formulations mat are phosphate-free. Suitable for
agitation, soak, spray, ultrasonic and hand wipe
applications.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available. ''
NON-OZONE DEPLETING
CHLORINATED SOLVENTS
Asahi Glass America, Inc.
450 Lexington Ave., Suite 1920
New York, NY 10017-3911
Tel: (212) 687-4600
Fax: (212) 687-4663
Chemical Solvents, Inc.
3751 Jennings Rd.
Cleveland, OH 44109
Tel: (216) 741-9310
(800) 362-0693
Fax: (216) 741-4080
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kennesaw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 424-4888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
Container Products Corp.
PO Box 3767
Wilmington, NC 28406
Tel: (919) 392-6100
Fax: (919) 392-6778
Detrex Corp.
4000 Town Center, Suite 1100
Southfield, Ml 48175
Tel: (313) 358-5800
Fax: (313) 358-5803
Metliylene chloride for general metals, electronics and
precision cleaning.
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Systems incorporating a variety of aqueous cleaning
techniques which include filtered negative pressure
chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning
systems.
Aqueous micro-emulsion solution for gross metal
cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning
solution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty
equipment and .solvents for metals, and electronics
cleaning, chlorinated arid HCFC solvents, and aqueous
and semi-aqueous solvents.
-------
Dow U.S.A.
Midland, MI 48674
Tel: (800) 337-4369
Fax: (517) 832-1465
Ecolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800)886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
Electrolube Corporation USA
8200 Saint James Ave.
Elmhurst, NY 11373
Tel: (718) 565-5200
Fax: (718) 565-5715
Hubbard-Hall, Inc.
PO Box, 790
Waterbury, CT 06725
Tel: (203)754-2171
(800) 648-3412
Fax: (203) 596-9544
(203) 756-9017
Occidental Chemical Corp.
Technical Center
PO Box 344
Niagara Falls, NY 14302
Tel: (800) 733-1165
Fax: (716) 278-7297
Rochester Midland Corp.
333 Hollenbeck St.
Rochester, NY 14621
Tel: (716) 336-2200
Fax: (716) 467-4406
Selig Chemical Industries
PO Box 43106
840 Selig Dr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30378
Tel: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Trichloroethylene, methyl ene chloride, and
perchloroethylene.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents. • '
Non-toxic, non-flammable,, biodegradable aqueous
solvents suitable for in-line and batch equipment without
modification. Also ideal for screen and pallet cleaning
and precision metal degreasing (ferrous and non-
ferrous).
Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety
of applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes
and benzotrifluorides for cold cleaning of metals and
electronics. Ethylene based giycol ethers for use in
many cleaning formulations.
Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene
solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain
alkaline builders and chelants as well as giycol ethers.
Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations
exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for
good oil/grease separation upon standing.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends, of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
giycol ethers and some containing d-limonene.
-------
Zip-Chem Products
1860 Dobbin Dr.
San lose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800)648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
HCFCS
Allied-Signal
POBoxll39R
Morristown, NJ 07960
Tel: (201) 455-4848
Fax: (201) 455-2745
Asahi Glass America, Inc.
450 Lexington Ave., Suite 1920
New York, NY 10017-3911
Tel: (212) 687-4600 ,
Fax: (212) 687-4663
Atochem North America
Three Parkway
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Tel: (215) 587-7192
Fax: a 15) 587-7199
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kennesaw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 424-4888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
CRC Industries, Inc.
885 Louis Dr.
Warminster, PA 18974
Tel: (215) 674-4300
Fax: (215) 674-2196
Detrex Corp,
4000 Town Center, Suite 1100
Southfield, MI 48175
Tel: (313) 358-5800
Fax: (313) 358-5803
HCFC-225ca/cb can be uued as a single product as well
as an alcohol mixture or with surface active agents.
Compatible with most metals and plastics, and applicable
for degreasing, defluxing, particle-removing, drying and
dry-cleaning, with low total energy consumption.
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Aerosol and bulk packages of HCFCs. Nonflammable
and leaves no residue. May not be compatible with
some plastics such as polycarbonates and polystyrene.
Aqueous micro-emulsion solution for gross metal*
cleaning and equipment for use with the cleaning
solution. Alternative/vapor degreasing process, specialty
equipment and solvents for metals and electronics
cleaning, chlorinated and HCFC solvents, and aqueous
and semi-aqueous solvents.
-------
Ecolink *
1481-Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083 .
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245 ..
Electrolube Corporation USA
8200 Saint James Ave.
Bmhurst, NY inn
Td: (718) 565-5200
Fax: (718) 565-5715
Micro Care Corp.
34RonzoRoad
Bristol, CT 06010
Td: (203) 585-7912
Fax: (203) 585-7378
Sdig Chemical Industries
840SdigDr. SW
Atlanta, GA 30336-2240
Td: (404) 691-9220
Fax: (404) 699-7024
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as wdl
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
Non-toxic, non-flammable, biodegradable aqueous
solvents suitable for in-line and batch equipment without
modification. Also ideal for screen and pallet cleaning
and precision metal degreasing (ferrous and non-
ferrous).
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies.
Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective hi touch-up cleaning and precision
cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and
grime.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers and some containing d-limonene.
OTHER CLEANING ALTERNATIVES
AMD EQUIPMENT
3D, Inc. .
2053 Plaza Drive
Benton Harbor, MI 49022-2211
Td: (800) 272-4326
Fax: (616) 925-1922
3M Company
Specialty Chemicals Division
Building 223-65-04
St. Paul, MN 55144
Td: (612) 733-3735
(800) 833-5045
ACCEL
1825 E. Piano Parkway
Piano, TX 75074-8129
Td: (214) 424-3525
Fax:(214)424-7526
Perfluorocarbon-based fluids used as rinsing materials in
specialty niche cleaning applications. These fluids are
especially designed for cleaning processes for high-value
parts when aqueous or semi-aqueous cleaning are not
viable options.
System utilizing centrifugal cleaning to provide superior
washing, effective rinsing, and drying of populated
printed circuit boards and hybrid circuits. Includes
automatic solvent recycling and rinse water purification
with no required drain. Compatible with chlorocarbons,
fluorocarbons, H2Q, and terpenes.
-------
Altos Engineering, Inc."
6009 N. 61 Ave
Glendale, AZ 85301
Tel: (602) 931-8434
Fax: (602) 937-63%
Ambassador Marketing
Route 1-Box 207
St. David, AZ 85630
Tel: (602) 120-4310
Fax: (602) 720-4068
Ardrox Inc.
16961 Knott Avenue
La Mirada, CA 90638
Tel: (714) 739-2821
Fax: (714) 670-6480
Baron-Blakeslee, Inc.
1500 West 16th St.
Long Beach, CA 90813
Tel: (800) 548-4422
Fax: (310) 491-1091
Branson Ultrasonics Inc.
41 Eagle Rd.
Danbury, CT 06810
Tel: (203) 796-0400
Fax: (203) 796-0381
CF TECHnologies, Inc.
1 Westinghouse Plaza, Suite 200
Hyde Park, MA 02136-2059
Tel: (617) 364-2500
Fax: (617) 364-2550
Chem-Tech International
1800 Diagonal Rd., Suite 600
Alexandria, VA 22314
Tel: (703) 549-1001
Fax: (703) 549-1003
Church & Dwight Co., Inc.
469 N. Harrison St.
Princeton, NJ 08543-5297
Tel: (609) 497-7230
Batch and inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical,
thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent
formulations available with; and without glycol ethers.
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreiasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonfuming.
Full range of aqueous-based formulations as well as
aliphatic hydrocarbon-based blends, terpene-based
formulations, hydrocarbon-based solvent blends and
other cleaning alternatives and equipment.
Full line of cleaning equipment for use with aqueous,
semi-aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents. Closed
loop system incorporating 'vacuum drying available (near
zero emissions).
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning
systems for metal, electronic, and precision cleaning
requirements. Manual and fully automated material
handling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous,
semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry.
Supercritical fluid extraction cleaning process for
removing organic solvent, oil and lubricant residues.
May also be effective for paniculate removal when used
in conjunction with agitation and/or ultrasonics.
Aqueous-based formulations containing detergents with
and without glycol ethers as well as blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers which, when used in
combination, provide residue-free cleaning. Can be used
on all metals, teflon, plascic, and painted coatings. Also
specially designed cleaning equipment.
-------
Cincinnati Industrial Machinery
PO Box 62027
3280 Hageman St.
Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.)
45262 (P0 Box)
Tel: (513) 769-0700 ,
Fax: (513) 769-0697
Circle-Prosco, Inc.
2017 Yost Ave.
Bloomington, IN 47403
Tel: (812) 339-3653
Fax: (812) 331-2566
Custom designed machines for cleaning, si
preparation and other processing of metal and
metallic parts.
surface
non-
Cold Jet, Inc.
455 Wards Corner Rd.
Lovdand, OH 45140
Tel: (513)831-3211
Fax; (513)831-1209
Conceptronic, Inc.
6 Post Rd. ,
Portsmouth, NH 03801
Tel: (603) 431-6262
Fax:(603)431-3303
Container Products.Corp.
PO Box 3767
Wilmington, NC 28406
Tel: (919) 392-6100
Fax: (919) 392-6778
Creative Enterprises
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Tel: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879
Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and non-
ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral, and
alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol
ethers for ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water
miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning).
Water emulsifiable cleaners containing aliphatic and
terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean
applications.
Dry ice blasting process using small pellets of carbon
dioxide (dry ice) as the blasting media. Pellets sublimate
on contact leaving no media for containment or disposal.
Process currently being used in molded products,
baking/food production, hazardous cleaning, automotive,
aerospace (military and commercial) and contract
cleaning industries.
Semi-aqueous, spray-based, totally closed-loop modular
batch cleaning systems utilizing non-flammable, naturally
derived alcohol solvents in solution with water. Also
have an ultrasonic batch cleaning system for metallic and
non-metallic electronic surfaces and other difficulHo-
clean non-electronic parts of unusual geometric shape.
Systems incorporating a variety of aqueous cleaning
techniques which include filtered negative pressure
chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning
systems.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
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Crest Ultrasonics
Scotch Rd. - Mercer County Airport
PO Box 7266
Trenton, HI 08628
Tel: (609) 883-4000
(800) 441-9675 .
Fax: (609) 883-6452
DEFLEXCorp.
631 Roberta Ave.
Glendale, CA 91201
Tel: (818) 241-7500
Fax: (818) 241-7532
Dell-Chem of Arizona
7119 E. Shea Blvd., Suite 106-224 .
Scottsdale, AZ 85254
Tel: (602) 951-5812
Fax: (602) 948-4172
Dow Corning Corp.
PO Box 994
Midland, MI 48686-0994
Tel: (517) 486-4000
Fax: (517)496-4511
DURR Industries, Inc.
10301 Enterprise Dr.
Davisburg, MI 48350
Tel: (313) 625-5400
Fax: (313) 625-5966
Ecolink
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800)886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
Electronic Controls Design Inc.
4287-A SE International Way
Milwaukie, OR 97006
Tel: (503) 659-6100
(800) 323-4548
Fax: (503) 659-4422
Precision cleaning equipment (primarily ultrasonic
systems) from standard wash-rinse-dry cleaning consoles
to large custom automated batch cleaning equipment.
Ultrasonic generator is sweep frequency generator
capable of cavitating both aqueous and semi-aqueous
chemistries. Full line of aqueous-based cleaning
chemistries for ultrasonic applications as well.
Energized supercritical fluids. Gross and precision
cleaning machines which accept most standard baskets
and loads to 250 Ibs for cleaning a variety of products.
Other products include dense fluid recycling systems and
various racks/fixtures.
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreasing and dewaxing applications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonfuming.
Volatile methyl siloxane (VMS) fluids containing no
additives. Effective in removing cutting fluids, greases,
body oils, and particles in cleaning of precision parts and
metals. Easily recyclable by distillation an/or filtration.
All aqueous and semi-aqueous systems recycle and reuse
process water. Solvent systems reduce emissions by
99% over conventional degreasing systems.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DBE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
-------
Environmental Solvents'Corp.
1840 Southside Blvd.
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Td: (904) 724-1990
Fix: C904) 724-2508
».
EnviroPro Technologies
POBoxSQSl
2930 West 22nd St.
Brie, PA 16512
Td: (814) 838-5888
Fax: (814) 833*0145
Envirosolutions Inc.
335 Post Road West
Westport, CT 06880
Td: (203) 454-5902
Fax: (203) 222-0190
Exxon Chemical Co.
PO Box 3272
Houston, TX 77253-3272
Tel: (800) 526-0749
Fax: (713) 870-6661
Finishing Equipment Inc.
3640 Kennebec Dr.
St. Paul, MN 55122
Tel: (612) 452-1860
Fax:(612)452-9851
FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine & Tool)
1950 Industrial Dr.
Findlay, OH 4584O
Tel: (419) 422-0768
(800)878-8011
Fax: (419) 422-0072
*
Fremont Industries, Inc.
4400 Valley Industrial Park -
Shakopee, MN 55379
Tel: (612) 445-4121
Fax: (612) 496-3027
Coniferous (pine) terpene alternatives to hydrocarbon-
based solvent cleaning. Can be used in single cold
immersion or in solvent-wash/solvent rinse/dry process
for water-free precision cleaning and defluxing. ,'
One step cleaning system using supercritical carbon
dioxide.
Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral pH cleaner which is
used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several
different formulations developed to suit a variety of
cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is
matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensure optimum
performance.
Acetate ester cleaners, as well as hydrocarbon fluid
components with a broad range of properties available
for use in blended formulations. Low residue, low
corrosivity to metals. Effective for broad range of
grimes (electronics). Formulations comprised of esters
and hydrocarbon components effective in removing
greases, oils and waxes found in metal, electronics, and
precision cleaning.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous and solvent cleaning systems
available. From manual systems to automated high-
production cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as
needed. Specialize in automated enclosed vapor
degreasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting
chlorinated solvents.
Custom engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard
parts cleaning equipment, and pollution control
equipment.
Aqueous-based metal cleaning and non-metallic substrate
cleaning formulations and application equipment.
Includes spray, soak, and ultrasonic cleaners in rinse and
no-rinse formulations.
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GaSonicsflPC
2730 Junction Ave.
San Jose, CA 95134-1909
Tel: (408) 944-0212
Fax:(408)473-9530
Hurricane Systems, Inc.
2080 Brooklyn Rd.
PO Box 867
Jackson, MI 49204
Tel: (517) 787-3481
Fax: (517) 787-2349
Insitu Environmental Chemical Co.
8402 East Redwing Rd.
Scottsdale, AZ 85250-5740
Tel: (602) 948-9209
Fax: (602) 951-0715
International Specialty Products
1361 Alps Rd.
Wayne, NJ 07470
Tel: (201) 628-3000
Fax:(210)628-4117
JnJ Industries
195 E. Main St.
Suite 303
Milford, MA 01757
Tel: (800) 554^9994
Fax: (508) 478-2221
KLN Ultraschall GmbH
Siegfriedstr. 124
EM»148 Heppenheim
Germany
Tel: 6252/14-0
Fax: 6262/14-277
Lewis Corp. *
102 Willenbrock Rd.
Oxford, CT 06478-1033
Tel: (203) 264-3100
Fax: (203) 264-3102
Low temperature plasma • (RF discharge)
equipment/process utilizes industrial grade gases such as
oxygen, ah*, and nitrogen or combinations thereof.
Highly effective on all materials and widely used in
electronic device cleaning, flux/solder removal and
medical device cleaning.
Wide range of "off-the-shelf, semi-custom, and custom
parts, cleaning systems using water-based cleaning
compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead
conveyors for continuous and batch processing; carousel,
cabinet, and agitation tank washers; multi-stage wash,
rinse, oxidation inhibit, aind dry; oil removal and oil
slamming devices; electric, gas, and steam heat
packages.
Aqueous and alcohol-based cleaners for low residue
degreasing and dewaxing implications. Formulations are
nonflammable and nonfuming.
Specialty solvents comprised of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
(NMP) and gamma-butyrolactone (BLO) as well as other
proprietary- ingredients. Products are biodegradable,
water soluble, and recyclable.
Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including
a supersaturated wipe solvent.
Manufacturer of industrial cleaning systems, specializing
in aqueous-based chemistries. Bom ultrasonic and non-
ultrasonic washers available.
-------
Liquid Carbonic Supercritical
966 .Postal Rd.
AHentown, PA 18103
Tel: (215) 266-9693
Fax: (215) 266-1482
Micro Care Corp.
34RonzoRoad
Bristol, CT 06010
Tel: (203) 585-7912
Fax: (203) 585-7378
North American Environmental Oil
& Cleaning Supply Company
270A Route 46, Suite Bl
Rockaway, NJ 07866
Tel: (201) 627-0722
• (201)627-1503
Fax: (201) 627-2982
Occidental Chemical Corp.
Technical Center
PO Box 344.
Niagara Falls, NY 14302
Td: (800) 733-1165
Fax: (716) 278-7297
Petrofenn Inc.
5415 First Coast Highway
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
Tel: (904) 261-8286
Fax: (904) 261-6994
Ransohoff Co.
North 5th St at Ford Boulevard
Hamilton, OH 45011
Tel: (513) 863-5813
(800) 248-WASH
Fax: (513) 863-8908
Supercritical carbon dioxide cleaning technology and
equipment. Closed loop or open loop recirculation
systems effectively remove organic material from the
component to be cleaned.
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies.
Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning'and precision
cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and
grime.
Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety
of applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes
and benzotrifluorides for cold cleaning of metals and
electronics. Ethylene based glycol ethers for use in
many cleaning formulations.
Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic
solvejts with surfactants. Products are used for cold
(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning
equipment. Products can be removed by evaporation,
water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents.
Both products and rinse media can be recycled.
Standard and custom aqueous and semi-aqueous cleaning
equipment for small through high production parts
cleaning requirements, as well as very small to large part
configurations and various part materials. Expertise in
precision cleaning. Patented, mechanically agitated
aqueous technology for high volume intricately shaped
or machined parts as a direct replacement of solvent
vapor degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning systems.
-------
R.G. Hanson Co., Inc. *
703 E. Lincoln
Bloomington, IL 61701
Tel: (309) 828-5070
(800)392-0903
Fax: (309) 829-3294
Scalewatcher Industrial
104 Clearfield Lane, Suite 204
CoatesvUle, PA 19320
Tel: (215) 384-7200
Fax: (215) 383-9951
S&K Products International
80 Red Schoolhouse Rd. #102
Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977
Tel: (914) 425-6200
Fax: (914) 425-7602
Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems
2372 Teller Rd., #107
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Tel: (805) 499-7440
Fax: (805) 375-5781
Solidstrip Inc.
601 Interchange Blvd.
Newark, DE 19711
Tel: (302) 292-8340
(800) 677-4568
Fax: (302) 292-8321
Sonitech Inc.
239 East Stephenson St.
Freeport, IL 61032
Tel: (815) 235-2400
Fax: (815) 232-2150
Tally Cleaning Systems
Division of Letfab Engineering
332 John Diestch Blvd.
Attleboro Falls, MA 02763
Tel: (508) 695-1007
Fax: (508)695-6335
Aqueous cleaning chemicals and equipment. New
equipment using only steam to clean also available.
Electronic descaling systems for hard water treatment.
Jsopropyl alcohol cleaning, degreasing, vapor drying
systems.
Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for
precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts.
Systems clean oils, paniculate and other contaminates.
Optional waste evaporator.
Acrylic plastic blasting media for paint stripping.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment using aqueous or semi-
aqueous chemistries for a wide range of applications.
Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks,
dryers and closed loop riiase water recirculation systems.
System uses alcohol or other solvents with perfluorinated
chemistry for rinsing and drying non-water contact
applications.
Single and multiple stage flat belt spraywashers,
monorail spraywashers and rotary drum spraywashers
which utilize aqueous-based cleaning formulations.
Complete custom systems available which include
spi-aywash, sprayirinse, rustifthibit, hot air dry, particle
filtration, oU separation,, etc.
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Tbierica
900 Clancy Ave.
Grand Rapids, MI 49503
Tel: (616)458-1538
Fax: (616)458-7120
Tiyoda MFG. U.S.A., Inc.
1613 Lockness Place
Torrance, CA 90501
Td: (310) 539-5471
Fax: (310) 539-5881
Ultrasonic Power Systems Ltd.
Unit Cl
Hortonwood 10
Telford, Shropshire
ENGLAND TF1 4ES
Tel: 0952 676646
Fax: 0952 676599
Ultronix Inc.
104 Niantic Rd.
Barto, PA 19504
Td: (800) 553-7881
Fax: (2150 845-3995
Unitech Industrial Inc.
PO Box 330
16 South Ave,
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
Td: (914) 291-0745
(800) 277-5522
Fax: (914) 297-2919
Zip-Chem Products
1860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800) 648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
New low cost spray equipment- manages extremdy
difficult cleaning jobs. Used with large and small parts
containing baked grease and paint soils. Designed to be
safe and environmentally secure with hydrocarbon and
aqueous cleaning agents. Stainless steel construction.
Closed-loop and self-contained ultrasonic batch cleaning
system. Ultrasonic immersion (spray is optional) and
vapor cleaning combined with vacuum drying provide
complete cleaning and drying of virtually any component
or part. Near zero emissions.
Alcohol cleaning using perfluorocarbons as a vapor
blanket to inhibit flammabulty.
Retrofit existing equipment for HCFCs, chlorinated
solvents, perfluorinated chemicals, and hydrocarbon-
based solvents. New equipment (manual or automated)
for efficient use of non-aqueous vapor phase chemicals.
Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers,
batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and
pretreatment systems available in new equipment and
retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil
removal from the cleaning process.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
-------
POLLUTION
EQUIPMENT
CONTROL
American Metal Wash, Inc.
PO Box 265
360 Euclid Ave.
Canonsburg, PA 15317
Tel: (412) 7464203
Fax: (412) 746-5738
Baron-Blakeslee, Inc.
1500 West 16th St.
Long Beach, CA 90813
Tel: (800) 548-4422
Fax: 010) 491-1091
CF TEGHnologies, Inc.
1 Westinghouse Plaza, Suite 200
Hyde Park, MA 02136-2059
Tel: (617) 364-2500
Fax: (617) 364-2550
Cincinnati Industrial Machinery
PO Box 62027
3280 Hageman St.
Cincinnati, OH 45241 (street add.)
45262 (PO Box)
Tel: (513) 769-0700
Fax: (513) 769-0697
Container Products Corp.
PO Box 3767
Wilmington, NC 28406
Tel: (919) 392-6100
Fax: (919) 392-6778
Creative Enterprizes
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Tel: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879
Ecolink •.
1481 Rock Mountain Blvd.
Stone Mountain, GA 30083
Tel: (404) 621-8240
(800) 886-8240
Fax: (404) 621-8245
Line of evaporators, coalescers, and solution filtration
systems designed to assist in cleaning up the cleaning
solutions. Units can be provided as batch components to
be added to current systems or totally automated to be
incorporated with an existing system or with new
cleaning equipment.
Full line of cleaning equipment for use with
aqueous,semi-aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents.
Closed loop system incorporating vacuum drying
available (near zero emissions).
Supercritical fluid extraction cleaning process for
removing organic solvent, oil and lubricant residues.
May also be effective for puticulate removal when used
in conjunction with agitation and/or ultrasonics.
Custom designed machines for cleaning, surface
preparation and other processing of metal and non-
imetallic parts.
Systems incorporating a variety of aqueous cleaning
techniques which include filtered negative pressure
chambers, high pressure chambers, and mobile cleaning
systems.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
Wide range of aqueous, semi-aqueous and non-aqueous
chemistries. Formulations include a variety of
hydrocarbon, NMP, DUE and terpene products as well
as non-ozone depleting halogenated solvents.
Manufacture a complete line of batch cleaning units for
use with these solvents.
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Ecology Systems, Inc. "
PO Box 391
Bdiingham, MA 02019
Tel: (508) 9664)396
Environmental Recovery Resources, Inc.
POBox36
South Salem, NY 10590
Tel: (914) 533-6175
Fax:<914)533-6275
ETUS, Inc.
1511 Kastner Place
Stnford,FL 32771
Td;(407) 321-7910
Fax: (407) 321-3098
FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine & Tool)
1950 Industrial Dr.
Findlay, OH 4584O
Tel: (419) 422-0768
(800) 878-8011
Fax: (419) 422-0072
Hotsy Equipment Co.
67 Sprague St.
Boston, MA 02136
Tel: (800) 544-7790
Hoyt Corp.
Forgs Rd.
Westport, MA 02790-0217
Tel: (508) 636-8811
Fax: (508) 636-2088
Hurricane Systems, Inc.,
2080 Brooklyn Rd.
PO Box 867
Jackson, MI 49204
Td: (517) 787-3481
Fax: (517) 787-2349
Floating, dispersed, and dissolved hydrocarbon
contaminants removed to surface water discharge limits,
using: no coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon
absorption, no sorbent waste. Also offer systems and
services to extend cleaning bath 'life* for more cost
effective aqueous systems and waste water processing,
and waste-minimized settling-pond and separator
maintenance/remediation.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers.
Custom engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard
parts cleaning equipment, and pollution control
equipment.
Wide range of "off-the-shelf, semi-custom, and custom
parts cleaning systems using water-based cleaning
compounds. Systems include: belt, rotary and overhead
conveyors for continuous and batch processing; carousel,
cabinet, and agitation tank washers; multi-stage wash,
rinse, oxidation inhibit, and dry; oil removal and oil
slumming devices; electric, gas, and steam heat
packages.
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Infinitex
PO Box 383
10100 Main St.
Clarence, NY 14031
Td: (716) 759-6983
Fax: (716) 759-2050
Lewis Corp.
102 Wtlienbrock Rd.
Oxford, CT 06478-1033
Td: (203) 264-3100
Fax: (203) 264-3102
. Membrex, Inc.
155 Route 46 West
Fairfidd, NJ 07004
Tel: (201) 575-8388
Fax:(201)575-7011
Met-Pro Corp.
Systems Division
160 Cassell Rd.
Harleysville, PA 19438
Tel: (215) 723-6751
Fax: (215) 723-6161
Midbrook Industries
1745 West Hamlin Rd.
Rochester Hills, MI 48309
Td: (313) 852-2490
(800) 966-9274
Fax: (313) 852-5520
Uld afiltration systems loir oil and water separation.
NAPCO
Plymouth Industrial Park
Terryville, CT 06786
Tel: (203) 589-7800
Fax: (203) 589-7304
Proceco
7300 Tdlier St.
Montreal, Quebec
Canada BIN 3T7
Tel: (514) 254-8494
Fax: (514) 254-8184
(514) 254-6922
Manufacturer of industrial cleaning systems, specializing
la aqueous-based chemistries. Both ultrasonic and non-
ultrasonic washers available.
Membrane based separation processes to recycle, wash,
and rinse waters from aqueous-based and organic
cleaning solutions.
Activated carbon fiber iidsorption systems for control
and recovery of cleaning solvent ah* emissions.
Recovers solvent in higher quality and with less energy
use than granular carbon. Systems can be regenerated
with steam, air or nitrogen.
Chemical flocculation waste water treatment systems for
heavy metal emulsified oil, suspended solid removal to
render industrial waste water suitable for sewering.
Ulirafiltration waste, water treatment systems for
pretreatment of oily waste water for either reuse or
disposal. Metal working fluid filtration systems to
extend working life of fluids. Oil separation systems
including skimmers and coalescers to separate tramp oils
from metal working fluids.
Aqueous spray washers (turntable, belt conveyor, and
immersion types). Also supply contaminated cleaning
solutions recycling systems.
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Prosys Corp.
lg? BOiarica Rd.
Chelmsfbrd, MA 01824
Td: (508) 2504940
Fix: (508) 2504977
Quantum Technologies '
POBox223
Jones MO! Industrial Park
Jones Mill, AR 72105
Tel: (501) 844-4700
Fax: (501) 8444711
R.G. Hanson Co., Inc.
703 £. Lincoln
Bloomington, IL 61701
Tel: (309) 828-5070
(800) 3924903
Fax: (309) 829-3294
SAMSCO, Inc.
18 Cote Ave.
Goffstown,NH 03045
Tel: (603) 668-7111
Separation Technologists, Inc.
100 Griffin Brook Park
Methuen, MA 01844
Tel: (508) 794-1170
Fax: (508) 794-0933
S&K Products International
80 Red Schoplhouse Rd. #102
Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977
Td: (914) 425-6200 .
Fax: (914) 425-7602
Smart Sonic Precision Cleaning Systems
2373 Teller Rd., #107
Newbury Park, CA 91320
Td: (805) 499-7440
Fax: (805) 375-5781
%
Sonitech Inc.
239 East Stephenson St.
Freeport, IL 61032
Td: (815) 235-2400
Fax: (815) 232-2150
Aqueous cleaning chemicals and equipment. New
equipment using only steam to clean also available.
Scrubber systems for near zero VOC emissions, when
using isopropyl alcohol cleaning and drying systems.
Automated ultrasonic and spray batch cleaners for
precision cleaning of metal, plastic, and ceramic parts.
Systems clean oils, paniculate and other contaminates.
Optional waste evaporator.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment using aqueous or semi-
aqueous chemistries for a wide range of applications.
Complete systems include cleaning tanks, rinse, tanks,
dryers and closed loop rinse water recirculation systems.
System uses alcohol or other solvents with perfluorinated
chemistry for rinsing and drying non-water contact
applications.
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Ultronix Inc.
104 Niantic Rd.
Barto, PA 19504
Tel: (800) 553-7881
Fax: (2150 845-3995
Unitech Industrial Inc.
PO Box 330
16 South Ave,
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
Tel: (914) 297-0745
(800)277-5522
Fax: (914) 297-2919
Westek
400 Rolyn Place
Arcadia, CA 91007
Tel: (818) 446-4444
Fax: (818) 446-7341
Zenon Environmental Inc.
845 Harrington Court
Burlington, Ontario
Canada L7N 3P3
Tel: (416) 639-6320
Fax: (416) 639-1812
Retrofit, existing equipment for -HCFCs chlorinated,
solvents, perfluorinated chemicals, and -hydrocarbon-
based! solvents. New equipment (manual or automated)
for efficient use of non-aqueous vapor phase chemicals.
Closed loop industrial cleaning systems. Spray washers,
batch cleaning systems, vapor decreasing, and
pretreatment systems available in new equipment and
retrofits. Waste water treatment and recycling, 100% oil
removal from the cleaning process.
RETROFIT ALTERNATIVES
Allied-Signal
POBoxll39R
Morristown, NJ 07960
Tel: (201) 455-4848
Fax: (201) 455-2745
Altos Engineering, Inc.,
6009 N. 61 Ave
Glendale, AZ 85301
Tel: (602) 931-8434
Fax: (602) 937-6396
Baron-Blakeslee, Inc.
1500 West 16th St.
Long Beach, CA 90813
Tel: (800) 548-4422
Fax: (310) 49H091
Batch and inline cleaning equipment with non-chemical,
thermal vacuum drying of rinse waters. Detergent
formulations available with and without glycol ethers.
Ful! line of cleaning equipment for use with aqueous,
semi-aqueous, HCFC, and chlorinated solvents. Closed
loop system incorporating vacuum drying available (near
zero emissions).
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Blue Wave Ultrasonics "
Div. of Alpheus Cleaning
Technologies Corp.
960S. RolffSt.
Davenport, IA 52802
td: (319) 322-0144 .
(800) 373-0144
Fax: (319)322-7180
Branson Ultrasonics Inc. *
41 Eagle Rd.
Danbury, CT 06810
Tel: (203) 796-0400
Fax:(203)79641381
Creative Enterprizes
3560 Springwood, Suite 811
Ponca City, OK 74604
Td: (405) 765-0879
Fax: (405) 765-0879
Environmental Recovery Resources, Inc.
PQBox36
South Salem, NY 10590
Tel: (914) 533-6175
Fax: (914) 533-6275
Environmental Solvents Corp.
1840 Southside Bl jd.
Jacksonville, FL 32216
Td: (904) 724-1990
Fax: (904) 724-2508
Envirosolutions Inc.
335 Post Road West
Westport, CT 06880
Td: (203) 454-5902
Fax: (203) 222-0190
ETUS, Inc.
1511 Kastner Place
Sanford, FL 32771
Tel:(407) 321-7910
Fax: (407) 321-3098
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment* built for various
applications specific to the customer's needs. Effective
in cleaning different products and materials throughout
the scope of fabricated metals, plastics, and ceramics.
Also offer aqueous-based detergents that are
environmentally safe.
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment and integrated cleaning
systems for metal, electronic, and precision cleaning
requirements. Manual and fully automated material
handling/transport systems. Equipment for aqueous,
semi-aqueous and solvent chemistry.
Specialize in low cost conversion of existing facilities to
safely use alternative cleaning agents. Design new or
custom cleaning equipment and processes. Also design
environmentally secure drying equipment and processes.
Floating, dispersed, and dissolved hydrocarbon
contaminants removed to surface water discharge limits,
using: no coalescing plates, no centrifugal, no carbon
absorption, no sorbent waste. Also offer systems and
services to extend cleaning bath 'life* for more cost
effective aqueous systems and waste water processing,
and waste-minimized settling-pond and separator
maintenance/remediation.
Inexpensive retrofit kit for existing small two sump
degreasers. Designed for use with terpene-based
solvents in water-free cleaning. Small production
capacity.
Biodegradable, non-caustic, neutral pH cleaner which is
used in a closed loop parts washing system. Several
different formulations developed to suit a variety of
cleaning needs. Customized parts washing equipment is
matched to the cleaning chemicals to ensure optimum
performance.
Formulations made of hydrocarbons and blends of
hydrocarbons and emulsifiers. Also offer aqueous-based
formulations containing detergents with and without
glycol ethers..
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Finishing Equipment Inc.
3640 Kennebec Dr.
St. Paul, MN 55122
Tel: (612) 452-1860
Fax:(612)452-9851
FMT Inc. (Findlay Machine & Tool)
1950 Industrial Dr.
Findlay, OH 4584O
Tel: (419) 422-0768
(800) 878-8011
Fax: (419) 422-0072
Occidental Chemical Corp.
Technical Center
PO Box 344
Niagara Falls, NY 14302
Tel: (800) 733-1165
Fax: (716) 278-7297
Petroferm Inc.
5415 First Coast Highway
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
Tel: (904) 261-8286
Fax: (904) 261-6994
SONICOR Instrument Corp.
100 Wartburg Ave.
Copiague, NY 11726
Tel: (516) 842-3344
Fax: (516) 842-3389
Ultronix Inc.
104 Niantic Rd.
Barto, PA 19504
Tel: (800) 553-7881
Fax: (2150 845-3995
Unitech Industrial Inc.
PO Box 330
16 South Ave,
Wappingers Falls, NY 12590
Tel: (914) 297-0745
(800) 277-5522
Fax: (914) 297-2919
Aqueous, semi-aqueous and solvent cleaning systems
available. From manual systems to automated high-
production cleaning lines, with ultrasonics available as
needed. Specialize in automated enclosed vapor
degreasers for efficient use of the non-ozone depleting
chlorinated solvents.
Custom engineered parts cleaning equipment, standard
parts cleaning equipment, and pollution control
equipment.
Specially stabilized methylene chloride for a wide variety
of applications. Formulations of halogenated toluenes
and benzotrifluorides for cold cleaning of metals and
electronics. Ethylene based glycol ethers for .use in
many cleaning formulations.
Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic
solvents with surfactants. Products are used for cold
(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning
equipment. Products cain be removed by evaporation,
water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents.
Both products and rinse media can be recycled. ,
Ultrasonic cleaning equipment, automated aqueous
cleaning systems. Environmentally safe alternatives to
cleaning with hazardous solvents.
Retrofit existing equipment for HCFCs chlorinated
solvents,, perfluorinated chemicals, and hydrocarbon-
based solvents. New equipment (manual or automated)
for efficient use of non-aqueous vapor phase chemicals.
Closed loop industrial churning systems. 'Spray washers,
batch cleaning systems, vapor degreasing, and
pretreatment systems available in new equipment and
retrofits. Waste water tnjatment and recycling, 100% oil
removal from the cleaning process.
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NO CLEAN ALTERNATIVES
Grele-Proseo, Inc.
2017 Yost Ave.
Bloomington, IN 47403
Tel: (812) 339-3653 .
Fax: (812) 331-2566
Aqueous, alkaline, etchant cleaners for ferrous and non-
ferrous applications. Aqueous, acidic, neutral* and
alkaline oil rejecting cleaners with or without glycol
ethers far ferrous and non-ferrous applications. Water
miscible, semi-aqueous cleaners (electronics cleaning).
Water einulsifiable cleaners containing aliphatic and
terpene solvents. Evaporative oils for no clean
applications.
MAINTENANCE CLEANING
Calgon Corp.
Chemical Technologies Group
PO Box 1346
Pittsburgh, PA 15230
Tel: (800) 955-0090
Fax: (412) 777-8927
Chemtronics, Inc.
8125 Cobb Center Dr.
Kenncsaw, GA 30144
Tel: (404) 4244888
Fax: (404) 424-4267
EXXON Chemical Co.
PO Box 3272
Houston, TX 77253-3272
Tel: (800) 526-0749
»rax; (713)870-6661
JnJ Industries
195 E. Main St., Suite 303
Mllford, MA 01757
Tel: (800)554-9994
Fax: (508) 478-2221
Kleer-Flo Company
15I5I Technology Dr.
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
Tel: (612) 934-2555
(800) 328-7942
Fax: (612) 934-3909
Formulations include non-chelating, non-phosphate,
readily biodegradable aqueous-based cleaners, non-
chlorinated solvent cleaners and paint removing
compounds, non-glycol based solvent enhanced general
cleaners, neutral pH process cleaners, and industrial
waste treatment polymers.
Ultra-pure cleaners for electronics and metals.
Cleaners comprised of narrow boiling range, high flash
point aliphatic hydrocarbons. Low olefin and aromatic
content. Low residue, low corrosivity to metals, low
odor, low toxicity. Requires no water handling.
Recycle by distillation. Effective against a wide range
if waxes, oils, and greases.
Manufacturer of eight non-CFC formulations including
a supersaturated wipe solvent.
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LPS Laboratories, Inc.
4647 Hugh Howell Rd.
Tucker, GA 30084
Tel: (800) 241-8334
Fax:(404)493-9206
Micro Cast Corp.
34 Ronzo Rd.
Bristol, CT 06010
Tel: (203) 585-7912
Fax: (203) 585-7378
MUler-Stephenson Chemical Co., Inc.
George Washington Highway
Danbury, CT 06810
Tel: (203) 743-4447
Fax: (203) 791-8702
Petrofenn Inc.
5415 First Coast Highway
Fernandina Beach, FL 32034
Tel: (904) 261-8286
Fax: (904) 261-6994
Rite Off
1545 5th Industrial Ct.
Bay Shore, NY 11706
Tel: (516) 665-6868
(800) 645-5853
Fax: (516) 968-4218
Rochester Midland Corp.
333 Holienbeck St.
Rochester, NY 14621
Tel: (716) 336-2200
Fax: (716) 467-4406
Terpene Technologies Inc.
3400 Ridge Rd. W, Suite 293
Rochester, NY 14626
Tel: (716) 546-8455
(716) 777-0790
Fax: (716) 227-3834
Solvent cleaners based on but not limited to terpene
hydrocarbon, alcohol, or HCFC technologies.
Formulations are engineered for use in non-automated
hand cleaning applications where rinsing is not available.
Cleaners are effective in touch-up cleaning and precision
cleaning of all types of flux residues, oils, grease and
grime.
Broad line of formulations based on terpenes, ester, and
aliphatic hydrocarbons and blends of these organic
solvents with surfactants. Products are used for cold
(hand) cleaning and in combination with various cleaning
equipment. Products can be removed by evaporation,
water, alcohols or nonflammable fluorinated solvents.
Both products and rinse media can be recycled.
Formulations comprised of hydrocarbon and/or terpene
solvents. Some also contain surfactants. Many contain
alkaline builders and chelants as well as glycol ethers.
Some aqueous-based or water-compatible formulations
exhibit good biodegradability. Many products allow for
good oil/grease separation upon standing.
/ ,*
Terpene alcohol and hydrocarbon blends used as non-
water soluble solvents, semi-aqueous cleaners and
degreasers based on terpene alcohols and hydrocarbons.
Also offer aqueous-based terpene formulations containing
detergents and emulsifisrs.
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Texo Corporation
2801 Highland Ave.
Ciccimuti, OH 45212
Tel: (513) 731-3400
Fax:(513)731-8113
Union Camp Corp.
Bush Boake Allen Division
PO Box 37617
Jacksonville, FL 32236
Tel: (904) 783-2180
(800)874-9220
Fax: (904) 786-6495
W.R. Grace & Co.
Metalworking Fluids Group
55 Hayden Ave.
Lexington, MA 02173
Tel: (617) 861-6600
Fax: (617) 861-9066
Zip-Chem Products
I860 Dobbin Dr.
San Jose, CA 95133
Tel: (408) 729-0291
(800) 648-2661
Fax: (408) 272-8062
Aqueous, semi-aqueous, and various solvent cleaners for
replacement of vapor decreasing and handwiping with
solvents. Applications of cleaners can be spray
immersion, ultrasonic or handwiping. Cleaners can be
multimetal safe. and contain corrosion inhibitors if
necessary.
%
Range of wood terpene-based alternative solvents for
semi-aqueous and solvent only cleaning processes and
maintenance cleaning applications. High solvency and
high soil loading properties for removal of solder fluxes,
heavy oils and greases, polishing compounds,
carbonaceous deposits etc. to the highest cleanliness
standards.
Wide range of aqueous cleaning formulations for metal.
precision, and maintenance cleaning. Includes
formulations that are phosphate-free. Suitable for
agitation, soak, spray, ultrasonic and hand wipe
applications.
Aqueous, semi-aqueous aliphatic hydrocarbon, terpene
and alcohol-based cleaners. Application oriented
packaging like wipes, aerosols, specialty containers, and
other delivery systems available.
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