&EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air And
Radiation
(ANR-445)
EPA/400/1-91/041
January 1992
Theoretical Analysis of
Replacement Refrigerants
for R22 for Residential Uses
* ~,»_:
-,?SP. _^9» Printe^ on Recycled Paper
$«a ^ymTl.-.*.* >?«£<. ~ 4 *- - --
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS! OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22
FOR RESIDENTIAL USES
Prepared for
US Environmental Protection Agency
Global Change Division
Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs
Office of Air and Radiation
by
Reinhard Radermacher and Dongsoo Jung
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742-3035
December 1991
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Table of Contents
List of Exhibits 3
Abstract i ....... 4
Findings 5
1.0 Background and Objective 7
2.0 Simulation Approach 11
2.1 Computer Model 11
2.2 Refrigerant Properties 15
2.3 Refrigerant Mixtures 15
2.4 Operating Conditions 17
2.5 Capacity Modulation with Mixtures 19
3.0 Seasonal Performance Evaluation 21
4.0 Results and Discussions 29
4.1 Performance Under Design Conditions 29
4.2 Seasonal Performance 37
4.3 Concentration Shift 40
4.4 Drop-in Application vs. New Systems 44
4.5 Implications of Counter-flow Design and the Use of
Mixtures .... * 45
4.6 Sensitivity Considerations and Accuracy 46
4.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion
Potential (ODP) 48
5.0 Flammability and Materials Compatibility . 51
5.1 Flammability 51
5.2 Materials Compatibility 52
6.0 Further Work 54
'
References 55
Appendices \
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List of Exhibits
Exhibit 1: Total Clx Concentrations (1985-2000). . . . .8
Exhibit 2: Greenhouse Warming Potential of R22 and Other
HCFC's and Carbon Dioxide 9
Exhibit 3: Sample Printout of Computer Run with HAC1. . . 14
Exhibit 4: Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for Six Heating
Climates of the Continental US. ...
Exhibit 5: Map of the US Displaying Lines of Constant
Cooling Load Hours
Exhibit 5a: Map of the US Displaying Lines of Constant
Cooling Load Hours
Exhibit 6: Sample Seasonal Performance Calculation.
Exhibit 7: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity
for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures. .........
Exhibit 8: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity
for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures. . . . . . '
Exhibit 9: Cooling and Heating COP and Volumetric Capacity
for Binary Refrigerant Mixtures
Exhibit 10: COP of Mixtures in Sequence According to Their
Performance
Exhibit lOa: Best Substitutes for R22. . .
Exhibit 11: Seasonal Performance of R22 and the Five Best
Replacements for One Cooling and Six Heating Climates. . .
Exhibit 12: Seasonal Performance Factors (SPF) for One
Cooling and Six Heating Climates
Exhibit 13: Ratio of Heating Capacities
Exhibit 14: Seasonal Performance of R32/R152a and R32/R124
With and Without a Rectifier
Exhibit 15: Greenhouse Warming (100 yr. Horizon) and Ozone
Depletion Potential
Exhibit 16: Direct and Indirect Contributions to Global
Warming «
23
25
26
28
31
32
33
35
36
39
40
41
43
49
50
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OP REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22
FOR RESIDENTIAL USES
Abstract
Future risks of stratospheric ozone depletion and the relatively
high global warming potential of R22 might eventually lead to
further limitations on the use of R22 in heat pump and air-
conditioning systems. This report investigates the feasibility of
replacement refrigerants that would cause the least disruption to
current technology. It is desirable that any substitute is at
least as energy efficient as R22 so that the indirect effect on
global warming does not outweigh the direct effect. To date, no
acceptable pure component has been identified as a drop-in
substitute for R22. However, binary and ternary mixtures appear to
be candidates that warrant further investigation.
The coefficient of performance (COP) and the seasonal
performance factor (SPF) were calculated in a model for binary and
ternary substitutes. The ternary mixture of R32/Rl52a/R124 showed
the best performance with an increase in COP of 13.7 % over R12.
The best chlorine-free ternary mixture is R32/R152a/R134 with a
12.6 % increase. The best chlorine-free binary mixture is
R32/R152a with a 12.1 % improvement in COP over R22. The binary
mixture of R32/R134a shows a performance improvement of six percent
over R22. Since it contains 70 % R134a it may not be flammable.
Significant design changes to the system will be necessary to
realize all these gains with mixtures, likely requiring a
considerable research and development effort. Some of the design
changes could reduce the energy savings. On the other hand,
modelling predicts that the SPF can be improved by modulating the
capacity by changing mixture concentration.
The greenhouse warming potential of the R32/R152a/R124 mixture
and its ozone depletion potential are reduced by a factor of 5
compared to R22. The greenhouse warming potential of
R32/R152a/R134 is reduced by a factor of 3 compared to R22 and the
ozone depletion potential is zero. The greenhouse warming
potential of R32/R152a is reduced by a factor of 6 compared to R22
and the ozone depletion potential is zero.
In practice, the ranking of the substitutes presented in this
report may change due to the influence of transport properties and
other variables which have been ignored in the model.
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22
FOR RESIDENTIAL USES
Findings
Evaluation of R22 substitutes has to occur because of concerns
about ozone depletion and greenhouse warming effect.
There is currently no pure fluid that is considered to be a
suitable drop-in substitute for R22.
i
Any substitute should seek to have at least the same energy
efficiency as R22. Otherwise, the indirect global warming
effect may offset any gains in the reduced global warming
potential of the substitute. Selection of the final
substitute should consider a balanced trade-off between direct
and indirect global warming effect, ozone depletion and other
health and safety concerns.
There are several binary and ternary mixtures of refrigerants
that warrant further investigation as substitutes for R22.
Models predict that a mixture containing R32 and R152a and R32
and R124 show potential for significant performance
improvements of up to 13J7 % in COP over R22 in residential
air-conditioners, heat pumps and window air-conditioners.
Hardware changes (counter-flow heat exchangers) will be
necessary to achieve this improvement and requirements like
increased fan power may offset the predicted energy savings.
The most energy efficient replacement mixture, R32/R152a/R124,
as predicted by modelling, has a global warming potential and
ozone depletion potential that is five times lower than the
values for R22 (based on a 100 year time horizon).
The replacement mixture with the least direct impact on the
environment is R32/R152a with a global warming potential that
is six times lower than for R22 and an ozone depletion
potential of zero. Its predicted COP is 12.1% above that of
R22.
The ranking of the substitutes may change due* to the influence
of transport properties and other variables not considered in
this report.
The use of mixtures offers the potential advantage that the
concentration can be shifted to meet capacity requirements.
This can lead to a reduction in resistance heat and increased
seasonal performance.
-------
For some superior mixtures all constituents are presently
available or have been commercially produced; for other
alternatives they will be available in the near future; for
some alternatives they are not yet scheduled for commercial
production.
The mixtures with the most significant improvement in COP are
flammable (R32/R152a) or contain flammable components so that
they may be flammable (R32/R152a/R124, R32/R152a/R134).
However, it is expected that the addition of a third
nonflammable component will reduce the fire hazard.
The binary mixture of 30% R32 and 70% R134a shows a six
percent performance improvement over R22 and may be
nonflammable.
Further work in the following areas is required in order to
facilitate the use of the proposed mixtures:
Materials compatibility,
Flammability,
oil compatibility,
Compressor life,
Chemical stability,
Thermodynamic properties,
Transport properties,
Performance in actual cycles,
Design of means for concentration shift, and
Redesign of air-conditioning and heat pump systems.
The possibility still exists that pure fluids can be found or
developed that may be acceptable substitutes for R22.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the numerous reviewers and EPA personnel for
constructive criticism and their contributions to the report. The
support of this project by the US Environmental Protection Agency
through ICP Inc. and the University of Maryland is greatfully
acknowledged*
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THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OP REPLACEMENT REFRIGERANTS FOR R22
FOR RESIDENTIAL USES
1.0 Background and Objective
R22 is widely used as a refrigerant in commercial refrigeration and
commercial and residential air-conditioning and heart pumping. R22
j
has favorable thermodynamic and transport properties and well known
material compatibility characteristics.
I
However, questions have been raised about the long term
viability of R22. Its ozone depletion potential is 0.05, much less
than Rll or R12. But because the level of stratospheric chlorine
is expected to rise during the next decade, Exhibit 1, extensive
use of R22 could contribute to surplus chlorihe and thus ozone
depletion for a long time. In Exhibit 1, the area enclosed between
I
the two curves is a measure for the increased long term risk if
there is an additional amount of Clx available in the stratosphere.
Currently, scientists are concerned that additional chlorine will
cause significant ozone depletion /!/. If it does, there will be
inevitably calls for more stringent reductions in R22 than those
i
recorded during the London revisions of the Montreal Protocol where
!
a resolution was passed to phase out use in new machinery by 2015
or those proposed in the Clean Air Act revisions /2/.
Furthermore, the greenhouse warming potential of R22 is quite
high compared to carbon dioxide, the most important green house
gas. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) has published a !
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Exhibit 2:
Greenhouse Warming Potential of R 22 and Other HCFC's and Carbon Dioxide
Fluid
Carbon Dioxide
Methane-inc indirect
Nitrous Oxide
CFC-11
CFC-12
HCFC-22
HFC-32*
CFC-113
CFC-11 4
CFC-11 5
HCFC-123
HCFC-124
HFC-125
HFC-134a
HCFC-141D
HCFC-142b
HFC-1433
HFC-1523
CC14
CH3CC13
CF3Br
Gtobal Warming Potential
Integration Time Horizon, Years
20
1
63
270
4500
7100
4100
2040
4500
6000
5500
310
1500
4700
3200
1500
3700
4500
510
1900
350
5800
100
1
21
290
3500
7300
1500
560
4200
6900
6900
85
430
2500
1200
440
1600
2900
140
1300
100
5800
500
1
9
190
1500
4500
I
510
188
2100
5500
7400
29
150
860
420
150
540
1000
47
460
34
3200
Reference /3/
report in which the higher greenhouse wanning potential (GWP) of
R22 is compared for different time periods to other HCFCs, HFCs and
i
to carbon dioxide, Exhibit 2. As concern about the global warming
heightens, the availability of R22 could be threatened. Its price
!
i
could rise if "greenhouse gas taxes" are passed or if green house
gases are limited in an allowance system under a comprehensive
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approach such as that proposed by the US at the first climate
negatiations. (A tax as small as $ 0.01 per pound of carbon
dioxide would result in an increase of $ 15.00 per pound using the
100 year equivalent global warming potential.)
However, it is important to recognize that for HCFC 22 the
global warming potential is relatively small compared to the
indirect global warming effect caused by the production of carbon
dioxide to provide the power for air-conditioning or heat pumping.
Estimates indicate that up to 10% of the total global warming
caused by a typical air-conditioner is contributed by R22 /3/. Any
replacement must, therefore, be at least as efficient as R22 in
order to achieve a significant net reduction in the global warming
effect.
Currently no pure fluid drop-in replacements for R22 have been
identified. Refrigerant mixtures of already available or
identified constituents, however, may be able to replace R22 in
existing and future equipment and in future applications. This
report examines the replacement of R22 from two points of view:
The feasibility of a-drop-in replacement for residential heat
pumps, air-conditioners and window air-conditioners is
investigated.
Replacement of R22 by refrigerant mixtures that would
potentially lead to energy savings by a completely new design
of the heating and cooling equipment.
10
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2.0 Simulation Approach
It is the goal of the theoretical analysis presented here to study
only the effect of the thermodynamic properties of the working
fluids. The cycle model used resembles the ideal' vapor compression
cycle as closely as possible. The only exceptions are a compressor
efficiency of 0.7 and the use of air-to-refrigerant heat
exchangers. The latter is necessary to ensure that the gliding
temperature effect of mixtures is accounted fori,
i
I
2.1 Computer Model
i
A computer model HAC1 was developed. It is a UA-model in which the
i
product of the overall heat transfer coefficient and heat exchange
area (UA) are given. Prior studies have shown that a comparison
i
between pure and mixed working fluids provides meaningful results
only when the fluids perform identical task. This implies that the
!
air streams being heated or cooled undergo the same temperature
changes at the same flow rates independent of whether or not a
mixture or pure component is used /4/. This can be obtained in a
consistent way with a UA-model. It is assumed that the temperature
glide of the mixtures is linear, though this is not always true.
The implications of this assumption are discussed under Results and
Discussion. HAC1 uses the Newton-Raphson method to solve a set of
eight non-linear equations simultaneously. To have the design of
the heat pump affect the results of the calculations to the least
possible degree, almost all operating parameters were set to ideal
11
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conditions. Input values are the evaporator air inlet and outlet
temperatures and the air flow rate, the condenser air inlet
temperature and flow rate, heat exchange areas and heat transfer
coefficients (estimated based on actual equipment) . Other
variables such as pressure drops, superheat and subcooling at
evaporator and condenser outlet, and superheating of the suction
gas in the compressor are set to zero. It is assumed that the
compressor displacement is always sufficiently large to pump
whatever volume flow rate the evaporator provides. The isentropic
efficiency is set to 0.7. For both, the evaporator and condenser,
the overall heat transfer coefficients are 0.1 kJ/m2K, and the
areas are 4.0 and 5.0 m2 respectively. The cooling load is assumed
to be a sensible load only.
According to today's design criteria, the outdoor heat
exchanger which is the condenser during air-conditioning operation
was chosen to be the larger heat exchanger since the amount of heat
rejected is larger than the cooling capacity. The evaporator has
to be small to provide a cooling surface on a temperature low
enough for dehumidification. Area and heat transfer coefficients
are calculated based on actual designs. For most of the results
presented here, it is assumed that all heat exchangers are counter-
flow heat exchangers. The impact of cross-flow heat exchangers is
investigated in Chapter 4.5. It is further assumed that during
desuperheating of the vapor in the condenser, the inside tube
surface temperature is below the saturation temperature of the
vapor. Therefore, the heat transfer coefficient in the
12
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desuperheating region is assumed to be the samp as for the two-
phase region. The heat transfer process is governed by the
difference between the dew point temperature and the air-
temperature. Each run of HAC1 produces an output file as shown in
Exhibit 3 for pure R22. The first section of the output describes
the program features in short and lists the air flow rates.
The second section of the output file states all input values,
the specified refrigerant mixing coefficient, concentration (mass
fraction), the ambient temperature and temperatures of the air
I
streams into and out of the evaporator and into the condenser.
Further compressor efficiency, pressure drops, super heat,
subcooling, additional superheat, and overall heat transfer
coefficients are listed followed by the heat capacity (calculated
by multiplying mass flow rate with specific heat) and the cooling
capacity. The end of this section of the output shows heat
exchanger areas, adjustment factors (1.0 all the time) and the
number of segments into which each heat exchanger is divided in
order to account for the non-linearity of the temperature glide.
For this investigation the number of segments was set to 1.0 to
- - - I '
speed up the calculation procedure. J
In the third section of the sample printout the calculated
thermodynamic properties at each state point throughout the cycle
are listed. ,
The fourth section states all other calculated results:
compressor work, the amounts of heat exchanged; COP, refrigerant
mass flow rate, volumetric capacity, pressure ratio, and compressor
13
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displacement. Other output values are not of concern here. Energy
Exhibit 3; Sample Printout of Computer Run with HAC1.
NEWTON-RAPHSON METHOD IS USED TO SOLVE A SET OF NONLINEAR EQUATIONS.
HTFs USED.IN COND. AND EVAP. ARE BOTH AIR.
A VOLUME FLOW RATE OF HTF IN EVAP.(CFM): 400.00
A VOLUME FLOW RATE OF HTF IN COND.(CFM): 800.00
COOLING LOAD IS FIXED BY SPECIFYING HTF TEMPS. IN EVAP.
IN COND. SIDE, TEMP. OF HTF ENTERING COND. IS FIXED.
TEMP. OF HTF LEAVING COND. VARIES.
CONSTANT UAs ARE USED IN CON. AND EVAP.
CONSTANT COMPRESSOR EFF.
1.000 MASS FRAC.R22
************* GIVEN PARAMETERS *****************
REFRIGERANTS R22 AND R22 ; F = .0000; X =
AMBIENT TEMP: 35.0 C
HX STREAM TEMPS: SOURCE (IN, OUT): 26.0, 10.6 C
SINK (IN): 35.0 C
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY : .7000
IMPOSED PRESSURE DROPS: COND = .0 KPA; EVAP =
IMPOSED E SUPERHEAT, C SUBCOOLING, ASHC (C): .0
UA (EVAP, COND): 400.0, 500.0 W/C
HEAT CAPACITY OF HTF (EVAP,COND): 227.8, 417.6 W/C
COOLING LOAD: 3514.9 WATTS
AREA EVAP, COND, FACTOR E, C, NSEGM :4.00000,5.00000,1.00000,1.00000
************* STATE PARAMETERS *****************
.0 KPA
.0
.0
STATE
T
HX STR
1 EVAP
2 COMP
3 COHP
4 COND
5 CONO
6 COND
7 EVAP
8 EVAP
9 LSHX
OUT
IN
DIS
VST
LST
OUT
IH
VST
OUT
26
45
44
35
35
10
26
.0
.0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.6
.0
.0
(C)
REF
6.6
6.6
87.1
51.5
51.5
51.5
6.6
6.6
51.5
P
(KPA)
613.6
613.6
2014.5
2014.5
2014.5
2014.5
613.6
613.6
2014.5
H
(KJ/KG)
253.4
253.4
296.3
263.4
109.1
109.1
109.1
253.4
109.1
V
(MA3/KG)
3.86E-2
3.86E-2
1.32E-2
1.13E-2
9.31E-4
9.31E-4
O.OOE+0
3.86E-2
9.31E-4
S
(KJ/KG K)
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
XL
(MASS
1.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
1.000
.000
.000
XV
FRAC)
1.000
.000
1.000
.000
.000
.000
1.000
.000
.000
XQ
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
.282
.000
.000
************** CALCULATED PARAMETERS **************
WORK * 1043.5 QEVAP = 3514.8 QCOND = 4558.3 HX21 - .0 HX67 = .0 WATT
COP * 3.368 REF. MDOT= .0243529 KG/S VCR= 3735. KJ/MA3 PR = 3.28
VOLUME FLOW RATE (CC/SEC) : 941.12
LHTD IN EVAP (GIVEN, CAD, LMTD IN COND 8.787 8.787 11.641
AIR TEMP DROP, REF TEMP GLIDE IN EVAP 15.430 .000
AIR TEMP GLIDE, REF TEMP DROP IN COND 10.915 .000
COMPRESSOR DISPLACEMENT VOLUME =20.4592 CC/REV
ENERGY BALANCED SUP.C SUB,SUP(FRAC HEAT): .00 .04 800.52
ENERGY BALANCED SUP.C SUB,SUP(UALMTD ): .00 .04 800.54
EVAP SUPERHEAT, COND SUBCOOLING & SUPERHEAT: (C) .00 .00 35.55
FRACTIONS HEAT IH EVAP TP,SUP,COND SUB,TP,SUP:1.000 .000 .000 .824 .176
FRACTIONS AREA IH EVAP TP,SUP,COND SUB,TP,SUP:1.000 .000 .000 .728 .272
balances are used to verify thermodynamic consistency. Other data
are available for detailed design of air-conditioners. The
particular heat pump design modelled here implies that the four-
way-valve, that switches from heating to cooling, maintains the
counter-flow characteristic of the heat exchangers. This is not
14
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true for conventional systems. The air flow rates are 400 cfm for
the indoor heat exchanger (the evaporator during the air-
conditioning mode) and 800 cfm for the outdoor heat exchanger.
These values are specified in the ASHRAE Standard for the
respective heat exchangers for a cooling load of one refrigeration
ton. !
2.2 Refrigerant Properties
The refrigerant properties are obtained based on the CSD equation
of state that was developed at NIST /5/. The subroutine BDESC is
listed in Appendix #1 which shows all coefficients of the pure
refrigerants as they are used for this report. This facilitates
reruns which may become necessary as coefficients are updated. For
mixtures the CSD equation of state requires a mixing coefficient.
For the work conducted here, the mixing coefficient is assumed to
be -0.01 for all mixtures. This value is an avferage of the known
values and was used because no mixing coefficients were available
for the fluids under investigation.
2.3 Refrigerant Mixtures
The choice of substitutes was limited to fluids that are as similar
to R22 as possible to minimize changes to current, equipment. In
selecting the pure refrigerants that can serve as constituents for
mixtures, priority was given to those fluids that do not contain
chlorine, with R124 as an exception because of its very low ozone
depletion potential. Further, in order to limit the effect of the
15
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temperature glide to an acceptable range, the boiling point may not
be too far from that of R22. The following refrigerants were
selected: R143a, R32, R125, R152a, R134, R134a and R124. At this
time no manufacturer plans to produce R134.
Refrigerants R143a, R32 and R125 are "low boilers" with
boiling points below that of R22, while refrigerants R152a, R134,
R134a and R124 are "high boilers" with boiling points above those
of R22. The binary mixtures investigated here consist of one low
boiler and one high boiler. During the course of the
investigation, it became clear that mixtures containing R32 show a
consistently better performance than those with other low boilers.
Results are presented for the following mixtures:
R32/R134a,
R32/R152a,
R32/R134,
R32/R124,
R143a/R134a,
R143a/R152a,
R143a/R124,
R125/R134a,
R125/R152a,
R125/R124.
Since R32, R152a and R143a are flammable components, it was decided
to also investigate the ternary mixtures:
R32/R152a/R134a,
R32/R152a/R134 and
R32/R152a/R124.
It is expected that the ternary mixtures can substitute for
R32/R152a. The addition of a nonflammable component will reduce
the overall flamraability of the mixture. However, extensive tests
are necessary to evaluate the flammability.
Future work will include the evaluation of ternary mixtures
16
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which contain small amounts of R22 increasing the likelihood that
- . ' ' ' "" ' i
existing lubricants can be used.
2.4 Operating Conditions
Typical numbers for operating conditions are derived from
performance data of existing residential air-conditioners as
described in the ASHRAE testing and rating procedure /6/.
Air-conditioning: Outdoor air inlet temperatvire 95 F
Outdoor air outlet temperature floating
Indoor air inlet temperature 80 F
Indoor air outlet temperature 52 F
j
(based on the specified air flow rate of 400
cfm per ton of cooling)
These temperatures represent the design point of the air-
conditioner. At the above specified values, the air-conditioner
,
meets the building load at steady state operation. For less severe
cooling cases the thermostat cycles the equipment on and off. A
second case is evaluated with 82 F outdoor temperature and all
i
other conditions are unchanged. This value is usually measured
under part load operation when the equipment is cycling on and off.
The part load performance can be reduced by up to 25 % compared to
steady state operation. However, when the air-conditioner has an
,
automatic expansion valve this degradation, caused by fluid
.
migration during the off-cycle, can be almost entirely eliminated
/7/. It is assumed that the part-load performance is identical to
I
the steady-state performance at that condition for the following
17
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reasons. Cyclic losses have two major sources, the heat capacity
of the heat exchangers and of the working fluid, and the migration
of the refrigerant during the off periods. Experimental results
show that by eliminating the refrigerant migration, the cyclic
losses are eliminated almost entirely, up to 90% /7/. These losses
will not effect the ranking of the fluids investigated here
assuming migration can be eliminated. Usually, thermostatic
expansion valves, which represent state-of-the-art technology,
prevent refrigerant migration. The performance of the air
conditioner is linearly interpolated between the two rating points
»
allowing for the entire cooling temperature x-ange to be covered.
For heat pumping it is generally accepted design practice that
the air-conditioner designed for the cooling application has to
serve as a heat pump as well, although the unit's capacity is not
optimized for this application. The simulation accounts for this
fact. For heating applications the function of the outdoor heat
exchanger and the indoor heat exchanger are reversed. Thus in the
model, the heat pump condenser is now described with the evaporator
air flow rate and UA value and vice versa. Calculations are
performed at two cases. For both cases the indoor air conditions
are:
Heat Pumping: Indoor air inlet temperature: 70 F
Indoor air outlet temperature: floating
and the first outdoor air case is:
Outdoor air inlet temperature: 47 F
Outdoor air outlet temperature: 33 F
18
-------
(based on an air flow rate of 800 cfm)
The second operating condition is heat pump operation at 17 F
outdoor air inlet temperature. Typically, even the continuously
operating heat pump does not reach the full capacity required by
the building and resistance heat has to be used to supplement the
heat pump. i
. i
2.5 Capacity Modulation with Mixtures
, i
It has been repeatedly reported and implemented in at least one
commercial product that the capacity of a heat pump can be
controlled, within certain limits by changing the concentration of
the circulating mixture /8-11/. With this effect the capacity of
the heat pump does not drop off as rapidly as it would with a pure
refrigerant. In turn, the need for resistance heat (COP=l.O) is
reduced. Since a heat pump has a COP larger than 1.0 even at
severe operating conditions, energy savings can be accomplished by
this maneuver.
Since the pressure controls the specific vapor volume, the
mixture concentration determines the mass flow rate of a compressor
with constant speed and displacement volume is able to establish.
The range of pressure that can be covered depends on the device
that accomplishes the concentration shift, the difference in
boiling points of the constituents of the binary mixture, and the
initial concentration. For ternary mixtures the situation is more
complex and the range of pressures depends on the boiling point of
the intermediate component as well.
19 !
-------
The use of a mixture as a substitute for R22 implies that the
concentration is selected so that the vapor pressure is close or
equal to R22. This entails that the capacity of the mixture is
also similar to the capacity of R22. These similarities mean the
compressor and motor size do not have to be modified. However, by
changing the mixture concentration, the vapor pressure changes and
the capacity can be modulated.
The change in concentration can be achieved by passive means,
which do not require any additional controls, or by active means
such as rectification columns, which usually require controls,
valves and possibly additional, parasitic power. The range of
composition shift by passive means is limited.
The simplest way of affecting a shift in concentration is to
use an accumulator at the evaporator outlet. This represents a
passive means. Whenever liquid floods out of the evaporator
because the outdoor temperature is dropping, it is stored in the
accumulator. Since the liquid's concentration is different from
the overall concentration circulating in the system, a
concentration shift is accomplished. A higher pressure mixture is
left circulating. The accumulator is a passive device. No
auxiliary power, valves or other controls are required. Its
capability to affect the concentration is limited.
The rectification column used in a Japanese heat pump is more
effective in shifting the concentration /II/. However, active
controls and valves are required. Other concepts suggest molecular
sieves as a separation means /8/.
20
-------
The use of a variable speed drive will accomplish the same
goal of obtaining a variable capacity. By combining variable speed
and shifting concentration the available range of capacity
modulation is considerably increased.
The effect of the rectifier is modeled here by repeating the
calculation for the low temperature heat pump case using the same
mixture with a different concentration. It is assumed that a
concentration change of 20 % is achievable with |a rectifier. This
is an arbitrary number, but rectification processes far exceed such
a composition shift and a twenty percent change 'is achievable with
rather simple equipment. !
Concentration shift requires that part of the charge is stored
somewhere in the heat pump. The system has to be designed to
operate independent of the amount of charge, and the charge
required is expected to be larger than for a
pump.
In an experimental project it was determined that a heat pump
operating on a mixture of R13Bl/R152a that utilizes composition
shift using just an accumulator, yielded an
increase over a heating season /10/.
3.0 Seasonal Performance Evaluation
The seasonal performance expressed by the seasonal performance
factor (SPF) is defined as the ratio of the total amount of cooling
provided during a season divided by the total amount of electrical
energy consumed during that season for the purpose of cooling.
conventional heat
11 % performance
21
-------
This factor is very similar to the coefficient of performance
(COP) . The only difference is that the COP is an instantaneous
value of a continuously operating air-conditioner while the SPF
represents an average over the entire season. The heating seasonal
performance factor (HSPF) is defined in an analogous way: the total
amount of heating supplied to a building divided by the total
amount of electrical energy consumed for heating purposes. Total
electrical energy consumption refers to compressor power and
additional electrical heaters required to meet the building load.
Fans and controls are not included. In this report the
abbreviation CSPF refers to the cooling SPF, and HSPF refers to the
heating SPF.
In order to determine the SPF the ASHRAE Temperature Bin
Method is employed as outlined in the testing and rating standards
for heat pumps /6/. For the purpose of the bin method the outdoor
temperature scale is divided into temperature intervals or 'bins'
each of a span of 5 F, for example from 70 F to 75 F. Each bin is
characterized by an average temperature. For example the bin from
70 F to 75 F has an average temperature of 72 F. It is assumed
that whenever an outdoor temperature is found in the range from 70
F to 75 F that the equipment performs as if the temperature were 72
F for that time period. It is necessary to know how many hours a
temperature is found in the respective bin during an entire season.
The number of hours varies with the climate. Exhibit 4 lists the
bin temperatures for one generalized cooling climate and six:
typical heating climates spanning the various climate zones in the
22
-------
Exhibit*
Fractional Temperature Bin Hours for
Six Heating Climates of the Continental US
Region
Heating Load Hours
Outd. Design T. (°F)
Bin*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Bin Temp.
62
57
. 52
47
42
37
32
27
22
17
12
7
2
-3
-8
-13
-18
-23
I
750
37
I
1250
27
III
1750
17
IV
2250
5
V
2750
1 -10
VI
2750*
30
Fractional Bin Hours
.291
.239
.194
.129
.081
.041
.019
.005
.001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.215
.189
.163
.143
.112
.088
.056
.024
.008
.002
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.153
.142
.138
.137
.135
.118
.092
.047
.021
.009
.005
.002
.001
0
0
0
0
0
.132
.111
.103
.093
.100
.109
.126
.087
.055
.036
.026
.013
.006
.002
.001
0
0
0
.106
.092
.086
.076
.078
.087
.102
.094
.074
.055
.047
.038
.029
.018
.010
.005
.002
.001
.113
.206
.215
.204
.141
.076
.034
.008
.003
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
* In Pacific Coast Region
Exhibit 4a:
Fractional Temperature Bin Hours fair
a Generalized Cooling Climate of the Continental US
Bin*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Bin Temp.
67
72
77
82
87
92
97
102
Fractional Bin Hour
.214
.231
.216
.161
.104
.052
.018
.004
23
-------
US. Exhibit 5 shows a map indicating the heating climates.
In Exhibit 4 the total number of cooling load hours (CLH) and
heating load hours (HLH) are specified (that is the number .of hours
in a season during which cooling or heating are required) and
fractions of total load hours for each temperature bin. The air-
conditioning performance is evaluated for one standardized climate
where the total number of hours that require cooling capacity (CLH)
is 3825 hours.
For climates where heating is required, there are six typical
climate regions distinguished by their total heating load hours
(HLH) and the heating load design temperature. The first region
has a total of 750 heating load hours. It represents a very
moderate climate found in Florida or southern Texas, Exhibit 5.
The lowest temperature bin encountered is usually in the range of
22 F for about one hour during a typical season. The most severe
climate region (Region V) is found in a belt through the northern
states in the US and the total heating load hours are given as 2750
hours. The lowest temperature bin is at -23 F. A sixth region is
introduced to account for the Pacific North West. The number of
cooling load hours is very high, 2750 hours, even though the
temperatures are very moderate, the lowest temperature bin is at 22
F just as in Region I, i.e. Florida. With the help of the map in
Exhibit 5, it is possible to select for any location in the US the
/
appropriate region and determine the seasonal heating performance
for a heat pump.
24
-------
3
O
CO
CO
ts
O
10
O
CO
CO
25
-------
26
-------
In the evaluation of the HSPF, resistance heat is included.
The resistance heat is treated as an additional power input to the
heat pump with a coefficient of performance (COP) of 1.0 whenever
the heating capacity of the heat pump drops below the building
requirement. For the results presented here no poricentration shift
is considered which is discussed later in detail. Exhibit 6 shows
a sample calculation. The upper section pertains to cooling, the
lower to the first of the six heating cases. [ In the upper left
hand corner, the name of the refrigerant is lissted (here R22/R22,
since this is the case of pure R22). In addition, the CLH of 3825
i
hours and the cooling design temperature of 95 F are given. Next,
the OOP's are listed for two conditions, 95 F ctnd 82 F outdoor
temperatures respectively, and the design cooling capacity of 3.5
kW is given. The first column lists the bin
lists the characteristic bin temperature in F,
number, the second
and the third the
temperature in K. The fourth column gives the fraction of..tine
during which a temperature is found in the respective bin, the
fifth lists the cooling capacity, the sixth column shows the amount
of cooling provided for one hour and the seventh cplumn the COP of
the air-conditioner for the respective temperature bin. The COP is
linearly interpolated based on the two values
eighth column gives the power requirement for the compressor. The
ninth column lists the amount of electric energy consumed for one
hour of cooling while the temperature is in the respective
temperature bin. The over all results are listed in, the tenth
listed above. The
27
-------
Exhibit 6; Sample Seasonal Performance Calculation.
FLUID R22/R22
SEASONAL COOLING PERFORMANCE
SIN if
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
TOTAL ENERGY
BIN
F
67
72
77
82
87
92
97
102
TEMP CLH FRAC
K
292.6
295.4
298.2
300.9
303.7
306.5
309.3
312.0
0.214
0.231
0.216
0.161
0.104
0.052
0.018
0.004
CLH 3825
COP (95) 3.37
COP (82) 4.34
DESIGN CAPACITY 95
. CLOAD CLOAD
kW
0.233
0.817
1.400
1.983
2.567
3.150
3.733
4.317
kWh/h
0.050
0.189
0.302
0.319
0.267
0.164
0.067
0.017
1 .376
DESIGN T:
F (kW):
COP
5.46
5.09
4.71
4.34
3.97
3.59
3.22
2.85
95
3.5
POWER
kU
0.043
0.161
0.297
0.457
0.647
0.876
1.159
1.516
kWh/h
0.009
0.037
0.064
0.074
0.067
0.046
0.021
0.006
0.324
kWhel
1238.
CkWh
5261 .
CSPF
4.25
SEASONAL HEATING PERFORMANCE
HLH
COP (47)
COP (17)
750
3.67
2.57
DESIGN CAPACITY 35
BIN #
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
TOTAL ENERGY
BIN
F
62
57
52
47
42
37
32
27
22
17
12
7
2
-3
-8
13
-18
-23
TEMP HLH FRAC
K
289.8
287.0
284.3
281.5
278.7
275.9
273.2
270.4
267.6
264.8
262.0
259.3
256.5
253.7
250.9
248.2
245.4
242.6
0.291
0.239
0.194
0.129
0.081
0.041
0.019
0.005
0.001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. HLOAD
kW
0.350
0.933
1.517
2.100
2.683
3.267
3.850
4.433
5.017
5.600
6.183
6.767
7.350
7.933
8.517
9.100
9.683
10.267
HLOAD
kUh/h
0.102
0.223
0.294
0.271
0.217
0.134
0.073
0.022
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.342
DESIGN T:
F (kW):
COP
4.22
4.04
3.85
3.67
3.49
3.30
3.12
2.94
2.75
2.57
2.39
2.20
2.02
1.84
1.65
1.47
1.29
1.10
37
47
3.5
POWER
kw
0.083 .
0.231
0.394
0.572
0.770
0.989
1.234
1.510
1.822
2.179
2.591
3.071
3.639
4.319
5.151
6.190
7.526
9.305
kWhel
284.
HkWh
1006.
HSPF
3.55
RESISTANCE
kWh/h
0.024
0.055
0.076
0.074
0.062
0.041
0.023
0.008
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.365
0.
0.
1,
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
kU
0
0
0
0
0
0
35
93
52
10
68
27
85
43
02
60
18
77
kUh/h
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.006 "
0.005
0.002
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.013
column as total electric energy consumed for the season in kWhel
and total amount of cooling provided in kWhc. The ratio of these
two numbers yields the CSPF of 4.25.
The lower section of Exhibit 6 refers to the same calculation
for the first heating case. In this case the lowest temperature
bin for which heating is required is 22 F. The meaning of the
first nine columns is the same as for the upper section of the
28
-------
table, with the term 'cooling1 replaced by 'heating1. The tenth
and eleventh columns show the power requirement and consumption of
electric energy due to the resistance heat. Zeros in the eleventh
column indicate that no resistance heat is needed because the heat
pump capacity is sufficient (for high bin temperatures) or no
heating is required at all (below a bin temperature of 22 F in this
case).
All seasonal performance calculations were performed according
to this method for the fluids listed in the Chapter 4.2.
4.0 Results and Discussions i
4.1 Performance Under Design Conditions
A total of 500 runs were conducted with HAC1 to determine the
performance of the pure components and their mixtures listed in
i
Chapter 2.3. An additional 190 runs were conducted with the
,
ternary version, HACT1, for the three ternary mixtures. The
results for all runs are available in data files that contain
i
complete printouts as shown in Exhibit 3. Each run also generates
a short output file that contains the most crucial results. The
short output files for all runs are listed in Appendix 2 with a
list of code numbers for the refrigerants. The following
parameters are listed in the short output files: fluid code
numbers, Rl, R2; mixing coefficient, FO; concentration, x (mass
fraction); COP; volumetric capacity, VCR; pressure ratio, PR;
I
suction pressure, Ps; discharge pressure, Pd; cooling load, CLOAD;
compressor work, WORK; the compressor discharge;temperature, Tsup;
29
-------
and the evaporator air inlet temperature in C, Tairin. The first
set lists all mixture runs at design conditions. The second set
lists those runs that were used for seasonal performance
calculations. It contains R22 values for comparison.
In this chapter the results are discussed that were obtained
for the design conditions at 95 F outdoor air temperature for air
conditioning and 47 F outdoor air temperature for heating.
Exhibits 7 through 9 show the COP and volumetric capacity for
the cooling cases of the binary mixtures listed in Chapter 2.3.
R22 has a cooling COP 3.37 and a volumetric capacity of 3735 kJ/m3.
In this simulation, the heating COP is calculated for a cooling
case under heating conditions. Therefore, in order to obtain the
true heating COP the values shown in the Appendix have to be
increased by 1.0. This was considered in the evaluation of the
seasonal performance. Based on the peak performance for cooling,
the mixture concentration is selected that will be used for the
investigation of the seasonal performance. A comparison of the
concentrations at which optimum performance is achieved for cooling
and those at which the heating performance is optimum yields that
there are only minor differences of less than 0.1. Therefore, the
30
-------
it 7: Cooling COP and Volumetric Capacity for Binary
Refrigerant Mixtures.
COP
4 .
2.5
VCRfBtu/ff3)
180
160
140
120
0.2
0.4 0.6
Concentration ofR-32
R-32/R-134 -*- S-32/R-134a -*- R-32/R-124 -a
31 I
R-32/R-152a
-------
Exhibit 8; Cooling COP and Volumetric Capacity for Binary
Refrigerant Mixtures.
VCRfBtu/fi3)
180
20
0.4 0.6
Concentration of R-143a
R-143a/R-134a
R-1433/R-124
32
R-143a/R-152ai
-------
Exhibit 9; Cdolinor COP and Volumetric capacity for Binary
Refrigerant: Mixtures.
VCR(Btu/fT
180
0.2
0.4
Concentration ofR-125
R-125/R-1343
R-125/R-124
33
- R-125/R-1S28
-------
same concentration can be used for both cases, without any
significant penalties in COP.
As a comparison of the Exhibits 7-9 shows, the cooling COP
spans a rather wide range from 2.45 for R125 to a maximum of 3.83
for the mixture of R32/R152ci/R124 with a concentration of
0.2/0.2/0.6.
The results obtained for binary and ternary mixtures are summarized
in Exhibits 10 and lOa. R22 is listed first as reference.
Mixtures are listed in sequence according to their performance.
The best mixture was found to be a ternary of R32/R152a/R124.
The COP is 13.7 % larger and the volumetric capacity 23 % smaller
than the respective values for R22.
The mixture R32/R124 is the best binary fluid pair. The COP
is 13.4 % larger and the volumetric capacity 9.6 % smaller than for
R22. The ternary mixture of R32/R152a/R134 ranks third and is the
best chlorine-free fluid, followed by the binary mixture R32/R152a
with 12.1 % improvement in COP and with a volumetric capacity that
is 2 % larger as that of R22. R32/R152a provides essentially the
same capacity than R22 and could be used as a drop-in replacement.
The fifth ranked mixture is the binary R32/R134. The sixth mixture
which is the last showing an improvement in excess of 11 % in COP
over R22 is R32/R152a/R134a. The best heating performance is found
for the same (or only marginally different) concentrations that
show maximum cooling performance. Since the operating conditions
in heating are more severe, i.e. the temperature lift is larger,
the increase in COP is less pronounced than for cooling.
34
-------
Exhibit 10; GOP of Mixtures in Sequence According to Their
Performance.
i
R22 is listed first as reference. For ternaries the amount of
R152a was traded for amounts of the third component.
(concentration in mass fraction) ,
IR1
R22
R32
R32
R32
R32
R32
R32
R125
R32
R143a
R143a
R152a
R134
Rl34a
R32
R124
R143a
R12S
IR1
R22
R32
R32
R32
R32
R32
R32
R125
R32
RU3a
R143a
R152a
R134
R134a
R32
R124
R143a
R125
IR2 IR3
R22
R152a R124
R124
R152a R134
R152a
R134
R152a R134a
R152a
R134a
R124
R152a
R152a
R134
R134a
R32
R124
R143a
R125
IR2 IR3
R22
R152a R124
R124
R152a R134
R152a
R134
R152a R134a
R1S2a
R134a
R124
R152a
R152a
R134
R134a
R32
R124
R143a
R125
X1
1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X1
1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
X2
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9
X2
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9
X3 COP
3
0.6 3
3
0.3 3
3
3
0.1 3
.37
.83
.82
.79
.78
.77
.76
3.58
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
.58
.57
.57
.56
.44
.33
.23
.04
.89
.45
X3 COP
3
0.6 3
3
0.3 3
3
3
0.1 3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
.3
3
2
2
.37
.83
.82
.79
.78
.77
.76
.58
.58
.57
.57
.56
.44
.33
.23
.04
.89
.45
Change
%
0
13.7
13.4
12.6
12.1
11.8
11.7
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.9
5.8
2.0
-1.2
-4.2
-9.8
-14.3
-27.4
Change
«/
* j
0
13.7
13.4
12.6
12.1
11.8
11.7
6.2
6.2
5.9
5.9
5.8
2.0
-1.2
-4.2
-9.8
-14.3
-27.4
VCR
kJ/m3
3735
2878
3377
3439
3809
3512
3865
2511
3820
2170
2413
2308
, 1940
2342
6227
1382
3441
3305
VCR
BTU/ft3
100
77
91
,92
102
94
103
67
102
58
65
62
52
63
167
37
92
89
PR
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.84
3.72
3.35
3.94
3.11
3.31
PR
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.7
3.4
3.9
3.1
3.3
PSUC
kPa
614
412
495
493
551
512
563
372
589
339
353
332
287
369
1005
208
740
821
PSUC
psia
89
60
72
72
80
74
82
54
86
49
51
48
42
53
146
30
107
119
PDIS
kPa
2015
1409
1650
1672
1833
1740
1872
1324
1993
1175
1271
1219
1104
1373
3363
817
2301
2718
POIS
psia
292
204
240
243
266
252
272
192
289
171
184
177
160
199
488
119
334
394
Tsus
K
360
352
355
363
363
354
358
348
354
338
350
351
338
340
382
337
339
336
Tsup
r
189
174
180
194
194
177
185
167
177
149
171
173
148
152
227
147
151
146
35
-------
fl)
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Of the pure fluids R152a ranks best with a 5.8 % improvement
over R22, followed by R134 with 2 % improvement and R134a with a 1
% decrease. These results indicate that R152a, R134 and R134a can
be used as replacement refrigerants, achieving better or about
equal performance as R22. However, the volumetric capacity of
these replacements is about 40 % smaller, which requires the use of
a 40 % larger compressor. I
i
In Appendix 2 all summary data for all binary mixture runs are
listed in English units. In Appendix 3 results for the
calculations with ternary refrigerant mixtures are presented in
English units.
The best ternary mixture contains R124 with a concentration of
0.6 indicating that the flammability could be reduced compared to
the pure constituents, R32 and Rl52a. For the other ternary fluids
this effect is less pronounced. ;
This analysis presents an idealized condition. To what extent
the savings found in this study can be imp 1 eitier.ited will depend
strongly on the actual equipment design and on secondary effects
"V
such as the influence of pressure drops, superheating of the
refrigerant in the compressor, and superheating and subcooling in
the evaporator and condenser.
4.2 Seasonal Performance
I
The calculation of the seasonal performance was conducted for the
following fluids and mixtures: the reference fluid R22, R32/Rl52a,
R32/R134, R32/R134a and R32/R124. The ternary mixtures are not
37 ; ' " '
-------
included to shorten calculation times. It is expected that the
seasonal performance of the ternary mixtures will be quite similar
to the binary mixture of the same performance level.
Since the steady state performance under design conditions
showed clearly that mixtures containing R32 are the primary
candidates for replacing R22, the seasonal performance evaluation
is limited to these mixtures. The pure components were included to
demonstrate that the fluid with the better performance under design
conditions shows also the better seasonal performance.
Exhibit 11 shows a bar chart of the seasonal performance
factor (SPF) for both heating and cooling seasons. The first group
of bars represents the cooling seasonal performance factor, CSPF,
and the subsequent groups represent the six climate regions for
heating. A comparison of the fluids indicates, that when a fluid
performs better in the cooling case it will usually be better in
the heating case. Since the actual performance of any working
fluids depends strongly on the hardware design, the ranking may
vary with actual applications. The mixtures containing R32 show
significant improvements, ' while some of the pure fluids show a
reduction in the SPF compared to R22. As can be expected from
previous discussions, the mixture R32/Rl52a exhibits the best
seasonal performance, followed by R32/R134 and R32/R134a, while
pure R125 shows the poorest. The last four lines in this table are
explained in the section 'Concentration Shift1.
38
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Exhibit 12: Seasonal Performance Factors (SPF) for One Cooling and
Six Heating Climates.
The last four lines pertain to the influence of composition shift,
when a rectifier is used.
FLUID
CSPF
HSPF I HSPF II HSPF III HSPF IV HSPF V HSPF VI
R22
R32/R124
R32/R134
R32/R152a
R1438/R124
R32/R134a
R125/R152a
R143a/R152a
R152a
R125/R124
R134a
R32/R152a
R32/R152a
R32/R124
R32/R124
4.25
4.84
4.79
4.77
4.59
4.57
4.5
4.47
4.45
4.45
4.23
4.77
4.84
4.84
3.949
3.55
3.94
3.86
3.88
3.67
3.71
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.62
3.48
3.82
3.62
3.94
3.908
3.13
3.44
3.38
3.39
3.21
3.25
3.24
3.25
3.25
3.15
3.06
3.34
3.21
3.44
3.629
2.7
2.94
2'.9
2.91
2.75
2.79
2,8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.64
2.87
2.79
2.94
3.209
2.06
2.2
2.17
2.19
2.07
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.03
2.01
2.16
2.13
2.2
2.439
1.58
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.56
1.6
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.52
1.53
1.65
1.65
1.67
1.807
3.24
3.78
3.71
3.73
3.52
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.47
3.35
3.67
3.5
3.78
3.801
4.3 Concentration Shift
In order to determine the suitability of the mixtures for capacity
control by concentration shift, the ratios of the maximum to
minimum capacity are compared. The numeric values are listed in
Exhibit 13. The maximum and minimum values are for the pure fluids
which constitute a given mixture. Although in reality only a
fraction of this ratio can be accomplished without very
sophisticated controls, it indicates the suitability of a given
mixture. It can be seen from Exhibit 13 that R32/R124 has the
widest range of composition shift, a capacity ratio of 5.2,
followed by the second best mixture, R32/R134, with a ratio of
3.60. The best performing chlorine-free binary mixture ranks
fourth with a ratio of 2.95.
40
-------
Exhibit 13; Ratio of Heating Capacities.
The R22 value is given for reference purposes. Ternary mixtures
are not listed since fluid separation is less efficient* The
capacities are listed in kJ/m3.
Mixture
R22
R32/R152a
R32/R134
R32/R124
R32/R134a
R143a/R152a
R125/R152a
R125/R124
R143a/R134a
R125/R134a
Capacity
1st comp.
3050
5179
5179
5179
5179
3035
3007
3007
3035
3007
Capacity
2nd com.
3050
1755
1444
999
1811
1755
1755
999
1811
1811
Ratio
1
2
3
5
2
1
1
3
1
1
.00
.95
.60
.20
.87
.73
.71
.01
.68
.66
Assuming that a realistic concentration shift of 0.2 can be
accomplished with rather simple means (short distillation column),
the SPF was evaluated for two mixtures, R32/R152a and R32/R124.
I
The first represents an example for a medium range capacity ratios,
and the second exhibits the largest capacity ratio. The results
are listed in the last four lines of both sections of Exhibit 12.
i
Exhibit 14 shows a bar graph that reflects the influence of a
i
concentration shift. For cooling there is no change in
i
concentration and performance, assuming the original concentration
is used. For heating the HSPF is consistently higher with a
concentration shift. The increase in HSPF is as high as ten
percent for R32/R124 and as high as six percent for R32/R152a. For
i .-
severe conditions, climate regions II through V the mixture with
the lower COP but larger capacity shift, R32/R124 has the better
performance by up to 6 %. This is because none or little
resistance heat is required with the higher capacity fluid. The
41
-------
strong influence concentration shift can have on the seasonal
performance complicates the situation.
Depending on the given climate region one mixture may perform
better than others. The amount of resistance heat that is required
depends strongly on the design point of the heat pump. If the
current design practice would be changed so that the heat pump
application determines the size of the air-conditioner, the need
for resistance heat could be reduced or eliminated/ influencing the
choice of the replacement mixture.
Actual energy savings achieved by employing concentration
shifts depend strongly on the climate and on actual operating and
design conditions over an entire year.
In this chapter, concentration shift is assumed to be
initiated by active means. However, concentration shift can also
be initiated by passive means and the mere fact that some parts of
a heat pump store refrigerant. This concentration shift may
influence the performance of the system and has to be considered in
the design.
42
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4.4 Drop-in Application vs. New systems
Although the modelling results presented in this report demonstrate
the potential for significant energy savings, only the application
of the substitutes in actual machinery can demonstrate the real
potential. The closer the machinery approaches the model
assumptions the closer the predicted energy savings are achieved.
Variables such as transport properties and oil compatibility which
were not considered in the model because they are not known for
most of the proposed substitute mixtures may significantly
influence the actually achievable energy savings.
However, the mixtures discussed here may be near drop-in
substitutes requiring only changes in the expansion device to
adequately accommodate the substitute. Without changing heat
exchangers, the performance of some of the better fluids most
likely would be similar to that of R22. How closely the R22
efficiency is met depends on the selection of a suitable
concentration, which primarily determines the capacity of the
substitute and on the degree to what the existing heat exchangers
approach counter-flow characteristics. It is expected that the
performance of drop-in fluids for conventional designs is not very
sensitive to the concentration selected. Therefore, the
concentration would be chosen to match the capacity requirements,
at least for initial tests.
Based'on the simulation results, no reliable assessment can be
made of the performance of drop-in substitutes. The actual
performance can only be determined by tests in existing air-
44
-------
conditioners.
4.5 Implications of Counter-flow Design and the Use of Mixtures
A system designer developing a new system for operation with R22
substitutes should employ counter-flow heat exchangers, or at least
those which resemble counter-flow as closely as possible, to take
advantage of the gliding temperatures. Conventional design
practice relies on cross-flow heat exchangers. This is the best
choice considering the refrigerant saturation temperature is
essentially constant and the pressure drop on the air side very
small. The fan power requirement is also small.
In this study, it was assumed that counter-flow heat
exchangers are available, and that the temperature-enthalpy curve
in the two-phase range of a refrigerant mixture is'linear (linear
temperature profile). This is not always true. Any deviation from
a linear temperature profile reduces the performance to some
degree. To investigate the penalty that cross-flow heat exchangers
inflict on refrigerant mixtures, the model was updated to include
cross-flow heat exchangers. The NTU method was implemented for
counter- and cross-flow heat exchangers. For R22 the result is the
same for both heat exchangers as expected. The mixture R32/R124
was chosen as an example since this fluid mixture has the largest
temperature glide. With counter-flow heat exchangers the
improvement over R22 for R32/R124 is 13.4 % as shown in Exhibit 10.
With cross-flow heat exchangers the improvement over R22 is reduced
to 8 %. This result indicates, in order to take full advantage of
45
-------
the performance increase mixtures offer, counter-flow heat
exchangers should be used. This finding has to be verified by
experiments with refrigerant-to-air heat exchangers.
When more than four tube banks are necessary in order to
approximate counter-flow, the pressure drop on the air side will
increase, leading to higher fan power requirements. The energy
savings mixtures offer may therefore be offset by additional
parasitic losses.
On the other hand, in order to take advantage of the
refrigerant temperature glide, the heat exchanger area could be
increased and the air flow rate could be reduced. Thus the net fan
power may not change as a result. This would lead to higher air
temperatures leaving the condenser, a feature that should be
advantageous for heat pump applications.
The use of mixtures would complicate the maintenance of heat
pump systems. One component may escape preferentially when a
leakage occurs. The development of devices that allow the simple
determination of the concentration of the remaining refrigerant
charge and of the amount of the components that have to be added
can eliminate this difficulty. Another solution could be to
replace the entire charge, which is practical only when the
original charge can be reclaimed and recycled.
4.6 Sensitivity Considerations and Accuracy
The accuracy of the results depends to a large degree on the model
itself. The model describes a heat pump or air-conditioner almost
46
-------
as an ideal refrigeration cycle. The only deviations from an ideal
cycle are the compressor efficiency of 0.70 and the use of fixed
air temperatures instead of fixed saturation temperatures of the
i
refrigerant. The latter choice was necessary to account for the
gliding temperature range of mixtures. As has been shown, another
choice may either favor the pure component or the mixture /4/.
Whether or not an actual design achieves the predicted performance
depends largely on the system designer and to what degree the
idealized assumption can be met. The closure on the energy balance
in this model is better than 0.1 %. The model applied here assumes
that the temperature glide is linear in the two-phase range. For
most mixtures this is not true. Taking into consideration any non
linearities will increase the calculation effort considerably but
could potentially change the ranking of the mixtures of Exhibit 10.
This is true especially when comparing binary and ternary mixtures.
However, there are other factors to consider. The accuracy of
the refrigerant data is one. The work presented here is based on
the CSD equation of state as published and provided by NIST /3/.
The version used here is current, but the data for some of the
replacement refrigerants could be updated in ;the future. Any
update on refrigerant properties will effect the results reported
here to an undetermined degree which depends on the magnitude of
I
the changes.
Another uncertainty results from the use of a mixing
coefficient of -0.01. The mixing coefficient effects the results
to some extent. An as yet unpublished study conducted at EPA
47
-------
suggests that for mixtures with boiling points in close proximity
of one another, as is the case here, a deviation in COP of less
than 3% can be expected /ll/. This could also affect the ranking
of the mixtures in this report.
The analysis of the seasonal performance is accurate within
the accuracy of the bin method employed. Generally the bin method
is suitable for providing overview information and is used in
connection with the rating of air-conditioners and heat pumps. The
model employed here uses the same information and reasoning as will
be used later for actual testing of equipment. Therefore, it is
ensured that this method and actual tests correspond.
4.7 Global Warming Potential (GWP) and Ozone Depletion Potential
(ODP)
Exhibit 15 shows the effects of using pure and mixed refrigerants
on direct global warming, indirect global warming, total global
warming and ozone depletion. The value for the GWP of R32 is based
on a lifetime estimate from EPA /3/. The GWP and ODP values are
calculated by linearly interpolating between the pure components of
a mixture and weighted with the specific volume of the liquid
leaving the condenser as compared to these values of R22. In this
way the GWP and ODP is evaluated based on the/ actual'charge within
a system (columns entitled "Charge Based"). The underlying
assumption is made that a system charged with any fluid to the same
liquid level as a system would be charged with R22 is optimally
charged. The values for the pure substances are taken from /!/.
48
-------
The GWP is based on the integrated time horizon based on 100 years.
The direct and indirect contribution to global warming were
calculated based on the seasonal performance factor for the
substitute mixtures based on a refrigerant; charge that is
equivalent to seven pounds of R22 for the life time of ten years
for a heat pump. It is assumed that 1.61b of carbon dioxide is
generated per kWh of electricity. The results for the direct and
the indirect contributions are shown in the remaining columns of
Exhibit 15. Exhibit 16 shows a bar chart displaying the direct and
indirect contributions. The results show clearly that the proposed
substitutes show less . impact on the global wanning than R22.
i
R32/R152a and R32/R124 have the lowest GWP. The first because the
contribution of the fluids is low, the second because of the
calculated COP is high. Only tests in actxial machinery can
I
demonstate which of the fluids will have the leastglobal warming
impact.
Depletion
FLUID
R22
R32
R152A
R134
R134A
R143A
R125
R124
R32/R152A
R32/R124
R32/R134A
R143A/R124
R125/R124
Potential.
I '
CONC.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0.4
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.3
VOL.
m3/kg
0.000907
0.00115
0.00119
0.000834
0.000887
0.0012
0.000693
0.000771
0.00118
0.00104
0.00109
0.000882
0.000795
GWP
1500
560
140
1200
1200
2900
2500
430
308
508
752
1171
1051
OOP
0.05
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.02
0.000
0.008
0.000
0.014
0.014
GWP
CHARGE
1500
442
107
1305
1227
2192
3272
506
237
443
626
1204
1199
OOP
BASED
0.050
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.024
0.000
0.007
0.000
0.014
0.016
GWP
TOT. CHAR
4755
1400
338
4137
3890
6948
10372
1604
750
1404
1984
3817
3801
SPF
cooling
4.25
4.77
4.84
4.57
4.59
4.45
Iridir.
GUP
72000
i
i
i
64.151
62(223
66958
66667
6»764
Total
GWP
76755
64901
64628
68942
70484
72565
49
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Of the pure fluids considered here, R125 and R143a show a
higher GWP than R22, Exhibit 15. The only refrigerant with some
OOP is R124 with a value of 40 % of that of R22. However, when
j
these components are used as part of a mixture their contribution
is diminished. The mixture with the lowest GWP 237 is R32/R152a
with an OOP of 0.0, followed by R32/R124 with a GWP of 443 and an
OOP of 0.007. Among the ternary mixtures, it is expected that
those with the smaller additive of R124, R134 or R134a show the
smaller environmental impact. It is concluded that the binary
mixture of R32/R152a is the most favorable fluid from an
environmental point of view with regard to all aspects, GWP, OOP
and potential for energy savings. While the addition of a third,
nonflammable component reduces the risk of flammability, it
increases the GWP and OOP. Again there seems to be a trade-off
between global risks as described by GWP and OI)P and local risks
caused by the flammability of the fluids.
"
5.0 Flammability and Materials Compatibility |
5.1 Flammability
Out of the seven refrigerants used in this investigation, three are
flammable: R32, R143a and R152a. Phone calls to refrigerant
manufacturers produced no further conclusive and referable
information.
It is expected that R32 has the lowest heat of combustion and
the lowest flammability of the three components. It presents the
least danger. R152a shows the highest flammability. The
51
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concentration ranges for combustible refrigerant-air mixtures are
12.7 - 33.4 vol% for R32, 4 -17 vol% for R152a and 7-18 vol% for
R143a. With regard to mixtures there seems to be general agreement
that mixing flammable with non-flammable refrigerants reduces the
flammability. However, we were unable to ascertain the
flammability limits of the mixtures.
5.2 Materials Compatibility
Inquiries to refrigerant manufacturers yielded reluctance on their
behalf to the release of information on refrigerant- materials
compatibility. The use of the ARI data base was recommended. The
data base contains currently eighty reports from various sources,
mostly manufacturers. Since the. data base is not computerized yet,
a list of titles was obtained with the following information of
concern here: There are 13 reports concerning R134a, 2 for
R22/R142b, 2 for R124, and 1 for R125. None were available for any
other fluid investigated in this report. All reports that were
screened are listed below. The data available and reported are
very scattered. There is no complete set of information available
for a single refrigerant nor the information concerning the same
material for all refrigerants. .Taking this in to consideration, it
is not possible to generate a general table or chart. This is a
clear indication that further research in this area is heeded.
Allled_Signal Incorporated
R.H.P. Thomas and H.T. Pham, Evaluation of Environmentally
Acceptable Refrigerant/Lubricant Mixtures for
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (R134a)
52
-------
Refrigerant Breakdown Voltage for Isotron 22/142b Blends for
Refrigeration: Material Compatibility
Pennwalt Corporation
Isotron 22/142b Blends for Refrigeration:
Compatibility
Carrier Corporation
Material
Solubility of R-123 and R134a in Oils
Motor Materials in R-123 and R-134a
UL 984 Tests with R-134a and Oils
Polymer and Elastomer Performance in R-123 arid R-134a
Sealed-Tube Texts of R-123 and R-134a with Mineral Oils
Sealed-Tube Tests of R-12 and R-134a with PAGS
Copeland Corporation |
Evaluation of Polyalkylehe Glycol Candidates with HFC-134a in
Refrigeration Compressors .
. |
E.I. Dupont de Nemours and Company. Incorporated
Compatibility of Elastomers with HFC-134a at About 25°
Solubility of Refrigerants in Lubricants; HFC-134a
Compatibility of HFC-134a with Refrigeration System
Materials :
Compatibility of Alternative Refrigerants with
Elastomers (R124)
Mutual Solubilities of Water with Fluorocarbons and
Fluorocarbon-hydrate Formation (R124, R15, R134a)
Disassembly and Inspection of Compressor in
Laboratory Refrigerator Charged with R-134a
ICI Chemicals and Polymers Limited
Compatibility of Nonmetallic Materials with
Refrigerants and Lubricants
Tecumseh Products Company
i '
Materials Compatibility of R-134a in Refrigerant
Systems . .
I
. I- .
53
-------
6,0 Further Work
To implement a fluid mixture proposed in this report, a number of
parameters have to be considered and investigated. They include
material compatibility, flammability and toxicity as well as
thermodynamic and transport properties, oil compatibility,
compressor life, and cost. In addition, the actual performance of
the fluids and mixtures in air-conditioning and heat pump units has
to be verified by experiment. This includes the complete redesign
of systems. Lastly, concentration shift using rectifiers (or other
means) has to be investigated. Parallel to this effort computer
simulation programs have to be extended to account for the non
linearity of the temperature glide.
54
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References
1. Draft report of the United States Intergovernmental Panel on
CFC emissions. (This reference will be updated as soon as
more detailed information is available.)
2. Draft of the Revision to the Clean Air Act,.
3. William Kopko, Private Communication, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Global Change Division, Washington D.C.,
March 1991.
4. McLinden, Mark O. and R. Radermacher, Methods of Comparing the
Performance of Pure and Mixed Refrigerants in Vapor
Compression Cycles, International Journal of Refrigeration,
10, 6, 318- 325, (1987).
5. Application of a Hard Sphere Equation of Sta.te to Refrigerants
and Refrigerant Mixtures, G. Morrison, M,,O. McLinden, NBS
Technical Note 1226 (1988). ;
6. ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 116 (1983).
7. Laboratory Investigation of Refrigerant Migration in a Split
Unit Air-conditioner, W. Mulroy, D.A. Didion,, NBSIR 83-2756,
(1983).
8. Bedeutung der nicht azeotropen Zwei-Stoff-Kaeltemittel beim
Einsatz Waermepumpen und Kalteanlagen, H. Kruse, R. Jakobs,
Ki Klima und Kaelte Ingenieur, 8, 564-571, (1977).
9. The Use of NARMs and Their Display in Ln(p)-h Diagrams, H.
Schwind, Kaeltetechnik, 14, 98-103, (1962).
10. Performance of a Conventional Residential Heat Pump Operating
With Nonazeotropic Refrigerant Mixtures, W. Mulroy, D.A.
Didion, NBSIR 86-3422, (1986).
11. Development of Rectifying Circuit With Mixed Refrigerants, Y.
Yoshida, S. Suzuki, Y. Mukai, K. Nakatani and K. Fujiwara,
International Journal of Refrigeration, 12, 182-187, (1989).
i
12. Thermal Environmental Engineering, J.L. Threlkeld, Second
Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ, (1970).
13. Cynthia Gage, Private Communication, U»S. EPA, Research
Triangle Park, NC, June 1990. j
14. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Private Communication.
55
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APPENDIX #1
The following pages of this appendix list the Subroutine BDESC which contains all parameters for the CSO
equation of state that .were used to evaluate the properties of the pure refrigerants.
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
BLOCK DATA BDESC
THIS ROUTINE INITIALIZES THE COMMON BLOCKS CONTAINING INFORMATION
ABOUT THE PURE COMPONENTS. IT IS NOT REFERENCED DIRECTLY BY ANY
OTHER SUBROUTINE BUT MUST BE INCLUDED IN THE EXECUTABLE ELEMENT.
DATA ARRAYS ARE DIMENSIONED TO ACCOMODATE ADDITIONAL
PURE COMPONENTS.
EXPLANATION OF CONSTANTS:
COEFF(I,J) - FOR REFRIGERANT J, COEFFICIENTS OF A, B, CPO
CURVE FITS:
A » AO * EXP(A1*T + A2*T*T) (ICJ M**3/KMOL**2)
B » BO + B1*T + B2*T*T (M**3/KMOL)
CPO a CO + C1*T + C2*T*T (KJ/KMOL K)
(STORED IN ORDER AO,A1,A2,BO,B1,B2,CO,C1,C2>
CRITU.J) - FOLLOWING INFORMATION FOR REFRIGERANT J:
1=1- MOLECULAR WEIGHT
2 - REFERENCE TEMPERATURE FOR ENTHALPY AND ENTROPY (K)
3 - CRITICAL TEMPERATURE (K)
4 - CRITICAL PRESSURE (KPA)
5 - CRITICAL VOLUME (M**3/KMOL)
HREF(J) - REFRIGERANT NAME (ASHRAE DESIGNATION)
HZERO(J) - VALUE OF SATURATED LIQUID ENTHALPY OF REFRIGERANT
J AT ITS REFERENCE TEMPERATURE (KJ/KMOL)
SZERO(J) - VALUE OF SATURATED LIQUID ENTROPY AT REFERENCE
TEMPERATURE (KJ/KMOL K)
R - GAS CONSTANT (KJ/KMOL K)
TOLR - RELATIVE CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE FOR ITERATION LOOPS
SHOULD BE AT LEAST 10 TIMES LARGER THAN MACHINE PRECISION
ITHAX - MAXIMUM ITERATION COUNT FOR ITERATIVE LOOPS
LUP - LOGICAL UNIT TO WHICH ANY WARNING MESSAGES ARE WRITTEN
C
C
C
A, B COEFFFICIENTS EVALUATED FROM ASHRAE (1981) SATURATION
DATA UNLESS INDICATED.
IMPLICIT REAL (A-H.O-Z)
DIMENSION COEFF(9,20),CRIT(5,20),HZERO(20),SZERO(20)
CHARACTER*6 HREF(ZO)
COMMON /ESDATA/ COEFF.CRIT
COMMON /HREF1/ HREF
COMMON /HSZERO/ HZERO.SZERO
COMMON /RDATA4/ R
COMMON /TOL/ TOLR,ITMAX,LUP
COMMON /TOLSH/ TOLH.TOLS
DATA R /8.314/
DATA TOLR /1.0E-7/
DATA TOLH.TOLS /0.01,0.00V
DATA ITMAX,LUP /20,6/
DATA FOR R11, R12, R13, R13B1, R14, R22, R23, R113, R114,
R142B, R152A, R261A, R123, R143A, ISOBUTANE, R125, R134
R134A, R32, METHANE
R11, TRICHLOROFLUOROMETHANE
DATA HREF(1) /'R11'/
DATA (CRIT(I,1),I=1,5) /137.37EO,233.15EO,471.2EO,4467.EO,.247EO/
DATA HZERO(1),SZERO(1) /Q.0,0.0/
DATA (COEFF(I,1),1=1,9) /5394.655EO,-2.709516E-3,1.168022E-7,
1 .1869326EO,-2.318627E-4,4.275137E-8,
1 23.48052EO,.2510723EO,-2.28722E-4/
R12, DICHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE
-------
DATA HREF(2> /'R121/
DATA ,I=1,5> 786.47,233.15,369.3,5054.,0.1697
DATA HZERO(6),SZERO(6> /0.0,0.0/
DATA
-------
c
c
c
DATA HREFC10) /'R142B1/
DATA (CRITCI,10),I=1,5) 7100.49,233.15,410.3,4130.,0.2317
DATA HZERO(10),SZERO(10) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFF(I,10),I=1,9) /4512.576EO,-3.229507E-3,2.608976E-7,
1 0.1730507EO,-2.648172E-4, 1.032608E-7,
1 16.39145EO,.2717191EO,-1.589334E-47
R152A, 1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE
DATA HREF(11) /'R152A1/
DATA CCRITU,11),1=1,5) 766.05,233.15,386.7,4492.,0.1817
DATA HZERO(11),SZERO<11) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFFCI,11),1=1,9) /3106.312EO,-2.776653E-3,-6.258540E-7,
1 .1283451EO,-.1726218E-3,2.790653E-8,
1 22.28316EO,.1539874EO,-3.015434E-67
R115, PENTAFLUOROMONOCHLOROETHANE, C2CLF5
DATA HREFC12) /'R1151/
DATA (CRIT(I,12),I=1,5) 7154.465,233.15,353.05,3153.,0.2527
DATA HZEROC12),SZERO(12) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFFCI,12),I=1,9) 76177.259EO,-5.540229E-3,2.635930E-6,
1 .2474781EO,-6.346145E-4,5.512517E-7,
1 20.0246EO,.3765849EO,-2.703487E-47
R123, 1,1-DICHLORO-2,2,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE
DATA HREFC13) /'R1231/
DATA (CRITCI,13),I=1,5) 7152.930,233.15,456.94,3674.,0.2787
DATA HZEROC13),SZEROC13) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFFCI,13),1=1,9) /5885.629EO,-2.2446861E-3,-1.Q342735E-6,
1 .1957662EO,-1.6784282E-4,-9.9567402E-8,
1 29.2604EO,.302994EO,-1.92907E-47
R143A, 1,1,1-TRIFLUOROETHANE
DATA HREFC14) /'R143A'/
DATA (CRIT(I,14),I=1,5) 784.04,233.15,346.3,3758.,0.1947
DATA HZERO(14),SZERO(14) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFFCI,14),1=1,9) /3092.03,-3.42907E-3,1.49460E-7,
1 0.137902,-1.96301E-4.1.78383E-8,
1 14.0656,0.254765,-1.29865E-47
R124: 1-CHLORO-1,2,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (R124)
DATA HREFC15) /'R1241/
DATA CCRITCI,15),I=1,5) 7136.475,233.15,395.65,3660.,0.2447
DATA HZEROC15),SZERO(15) 70.0,0.07
DATA CCOEFFCI,15),I=1,9) /4718.786EO,-2.847854E-3,-1.0857E-6,
1 .1818017EO,-2.256066E-4,-3.890926E-8,
1 30.97765EO,.2542056EO,-9.364136E-57
R125: PENTAFLUOROETHANE
DATA HREFC16) /'R1251/
DATA CCRIT(I,16),I=1,5) 7120.03,233.15,339.45,3630.6,0.2107
DATA HZERO(16),SZERO(16) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFF(I,16),I=1,9) /2971.488EO,-2.111917E-3,-3.734385E-6,
1 .1443116EO.-1.410596E-4.-1.969504E-7,
1 22.65024EO,.2956679EO,-1.694896E-47
R134: 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
DATA HREFO7) /'R134'/
DATA (CRIT(I,17),I=1,5) 7102.034,233.15,392.1,4562.,0.1897
DATA HZERO(17),SZERO(17) 70.0,0.07
DATA (COEFFCI,17),1=1,9) /3689.1EO,-2.83434E-3.-1.22280E-6,
1 .144618EO,-1.84369E-4,-.253676E-7,
1 32.5208EO,.222819EO,-1.06829E-47
R134A 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE
-------
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
DATA HREF(18) /'R134A'/
DATA (CR1TU,18)«I=1,5) /102.030.233.15,374.3.4067.,0.199/
DATA HZERO(18).SZERO(18) /O.O.O.O/
DATA (COEFFU, 18). 1=1.9) /3611.8EO,-2.89497£-3,-1.28106E-6,
1 .144618EO.-1.84368E-4.-.253676E-7.
1 19.6704E0..258433EO.-1.178714E-4/.
R32: DIFLUOROMETHANE
DATA HREFO9) /'R32'/
DATA (CRITU,19),I=1,5) 752.024,233.15,351.55.5814.23. .121V
DATA HZERO(19),SZERO(19) /O.O.O.O/
DATA (COEFFU, 19), 1=1,9) /1463.431.-1.212964E-3.-3.811882E-6,
1 0.07560431,-5.783178E-5,-8.592812E-8,
1 26.53804,0.05489753,1.574905E-5/
R141B
DATA HREF{20) /'R141B1/
DATA (CRIT /'I-PENT'/
DATA (CRIT(I,14),I=1,5) /72.151,233.15,460.4,3384.255,0.305/
DATA HZERO(14),SZERO(14) /O.O.O.O/
DATA (COEFF(I,14),I=1,9) /4763.80,-6.8115E-4,-2.9477E-6,
1 0.2131.-1.6519E-4.-1.3550E-7,
1 0.0,O.O.O.O/
ISOBUTANE
DATA HREF(15) /'I-BUT'/
DATA (CRIT /O.O.O.O/
DATA (COEFFU,20), 1=1,9) /623.650.-4.42548E-3.-2.66667E-6,
1 0.0725603,-2.15762E-4.7.38690E-8,
1 35.8200,-0.0340480,1.12485E-4/
CHARACTERISTIC REFRIGERANT
-------
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
DATA HREF{20> /'R-CHAR1/
DATA /100.0,50.,100.0,1000.0,0.07
DATA H2ERO(20>,SZERO(20) /0.0,0.0/
DATA (COEFF(I,20),I=1,9) /1064.,-0.01204,0.0,
1 0.1680,-8.066E-4,0.0,
1 44.40,0.5560,0.O/
END
-------
APPENDIX #2
This appendix contains a listing of the short output files for all computer runs conducted for binary mixtures.
The refrigerants are specified by code numbers according to the following table,.
R22
R142b
R152a
R143a
R124
R125
R134
R134a
R32
6
10
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
-------
IR1
IR
FO
XH
COP
VCR
PR
BTU/f t3
6
11
15
19
17
18
14
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
6
11
15
19
17
18
14
16
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
3.37
3.56
3.04
3.23
3.44
3.33
2.89
2.45
3.04
3.73
3.81
3.82
3.79
3.74
3.66
3.56
3.45
3.34
3.23
3.44
3.64
3.74
3.77
3.76
3.72
3.65
3.57
3.47
3.35
3.23
3.33
3.48
3.55
3.58
3.57
3.54
3.49
3.44
3.37
3.30
3.23
3.56
3.67
3.74
3.77
3.78
3.75
3.71
3.63
3.53
3.40
3.23
3.33
3.33
3.32
3.30
3.28
3.25
3.20
3.15
3.08
2.99
2.89
100.1
61.9
37.1
166.9
52.0
62.8
92.3
88.6
37.1
57.1
74.9
90.5
104.6
117.6
129.5
140.4
150.2
159.1
166.9
52.0
66.7
80.9
94.2
106.6
118.2
129.2
139.6
149.3
158.5
166.9
62.8
76.9
90.1
102.4
113.7
124.2
134.0
143.1
151.5
159.5
166.9
61.9
71.6
81.6
91.8
102.1
112.6
123.3
134.2
145.2
156.1
166.9
62.8
66.2
69.6
73.0
76.3
79.6
82.7
85.6
88.3
90.5
92.3
3.28
3.67
3.94
3.35
3.84
3.72
3.11
3.31
3.94
3.64
3.45
3.33
3.25
3.2
3.18
3.2
3.23
3.28
3.35
3.84
3.65
3.5
3.4
3.33
3.28
3.26
3.26
3.27
3.3
3.35
3.72
3.57
3.46
3.38
3.33
3.3
3.29
3.29
3.3
3.32
3.35
3.67
3.55
3.46
3.38
3.33
3.29
3.26
3.25
3.26
3.29
3.35
3.72
3.64
3.56
3.48
3.41
3.35
3.29
3.24
3.19
3.15
3.11
PSUC
psia
89.1
48.2
30.1
145.8
41.7
53.5
107.4
119.2
30.1
44.0
58.3
71.8
84.6
96.8
108.3
119.1
129.1
138.0
145.8
41.7
52.3
63.3
74.3
85.1
95.7
106.2
116.4
126.5
136.3
145.8
53.5
64.3
75.1
85.5
95.6
105.1
114.2
122.8
131.0
138.7
145.8
48.2
55.3
63.0
71.2
80.0
89.2
99.0
109.5
120.8
132.8
145.8
53.5
57.5
61.8
66.3
71.1
76.3
81.7
87.5
93.7
100.3
107.4
PDIS
psia
292
177
119
488
160
199
334
394
119
160
201
240
275
310
345
381
417
453
488
160
191
222
252
283
314
346
379
413
450
488
199
230
260
289
318
347
375
404
432
460
488
177
196
218
241
266
293
323
356
393
437
488
199
209
220
231
243
255
269
283
299
316
334
CLOAD
BTU/hr
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
1.1996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
WORK
Watt
1043
987
1157
1089
1023
1056
1218
1438
1157
944
922
921
928
940
960
986
1018
1053
1089
1023
966
941
933
936
946
962
985
1013
1048
1090
1056
1012
990
983
985
993
1006
1023
1043
1066
1090
987
957
940
932
931
937
949
968
996
1035
1090
1056
1056
1059
1064
1072
1083
1097
1117
1143
1176
1218
Tsup Tair
f C
189 78.8
173 78.8
147 78.8
227 78.8
148 78.8
152 78.8
151 78.8
146 78.8
147 78.8
157 78.8
170 78.8
180 78.8
188 78.8
194 78.8
200 78.8
206 78.8
213 78.8
220 78.8
227 78.8
148 78.8
159 78.8
169 78.8
177 78.8
185 78.8
192 78.8
199 78.8
206 78.8
213 78.8
220 78.8
227 78.8
152 78.8
161 78.8
169 78.8
177 78.8
184 78.8
191 78.8
198 78.8
205 78.8
213 78.8
220 78.8
227 78.8
173 78.8
178 78.8
184 78.8
189 78.8
194 78.8
200 78.8
205 78.8
210 78.8
215 78.8
221 78.8
227 78.8
152 78.8
152 78.8
152 78.8
153 78.8
153 78.8
153 78.8
153 78.8
153 78.8
152 78.8
152 78.8
151 78.8
14 11 -0.01
0 3.56
61.9 3.67 48.2 177 11996 987 173 78.8
-------
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
3.57
3.57
3.56
3.53
3.50
3.44
3.36
3.25
3.10
2.89
3.04
3.30
3.53
3.57
3.55
3.51
3.45
3.36
3.23
3.08
2.89
3.33
3.33
3.32
3.30
3.26
3.21
3.14
3.04
2.91
2.72
2.45
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.57
3.55
3.51
3.45
3.35
3.19
2.92
2.45
3.04
3.17
3.28
3.37
3.45
3.49
3.42
3.30
3.12
2.85
2.44
3.97
4.85
4.95
4.95
4.92
4.87
4.78
4.66
4.52
4.36
4.20
64.7
67.7
70.8
74.2
77.6
81.1
84.6
88.0
90.7
92.3
37.1
44.2
51.4
58.2
64.7
70.8
76.6
81.8
86.3
89.9
92.3
62.8
65.8
69.0
72.4
75.8
79.3
82.8
85.9
88.5
89.8
88.6
61.9
64.5
67.3
70.4
73.9
77.6
81.5
85.6
89.5
91.8
88.6
37.1
42.8
48.9
55.3
61.8
68.4
74.9
81.1
86.5
89.8
88.6
40.4
62.9
81.9
98.3
113.0
126.6
139.2
150.8
161.4
171.0
179.3
3.6
3.53
3.46
3.4
3.34
3.28
3.23
3.18
3.14
3.11
3.94
3.74
3.58
3.47
3.37
3.29
3.22
3.17
3.14
3.11
3.11
3.72
3.67
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.46
3.42
3.38
3.34
3.32
3.31
3.67
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.46
3.41
3.37
3.33
3.3
3.29
3.31
3.94
3.82
3.71
3.62
3.53
3.46
3.39
3.34
3.3
3.29
3.31
3.17
2.91
2.79
2.71
2.66
2.62
2.61
2.62
2.65
2.7
2.76
51.3
54.7
58.5
62.9
67.8
73.4
79.8
87.4
96.4
107.4
30.1
36.0
42.4
49.2
56.3
63.7
71.5
79.7
88.4
97.6
107.4
53.5
57.0
60.9
65.2
70.1
75.6
81.8
89.0
97.4
107.3
119.2
48.2
50.9
53.9
57.5
61.7
66.6
72.6
79.9
89.3
101.7
119.2
30.1
34.7
39.9
45.8
52.5
59.9
68.4
78.1
89.4
102.9
119.2
30.1
45.0
59.5
72.9
85.6
97.6
109.0
119.6
129.4
138.2
145.8
184
193
203
214
226
241
258
278
303
334
119
135
152
171
190
210
231
253
277
304
334
199
209
220
232
246
262
280
301
326
356
394
177
184
192
202
213
227
245
266
295
335
394
119
132
148
166
185
207
232
261
295
338
394
96
131
166
198
227
256
284
313
343
373
402
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
985
986
989
995
1006
1022
1045
1080
11313
1218
115-7
1065
997
985
990
1001
1020
1048
10S7
1142
1218
1056
1057
1060
1067
1078
10S5
1119
1155
1209
1294
1438
987
984
983
984
990
1000
1019
1050
1103
1204
1438
1157
1109
1073
1043
1018
1006
1029
1065
1126
1233
1438
885
724
710
710
714
722
735
754
778
807
837
171
169
167
165
163
161
159
156
154
151
147
147
147
149
151
152
152
153
152
152
151
152
151
150
150
149
148
148
147
147
146
146
173
170
167
165
162
159
156
153
151
148
146
147
148
148
148
148
147
148
147
147
146
146
130
140
151
159
165
170
174
179
184
190
197
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
19 17 -0.01
0 4.42
56.4 3.11 41.7 130 11996 795 131 78.8
-------
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
4.72
4.85
4.90
4.89
4.84
4.76
4.66
4.53
4.37
4.20
4.32
4.53
4.64
4.68
4.67
4.63
4.57
4.49
4.40
4.30
4.20
4.54
4.70
4.81
4.87
4.88
4.86
4.80
4.72
4.59
4.42
4.20
4.32
4.34
4.35
4.35
4.33
4.30
4.26
4.20
4.13
4.03
3.91
4.54
4.56
4.58
4.59
4.58
4.55
4.51
4.43
4.32
4.15
3.91
3.97
4.34
4.64
4.70
4.70
4.66
4.59
4.49
4.34
4.15
3.91.
72.7
88.0
102.0
115.1
127.3
138.9
149.9
160.3
170.2
179.3
68.7
84.2
98.5
111.5
123.5
134.5
144.7
154.3
163.2
171.5
179.3
66.0
76.6
87.4
98.4
109.4
120.5
131.9
143.5
155.4
167.4
179.3
68.7
72.7
76.7
80.7
84.7
88.7
92.5
96.1
99.5
102.5
105.1
66.0
69.3
72.8
76.6
80.5
84.6
88.9
93.4
97.8
101.9
105.1
40.4
48.7
56.8
64.5
71.9
78.9
85.4
91.5
97.0
101.6
105.1
2.94
2.83
2.76
2.71
2.68
2.66
2.66
2.68
2.71
2.76
3.03
2.9
2.81
2.75
2.71
2.69
2.69
2.69
2.71
2.73
2.76
2.99
2.89
2.81
2.75
2.71
2.68
2.67
2.66
2.67
2.7
2.76
3.03
2.96
2.9
2.84
2.79
2.74
2.7
2.67
2.63
2.61
2.59
2.99
2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.69
2.66
2.63
2.6
2.59
3.17
3.01
2.89
2.8
2.73
2.68
2.63
2.6
2.58
2.58
2.59
52.8
64.1
75.2
86.0
96.5
106.8
117.0
126.9
136.5
145.8
53.5
64.7
75.8
86.3
96.3
105.8
114.8
123.3
131.3
138.8
145.8
48.2
55.6
63.5
71.9
80.7
89.9
99.7
110.1
121.2
133.1
145.8
53.5
57.6
62.0
66.6
71.5
76.7
82.1
87.9
94.0
100.5
107.4
48.2
51.4
54.9
58.8
63.2
68.2
73.8
80.3
87.8
96.7
107.4
30.1
36.4
43.0
50.0
57.1
64.6
72.3
80.5
89.0
97.9
107.4
155
181
207
233
258
285
312
340
370
402
162
187
213
237
261
285
309
332
355
379
402
144
161
179
198
219
241
266
293
324
359
402
162
170
180
189
199
210
222
234
248
262
278
144
151
158
166
176
187
199
213
231
252
278
96
109
124
140
156
173
191
209
230
252
278
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11 996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
746
724
718
720
727
738
755
777
804
837
813
775
757
752
753
760
770
783
799
817
837
775
747
731
722
720
724
732
745
765
794
837
813
810
808
809
811
817
825
836
852
873
900
775
770
767
766
767
772
780
793
815
848
900
885
810
757
747
748
754
766
784
810
847
900
140
148
155
162
167
173
178
184
190
197
134
142
149
155
161
167
173
178
184
190
197
152
156
161
165
170
174
178
182
187
191
197
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
134
133
132
152
150
148
147
145
143
142
140
137
135
132
130
130
130
132
134
135
135
135
134
134
132
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
,78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
16 18 -0.01
0 3.33
62.8 3.72 53.5 199 11996 1056 152 78.8
-------
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
, 11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
rO.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
3.33
3.32
3.30
3.26
3.21
3.14
3.04
2.91
2.72
2.45
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.57
3.55
3.51
3.45
3.35
3.19
2.92
2.45
3.04
3.17
3.28
3;37
3.45
3.49
3.42
3.30
3.12
2.85
2.44
2.60
2.74
2.82
2.84
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.73
2.68
2.62
2.56
2.83
2.93
2.99
3.02
3.03
3.01
2.96
2.90
2.81
2.70
2.56
2.60
2.60
2.59
2.57
2.55
2.52
2.48
2.43
2.36
2.29
2.19
2.83
65.8
69.0
72.4
75.8
79.3
82.8
85.9
88.5
89.8
88.6
61.9
64.5
67.3
70.4
73.9
77.6
81.5
85.6
89.5
91.8
88.6
37.1
42.8
48.9
55.3
61.8
68.4
74.9
81.1
86.5
89.8
88.6
42.7
52.6
62.0
70.9
79.2
87.1
94.5
101.5
108.2
114.5
120.4
42.8
49.5
56.5
63.7
71.0
78.6
86.4
94.5
102.9
111.6
120.4
42.7
45.1
47.5
50.0
52.5
54.9
57.3
59.6
61.7
63.5
65.0
42.8
3.67
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.46
3.42
3.38
3.34
3.32
3.31
3.67
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.46
3.41
3.37
3.33
3.3
3.29
3.31
3.94
3.82
3.71
3.62
3.53
3.46
3.39
3.34
3.3
3.29
3.31
5.14
4.88
4.69
4.55
4.47
4.42
4.39
4.39
4.4
4.42
4.46
5.01
4.81
4.65
4.53
4.44
4.38
4.34
4.33
4.34
4.38
4.46
5.14
5.01
4.88
4.76
4.65
4.55
4.46
4.38
4.3
4.23
4.17
5.01
57.0
60.9
65.2
70.1
75.6
81.8
89.0
97.4
107.3
119.2
48.2
50.9
53.9
57.5
61.7
66.6
72.6
79.9
89.3
101.7
119.2
30.1
34.7
39.9
45.8
52.5
59.9
68.4
78.1
89.4
102.9
119.2
36.7
44.0
51.4
58.7
65.9
72.8
79.6
86.1
92.4
98.4
104.0
33.1
37.9
43.1
48.7
54.7
61.2
68.2
75.9
84.4
93.7
104.0
36.7
39.6
42.6
46.0
49.5
53.3
57.5
61.9
66.8
72.1
78.0
33.1
209
220
232
246
262
280
301
326
356
394
177
184
192
202
213
227
245
266
295
335
394
119
132
148
166
185
207
232
261
295
338
394
189
214
241
267
294
322
350
378
407
435
464
166
182
200
221
243
268
296
329
366
411
464
189
198
208
219
230
243
256
271
287
305
325
166
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
. 11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
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11989
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11989
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1057
1061)
1067
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10915
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11515
1200
1294
1433
987
984
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1000
1019
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110:5
1204
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1157
1109
107.5
1043
1018
1006
1029
10615
1126
1233
14313
1350
128)
12413
1236
12313
12413
1265
1287
1312
1340
1370
1241
1199
1174
1162
1161
1169
1186
1212
12510
1301
137iO
1350
1352
13513
1366
1379
1396
1419
14413
1487
1536
1601
1241
151 78.8
150 78.8
150 78.8
149 78.8
148 78.8
148 78.8
147 78.8
147 78.8
146 78.8
146 78.8
173 78.8
170 78.8
167 78.8
165 78.8
162 78.8
159 78.8
156 78.8
153 78.8
151 78.8
148 78.8
146 78.8
147 78.8
148 78.8
148 78.8
148 78.8
148 78.8
147 78.8
148 78.8
147 78.8
147 78.8
146 78.8
146 78.8
155 46.99
165 46.99
175 46.99
184 46.99
193 46.99
202 46.99
211 46.99
220 46.99
229 46.99
239 46.99
249 46.99
181 46.99
187 46.99
192 46.99
198 46.99
204 46.99
211 46.99
217 46.99
225 46.99
232 46.99
240 46.99
249 46.99
155 46.99
155 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
156 46.99
155 46.99
181 46.99
-------
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
17
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0,6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4-
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
2.83
2.83
2.81
2.79
2.75
2.70
2.63
2.53
2.39
2.19
2.41
2.64
2.79
2.80
2.79
2.75
2.69
2.60
2.49
2.36
2.19
2,60
2.60
2.58
2.56
2.53
2.48
2.41
2.32
2.19
2.00
1.71
2.83
2.84
2.84
2.83
2.81
2.77
2,71
2.61
2.46
2.21
1.71
2.41
2.52
2.62
2.69
2.74
2.75
2.67
2.56
2.38
2.13
1.71
2.41
3.00
3.09
3.09
3.05
2.99
2.92
2.83
2.74
2.65
2.56
2.70
44.8
46.9
49.1
51.5
54.0
56.6
59.2
61.7
63.9
65.0
24.6
29.5
34.4
39; 1
43.7
48.1
52.4
56.3
59.9
62.9
65.0
42.7
44.7
46.9
49.2
sns
53.9
56.3
58,4
60.0
60.3
57.6
42.8
44.6
46.5
48.6
50.9
53.5
56.2
59.0
61.5
62.7
57.6
24.6
28.4
32.5
36.8
41.2
45.7
50.2
54.5
58.2
60.4
57.6
24.6
38.2
50.3
61.0
71.0
80.6
89.8
98.6
106.7
114.1
120.4
35.0
4.9
4.79
4.69
4.6
4.5
4.42
4.34
4.27
4.21
4.17
5.55
5.19
4.92
4.74
4.59
4.46
4.36
4.28
4.23
4.19
4,17
5.14
5.05
4.97
4.89
4.81
4.74
4.68
4.63
4.6
4.6
4.66
5.01
4.92
4.84
4.76
4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.48
4.5
4.66
5.55
5.33
5.14
4.97
4.83
4.71
4.63
4.56
4.52
4.54
4.66
5.55
4.92
4.62
4.45
4.34
4.28
4.25
4.26
4.31
4.37
4.46
5.34
35.3
37.7
40.5
43.6
47.1
51.3
56.1
61.9
69.1
78.0
20.4
24.2
28.5
33.1
38.1
43.4
49.1
55.3
62.1
69.7
78.0
36.7
39.1
41.8
44,9
48.3
52.3
56.8
62.2
68.5
76.2
85.8
33.1
35.0
37.1
39.6
42.5
45.9
50.2
55.5
62.5
71.9
85.8
20.4
23.3
26.7
30.6
35.1
40.2
46.1
53.1
61.6
72.2
85.8
20.4
29.2
38.4
47.4
56.2
65.0
73.8
82.3
90.4
97.8
104.0
28.3
173
181
190
200
212
227
244
265
291
325
113
126
140
157
175
194
214
237
263
292
325
189
198
208
219
233
248
266
288
315
350
400
166
172
180
188
199
212
229
250
280
323
400
113
124
137
152
169
189
213
242
279
328
400
113
144
177
211
244
278
314
351
389
427
464
151
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
1241
1244
1250
1260
1277
1301
1336
1389
1469
1601
1460
1331
1258
1253
1260
1279
1308
1350
1408
1488
1601
1350
1353
1359
1371
1389
1416
1455
1513
1604
1753
2059
1241
1238
1238
1242
1251
1268
1296
1344
1427
1591
2059
1460
1392
1343
1307
1282
1279
1315
1375
1473
1651
2059
1460
1172
1136
1137
1152
1174
1204
1239
1280
1324
1370
1303
178 46.99
176 46.99
173 46.99
171 46.99
168 46.99
166 46.99
163 46.99
161 46.99
158 46.99
155 46.99
149 46.99
147 46.99
147 46.99
149 46.99
151 46.99
153 46.99
154 46.99
155 46.99
155 46.99
155 46.99
155 46.99
155 46.99
154 46.99
153 46.99
152 46.99
151 46.99
150 46.99
150 46.99
149 46.99
149 46.99
149 46.99
151 46.99
181 46.99
177 46.99
174 46.99
170 46.99
167 46.99
163 46.99
159 46.99
156 46.99
152 46.99
150 46.99
151 46.99
149 46.99
148 46.99
148 46.99
147 46.99
146 46.99
146 46.99
146 46.99
147 46.99
147 46.99
148 46.99
151 46.99
149 46.99
157 46.99
171 46.99
182 46.99
192 46.99
202 46.99
211 46.99
220 46.99
229 46.99
238 46.99
249 46.99
151 46.99
-------
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
14
14
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
11
11
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0,01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0
0.1
2.89
2.98
3.01
3.00
2.97
2.91
2.84
2.76
2.66
2.56
1.45
1.56
1.62
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.60
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.70
1.75
1.79
1.81
.81
.79
.76
.72
.67
.60
.51
.45
.44
.42
.39
.36
1.33
1.28
1.23
1.16
1.06
1.54
1.67
1.74
1.77
1.77
1.75
1.72
1.67
1.63
1.57
1.51
1.40
1.73
1.81
.83
.81
.77
.72
.67
.61
.56
.51
.70
.68
45.1
55.0
64.3
73.2
81.8
90.1
98.1
105.9
113.4
120.4
19.0
24.0
29.0
33.9
38.6
43.0
47.3
51.4
55.3
58.9
62.4
20.7
24.0
27.6
31.4
35.4
39.5
43.8
48.2
52.9
57.6
62.4
19.0
20.1
21.2
22.3
23.3
24.3
25.3
26.1
26.5
26.4
15.6
20.5
25.6
30.6
35.6
40.4
45.0
49.6
54.1
58.3
62.4
10.6
17.1
23.3
29.3
34.8
40.1
45.2
50.1
54.7
58.9
62.4
20.7
21.6
4.99
4.74
4.58
4.47
4.4
4.36
4.35
4.37
4.4
4.46
11,72
10.94
10.34
9.9
9.59
9.38
9.24
9.17
9.14
9.14
9.18
10.96
10.48
10.06
9.72
9.45
9.24
9.11
9.03
9.02
9.06
9.18
11.72
11.36
11.03
10.72
10.42
10.15
9.91
9.7
9.53
9.45
12.3
11.34
10.58
10.01
9.63
9.37
9.21
9.12
9.1
9.12
9.18
13.04
11.29
10.23
9.58
9.21
9
8.9
8.89
8.92
9.02
9.18
10.96
10.69
35.2
42.6
50.0
57.6
65.2
72.9
80.6
88.5
96.3
104.0
18.8
22.5
26.5
30.6
34.7
38.8
42.8
46.7
50.5
54.1
57.5
17.1
19.5
22.2
25.3
28.6
32.3
36.3
40.7
45.7
51.2
' 57.5
18.8
20.4
22.1
23.9
26.0
28.3
30.8
33.5
36.6
40.2
14.2
17.6
21.5
25.6
29.8
34.2
38.7
43.3
48.0
52.8
57.5
10.1
14.3
19.2
24.3
29.3
34.4
39.4
44.5
49.3
53.8
57.5
17.1
18.3
176
202
229
257
287
318
351
386
424
464
220
246
274
303
333
364
396
428
461
495
528
187
204
224
246
270
298
330
368
412
465
528
220
231
243
257
271
287
305
325
349
380
175
199
227
256
287
321
356
395
437
481
528
132
161
196
232
270
309
351
395
440
485
528
187
195
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
12116
1178
1166
1170
112)4
1207
122J7
1274
1319
1370
24116
2255
2175
21218
2130
2140
2163
2195
2234
22/7
23?.5
2071
20CI5
1965
1946
1944
1959
1991
2039
2108
2201
2325
2416
2444
247'8
2521
257'6
2645
2735
2856
302:7
3302
2279
2103
202.1
1988
198,7
2008
2046
2098
2162
2238
2325
2517
2035
1940
1924
1946
1989
2045
2109
2178
2249
2325
2071
2087
162 46.99
172 46.99
182 46.99
191 46.99
201 46.99
210 46.99
219 46.99
229 46.99
239 46.99
249 46.99
184 17.01
198 17.01
211 17.01
224 17.01
238 17.01
251 17.01
265 17.01
278 17.01
292 17.01
307 17.01
321 17.01
221 17.01
229 17.01
237 17.01
246 17.01
255 17.01
264 17.01
274 17.01
285 17.01
296 17.01
309 17.01
321 17.01
184 "17.01
185 17.01
186 17.01
186 17.01
187 17.01
187 17.01
188 17.01
189 17.01
190 17.01
191 17.01
178 17.01
193 17.01
207 17.01
221 17.01
235 17.01
249 17.01
263 17.01
278 17.01
292 17.01
307 17.01
321 17.01
170 17.01
184 17.01
202 17.01
219 17.01
234 17.01
249 17.01
264 17.01
278 17.01
292 17.01
306 17.01
321 17.01
221 17.01
217 17.01
-------
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
11
11
11.
11
11
11
11
11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.67
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.52
1.45
1.35
1.21
1.40
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.52
1.49
1.43
1.36
1.27
1.14
22.5
23.5
24.6
25.7
26.8
27.7
28.4
28.4
10.6
12.8
15.0
17.1
19.3
21.4
23.3
25.0
26.3
26.8
10.44
10.19
9.95
9.72
9.51
9.32
9.17
9.12
13.04
12.05
11.41
10.87
10.4
10.02
9.71
9.47
9.31
9.27
19.6
21.1
22.8
24.9
27.3
30.2
33.7
38.3
10.1
1Z.O
14.2
16.6
19.3
22.3
25.6
29.4
33.6
38.5
204
215
227
242
259
281
309
349
132
145
162
181
201
224
249
278
313
357
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
11989
2110
2140
2181
2236
2314
2427
2601
2914
2517
2303
2275
2278
2308
2365
2453
2581
2775
3096
214 17.01
210 17.01
206 17.01
203 17.01
200 17.01
196 17.01
193 17.01
191 17.01
170 17.01
168 17.01
172 17.01
175 17.01
178 17.01
180 17.01
182 17.01
185 17.01
187 17.01
189 17.01
-------
APPENDIX #3
This appendix contains a listing of the short output files for all computer runs conducted for ternary mixtures.
The refrigerants arc specified by code numbers according to the following table.
R22
R142b
R152a
R143a
R124
R125
R134
R134a
R32
6
10
11
14
15
16
17
18
19
-------
IR1 IR2
IR3
F01
F02
F03
X1
X2
X3
COP Vol. Flow
PR
ft3
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
17
17
17
17
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
rO.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1
0
0
0
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
3.56
3.57
3.58
3.58
3.58
3.58
3.56
3.54
3.51
3.39
3.04
3.72
3.74
3.75
3.75
3.75
3.74
3.72
3.71
3.69
3.67
3.74
3.76
3.78
3.80
3.82
3.83
3.83
3.83
3.81
3.82
3.83
3.84
3.84
3.83
3.81
3.79
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.80
3.81
3.81
3.81
3.79
3.74
3.76
3.77
3.77
3.76
3.75
3.70
3.71
3.70
3.69
3.66
3.56
3.60
3.62
3.63
3.53
3.50
3.45
3.34
3.40
3.23
3.56
3.56
3.56
3.55
40.8
41.9
43.1
44.5
46.1
48.1
50.4
53.3
56.9
61.7
68.2
44.3
42.5
41.0
39.8
38.8
37.9
37.1
36.4
35.8
35.3
31.0
31.2
31.4
31.7
32.0
32.3
32.7
33.2
33.7
27.9
27.8
27.7
27.7
27.6
27.6
27.6
27.5
24.7
24.6
24.5
24.4
24.3
24.2
24.1
21.5
21.7
21.9
22.1
22.3
22.4
20.5
20.3
20.0
19.8
19.5
18.0
18.3
18.6
18.8
17.4
17.1
16.8
15.9
16.2
15.1
40.8
41.5
42.2
42.9
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.5
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
PSUC PDIS
psia psia
48.2
47.0
45.7
44.3
42.8
41.2
39.4
37.4
35.2
32.8
30.1
44.0
45.9
47.5
49.0
50.3
51.5
52.5
53.5
54.4
55.3
63.0
62.6
62.1
61.6
61.1
60.5
59.8
59.1
58.3
71.8
71.7
71.6
71.5
71.4
71.3
71.3
71.2
80.0
80.5
81.1
81.9
82.7
83.6
84.6
96.8
94.9
93.2
91.7
90.4
89.2
99.0
100.9
103.1
105.5
108.3
119.1
115.5
112.3
109.5
120.8
124.6
129.1
138.0
132.8
145.8
48.2
47.4
46.6
45.8
177
172
168
163
158
152
146
140
133
126
119
160
165
169
173
178
182
186
189
193
196
218
215
213
211
209
206
204
203
201
240
238
238
238
238
239
240
241
266
266
267
268
270
272
275
310
305
301
298
295
293
323
327
332
338
345
381
371
363
356
393
404
417
453
437
488
177
175
172
170
CAP WORK Tair
BTU/hr
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
watt
987
984
982
981
981
983
986
992
1001
1036
1157
944
939
937
937
938
941
944
948
953
957
940
934
929
925
921
919
918
918
922
921
917
916
916
919
922
927
932
931
927
924
922
922
923
928
941
936
934
933
934
937
949
949
950
954
960
986
977
971
968
996
1005
1018
1053
1035
1090
987
987
988
989
F
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
-------
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
17 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
18 -0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.6 0.4
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.6
0.3 0.7
0.2 0.8
0.1 0.9
0 1
0 0.9
0.1 0.8
0.2 0.7
0.3 0.6
0.4 0.5
0.5 0.4
0.6 0.3
0.7 0.2
0.8 0.1
0.9 0
0.8 0
0.7 0.1
0.6 0.2
0.5 0.3
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.5
0.2 0.6
0.1 0.7
0 0.8
0 0.7
0.1 0.6
0.2 0.5
0.3 0.4
0.4 0.3
0.5 0.2
0.6 0.1
0.7 0
0.6 0
0.5 0.1
0.4 0.2
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.4
0.1 0.5
0 0.6
0 0.5
0.1 0.4
0.2 0.3
0.3 0.2
0.4 0.1
0.5 0
0.4 0
0.3 0.1
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.3
0 0.4
0 0.3
0.1 0.2
0.2 0.1
0.3 0
0.2 0
0.1 0.1
0 0.2
0 0.1
0.1 0
0 0
1 0
0.9 0.1
0.8 0.2
0.7 0.3
0.6 0.4
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.6
0.3 0.7
0.2 0.8
0.1 0.9
3.54
3.53
3.52
3.50
3.49
3.46
3.44
3.64
3.65
3.67
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.68
3.67
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.76
3.76
3.76
3.76
3.75
3.73
3.77
3.78
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.79
3.78
3.77
3.78
3.78
3.79
3.79
3.78
3.77
3.76
3.72
3.74
3.75
3.76
3.76
3.75
3.70
3.70
3.69
3.68
3.65
3.57
3.60
3.62
3.63
3.53
3.51
3.47
3.35
3.40
3.23
3.56
3.55
3.54
3.53
3.51
3.49
3.47
3.45
3.42
3.38
43.7
44.5
45.3
46.2
47.0
47.8
48.6
37.9
37.7
37.5
37.2
36,9
36.6
36.3
36.0
35.6
35.3
31.0
31.1
31.2
31.3
31.3
31.4
31.4
31.3
31.2
26.8
27.0
27.2
27.3
27.4
27.5
27.5
27.5
24.7
24.6
24.5
24.3
24.2
24.0
23.7
21.4
21.6
21.9
22.1
22.3
22.4
20.5
20.3
20.1
19.8
19.6
18.1
18.4
18.6
18.8
17.4
17.2
16.9
15.9
16.2
15.1
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.5
3.7 45.0
3.8 44.3
3.8 43.6
3.8 43.0
3.8 42.5
3.8 42.0
3.8 41.7
3.6 52.3
3.6 52.2
3.6 52.3
3.6 52.5
3.6 52.8
3.6 53.2
3.6 53.7
3.6 54.2
3.6 54.7
3.6 55.3
3.5 63.0
3.5 62.7
3.5 62.5
3.5 62.3
3.5 62.2
3.5 62.2
3.5 62.4
3.5 62.7
3.5 63.3
3.4 74.3
3.4 73.3
3.4 72.5
3.4 72.0
3.4 71.6
3.4 71.4
3.4 71.2
3.4 71.2
3.3 80.0
3.3 80.3
3.3 80.9
3.3 81.6
3.3 82.5
3.3 83.6
3.3 85.1
3.3 95.7
3.3 93.8
3.3 92.2
3.3 91.0
3.3 90.0
3.3 89.2
3.3 99.0
3.3 100.3
3.3 101.9
3.3 103.8
3.3 106.2
3.3 116.4
3.3 113.7
3.2 111.4
3.2 109.5
3.3 120.8
3.3 123.4
3.3 126.5
3.3 136.3
3.3 132.8
3.3 145.8
3.7 48.2
3.7 48.2
3.7 48.3
3.7 48.5
3.7 48.7
3.7 49.1
3.7 49.6
3.7 50.2
3.7 51.0
3.7 52.1
16&
166
165
163
162!
. 161
16(1
191
190
189
190
19(1
191
192
19:;
195
196
21»
217
217
216
216
217
21!!
219
222
252
249
246
244
243
242
241
241
266
267
269
271
274
27«
283
314
308
303
299
296
293
323
327
33I2
33I3
346
379
370
362
356
393
402
414
450
437
483
177
177
178
179
180
182
184
186
190
194
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
11996
992 78.8
995 78.8
998 78.8
1003 78.8
1008 78.8
1015 78.8
1023 78.8
967 78.8
962 78.8
959 78.8
956 78.8
955 78.8
954 78.8
954 78.8
955 78.8
956 78.8
957 78.8
940 78.8
938 78.8
936 78.8
935 78.8
934 78.8
934 78.8
935 78.8
938 78.8
941 78.8
933 78.8
930 78.8
928 78.8
927 78.8
927 78.8
928 78.8
929 78.8
932 78.8
931 78.8
929 78.8
928 78.8
928 78.8
929 78.8
932 78.8
936 78.8
946 78.8
941 78.8
938 78.8
936 78.8
936 78.8
937 78.8
949 78.8
949 78.8
952 78.8
956 78.8
962 78.8
985 78.8
976 78.8
971 78.8
968 78.8
996 78.8
1003 78.8
1013 78.8
1049 78.8
1035 78.8
1090 78.8
987 78.8
990 78.8
993 78.8
997 78.8
1002 78.8
1007 78.8
1013 78.8
1020 78.8
1029 78.8
1041 78.8
-------
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
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19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
19 11
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18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
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0.01
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0.01
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0.01
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0.01
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-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
-0.01
0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0
0
3.33
3.47
3.52
3.56
3.59
3.61
3.63
3.64
3.65
3.66
3.67
3.74
3.73
3.72
3.71
3.69
3.67
3.64
3.60
3.55
3.58
3.63
3.68
3.71
3.73
3.75
3.76
3.77
3.78
3.76
3.74
3.71
3.68
3.63
3.57
3.54
3.61
3.66
3.70
3.73
3.75
3.70
3.67
3.63
3.57
3.49
3.43
3.52
3.58
3.63
3.53
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.40
3.23
40.2
32.9
33.3
33.7
34.1
34.4
34.7
34.9
35.0
35.2
35.3
31.0
30.7
30.5
30.1
29.8
29.4
29.0
28.5
28.0
24.7
25.2
25.6
26.1
26.5
26.9
27.2
27.5
24.7
24.4
24.0
23.6
23.1
22.7
22.2
20.3
20.8
21.2
21.6
22.1
22.4
20.5
20.1
19.7
19.3
18.9
17.7
18.1
18.4
18.8
17.4
17.0
16.7
15.8
16.2
15.1
3.7
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
53.5
64.3
62.2
60.6
59.3
58.3
57.4
56.7
56.1
55.7
55.3
63.0
63.8
64.7
65.7
67.0
68.5
70.3
72.4
75.1
85.5
82.3
79.6
77.4
75.5
73.8
72.4
71.2
80.0
81.7
83.6
85.9
88.6
91.8
95.6
105.1
100.8
97.2
94.2
91.5
89.2
99.0
102.0
105.4
109.5
114.2
122.8
117.7
113.3
109.5
120.8
125.5
131.0
138.7
132.8
145.8
199
230
222
216
212
208
205
202
200
198
196
218
221
224
227
232
237
243
250
260
289
278
269
261
255
250
245
241
266
272
278
286
294
305
318
347
332
320
309
301
293
323
333
344
358
375
404
385
369
356
393
411
432
460
437
488
11996
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1056
1012
997
987
979
973
969
965
962
959
957
940
942
944
948
952
958
965
976
990
983
968
956
948
942
938
934
932
931
935
940
946
956
968
985
994
974
960
950
942
937
949
957
969
985
1007
1024
999
981
968
996
1016
1044
1066
1035
1090
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
78.8
Government Printing Office : 1992 - 312-014/40059
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