United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air
and Radiation
(ANR-443)
EPA 400-R-92-013
November 15, 1992
vvEPA
Air
Report of the Office of Air and Radiation
to Administrator William K. Reilly
Implementing the 1990 Clean Air Act:
The First Two Years
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Page Intentionally Blank
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, 0.C. 20460
NOV ! 2 1992
OFFICE OF
AIR AND RADIATION
Honorable William K. Reilly
Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460
Re: Two-year meeting
Dear Mr. Reilly:
Enclosed is my report to you summarizing our achievements over the last two years
in carrying out the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
The President signed the Clean Air Act Amendments in November 1990. In the two
years since then, we have made tremendous progress in carrying out the Act's requirements.
By November 1992, the Agency had proposed or finalized 76 rules that, once implemented,
will accomplish more than 84 percent of the 57 billion pounds of annual emissions
reductions mandated by the 1990 amendments.
Our efforts have been guided by a set of implementation principles we developed
shortly after enactment of the 1990 amendments. We have sought to achieve and maintain
a healthy environment while supporting strong and sustainable economic growth and sound
energy policy. We have used consensus-building approaches such as regulatory
negotiations, roundtable discussions and advisory committees to improve the quality of
rules and guidelines and to expedite their issuance.
In addition, we have used market-based approaches and innovative strategies that
give industries and states flexibility to achieve cleaner air in the most economically efficient
ways. By embracing new approaches, we have been able to make substantially greater
progress than otherwise would have been possible.
Standing back, I think we can look with pride at the Agency's recent accomplishments
in pursuit of cleaner air. We have:
o Put in place a ground-breaking, market-based acid rain control program to
protect our lakes, streams and other resources through reductions in sulfur
dioxide emissions.
Printed on Recycled Paper
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-2-
o Issued a final rule to phase out ehlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals that
deplete the ozone layer.
o Published extensive guidance to help states develop and implement plans for
bringing urban air quality into line with federal standards by deadlines
established in the Act.
o Finalized or proposed 15 important rules or guidelines to reduce pollution
from motor vehicles and fuels, and thereby reconcile the automobile and the
environment.
o Laid the foundation for cutting toxic emissions from all major pollution
sources, and proposed standards for the chemical industry that will achieve
greater emissions reductions than any other air toxics rule to be issued.
o Initiated innovative, voluntary programs that are spurring industry and others
to save energy and reduce emissions that contribute to global warming.
The attached report documents these and many other accomplishments of the Office
of Air and Radiation since February 1989. The credit for these achievements must go first
and foremost to the thousands of EPA employees who devoted their energies and intellects -
- and very often, extra hours -- to hundreds of rules, guidelines, studies, publications and
other projects.
In recognition of this fact, the report includes a unique appendix listing the top
accomplishments of each organizational unit of the Office of Air and Radiation. Also
included are accomplishments of regional offices, the Office of General Counsel, and many
other EPA offices that contributed to OAR efforts. These lists were developed by the
employees themselves.
On behalf of OAR, I would like to thank you for guiding us through this critical
period as we transform the promise of the new Clean Air Act into reality.
Sincerely,
William'G. Rosenbdrg
Assistant Administrator
for Air & Radiatic
Enclosure
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD 1
CHAPTER 1. IMPLEMENTING THE ACT: THE BIG PICTURE 11
CHAPTER 2. USING THE MARKET TO SERVE THE ENVIRONMENT:
FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND CLEAN AIR 19
CHAPTER 3. REGULATORY NEGOTIATION: CONSULTING WITH INDUSTRY,
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS AND STATES 23
CHAPTER 4. ATTAINING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN URBAN AMERICA .... 27
CHAPTER 5. INTRODUCING CLEANER MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS 33
CHAPTER 6. COMBATTING ACID RAIN . 39
CHAPTER 7. REDUCING TOXIC AIR POLLUTION 43
CHAPTER 8. WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD:
PERMITS AND ENFORCEMENT . 47
CHAPTER 9. A GLOBAL APPROACH: PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER AND
INTERNATIONAL AIR QUALITY 51
CHAPTER 10. GREEN PROGRAMS: CONSERVING ENERGY AND ATTACKING
THE GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM 55
CHAPTER 11. REDUCING RISKS FROM INDOOR AIR
CHAPTER 12. INFORMING THE PUBLIC: OUTREACH EFFORTS . 63
CHAPTER 13. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE 65
APPENDIX I. FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES ISSUED
SINCE ENACTMENT OF THE 1990 AMENDMENTS 1-1
APPENDIX II. TOP ACCOMPLISHMENTS FROM OAR ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS,
REGIONAL OFFICES, AND OTHER SPECIFIED EPA OFFICES . . . 11-1
APPENDIX III. SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT
AMENDMENTS OF 1990 111-1
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FOREWORD
(As delivered by Assistant Administrator William G. Rosenberg
to the staff of the Office of Air and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Durham, North Carolina
November 6, 1992)
Soon four years will have come and gone somehow it seems more like
four weeks and another chapter will be written in the history of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. In a mere twenty years, EPA has come to
occupy a prominent place in the American landscape. The Agency's many
contributions to the health and welfare of all U.S. citizens, and to the quality of
American life, have placed us in the forefront of institutions that serve the public
good.
The last four years are certain to be remembered among our finest hours.
Under Bill Reilly's stewardship, EPA has broken every record for aggressive
environmental rulemaking and strong enforcement. As important, we have broken
new ground with market-based and voluntary clean air initiatives ingeniously
designed programs that achieve our environmental goals in concert with forces
that insure a healthy economy.
In the Office of Air and Radiation, I have been fortunate to have had the
opportunity to oversee the development, enactment and implementation of the
Clean Air Act of 1990. I am very pleased to report, since the Act became law two
years ago this month, that EPA has proposed or finalized rules that will
accomplish 84 percent of the 57 billion pounds of air pollution reductions
mandated by Congress.
We could not have achieved this record without Bill Reilly's active
leadership and his direct involvement in our efforts. At critical junctures, he kept
our clean air fleet on course and at full throttle by
4 Negotiating a declining cap for sulfur dioxide emissions under the
Acid Rain Program
4 Defending the alternative fuels program in the face of controversy
on all sides
4 Supporting the soundness of EPA's legal and technical analysis
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+ Insisting upon unbiased, technology-forcing monitoring equipment to
make the Allowance Trading System work
4 Resolving the ethanol dispute without compromising environmental
goals
4 Insuring that Inspection and Maintenance Testing would be an
"honest count"
4 Supporting the Air Program with significant budget increases
Putting these sweeping new laws in place has been a tremendously
challenging and extremely satisfying experience. For me it began in January of
1989, in the midst of the Congressional debate over clean air policy, a conflict that
had raged for over a decade with little progress and scant hope for resolution.
It was President Bush who finally broke the deadlock by supporting EPA's
recommendations and proposing a measure that promised to both clean the air
and promote a healthy economy. Without the President's initiative, and without
his continued commitment, this landmark clean air legislation would never have
had a breath of a chance.
When he submitted Ms bill to Congress, the President said, "Every
American deserves to breathe clean air." At the White House, on November 15,
1990, as he signed this bill into law, the President reaffirmed his commitment,
calling the Clean Air Act of 1990 "the most significant air pollution legislation in
our nation's history."
Nor would there be a Clean Air Act without the leaders in the U.S.
Congress: Senators Mitchell, Baucus, Chafee, Dole and Simpson, and
Congressmen Dingell, Waxman and Lent not to mention their excellent staffs,
who rarely get the credit they deserve.
The Clean Air Bill passed in the Senate by a vote of 89-11, and in the
House by a vote of 401-25. These numbers represent an overwhelming mandate
from the American public, and they establish a clear national agenda for the
1990s.
Perhaps most remarkably, the Clean Air Act reflected the needs and
interests of both American industry and the environmental community. Both
played a critical role in shaping these laws, and both have been indispensable to
EPA's successful clean air implementation. In the past two years, industry leaders
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and environmentalists have advised EPA -- in an unparalleled collaborative
process in the writing of new clean air regulations. In the process, they have
shown a willingness to compromise and, increasingly, to work with if not trust
each other.
Not only representatives of industry and environmental groups but also
state and local government and public health officials, labor, consumer and
academic leaders, and many other stakeholders have actively participated in EPA's
negotiated rulemaMng process. No interested party has been excluded, and no
constituency has gone unheard. This consensus-building process has enabled us to
establish enforceable clean air standards, while accommodating the business plans
of the most progressive companies and leveling the playing field for their
competitors.
Emerging from this remarkably successful consensus process are innovative
measures like the Acid Rain Rule with its market-based Allowance Trading
System, the Navajo Agreement to clean up the Grand Canyon, a coke oven air
toxics rale, resolving 25 years of litigation, consent orders and grand jury
investigations, and an historic, regulatory negotiation that produced the
Reformulated Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels program. These measures are
producing environmental reforms that clean the air and allow the marketplace to
function effectively at the lowest cost to businesses and consumers. Market-based
approaches enable us to achieve the greatest possible emissions reductions at a
price Americans are willing to pay.
Many of our clean air programs are also helping us to conserve our
precious energy resources and save billions of dollars in energy costs. Clean Air
Act initiatives will save the U.S. economy an estimated one million barrels of oil
per day by causing shifts to natural gas and clean coal for electric generation and
the substitution of natural gas-based methanol and corn-based ethanol for some of
today's gasoline products. Voluntary energy conservation programs, like EPA's
Green Lights, are already cutting carbon dioxide emissions by two million tons
annually and will save as much as $20 billion per year in energy costs by the end
of the decade.
Speaking of costs, the President's Council of Economic Advisors originally
estimated that these clean air measures, when fully implemented, would cost the
American economy $25 billion annually. That comes out to 25 cents per day per
person, a bargain by any measure for the environmental benefits derived. But our
clean air programs will also provide economic benefits. A study recently
conducted for EPA by the investment firm of Smith Barney projects new revenues
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for the air pollution control industry of $50 billion to $70 billion by the year 2000
and, in the same period, the creation of 20,000 to 40,000 new jobs.
Highlights of our clean air accomplishments in the first two years of
implementation include the following:
The Acid Rain Rule
Finalized on October 26, 1992, the Acid Rain Rule will cut emissions of
sulfur dioxide a major contributor to acid rain by fifty percent. Control of
acid rain will help restore the fish to hundreds of lakes and streams. You will see
farther in the daytime, and see more stars at night. Thousands of acres of forests
that have been damaged will begin to recover. Historic buildings and monuments
will age more slowly and acidic particles that may threaten health will be sharply
reduced.
The Acid Rain Rule was the product of our Acid Rain Advisory Committee
a very diverse group representing utilities, state utility and environmental
regulators, environmental and consumer groups, the coal and gas industry,
pollution control manufacturers, and other interested parties.
The Allowance Trading System
Allowance Trading is an imaginative, market-based approach for reducing
SC>2 emissions. Electric utilities are given a specific number of emission
allowances based on historical data. One allowance gives its holder the authority
to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide. A utility that cuts its SO2 emissions below its
required level can sell what's left over to another utility at the market price.
Allowance Trading rewards utilities that exceed the tight new requirements
of the Act by allowing them to profit from the sale of emission credits -- and
allows utilities that buy these credits some added leeway to install new technology
or implement conservation measures. Meanwhile, electric utility emissions will be
cut in half. The Chicago Board of Trade plans to create a market for these
emissions credits. What could be more enterprising, more market-based, than the
trading of emissions futures right alongside soybeans and pork bellies!
The Navajo Agreement
On September 18, 1991, the President announced an historic agreement
that will reduce by 90 percent the sulfur dioxide emissions from the Navajo
Generating Station. For years, pollution from the Navajo power plant has
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impaired visibility and obscured the magnificent vistas of the Grand Canyon. But
amidst conflicting claims and protracted litigation, nothing was accomplished for
nearly twenty years. But we were able to forge a compromise without litigation in
a way that served the environment and the public interest and in a form that all
parties could live with.
Reformulated Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels
On August 16, 19913 EPA announced a negotiated regulatory agreement on
reformulated gasoline and oxygenated fuels, rules that will counteract the two
major causes of air pollution in the U.S. ~ automotive tailpipe emissions and
evaporating fuel.
In the process, we brought to the table a group of historic rivals: the oil
industry, automobile industry, ethanol, methanol and other oxygenated fuels
industries, environmental groups, gasoline marketers, and local, state and federal
government agencies. Together, we negotiated the details of a reformulated gas
and oxygenated fuels agreement. The use of reformulated gasoline by itself
will reduce toxic pollutants nationwide by 15 percent. As NRDC's David Doniger
said later, "We wanted cleaner gas and they wanted certainty and flexibility."
Through the dynamics and the give and take of the Reg-Neg process, we were
able to satisfy both sides and meet our clean air goals.
And The Week That Was
In 1992, we have kept up our rapid implementation pace. In a ten-day
period, beginning in the last week of October, EPA announced ten major clean air
rules, including finalized core rules of the Acid Rain program and two proposed
rules to reduce nitrogen dioxide, another major contributor to acid rain. For the
first time, utilities and other stationary NOX sources will cut NOX emissions by as
much as 2 1/2 million tons annually by the year 2000,
We also announced an agreement to reduce coke oven emissions, among
the most toxic of all air pollutants. This agreement a product of another
successful regulatory negotiation with the steel industry and unions will help
preserve jobs and minimize cost impacts on the steel industry, while protecting
citizens in surrounding areas from air pollution. This pact exceeds in every
case the environmental goals of the new Clean Air Act, and it will cost less than
10 percent of what the steel industry fearfully predicted during the Congressional
debate.
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We proposed the first air toxics rule for the chemical industry under the
new Clean Air Act, The Hazardous Organic NESHAP (HON) rule will reduce
emissions of 110 of the 189 toxics on the inventory list, and will regulate
production of 400 chemical substances produced by synthetic organic chemical
manufacturers. This proposed rule, also developed through a public participation
process, will reduce hazardous air pollutants by 1 billion pounds and volatile
organic compounds by 2.4 billion pounds each year.
High Tech Inspection and Maintenance
On November 5, 1992, EPA finalized its high-tech auto inspection and
maintenance program. High-tech I&M will do more to reduce air pollution
nationwide than any other single measure. Improved auto testing in the most
polluted areas will keep cars properly tuned. More sophisticated equipment will
test the operation of cars "under load," and the separation of testing and repair
will insure the reliability of test results. The rule also insures that these 10-minute
emissions checks will be conducted at conveniently located test stations.
Today, an estimated 20 percent of all vehicles on the road are creating
more than 60 percent of the auto-related air pollution which is half of the
overall air pollution we suffer. $50 billion has already been invested in automotive
pollution control technology. If motorists repair their faulty emissions equipment -
- often something as simple as fixing a broken hose we can cut vehicle VOC
emissions by 28 percent, CO by 31 percent, and NOX by 9 percent a tremendous
environmental gain at a very modest cost.
The Green Programs
Voluntary initiatives are at the heart of our clean air program and are
essential to our ultimate success. I am happy to say that our Green Programs,
which promote energy efficiency and pollution prevention, so far have been
stunningly successful. The Green Lights Program, which-cuts air pollution and
saves energy through energy efficient lighting,, has been the single most successful
initiative in our entire implementation process. To date, over 650 companies,
state and local governments, and universities have joined the Green Lights
program. It's an impressive list that includes ARCO, Lockheed, Pacific Gas and
Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Gillette, Mobil, 3M, Polaroid, Xerox, Citicorp, M.I.T.,
and the States of California and Massachusetts, just to name a few.
Green Lights is the centerpiece of the President's action plan on global
climate change. Also prominent on this agenda are two other EPA energy
efficiency programs: Golden Carrot, which will market a refrigerator/freezer that
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uses less electricity and no CFCs; and EPA Energy Star Computers, developed in
cooperation with industry leaders, including IBM, Apple, Compaq, Hewlett-
Packard, NCR, and DEC. Energy Star's industry partners have agreed to
manufacture and market energy-efficient computer equipment that shuts off
automatically when not in use utilizing 30 watts instead of 200 watts of
electricity and saving energy equivalent to the output of 20 power plants by the
end of the decade.
Permits '
On July 21, 1992, EPA issued an operating permits rule that carries out a
major reform of the 1990 Amendments. State permit programs will be the
centerpiece for compliance with the entire Act. The permit system is designed to
improve compliance with the law's requirements and provide more certainty to
companies about their obligations.
Most important, as a result of these actions, the air is getting cleaner.
Look at the results of the Air Trends Report, released last month. It
shows continuing progress in reducing six major air pollutants over the past ten
years. The new air quality data for 1991 reveals that
+ 41 of the 98 areas designated under the 1990 Act as "non-
attainment" for ground level ozone (smog) now meet the national air
quality standard for ozone.
+ 13 of the 42 areas designated nonattainment for carbon monoxide
now meet the standard.
These one-year improvements are due to emission reductions, weather variations,
and other factors.
In the past ten years, we have managed to significantly reduce the ambient
levels of these sk major pollutants:
4 Smog levels have dropped eight percent.
4 Lead levels have been cut by a dramatic 89 percent.
4> Sulfur dioxide pollution has been reduced by 20 percent.
$ Carbon monoxide levels have declined by 30 percent.
7
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4 Particulate levels are down 10 percent.
4 Nitrogen dioxide pollution has been reduced by six percent.
These air quality improvements translate into health benefits for all U.S.
citizens. It's a real American success story. And the Clean Air Act will assure
that it is a continuing and even greater success story.
Of course, much remains to be done. In 1991, 86 million Americans lived
in areas with unhealthy air. Nearly 70 million people live in counties exceeding
the srnog standard. But as the Clean Air Act becomes an increasing reality at the
state and local level, the air is getting cleaner. As the Trends Report shows, we
are dramatically reducing auto emissions that befoul our cities with smog, carbon
monoxide, and particulates. New Clean Air Act rules will enable you to drive
behind a city bus and not have to choke on the black smoke belching from its
tailpipe.
Forests, lakes, and streams are getting cleaner. To cut acid rain, electric
utilities are improving power plants to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
emissions that cause acid rain by 10 million tons nationwide that's 10 million
tons each year.
We are cutting toxic smokestack emissions from refineries, power plants,
chemical plants even dry cleaners. In communities across the country, we are
clearing the air of leaks from steel and chemical plants that can cause cancer and
threaten our respiratory systems.
Cars are getting cleaner 50 percent cleaner. Next fall, in response to the
Clean Air Act, new cars rolling off assembly lines in Flint, Dearborn, and Sterling
Heights will be 50 percent less polluting than today's models.
Gasoline is getting cleaner. On November 1, 1992, oxygenated fuel
programs in 39 cities began cutting carbon monoxide emissions by 17 percent,
increasing the use of ethanol from Midwest grain and methanol from Southwest
natural gas both replacing imported oil from the Middle East. In 1995,
reformulated gasoline will be available that adds oxygen, cuts benzene toxics and
lowers volatility that causes fumes to evaporate. The net result of reformulated
gasoline will be to reduce smog-causing, toxic pollutants by 15 percent in 1995,
and up to 25 percent in the year 2000, in our nation's dirtiest cities.
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Gasoline stations are getting cleaner. Stage Two gas pump controls will
reduce exposure to toxic gasoline vapors and save fuel that would otherwise be
wasted through evaporation.
The atmosphere is getting safer. CFCs, which destroy the earth's
protective shield and threaten our health, are on the way out. Under the new
Act, President Bush has accelerated the international timetable under the
Montreal Protocol to phase out CFCs more quickly in the United States and halt
production entirely by the end of 1995. And as of August, 1992, service stations
must recycle freon when repairing auto air conditioners.
As a direct result of these actions, Americans are benefitting, and will
benefit for generations to come. Emphysema sufferers in Chicago, heart patients
in Los Angeles, asthma-sufferers in Washington, D.C., especially children and the
elderly, will all be less at risk when they step outdoors. Millions of Americans will
experience more sunny, smog-free, summer afternoons and clear, starry nights.
Four years ago, market-based programs, voluntary initiatives, consensus-
rule making, and least-cost solutions were mainly concepts, phrases we attached to
clean air ideas and drawing-board plans we hoped would work in the real world.
Today, four years later, all of these ideas are being realized. Well conceived and
expertly executed, these plans are working. And our hopes are coming to fruition.
In the months ahead, our clean air efforts will continue apace at the federal
level, as we continue to implement statutory clean air requirements, work to
resolve other NOX issues, improve our residual risk procedures and data on
inventories, encourage the development of new technologies and cleaner cars, and
develop new forums for full participation in the clean air process. We will also
redouble our efforts to assist state and local governments in their efforts to make
these clean air programs a reality in every city, town and neighborhood from coast
to coast.
Finally, the President, the Congress, environmental groups, industry, state
and local governments all of our "clean air partners" ~ deserve great credit for
our successes to date. But the greatest share of credit, and the highest praise,
rightly belongs to our own EPA staff. Without your knowledge, skill, and
remarkable dedication, the Clean Air Act of 1990 would still be a blueprint.
I have had the great good fortune to work hand in hand and often far
into the night ~ with the staff of the Office of Air and Radiation and other EPA
offices. On a thousand occasions, you have patiently explained to me the
subtleties and nuances of highly sophisticated clean air measures. You have
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briefed me, educated me, argued with me and sometimes cursed at me. From
Durham to Ann Arbor to Waterside Mall ~ in every regional office, and at every
level from secretary to office director you have given me your tremendous
support. But more important, more than anyone, you have made this clean air
law work for all of us and for future generations of Americans.
Following the report to the Administrator on the succeeding pages is an
informal record, a memoir in your own words, of our many shared
accomplishments during the past four years. It is a record we can all be very
proud of. You are quite simply the finest group of public servants I have ever
encountered, and it has been my privilege to share your company during this
exciting time in our lives. Thank you for your amazingly hard work, for the hard-
won victories, for the many good times, and for your friendship.
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CHAPTER 1
IMPLEMENTING THE ACT: THE BIG PICTURE
President Bush on November 15,1990
signed into law a massive overhaul of the
Clean Air Act that is designed to provide
cleaner air for all Americans,
Major goals of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 are
4 to bring urban air quality into line
with health-based air quality standards
by deadlines set in the Act
+ to reduce emissions of air toxics by at
least 75 percent
4 to cut emissions of sulfur dioxide, a
primary contributor to acid rain, by 10
million tons
+ to phase out production of
chlorofluorocarbons and other
chemicals that deplete the
stratospheric ozone layer
4" to require cleaner cars, fuels,
factories, power plants and businesses
In .the two years since enactment, the
Environmental Protection Agency has
made great in implementing the
landmark legislation. By the end of
October 1992, the Agency had proposed
or finalized 76 rules to carry out the law.
Once implemented, these rules and
guidelines will accomplish more than 84
percent of the 57 billion pounds of annual
emissions reductions mandated by the 1990
Amendments.
Past Progress Cleaning the Air
The 1990 Amendments were passed
to continue the progress toward cleaner air
begun under the Clean Air Act of 1970
and the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1977.
Between 1970 and 1991, lead
emissions plunged 98 percent. Emissions
of particulate matter (soot, dust and other
particles) dropped 61 percent, carbon
monoxide 50 percent, and sulfur oxides 27
percent. Volatile organic compounds and
nitrogen oxides, which combine in the
atmosphere to form ozone, declined 3.8
percent and 1 percent respectively.
But serious air pollution problems
persist. About 86 million Americans live
in counties where air pollution levels
measured in 1991 exceeded the national
air quality standard for at least one of six
major pollutants. Ground-level ozone, the
prime ingredient of smog, is the most
widespread and intractable of these
pollution problems. Acid rain and toxic air
pollution, also major problems, were not
effectively controlled under the 1970 or
1977 Acts.
The 1990 Act
The new Clean Air Act is an effective
and cost-effective plan for tackling these
difficult problems. The law mandates
pollution reductions while giving states and
industry much flexibility on ways to achieve
clean air goals.
Increased emphasis on innovative,
market-based regulatory approaches is an
important feature of the new law. The
acid rain control program, for example,
allows electric utilities to buy and sell
emissions credits. These approaches
provide industries with flexibility to reduce
poEution in the least costly ways.
The 1990 Act provides new tools for
bringing urban pollution levels into line
with federal air quality standards. Cities
violating air quality standards are given
different deadlines for attainment
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
depending upon the severity of the
pollution. Areas with longer deadlines
must implement more control measures
and demonstrate interim progress toward
reaching the standard.
In addition, the Act establishes a four-
pronged approach for reducing motor
vehicle pollution tighter emissions
standards for new vehicles, cleaner fuels,
improved vehicle inspection and
maintenance programs, and clean
transportation alternatives. These
programs are designed to reconcile the
automobile with the environment.
Toxic air pollution from industrial
plants is to be reduced through a two-
phased program. EPA must set best
control technology standards for all major
sources of air toxics within a 10-year
period. If significant risks remain after
control technology is installed, the Agency
must set tighter standards to protect public
health.
The 1990 Act also takes aim at two
atmospheric problems that have come into
focus during the past decade: acid rain and
stratospheric ozone depletion. The acid
rain control program is designed to reduce
annual U.S. emissions of sulfur dioxide by
10 million tons, mostly from electric power
plants. To protect the ozone layer, the
Act mandates a phaseout of ozone-
depleting chemicals and the establishment
of requirements for use, recycling and
disposal.
To facilitate enforcement, the 1990
Act requires industrial plants and
businesses classed as major pollution
sources to obtain operating permits from
state or local air agencies. The money
needed to administer permit programs will
be raised through permit fees.
Although complying with the Act will
be costly for many industries and
businesses, the new law also is creating
business opportunities and economic
benefits. For example, tens of thousands
of workers will be needed for the
manufacture of air pollution control
equipment for factories and businesses.
Investments spurred by the Act are
positioning American businesses to
compete worldwide in areas such as
alternative-fueled vehicles, cleaner fuels,
more efficient manufacturing processes,
and pollution control equipment.
Implementation Principles
Implementation of the 1990 Act poses
a tremendous challenge for the Agency. As
President Bush stated, "Every American
expects and deserves to breathe clean air."
To expedite and guide this work, the
Office of Air and Radiation adopted the
following set of implementation principles
shortly after enactment of the 1990
Amendments.
Policy
E3: Achieve and maintain a healthy
environment while supporting strong
and sustainable economic growth and
sound energy policy.
Market-based strategies: Use market-
based approaches and other
innovative strategies to solve
environmental problems creatively.
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Reductions Expected from Rules Proposed or
Promulgated as of November 9,1992
(In Billions of Pounds per year)
MOv 7
CO 7.3
bxics 1.7
11" SQ2 20,3
Total Reductions: 47.9
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Reductions Expected from Specific Rules Proposed or
Promulgated as of November 9, 1992
(In Billions of Pounds per year)
!:,*- ', . ,»\ " - voo " "
Phase II RVP Rule
Reformulated Gasoline Rule
Onboard Diagnostics Rule
Evaporative Controls Rule
Tier 1 Tailpipe Rule
Enhanced I&M Rule
Equipment Leaks Rule
Total
2.6
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
5.6
0.3
11.1
"-'-'" * NOx
Title IV NOx Rule
Title 1 NOx Guidance
1998 Heavy-Duty Engine Rule
OnBoard Diagnostics Rule
Tier I Tailpipe Rule
Total
4.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
1.7
7.5
*" ' >* &*. f
% * f^f*
*v? ^ £Q
Oxygenated Fuels Rule
Onboard Diagnostics Rule
Diesel Fuel Quality Rule
Enhanced I&M Rule
Total
3.7
2.4
0.4
0.8
7.3
, ^ , .^,~ . ^
Acid Rain Rule
Diesel Fuel Quality Rule
Total
20.0
0.3
20.3
, V , . ':/C%&s "' ""'"'"
Hazardous Organics (HON)
Municipal Waste Combusters
Early Reductions Rule
Total
1.0
0.5
0.2
1.7
Total Reductions: 47.9
Does not include rules that reduce emissions less than 50 million pounds.
-------
Chapter 1. Implementing the Act: The Big Picture
Consensus Building
+ Joint ventures: Recognize the
essential role played by state and local
governments. Foster communication
and cooperation among all entities
involved in implementing the
Amendments.
+ Negotiation: Use negotiation
techniques to resolve critical issues
with other interested parties,
including other government
organizations, industry, environmental
groups, and academics.
4 Federal coordination: Work closely
with EPA Offices, other federal
agencies, and the Congress to ensure
a coordinated approach that will
achieve environmental objectives as
effectively as possible.
Management
4 Deadlines: Establish and meet
commitments to effectively implement
key provisions of the Act.
4 Team effort: Work together, and
attract and retain a diverse and
talented work force.
The new law requires EPA to issue
more than 120 regulations by 1995, an
average of 24 rules per year. In the two
years since enactment, the Agency has
issued 76 proposed air rules, of which 23
have been finalized. Historically, the air
office has issued five to eight major rules
per year.
Although its actions have been
significant, EPA has not met all of the
Act's deadlines. In a number of cases,
regulations have been proposed for
comment but not yet completed. In
addition, as of November 15, 1992, EPA
has submitted 11 proposed rules and 4
final rules to the Office of Management
and Budget and is awaiting review. The
Agency is now in the final stages of
negotiating a comprehensive court-
approved schedule for further regulatory
action.
The Agency has found implementing
the 1990 Amendments even more
challenging than it anticipated. Reaching
the degree of consensus necessary to issue
the rules and to lay the groundwork for
effective implementation has proven to be
a lengthy process.
Achievements to Date
This report is designed to provide a
broad picture of EPA's actions to date
implementing the Act. Some of the
highlights include the following:
Acid rain control. Core regulations
for a market-based acid rain control
program will protect lakes, streams and
other resources through a 50-percent cut
in electric utility emissions of sulfur
dioxide.
Ozone layer protection. Phase-out
requirements have been put in place for
chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals
that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer.
State air quality planning. Extensive
EPA guidance will help states develop and
implement plans for bringing air quality
into line with federal standards by
deadlines established in the Act.
15
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Clean Mr Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Cleaner gasoline. National limits on
gasoline's volatility ~ its tendency to
evaporate already are dramatically
reducing the release of ozone-forming
hydrocarbons and air toxics. Under a
proposed rule, a new generation of
cleaner, "reformulated" gasolines will be
required in the nine cities with the worst
ozone pollution starting in 1995. Twelve
states have opted to extend the program to
additional cities. Since November 1,1992,
millions of motorists have been pumping
cleaner, "oxygenated" gasoline into cars in
39 cities with carbon monoxide pollution;
this fuel will reduce CO tailpipe emissions
by 17 percent
Cleaner cars and trucks. Tighter
emissions limits for cars and light trucks
will be phased in starting with 1994
models, cutting exhaust hydrocarbons by 30
percent and nitrogen oxides by 60 percent
relative to current standards. A new cold-
temperature standard will reduce
wintertime carbon monoxide emissions.
Black smoke from diesel trucks and buses
will be dramatically cut by tough new
particulate standards and by new limits on
sulfur in diesel fuel.
Vehicle inspection and maintenance.
Improved, high-tech vehicle emissions
inspection programs must be implemented
in 1995 in cities with serious ozone or
carbon monoxide pollution. Basic
inspection and maintenance (I&M) pro-
grams will be required in additional areas
of the country. These programs ensure
that cars are tuned up and that their
emissions systems are working properly.
Fleet vehicles. In 22 cities, 50- to 70-
percent of certain new fleet vehicles
such as taxis and delivery vans will have
to meet tailpipe standards more stringent
than those for conventional vehicles,
beginning in 1998. EPA guidelines will
provide incentives for purchase of ultra-
clean vehicles fueled with natural gas,
propane, pure alcohol or electricity.
Industry air toxics. An innovative
"early reductions" program already is giving
industries an incentive to reduce toxic air
pollution earlier than required by the Act.
Proposed standards would cut toxic
emissions from synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing by 522,500 tons per year
more than any other air toxics standard to
be issued under the 1990 Amendments.
Permits. A final rule establishes the
minimum requirements for state and local
operating permit programs. These
programs will ensure better compliance
with the Act and raise more than $300
million annually for state and local air
pollution control agencies.
Offshore oil facilities. Oil and gas
platforms in the ocean off most of the U.S.
coast will be subject to the same air
pollution control requirements as onshore
facilities.
Incinerators and landfills. Municipal
waste incinerators must achieve a 90-
percent overall reduction in emissions of
metals, organic chemicals and acid gases.
Proposed standards for large solid waste
landfills and 2,300 hazardous waste
treatment, storage and disposal facilities
would cut smog-forming and toxic air
emissions as well as releases of methane,
a greenhouse gas.
As EPA turns out rules and guidelines
establishing the framework for
16
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Chapter 1. Implementing the Act: The Big Picture
implementation, the challenge of cleaning
the air moves to the states. EPA already
is working intensively with states to see
that clean air goals are met.
Clean Air Act Costs
EPA and the President's Council of
Economic Advisors originally estimated
that the cost of the 1990 Amendments
would eventually reach $25 billion per year
when fully implemented in 2005 -- about
25 cents a day for each person living in the
United States.
Now, EPA projects the annual cost to
be at least $2 billion lower than the
original estimates for years after 2000, with
even greater savings in earlier years. The
savings result from fine-tuning of cost
estimates and from regulations that use
market-based or other flexible approaches.
Consider the following examples:
4 Reformulated gasoline. More
detailed analysis puts the cost of
reformulated gasoline at 4.3 cents per
gallon, versus the original estimate of
6.2 cents. Also, the oxygen standard
is 2 percent rather than 2.7 percent,
the level originally analyzed. Total
savings will be $700 million in 1995,
and $400 million per year by 2005.
* Coke ovens. According to The Wall
Street Journal (October 26, 1992),
industry estimates of the costs of
cutting toxic air pollution from steel
industry coke ovens ranged as high as
$3 billion to $5 billion during
Congressional debate over the 1990
Amendments. An agreement reached
through regulatory negotiation
envisions capital costs of $66 million
to $510 million, depending on the
technology the plants choose, with
corresponding annual operating costs
of $25 million to $84 million. The
dramatically lower cost of the
agreement reflects the more realistic
cost estimates that can result from
regulatory negotiation. In addition,
some savings are expected from the
negotiated use of emissions averaging.
+ CTGs. More detailed analysis shows
that control technology guidelines
(CTGs) will achieve more than twice
the emissions reductions at the same
cost originally projected, reducing the
need for more costly control measures
in areas with dirty air. Preliminary
estimates show net cost savings from
avoiding more expensive measures
could reach $1 billion per year when
the program is fully in place, relative
to the original estimate.
4- Air toxics, EPA believes that the use
of emissions averaging to comply with
toxic air pollution standards could
reduce compliance costs significantly.
Cost estimates have increased for
some rules, including the trip reduction
planning rule and the permits rule.
However, the net result of the increases
and decreases is a significant drop in the
Act's estimated cost.
17
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CHAPTER 2
USING THE MARKET TO SERVE THE ENVIRONMENT:
FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND CLEAN AIR
EPA often has been accused of
issuing inflexible command-and-control
regulations that can become outdated
because they require use of a particular
pollution control technology. In response,
the Agency increasingly has moved to
performance standards that set a minimum
control level for example, a 70-percent
reduction in air pollutant emissions. This
approach gives industry flexibility to decide
the best way to achieve that level,
considering cost and other factors.
During the 1980s, EPA structured a
number of air pollution programs to
provide even more flexibility by allowing a
company to comply with performance
standards through averaging emissions
from multiple emissions points, such as
smokestacks. A few programs were
designed to enable companies that go
beyond minimum requirements to trade or
sell credits to other companies that do less
than required. For example, refiners were
allowed to trade credits under EPA rules
requiring a phased reduction of lead in
gasoline. These rules cut lead emissions
from motor vehicles by more than 96
percent between 1982 and 1991.
Today, under the 1990 Amendments
to the Clean Air Act, EPA is accelerating
the movement toward flexible rules that
allow industry to reduce air pollution in
the most economical way and encourage
technology innovation. But the Agency is
trying to couple flexibility with
accountability ~ through adequate
monitoring and enforcement to ensure
that clean air goals are met.
Controlling Acid Rain
A prime example is the acid rain
control program, which is based upon an
innovative system of marketable pollution
allowances. Each electric utility plant is
allocated a limited number of emission
allowances. One allowance entitles the
holder to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide.
A utility that cuts its SO2 emissions more
than required can sell its extra allowances
to another utility at the market price, or
bank them for future use.
The Act's tough requirements are
designed to achieve a 10-million-ton
reduction in annual sulfur dioxide
emissions from the 1980 level, mostly
through a 50-percent cut in electric utility
emissions. The allowance system provides
flexibility for emissions reductions to be
achieved at the plants where controls are
least expensive, reducing costs to utilities
and electricity consumers.
The system rewards utilities that go
beyond the Act's stringent control
requirements by enabling them to earn
profits from the sale of their extra
allowances. Utilities that find controls less
cost effective can purchase allowances to
meet all or part of their control
requirements. The buyers essentially are
paying for their required emissions
reductions to be achieved by other utilities
that can reduce emissions more
economically.
19
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Exploring Other Market-Based
Approaches
EPA is developing a number of other
programs with market features to minimize
the cost of cleaning the air.
A rule being developed by EPA will
encourage states to adopt economic incen-
tive programs to reduce pollution using
such methods as marketable permits and
emissions fees. Under the 1990
Amendments, these programs are optional
for most cities but may be mandated in
cities with serious ozone problems that fail
to meet deadlines for reducing pollution.
The proposed rule may be issued as early
as December 1992.
One option for states outlined in the
draft economic' incentive proposal is a
program to allow industries emissions
credits for buying alternative-fueled
vehicles or taking other steps that go
beyond the new Act's requirements for
motor vehicle emissions reductions. These
credits could be used toward compliance
with smokestack emission limits. Goals
include stimulating development* of new
technologies and creating incentives for
use of natural gas vehicles.
EPA has supplied major assistance to
California for a local initiative called the
Regional Clean Air Incentives Market,
now under development. RECLAIM is
Intended to use economic incentives for
smog and particulate control and create
separate markets for authorizations to emit
three pollutants: hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur oxides.
EPA also is working on detailed
guidance for states to implement "cash for
clunkers" programs offering industry credits
for taking high-polluting cars off the road -
by buying and scrapping them, for
example. In Los Angeles, spending $1,000
to get a clunker off the road can eliminate
the same amount of pollution as spending
$3,000 to $4,000 on stationary source
controls. The program is discussed in a
Federal Register notice EPA issued in April
1992 to help states interpret planning
requirements of the 1990 Amendments.
Building Flexibility Into Clean Air Act
Programs
In every title of the 1990
Amendments, EPA is finding new
opportunities to harness the power of the
marketplace. Examples of other programs
using market-based or other flexible
regulatory approaches include the
following:
+ Air toxics early reductions. A final
"early reductions" rule announced in
October 1992 encourages companies
to cut toxic emissions by 90 percent
or more now, rather than waiting for
EPA to issue control technology
standards for their industries. In
exchange, companies choosing to
participate are given six extra years to
comply with the standards.
Control of air toxics from chemical
manufacturing, A proposed rule
announced in October 1992 will
regulate toxic emissions from
synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing plants. Through an
emissions averaging system, companies
could choose which vents and other
emissions points to control to achieve
the required emissions reductions in
20
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Chapter 2. Using the Market to Serve the Environment: Free Market Economics and Clean Mr
the most efficient way. Companies
also would be allowed to bank credits
from extra reductions for future use.
4 CFC phase out. EPA regulations
require a phase out of chloro-
fluorocarbons (CFCs) and other
chemicals that are most damaging to
the stratospheric ozone layer. During
the phaseout, manufacturers and
importers are allowed to buy and sell
production rights,
Reformulated and oxygenated
gasoline. The 1990 Amendments
require cleaner, reformulated gasoline
in the nine cities with the worst ozone
pollution, and oxygenated gasoline in
39 cities with carbon monoxide
pollution. Refiners will receive
credits for going beyond the clean
fuel standards. A person with credits
can sell some gasoline not meeting
the requirements, or trade the credits
to another fuel seller in the same
area.
Heavy-duty engine standards.
Emissions standards for heavy-duty
truck and bus engines allow
manufacturers to earn credits for
engine families EPA certifies as being
cleaner than required. Under an
averaging program begun in 1985,
manufacturers could use credits to
certify engine families that did not
meet the standard. A July 1990 final
rule extended the system to allow
manufacturers to bank credits for use
in future years, or to trade credits to
other manufacturers of similar
engines.
Air pollution permit fees. The 1990
Amendments require companies to
obtain operating permits for all major
sources of air pollution. State and
local permitting agencies are to
collect permit fees sufficient to pay
the cost of the permit program. The
fees will give companies an economic
incentive to reduce the amounts of
regulated air pollutants they emit - as
well as generate $300 million a year
nationwide for state and local air
programs.
Operating flexibility. The permits
rule is designed to give manufacturers
flexibility to change their operations
quickly without having to obtain a
permit revision. For example, states
must allow permits that provide for
alternate operating scenarios, such as
changing from one product to
another. Also, the state must allow
permits to include provisions for
emissions trading within a facility, to
the extent provided by the underlying
federal or state standard,
Clean-fueled vehicles. EPA has
proposed rules for clean-fueled
vehicle programs that promote
innovative technologies and regulatory
flexibility through marketable credit
systems. (See Chapter 5 on motor
vehicles.)
21
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Page Intentionally Blank
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CHAPTER 3
REGULATORY NEGOTIATION: CONSULTING WITH INDUSTRY,
ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS AND STATES
The Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 called for EPA to issue more than 55
major rules within two years. In response
to this difficult challenge, the Office of Air
and Radiation changed the way it does
business.
Traditionally, the Agency has
developed proposed regulations, published
them for public comment, and then tried
to reconcile differing points of view. But
too often, EPA's regulatory efforts have
been delayed or even stymied by frequent
and protracted litigation. When
controversy produces gridlock, the
environment suffers.
After many years fighting in the
courts, the Office of Air and Radiation has
found that it often can be much more
effective and less expensive to negotiate
than to litigate. The air office, in carrying
out the 1990 Amendments, has placed a
new emphasis on consulting with
interested groups early in the regulatory
process and trying to build consensus.
Through informal discussions or formal
regulatory negotiations, OAR has worked
directly with industry, environmentalists,
state and local governments and other
interested parties to develop proposed
regulations.
Formal regulatory negotiations have
produced agreements on proposed rules to
prevent toxic emissions from equipment
leaks, set requirements for cleaner
"reformulated" and "oxygenated" gasolines,
and cut toxic emissions from steel industry
coke ovens. Informal talks and
consultation with advisory committees have
produced broad agreement on rules that
control acid rain and phase out
chlorofluorocarbohs, which deplete the
stratospheric ozone layer.
The air office's efforts to foster
consensus on implementation of the Act
include the establishment in November
1990 of the Clean Air Act Advisory
Committee, which includes members from
industry, environmental groups, state and
local governments, and academia. The
committee, not required by law, was
formed to advise the Agency on clean air
policy, economic, scientific and
enforcement issues.
While the framework for
implementing the 1990 Amendments is
being developed primarily at the national
level, most of the specific programs to
carry it out will be crafted at the state and
local level. EPA has been recommending
that states and localities use collaborative
approaches. With the assistance of the
Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, EPA
in 1992 published a guide called "The
Clean Air Act of 1990: A Primer on
Consensus-Building."
What is "Reg-Neg?"
A regulatory negotiation, known as
"reg-neg" for short, begins with the
establishment of a formal advisory
committee by the Agency. EPA seeks to
invite a balanced mix of people to
participate and represent identified
interests. Generally, committees consist of
12 to 25 members. A neutral mediator
convenes the committee and manages
meetings.
23
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Meetings are announced in the
Federal Register and are open to
observation by members of the public.
Decisions are made by consensus, not
majority vote. EPA participates in the
negotiations on behalf of the government.
If consensus is reached, the Agency
uses the agreement as the basis for the
proposed rule. Members of the
negotiating committee agree to support
the rule as proposed if there are no
substantive changes from the consensus
agreement. As under the conventional
rulemaking process, the proposed rule is
published in th& Federal Register for public
comment.
Negotiated rules are more likely to be
accepted by industry and other interested
parties, reducing chances of litigation. The
process enables the Agency to tap the
expertise and creativity of committee
members to come up with solutions that
best address the concerns of all interests.
Critical public comment may be reduced,
cutting the time needed to finalize the
rule. In addition, rules developed through
negotiation may be more pragmatic and
easier to implement.
Accomplishments
EPA has used regulatory negotiation
and informal consensus-building processes
to produce agreements on several
regulations.
Equipment leaks. Equipment leaks
such as faulty valves cause significant
emissions of air toxics and smog-forming
volatile organic compounds from synthetic
organic chemical manufacturing plants.
Because the emissions escape at ground
level, their effect is estimated to be 10 to
40 times greater than equal amounts of
pollution from stacks.
A standard to prevent equipment
leaks was the first negotiated air pollution
rule to be completed after enactment of
the 1990 Amendments. After a year of
negotiations, thirteen representatives of
environmental, industry, federal, state and
local government groups reached
consensus with EPA in November 1990.
A draft rule was published in March 1991.
The rule is being formally proposed as part
of the air toxics control standard for
synthetic organic chemical manufacturers.
The negotiation produced a proposal
that relies first on incentives, rather than
sanctions, to encourage companies to
prevent equipment leaks. Companies that
do better than a "base performance level"
would be rewarded with less frequent
inspection requirements. Companies that
fail to attain the performance level would
have to conduct more inspections or install
improved technology, such as better valves.
During the negotiations, industry was
willing to support a more stringent base
performance level in return for use of the
incentive system. Sanctions such as fines
still would apply if a company did not carry
actions required under the incentive
system.
Reformulated and oxygenated
gasoline. EPA also elected to use
regulatory negotiation to develop rules
requiring cleaner, reformulated gasoline in
the nine cities with the worst ozone
pollution, and oxygenated gasoline in 39
cities with carbon monoxide pollution.
24
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Chapter 3. Regulatory Negotiation: Consulting with Industry, Environmental Groups and States
The 28-member negotiating
committee included representatives of
domestic and foreign auto manufacturers,
small and large oil companies, groups
representing environmentalists, farmers
and citizens, gasoline marketers, methanol
and ethanol producers, state and local air
pollution regulators, and the Department
of Energy. Five months of meetings
produced consensus in August 1991.
The reg-neg process produced a
proposed rule in much less time than
would have been consumed by the
traditional process, given the complex and
highly technical issues involved. In the
end, industry was able to obtain additional
flexibility in the form of averaging to meet
reformulated and oxygenated gasoline
requirements. In return, industry agreed,
among other things, to provisions that
require reductions in ozone-forming
emissions in southern cities greater than
the minimum required by the statute.
Coke ovens. Regulatory negotiations
produced an agreement in October 1992
to serve as the basis for draft proposed
regulations to cut toxic emissions from
steel industry coke ovens. The agreement
goes beyond the requirements of the 1990
Amendments yet also is designed to help
preserve jobs and minimize costs to the
steel industry.
For example, the agreement would
require flares on bypass releases of coke
oven gases to incinerate pollutants that
otherwise would simply escape into the
atmosphere. Bypass releases occur, for
example, when a compressor breaks and
gases must be vented for safety reasons.
Although such releases are infrequent, the
amounts of toxic emissions resulting can be
very large.
The reg-neg committee, which began
meeting in February 1992, includes 22
parties representing EPA, state and local
air pollution agencies, environmental and
citizens groups, unions and steel industry
trade associations.
Acid rain. Proposed core rules to
carry out the acid rain control program
were drafted initially by the Acid Rain
Advisory Committee, which EPA
established in August 1990 to advise the
Agency on policy and technical issues.
The committee includes representatives of
utilities, environmental groups, state utility
and environmental regulatory agencies, air
pollution control manufacturers, the coal
industry, mine workers, experts from
academia, and others.
Grand Canyon visibility. EPA in
October 1991 issued a final rule that will
significantly improve visibility in the Grand
Canyon by requiring a 90 percent cut in
sulfur dioxide emissions from the Navajo
Generating Station, a coal-fired power
plant in northeastern Arizona. The rule
was based on an agreement facilitated by
EPA among power plant owners, environ-
mental groups, and the State of Arizona.
The agreement called for an annual
limit on emissions and shutdown of some
plant units for maintenance during the
winter months, thereby reducing emissions
during the time the plant contributes most
to visibility impairment. The result is more
visibility protection for the Grand Canyon
at a lower cost than would have resulted
under EPA's proposed rule.
25
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
The agreement was remarkable
because environmentalists and power plant
owners began from seemingly
irreconcilable positions. Key to the
compromise was changing the monthly
emissions limit in the proposed rule to an
annual limit. With the added flexibility,
power plant owners concluded that they
could achieve the 90 percent reduction
without having to install expensive backup
scrubber units to cover those rare
occasions when emission control
equipment broke down.
CFC phase out. Rules to phase out
cblorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and certain
other substances that deplete the
stratospheric ozone layer were developed
with the assistance of the Stratospheric
Ozone Protection Advisory Committee,
which includes members from industry and
environmental groups.
Streamlined Rulemaking
In addition to using consensus-
building approaches, OAR has used a
streamlined Agency rulemaking process to
expedite implementation of the 1990
Amendments. OAR worked with the
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
and the rest of the Agency to develop this
process for Clean Air Act rules. The
advantages of the new system are leading
other EPA offices to consider adopting
similar systems.
Following enactment of the 1990
Amendments, the air office concluded that
EPA's existing internal review process was
too slow to meet the task of issuing more
than 55 air rules in two years. The new
system, implemented in 1991, was designed
to expedite action while still providing
EPA offices an opportunity for proper
review of draft regulations and guidelines.
Under the new system, draft rules are
placed into one of four categories,
depending on the degree of controversy
and interest among EPA offices. A
different review process applies to rules in
each category. The least controversial
rules go through a streamlined process that
involves the least cross-agency review.
The most controversial and precedent-
setting rules receive personal attention
from the deputy administrator of EPA and
go through substantial cross-agency review.
26
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CHAPTER 4
ATTAINING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN URBAN AMERICA
The United States has made
substantial progress in reducing air
pollution since passage of the 1970 Clean
Air Act, Much of the progress has been
in reducing levels of six common pollutants
for which EPA has issued health-based
national air quality standards: lead, carbon
monoxide, particulate matter (soot, dust
and other particles), sulfur dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.
Emissions data best illustrate changes
from 1970 to 1991. The most dramatic
drop is in lead emissions, which plunged 98
percent. Emissions of particulate matter
(soot, dust and other particles) dropped 61
percent, carbon monoxide 50 percent, and
sulfur oxides 27 percent. Volatile organic
compounds and nitrogen oxides, which
combine in the atmosphere to form ozone,
declined 38 percent and 1 percent
respectively.
In 1991, 41 of 98 areas designated
under the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 as having ozone pollution problems
came into compliance with the national air
quality standard for ozone. In addition, 13
of the 42 areas designated as having
excessive carbon monoxide levels met the
standard in 1991. Variations in weather
patterns from year to year played a critical
role in the improved ozone levels. EPA
also attributes the improvements to federal
limits on gasoline's volatility (tendency to
evaporate) and the replacement of older
cars with hewer, cleaner ones.
Despite the progress, serious air
pollution problems remain. Consider the
following examples:
$ Ozone, the primary constituent of
smog, continues to be the most
prevalent problem; 70 million people
live in counties where pollution levels
in 1991 exceeded the federal air
quality standard for ozone. Ozone
can cause reduced lung function and
other respiratory problems, and may
lead to chronic lung diseases. Ozone
also damages forests and causes
billions of dollars in crop losses
annually.
$ More than 21 million people live in
counties with excessive particulate
levels. Particulates can interfere with
breathing, aggravate existing
respiratory and cardiovascular disease
and reduce visibility.
4 More than 19 million people live in
counties with excessive carbon
monoxide levels. Low levels of CO
can aggravate angina pectoris, a
cardiovascular disease, and may
hinder prenatal mental and physical
development
States and EPA share responsibility
for ensuring that all areas attain federal air
quality standards by deadlines specified in
the 1990 Amendments, which range from
three to 20 years. States develop an
enforceable implementation plan for each
non-attainment area. Each plan includes
specific requirements to reduce pollution
from factories, businesses and motor
vehicle traffic. EPA's role is to issue
guidance or regulations to guide state
actions, and to ensure that states devise
and carry out adequate plans.
27
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Number of Persons Living in Counties with Air
Quality Levels Above the Primary National
Ambient Air Quality Standards in 1991
pollutant
Any NAAQS
19.9
69.7
0 20
Based on 1990 population data and 1991 air quality data.
40 60
millions of persons
80
86.4
100
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Chapter 4. Attaining Air Quality Standards in Urban America
Laying the Groundwork
The foundation for implementation of
the new non-attainment program is the
designation of cities and other areas with
air pollution levels exceeding federal air
quality standards. In November 1991,
EPA designated 98 areas with ozone
pollution, 42 areas with carbon monoxide
pollution, 71 areas with fine particle
pollution, and 12 with lead pollution, as
non-attainment areas. These areas are
subject to special control requirements that
do not apply in clean air areas.
The 1990 Amendments revolutionized
the process of classifying polluted areas,
extending coverage and control
requirements to whole metropolitan areas
rather than smaller geographic units. The
new designations for ozone added 101 new
counties with a population of 15 million to
non-attainment status. The designations
for carbon monoxide added 18 new
counties with populations totaling 4
million.
Another major change is that non-
attainment areas now are classified
according to the severity of the pollution.
Under the Act, control requirements --
and deadlines for attaining air quality
standards vary depending upon this
classification.
Kansas City has become the first of
the 98 ozone non-attainment areas
formally redesignated by EPA as being in
attainment. EPA approved the state's plan
showing how Kansas City will maintain
compliance with the ozone standard during
the next 10 years.
The Agency in March 1992 proposed
rules for improved monitoring of ozone
and its precursor pollutants. Better
monitoring should enable states to design
better control strategies. The Agency also
has developed state-of-the-art computer
models the regional oxidant model
(ROM) and the urban airshed model
(UAM) to estimate how emissions
changes affect pollution levels on a
regional and urban basis.
Guiding the States
In April 1992 EPA issued a 400-page
document providing states with guidance
on how to develop programs to reduce
ozone and carbon monoxide pollution.
The so-called "general preamble" describes
how EPA preliminarily interprets state
planning requirements in Title I of the
1990 Amendments. Based on these
interpretations, EPA will propose to
approve or disapprove revisions to state
implementation plans. The revised plans
must show how states plan to bring non-
attainment areas into compliance with
federal air quality standards in most
cases, by 2000.
The document describes the actions
EPA currently believes states must take to
reduce emissions. Also included is
guidance on requirements that apply to
new pollution sources, sanctions that states
face if they fail to submit and implement
adequate plans, and the relationship
between permits and state plans.
A 1991 report by the National
Research Council, Rethinking the Ozone
Problem in Urban and Regional Air
Pollution, found that in many areas of the
United States, greater control of nitrogen
29
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
oxides is needed to combat ozone
effectively. EPA in October 1992
announced supplemental guidance to states
on implementing nitrogen oxides control
requirements for factories and plants
located in ozone non-attainment areas.
Existing major sources of nitrogen oxides
must install reasonably available control
technology to reduce NOX emissions. New
major sources of NOX must install controls
that result in the lowest achievable
emission rate, and must obtain offsetting
emissions reductions from other sources.
By 2000, these requirements are expected
to reduce annual NOX emissions by about
one million tons.
Also key to the effort to combat
ozone and carbon monoxide pollution is a
November 1992 rule to require high-tech
vehicle emissions inspection and
maintenance programs in many cities
starting in 1995. This program holds the
potential for bigger reductions of ozone-
forming emissions than any other Clean
Air Act measure.
The Agency has issued guidelines to
aid state implementation of clean-fueled
vehicle programs, and guidelines for state
programs requiring oxygenated fuels in 39
cities with carbon monoxide pollution.
Standards have been proposed for cleaner,
reformulated gasoline required in the nine
cities with the worst ozone pollution. (For
more on these actions, see motor vehicles
and fuels chapter.)
EPA also has issued guidance on
4 best available control measures for
fine particle pollution
4 cost-effectiveness of controls
4 emission inventories for volatile
organic compounds and carbon
monoxide
National Control Requirements
Another way EPA helps states bring
down pollution levels is by issuing national
pollution control requirements for new
motor vehicles, fuels and other sources of
air pollution.
To reduce vehicle emissions, EPA
recently has issued standards to limit
gasoline's volatility, cut tailpipe emissions
from cars and light trucks, and reduce the
sulfur content of diesel fuel. Proposed
rules would reduce fuel vapor evaporation
from cars and trucks and require the on-
board computers built into new motor
vehicles to have the capability to detect
and aid in diagnosis of emissions control
problems.
EPA also has targeted offshore oil
rigs, hazardous waste facilities, solid waste
landfills and mineral processing plants for
air pollution controls.
New, more stringent emissions
standards for offshore oil facilities were
finalized in September 1992. Some
offshore oil facilities emit large amounts of
ozone-forming pollutants that contribute to
ozone pollution on shore.
The rules for offshore facilities, which
apply to most areas off the U.S. coast,
seek to equalize onshore and offshore air
pollution requirements. In three Southern
California counties Los Angeles, Santa
Barbara and Ventura ~ the rule by 1994
will cut emissions of nitrogen dioxide by
30
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Chapter 4. Attaining Air Quality Standards in Urban America
more than 750 tons annually, and volatile
organic compounds by 620 tons annually.
In addition, EPA has undertaken the
following initiatives:
4 EPA in May 1991 proposed air
emissions standards for large solid
waste landfills that would reduce
emissions of ozone-forming VOCs by
nearly 425 million pounds per year.
The standards will apply to an
estimated 620 existing landfills and 90
new landfills projected to be built in
the next five years.
+ Standards for hazardous waste
facilities, proposed in July 1991,
would reduce VOC emissions from
tanks, surface impoundments and
containers by 90 percent. An earlier
rule for these facilities, finalized in
June 1990, requires control of VOCs
from process vents and equipment
leaks.
4 Fine particle emissions from mineral
processing and production plants
would be reduced 8,800 tons annually
by 1997 under a final rule issued in
October 1992.
31
-------
Trend in Highway Vehicle CO Emissions and Total Vehicle Wliles Traveled
% of 1982
Level
160 -
140 -
120 -
100 -
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
0
Hwy CO Emissions
Total VMT
1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
CO Hwy Emissions: 45 percent decrease
Total Miles Traveled: 36 percent increase
-------
CHAPTER 5
INTRODUCING CLEANER MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS
Americans love their cars but not
the serious urban air pollution problems
cars help create. Cars, trucks and buses
are responsible for more than half of the
estimated 1,500 to 3,000 human cancers
caused annually by a limited list of air
toxics, and up to 90 percent of the carbon
monoxide pollution that plagues many
cities.
Vehicles also are responsible for 50
percent of hydrocarbon emissions, and 30
percent of the nitrogen oxides. Those two
pollutants combine in the air to form
ozone smog - the nation's most widespread
and intractable pollution problem.
Although EPA regulations already
have cut motor vehicle emissions
dramatically, continued progress is needed
because of rapid growth in the total
number of miles driven. Between 1982
and 1991, the number of vehicle miles
traveled increased 36 percent, and the
figure has more than quadrupled since
1950.
EPA is attacking motor vehicle
pollution by carrying out a four-part
strategy outlined in the 1990 Amendments
cleaner fuels, cleaner new vehicles,
better maintained vehicles on the road,
and clean transportation alternatives.
Cleaner Fuels
For nearly two decades, EPA's efforts
to cut motor vehicle pollution focused
mainly on emission controls installed on
the vehicle (with the notable exception of
requirements for reducing lead in
gasoline). Today, the most promising way
to make further cuts in vehicle pollution is
a balanced attack focusing both on vehicle
technology and fuels. That emphasis is
reflected in the new name of EPA's
"National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions
Laboratory" in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
EPA in March 1989 and June 1990
finalized regulations to lower gasoline's
volatility in two phases. The nationwide
regulations dramatically reduce the release
of gasoline vapors, which contain ozone-
forming volatile organic compounds and
toxic substances such as benzene, from
motor vehicles. Reducing gasoline
volatility is one of the most effective and
least costly measures available to combat
smog.
The Agency now is taking even more
dramatic actions to make gasoline less
polluting. Reformulated gasoline will be
required in the nine cities with the worst
ozone pollution one-fifth of the U.S.
gasoline market under a rule proposed
in April 1992. Guidelines finalized in
October 1992 will help states carry out
wintertime programs requiring
"oxygenated" gasoline in 39 cities with
carbon monoxide pollution.
Together, these "clean gasoline"
initiatives rank among of the most
significant pollution-reducing measures
required by the 1990 Amendments to the
Clean Air Act. Both proposals embody a
ground-breaking August 1991 agreement
among EPA and industry, state and
environmental group representatives who
served on a regulatory negotiation
committee convened by the Agency.
33
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Reformulated gasoline, required
starting in 1995, will reduce ozone-forming
VOC and toxic emissions by at least 15
percent compared with baseline 1990
gasoline. The law calls for even cleaner
gasoline in 2000, with emissions reductions
of at least 20 percent.
The nine cities where reformulated
gasoline is federally required are
Baltimore, Chicago, Hartford, Houston,
Los Angeles, Milwaukee, New York City,
Philadelphia and San Diego. Twelve
states, including many in the Northeastern
and Mid-Atlantic regions, have opted to
have additional cities with ozone problems
included in the reformulated gasoline
program.
Oxygenated fuel programs, required in
39 cities starting in November 1992 will
reduce motor vehicle emissions of carbon
monoxide by an estimated 17 percent.
The programs also will increase use of
ethanol, a fuel made from corn, and
MTBE, a natural-gas derivative. Both
additives boost the oxygen content of
gasoline, resulting in better fuel
combustion and lower carbon monoxide
emissions, especially in older vehicles.
EPA's proposed guidelines allow
gasoline suppliers for the 39 cities to meet
minimum oxygen content standards in a
flexible and cost-effective manner. Those
selling fuel with higher-than-required
oxygen content will be able to sell credits
to other fuel sellers, enabling them to sell
gasoline with less oxygen than required.
Similar credit systems are proposed for
meeting requirements in the reformulated
gasoline rule.
Complementing EPA's clean-fuels
efforts is a partial exemption for ethanol-
blended gasoline from the federal excise
tax on gasoline. The exemption
historically applied only to blends of 10
percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
The newly enacted Energy Policy Act of
1992 extends the exemption to blends
using lower percentages of ethanol, on a
prorated basis.
Cleaner New Vehicles
One of EPA's early actions to carry
out the new Act was to propose tough new
tailpipe emissions standards for new cars
and light trucks, to be phased in between
1994 and 1998. Finalized in June 1991 the
standards will require automakers to
reduce exhaust emissions significantly for
the first time since 1981.
For cars, the standards require a 30-
percent reduction in hydrocarbon
emissions and a 60-percent cut in nitrogen
oxide emissions, relative to current
standards. In addition, manufacturers are
required to make auto emissions controls
that operate effectively for a longer period
of time.
EPA also has finalized a new tailpipe
standard to reduce carbon monoxide
emissions from cars and trucks during cold
weather. The "cold CO" standard, once
fully implemented, will reduce carbon
monoxide emissions by 20 to 29 percent at
20 degrees Fahrenheit and save 43,000
barrels of oil a day through improved fuel
combustion.
The Agency is promoting introduction
of "clean-fuel vehicles" by aiding in
implementation of two state-run programs
34
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Chapter 5. Introducing Cleaner Motor Vehicles and Fuels
required by the 1990 Amendments. To be
considered clean-fueled, a vehicle must
meet tailpipe emission limits tougher than
for conventional vehicles. These vehicles
may run, for example, on reformulated
gasoline, compressed natural gas, liquified
petroleum gas, methanol or ethanol.
One program, a pilot program for
California, mandates production of 150,000
clean-fuel vehicles beginning in model year
1996, and 300,000 a year in model 1999
and thereafter. The second program,
required in 22 cities, requires a 50- to 70-
percent of new fleet vehicles such as
taxis and delivery vans to be clean-fueled
beginning as early as 1998.
For both programs, the Agency has
issued proposed rules that promote
innovative technologies and regulatory
flexibility through marketable credit
systems. Fleet operators and vehicle
manufacturers that go beyond minimum
requirements could sell credits to other
that did not want to buy or make as many
clean-fuel vehicles as required.
EPA is actively encouraging fleet
owners to buy vehicles that have inherently
low evaporative emissions such as
vehicles powered by methanol, ethanol,
compressed natural gas or electricity.
Clean-fuel vehicle standards are based on
tailpipe emissions, but some types of fuels
inherently have lower evaporative
emissions than gasoline. The proposed
rule, issued in October 1991, allows clean-
fuel fleet vehicles certain exemptions from
transportation control measures that states
may impose. At EPA's initiative, the rule
would provide additional exemptions, such
as allowing use of high-occupancy-vehicle
carpool lanes, for inherently low emitting
vehicles (ILEVs).
Proposed national emissions standards
for natural gas vehicles wee announced in
October 1992. The standards, which are
equivalent to those for gasoline-fueled
vehicles, are intended to create a level
playing field for natural gas vehicles in the
marketplace. The standards limit
emissions of carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons.
EPA is close to issuing final standards
for improving the control of evaporation
of gasoline vapors from cars and trucks,
which occur while vehicles are parked or
running. Evaporative emissions account
for more than half of passenger car
emissions of volatile organic compounds,
contributing to ozone and toxic pollution.
EPA has received more complaints
about the black billows of smoke from
urban buses than any other motor vehicle
pollution problem. - Diesel particulate
pollution will be substantially cut by an
EPA rule, finalized in 1991, that requires
an 80 percent reduction of sulfur in diesel
fuel by October 1993. To go along with
the requirement for cleaner fuel, the
Agency has proposed new controls on
urban buses. Proposed standards for
model years 1993 and 1994 would cut
diesel particulate emissions 95 percent
from uncontrolled levels.
Better Maintained Vehicles on the
Road
To ensure that tough emissions
standards effectively cut emissions, the
1990 Amendments require vehicle
emissions inspection programs in more
35
-------
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
areas of the country 181, up from 125
programs in effect today. These programs
test motorists' cars and trucks to ensure
that they are properly tuned and that their
emissions control systems are working.
Under a final rule EPA announced in
November 1992, many cities with serious
ozone or carbon monoxide pollution
problems will soon have high-tech vehicle
emissions inspection and maintenance
programs. These high-tech, or "enhanced,"
programs are expected to be three times
more effective than current inspection
programs in reducing emissions from
improperly maintained cars. The program
also will be more convenient for car
owners, because inspections could be done
once every two years rather than annually,
the usual frequency under current
programs.
This program holds the potential for
bigger reductions of ozone-forming
emissions than any other Clean Air Act
measure. The importance of reducing
emissions from vehicles already in use is
illustrated by the fact that an estimated 20
percent of all vehicles on the road are
creating more than 60 percent of vehicle
emissions. I&M programs can reduce
vehicle emissions dramatically ~ 28 percent
for VOCs, 31 percent for carbon
monoxide, and 9 percent for NOX at a
cost far less than that of alternative
pollution control measures.
The new I&M rule requires enhanced
programs to have separate "test only"
inspection stations, which have proved
much more effective than "test and repair"
centers where vehicles are often tested and
repaired at the same location. Jobs in the
auto repair industry are expected to
increase by 3,800 to 11,600 as a result of
the rule. While fewer testing jobs will be
needed in some areas, additional repair
jobs will more than offset the losses.
EPA separately has proposed
requiring all new cars and light trucks to
utilize their on-board computers to
monitor the performance of emission
control systems, starting with the 1994
model year. A dashboard signal would
alert the driver to problems. Codes stored
in the computer's memory bank would
help mechanics in diagnosing and making
repairs.
The net cost of the equipment,
accounting for improved repair and fuel
economy over the vehicle's life, would be
$40 for new cars and $30 for new trucks.
Clean Transportation Alternatives
EPA and the Department of
Transportation are bridling a working
partnership as they coordinate
implementation of the Clean Air Act and
the Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1992.
That partnership has produced
guidance to help cities and states promote
alternatives to the single-commuter car.
EPA in May 1992 published guidance on
transportation control measures such as
carpooling, high occupancy vehicle lanes
and mass transit. Another guideline, to be
published soon, explains options for
employer programs to reduce the number
of trips driven.
EPA and DOT also are working
cooperatively on revised regulations to
help transportation planners properly
36
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Chapter 5. Introducing Cleaner Motor Vehicles arid Fuels
consider air quality and to ensure that
transportation plans are in conformity with
state air pollution control plans.
After coordinating with EPA, DOT in
October 1992 issued guidance on the
spending of funds earmarked under ISTEA
for transportation projects or programs
that will contribute to attainment of
federal air quality standards, particularly
the ozone and carbon monoxide standards.
ISTEA authorizes $6 billion for fiscal years
1992 through 1997 for such purposes
under the Congestion Mitigation and Air
Quality Improvement Program.
37
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Acid Rain Program
I
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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Year
-------
CHAPTERS
COMBATTING ACID RAIN
After more than a decade of battles
between environmentalists and industry,
President Bush proposed and Congress
passed legislation to control acid rain as
part of the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990,
Acid rain the common term for acid
deposition -- is created when sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides given off by fossil fuel
combustion react in the atmosphere to
form sulfuric and nitric acids. The
pollutants return to earth in the form of
rain, snow, fog, dry particles or gases.
Acid deposition has acidified lakes in
regions such as the Adirondack Mountains
of New York, the Upper Peninsula of
Michigan, and southern New England. A
1988 EPA survey found that acid
deposition is the main reason that 4,455
kilometers of streams in the mid-Atlantic
and Southeastern states are acidic. Acidic
clouds have contributed to the decline of
high-elevation red spruce in the
Appalachians.
Pollutants associated with acid rain
including sulfur dioxide, sulfates and acid
aerosols can impair breathing and
increase the incidence of respiratory
diseases, and may contribute to chronic
illnesses. EPA is studying whether these
effects occur at pollution levels currently
found in the United States. Visibility is
impaired throughout the country and in
many national parks by fine particle
pollution, much of which is formed from
acid rain precursor pollutants.
The 1990 Amendments call for annual
sulfur dioxide emissions in the United
States to be cut 10 million tons from the
1980 level, mainly through a 50-percent
cut in emissions from fossil-fuel-burning
power plants. The program includes an
innovative system of marketable emissions
allowances that gives the utility industry
flexibility to reduce emissions in the least
costly way.
In addition, utilities must meet
requirements for controlling nitrogen oxide
emissions that in conjunction with other
provisions of the Act are intended to
reduce NOX emissions by approximately
two million tons from the 1980 level.
Additional NOX reductions are required
from motor vehicles and from industrial
plants in ozone non-attainment areas.
EPA has made great strides toward
full implementation of the acid rain
control program. In October 1992 the
Agency announced a package of final rules
implementing the key elements of the
sulfur dioxide reduction program. Nearly
simultaneously, a proposed rule to
accomplish
unveiled.
the NC* reductions was
In 1990, the program's cost to utilities
was estimated at $3 billion to $3.9 billion
a year upon full implementation in 2005.
Without the allowance trading system, that
estimate would be $1 billion higher. EPA
now believes the cost is likely to be
considerably less due to an improved
outlook for scrubber efficiency, cheap low-
sulfur coal, improved energy efficiency and
low-cost clean coal technology use.
The cost of the SO2 reductions will
raise consumer electricity rates after the
39
-------
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
year 2000 by 0.5 percent to 1.2 percent, on
a national average basis. The NOX rule is
expected to cause a 0.1 percent increase in
the national average electricity rate.
The SO2 Program
The package of SO2 rules includes
regulations governing the allowance
trading system, penalties for exceeding
emissions limits, continuous emission
monitoring requirements, and permit
requirements.
The SO2 reduction will be achieved in
two phases. By 1995, the 110 large plants
that are the most heavily polluting must
reduce emissions. Most of these are coal-
fired plants.
In 2000, when the second phase
begins, the 110 large dirty plants must
further reduce emissions, and limits are
imposed on 800 smaller plants and cleaner
plants. A permanent annual cap of less
than 9 million tons is placed on overall
utility SO2 emissions to prevent the total
from rising again as electricity production
increases.
Utilities are granted great flexibility
on ways to reduce emissions. The options
include switching from high-sulfur coal to
low-sulfur coal or natural gas, installing
flue-gas scrubbers or other technologies,
shifting some electricity production from
dirtier plants to cleaner ones, and
encouraging more efficient electricity use
by customers. Strategies will be spelled
out in permits containing Clean Air Act
requirements for each utility generating
unit
The 1990 Amendments, a compromise
among many interests, provide a two-year
extension of the Phase I deadline and
extra allowances as incentives for use of
scrubbers to reduce job losses in high-
sulfur coal mining areas. Extra allowances
also are provided for reducing emissions
through conservation or renewable energy
sources. A four-year extension of the
Phase II deadline is available for plants
that comply by replacing boilers with clean
coal repowering technologies.
The SO2 program is built on an
innovative system of marketable emissions
allowances. This approach, a centerpiece
of the clean air bill proposed by President
Bush in 1989, was adopted as part of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
An allowance entitles the holder to
emit one ton of SO2. EPA grants each
utility generating unit a number of
allowances corresponding to its SO2
emissions limit. Utilities that can control
emissions most cost effectively - often
those with big, high-emitting coal-fired
plants can reduce emissions more than
required and sell their extra allowances.
Utilities that find reducing emissions more
costly can purchase additional allowances
to meet all or part of their control
requirements. In this way, the system
provides the industry with flexibility to
achieve the overall SO2 reduction in the
most cost-effective manner.
Actions taken during 1992 show that
the market for allowances is developing.
The first allowance sales were announced
in May 1992 by Wisconsin Power and
Light. The Chicago Board of Trade has
announced its intention to develop a
"futures" market in allowances.
40
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Chapter 6, Combatting Acid Rain
To stimulate the allowance market,
the 1990 Amendments set aside a small
number of allowances that EPA will
distribute through annual auctions and
direct sales. EPA finalized rules governing
auctions and sales in December 1991.
In September 1992, EPA delegated
administration of the auctions and sales to
the Chicago Board of Trade. Anyone can
buy allowances and profit if the price of
allowances rises over time.
Key to the entire program is the
ability of EPA and states to monitor
emissions reductions accurately. As
required by the 1990 Amendments, EPA
rules require utilities to use highly accurate
systems for continuous emissions
monitoring of SO^ as well as other
pollutants including NOX. Results must be
reported every three months. This ensures
that plants comply with their emission
limits and allows verification that
allowances being offered for sale have not
been used and are actually available.
The Agency took care to ensure that
the monitoring data will not be biased high
or low, to ensure that allowances are a
standard commodity and that the program
achieves its environmental goals.
When a plant's emissions exceed its
allowances, the utility will be subject to a
tough financial penalty - $2,000 for every
ton of excess emissions. This gives utilities
a strong incentive to ensure their own
compliance.
The NOX Program
Also aimed at reducing acid rain is a
proposed rule to control nitrogen oxides
from the electric utility industry, EPA
estimates that the proposal would cut
annual utility NOX emissions by 1.5 million
to 2 million tons from the level projected
for the year 2000 without the rule.
The proposal represents the first time
EPA has sought to control NOX from
existing plants or factories. Previous rules
have required controls on motor vehicles
and new industrial plants, (For more on
NOX controls and issues, see chapters on
attaining air quality standards and future
issues.)
The proposed NOX emissions limits
apply to about 800 coal-fired utility boilers.
The plants must comply with NOX limits on
their deadlines for meeting SO2 limits,
which may range from 1995 to the end of
2003. These limits are for tangentially-
fired boilers and dry-bottom wall-fired
boilers. Separate emission limits for other
types of coal-fired boilers are to be set by
January 1997.
The proposed rule would allow
utilities to comply through averaging
annual emission rates of generating units
at one or more power plants. The
averaging system will enable utilities to
reduce emissions in the most cost-effective
way.
Further NOX reductions will result
from provisions of the 1990 Act that
tighten emissions standards for cars and
trucks and require NOX reductions in areas
with ozone pollution.
41
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Air Toxics
> Chemical processes & uses
> Chemical manufacturers
> Coke oven batteries
> Fuels, gasoline
> Smelters, utilities
> Small sources like degreasers, electroplaters
2.4 billion pounds emitted
1500-3000 cancer deaths
Reproductive, birth defects,
and other serious health effects
Secondary exposure via water, soil, etc.
(OSWER)
O AQ PS
-------
CHAPTER 7
REDUCING TOXIC AIR POLLUTION
Millions of tons of hazardous air
pollutants are emitted each year by motor
vehicles, major industrial plants, and
smaller "area sources" such as
electroplating operations, gas stations, and
dry cleaners.
A subset of toxic air pollutants
evaluated by EPA may cause 1,500 to
3,000 U.S. cancer deaths each year. Air
toxics also cause a variety of a non-cancer
health problems such as birth defects and
damage to the brain or other parts of the
nervous system.
Another concern is ecosystem
damage, direct and indirect. For example,
the deposition of toxics from the
atmosphere is a major source of toxic
contamination in the Great Lakes. Great
Lakes states have issued health advisories
warning people not to eat certain sport
fish because they contain elevated levels of
mercury and other toxics.
To combat the threat of air toxics, the
1990 Amendments require EPA over a 10-
year period to issue "maximum achievable
control technology" (MACT) standards
covering all major industrial sources of
toxic air pollution. Industries must comply
within three years after a standard is
issued. If significant risks remain after
MACT controls are installed, tighter
standards to protect public health and the
environment are required.
Additional provisions require controls
on area sources, measures to prevent
accidental release of air toxics, and
measures to protect the Great Lakes.
Encouraging Early Cuts in Toxic
Emissions
EPA initiated innovative new
programs to encourage companies to cut
emissions of toxic air pollutants even
before enactment of the 1990
Amendments.
At the invitation of EPA
Administrator William Reilly, nine major
petrochemical manufacturers voluntarily
agreed in August 1989 to reduce emissions
of air toxics through changes in processing
and substituting different materials at 40
chemical plants in 14 states. The
reductions at the plants, which posed
relatively high estimated risks, will total
almost 83 percent when fully implemented
by December 1993.
Another EPA initiative - the 33/50
project, launched in February 1991 - asks
companies to cut voluntarily releases of 17
high-priority toxic chemicals to the air,
water and soil. The Office of Pollution
Prevention and Toxics, which administers
the 33/50 program, has worked closely with
the Office of Air and Radiation to
coordinate the program with toxic and
other air pollution programs. As of mid-
October 1992, 966 companies had pledged
to reduce their releases of the 17
chemicals by 347 million pounds.
In the regulatory arena, EPA in
October 1992 announced a final rule to
implement an innovative "early reductions"
program to give industries an incentive to
reduce toxic air emissions earlier than
required by the Clean Air Act. Under this
optional program included in the 1990
43
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Amendments, a company would reduce a
plant's emissions of certain toxic pollutants
by 90 percent or 95 percent before EPA
proposes a MACT regulation for that type
of industrial facility. In exchange, the
plant would be given six extra years to
comply with the MACT standard.
To date, 34 companies have made
commitments to make early reductions at
49 plants. If all those commitments are
carried out, the resulting reductions in
toxic air pollutant emissions will total 33
million pounds by January 1, 1994.
Controlling Major Pollution Sources
Recently issued national standards will
reduce toxic air pollution from several
industries:
4 The Agency in February 1991 issued
new standards for large municipal
waste incinerators that require a 90-
percent overall reduction in pollutant
emissions by 1994. The standards
require flue-gas scrubbers at new and
existing incinerators to limit emissions
of metals such as lead and cadmium,
organic chemicals such as diorins and
furans, acid gases such as sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.
$ EPA in May 1991 proposed standards
and guidelines for states to use in
controlling air pollution from large
solid waste landfills. More than
three-fourths of the 255,000 metric
tons of non-methane organic
compounds emitted annually from
landfills such as benzene and vinyl
chloride would be controlled.
$ The Agency proposed air emissions
standards in My 1991 for 2,300
hazardous waste treatment, storage
and disposal facilities. The standards
would reduce aggregate cancer risks
posed by air toxics from those
facilities by an estimated 94 percent.
Meanwhile, EPA has worked to lay
the foundation for requiring MACT
control technology on all major sources of
toxic pollution. These efforts led in July
1992 to promulgation of an initial list of
174 industrial categories potentially subject
to MACT standards, which will be issued
industry by industry. The list includes
eight categories of small "area sources" of
toxic emissions, four of which involve
commercial dry cleaning or chromium
electroplating.
A proposed 10-year schedule for
issuing MACT standards was announced in
September 1992. The draft schedule calls
for the first standards to be issued for
synthetic organic chemical manufacturing
plants, industrial dry cleaners and
commercial dry cleaners, and steel industry
coke ovens.
Control technology standards for
some 3,700 industrial and large commercial
dry cleaners were proposed in November
1991. Air emissions of perchloroethylene,
the most widely used solvent in dry-
cleaning, would be cut at least 13 percent
by 1996.
Much of the Agency's early effort to
implement the air toxics program has
focused on setting a MACT standard for
the synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing industry. This regulation will
reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions
44
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Chapter 7. Reducing Toxic Air Pollution
from the industry by 80 percent, or
522,500 tons per year more than any
other air toxics regulation to be issued
under the 1990 Amendments. Emissions
of volatile organic compounds, which react
to form ozone, will be reduced by nearly
1.1 million tons per year.
The proposed rule, announced in
October 1992, would control emissions of
149 hazardous pollutants from
approximately 370 chemical manufacturing
facilities nationwide. Included are
requirements to reduce emissions from
equipment leaks; these requirements were
the first negotiated by consensus under the
1990 Amendments. Also reflected in the
proposal are dozens of discussions the
Agency held with the chemical industry,
states and the Office of Management and
Budget.
Also in October 1992, EPA
announced that regulatory negotiations
among industry, states, unions and
environmentalists had produced an
agreement on regulations to reduce toxic
emissions from steel industry coke ovens.
The agreement goes beyond Clean Air Act
requirements to protect citizens from toxic
pollutants while helping to preserve jobs
and minimize costs to the steel industry. A
proposed rule embodying the agreement
will be issued in the near future.
Smaller, "Area Sources"
As EPA issues standards for each
category of major sources of air toxics, the
Agency will simultaneously evaluate
whether that industry has numerous small
sources of air toxics that warrant
regulation. Already, the Agency's urban
area source program has underway a
$1 million study to identify the 30
pollutants from area sources that pose the
greatest health risks in urban areas. The
law requires EPA to ensure that 90
percent of the emissions of these
pollutants are covered by MACT standards
or less stringent "generally achievable
control technology" standards.
Motor Vehicle Toxics
EPA is undertaking major efforts to
combat toxic air pollution from motor
vehicles. The Agency has finalized
regulations dramatically lowering gasoline's
"volatility," or tendency to evaporate.
Gasoline vapors contain toxic substances
such as benzene.
Standards for reformulated gasoline,
proposed in April 1992, will reduce toxic
emissions at least 15 percent by 1995 and
at least 20 percent by 2000, relative to
baseline 1990 gasoline. Reformulated
gasoline will be required in the nine cities
with the worst ozone pollution, and many
Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states have
requested to be included in the program.
Reductions in toxic emissions also are
expected from clean-fuel vehicle programs,
new evaporative emissions standards
proposed for cars and trucks, and other
motor vehicle regulations. (See Chapter
5.)
Accidental Releases
The 1990 Act requires EPA to issue
regulations for prevention and detection of
accidental releases of air toxics, and for
response by facility owners or operators.
The regulations must require facilities
where an extremely hazardous substance is
45
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
present in more thaa a threshold quantity
to prepare and implement a risk
management plan. The Chemical
Emergency Preparedness and Prevention
Office (CEPPO) has lead responsibility for
implementing these requirements.
EPA expects shortly to propose a rule
listing extremely hazardous substances and
specifying threshold quantities for
determining which facilities must file risk
management plans. A proposed rule
establishing requirements for these plans
has been submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget for review.
The Agency already has issued
guidance for determining when EPA can
use authority panted by the 1990
Amendments to issue administrative orders
to halt an imminent or substantial
endangerment to health, welfare or the
environment
46
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CHAPTERS
WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD:
PERMITS AND ENFORCEMENT
The 1990 Amendments gave EPA
new tools to carry out and enforce the
Clean Air Act's requirements: a
comprehensive permit system and stronger
enforcement powers.
For the first time under federal law,
all industrial plants and businesses classi-
fied as major pollution sources must obtain
operating permits. The permit system, to
be administered by state and local air
agencies, will facilitate enforcement efforts
by states and EPA. Permit fees will
provide a new source of revenue for state
and local air programs.
The 1990 Amendments also
strengthened EPA's power to enforce the
Act. The range of civil and criminal
sanctions available was broadened, and in
many cases sanctions were increased. A
key provision granted EPA new authority
to assess administrative civil penalties of
up to $25,000 per day of violation,
generally up to $200,000 in a particular
case.
Effective compliance monitoring and
enforcement are essential to ensure that
market-based and other flexible regulatory
systems achieve their environmental goals.
The Permits Rule
EPA in July 1992 issued a final rule
setting minimum requirements for state air
pollution permit programs. Permit
programs are the means for translating the
Act's requirements into reality - including
those for combatting urban air pollution,
acid rain, toxic air pollution, and ozone-
layer depletion.
The rule effectuates the requirement
that all major air pollution sources to
obtain operating permits. Each facility's
permit is to contain all of its Clean Air Act
requirements. The definition of "major
source" varies depending on the pollutant
emitted and the severity of pollution in
geographic areas exceeding a federal air
quality standard.
For the first time on the federaltevel,
the program will collect the Act's
requirements for an industrial plant into a
single document and provide for periodic
monitoring and reporting on compliance.
The company will have a road map
explaining what it must do, and regulators
and the public will have the data necessary
to check compliance. This combination
should increase compliance rates and yield
cost-effective emissions reductions.
State programs. By November 1993,
state air pollution agencies must submit to
EPA permit programs with minimum
elements specified by the Act and EPA's
regulations. EPA is given one year to
approve or disapprove the programs.
State and local agencies are free to make
their programs more stringent than
mandated by the regulations.
Permit programs must include permit
fees sufficient to cover their costs.
Permitting authorities will develop their
own fee structures, subject to EPA
approval. EPA estimates that these fees
will generate more than $300 million a
47
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TITLE V PERMITS
Sources Required to Obtain Permits
(Estimated # 34,000)
Major Sources by Emission Limits Major Sources by industry Sector
<100TPY62%
Manufacturing 75%
. , ';< Toxic Sources 11%
(Not Otherwise Major)
Trade 5%
Services 6%
= or>100TPY 27%
7%
Utilities 7%
Sources Potentially Subject to Permits
(Estimated # 350,000)
Nonmajor Air Toxic Sources by Source Category
Gas Marketing Stg I 55%
Other 3%
; Hospital Sterilizers 2%
; Dry Cleaners 7%
Solvent Cleaners 33%
TPY - Tons per Year
-------
Chapter 8. Where the Rubber Meets the Road: Permits and Enforcement
year nationwide for state and local air
programs.
Although prior to the 1990
Amendments the Clean Air Act did not
require operating permits, approximately
35 states required such permits for some
air pollution sources. EPA's rules are
designed to build on existing programs and
allow states to meet the minimum
requirements in a variety of ways.
Minimizing burdens. The permits
rule is designed to minimize burdens on
the private sector. Within certain limits,
manufacturers are given flexibility to
change their operations quickly to meet
market demands, without first going
through a time-consuming permit revision
process.
States are given the option of
exempting small pollution sources from
permit requirements until EPA determines
whether small sources should be included.
In addition, states are allowed to issue
"general permits" covering numerous
similar small sources, greatly reducing
administrative burdens on small businesses.
In February 1992, EPA issued
guidance to help states establish programs
for giving small businesses technical and
environmental compliance assistance.
These programs will help small businesses
identify applicable Clean Air Act
requirements and will provide them with
information on compliance methods.
Enforcing the Act
EPA has issued rules to carry out new
enforcement powers granted by the 1990
Act while taking violators to court to
demonstrate the Agency's determination to
enforce clean air rules.
An administrative hearing rule and
rules for imposing administrative penalties
were finalized in 1992. Draft proposed
regulations were submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget on citizen suits
and on monetary awards for people who
provide information leading to a criminal
conviction or civil penalty under the Clean
Air Act. Also in draft form is an
enhanced monitoring and compliance
certification rule designed to enable states
and EPA to better assess sources'
compliance over time.
EPA in March 1991 developed a
"compliance monitoring strategy" and an
"inspection target model" to help states
target the most environmentally significant
pollution sources for inspections.
In fiscal 1991, EPA referred 86 Clean
Air Act cases to the Department of Justice
for formal enforcement actions. This was
part of a record-setting total of 474 civil
judicial and criminal cases referred by EPA
to the Justice Department that year.
Figures for fiscal 1992 are not yet released.
EPA in May 1992 announced the
filing of 52 Clean Air Act enforcement
actions using its new authority to levy
administrative penalties. The cases, filed
in 26 states and Puerto Rico, involve a
wide variety of regulations. Penalties
totaled more than $4 million. In all, 100
administrative complaints were filed in
fiscal 1992.
Other Clean Air Act enforcement
highlights from 1991 and 1992 include the
following:
49
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
4 Several companies agreed to pay
$1.825 million for violations of the
hazardous air pollutant standard for
arsenic emissions from glass
manufacturing plants. The penalty is
one of the largest ever for a
hazardous air pollutant violation
under the Clean Air Act.
4 One of the highest civil penalties ever
imposed under a Clean Air Act
consent decree was announced by
EPA in December 1991. An electric
utility agreed to pay a $1.31 million
fine.
4 Clean Air Act violations were part of
several multi-media enforcement
initiatives taken by the Agency during
1991 and 1992. Some of those
initiatives targeted pollution from
lead, benzene, and industries such as
pulp and paper and primary metals.
4 In 1990, EPA brought the first
lawsuits to enforce U.S. rules
implementing the Montreal Protocol
on Substances that Deplete the
Stratospheric Ozone Layer.
Motor vehicle manufacturers also
have been the target of EPA enforcement
efforts. In recent years, many major
automakers have recalled groups of
vehicles that were failing to meet tailpipe
emissions standards in customer use.
From January 1989 through
September 1992, manufacturers issued 146
recalls to rectify emissions problems with
nearly 12.5 million vehicles. About 75
percent of these vehicles were recalled
after EPA's emissions testing program
discovered the problem. The rest were
recalled after manufacturers discovered
compliance problems themselves, without
EPA involvement. EPA believes that
manufacturers are willing to conduct
voluntary recalls partly because of the
Agency's active enforcement program.
50
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CHAPTER 9
A GLOBAL APPROACH: PROTECTING
THE OZONE LAYER AND INTERNATIONAL AIR QUALITY
One of EPA's most urgent missions is
to protect the natural ozone layer in the
upper atmosphere, which shields the
Earth's surface from damaging ultraviolet
radiation.
Studies during the second half of the
1980s documented a springtime ozone
"hole" over Antarctica and significant
ozone losses around the globe. In April
1991, scientists with the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration
announced that the ozone layer was being
depleted twice as quickly as previously
thought, and that 4 percent to 5 percent of
the ozone layer over the United States had
been destroyed during the previous
decade.
EPA estimated that the accelerated
ozone depiction over the United States
could lead to 200,000 additional skin
cancer deaths over the next 50 years and
an increase in the annual incidence of skin
cancer from 500,000 to 800,000 cases.
Ozone depletion also is expected to result
in suppression of the human immune
system and damage to crops and aquatic
life.
Evidence is strong that ozone
depletion is being caused by release to the
atmosphere of chemicals such as
chlorofluorocarbons (used in refrigerators,
air conditioners, and foam blowers and as
cleaning solvents), halons (used in fire
extinguishers), carbon tetrachloride and
methyl chloroform.
To reduce the threat, the 1990
Amendments to the Clean Air Act require
EPA to phase out ozone-depleting
chemicals, place restrictions on use and
disposal of those chemicals, and promote
development of safe substitutes.
Other EPA efforts to protect
international air quality are reflected in
recent agreements with Canada and
Mexico.
Phasing Out Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals
EPA in July 1992 issued a final rule
phasing out production and imports of the
most damaging ozone-depleting chemicals.
The rule carries out requirements of the
1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and
fulfills the commitment made by the
United States when it ratified the June
1990 Amendments to the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete The
Ozone Layer.
The phase-out schedule requires
production and imports of
chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon
tetrachloride to cease by 2000. The phase-
out deadline for methyl chloroform is
2002.
Even as EPA worked on the rule,
new scientific evidence suggested that the
ozone layer was being depleted even more
quickly than previously believed. In
February 1992, President Bush committed
to accelerate the phase-out schedule from
2000 to the end of 1995, four years earlier
than mandated by domestic law or the
Montreal Protocol. EPA has submitted to
OMB a proposed rule to carry out this
51
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
commitment. Countries that are parties to
the protocol will meet in November 1992
to decide on a similar phase-out world-
wide.
Safe Alternatives
While acting to phase out ozone-
depleting chemicals, EPA has been
promoting movement to safe alternative
products and technologies.
Primarily with EPA funding,
University of Maryland researchers have
completed demonstration models of
refrigerators that use significantly less
electricity than current models, which use
ozone-depleting CFC-12. These
refrigerators use a mixture of CFC-
substitute refrigerants in a modified
refrigerator design.
In cooperation with other nations and
industry, the Agency has helped identify
testing needed to assess the safety of
potential alternatives to CFGs. EPA also
cosponsored major international
conferences on alternative products and
technologies in 1990, 1991 and 1992.
Recycling, Use Restrictions and
Labeling
Another focus of Agency efforts has
been to prevent the release of ozone-
depleting chemicals from the products in
which they are used.
The refrigerant in motor vehicle air
conditioners constitutes the largest use of
CFGs in the United States, accounting for
more than 21 percent of total use. EPA in
July 1992 issued a final rule requiring
service stations to recycle CFCs removed
during servicing of motor vehicle air
conditioners. Venting the ozone-depleting
chemicals to the atmosphere -- a practice
often followed in the past is banned.
The rule requires certification of
service technicians and recycling
equipment at service stations, and restricts
the retail sale of small containers of auto
air conditioning refrigerant.
Also under the 1990 Amendments,
EPA is taking action to discourage use of
ozone-depleters. Labeling requirements
for products using ozone-depleting
chemicals were proposed in May 1992. A
rule banning the non-essential use of
ozone-depleting chemicals in certain
consumer and industrial products was
proposed in January 1992. The ban would
apply, for example, to noise horns (which
are used for boating, sporting events and
alarm systems), flexible and packaging
foam, and cleaning fluids for electronic
and photographic equipment.
New International Accords
The United States has concluded
bilateral environmental agreements with
Canada and Mexico during the past two
years.
The United States and Canada in
March 1991 reached a historic agreement
to reduce acid rain and other air pollution
that crosses the countries' common border.
The Office of Air and Radiation played an
important role in the negotiations.
Key provisions of the United
States/Canada Air Quality Agreement
commit both countries to reduce emissions
of the two principal acid-rain-causing
52
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Chapter 9, A Global Approach: Protecting the Ozone Layer and International Air Quality
pollutants, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen
oxides, The U.S. commitments generally
track requirements of the 1990
Amendments to the Clean Air Act.
EPA and its Mexican counterpart,
SEDUE, in February 1992 announced a
plan for tackling the most serious
environmental problems in the U.S.-
Mexico border area through improved
enforcement and other initiatives. To
decrease air pollution, the plan includes
measures to improve traffic circulation in
the border area and increase vehicle
emissions inspection programs in Mexico.
The plan also calls for expanded air
pollution monitoring and preparation of
emissions inventories in large cities along
the border.
53
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CHAPTER 10
GREEN PROGRAMS: CONSERVING ENERGY AND
ATTACKING THE GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM
Another international air pollution
concern is the contribution of air pollution
to global warming. Combustion of fossil
fuels and other human activities have
increased atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse
gases," These gases allow the sun's light
energy to penetrate the atmosphere but
trap heat radiated from the Earth's
surface.
Scientists differ on the rate of global
warming and its likely effects. However,
some have forecast rising sea levels, beach
erosion, saltwater contamination of coastal
ground water supplies, inundation of low-
lying agricultural regions and populous
coastal areas, ecosystem shifts and
extinction of species.
EPA is undertaking innovative,
voluntary energy conservation programs
that save money while reducing air
pollution and emissions of greenhouse
gases. These programs are described in an
October 1992 brochure titled The Climate
Is Right For Action, which invites
businesses and local governments to
participate.
Green Lights
Heading the list is the Green Lights
Program, which encourages companies and
others to install voluntarily energy-efficient
lighting.
Since the program was launched in
January 1991, more than 650 companies,
state and local governments, and
universities have joined. These include
Southern California Edison, Nynex, 3M>
Polaroid, Xerox, Chevron and Mobil, 12
states including California and
Massachusetts, and M.I.T., Columbia,
Indiana and Tufts Universities.
The area covered by the program
2.9 billion square feet is much greate;
than the combined square footage of all
commercial real estate in Los Angeles,
Chicago, Dallas, Detroit and New York.
As of September 1992, EPA
estimated that the program was cutting
emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxide by more than 8.5
million metric tons a year and cutting
participants' electric bills by $917 million a
year.
Other Green Programs
More recently launched are two other
promising voluntary programs: Golden
Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerators and
Energy Star Computers.
The Golden Carrot program aims for
appliance manufacturers to develop and
market a CFC-free refrigerator-freeEer
that is 30 percent to 50 percent more
energy efficient than the 1993 Department
of Energy standard. The incentive is $30
million to be awarded in a utility-
sponsored contest to the manufacturer that
can produce the most cost-effective units
at the earliest time. The program is a
collaborative effort involving EPA, utilities,
environmental groups, state agencies and
appliance manufacturers.
55
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Under the EPA Energy Star
Computers Program, eight leading
computer manufacturers agreed in June to
introduce and promote energy-efficient
personal computers that enter a low-power
state when not in use. These companies,
and others that join the program, will be
able to label and advertise qualifying
computers using the EPA Energy Star
logo.
The energy savings and air pollution
avoided could be huge because computers
are not in active use most of the time they
are turned on. Moreover, 30 percent to
40 percent of the nation's 30-35 million
personal computers are left running at
night and on weekends.
EPA is working on similar programs
for industrial motors and commercial
building heating and cooling.
In September 1992, EPA and the Pew
Charitable Trusts jointly committed more
than $584,000 to help state public utility
commissions pursue energy conservation
measures. The Regulatory Assistance
Project will provide training and technical
support to commissions on "least cost
integrated resource planning" for electric
utilities. The idea is to consider electricity
conservation measures and renewable
energy options, as well as construction of
new conventional power plants, in long-
range planning.
Complementary Actions
A number of Clean Air Act
regulations and programs will help reduce
emissions of greenhouse gases. These
include the following:
a proposed regulation that will reduce
escape of methane gas from solid
waste landfills
Clean Air Act programs to reduce
ozone pollution and nitrogen oxides
emissions
electric utility conservation incentives
in the acid rain control program
56
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CHAPTER 11
REDUCING RISKS FROM INDOOR AIR
Most people are aware that outdoor
air pollution can damage their health but
may not know that indoor air pollution can
also have significant harmful effects. EPA
studies indicate that indoor levels of many
pollutants may be 2-5 times higher, and
occasionally more than 100 times higher,
than outdoor levels. Indoor pollutants are
of particular concern because most people
spend as much as 90 percent of their time
indoors.
The two indoor pollutants posing the
greatest risks are second-hand tobacco
smoke and radon. Radon, a naturally
occurring radioactive gas, is second only to
smoking as a cause of lung cancer in the
United States, resulting in an estimated
7,000 to 30,000 deaths annually.
Other indoor pollutants of concern
include asbestos from building materials;
volatile organic compounds from
household products like paints, pressed
wood furniture, cleaners and solvents;
combustion gases from kerosene heaters
and unverited or improperly functioning
gas and wood stoves; biological
contaminants from wet building materials
or unhygienic indoor conditions; and lead
from old lead-based paint.
Exposure to indoor air pollutants is
believed to have increased over the past
several decades. The reasons include
construction of more tightly sealed
buildings, reductions in ventilation rates to
save energy, use of synthetic building
materials and furnishings, and use of
chemically formulated personal care
products, pesticides and household
cleaners. :
Comparative risk studies by EPA
consistently have ranked indoor air
pollution among the top five
environmental risks to public health. EPA,
in cooperation with other federal agencies
and the private sector, has begun a
concerted effort to better understand
indoor air pollution and to reduce people's
exposure in offices, homes, schools and
other indoor environments.
Many EPA offices are active on
indoor air issues; The Office of Air and
Radiation helps coordinate these efforts,
as well as operating the Radon Action
Program and developing information to
provide guidance to a wide range of
audiences. The following discussion
highlights OAR's indoor air activities.
Advancing the Science
OAR is conducting studies to assess
indoor air conditions in the nation's
existing buildings. Another set of studies
now underway is designed to evaluate the
effectiveness and costs of key indoor air
pollution control options for typical
building structures.
EPA is preparing a report on the risk
of lung cancer and other respiratory
disorders ".associated with exposure to
environmental tobacco smoke. The
executive committee of EPA's Science
Advisory Board has approved the report,
which is under review by the EPA
Administrator.
57
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Total Organics in a New Office Building
CO
£
O)
3
oc
LJLJ
Q
Z
O
O
Indoor
Outdoor
September December
Source: EPA 10 Bldg Study
-------
Chapter 11. Reducing Risks From Indoor Air
Educating the Public and Govern-
mental Officials
Many indoor air problems can be
easily prevented or fixed once the problem
is recognized. EPA believes that providing
easy access to information about indoor air
pollution sources and solutions will help
lower people's exposure to indoor
pollutants that may jeopardize their health.
One major part of the public
information effort is OAR's Indoor Air
Quality Information Clearinghouse in
Washington, D.C., which the public can
call by toll-free number. Opened in
October 1992, the clearinghouse offers
citations and abstracts on more than 2,000
books, reports, newsletters and journal
articles; an inventory of federal
publications; and information on more
than 150 government and non-
governmental organizations in the indoor
air quality field.
OAR has published information on
ways to reduce exposure to indoor air
pollutants through improving the way
buildings are designed and operated.
Noteworthy publications include the
following:
4 Building Air Quality: A Guide for
Building Owners and Facility Managers
results of a cooperative effort by
EPA and the National Institute for
Occupational Health and Safety is
designed to help building owners and
managers prevent "sick building
syndrome" and other health-
threatening indoor air pollution
problems in public and commercial
buildings.
<> The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor
Air Quality is intended to help people
identify and correct potential indoor
air quality problems in their own
homes.
OAR is developing additional
guidance for school facility managers, new
home builders, and architects and design
engineers to acquaint them with current
information on how to prevent or fix
indoor air quality problems.
A training course has been developed
to help building owners reduce indoor air
risks. OAR also has developed an instruc-
tional course on indoor air pollution and a
self-paced course to help state and local
officials address indoor air problems.
Encouraging Voluntary Action by
Industry
EPA recently completed a year-long
"dialogue" with the carpet floor covering
industries, unions, public interest groups,
and other federal agencies to explore ways
of reducing the emission of volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from new carpet,
carpet cushion material and adhesives.
As a result of this voluntary process,
the carpet industry agreed to test new
materials for total VOC emissions and is
exploring ways of lowering emissions of
VOCs from carpet products. The industry,
in cooperation with other dialogue
participants, also has undertaken an
extensive consumer education program on
the way carpet products affect indoor air
quality.
The carpet dialogue, which was led by
the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and
59
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Clean Mr Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Toxic Substances and participated in by
OAR, is expected to lead to similar
discussions with other industry groups.
Protecting People From Radon
Radon gas, produced by the decay of
uranium in rock and soil, can collect in
buildings by seeping through foundation
cracks and around drainage pipes and
sump pumps.
In 1988, EPA and the Surgeon
General recommended that homes be
tested for radon. That same year,
Congress enacted the Indoor Radon
Abatement Act, giving EPA authority for
radon training, state grants, and other
important efforts. The Act also
established a national goal of achieving
indoor levels of radon that are no greater
than outdoor levels.
Since then, the Radon Action
Program has made significant progress in
reducing the public's health risks from
radon:
Radon risk assessment. The Radon
Program has worked closely with the
National Academy of Sciences, the EPA
Science Advisory Board, and other
scientific organizations to refine
understanding of radon health risks,
including the incidence of lung cancer.
EPA*s National Residential Survey,
completed in 1990, indicates that
approximately 6 percent, of U.S. homes
have radon levels above the Agency action
level of 4 pCi/L. The National School
Survey, completed in 1992, found 2.7
percent of school rooms with short-term
radon levels above 4 pCi/L.
Outreach. Since 1988, EPA has
developed an extensive network of
national public health, real estate, building,
and consumer organizations to increase
public awareness of radon and to motivate
informed testing and mitigation. These
cooperative partners have invested over
$100 million in their commitment to radon
risk reduction. The American Lung
Association, the Consumer Federation of
America, the National and American
Medical Associations, the National
Association of Counties, the National
Association of Home Builders, and many
others have educated their members and
developed active, innovative programs to
address radon.
EPA has completed key public
guidance documents, the revised Citizen's
Guide to Radon, the Consumer's Guide to
Radon Reduction, , and draft model
standards for radon-resistant new
construction. EPA's four university-based
Regional Radon Training Centers ensure
that the latest information on radon
measurement and mitigation is available to
federal, state and local officials, and to the
private sector. '
State programs. Since 1990, EPA has
provided over $30 million in grants to
states to assist the development of
effective state radon programs. States
have assessed the extent of their radon
problem, educated their citizens, and
worked with local governments and public
health organizations to increase radon risk
reduction.
Quality assurance. EPA recently has
launched two proficiency programs to
the ability of industry to provide
reliable testing and mitigation services to
60
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Chapter 11. Reducing Risks From Indoor Air
the public. The radon contractor
evaluation program, begun in 1990, has
listed more than 1,000 national and local
contractors capable of designing and
installing systems to reduce elevated levels
of radon in buildings and homes. In 1991,
EPA added the operator proficiency
program, which evaluates the knowledge of
individuals who test for radon. That
program has performed more than 350
evaluations.
Environmental results. Public
awareness of radon is now over 60
percent, approximately 9 percent of homes
have been tested, and hundreds of
thousands have been fixed. In addition,
hundreds of thousands of new homes have
been built with radon resistant features.
These results compare well to the results
of similar voluntary public health and
safety programs, such as seat belt and
drunk driving campaigns.
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INFORMING THE PUBLIC:
CHAPTER 12
OUTREACH EFFORTS
The Clean Air Act Amendments
include a mind-numbing array of complex,
interwoven provisions that affect American
business, the American public, and state
and local governments. One of the great
challenges for the Office of Air and
Radiation has been to reach out to all
affected parties and explain the
requirements of the new Amendments.
To this end, the air office has
developed a number of innovative
outreach programs and products. These
include telephone hotlines, interactive
computer bulletin boards, public service
announcements,nationalvideoconferences,
brochures, reports, and videos.
For example, in July 1992 EPA
released a Guide to the Clean Air Act for
Small Business. This sector of society will
be broadly affected by many aspects of the
Act, and many small businesses have
limited resources available for gaining an
understanding of the complexities of the
regulatory process.
In November 1990 the agency held a
four-hour national interactive
videoconference to help small business
understand the implications of the new
Amendments. This was hi addition to an
annual national four-hour videoconference
EPA held on the status of the
Amendments in conjunction with the Air
and Waste Management Association and
the American Bar Association.
EPA has established a toll-free 800
number to help small businesses, citizens,
and others understand the various
provisions related to stratospheric ozone
depletion. Other hotlines provide
information on subjects such as acid rain
and control technologies. The agency
operates a computer bulletin board that
allows anyone in the United States or in
the entire world to have immediate access
to a variety of clean-air related infor-
mation, including text of various
documents, recently signed rules, model
permits, emission factors, and policy
guidance.
EPA has developed and distributed a
series of learning tools that can be used to
understand the complexities of the new
Amendments. These include detailed and
general summaries of the Amendments,
brochures, citizen guides, slide
presentations, and a number of public
service announcements. The
announcements cover a wide variety of
subjects, including ways to reduce smog,
hazards associated with woodsmoke, and
alternatives to leaf burning. According to
a survey by the American Lung
Association, EPA public service
announcements on smog have been shown
in 254 markets in 49 states to ai. ~' imated
audience of over 250 million people.
Finally, EPA is working with its
regional offices to develop a strategy to
help ensure that consensus-building and
outreach efforts continue at the state and
local levels as Clean Air Act programs are
implemented over the next several years.
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CHAPTER 13
LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
The Office of Air and Radiation has
started to address a number of issues that
will be important to future implementation
of the Clean Air Act. These include the
following:
Cooperation and regulatory
negotiation. OAR is convinced of the
need to make maximum use of consensus-
building approaches ranging from
roundtable discussions to formal regulatory
negotiations, OAR should assess its initial
efforts using these approaches to see what
lessons have been learned, and to
determine the most effective way to use
various consensus-building methods.
State programs. States play a critical
role in implementing much of the Act.
For example, states develop plans for
bringing urban air quality into line with
national standards, and run permit
programs to translate the Act's mandates
into specific pollution reduction
requirements. EPA has worked hard on
building a partnership with the states, but
needs to reinforce those efforts and
determine how best to help states carry
out their difficult taste under the Act.
Benefits analysis. Cost-benefit
analysis is a pervasive, useful tool for
compiling and comparing the consequences
of policy alternatives. However, the
human health and ecological benefits of
pollution control are extraordinarily
difficult to estimate in quantitative terms.
As a result, quantitative cost-benefit
analyses of environmental policies often
underrepresent potential benefits relative
to costs. EPA must continue to improve
its ability to estimate the benefits of
environmental protection.
Business opportunities. EPA is
making important advances in
understanding and communicating the
relationships between economic growth
and environmental protection. In the case
of clean air, the Smith-Barney study
"Business Opportunities," conducted in
August 1992, demonstrated that
expenditures on clean air produce
economic opportunities and technology
innovation in the air pollution control
industry, in addition to ecological and
health benefits.
EPA's extensive data base of clean air
projects convincingly shows that the Clean
Air Act has produced identifiable
economic development and jobs in all
areas of the country. This growth has
come in industries such as pollution
control equipment manufacturing, fuel
additive manufacturing, and automotive
repair. EPA also is conducting a
"threatened plant" study to understand
better adverse impacts that may be
occurring and to learn how to minimize
them.
Market-based approaches. EPA
should continue to pursue clean air goals
through use of economic incentives
whenever possible. Economic incentives
provide industry with flexibility and
opportunities to save money, and also
encourage technical innovations that are
needed to meet air quality goals at
reasonable cost.
The Agency should develop systems
to ensure that market-based programs
provide environmental results that are
equivalent or better than traditional
regulatory approaches. These programs
65
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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
also must provide industry with flexibility
on ways to comply. Greater flexibility will
be possible as better monitoring schemes
and better emissions inventories are
developed. These tools enable regulators
to ensure that environmental progress is
made when innovative techniques are used
to comply.
Budget and management.
Implementing the Clean Air Act is a
mammoth undertaking that among other
things involves regulating tens of
thousands of plants and businesses spread
across the country, working with the 50
states, and regulating motor vehicles and
fuels.
It is critical that EPA have the
personnel and resources to work through
the issues thoroughly and write clear rules
and guidelines. If EPA does not do its job
well, industries are left with many
uncertainties - uncertainties that force
those industries to incur significant added
costs.
Tremendous strides already have been
made toward providing state and EPA air
programs with additional funding to carry
out the 1990 Amendments. The permit
program provides new revenues for state
and local air programs. Funding for OAR
has increased significantly during the past
two years.
Energy. The Clean Air Act and
national energy policy are closely
intertwined. For example, the use of
alternative fuels and clean fuels can
displace significant amounts of imported
oil, EPA's green programs are aimed
primarily at making energy use more
efficient. Energy consumption also is
directly affected by transportation control
measures such as high-occupancy vehicle
carpool lanes. Transportation planning
decisions, such as construction of new
roads, have important implications for air
quality.
EPA and other federal and state
agencies must coordinate implementation
of the Clean Air Act with implementation
of the new Energy Policy Act of 1992 and
the Intermodal Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991.
Nitrogen oxides. Emerging evidence
is focusing greater attention on the
importance of controlling NOX, which
contributes to formation of ozone
pollution and acid rain, and also to
eutrophication of estuarine waters.
Before the passage of the 1990
Amendments, emissions of nitrogen oxides
had received scant attention at the
national level. Only Los Angeles violated
the national air quality standard for
nitrogen dioxide.
The new law toughens motor vehicle
tailpipe standards for NOX, and requires
new and existing industrial plants in ozone
non-attainment areas to control NOr
Also, the acid rain control program
requires coal-fired utility power plants to
meet NOX emissions standards.
However, NOX reductions mandated
by the 1990 Act may not be sufficient to
reduce regional ozone levels in the
Northern or Southeastern United States,
nor address the contribution of NOX to
nutrient loadings in the Chesapeake Bay
and other estuaries. The Agency must
identify and promote the most cost-
66
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Chapter 13. Looking to the Future
effective approaches for minimizing ozone
effects and related environmental damage
associated with NOX emissions,
A 1991 report by the National
Research Council, Rethinking the Ozone
Problem in Urban and Regional Air
Pollution, found that in many areas of the
United States, greater control of nitrogen
oxides is needed to combat ozone
effectively. EPA analyses using the
regional oxidant model support the same
conclusion. In many cases, the council
report says, NOX controls may be more
effective in reducing ozone levels than
aggressive controls on volatile organic
compounds. Cost-effective strategies for
many areas may entail rethinking overall
control strategies. The council report also
suggests that research is needed to
improve understanding of ozone formation
and to evaluate the impacts of Clean Air
Act control strategies as they are
implemented.
Review of air quality standards.
Another critical set of science and policy
issues concerns the re-evaluation of the
ozone and fine particulate air quality
standards. Both of these standards will be
revisited in the coming years, and in both
cases significant new data will need to be
considered.
Risk and air toxics. The 1990
Amendments establish a two-phased
program to reduce toxic air pollution. In
the first phase, maximum achievable
control technology is required on plants
that are major sources of air toxics. After
MACT controls are installed, EPA is to
assess remaining health and environmental
risks and, if certain criteria are met, issue
more stringent "residual risk" standards.
Underway are several reviews of the
way EPA measures risks from air toxics.
For example, the National Academy of
Sciences is studying EPA's methodology
for assessing cancer risks from hazardous
air pollutants, and will be suggesting
improvements. It is important for EPA to
determine how to incorporate the results
of these assessments into the residual risk
phase of the air toxics program.
Emissions inventories and data.
Sound emissions inventories are essential
to states' efforts to develop and implement
effective strategies for cleaning the air.
Good inventories also are needed to
support effective market-based emissions
averaging, banking and trading programs.
EPA must see that states carry out reliable
emissions inventories, and must put
priority on obtaining good emissions data
for its own programs.
Federal implementation plans. Court
decisions may require EPA to develop and
implement federal implementation plans to
achieve cleaner air in several metropolitan
areas, including Los Angeles. This effort
could require tremendous use of OAR
resources and require dramatic
restructuring of current air programs.
OAR needs to find a way to ensure that
work on federal implementation plans does
not undercut other air program efforts by
draining away resources.
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APPENDIX I
FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES ISSUED
SINCE ENACTMENT OF THE 1990 AMENDMENTS
Following is a list of proposed and final air program rules and guidance published in
the Federal Register since enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Other
significant air program Federal Register notices also are included.
Notice
Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements
(Notice of Final Rule)
Standards for Emissions from Natural Gas-Fueled and
Liquified Petroleum Gas-Fueled Motor Vehicles and
Motor Vehicle Engines, and Certification Procedures for
Aftermarket Conversion Hardware (Notice of Proposed
Rule)
Technical Guidance Documents for Particulate Matter
(Notice announcing availability of three technical
guidance documents for control of PM-10 emissions
from fugitive dust, residential wood, and prescribed
burning)
State Implementation Plans for Nonattainment Areas for
Sulfur Dioxide (Notice announcing findings of failure to
submit required SIPs)
Air Quality; Revision to Definition of Volatile Organic
Compounds (Notice of Proposed Rule)
Oxygenated Fuels Labeling Regulations Under Section
211(m) of the CAA as Amended (Notice of Final
Rulemaking)
Regulation of Fuel & Fuel Additives; Administrator's
Finding That No Control or Prohibition on Maximum
Oxygen Content of a Winter Oxygenated Gasoline
Program is Necessary Under Section 211(c)(4)(A) of the
CAA as Amended (Notice of Proposed Finding)
Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs
and Guidelines on Establishment of Control Periods
Under Section 211(m) of the CAA as Amended (Notice
of Availability of Guidance Documents)
Date Published
November 5, 1992
November 5, 1992
November 3, 1992
October 27, 1992
October 26, 1992
October 20, 1992
October 20, 1992
October 20, 1992
1-1
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Notice
Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of application for
extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to the
Dallas/Fort Worth area in the State of Texas)
Clean Air Act; Acid Rain Provisions (Notice of
delegation of administration of auctions & sales under
section 416 of the CAA from the Administrator of EPA
to the Chicago Board of Trade)
Approval & Promulgation of Implementation Plans;
Appendix M, Addition of Method for Measurement of
Opacity Emissions From Stationary Sources (Notice of
Proposed Rule & Notice of Public Hearing)
Ambient Air Quality Surveillance Regulations (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Fuels & Fuel Additives; (Notice of Waiver Application
from Lubrizol Corporation for Diesel Additive Labeled
EZ-ADDtm)
Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants for Source Categories: Perchloroethylene
Emissions from Dry Cleaning Facilities (Notice of
Availability of New Information)
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources;
Calcines & Dryers in Mineral Industries (Notice of Final
Rule)
Criteria for Exercising Discretionary Sanctions Under
Title I of the Clean Air Act (Notice of Proposed Rule)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Draft Schedule for the Promulgation of
Emission Standards (Notice of Availability)
Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info
to Subcontractor)
Designations of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes
(Notice of Proposed Rule)
Date Published
October 8, 1992
October 7, 1992
October 7, 1992
October 6, 1992
October 5, 1992
October 5, 1992
October 1, 1992
September 28, 1992
September^S, 1992
September 24, 1992
September 23, 1992
September 22, 1991
1-2
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Notice
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities Organic Air Emission Standards for Tanks,
Surface Impoundments, and Containers (Notice of Data
Availability)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (Notice of Proposed Rule to Stay the
Effectiveness of Subpart I of 40CFR60 as it is applied to
Facilities Other Than Commercial Nuclear Power
Reactors Licensed by NRC)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Compliance Extensions for Early Reductions
(Notice of Complete Enforceable Commitments
Received Through 7/31/92)
Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations (Notice of
Final Rule)
Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info
to Subcontractor)
Notice of Decision Regarding Waiver Preemption for
California's Methanol Vehicle Regulations
Notice of Decision Regarding Waiver Preemption for
California's Amendment to its Warranty Statute &
Regulations
Transportation and Air Quality Planning Guidelines
Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info
to Subcontractor)
National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone
(Proposed Decision Not to Revise)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Compliance Extensions Early Reductions
(Notice of Complete Enforceable Commitments
Received)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Final Rule
(Implements the 1992 and later requirements of section
604 the phaseout of Class I ozone depleting
substances ~ as well as the related provisions
of sections 603, 607 and 616)
Date Published
September 18, 1992
September 18, 1992
September 17, 1992
September 4, 1992
September 1, 1992
August 25, 1992
August 25, 1992
August 18, 1992
August 10, 1992
August 10, 1992
August 3, 1992
July 30, 1992
1-3
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Notice Pate Published
Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements for July 28, 1992
State Implementation Plans (Notice of Availability of
Regulatory Text, Location of Public Hearing Site &
Correction of Proposed Rule)
Operating Permit Program (Notice of Final Rule) July 21, 1992
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal July 21, 1992
of Implementation Plans; Approval & Promulgation of
Implementation Plans; and Standards of Performance for
New Stationary Sources (WEPCO) (Notice of Final
Rule)
California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control July 21, 1992
Standards; Opportunity for Written Comments on
Additional Information Submitted to the Public Docket
of the Low-Emission Vehicle Stds Waiver Request
Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content Petition for Exemption July 20, 1992
(Notice of Final Decision)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and July 17, 1992
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Interim Regulations for
Cold Temperature Carbon Monoxide Emissions from
1994 and Later Model Year Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty
Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks (Notice of Final Rule)
Draft Lead and Particulate Matter Addendum to the July 16, 1992
General Preamble for Title I of the CAA Amendments
of 1990 and Staff Work Products Providing Technical
Guidance for PM-10 Best Available Control Measures
(Notice announcing availability of documents and of
public meeting)
Initial List of Categories of Source under Section July 16, 1992
112(c)(l) of the CAA Amendments
Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content; Petition for Exemption from July 15, 1992
American Samoa (Notice of Final Decision)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Standards and July 14, 1992
Requirements for Servicing of Motor Vehicle Air
Conditioners (Notice of Final Rule)
Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirement for July 13, 1992
State Implementation Plans (Notice of Proposed Rule) ,
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Notice Date Published
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; July 10, 1992
Appendix A Reference Methods; Amendments to
Method 24 for the Determination of Volatile Matter
Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and
Weight Solids of Source Coatings (Notice of Final Rule)
Acid Rain Allowance Allocations and Reserves (Notice July 7, 1992
of Proposed Rule)
Acid Rain Provisions (Notice of Availability; Final July 7, 1992
Version of the National Allowance Data Base (NADBV
2.1) and Accompanying Technical Support Documents)
Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Fees for: Light- July 7, 1992
Duty Vehicles and Trucks; Heavy-Duty Vehicles &
Engines; and Motorcycles (Notice of Final Rule)
California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control June 11, 1992
Standards; Waiver of Federal Preemption, Decision
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources; June 10, 1992
Appendix A Test Method 26 (Final Rule; Correcting
Amendment)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives Standards for June 5, 1992
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to the
District of Columbia)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air June 3, 1992
Pollutants; National Emission Standards for Radon
Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks (Notice of Final
Rule)
Control of Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New May 29, 1992
Motor Vehicle Engines; Nonconformance Penalties for
Heavy-Duty Engines & Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Including
Heavy Light-Duty Trucks (Notice of Proposed Rule)
Final Documents; Information Regarding the May 29, 1992
Formulation and Emission Reduction Potential of
Transportation Control Measures (Notice of Availability)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives Standards for May 28, 1992
Reformulation and Conventional Gasoline (Proposed
Rule; Relocation and Rescheduling of Public Hearing
and Extension of Comment Period)
National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants May 20, 1992
Benzene Waste Operations (Correction to Proposal)
1-5
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Notice Date Published
National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants; May 15, 1992
Compliance Extensions for Early Reductions (Notice of
Complete Enforceable Commitments Received)
Approval of Colorado's Petition to Relax the Federal May 12, 1992
Reid Vapor Pressure Volatility Stds for Colorado in
1992 and 1993 (Notice of Proposed Rule)
Colorado Petition to Relax Colorado Reid Vapor May 12, 1992
Pressure Volatility Stds (Temporary Direct Final Rule)
State Implementation Plans for Nonattainment Areas for May 8, 1992
Particulate Matter (Notice Announcing Findings of
Failure to Submit Required State Implementation Plans)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for May 7, 1992
Highway Diesel Fuel Quality-Sulfur Content; and
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Standards for Oxides of
Nitrogen Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines, &
Correction of Type 2-D Diesel Test Fuel Specification
for Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks & Heavy-
Duty Engines (Notice of Final Rule)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Labeling of Products May 4, 1992
using Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (Notice of Proposed
Rule)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles & April 30, 1992
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Regulations for Light-Duty
Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks 1994 & 1995 Model
Year Durability Testing Procedures & 1994 and Later
Model Year Allowable Maintenance (Notice of
Proposed Rule)
State Implementation Plans; General Preamble for the April 28, 1992
Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990; Supplemental (Appendices to the
Proposed General Preamble published 4/16/92) .
Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Standards and . April 22, 1992
Requirements Regarding the Servicing of Motor Vehicle
Air Conditioners & Restrictions on the Sale of Small
Containers of Class I or Class II Substances Pursuant to : ..
Section 609 of the CAA as Amended (Supplemental .
Proposed Rule)
1-6
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Notice
Date Published
Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Waivers under
Section 211(m)(3)(C) of the Clean Air Act as Amended
(Notice of Availability of Guidelines)
State Implementations Plans; General Preamble for the
Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990
Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives; Standards for
Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (Notice of
Proposed Rule)
Fuel and Fuel Additives Registration; Health &
Emission Effects Testing Protocol (Notice of Proposed
Rule)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs
for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and
Heavy-Duty Vehicles; (Final Agency Action Pursuant to
Section 202(a)(6) of the Clean Air Act Regarding
Onboard Control of Refueling Emissions)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs
for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and
Heavy-Duty Vehicles; (Notice notifies readers that
because of EPA's final action involved in part the
decision not to issue the rule initially proposed, that
action is printed in the proposed rule section of the
Federal Register)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives; Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to New
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland)
Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intended Transfer of
Confidential Business Information to Contractors)
Section 187 Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Forecasting
and Tracking Guidance (Notice of Availability)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to New
York)
April 17, 1992
April 16, 1992
April 16, 1992
April 15, 1992
April 15, 1992
April 15, 1992
April 1, 1992
March 27, 1992
March 19, 1992
March 5, 1992
1-7
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Notice
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of Final
Rule Stays the effectiveness of subpart FF of
4QCFR61 until final action is taken on clarifying
amendments to subpart FF)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of
Proposed Rule Amendments to subpart EF designed
to clarify provisions of the rule that have been widely
misunderstood by affected sources)
Ambient Air Quality Surveillance; Enhanced Ozone
Monitoring Regs (Notice of Proposed Rule)
Small Business Stationary Source; Technical &
Environmental Compliance Assistance Program (Notice
of Availability of Final Guidelines for Implementation of
Section 507 of CAA as Amended)
Supplemental Notice of Proposed Guidelines for
Oj^genated Gasoline Credit Programs under Section
211(m) of the CAA as Amended
Supplemental Notice of Proposed Guidance on
Establishment of Control Periods under Section 211(m)
of the CAA as Amended
Rules of Practice Governing the Administrative
Assessment of Civil Penalties (Notice of Final Rule)
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal
of Implementation Plans; Approval and Promulgation of
Implementation Plans (Notice of Final Rule)
Acid Rain Program; Change in Public Comment Period
for the Core Rules
Fuel and Fuel Additives; Ethyl Corporation Waiver
Application (EPA denied Ethyl's request for waiver for
HITEC 3000)
Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Significant New
Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program (Request for Data
and Advance Notice of Proposed Rule)
Date Published
March 5, 1992
March 5, 1992
March 4, 1992
February 5, 1992
February 5, 1992
February 5, 1992
February 4, 1992
February 3, 1992
January 30, 1992
January 22, 1992
January 16, 1992
1-8
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Notice
Date Published
Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Ban Nonessential
Products Releasing Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances
& Require the Elimination of Emissions from Products
Using Class I Substances under Sections 610 & 608 of
the CAA, as Amended (Notice of Proposed Rule)
National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries
Pursuant to Section 112 of CAA, as Amended
(Establishment of Advisory Committee and Notice of
Open Meeting)
California State Motor Vehicles Pollution Control
Standards (Notice of Opportunity for Public Hearings
and Public Comment Period)
Final Ruling on Petition Submitted by the Governor of
the Virgin Islands Pursuant to Section 324(a)(l) of the
Clean Air Act
Final Report on the "Nonroad Engine and Vehicle
Emission Study" (Notice of Availability)
NESHAPS for Radionuclides; Subpart T as applied to
NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
(Final Rule to Stay the Effectiveness of 40 CFR Part
61)
NESHAPS for Radionuclides; Subpart T as applied to
NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
(Proposal to Rescind 40 CFR Part 61)
Health and Environmental Standards for Uranium and
Thorium Mill Tailings (ANPRM pursuant to the
UMTRCA of '78 to amend its general environmental
rep pertaining to Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
at 40 CFR Part 192, Subpart D)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; 1991 Production and
Consumption Restrictions of Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals Required by Section 604 of the CAA
Amendments of 1990 (Direct Final Amendment to the
Temporary Final Rule)
Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Stds for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to
Connecticut, New Hampshire & Virginia)
January 16, 1992
January 15, 1992
January 9, 1992
January 6, 1992
January 6, 1991
December 31, 1991
December 31, 1991
December 31, 1991
December 30, 1991
December 23, 1991
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Notice
National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants;
Polonium-210 Emissions from Elemental Phosphorus
Plants (Notice of Final Rule)
Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of State
Implementation Plans: Method 202 for Measurement of
Condensible Particulate Emissions from Stationary
Sources (Notice of Final Rule)
Notice of EPA Request for Delegation Proposals to
Administrator the Auctions & Direct Sale Under Section
416 of the CAA Amendments of 1990, and Request for
Public Comment
Auctions, Direct Sales, & Independent Power Producers
Written Guarantee Regulations (Notice of Final Rule)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Evaporative Emissions
Regs for Gasoline and Methanol-Fueled Light-Duty
Vehicles and Light-Duty Tracks & Heavy-Dufy Vehicles
(Notice of Public Workshop and Report Availability)
Control Techniques Guideline Document: Reactor
Processes and Distillation Operations in the Synthetic
Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (Release of
Draft Control Techniques Guideline (CTG) for Public
Review)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Stds for
Gasoline Volatility Phase II; and Control of Air
Pollution from New Motor Vehicle Engines: Stds for
Particulate Emissions from 1991 & 1992 Urban Buses
(Notice of Final Rule)
National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of Proposal Rule to
Stay Effectiveness of Subpart EF of 40 CFR Part 61).
Stds of Performance for New Stationary Sources;
Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaners; Proposed Rule;
Withdrawal
National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants for
Source Categories: Perchloroethylene Emissions from
Dry Cleaning Facilities (Notice of Proposed Ruleraaking
& Notice of Public Hearing)
Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Pate Published
December 19, 1991
December 17, 1991
December 17, 1991
December 17, 1991
December 17, 1991
December 12, 1991
December 12, 1991
December 9, 1991
December 9, 1991
December 9, 1991
December 5, 1991
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Notice.
Acid Rain Program: Permits, Allowance System,
Continuous Emissions Monitoring, and Excell Emissions
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Reclassification of Moderate PM-10 Nonattainment
Areas to Serious Areas (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content; Petition for Exemption for
American Samoa (Notice of Proposed Decision)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives (Notice of
Application for Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline
Program to Massachusetts & Pennsylvania)
Contractor Access to Confidential Business Information
California State Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Pollution
Control Standards; Authorization of State Standards;
California Primary Use Determination (Notice of an
Opportunity to Submit Written Comments)
State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria
(Technical Correction)
NAAQS Attainment, Nonattainment, and Unclassified
Area Designations and Classifications (Notice of Final
Rulemaking)
Revise Gas Guzzler Tax Statement on Fuel Economy
Label (Direct Final Rule)
Draft Documents; Information Regarding the
Formulation and Emission Reduction Potential of
Transportation Control Measures (Notice of Availability)
NESHAPs for Radionuclides; Subpart T as Applied to
NRC-Iicensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
(Proposal to Stay the Effectiveness of 40 CFR Part 61)
Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality
Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Denial of Petition
for Reconsideration; Disapproval of Compliance Date
Extension for Automobile Surface Coating (Notice of
Denial of Petition for
Reconsideration)
State Implementations for Nonattainment Areas for
Ozone (Notice of Finding of Failure to Submit a
Required SIP and Proposed Rule)
Pate Published
December 3, 1991
November 21, 1991
November 18, 1991
November 15, 1991
November 14, 1991
November 8, 1991
November 8, 1991
November 6, 1991
October 28, 1991
October 28, 1991
October 25,1991
October 23, 1991
October 22, 1991
Ml
-------
Notice
Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone Phaseout of the
Production and Consumption of Class I Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking Correction)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone 1991 Limits on
Production and Consumption of Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals in Section 604 (Notice of Direct Final
Amendment to the Temporary Final Rule)
Requirements for Clean Fuel Fleet Credit Programs,
Transportation Control Measures Exemptions, and for
Federal Fleets (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plant:
Revision of the Visibility FIP for Arizona (Notice of
Final Rulemaking)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone Phaseout of the
Production and Consumption of Class I Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Air Programs; Credit Program for California Pilot Test
Program; (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Particulate Emission
Regulations for '93 Model Year Buses, Particulate
Emission Regs for '94 & Later Model Year Urban
Buses, Retrofit/Rebuild Requirements for '93 & Earlier
Model Year Urban Buses; and Oxides of Nitrogen
Emission Regs for 1998 and Later Model Year Heavy-
Duty Engines (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Air Pollution Control; New Motor Vehicles and
Engines: On-Board Diagnostic Systems on 1994 and
Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light Duty
Trucks; (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Amendment to Benzene Rule for Coke By-
Product Recovery Plants (Notice of Final Rulemaking)
Asbestos NESHAP Training Requirements for On-Site
Representative (Notice of Guidance)
Date Published
October 18, 1991
October 8, 1991
October 8, 1991
October 3, 1991
October 3, 1991
September 30, 1991
September 25, 1991
September 24, 1991
September 24, 1991
September 19, 1991
September 12, 1991
1-12
-------
Notice
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Polonium 210 Emissions from Elemental
Phosphorus Plants (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to
Maine)
Stratospheric Ozone Protection Advisory Committee;
Renewal
Waiver of Preemption to California for Nonroad Engine
and Vehicle Standards (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
California State Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Pollution
Control Standards; Authorization of State Standards;
(Proposed Decision of the Administrator; Opportunity
for Public Hearing)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Servicing of Motor
Vehicle Air Conditioners (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Draft 1991 Transportation-Air Quality Planning
Guidelines (Notice of Availability)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs
for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles & Trucks and
Heavy-Duty Vehicles (Notice of Public Hearing and
Report Availability)
Procedures Document for Establishing Emissions from
Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Notice of Draft
Document Availability; Request for Public Comment
Air Pollution Control; Motor Vehicle Emission Factors
(Notice of Availability of Revised Highway Motor
Vehicle Emission Factor Model (MOBILE4.1)
State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria
(Notice of Final Rulemaking)
Fuel Economy Retrofit Devise Evaluation for the
Platinum Gasaver (Notice of Fuel Economy Retrofit
Device Evaluation)
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans;
Revision of the Visibility FTP for Arizona (Supplemental
Notice Requesting Comment)
Date Published
September 11, 1991
September 10, 1991
September 9, 1991
September 6, 1991
September 6, 1991
September 4, 1991
September 4, 1991
September 3, 1991
August 27, 1991
August 26, 1991
August 26, 1991
August 16, 1991
August 13, 1991
1-13
-------
Notice
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to
Rhode Island
Designations and Classifications for Initial PM-10
Nonattainment Areas (Notice correcting EPA's
announcement of the designations and classifications for
the initial PM-10 (particulate matter nominally 10
microns of smaller in diameter) nonattainment areas)
Proposed Rule to Rescind 40 CFR Part 61 Subpart I for
Nuclear Power Reactors (Radionuclide NESHAP)
Final Rule to Stay Subpart I of 40 CFR Part 61 as it
Applies to Nuclear Power Reactors (Radionuclide
NESHAP)
Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends
Sold in Calendar Year 1991; Northeastern Arizona
(Notice of Final Rulemaking)
Fuels and Fuel Additives; MMT Waiver Application
Rules of Practice Governing the Administrative
Assessment of Civil Penalties Under the Clean Air Act
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Organic Air Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF):
Tanks, Surface Impoundments, and Containers (Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking)
Regulations for Registration of Lead Substitute Gasoline
Additives to Reduce Valve Seat Wear (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
National Allowance Data Base, Version 2.0; Acid Rain
Provisions (Notice of Availability)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for
Highway Diesel Fuel Quality-Sulfur Content; and
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Standards for Oxides of
Nitrogen Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Date Published
August 13, 1991
August 8, 1991
August 5, 1991
August 5, 1991
August 2, 1991
August 1, 1991
July 22, 1991
July 22, 1991
July 19, 1991
July 19, 1991
July 17, 1991
1-14
-------
Notice Date Published
Oxygenated Fuels Labeling Regulations Under Section July 9, 1991
211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Guidance on Establishment of Control Periods Under July 9, 1991
Section 211 (m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended
(Notice of Proposed Guidance)
Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs July 9, 1991
Under Section 211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended
(Notice of Proposed Guidelines)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Standards for July 9, 1991
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Proposed Rule)
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone (Temporary Final July 8, 1991
Rule; Correction)
Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis July 3, 1991
of Pollutants; Identification and Listing of Hazardous
Waste; Test Methods (Notice of Proposed Rule and
Request for Comments)
Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Program Fees July 1, 1991
for: Light-Duty Vehicles; Light-Duty Trucks; Heavy-
Duty Vehicles and Engines; and Motorcycles (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Fossil Fuel-Fired Utility Steam Generating Units; Acid June 25, 1991
Rain Provisions (Notice of Availability)
Preliminary Draft List of Categories and Subcategories June 21, 1991
Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (Notice of
Availability and Request for Information)
Applicability of New Source Review and New Source June 14, 1991
Performance Standards at Electric Utility Sources
(WEPCO) (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
General Preamble for Title I of the CAA Amendments June 13, 1991
(Draft Document Available & Public Meeting)
NESHAP Compliance Extensions for Early Reduction of June 13,. 1.991
Hazardous Air Pollutants (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Waiver of Federal Preemption for Amendments to June 11, 1991
California's Regs that Establish Stds & Certification
Procedures for Methanol-Fueled Vehicles & Engines &
Heavy-Duty Engines Fueled by Compressed Natural Gas
of Liquid Petroleum Gas
1-15
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Notice Date Published
National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory June 7, 1991
Committee Request for Suggestions for List of
Candidates
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and June 5. 1991
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Gaseous and Particulate
Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year
Light-Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks (Notice of
Final Rulemaking)
Revision of Phase I Volatility Regs for Gasoline; May 30, 1991
Northeastern Arizona (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
NSPS Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (Notice of May 30, 1991
Proposed Rulemaking)
Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Definition of May 30, 1991
Substantially Similar (Advanced Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Regulations of Fuels & Fuel Additives Stds for Gasoline May 29, 1991
Volatility (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Urban Bus Particulate Matter Std for Model Years 1991 May 29, 1991
to 1992 (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria May 24, 1991
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Auctions, Direct Sales & Independent Power Producers May 23, 1991
Written Guarantee Regs (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
NESHAP Radon Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks May 22,1991
(Notice of Compliance Waiver)
Operating Permit Program (Notice or Proposed Rule; May 10, 1991
Notice of Opportunity for Public Hearing)
Volatility Regs for Gasoline & Alcohol Blends Sold in May 6, 1991
Calendar Year 1991; State of Texas (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Stay of Subpart I of CFR Part 61 Radionuclide April 24, 1991
Emissions (Final Rule)
Preparation, Adoption, & Submittal of SIPS; PM-10, April 22, 1991
Sulfur Dioxide, & Lead Nonattainment & Unclassifiable
Area Designations (Information Notice)
Control of Air Pollution Motor Vehicle Engines; April 15, 1991
Federal Certification Test Results for 1991 Model Year
1-16
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Notice
Request for Information Concerning Heavy-Duty Engine
Rebuild (Notice, Request for Information)
Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives (Direct Final
Rule)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Amendment to Benzene Rule for Coke By-
Product Recovery Plants (Notice of Proposed
RulemaMng)
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal
of Implementation Plans; Approval and Promulgation of
Implementation Plans (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Air Quality: Revision to BPA Policy Concerning Ozone
Control Strategies and Volatile Organic Compound
Reactivity (Notice of Revised EPA Policy Statement)
Notice Announcing Designation and Classifications for
Initial PM-10 Nonattainraent Areas
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants NRC-Lieensed Facilities (Advance Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants NRC-Licensed Facilities (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants NRC-Licensed Facilities (Order
Temporarily Staying Effective Date)
Notice of Availability of Guidance and Submittal Forms
for Elections under Sections 405(d)(3), 405(d)(4), and
405(g)(2) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone; Regulations to
Implement the 1991 Limits on the Production and
Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals Required
by Section 604 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 (Temporary Final Rule)
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Gaseous and Particulate
Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year
Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks .(Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Pate Published
April 4» 1991
April 4, 1991
April 1» 1991
March 18, 1991
March 18, 1991
March 15, 1991
March 13, 1991
March 13, 1991
March 13, 1991
March 12, 1991
March 6, 1991
March 7,1991
1-17
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Notice
New Source Performance Standards; Standards of
Performance for Polypropylene, Polyethylene,
Polystyrene, and Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Manufacturing Industry (Final rule; Correction)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants Announcement of Negotiated Regulation for
Equipment Leaks (Notice of Agreement on Negotiated
Regulation)
Fuel Economy Test Procedures: Alternative-Fueled
Economy Labeling Requirements (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Notice of Fifth Conference on Air Quality Modeling
Disclosure of Emission Date Claimed as Confidential
Under Section 110 and 114(c) of the Clean Air Act
(Notice of Policy on Public Release of Certain Emission
Data Submitted Under Sections 110 and 114(c) of the
Clean Air Act)
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants: NRC-Licensed Facilities (Notice of Proposed
Rule)
Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal
of Implementation Plans Augmentation of Guidelines
on Air Quality Models (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
Addition of Methods for Measurement of
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Polychlorinated
Difaenzofurans, and Hydrogen Chloride Emissions from
Stationary Sources (Notice of Final Rulemaking)
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
Addition of Performance Specification 4A to Appendix
B and Revision of Procedure 1 of Appendix F (Notice
of Final Rulemaking)
Emission Guidelines: Municipal Waste Combustors
(Final Emission Guidelines)
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources:
Municipal Waste Combustors (Notice of Final
Rulemaking)
PatePublished
March 5, 1991
March 4, 1991
March 1, 1991
February 25, 1991
February 21, 1991
February 15, 1991
February 13, 1991
February 13, 1991
February 11, 1991
February 115 1991
February 11, 1991
-------
Notice . . Pate Published
Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans February 8, 1991
Revision of the Visibility F1P for Arizona (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking and Announcement of Public
Hearing)
Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources February 4, 1991
Amendments to Subpart J (Petroleum Refineries) and
Addition of Performance Specification 7 to Appendk B
(Final Rule; Correction)
Revised Interpretive Rule; Regulation of Fuels and Fuel1 February 1, 1991
Additives; Definition of "SubstantiaEy Similar* (Notice of
Final Rulemaking)
Performance Warranty Regulations and the Voluntary January 30, 1991
After market Part Certification Program: Supplemental
Proposed Alternative Test Procedure (Supplemental
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Notice Listing Ozone-Depleting Substances (Initial Lists) January 1, 1991
Fuels and Fuel Additives; Waiver Application (Notice) December 20, 1990
Amendments to Standards of Performance for New December 13, 1990
Stationary Sources; Reporting Requirements (Final
Rule)
Standards of performance for New Stationary Sources; December 11, 1990
Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, and
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Manufacturing Industry
(Final Rule)
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Page Intentionally Blank
-------
APPENDIX II
EPA STAFF ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
CLEANING THE AIR AND REDUCING RISKS
The Office of Air and Radiation, in cooperation with other EPA offices, has performed
thousands of valuable tasks between February 1989 and November 1992. The credit for these
achievements must go first and foremost to the thousands of EPA employees who devoted
their energies and intellects and, very often, extra hours to hundreds of rules, guidelines,
studies, publications, and other projects. In recognition of this fact, this appendix lists the top
accomplishments of each organizational unit of OAR. Also included are accomplishments of
regional offices, the Office of General Counsel, and many other EPA offices that contributed
to OAR efforts. These lists were developed by the employees themselves.
-- William G. Rosenberg
Assistant Administrator
for Air & Radiation
H-l
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
CONTENTS
Page
EPA OFFICES REPORTING ACCOMPLISHMENTS (Chart Only) . , 11-4
OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION (Chart Only) . H-5
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING, AND STANDARDS 11-6
OFFICE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS 11-29
OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES . . 11-34
OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND REVIEW 11-52
OFFICE OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS ... 11-53
OFFICE OF RADIATION AND INDOOR AIR , 11-54
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL . 11-59
OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS 11-62
OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT .,.!..- 11-64
OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION AND CONSUMER AFFAIRS 11-66
OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL RELATIONS . . 11-69
REGION I . . . . . : 11-72
REGION II . 11-73
REGION 111 . 11-74
REGION IV ., 11-75
REGION V . 11-76
REGION VI 11-77
REGION VII 11-78
REGION Vlll 11-79
REGION IX 11-80
REGION X "'. . . , 11-81
II-3
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Administrator
Associate Administrator
for Regional
Operations &
State/Local Relations
Associate Administrator
for Communications,
Education &
Public
Affairs
Associate Administrator
for Congressional
and Legislative
Affairs
Assistant
Administrator
for
Enforcement
General
Counsel
Assistant
Administrator
for
Air and Radiation
Regional
Offices
Other
Offices
-------
Office of Air
and Radiation
Office of Program
Management
Operations
Office of
Radiation and
Indoor Air
Radiation
Studies Division
Criteria and
Standards
Division
Radon
Division
Indoor Air
Division
Office of Radiation
and Indoor Air
(Las Vegas Facility)
National Air and
Radiation
Environmental Lab
I
Office of Policy
Analysis & Review
Office of Air
Quality Planning
and Standards
Emission
Standards
Division
Air Quality
Management
Division
Technical
Support
Division
Stationary Source
Compliance
Division
Office of
Mobile Sources
Manufacturers,
Operations
Division
Field
Operations and
Support Division
Engineering
Operations
Division
Certification
Division
Regulatory
Programs and
Technology
Regulation
' Development
Sypport
Office of
Atmospheric
Programs
Global
Change
Division
Stratospheric
Protection
Divisipn
Acid Rain
Division
"pmifsip,h ''planning'
and Strategies
Riviiisn
-------
Washington
Operations
(Washington, DC)
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards'
Planning and
Management Staff
Emission Standards
Division
Air Quality
Management Division
Standards Development Branch
Standards Preparation Section
Regulations Preparation Section
Regulations Development Section
Cost & Economic Impact Section
Pollutant Assessment Branch
Program Integration & Health Section
Program Analysis & Technology Section
Program Implementation & Review Section
Industrial Studies Branch
Standards Support Section
Standards Documentation Section
Chemicals and Petroleum Branch
Chemical Manufacturing Section
Chemical Application Section
Petroleum Section
Technical Support
Division
Ambient Standards Branch
Regulatory Strategies Section
Standards Development Section
Economic Analysis Section
Ozone/CO Programs Branch
Engineering and Rule Development Section
Program Oversight and Implementation Section
Strategies and Policy Section
S02/Particulate Matter Programs Branch
Program Development Section
Policy and Guidance Section
Implementation and Regulatory Section
Permits Programs Branch
Operating Permits Policy Section
New Source Review Section
Permits Support Section
Regional Operations Branch
Regional Activities Section
Regional Management Section
Air Pollution Training Branch
Training Development Section
Training Delivery Section
Unless otherwise indicated, all organizational units are located in North Carolina
All organizational units that compose this division are located in Virginia
1
Stationary Source
Compliance Division1"'
Source Receptor Analysis Branch
Model Application Section
Techniques Evaluation Section
Modeling Support Section
Monitoring and Reports Branch
Data Analysis Section
Monitoring Section
National Air Data Branch
AIRS Section
Operations & Maintenance Section
Emission Measurement Branch
Manufacturing & Combustion Testing Section
Chemicals & Petroleum Testing Section
Compliance and Implementation Testing Section
Emission Inventory Branch
Emission Factor & Methodologies Section
Inventory Guidance & Evaluatton.Section
Federal Program Section
Policy & Guidance Section
Compliance Analysis Section
Technical Support Branch
Regional Programs Section
Organic Chemicals Section
Inorganic Chemicals Section-
-------
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
Emissions Standards Division
4 Developed and put into operation a strategic plan to achieve the requirements and
goals of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This comprehensive
hazardous air pollutant program includes developing emission standards and
conducting health and risk assessments, engineering and economic analyses on
control strategies, and studies on key problems such as air toxics deposition into
U.S. waters and urban air toxics levels.
4 Provided special engineering and economic expertise for the development of
Federal rules for new and existing stationary sources of six major pollutants,
including the precursors of smog. The program also includes (1) developing
control techniques guidelines and alternative control technology documents for
State and local air pollution agencies to use in crafting their air pollution reduction
strategies and plans, and (2) assisting state and local agencies and industry in
identifying best available control technologies.
4 Provided specialized technical expertise in the areas of engineering, toxicology,
dispersion and exposure modeling, economics, and health and risk assessment in
developing innovative, cost effective pollution reduction approaches including
pollution prevention, assisting small businesses in complying with Clean Air Act
requirements, and helping the general public to understand global and local air
pollution problems.
Chemicals and Petroleum Branch
4 Provided experienced and specialized engineering support to several major
programs for reducing volatile organic compounds. These programs include the
development of Federal rules under RCRA and the Clean Air Act, the
preparation of detailed guidance documents for states to use in developing their
rules, and case-by-case technical assistance to other governmental organizations
and citizens who needed control technology information.
4 Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and
identifying control technology options for the development of federal standards for
toxic organic air emissions. In the process, the branch has developed information
that it has shared with other government agencies and the public which has been
used by them to understand toxic emissions and to develop control strategies.
4 Instituted several programs which are integrated with other offices and which
emphasize multi-media considerations. These include the development of air rules
under RCRA, the preparation of guidance documents on the air aspects of
Superfund implementation, the development of an air-water integrated rule for
pulp and paper, participation and lead roles on three regulatory clusters, and
participation in several source reduction/pollution prevention targeted projects.
II-7
-------
Chemical Manufacturing Section
4 Conducted the "Nine CEOs' Voluntary Emission Reduction Program". This was
the first voluntary emission reduction effort and demonstrated the concepts used in
the "33/50" and "Hazardous Air Pollutants Early Reduction" programs. 1990
through 1992.
$ Published list of major and area source categories emitting hazardous air pollutants
required under Section 112. July 16,1992.
+ Promulgated New Source Performance Standards for air oxidation processes and
distillation operations in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry.
June 29,1990.
Petroleum Section
+ Published proposed rule to control and monitor air emissions hazardous waste
treatment, storage and disposal facilities under the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. July 22, 1991.
4 Developed an integrated rulemaking for hazardous air pollutants in the pulp and
paper industry. August 1992.
+ Developed guidance for the control of emissions of volatile organic compounds
from gasoline service stations (Stage II) and conducted training courses for EPA
Regional and State and local air pollution agency personnel at several different
sites. 1991 through 1992.
Chemical Application Section
4 Prg₯Jd,pfl expert witnesses who assisted the Department of Justice in collecting
q\r§r |i million in penalties. 1990 through 1992.
4 Initiated development of five maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
standards for hazardous air pollutants under Section 112 and seven control
techniques guidelines and standards for architectural and industrial coatings under
Section 183. 1990 through 1992.
4 Developed a method for directly measuring the efficiency with which a hood or
other capture device collects the volatile organic emissions from an industrial
process, a critical measurement for determining compliance with many air
regulations. Published a report to help States and industry use the method: "The
Measurement Solution: Using a Temporary Total Enclpsure for Capture Effipiency
Testing" EPA 450/4-91-020. April 1991.
n-s
-------
Pollutant Assessment Branch
4 Provided policy and technical expertise for developing a comprehensive strategy
for implementing programs to address the U.S. hazardous air pollution problem.
These efforts include studies on urban air toxics and air toxic deposition in the
Great Lakes and other U.S. waters, and the development of the components of
the regulatory agenda for the development of emission standards for hazardous air
pollutants.
4 Involved State and local air pollution agencies in all activities of the Emission
Standards Division, especially those related to the hazardous air pollution
provisions of the Clean Air Act. Sponsored highly successful workshops on risk
assessment and state and local air toxics program implementation. Consulted
extensively with state and local programs in the development of guidance under
112(g) [Modifications] and 112(1) [State Program Approval]. Worked with state
and local air pollution agencies on transition issues and the identification of
necessary implementation activities.
+ Actively advanced and participated in the development of EPA policies to address
risk assessment/management issues. This effort has included detailed interaction
with the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Risk Assessment of
Hazardous Air Pollutants (CAPRA), the development of improved tools for risk
assessment, the coordination of the efforts of Federal and State risk assessment
and management experts, and the collection and dissemination of the latest work
on risk assessment occurring at all levels of government.
Program Analysis & Technology Section
+ Completed and transmitted a report describing EPA's risk assessment methods,
past and present applications, and current issues to the National Academy of
Sciences to assist the academy in its study of Agency risk methods. March 1992.
+ Improved significantly EPA exposure modeling capabilities for air pollution
emissions from industrial sources by adding a feature that allows better
characterization of uncertainties associated with risk estimates. August 1992.
f Published tiered approach (level of modeling/monitoring increases as level of
available data increases) for conducting risk assessments. February 1992.
Program Implementation & Review Section :
$ Developed and published the list of major and area source categories to be
regulated under Section 112. This publication represented the culmination of
many man-years of technical effort and negotiations. The list that was published
will serve as the blueprint for the toxics program for the next 20 years. July 16,
1992. ' .
n-9
-------
4 Worked on the development of a draft schedule for promulgation of emission
standards for the source categories listed under Section 112. This schedule will
establish the dates by which all of the listed categories will be regulated. Extensive
technical effort on the development of a hazard-based prioritization system
supported this publication. 1992.
+ Worked on the development of guidance for the implementation of Section 112(1)
covering State programs for hazardous air pollutants. Extensive outreach and
negotiation with State and local air toxics programs has been the hallmark of this
project. In addition, through the Clean Air Act advisory committee, industry and
environmental groups have also been consulted on the development of this rule.
1992.
Program Integration & Health Section
+ Worked very hard in 1992 to coordinate and integrate Section 112 implementation
activities with State and local agencies and Regional Offices. With respect to
State and local agencies, our greatest achievement was the Hazardous Air
Pollutants Implementation Workshop which we developed, managed and
conducted. Other achievements include monthly conference calls with the
STAPPA/ALAPCO (state and local air regulators) air toxics committee and with
Regional Office staff.
4 Undertook extensive outreach and consensus building activities with interested
parties such as the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee on the development of
guidance for the implementation of Section 112(g), Modifications. Developed a
draft regulation which includes a hazard ranking of the 189 chemicals. 1991
through 1992.
4 Completed the development of a strategy for preparing the Report to Congress on
deposition of hazardous air pollutants in the Great Lakes and other U.S. waters
due in November 1993. Conflicting priorities among many diverse programs at the
Federal, State and local level had to be considered and incorporated in the
development of the strategy. An authors meeting will be taking place in
November to write the first draft. September 1992.
Standards Development Branch
$ Provided experienced regulatory and specialized engineering support to the
development of technology standards for air toxics emissions from major sources
such as chemical manufacturing plants, coke ovens and dry cleaners. In developing
such standards, worked closely with state and local air pollution agencies, industry
and environmental groups to address numerous complex technical issues and
develop standards which are protective of the environment and cost effective.
+ Provided experienced regulatory support to the development of key EPA policies
relating to the implementation of Title IDE of the 1990 Amendments, Presidential
Executive Orders, and key legislation that affect federal regulatory development.
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These policies address legislation such as the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the
Paperwork Reduction Act, as well as Executive Order 12291, which requires cost
and benefit analyses to support major regulations.
+ Provided experienced and specialized cost engineering and economic support to
the development of air pollution emission standards for stationary sources. This
effort includes the development of detailed cost and economic impact analyses for
all control strategies under consideration. Also provided technical support and
guidance to State and local agencies in assist them in developing and performing
their own analyses of cost and economic impacts of air pollution control
alternatives.
Standards Preparation Section
4 Published proposed rule setting MACT and generally achievable control
technology (GACT) standards for perchloroethylene emissions from drycleaning
facilities. December 9, 1991.
+ Developed proposed rule setting MACT standard for synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing industry (the HON) for OMB review (December 24, 1991) and for
proposal in the Federal Register. October 1992.
4 Developed hazardous air pollutants emissions averaging policy for MACT
standards. October 1992.
Regulations Preparation Section
4 Provided regulatory support for proposed rale to control and monitor air emissions
hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities under the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. July 22, 1991.
4 Developed proposed rule containing general provisions for all Federal standards
regulating sources of hazardous air pollutants. January 1992.
+ Developed proposed NESHAP for coke oven emissions through regulatory
negotiations. Committee signing scheduled for October 28, 1992.
Regulations Development Section
4 Published final rule limiting emissions'of particulate matter, carbon dioxide,
dioxins, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and nitrogen oxides emissions from new
and existing municipal waste combustors burning more than 250 tons/day of waste.
February 11, 1991.
4 Developed regulatory package which would propose revisions to the above rules
based on the use of maximum achievable control technology (MACT) and to
propose new rules limiting the above emissions from new and existing municipal
waste combustors burning less than 250 tons/day of waste. July 1992.
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+ Published Notice of Additional Information soliciting public review of new
information gathered since proposal concerning recently developed technology for
controlling perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning facilities and requesting
public comment on how this new information should be used in developing final
rules limiting perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning facilities. October
1992.
Cost & Economic Impact Section
+ Implemented innovative approaches for estimating economic impacts and selecting
cost effective regulatory options for the Hazardous Organic NESHAP (National
Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants). January 1991.
+ Completed a draft report to Congress on alternative economic incentive regulatory
strategies for consumer and commercial products. This report may form the basis
for consumer and commercial product regulations under Section 183(e).
September 1992,
4 Completed an innovative study involving an integrated market and financial
analysis to address the difficult question of the impact of the Dry Cleaning MACT
standard on the many small dry cleaning businesses. May 1991.
Industrial Studies Branch
$ Provided experienced and specialized engineering support to several major
programs for reducing particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide, and oxides of
nitrogen. These programs include the development of the Clean Air Act rules, the
preparation of alternative control technology documents for states to use in
developing their rules, and case-by-case technical assistance to State and local
agencies for reducing particulate emissions.
4 Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and
identifying control technology options for the development of national air toxics
standards for combustion units, smelting operations, and other industrial processes.
The branch has developed technical information that it has shared with other
government agencies and countries to assist them in understanding and developing
control strategies for these air toxics sources.
$ Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and
identifying control technology options for the development of Federal standards
for air pollution emissions from solid waste combustion. This work has included
complex analyses of alternative control strategies and their impact on emissions.
The branch has shared this work with State and local agencies and environmental
protection agencies in other countries to assist them in addressing this growing
industry.
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Standards Documentation Section
4 Published proposed and final rule establishing standards of performance for small
industrial-commercial-institutional steam generating units. June 9, 1989, and
September 12, 1990.
4 Published and made available for public use a medical waste incinerator (MWI)
operator training course in March 1989; initiated and participated with the ASMB
in developing an MWI operator certification program which was completed in
September 1992.
$ Published and made available for public use the following technical reports and/or
documents relating to medical waste incinerators:
Operation and Maintenance of Hospital Waste Incinerators (March 1989)
Medical Waste Incinerators: Background Information for Proposed
Standards and Guidelines (September 30, 1991)
Industry Profile Report For New and Existing Facilities
Process Description Report for New and Existing Facilities
Model Plant Description and Cost Report for New and Existing Facilities
Control Technology Performance Report for New and Existing Facilities
Environmental Impacts Report for New and Existing Facilities
Standards Support Section
4 Provided technical and engineering support for final rule limiting emissions of
participate matter, carbon dioxide, dioxins, suifur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and
nitrogen oxides emissions from new and existing municipal waste combustors
burning more than 250 tons/day of waste. February 11, 1991.
$ Completed major portions of the Report to Congress on "Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions from Consumer and Commercial Products" required under
ozone nonattainment provisions of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
Statutory deadline is November 15, 1993. August 1992.
4 Completed an engineering evaluation of the Jewell design Thompson non-recovery
coke oven technology as required under Section 112(d). October 1992.
Stationary Source Compliance Division
$ Developed and coordinated all Clean Air Act Title VII rulemakings including: the
monetary award program; citizen suits; field citation; administrative penalty;
contractor listing; and enhanced monitoring rules.
$ Coordinated several national enforcement initiatives including: a compliance
investigation of the wood panel industry which resulted in enforcement action
against the Louisiana Pacific Company for numerous PSD and SIP violations; a
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lead enforcement initiative which targeted the major lead sources; and the 1992
administrative penalty order case initiative which implemented the new
administrative penalty authority by filing 52 cases and a total of 100 by the end of
the fiscal year.
4- Developed outreach, training, guidance and policy documents to enhance
compliance with the Act which included: establishment of a training center at
Rutgers University Demonstration Center and a program using the California Air
Resources Board for state training; development of a hazardous waste incineration
training course using video conferencing; development of 23 plant specific
inspection manuals for CFC sources; and implemented new significant
violator/timely and appropriate enforcement guidance,
Technical Support Branch
$ Developed training manuals and courses for: 23 plant specific CFC sources;
hazardous waste incineration procedures; and draft training course documents for
radionuclide NESHAPs requirements. ,
f Initiated the application of the revised SV/T&A guidance; reviewed and reduced
the reporting requirements for Regional input; and evaluated the MOARS reports
for national program status.
+ Developed and maintained integration of the asbestos NESHAP program with the
OPPT AHERA program.
Inorganic Chemicals Section
* Developed and maintained integration of the asbestos NESHAP program with the
OPPT AHERA program.
+ Provided the compliance coordination in development and maintenance of the
Lead Strategy as part of the Agency's Lead Cluster Initiative,
$ Coordinated the Compliance Rule Effectiveness program successfully completing
14 Rule Effectiveness studies with an additional 13 in process,
Organic Chemicals Section
+ Set up and maintained technical coordinator workgroups with the Regional Offices
for VOC (volatile organic compounds), Air Toxics and Radionuclides Compliance
to enhance communications and to identify and resolve implementation issues
related to the Clean Air Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
4 Identified, conducted and completed 27 "Technical Agenda" projects, which
provided technical support, policy guidance and training in inspection techniques
to Regional, State and local compliance agencies in the areas of VOCs, air toxics
and radionuclides.
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4 Developed 23 CFC plant-specific inspection manuals and an inspector training
course to assist in the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on depletion of
the ozone layer.
Regional Programs Section
4 Issued guidance on the "Timely and Appropriate Enforcement Response to
Significant Air Pollution Violators which established a new standard for federal
overfilling, revised the definition of SV, and lengthened the timeline for addressing
SVs.
4 Conducted reviews of Regional Office air compliance and enforcement programs
which established baseline for evaluating progress and program effectiveness in the
future.
4 Initiated pilot program for Air Compliance Planning and Oversight Guidance to
give each state more freedom to establish program goals and commitments suitable
to the unique circumstances of a state.
Compliance Monitoring Branch
4 Developed and coordinated all Clean Air Act Title VII rulemakings including: the
monetary awards program; citizen suit; field citation; administrative penalty;
contractor listing; and enhanced monitoring rules.
4 Assisted in the development of the Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Protection
Program rules.
4 Created and enhanced two air compliance databases for tracking enforcement and
inspection activities, the AIRS Facility Subsystem for stationary sources and ACTS
for asbestos demolition and renovation projects.
Policy & Guidance Section
4 Published final rule providing Clean Air Act Administrative Hearing Regulations,
February 4, 1992.
4 Coordinated the Clean Air Act Administrative Penalty Program which resulted in
the filing of 100 administrative complaints for fiscal year 1992. Also coordinated
the 1992 Clean Air Act Administrative Case Initiative resulting in the filing of 52
cases on May 20, 1992, with a total of over $4 million in pled penalties.
4 Submitted to OMB in February, 1992 the draft proposal package for the monetary
awards program and in April, 1992 the draft proposal package for the citizen suit
regulations.
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Compliance Analysis Section
4 Created a new, all encompassing air database, the AIRS Facility Subsystem, by
merging existing compliance and emission databases. April 1990.
4 Developed the Compliance Monitoring Strategy and the Inspection Target Model
in order for States to maximize their enforcement resources by targeting the most
environmentally significant sources for inspections. March 1991.
4 Developed a draft Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance Certification Rule as
required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to gain a better assessment of
compliance over time by sources. January 1992.
Federal Program Section
4 Developed compliance monitoring strategies for regulations which require recycling
of stratospheric ozone depleting chemicals. 1992.
4 Fully implemented the wood stove emission certification program. July, 1992.
4 Brought the first enforcement actions for violations of the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer. 1990.
Air Quality Management Division
4 Developed and issued rules required by the Clean Air Act and the 1990 Act
Amendments, including rules to protect visibility in the Grand Canyon,
requirements for State operating permit programs, designations and classifications
of nonattainment areas for all pollutants and areas of the country, and rules for
economic incentive programs.
4 Provided guidance and assistance to ensure effective implementation of the 1990
Amendments, including the General Preamble and NOX addendum to guide States
in developing SIP's; holding a number of workshops on the final operating permit
rules and on the new source review program; development of model operating
permits, VOC rules, and SIP control strategies; issuing best available control
measures (BACM) technical guidance documents; implementing a targeted
program for reducing lead concentrations around major point sources; and issuing
the small business assistance program guidance.
4- Provided management, oversight, and training to Regions and States through the
Regional Memorandum of Agreements, the Regional air pollution training
conference in Greensboro, North Carolina, expansion of the network of air
pollution technical training centers, and installation of training satellite downlinks
in 60 State and local agencies.
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Ambient Standards Branch
4 Conducted cost, economic, and benefits analyses to support the development of
the 1990 Amendments and major regulatory actions (e.g., operating permits,
NESHAPS, and outer continental shelf rules).
4 Developed and supported economic incentive and other innovative strategies by
conducting a national workshop on innovative regulatory strategies, developing
EPA's economic incentive rules and support of the RECLAIM program in the
South Coast Basin of California.
4 Supported visibility protection efforts by assisting.in the establishment of the
Grand Capyon Commission and providing scientific and economic analyses for the
impact assessments of the Navajo Generating Station.
Standards Development Section
4 Supported visibility protection efforts by assisting in the establishment of the
Grand Canyon Commission and providing technical support for the visibility impact
assessment of the Navajo Generating Station, 1990-1992.
4 Contributed programmatic and technical expertise to the development of the
EPA's integrated lead strategy. February 1991.
+ Prepared exposure assessments and information on the direct health effects of
sulfur dioxide, acidic aerosols, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide for the Integrated
Assessment Report of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. 1989-
1991.
Economic Analysis Section
f Prepared an integrated assessment of the benefits associated with the 1990
Amendments to the Clean Air Act.
4 Issued key analyses in support of the final rules for Operating Permits and Air
Pollution from Outer Continental Shelf Sources, including the Regulatory Impact
Analysis, Regulatory Flexibility Screening, and Information Collection Request
Analysis. June, August 1992.
4 Issued Regulatory Impact Analyses in support of the inclusion of SO2 controls in
the Federal Implementation Plan for the Navajo Generating Station. February
1990, January 1991.
Regulatory Strategies Section
4 Conducted national workshop on innovative regulatory strategies fqr ajr pollution
control, focusing on economic incentives. January 15-17, 199JL
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4 Developed framework for approvable economic incentive programs and drafted
ru!es and guidance package targeted for proposal by year-end. September 1992.
* Provided policy and technical input to the South Coast Air Quality Management
District's effort to develop a Regional Clean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM)
in California and to other States developing market-based programs for air
pollution control, through EPA grants. Ongoing.
Permits Programs Branch
Operating Permits Policy Section
+ Published final rule setting minimum requirements for State air pollution operating
permit programs. July 21, 1992.
4 Completed three national workshops, co-sponsored with the State and Territorial
Air Pollution Program Administrators and Association of Local Air Pollution
Control Officials on the requirements for approvable operating permits programs.
August-October, 1992.
4 Initiated model permits program designed to provide example permits for State
and local agency use for over 60 source categories. January 1992 (continuing
project).
New Source Review Section
4 Published final Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) rules for new
source review applicability for utilities undertaking environmentally-beneficial
pollution control projects. July 21,1992.
+ Completed five national workshops, co-sponsored with the Air and Waste
Management Association, on the new source review permitting process. April
1992.
$ As part of the United States/Canadian air quality agreement, conducted two
workshops with Canadians to explain the U.S. prevention of significant
deterioration program. May-September 1992.
Air Pollution Training Branch
+ Developed and implemented training curricula and training centers for major CAA
activities involving operating permits and inspector training.
4 Continued delivery of technical training to over 6000 students and improved
delivery capability by setting up a satellite network with 40 presentations scheduled
in FY 93. * -
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$ Developed new training evaluation procedures and a study to evaluate computer
technologies to improve source inspection and permitting activities.
Training Development Section
+ Developed and implemented permit training curriculum for employees of State and
local agencies.
4 Developed evaluation procedures for distance learning and improved evaluation
procedures for self-study and short course presentations.
f Initiated pilot study to evaluate the capabilities of computer technologies to
improve source inspection and permitting activities.
Training Delivery Section
4 Set up national system for delivery of training via satellite and scheduled 40
presentations for delivery in the coming year.
4 Provided technical training through classroom presentations, self-study programs,
and satellite delivery to more than 6,000 students.
$ Implemented a comprehensive inspector training program which provides intensive
training through three levels, i.e., basic, intermediate, and advanced and established
two similar centers for permit training.
Sulfur Dioxide/Particulate Matter Programs Branch
4 Directed activities to meet CAA deadlines, including nonattainment designations,
submission of PM-10 SIP's, issuance of letters starting the time-clock for sanctions,
reclassification of areas to "serious," and BACM technical guidance.
4 Provided implementation guidance and assistance including input to the General
Preamble, model permits, example control strategies, and guidance for serious PM-
10 areas.
+ Directed implementation of targeted lead strategy focusing on identifying and
correcting air quality problems around major point sources.
Program Development Section
+ Innovated monitoring techniques for PM-10 and lead to produce more timely and
efficient air quality assessments (similar development underway for S02).
+ Conceived the basis for strategic targeting of lead, PM-10 and SO2 air quality
problems based on their probable exposure risks to the population.
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4 Improved understanding of nontraditional sources of PM-10 and their potential
controls, coordinated with Departments of Transportation and Agriculture. [Best
Available Control Measures and Fugitive Dust control guidance documents]
Policy and Guidance Section
* Produced major portions of 1990 CAAA for Titles I (related to PM-10, SO2 and
lead) and IV (acid rain), and provided critical support to related legislative
activities.
4 Established the most comprehensive program guidance in over a decade to meet
the new requirements of Title I for SO2, PM-10 and Lead. [General Preamble for
Title I]
4 Assisted Regional Offices, States, and affected industries with national models for
key program elements (permits, regulatory packages for SIP's, example control
strategies, control techniques for stationary and area sources).
Implementation and Regulatory Section
+ Directed an unprecedented effort across several OAR and Regional Office units
to resolve lead air quality problems in a targeted fashion; approach has been cited
as a model for other programs to emulate. [OAR component of EPA Lead
Strategy]
4 Timely promulgation of nonattainment designations; coordinated a national effort
for timely submission of PM-10 SIP's, and secured nationally consistent actions
where SIP's were not completed within CAA deadlines.
4 Developed a cooperative process with States to resolve regulatory SO2 issues
threatening the success of key programs.
Ozone/Carbon Monoxide Programs Branch
4 Published final General Preamble on preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide
State implementation plans (April 16, 1992); prepared draft supplement to the
General Preamble relating to oxides of nitrogen (November 1992).
4 Issued national designations and classifications of all nonattainment areas for
ozone and carbon monoxide in response to th_e Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990. (11/6/91)
+ Provided implementation guidance am} assistance includfng model permits and
RACT rules, RECLAJM support, and assistance iq developing EJPs in California.
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Strategies and Policy Section
4 Published final General Preamble on preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide
State implementation plans (April 16, 1992); prepared draft supplement to the
General Preamble relating to oxides of nitrogen. (November 1992),
4 Prepared draft and final technical guidance on preparation of ozone and carbon
monoxide State implementation plans. (July-November 1992).
4 Initiated the OAQPS Environmental Education Program. (October 1992).
Engineering and Rule Development Section
4 Coordinated OAQPS involvement in proposing and promulgating rules controlling
emissions from outer continental shelf sources. September 4, 1992,
4 Issued a set of model rules and permits for States to use in developing and revising
rules for volatile organic emissions.
4 Developed a computerized system of all guidance for States and industries to use
in controlling volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.
Program Oversight and Implementation Section
4 Issued national designations and classifications of all nonattainment areas for
ozone and carbon monoxide in response to the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990. November 6, 1991.
4 Promoted and provided extensive support for innovative control strategies and
market based economic incentives programs such as the South Coast regional clean
air market.
4 Redesignated Kansas City, Kansas and Kansas City, Missouri from nonattainment
to attainment of the ozone national ambient air quality standard; and redesignated
Atlanta, Georgia and Providence, Rhode Island from nonattainment to attainment
of the carbon monoxide national ambient air quality standard. June-September
1992.
Regional Operations Branch
4 Provided guidance and oversight of Regional activities through implementation of
the Memorandum of Agreement process, preparation of the air portion of the
Agency's Program Specific Guidance, and management of the level of effort
contracts for the Regions.
4 Issued in January 1992 the section 507 Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP)
guidelines and accompanying documents: the SBAP SIP Approval Checklist (May
1992), Guidelines for Regional Office Implementation of the Federal Compliance
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Assistance Program (October 1992), Guidelines for Contractor Execution of the
Small Business Assistance Program (October 1992), and A Guide for Small
Businesses (September 1992).
4 Held the annual Regional Office/OAQPS Air Program Training Workshop in
Charlotte, NC (July 13-17, 1992), bringing together Regional and Headquarters
staffs to present and have interchange on developing and recently issued air
program regulations and policy. Almost 400 people attended.
Regional Management Section
4 Developed and implemented the Memorandum of Agreement process between
OAR and Regional Offices to provide management focus on the implementation
of the Clean Air Act.
4 Prepared Program Specific Guidance for use by the Regions and State and local
agencies to assist in implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
requirements. (Issued June 19, 1992)
4 Prepared a computerized work assignment managers' (WAM) training manual that
is accessible through the Air Quality Management Division's computer bulletin
board system. This manual allows individuals to learn more about the
requirements of contracts management and processing work assignments. System
also contains a "news flash" section that allows us to keep the Regions informed as
to the latest information regarding contracts, new requirements, availability of
contractors, etc.
Regional Activities Section
4 Issued in January 1992 the section 507 Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP)
guidelines and accompanying documents: the SBAP SIP Approval Checklist (May
1992), Guidelines for Regional Office Implementation of the Federal Compliance
Assistance Program (October 1992), Guidelines for Contractor Execution of the
Small Business Assistance Program (October 1992), and A Guide for Small
Businesses (September 1992).
4 Completed initial round of SIP Processing Program Reviews in the ten Regional
Offices. Goal was to ensure that Regions are properly implementing their new
SIP processing authority granted under SIP Reform. Results showed excellent
application of Headquarters guidance on processing SIP's.
4 Held the annual Regional Office/OAQPS Air Program Training Workshop in
Charlotte, NC (July 13-17, 1992). The purpose is to bring together Regional and
Headquarters staffs to present and have interchange on developing and recently
issued air program regulations and policy. Almost 400 people attend.
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Technical Support Division
4 Enhanced outreach effort concerning the availability of air quality, emissions, and
other air pollution related information to the public through the Air Quality Atlas,
the Airs Graphics system, early release of the 1991 Trends Report and
maintenance/expansion of the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network (an
electronic bulletin board system). September 1992.
4 Established the Emission Inventory Branch and focussed its attention on successful
implementation of O3/CO SIP emissions inventory requirements as mandated by
the Clean Air Act amendments with 1992 designated as "EPA Year of the
Emissions Inventory". September 1992.
4 Conducted an ongoing program of Regional model applications to assess the
relative significance of VOC and NOX control strategies for ozone concentrations
in the eastern U.S. which served as the technical basis for deliberations of the
Ozone Transport Commission and for formulation of Agency policy on NOX
control requirements. May 1992.
Emission Inventory Branch
4 Established the OAQPS Emission Inventory Branch with its focus on the O3/CO
SIP Emission Inventory requirements as mandated by the CAAA of 1990 and
designated "1992 -EPA Year of the Emission Inventory," to help achieve
recognition of the new priority and importance of the emission inventory programs.
September 1991.
4 Established a process for submittal and quality review of Inventory Preparation
Plans (IPPs) as well as draft O3/CO SIP Emission Inventories and achieved 100%
submittal of IPPs and about 70% submittal of the required emission inventories.
September 1992.
4 Initiated activities of OAQPS, AREAL, and AEERL to pool resources for the
development and scoping of air toxic emission inventory requirements for support
of Urban Area Source Program and the Great Waters Program and other air toxic
programs requiring emission information. January 1991.
Emission Factor & Methodologies Section
4 Published and distributed results of review/update of Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, AP-42, its supplements, and related data bases/reports as
required by Section 130 of the Clean Air Act through a Compact Disc format.
May 1992.
4 Established an active and cooperative source testing program with industry and
other EPA entities to develop data for improved emission factors. May 1991.
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+ Undertook and substantially completed a major effort to revise all of AP-42 in
support of the ozone, PM-10, lead, toxics and global warming programs with
results printed in AP-42. October 1992.
Inventory Guidance & Evaluation Section
+ Issued necessary guidance for preparation of 1990 year emission inventories
needed for preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide emission inventories and
for the Emission Statement Program. July 1992.
4- Established guidance for EPA review and acceptance of 1990 base year emission
inventories and implemented review process. January 1992.
4 Issued National Emission Trends Report for periods 1940-1990 and 1990-1991,
October 1992.
Emission Measurement Branch
$ Developed and expanded the Emission Measurement Technical Information
Center (EMMC) to advance the nationwide use of sound air emission testing
methods and procedures and to facilitate technical communications via workshops,
training videos, quarterly mailouts, the monthly newsletter Stacknotes, and an
electronic bulletin board system including frequent updates of the Test Methods
Storage and Retrieval System (TSAR) computerized information system. October
1992.
f> Developed Method 301 for the validation of air emission test data especially for
circumstances when no reference method exists or when industry or air pollution
control agencies have candidate alternative methods such as for utilization in the
Title III Early Emission Reduction Program. October 1992.
$ Developed, refined, validated, or proposed over 20 air emission test methods and
conducted over 100 tests in support of emission factor and air emission regulations
development for Title I, Title HI, Title IV, Title V and Title VII programs.
October 1992.
Chemicals & Petroleum Testing Section
+ Developed, refined, validated, or proposed toxic air emission test methods and
conducted highly complex tests targeted for 12 hazardous air pollutants at 8 paper
and pulp mills in support of the integrated air emission and water effluent
regulations. October 1992.
+ Developed and refined numerous criteria pollutant air emission test methods for
support of the State Implementation Plans RACT fk-ups and the new source
performance standards including VOC from coatings, condensible particulate
matter, capture efficiency, and most recently revised continuous opacity monitor
specifications. October 1992,
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+ Developed air emission test Methods 25D, 304, and 305 in support of the RCRA
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities regulation and the CAAA Title III
Hazardous Organic NBSHAP which will regulate over 120 toxic pollutants emitted
from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry facilities. October 1992.
Compliance and Implementation Testing Section
+ Developed the emission and parameter monitoring reference document for the
Title VTI Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance Certification regulations package
which will affect all major pollutants and major sources for all of the Title I and
Title III programs. September 1992.
+ Developed numerous technical documents, data calculation spreadsheets, quality
assurance procedures, test method cost models, site-specific test plan preparation
guidelines, and test reporting format guidelines to improve the quality of emission
data nationwide. September 1992.
4- Developed and validated toxic emission methods for 8 toxic pollutants and
developed Method 303 for the quantification and certification of coke oven leak
observations in support of the regulatory negotiations for the Title III Coke Oven
regulations. October 1992.
Manufacturing & Combustion Testing Section
+ Developed extractive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques
for the measurement of stack emission to demonstrate that FTIR techniques are
capable of quantifying numerous toxics from various source categories and will be
a highly valuable additional tool for measuring the many toxics for which other
means are not available or are very expensive or time-consuming. September
1992.
$ Developed, refined, validated, proposed, or promulgated several emission test
methods (for mercury, lead, cadmium, chlorine, bromine, dioxin,) and conducted
several tests in support of the Municipal Waste Combustor regulations I and II/III.
October 1992.
4 Developed preliminary criteria for air emission sampling accreditation and actively
participated in and promoted the activities of the Environmental Monitoring
Management Council in Agency-wide efforts of analytical laboratory accreditation
and methods integration. October 1992.
Monitoring and Reports Branch
4 Served as Deputy Team Leader of the Persian Gulf Risk Evaluation Team. April
1991.
$ Directed the development of the Persian Gulf Regional Air Monitoring Plan
which was endorsed by 22 nations. April 1991.
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+ Accompanied the Administrator on a Presidential Fact Finding Mission on the
environmental impact of the Kuwaiti oil fires. May 1991.
Data Analysis Section
4 Annually published the National Air Quality and Emission Trends Reports.
October 1992.
+ Published the ozone design values which are the basis for the serious, severe and
extreme nonattainment areas for ozone and the design values for CO and PM-10.
October 1992.
4 Initiated the Clean Air Indicators Project to track environmental indicators
associated with the implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act. April 1991.
Monitoring Section
+ Proposed the enhanced ozone monitoring regulations requiring the monitoring of
volatile organic compounds, carbonyls, ozone, nitrogen oxides and meteorological
variables. March 1992.
$ Rebuilt the monitoring equipment infrastructure by obtaining 5 million dollars to
replace aging equipment. October 1991.
+ Developed the Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center (AMTIC) to
facilitate the exchange of ambient monitoring technology, guidance and regulatory
information among State, local and foreign governments. September 1991.
National Air Data Branch
+ Greatly expanded the functional capabilities of the Aerometric Information
Retrieval System (AIRS) while successfully maintaining the software for
continuous data entry and retrievals of all air quality, emissions, and compliance
data submitted to EPA by the States. August 1992.
4 Significantly increased the number of people and organizations using AIRS for
both data entry, retrievals, and analysis, including a number of international
programs (e.g., U.S.-Canada, U.S.-Mexico, World Health Organization) who are, or
soon will be using the AIRS software in their respective air management
programs. September 1992.
4 Completed major AIRS user-friendliness projects including PC/mainframe
interfaces, help screens, software, troubleshooting service, and new analytical
capabilities such as graphics. September 1992.
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AIRS Section
f- Developed a new subsystem in AIRS (the Area and Mobile Source Subsystem)
,, ,v, ,, that stores and retrieves State implementation plan (SIP) emission inventory data
for area and mobile sources required to be reported under Title I of the Clean Air
Act Amendments, July 1992.
$ Enhanced and expanded the AIRS Facility Subsystem to (1) store and retrieve the
SIP point source emission inventory data required to be reported under Title I of
the Clean Air Act Amendments, and (2) allow the updating of multiple years of
emission inventory data. August 1992.
+ Maintained production version AIRS software for continuous updating of air
quality, emissions, and compliance data into the national data base, August 1992,
Operations & Maintenance Section
4 Completed two new user-friendly software products: the AIRS Graphics on the
IBM mainframe and AIRS Executive on the PC that provide all AIRS users with
excellent graphics capabilities and management summary information from the data
stored in AIRS. September 1992,
$ Compiled detailed and comprehensive user requirements for the Title V Operating
Permits program that addressed tracking of permit, notification of affected State
agencies, and tracking of permit fees through interviewing and conducting
workshops with attendees from EPA, State, and local agencies. July 1992.
4 Initiated extensive AIRS user-friendliness projects (i.e., help screens, and
interactive access to codes) to simplify State data-entry capabilities. January 1992,
Source Receptor Analysis Branch
$ Applied a comprehensive Regional-scale ozone model to determine the relative
effectiveness of VOC and NOX control strategies across the eastern U,S. which
served as a substantial technical basis for deliberations of the Ozone Transport
Commission. May 1992.
4 Developed a sound statistical system for removing meteorological influences from
ozone trends and identifying adjusted design values as a measure of the true
effectiveness of control measures for ozone precursor pollutants. November 1991.
4 Established a written basis for considering the uncertainty of mathematical model
estimates in air pollution control programs under a joint review by
managers/modelers representing both EPA and State agencies, April 1992.
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Model Application Section
4 Published comprehensive documentation and guidance on use of complex
photochemical grid models in ozone attainment demonstrations as required by the
Clean Air Act. July 1991.
4 Developed a highly sophisticated mathematical modeling approach to simulate the
effectiveness of control strategies for ozone over multistate areas and published
results of the ROMNET study for the northeastern U.S. June 1991.
4 Published innovative modeling procedures for assessing risks due to stationary
sources of hazardous air pollutants in "A Tiered Modeling Approach to Assessing
the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants." March 1992.
Modeling Support Section
4 Implemented a comprehensive 64 line electronic bulletin board system to support
technology transfer to State and local air pollution control agencies as well as
environmentalists throughout the world. October 1991.
4 Implemented on the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Technology
Transfer Network the BACT/RACT/LAER Information System containing air
permits from local, State and Regional air pollution control agencies. September
1992.
4 Implemented the Clean Air Act Bulletin Board providing fast and efficient
electronic access to information on regulatory requirements, rules, policy/guidance
documents, related to the Clean Air Act Amendments. May 1991.
Techniques Evaluation Section
4 Finalized revisions to Guideline on Air Quality Models and sent to the Office of
Management and Budget, for review prior to final promulgation. August 1992.
4 Completed and provided the public with a revised computer code for the widely
used Industrial Source Complex Model. March 1992.
4 Established a Memorandum of Understanding between EPA, the Forest Service,
the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service to identify air quality
modeling techniques for assessing long-range transport impacts of new sources on
Class I areas. November 1991.
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Global Change
Division
Technology & Substitutes Branch
Energy Productivity & Pollution
Prevention Branch
Green Lights Branch
Methane and Climate Branch
Office of
Atmospheric Programs
Stratospheric
Protection
Division
Technology Transfer Branch
Analysis & Review Branch
Program Implementation Branch
Regulation Development & Operation Section
Program Oytrsach Section
Program
Management
Staff
Acid Rain
Division
Market Innovations Branch
Allowance Market Section
Energy Efficiency Section
Source Assessment Branch
Continuous Emissions Monitoring Section
Technology and Information Systems Section
Permits & Evaluation Branch
Permits Section
Evaluation and International Section
Organisation structure presented reflects a proposed office
reorganization currently in Green Border Review.
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OFFICE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS
Global Change Division
Methane and Climate Branch
4 Started projects in former Soviet states to quantify opportunities for controlling
natural gas emissions despite political uncertainty and unrest. Engaged private
sector
support for the effort.
+ Developed projects in China, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, and Czechoslovakia that
secured over $13 million of World Bank and other aid funds for developing
countries (including initiating key demonstrations) to control methane emissions
from coal mining. Completed agreement with China to consider methane in coal
quotas. July 1992.
t Continued progress on four reports to Congress on (1) Anthropogenic Methane
Emissions in the United States, (2) Options for Reducing Methane Emissions from
Anthropogenic Sources in the United States, (3) Options for Reducing Methane
Emissions Internationally, and (4) Current and Future Methane Emissions from
Natural Sources. Ongoing 1992.
Green Lights Branch
4 Initiated Green Lights Program to encourage companies to install energy efficient
lighting. Successfully recruited over 600 members, or almost 3% of all commercial
and industrial space.
4 Developed a Green Lights implementation assistance program that has produced
software and surveying tools for lighting upgrades, and have trained over 830
people to use the system. Developed a hotline and marketing and implementation
staff that delivers over 16,000 pieces of information per month, utilizing
sophisticated tele-marketing systems to track all prospective partners.
4 Collaborated with NBC and our Green Lights allies and partners to produce and
broadcast a television show supporting Green Lights. Secured well over $2.3
million worth of PSA advertising and ally advertising for the Green Lights
program.
Energy Productivity & Pollution Prevention Branch
4 Launched the Energy Star program for computers, with 35% of the industry
joining on first day. June 1992.
+ Announced the Golden Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerator Program. Program
will give rise to an efficient CFC free refrigerator that is 30-50% more energy
n-30
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efficient than the 1993 DOE standard; The mechanism to get this refrigerator to
market is a utility sponsored contest in which $30 million is awarded to the
manufacturer that can produce the most cost effective units at the earliest time.
July 1992.
4 Developed and supported plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through
profitable voluntary programs. Provided analysis forming the basis for the State
Department document entitled U.S. Views on Global Climate Change. April 1992.
Technology & Substitutes Branch
4 Demonstrated new CFC-free technology for residential refrigerators that has the
potential for energy savings of 8-16 percent over current refrigerator models.
When in full use this technology could save Americans between $1 billion and $2
billion per year on their electricity bills. February 1992.
4 Designed and funded development of a compressor based on a linear motor that is
20 percent more energy efficient than the most efficient compressor in the world;
Savings could exceed $14 billion if the technology is successfully commercialized.
4 Published report entitled Experimental Testing of R-22 Replacement Refrigerants
in a Split System Residential Air Conditioner. Report demonstrated that R-32
mixtures can replace R-22 in heat pumps and air conditioners without energy
efficiency penalty and with probable efficiency gain. September 1992.
Stratospheric Protection Division
4 Published final rule to phase out the production of Class I substances by the year
2000, establishing an allowance program to allocate production (also drafted
proposal to accelerate Class I phaseout by 1995). July 1992.
4 Published final rule to require recycling of refrigerants from motor vehicles, and to
require that recovery technicians and recovery equipment be certified. July 1992.
4 Made significant progress in negotiations with Montreal Protocol Parties to phase
out Class I substances, to examine accelerated phase outs of both Class I and II
substances, and to explore viable destruction technologies for these substances.
Ongoing.
Acid Rain Division ,:( ,,
4 Developed the Acid Rain Core Rules through a collaborative process facilitated by
the Acid Rain Advisory Committee, which consisted of representatives from the
regulated community, environmental groups, and academia. Ongoing, 1991-1992.
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+ Promulgated the Acid Rain Core Rules: Allowance System, General Provisions
and Permits, Continuous Emission Monitoring, Excess Emissions, and
Administrative Appeals. October, 1992,
4 Developed major implementation and outreach program involving Regions, States,
and the regulated community.
Permits & Evaluation Branch
Permits Section
4 Published final rule establishing requirements utilities must meet in order to obtain
a permit in the Acid Rain Program. October, 1992.
4 Produced simple and clear permit application forms for utilities to use in applying
for a permit under the Acid Rain Program. October 1992.
4 Co-developed, with Regional offices, a streamlined approach for issuing permits to
utilities participating in the Acid Rain Program. November 1992.
Evaluation and International Section
4 Played key role in successful negotiation of US-Canada Air Quality Agreement,
signed by President Bush and Prime Minister Mulroney. March 1991.
4 Developed TRAC Database which contains compliance information for over 250
Phase I units under Acid Rain Control Program. Ongoing 1992.
4 Published first progress report under the US-Canada Air Quality Agreement. Julie
1992.
Source Assessment Branch
Technology and Information Systems Section & Continuous Emissions Monitoring
Section
4 Published final core Acid Rain Rule, establishing a precedent-setting market-based
regulatory approach and setting new standards for the continuous monitoring of
the pollutants which are major contributors to acid rain.
4 Completed a major eleven-week field study that will serve as a benchmark for
insuring accurate monitoring of SO2 and NOx emissions from coal-fired utilities
over the next decade. October 1992.
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Market Innovations Branch
Allowance Market Section
4 Published proposed rule setting the requirements for the tracking and transfer of
sulfur dioxide emissions allowances under the Acid Rain Program. December 3,
1991.
4 Published a proposed rule for allocating Phase I and II sulfur dioxide emission
allowances to electric utility units affected under the Acid Rain Program. July 7,
1992.
4 Published final rule and delegated, to the Chicago Board of Trade, the ;
administrative functions for the auction and direct sale of sulfur dioxide emissions
allowances under the Acid Rain Program. December 17, 1992; September 25,
1992.
Energy Efficiency Section
4 Published proposed rule establishing the Conservation and Renewable Energy
Reserve allowance incentive program.
4 Developed the Conservation Verification Protocols to assist utilities and public
utility commissions on regulatory policies for acid rain compliance and allowance
trading.
4 Provided technical assistance to public utility commissions on regulatory policies
for acid rain compliance and allowance trading.
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Office of
Mobile Sources8
Internal
Operations
Staff
Manufacturers
Operations
Division
Manufacturers Programs Branch
Selective- Enforcement AudiSnj Section
imports SesScn
Technical Support Branch
Tssln j and Taehnotojy SacBon
Survaillanq© Section
Recall Branch
Recall Ssctbn
Waivers Section
Program
Management
Office
External
Affairs
Staff
Field Operations
and Support
Division
investigations and Enforcement Branch
Eastern BeW Qtfee I
EastsmReMOBeaH
Western Field (Denver, COS
Fiald Operations & Compliance Policy Branch
R»BlQral/Statrf.ocal Coordnatton Ssolon
Dala Management arid Analysis Section
Flans and Programs Section
Fuels Section
Unless otherwise indicated, aS organizational unite on this page are located in Washington, DC.
-------
National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory
Engineering
Operations
Division
~~ Laboratory Engineering Branch
Technical Analysis Branch
Quality Control
Correlation & Engineering Services
Laboratory Projects
Calibration & Maintenance
Systems Development
Facility Services
Laboratory Automation
Testing Programs Branch
Heavy Duty Engine Testing
Vehicle Acquisition
Vehicle Testing
Fuels and Chemical Analysis Branch
All organizational unils on this page are irt Ann Arbor, Ml.
Office of
Mobile Sources'
(continued)
Certification
Division
Technology
Development
Staff
Director for
Regulatory Programs
and Technology
Program Development & Analysis Branch
Engineering & Technical Resources Branch
Compliance Programs Branch
Regulation
Development and
Support Division
Engine* Vehicle Regulations Branch
Fuel Studies and Standards Branch
Special Regulatory Projects Branch
Technology Evaluation & Testing
Support Branch
Emission Control Strategies Branch
Emissions Planning
and Strategies
Division
Transportation Section
I/M Section
Special Projects Section
Technical Support Branch
Pollutant Assessment Section
State Support 8, Regulatory Analysis Section
Engineering Section
Air Quality Analysis Branch
Model Development Section
Testing add Data Management Section
-------
OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES
Manufacturers Operations Division
4 Formulated and coordinated the enforcement policies included in the various
Mobile Source rulemakings associated with the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990.
4 Completed third year of innovative voluntary market-based, averaging, banking and
trading emission credit program for heavy-duty motor vehicle engine
manufacturers.
4 Established programs to measure and enforce in-use motor vehicle emission
compliance at high altitude and emission compliance of heavy-duty engines.
Recall Branch
4 Obtained recall of over two million vehicles in FY 92 to correct high emissions.
4 Developed proposed regulatory language required by section 209(e) of the
amended Clean Air Act (authorization of California non-road standards).
4 Developed EPA'S response to California's request for a waiver of federal
preemption pertaining to the California Low Emission Vehicle Program.
Recall Section
4 Tested 42 engine families in FY 92 to determine compliance of in-use vehicles
with emission standards.
4 Completed first phase of study of heavy duty engine rebuilding practices as
required by amended Clean Air Act.
4 Completed EPA'S first heavy-duty engine recall test program.
Waivers Section
4 Implemented Agency's order of recall of noncomplying 1988 model year Isuzu
vehicles,
4 Coordinated development of enforcement strategies included in the various Mobile
Source rulemakings required by amended Clean Air Act.
4 Completed EPA'S waivers of federal preemption pertaining to California's
proposed Motor Vehicle Warranty Program, 1993 Vehicle Emission Standards, and
Gray Market Vehicle Program.
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Technical Support Branch
4 Trained the division in principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) and
assisted Branches in initiating pilot projects which apply the tools of TQM to
improve operational efficiency.
4 Implemented a Heavy-Duty Engine Recall Program which involved letting an
engine procurement contract and working with the Engineering Operations
Division to institute thorough equipment checks and set rigorous procedures in
place to ensure the defensibility of emission results.
4 Completed more Recall investigations than at any other time in the past ten years
by improving efficiency within the section and using SEE personnel.
Testing and Technology Section
4 Developed High Altitude In-Use Vehicle Testing Program jointly with the State of
Colorado to ascertain compliance of motor vehicles at high altitudes.
4 Developed advanced testing capabilities for the Motor Vehicle Recall Program
which enhances the ability to determine reasons for vehicle failures.
4 Implemented a Heavy-Duty Engine Recall Program which involved letting an
engine procurement contract and working with the Engineering Operations
Division to institute thorough equipment checks and set rigorous procedures in
place to ensure the defensibility of emission results.
Surveillance Section
4 Developed capabilities to monitor Heavy-Duty Engine selection and testing for
both the Recall and Selective Enforcement Auditing programs.
4 Expanded use of computers and electronic communication resulting in better
tracking of vehicles in the program and improved data transmissions with the
contractor and other sections within the division.
4 Completed more Recall investigations than at any other time in the past ten years
by improving efficiency within the section and using SEE personnel.
Manufacturers Programs Branch
$ Settled the first civil penalty case for violations of the new Federal regulations
governing imported nonconforming motor vehicles under the Clean Air Act against
William D. Rogers d/b/a/ Village Imports. A consent decree was entered in
Federal district court on September 15, 1992.
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* Settled a civil penalty case against Mack Tracks Inc., (Mack) on April 8, 1992, in
the amount of $323,872.00 for selling 177 new diesel engines used in heavy-duty
trucks that did not meet Federal emission requirements under the Clean Air Act.
4 Completed third year of innovative market-based, voluntary averaging, banking and
trading emission credit program for heavy-duty motor vehicle engine
manufacturers.
Selective Enforcement Auditing Section
+ Shifted enforcement assembly-line emission testing emphasis from light-duty motor
vehicles and trucks to heavy-duty engines which resulted in four heavy-duty audit
failures and manufacturer certificate suspensions since 1989.
+ Developed and drafted proposed non-road engine emission enforcement program
as directed by the amended Clean Air Act and met with non-road engine
manufacturers across country to explain current and future regulatory Federal
emission requirements.
+ Audited heavy-duty engine manufacturers' participation in the averaging, banking
and trading emission credit program and met with manufacturers to clarify areas of
confusion and inequity.
Imports Section
+ Conducted interagency coordination meetings and/or training sessions on federal
emission requirements governing imported motor vehicles with the Department of
Defense, Department of the Treasury (Customs), and General Services
Administration and Department of State.
$ Inspected all Independent Commercial Importers that modify nonconforming
motor vehicles imported into the United States which led to several enforcement
actions to seek civil penalties under the Clean Air Act.
41 Conducted worldwide survey of the availability of unleaded gasoline to determine
whether catalysts installed in U.S. version motor vehicles driven overseas are
exposed to leaded gasoline.
Field Operations and Support Division
Field Operations & Compliance Policy Branch
Regional/State/Local Coordination Section
+ Published proposed (July 1991), supplemental (February 1992) and final (October
1992) guidance and regulations for implementation and oversight of state
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oxygenated fuel programs for the control of carbon monoxide pollution in 39
metropolitan areas.
4 Published draft (June 1991) and final (December 1991) guidance for the
enforcement of vehicle refueling vapor control (Stage II) programs to control the
release of vapors that cause ozone (smog) development and prevent human
exposure to other harmful emission from gasoline. Notice of availability was
published in April of 1992 in the General Preamble to Title I.
4 Coordinated implementation efforts for the oxygenated fuels and Stage II
programs by preparing additional policy and guidance documents, other
implementation support material, reviewing and commenting on regulations,
coordinating training workshops and other support efforts.
Data Management and Analysis Section
+ Developed computer system for states to use in implementing the new wintertime
oxygenated fuels programs required under the CAA. Sept. 15, 1992.
4 Wrote analysis of effects of oxygen in gasoline on ambient nitrogen oxide
concentrations, for oxygenated fuels program. July 14, 1992.
4 Installed and configured a 60-user local area network to met office automation and
data management needs of CAA programs. April 1992.
Plans and Programs Section
4 Conducted the 1992 Tampering Survey in 10 cities with the remote sensor being
used in 6 or the 10 cities.
4 Initiated public information efforts to educate the public about revisions *^ the
Clean Air Act.
4 Responded to approximately 4700 telephone calls and correspondence from state
governments, regional offices, individuals and vehicle repair facilities regarding
emissions control tampering and warranty issues.
Fuels Section
f Denied, after extensive review, a request by the Ethyl Corporation to allow the use
of the manganese-based additive MMT in unleaded gasoline. (January 22, 1992, 57
FR 2535)
* Expanded the allowable use of aliphatic alcohols and ethers in unleaded gasoline
from 2.0 to 2.7 weight percent. (February 11, 1991, 56 FR 5352)
4 Revised the fuel volatility regulations at 40 CFR 80 to allow for more modern
testing methods for the measurement of Reid Vapor Pressure.
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Investigations and Enforcement Branch
+ Enforced the new volatility regulations throughout the nation by taking over
10,000 samples and issuing numerous notices of violation.
f- Developed, for upcoming publication in the Federal Register, enforcement portions
of the reformulated gas and anti-dumping regulations.
4 Issued 260 notices of violation with proposed penalties of over $3.6 million for
violations of the fuels and tampering provisions of the Clean Air Act.
Eastern Field Office I
4 Settled first case under the defeat device provision of the Amended Clean Air Act.
July 9, 1992.
4 Agreed to a $600,000 settlement in a lead phasedown case against the Farmers
Union Central Exchange (CENEX). September 28,1992.
4 Issued Question and Answer policy document on the implementation and
enforcement of the gasoline volatility regulations. May 1,1992.
Eastern Field Office II
4 Settled a major lead phasedown case against ARCO for $500,000.
4 Issued new Tampering and Defeat Device Penalty Policy which incorporates
changes in liability and penalty amounts as per the Clean Air Act Amendments.
4 Completed in a timely fashion a new REP and supported the Contracts Office in
the issuance of a new three year inspection contract to address the current and
upcoming requirements of the Clean Air Act through FY 1995.
Western Field Office
4 Settled three major lead phasedown cases; Pennzoil/Linmar Seagull (over
$500,000), Joe Jewell (over $150,000), and Total Petroleum (over $75,000).
4 Developed guidance for implementing the new administrative litigation process for
mobile source cases, as authorized by Section 205 of the amended Clean Air Act
4 Developed, in cooperation with the Office of Enforcement, delegations regarding
enforcement authority under the Clean Air Act, and administrative litigation
procedures and policies.
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Certification Division
Assistant Director's Staff
4 Coordinated public/industry outreach efforts for the nonroad study. March-
November, 1991.
4 Organized a June 1992 CRDA meeting to solicit nonroad advanced emissions
reduction technology proposals. Over 50 companies attended representing
nonroad industry, states, public universities and private research organizations.
4 Initiated CRDA negotiations with the National Consortium for Emissions
Reductions in Lawn Care. Press conference held on August 7, ,1992 to announce
its formation and plans to evaluate the environmental benefits of electric mowers.
Administrator William Reilly welcomed the formation of the Consortium and
pledged EPA's commitment to negotiate a CRDA in a timely manner.
Associate Director's Staff
4 Published final rule establishing cold ambient temperature emission standards and
compliance procedures for passenger cars and light-duty trucks effective beginning
with the 1994 model year. July 17, 1992
4 Published NPRM requiring vehicles to be equipped with on board diagnostic
equipment capable of detecting problems likely to cause significant increase in
emissions. September 24, 1991.
4 Conducted first industry-wide workshop aimed at organizing efforts and pursing
specific actions to improve vehicle maintenance and repair. August 7 and 8, 1992.
Special Projects Staff
$ Completed and published Section 213A CAA report, Nonroad Engine and Vehicle
Study. November 1991.
4 Completed large-scale assessment of actual driving behavior in Spokane, WA,
Baltimore, MD, and Atlanta, GA. October 1992.
Certification Support Staff
4 Published both the proposal and final rule implementing model year 1994 and later
light-duty tailpipe emission standards ("Tier 1" rulemaking). March 7, 1991
(NPRM); June 5, 1991 (FRM).
4 Transmitted to the Office of Management and Budget the proposal for the
Certification Short Test. January 3, 1992.
11-41
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4 Published the proposed rule and transmitted to the Office of Management and
Budget the final rule revising light-duty vehicle emissions durability program
requirements. April 30, 1992 (NPRM); October 13, 1992 (FRM transmittal).
Compliance Programs Branch
4 Published final rule for Tier I exhaust emissions standards applicable to 1994 and
later model year light-duty vehicles and trucks. June 5, 1991.
4 Published final rule for, and implemented, the collection of fees for mobile source
emissions certification and enforcement programs. July 6, 1992.
4 Certified over 700 engine families, processed over 1,000 fuel economy labels, and
confirmed 32 CAFE calculations during FY 92.
Program Development & Analysis Branch
4 Achieved workgroup closure on proposed rule for controlling NOx emissions from
nonroad engines larger than 50 hp. October 1992.
4 Implemented testing program to investigate effectiveness of various light-duty
vehicle Certification Short Test procedures under consideration. December 1991
through November 1992.
4 Fostered and encouraged a cooperative, consensus building relationship with
manufacturers of nonroad engines and equipment.
Engineering & Technical Resources Branch
4 Achieved workgroup closure on proposed rule for controlling NOx emissions from
nonroad engines larger than 50 hp. October 1992.
4 Published the Regulatory Support Document for the NPRM proposing regulations
specifying On Board Diagnostic requirements. September 1991.
4 Developed and patented an OBD catalyst failure detection system; filed February,
1991, Ser.# 07/660654.
Testing Support Team
4 Processed and analyzed approximately 300 emission tests per year in support of
Clean Air Act mandated regulations such as Cold CO emission, On Board
Diagnostics, and the Federal Test Procedure Study.
4 Reduced the processing burden of applications for Emission Certification of
vehicles and engines by Independent Commercial Importers by approximately 50
percent during the 1991 and 1992 model years.
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Engineering Operations Division
4 Met all customer needs for emission and fuel economy testing of motor vehicles
and analyses of fuels and fuel additives.
4 Constructed two major facilities for future testing and began installation of new
dynamometers.
4 Entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the major
domestic auto companies and the State of California to expand the technology of
emission measurements system. This was the first such agreement for OMS.
Testing Programs Branch
4 Exceeded federal test procedure equivalents (FTPE) target by performing
3222 emissions tests on vehicle models at a very acceptable valid rate of 86.7
percent.
4 Initiated rebuilt heavy duty engine testing to an approximate level of 581 FTPE's.
4 Supported other programs such as CNG (compressed natural gas) Challenge,
aftermarket PROM program, revised federal test procedure (FTP), Certification
Short Test, etc.
Vehicle Testing
+ Due to the high variability of the VNORM values in the REPCA data (data on
the variability of vehicle emissions testing equipment), we developed a control
charting strategy for the VMIX numbers. On a daily basis, data for each constant
volume sampler (CVS) is collected, control charted, and analyzed by the test crew.
This practice has paid twofold benefits in that the VMIX analysis, coupled with
Tom Schrodt's TGI analysis, has resulted in a decrease in CVS drift/variability and
the exercise has introduced control chart theory and practice to the test crew.
4 Developed and instituted Technical Training classes for the technicians. This
training allowed us to expand the responsibility and expertise of the test crew in
order to meet the new testing requirements mandated in the Clean Air Act
Included in this technical program is statistical process control (SPC) training,
which has allowed the test team to provide a more active role in the REPCA
quality control program.
4 Vehicle Testing accomplished a great deal in the area of Test Procedure updates
and developments. One of the major projects completed was a major revision of
The Laboratory Computer System (LCS) Test Analysis Program (TAP) Flag
Directory. This is a reference document that provides a guide for addressing TAP
flag messages encountered by test operators. The TAP Hag Directory was revised
to reflect modifications to the TAP software, and has been updated in general.
11-43
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error messages, changing background concentration limits, and disabling
unnecessary warning and notice flags.
Vehicle Acquisition
4 Provided 364 In-Use Vehicles for testing which resulted in 1388 FTPE's which
exceeded the in-use FTPE target by 152 FTPE's,
4 Initiated and implemented a new In-Use Vehicle Procurement Contract at a
negotiated cost of almost $10 million for five years. It is NVFEL's first Award Fee
Contract,
4 Established as a Work Assignment Manager to the Heavy Duty Engine Contract
to increase efficiencies in direction and communications between the Divisions and
the contractor.
Heavy Duty Engine Testing
4 Initiated in-use testing program for on-highway heavy duty engines to ensure
compliance with applicable emission standards.
4 Initiated the writing of heavy duty engine test procedures that will be read world
wide.
4 Established a work assignment manager for more efficient use of the heavy duty
contractor.
Fuels and Chemical Analysis Branch
4 Developed superior method allowing for analysis of oxygenated compounds in
gasoline in support of the oxy fuels federal guidance to states.
4 Analyzed 2400 gasoline samples in support of the Agency's fuel enforcement
program.
4 Continued efforts to complete development of several new methods in support of
the Reformulated Gasoline Rule.
Laboratory Engineering Branch
Calibration & Maintenance
4 Maintained quality test equipment and sustained a low equipment void rate to
provide for laboratory test operations.
4 Prepared test equipment for specialized test programs such as CNG, FFV and
Revised FTP.
11-44
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4 Relocated test equipment to maintain current test capabilities while
accommodating building construction activities.
Facility Services
4 Acquired (soon to be installed) next generation of electric dynamometers to
replace existing hydrokinetic dynamometers to meet the challenges, expectations,
and requirements of the CAAA.
4 Managed the on-site effort to construct a $3.5 million cold weather (Cold CO)
emissions test facility and an expanded west soak area.
4 Managed an extremely diverse group of work efforts to support the building in the
machine shop area, the shipping and receiving and supply area and in the area of
facility related projects.
Laboratory Automation
4 Maintained a quality laboratory computer, networking and support services
infrastructure.
4 Formally engaged in efforts to downsize minicomputer and mainframe computer
systems to microcomputer technology.
4 Developed and implemented usage of new computerized analysis and report tools
to support all vehicle testing programs.
Systems Development
4 Developed and coordinated the acceptance testing for the new electric chassis
dynamometers ?nd consulted with the industry and other OMS groups on the
implementation procedures and plans.
4 Provided extensive review and technical consultation on the construction of the
new OMS Cold Test Facility, the implementation of the Cold CO regulations, and
the performance testing of the CTF systems.
4 Prepared specifications to procure new sampling equipment, special test facilities,
and automated data systems for revised evaporative testing and alternative fuels
management. Prepared a comprehensive 3-year plan for equipping the laboratory
to meet the needs of the CAAA.
Technical Analysis Branch
4 Improved vehicle test procedures by providing laboratory information to regulation
development groups.
4 Lead OMS's activities in providing assistance to Taiwan EPA
11-45
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Emphasized human resources development by training and professional
development activities.
Quality Control
+ Monitored, reported, and facilitated the improvement of EOD's quality
improvement efforts.
4 Emphasized TQM style process improvement in EOD documentation methods.
4 Moved toward a paperless information management system for procedure
documentation.
Laboratory Projects
4 Represented OMS on the Environmental Research Consortium's Low Level
Emission Measurement Panel to develop new technology emission test equipment.
4 Continued a study to measure the variability of emission test equipment during
Federal Test Procedure testing.
4 Developed a technique for estimating and reported the number of diurnal
enclosures (SHED's) needed to conduct the proposed Federal evaporative
emission test.
Correlation & Engineering Services
4 Provided engineering and measurement systems support for Revised FTP testing.
4 Provided timely and comprehensive analysis of the comparison of manufacturer
and EPA certification test data, a major component of the role that NVFEL plays
in "leveling the playing field" of manufacturer self-certification testing.
4 Implemented statistical process control (SPC) of laboratory diagnostics helping to
improve measurement precision by up to 65%.
Director for Regulatory Programs and Technology
4 NGV Challenge EPA's contribution to the international student competition of
alternative fuel technology was to perform the emissions and fuel economy testing
at NVFEL. This was handled successfully by TDG leading to another noteworthy
competition and the major sponsors, DOE, GM, and SAB, expressed their
gratitude.
4 Thermal Energy Storage Saving wasted heat and using it for improving emissions
and fuel economy is a desirable goal. TDG searched out and acquired an example
of thermal energy storage and in a cooperative program with VW and Schatx
n-46
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Thermo Engineering, conducted a series of tests using a flexible-fueled vehicle to
quantify the emissions and fuel economy benefits of this new technology.
+ Two-Stroke Cycle Engine In a cooperative program with the Orbital Engine
Company and Ford, TDG conducted a test program to quantify the emissions and
fuel economy of two prototype vehicles equipped with direct injection two-stroke
cycle engines. Our testing was the first reported outside the industry for this
technology.
Regulation Development and Support Division
Engine & Vehicle Regulations Branch
+ Proposed OEM vehicle, conversion and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)
standards for compressed natural gas and other gaseous-fueled vehicles.
September 1992.
4 Reached agreement with California Air Resources Board regarding a compromise
evaporative emission test procedure which addresses consistency concerns raised by
industry. August 1992.
4- Proposed retrofit and rebuild program that achieves emission reductions from in-
use urban buses at lowest possible cost. July 1992.
Fuel Studies and Standards Branch
f Published a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking reflecting the reg neg
agreement reached in 1991 on the mandated reformulated gasoline program. This
notice contained the Simple Model for predicting the emissions performance of
reformulated gasolines, the Phase I (1995-99) emission performance standards, and
the anti-dumping program to maintain emissions performance outside of the
reformulated gasoline areas. April 16, 1992.
* Developed, with the Department of Energy and Agriculture and the White House,
a plan for a substantial role for ethanol in the reformulated gasoline program
which did not trade off the environmental benefits of the program. The President
. announced this program at a special press conference on October 2, 1992 at the
White House.
4 Proposed an Emission Credits Trading Program for the mandated California Pilot
Program. The final rule completed Agency and OMB review in FY92 and will be
published in early 1993.
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Technology Evaluation & Testing Support Branch
4 Completed certification testing of Chrysler Corporation's first flexible fuel vehicle
(EFV). April 1992.
4 Coordinated all testing of 24 U.S. and Canadian student natural gas vehicle designs
as part of the 1992 Natural Gas Vehicle Challenge program. May 1992.
4 Developed test procedures for non-road engines and completed baseline testing on
small non-road diesels. September 1992.
4 Completed initial testing of emissions and fuel economy effects of high percentage
gasoline/ethanol blends (10-40% ethanol). September 1992.
Special Regulatory Projects Branch
4 Published proposed rule on health effects and emission testing as a requirement
for fuel and fuel additive registration. April 15, 1992.
4 Published final rule for the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program establishing a credit
program, exemptions from transportation control measures, and new program to
encourage the production and purchase of very clean vehicles, (Announcement
scheduled for October 19, 1992)
4 Achieved internal Agency concurrence for the notice of proposed rulemaking for
the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program covering heavy-duty emission standards, converted
vehicles, and other provisions. (Closure meeting October 14.)
4 Published final decision document not to require onboard recovery of fuel
refueling emissions, thus opening the way for implementation of Stage II controls
in affected non-attainment areas. April 15, 1992.
Emission Planning and Strategies Division
Technical Support Branch
4 Issued guidance on how to prepare mobile source emission inventories including
motor vehicles and non-road engines. Procedures for Emission Inventory
Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources. July 13, 1992.
4 Supported new inspection maintenance proposed rulemaking for new high tech
I/M programs and published an evaluation of remote sensing devices for I/M.
Evaluation of a Remote Sensing Device at a Centralized I/M Lane. Society of
Automotive Engineers Paper 922315, October 1992.
4 Compiled draft report on air toxics emissions from motor vehicles. Motor Vehicle-
Related Air Toxics Study. July 1992.
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State Support & Regulatory Analysis Section
4 Published guidance on how to forecast and track vehicle miles traveled (VMT),
Federal Register Notice. Section 187 VMT Forecasting and Tracking Guidance.
March 19, 1992.
4 Issued guidance on how to prepare mobile source emission inventories.
Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, July
13, 1992.
4 Initiated review of mobile source sections of draft 1990 SIP base year emission
inventory submittals. These sections include highway vehicles, nonroad engines
and vehicles, locomotives, aircraft, and vessels. Final inventories are due
November 15, 1992.
Engineering Section
4 Developed technical guidance, equipment specifications, and quality control
recommendations for the new high-tech Inspection and Maintenance (I/M)
programs (i.e., transient dynamometer test and evaporative system checks). A
draft technical report was available when the Notice of Proposed Rule Making
(NPRM) was published on July 13, 1992. Provided various analyses relative to
repairs and alternative test procedures for the Technical Support Document
required for the rulemaking process. July 1992.
4 Initiated a series of industry standards for a common diagnostic plug,
communication language, trouble codes, and tools which were adopted by the
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in 1992. Improved methods to identify
malfunctioning oxygen sensors and catalysts are currently in-progress. Fabricated
components for inexpensive repair-grade high-tech emissions test equipment. June
1992.
4 Published a report on the second test program conducted by the section comparing
remote sensing technology to existing I/M procedures (October 21, 1992, SAE No.
922315). Completed a third evaluation of remote sensing on September 30, 1992,
which was the second program by the section that compared remote sensing to the
high-tech I/M program. September/October 1992.
Pollutant Assessment Section
4 Developed a motor vehicle exposure model, titled HAPEMMS, that calculates
national annual average exposure to vehicle pollutants as a function of g/mile
emission factors. Annual average exposure information is required to perform
cancer risk assessments. Report: Application of the HAZARDOUS Air Pollutant
Exposure Model to Mobile Source Pollutants, January 1992.
4 Developed the methodology and prepared nonroad equipment emission inventories
for 33 ozone and/or carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, as input for SIP
11-49
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inventories. Inventories were derived at both the county and areawide level and
reflect the updated CO and ozone nonattainment boundaries. The inventories
contain information for 79 equipment types within each of three engine types.
Draft report - Methodology to Calculate Nonroad Emission Inventories at the
county and sub-county level. July 1992.
+ Prepared first version of the motor vehicle-related air toxics report required by the
Clean Air Act. This 600-plus page report contains the latest information on health
effects, emission factors, exposure, and cancer risk for motor vehicle air toxics.
July 1992.
Emission Control Strategies Branch
4 Published final rule setting performance standards for enhanced vehicle inspection
programs. November 6, 1992.
4 Published guidelines for transportation/air quality planning and transportation
control measure information. Spring/Summer 1992.
+ Developed procedures for inventorying emissions from aircraft and locomotives.
Summer 1991.
Transportation Section
4 Published guidelines for transportation/air quality planning and transportation
control measure information. Spring/Summer 1992.
l/M Section
+ Published final rule setting performance standards for enhanced vehicle inspection
programs. November 6, 1992.
Special Projects Section
4 Developed procedures for inventorying emissions from aircraft and locomotives.
Summer 1991.
Air Quality Analysis Branch
4 Released the draft version of the MOBILES emission factor model for use in
development of emission inventories for State Implementation Plans, August 28,
1992.
$ Set up an IM240 demonstration site in a Phoenix Inspection and Maintenance
(l/M) lane for the North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference
(NAMVECC), and successfully illustrated that the high-tech test is feasible for l/M
programs. May 1992.
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4 Performed 583 reformulated fuels tests on 40 vehicles to provide information on
effects of different fuel properties on automobile emissions. December 1991
through September 1992.
Model Development Section
4 Released the draft version of the MOBILES emission factor model for use in
development of emission inventories for State Implementation Plans. August 28,
1992.
4 Rewrote and expanded the Tech 5 emission model used to estimate Inspection and
Maintenance Program emission benefits to include NOx emissions and IM240
transient testing procedures. March 1992.
4 Developed a methodology to use IM240 transient testing results from testing at
Inspection and Maintenance program sites to estimate in-use vehicle emission
factors. July 1992.
Testing and Data Management Section
t Performed analyses supporting the Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) rule which
improves our ability to identify high-tech cars and trucks that need repairs.
November 1991 and September 1992,
4 Set up an IM240 demonstration site in a Phoenix I/M lane for the North American
Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference (NAMVECC), and successfully
illustrated that the high-tech test is feasible for I/M programs. May 1992.
4 Performed 583 reformulated fuels tests on 40 vehicles to provide information on
effects of different fuel properties on automobile emissions. December 1991
through September 1992.
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OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND REVIEW
$ Played a key role In EPA's efforts to obtain Administration support and
Congressional approval of the new Clean Air Act, OPAR staff participated in
virtually all of the White House/EPA and Congressional/Administration meetings
leading to passage of the Act,
$ Led the effort to document the benefits and costs of the 1990 Clean Air Act
(including business and export opportunities and new jobs) and sponsored the very
successful Clean Air Act Marketplace Conference.
$ Assisted the other OAR offices in developing and securing support for key
regulations and programs (e.g,, permits, continuous emissions monitoring for
powerplants, and the innovative Regional Clean Air Incentives Market
(RECLAIM) in Southern California). Represented OAR on EPA's Steering
Committee and developed and taught course on regulatory development to OAR
staff.
4- Coordinated international activities for OAR and served as head of delegation for
several Long-Range Transport of Air Pollution (LRTAP) negotiations.
$ Led OAR participation in important agency-wide efforts such as the petroleum
refinery cluster, environmental equity task force, and the Deputy Administrator's
Regulatory Improvement Initiative.
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OFFICE OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS
National Programs Staff
4 Provided staff support for the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, who advise
senior OAR and Agency policy makers on major issues affecting implementation
of the Clean Air Act. The Committee issued three publications: "A Primer on
Consensus Building," "An Introductory Guide to Smart Implementation," and "A
Guide to Public Financing Options," November 1990 - Present.
4 Established a new consensus-building, consultative process for allocating state air
grant funds to EPA regional offices. Since the signing of the Clean Air Act, EPA
has increased the amount of state grants by 76 percent to $175 million. February
1990 - Present.
4 Organized annual reviews by the Deputy Assistant Administrator and an OAR
management team for the ten regional offices to assess implementation of air and
radiation programs and assist in resolving program issues. 1991 - Present.
Resource Management Staff
4 Established an OAR Resource Management Council with representatives from
each OAR program to help ensure effective internal resource use, provide
guidance on external resource management issues, and respond to OMB,
Congressional and Agency budget directives.
Budget and Planning Staff
4 Managed development of budget request leading to a 93 percent budget increase
for implementation of the Clean Air Act. The OAR budget data system, which
provides for detailed tracking of Clean Air Act programs and Agency themes and
initiatives, has served as a model for other Agency offices. 1991 - Present.
4 Coordinated development of a new OAR-regional management process that
includes: identification of national and regional priorities, negotiation of
Memoranda of Agreement (MOAs), and reporting of implementation progress.
The MOAs, which are signed by the Assistant Administrator and Regional
Administrators, include an agreed upon set of activities that implement the
national and regional priorities. The MOA process has also served as a model for
other agency offices. 1991 - Present.
4 Developed and coordinated improved systems for tracking implementation progress
under the Clean Air Act, including the Office of Air and Radiation Management
System (OARMS) and an MOA Reporting System for tracking regional progress
in meeting MOA commitments. The budget and Planning Staff also prepared the
second two-year "Implementation Strategy for the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990." 1991 - Present
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Radiation
Studies
Division
Radiation Studies Branch
Radiation Assessment Branch
Remedial Guidance Section
Remedial Technology Section
Las Vegas
Facility
Office of Radiation
and Indoor Air
Field Studies Branch
Evaluation Branch
Criteria and
Standards
Division
Waste Standards & Risk
Assessment Branch
Waste Standards Sector*
Risk Assessment Section
Policy & Emergency Response Branch
Policy and Public Information Secton
Emergency Response Section
Air Standards & Economics Branch
NESHAPS Development Section
Implementation and Technical Support Section
Program
Management
Office
Radon
Division
Mitigation Prevention & Quality
Assurance Branch
Control Technology Section
Quality Assurance Section
Policy & Public Information Branch
Policy Section
Public Information Section
Problem Assessment Branch
Survey and Data Analysis Section
Measurement and Characterizafon Section
Indoor Air
Division
Analysis Branch
Implementation Branch
National Air and
Radiation Environmental!
Laboratory
Monitoring & Analytical Services Branch
Environmental Studies Branch
Natural Radiation Assessment Branch
Technical Support Branch
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OFFICE OF RADIATION AND INDOOR AIR
Criteria and Standards Division
* Issued NESHAPs for radionuciides on October 31,1989.
$ Published guidance to states on actions to protect the public from radiological
accidents and emergency in November 1991.
4 Surveyed the radiation risks from air emissions from NRC-licensees in the spring
of 1992 and estimated that over 99 percent were less than the acceptable level of
10 mrem/yr.
Radiation Studies Division
Radiation Assessment Branch
Remedial Guidance Section
+ Developed, for Superfund, Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals for
Radioactive Contaminants. December 1991.
f Established an ongoing radioactive material cleanup program with the Department
of Energy for Technical Cooperation in the areas of: Criteria and Guidance
Development, Site-Specific Assessments, Environmental Monitoring and Quality
Assurance/Control, Technology Development Support for Clean-up/Waste
Minimization, Training.
$ Established cooperative program with the Department of Defense to facilitate
cleanup of radioactive contamination at active military installations and those
preparing for closure.
Remedial Technology Section
4 Initiated, in cooperation with the office of Administration and Resource
Management, a comprehensive program to protect the Safety and Health of EPA
employees who deal with radioactive materials. May 22, 1991.
4 Successfully tested a pilot plant designed to treat radioactive soil from the
Montclair, NJ Superfund site. September 30, 1992,
Radiation Studies Branch
$ Developed and published two public outreach documents:
Questions and Answers About Electromagnetic Fields [Working Draft],
August 1992
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Electromagnetic Fields In Your Environment [Draft], September 1992
$ Supported (in part by grant) the publication of the SCIENCE magazine article
entitled: "Containing Costs of the EMF Problem," by Keith Florig. July 1992.
$ Published for presentation at the 85th Annual Air and Waste Management
Association meeting the paper entitled: "Personal 24-Hour Magnetic Field
Exposures. Lynne Gillette and Doreen Hill. June 1992.
Las Vegas Facility
f Completed and began distributing CAP88-PC, version 1.0, a software package to
determine dose from radionuelide emissions to air from Department of Energy
(DOE) facilities. Over 00 copies of CAP88-PC were distributed to scientists in
State agencies, DOE facilities, industry and academic institutions in 1992.
4- Verified dose calculations for Los Alamos Mason Physics Facility (LAMPF), as
part of NESAHPS audit of Los Alamos National Laboratory at request of EPA
region 6.
4 Assessed Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site for dose and risk resulting from carbon-14
emissions from proposed geological repository for high-level nuclear waste,
4 Performed a collaborative laboratory study with the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA) to test integrating radon detectors under icvere environmental
conditions. The results of the study will be used to select measurement devices for
the IAEA "Radon in the Human Environment" worldwide indoor radon study.
+ Performed the National Ambient Radon (NAR) Study as mandated by Title III of
the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, Section 303 (3). Results of the study were
published and presented at the 1991 International Symposium on Radon and
Radon Reduction Technology,
4 Established a Radons Instrument Evaluation Program that to date has performed
over 100 instrument evaluations. The program qualifies measurement devices and
instruments for participation in the National Radon Measurement Proficiency
Program (RMP).
National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory
4 Established a Technical Support Center (TSC) at the National Air and Radiation
Environmental Laboratory to provide technology-based assistance to Superfund
cleanup sites. March 1992.
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4 Completed phase one in establishing a mixed waste analytical capability, including
personnel identification, design of laboratory space requirements, and purchase of
key instrumentation. September 1992.
4 Began functioning as a collaborating center for the World Health Organization's
Global Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network, an international monitoring
initiative begun in response to Chernobyl. April 1992.
Radon Division
4 Established national coalition of public health, consumer protection, building and
real estate organizations to reduce the public health risks of radon. The Radon
Division has brought together organizations as diverse as the National Association
of Counties, the American Lung Association, the Ad Council, and the National
Association of Homebuilders to raise public awareness of radon to nearly 70
percent and reduce public health risks from radon. Already, nearly 10 percent of
American homes have been tested, hundreds of thousands have been fixed, and
well over a hundred thousand new homes have been built with radon resistant
features.
4 Ensured quality radon testing and mitigation services for the American public.
The Radon Division's revamped measurement device proficiency program (1990)
and new proficiency programs for individual testing and mitigation contractors
(1991), coupled with the new Citizen's Guide to Radon (1992), have provided
citizens with sound advice and services to address radon problems.
4 Refined EPA's radon health risk assessment and established national estimates of
the extent of radon problems in homes and schools. The Radon Division
completed national surveys of radon levels in homes (1991) and schools (1992)
and, in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences and the Science
Advisory Board, revised its national radon risk estimate to 7,000 to 30,000 annual
lung cancer deaths attributable to residential radon exposures (1991).
Indoor Air Division*
Analysis Branch
4 Developed a policy strategy brochure on EPA's Indoor Air Pollution program
describing the Agency's multifaceted approach to reducing citizen's exposure to
indoor pollutants. September 1992.
4 Completed and distributed the architect's primer, Designing for Good Indoor Air
Quality. November 1991.
The Indoor Air Division was part of the Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air
Programs (now the Office of Atmospheric Programs) when these activities were conducted.
H-57
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4 Developed the Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program to
investigate and study indoor air quality in office buildings. As of October 1992,
the BASE survey was at Office of Management and Budget awaiting clearance.
Implementation Branch
$ Completed and distributed an indoor air quality guide Building Air Quality: A
Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, The guide was issued jointly by
EPA and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. February
1992.
4 Developed orientation course for building owners and managers to acquaint them
with the Building Air Quality Guide. Delivered course nationwide in cooperation
with the Building Owners and Managers Association. Ongoing 1992.
4 Provided "Orientation to Indoor Air Quality" course to 1200 state and local
environmental and public health officials nationwide. Ongoing 1992.
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International
Activities
Division
Management &
Administration
Division
Office of
General Counsel
I
Air and
Radiation
Division
Cross-Media
Analysis and
Review Division
National Standards Branch
Acid Rain/Racliation Branch
Stats Implementation Plans Branch
Mobile Sources/Stratospheric
Ozone Braneh
Pesticides &
Toxic Substances
Division
Contracts,
Information, and
General Law Division
Inspector
General
Division
Grants, Claims and
Intergovernmental
Division
Solid Waste &
Emergency Response
Division
Water
Division
-------
OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL
Air and Radiation Division
4 Principal legal advisors to the Agency's air and radiation programs and others
concerned with the implementation of the Clean Air Act.
4 Principal drafters, under policy guidance of OAR, of President's proposed
amendments to the Act that were ultimately enacted, with changes, as the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990.
+ Principally responsible, with the Department of Justice, for the defense of
litigation under the Clean Air Act and other statutes affecting Air and Radiation
programs.
4 As part of that responsibility, have successfully settled numerous lawsuits brought
against the Agency alleging failure to comply with statutory deadlines to
promulgate a number of rules.
National Standards Branch
4 Provided extensive legal support to OAR in the development of the operating
permit program regulations. This extraordinarily complex and important regulation
is expected to supply the framework for the implementation of the various
programs affecting stationary sources under the Clean Air Act amendments. Many
of the controversial issues involve novel questions of legal interpretation.
Currently working with the Department of Justice to orchestrate a defense of the
rule against a wide ranging series of challenges in court.
4 Assisted OAR with proposed regulations for the organic chemicals industry (the
Hazardous Organics NESHAP or HON). Helped OAR devise a legal strategy that
would allow for the use of a broad bubble approach for compliance with emissions
standards for the organic chemicals manufacturing industry. The bubble approach
is associated with considerable cost savings, and is expected to become the
template for subsequent MACT standards issued under the air toxics program.
$ Provided legal support on an ongoing basis to assist OAR in the implementation
of Clean Air Act air toxics programs. For example, played a key role in the early
reductions rule, which provides incentives for industry to reduce emissions of air
toxics well before the required MACT standards go in place. Also heavily involved
in all the rulemakings being undertaken in the air toxics area. Exploring with
OAR ways to integrate the air toxics program with the permits program.
4 Played a major role in developing strategies for settling lawsuits based on EPA's
failure to meet statutory deadlines for review of the ozone NAAQS and the SO2
NAAQS.
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Acid Rain/Radiation Branch
* Provided extensive counseling services to Acid Rain Advisory Committee, which
was instrumental in laying foundation for acid rain program, and provided in-depth
assistance in drafting acid rain rules and negotiating with Administration during
interagency review.
4 Worked closely with air program staff to develop guidance documents
implementing revised new source review provisions of 1990 Amendments, and was
instrumental in negotiating "WEPCO" rule within the Administration.
State Implementation Plans Branch
+ Teamed up with OAR staff to produce the Title I General Preamble, the first
comprehensive guidance for States and the public on how to implement the State
Implementation Plan (SIP) provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
Took an active role in creating interpretations of the Title I provisions that
maximize the States' flexibility while still advancing the goals of the new statute.
Instrumental in negotiating the provision of the General Preamble within the
Administration,
Mobile Sources/Stratospheric Ozone Branch
4 Played a key role in the reformulated gasoline regulatory negotiation. These
exceedingly complex negotiations led to an agreement signed by all the relevant
interests, including environmental groups and industry, that achieved the sought-for
environmental gains of the program at the lowest cost, and included innovative
trading and averaging provisions for that purpose.
* Helped develop the CFC phaseout rules. The provisions of these rules needed to
be developed in large part by OGC, in part because of difficult legal problems in
reconciling the requirements of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act with
the requirements of the Montreal Protocol. OGC's contribution assured that the
rules were issued on time to provide the needed guidance to the regulated
community.
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Office of
Congressional and
Legislative Affairs
Legislative
Analysis
Division
Congressional
Liaison
Division
-------
OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS
4 Assisted in the design of a comprehensive legislative strategy to reauthorize the
Clean Air Act in a fashion consistent with the Administration's prerogatives.
Aided in the formation of the Administration's initial Clean Air proposal by
determining congressional sentiment on a variety of policy options. Recruited
congressional cosponsors for the Administration's Clean Air proposal to Congress.
(February 1989 - July 1989).
4 Established bipartisan consensus-building relationships in the Congress during
Clean Air Act reauthorization to help shape effective and balanced regulatory
policy. Coordinated the exchange of communication between the Agency and
Capitol Hill. Closely monitored and documented congressional activity throughout
reauthorization. (July 1989 - November 1990).
4 Communicate the Clean Air Act implementation to members of Congress and
their staff in a manner which enhances support for the Administration. Assist in
the preparation of Agency witnesses who go before Congress to testify in oversight
and investigative hearings. Provide Clean Air Act briefings and implementation
documents to the Congress on a routine basis. (November 1990 - present).
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JL
Office of
Civil
Enforcement
Office of
Federal
Activities
Pesticides & Toxic
Substances
Enforcement Division
Air Enforcement
Division
Office of
Enforcement
Office of Compliance
Analysis and
Program Operations
Special Programs
and Analysis
Division
Southern and Western Branch
Federal Agency
Liaison
Division
Water
Enforcement
Division
Superfund
Enforcement
Division
RCRA
Division
Office of
Criminal
Enforcement
Criminal
Operations
Division
Engineering
Operations
Division
National
Enforcement
Investigations
Center
Planning and
Management
Division
Laboratory
Services
Division
Operations
Division
Office of
Federal Facilities
Enforcement
Enforcement
and Compliance
Division
Program
Operations
Division
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OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT
Air Enforcement Division
Northern Branch
+ Coordinated August 22, 1989 Asbestos Enforcement Initiative in which seven
Regions filed 13 civil actions simultaneously against 34 named defendants at over
100 different sites nationwide alleging violations of the Clean Air Act's asbestos
NESHAP pertaining to demolition and renovation operations. This critical area
requires a strong enforcement effort if the Agency is to ensure acceptable levels of
compliance.
+ Played significant role in the drafting of title VII of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of the 1990, the provisions which enhanced the Agency's
enforcement authorities.
^ Supplied a number of CAA cases to the August 5, 1992 cross-media Benzene
Initiative prosecution and settlement of which will result in significant reductions
of the amount of this hazardous chemical emitted to the air. Two of these cases
have already been settled, resulting in penalties of $1.3 million.
Southern and Western Branches
4 Pursued and settled as lead enforcement office seven actions against importers of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Five actions were filed simultaneously as part of the
June 29, 1990 CFC importer enforcement initiative. These efforts recovered
almost $400,000 in penalties and forced the violators to cure the potential
environmental harm from illegal importation of more than 230,000 kilograms of
ozone-depleting chemicals.
+ Won an important ruling in federal district court that contractors who operate
federal facilities can be held liable for their violations of the Clean Air Act.
Following the January 3, 1991 ruling, a defense contractor paid a penalty of
$350,000 to settle EPA's action alleging CAA violations at a fighter plane
manufacturing facility. The contractor had enjoyed no economic benefit from its
noncompliance because the Air Force was responsible for all costs of installing
control equipment.
$ Coordinated nationwide filing of 52 Clean Air Act administrative penalty cases
seeking more than $4 million in penalties for a variety of violations. Filed on May
20, 1992 in 26 States and Puerto Rico, the cases marked the first use of new
administrative enforcement authority granted by the new Clean Air Act.
Administrative penalty actions, with their streamlined litigation procedures, allow
EPA to expend moderate resources on middle-range but important cases, and to
reserve more resources for judicial litigation in larger, more complex cases.
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Communications
Planning
Division
Press
Relations
Division
Office of Communication,
Education, and
Public Affairs
Mufti-Media
Division
Public Liaison
Division
Editorial
Services
Division
Environmental
Education
Division
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OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC
AFFAIRS
Communications Planning Division
4 Directed production of a publication on air pollution issues for a lay audience to
inform them and convince them that they can make a significant contribution to
the solution of air pollution problems. November 1992.
Public Liaison Division
4 Informed affected members of the public about OAR regulations and other
announcements. Made sure that they received copies of the regulations and
background information in a timely fashion. Responded to public inquiries.
Ongoing.
4 Conducted targeted outreach effort on the drycleaner NESHAP through
appropriate trade press and trade associations, including facilitating translation into
appropriate languages. November, 1991.
4 Created linkage between EPA and the American Automobile Association, leading
to partnerships on many OAR mobile source issues. Acted as a catalyst for
continued cooperation. Ongoing.
4 Provided ongoing support, recommendations, and marketing to advance OAR's
voluntary initiatives (e.g., "Green Lights" and "Energy Star" computers). Ongoing.
Press Relations Division
4 Helped OAR reach targeted audiences through the daily and trade press,
magazines, television, radio, and other media channels with major OAR
announcements. Ongoing.
Editorial Services Division
4 Reviewed, edited, and helped with graphics, layout, and production of numerous
OAR publications. Ongoing.
4 Featured several major air issues in "EPA Insight", the EPA employee newsletter.
August, 1992.
Multi-Media Division
4 Reviewed and provided communications advice on radio and TV public service
announcements and videotapes. Ongoing.
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Coordinated production of nine ABC radio spots with interviews of top OAR
personnel on various air Issues. July and August, 1992.
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Office of
Regional Operations antf
State/koeaf Relations
Regional
Operations
Division
State/Local
Relations
Division
-------
OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL
RELATIONS
4 Informed state and local governments, associations and D.C. state officials about
OAR regulations and major announcements. Helped them reach these targeted
audiences through constituent briefings, by facilitating meetings with
intergovernmental representatives and by arranging OAR representation at
association meetings. Ongoing.
4 Reviewed and edited numerous OAR publications. For example, twelve booklets,
five leaflets, three fact sheets and several TV, radio and videotape PSAs. Ongoing.
+ Reviewed and provided communications advice on the regional and
intergovernmental aspects of most OAR communications strategies. Ongoing.
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EPA REGIONS
Rl
-------
REGION I - BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS
Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division
$ Active, intra-Divisioil CFC outreach efforts included over 3D presentations at
workshops across New England to industry grbujJS, Mitti find municipal officials
and citizen groups; mailing of Region I - develdpea infdritia'tibri packet to several
hundred groups, companies and individuals requesting CFC inforniatibn; diitreaeh
strategy under preparation will include two major CFC conferences in FY93.
FY92.
4 Region greatly improved relationships with state arid federal traiistk)rtatibn officials
by holding meetings in five states to discuss conformity subm'ittals, cfanductiiig
three workshops on mobile sburte programs arid modeling to" rildfe thaii 100 state
and federal Highway and environmental staff, arid htildirig ftieetirigs in three states
to discuss appropriate uses and documentation for CMAd funds. FY92.
Working with tte Region, states niade stibltaatlil pltilteis M £tdbph
regulations foi: VOC saiifces and in submitt}ft| draft MSB yMf Bm'i^sib'ns
inventories between May a*nd August of 1992.
The launching of Region I corriplianee monitoring enfortenient initiatives resulted
in nine administrative orders and two administrative peiialty order! targeted at
NSPS commercial boilers, sewage sludge incinerators, NESftAP benzene facilities;
municipal waste colnbustbrs, piilp Mrid paper facilities anil rrifteeltahetous inbtal
parts operations. March 1992.
Joint conference with MIT brought together corporate and utility company
executives, academia; states and erivironiilfcrital groups, Administrator Reilly and
Governor Weld to kickoff ENERGI (EPA Jferth East Regibn Green Initiatives)
highlighting market-based, voluntary energy efficiency including Green Lights,
Golden Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerator Program' and Energy fetar Computer
Program, and generated committoents to these initiatives. May
H-72
-------
REGION II - NEW YORK, NEW YORK
Air and Waste Management Division
4 Undertook ail initiative under the Air Toxics Early Reduction Program, involving
the largest chlorofluorocarbon producer in the country and another facility, that
resulted in the planned reduction of 1.5 million pounds in air toxics emissions.
(August, 1992)
4 Completed a report on a project that evaluated air quality and health risks in the
Staten Island, New York and northern New Jersey areas. (September 30, 1992)
$ Took enforcement action against a major steel facility for improper removal of
thousands of square feet of asbestos that resulted in the largest penally ever
assessed against an asbestos source to date ($6.9 million). (January, 1992)
+ Undertook a pollution prevention initiative that resulted in actual emissions
reductions of 10-90% at ten facilities and a commitment by five facilities to achieve
50-90% emissions reductions by 1995. (July, 1991)
4 Took enforcement action against six of the largest bakeries in the Region,
resulting in anticipated penalty collections of over $1 million and reduction of
volatile organic compounds itt excess of thousands of tons. (September, 1991)
4 Recruited 84 participants in the Green Lights program, including 7 of the Region's
13 electric utilities, 10 Fortune 500 companies, 8 colleges, and one Territorial
government.** (September 30, 1992)
11-73
-------
REGION III - PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
Air, Radiation and Toxics Division
4 Performed thousands of hours of outreach initiatives under the Clean Air Act
Amendments.
4 Provided written comments on over 110 draft and proposed state regulations and
testified at more than twenty public hearings. As a result, Region III anticipates
completion of upwards of 90 percent of the submittals due November 14, 1992 by
the end of calendar year 1992.
* Strongly supported the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management
Association (MARAMA) which encompasses the contiguous state air agencies
from New Jersey to North Carolina. The Region attends all meetings striving to
provide for consistent, cost-effective implementation of the Act.
f In FY92, settled eight civil judicial referrals resulting in over $17,000,000 in civil
penalties, and over $32,000,000 in injunctive relief. These cases comprised the
largest, third largest and ninth largest civil penalty cases in the history of the Clean
Air Act.
+ Obtained the largest penalties EPA had received for violations of the arsenic and
benzene standards under the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutant Regulations.
H-74
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REGION IV - ATLANTA, GEORGIA
Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division
4 Served as major coordinator and active participant with EPA Headquarters,
universities, and industry in the conduct of the Southern Oxidant Study including
the conduct of an extensive field study conducted in the Atlanta area during the
summer of 1992 for assessing the formation of tropospheric ozone. As a part of
the summer study, Regional Office staff collected over 200 air samples in the
Atlanta area during the summer of 1992 for accessing the formation of
tropospheric ozone. As a part of the summer study, Regional Office staff
collected over 200 air samples in the Atlanta nonattainment area and provided
coordination assistance from July 20, through August ,31, 1992. Information and
data from the study will substantially aid in determining ozone formation and
transport patterns facilitating the development of effective control strategies
addressing key issues raised by the National Academy of Sciences report
concerning the attainment of the ozone standards.
4 Instituted a Section 112(r) implementation workgroup aimed at developing a best
approach for implementing the "prevention of accidental releases" provision in the
Region. Through participation in the workgroup, the Region has opened-up
multiple lines of communication with governmental agencies such as OSHA, State
Emergency Management Agencies, State Emergency Response Commissions, and
Local Emergency Planning Committees that would not normally exist. This
process has also facilitated intra-regional communication between Air staff, SARA
Title III staff, and Title V permits program staff, as well as OSWER and OAQPS
staff.
+ Identified three major Department of Energy facilities as non-compliers with the
NESHAP-radionuclide regulations and successfully negotiated federal facility
compliance agreements that will bring these facilities into compliance b>
September 1993.
4 Established extensive program in cooperation with the State of Horida for the
monitoring of ambient air quality and emissions from the burning of massive levels
of debris resulting from Hurricane Andrew.
11-75
-------
REGION V - CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
Air and Radiation Division
4 Developed a Federal Implementation Plan to reduce ozone air pollution in the
four-state Lake Michigan nonattainment area (June 29, 1990). This effort
encouraged the states to enter into a voluntary association, the Lake Michigan Air
Directors Consortium, to conduct a $13 million study of the problem arid to
develop needed control strategies.
4 Created a new and integrated multimedia approach to addressing the problem of
air toxics deposition into the Great Lakes. The new framework has been endorsed
by the Deputy Administrator and the Great Lakes Advisory Committee. The
framework provides for the first time a mechanism for the ultimate control of this
significant environmental problem. July 1992.
H-76
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REGION VI - DALLAS, TEXAS
Air, Pesticides and Toxics Division
+ State funding in air pollution programs increased in Region 6 from $16,935,128 in
FY 89 to approximately $26,250,806 in FY 92. This resulted in an overall increase
of $9.3 million or 55 percent.
$ Region 6 has been successful in reviewing and acting upon State implementation
plan (SIP) revisions to correct the State of Texas and Louisiana stationary source
VOC regulations. The final notice for Texas rule corrections was published on
September 13, 1992. The proposed approval notice for Louisiana was published
September 30, 1992.
+ Region 6 successfully worked with the State of Texas and Houston industries
toward resolving whether the Houston area should be designated nonattainment
for SO2. The state and industries have agreed to perform a modeling analysis
incorporating enforceable SO2 limitations to demonstrate that the Houston area
will not violate the NAAQS for SO2. The Region will support not designating the
area nonattainment if the demonstration is successful. This solution will result in
an expected reduction in the Houston SO2 emission inventory of greater than
100,000 tons/year.
4 Since June 1990, Tulsa has implemented an "Ozone Alert" program in an effort to
ensure ozone levels do not exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
The program includes use of a computer model in association with the National
Weather Service which helps predict conditions suitable for ozone exceedpnce;
voluntary programs by local refineries to supply gasoline with a lower Reid Vapor
Pressure; free bus rides on ozone alert days; voluntary improvement in employer
trip redpction programs using free bus ride vouchers, parking subsidies for
earpoolers, etc. Also, the Indian Nations Council of Governments (INCOG) has
organized a pilot emissions trading program called MERIT to encourage action to
reduce mobile and stationary source emissions.
4 Region 6 States obtained enabling legislation for implementation of the Operating
Permit Program during their legislative sessions in late 1991 and early 1992. Such
legislation is the first step to approval of the State Operating Permit Programs.
+ As a result of an aggressive outreach program, Region 6 has received the most
applications nationwide to participate in the air toxics early reductions program; 28
sources from 17 facilities. The potential hazardous aif pollutant emissiops
reductions from these applications total greater than 20,000,000 pounds per year.
11-77
-------
REGION VII - KANSAS CITY, KANSAS
Air and Toxics Division
4 The number of exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
declined from 843 in 1975 to 11 in 1991 for the four states in Region VII. (The
totals do reflect a change in the particulate standard from TSP to PM10.)
4 Region VII developed a strategy for attainment and maintenance of the ozone
standard in Kansas City. This strategy evolved through a consensus-building effort
in the local community and resulted in EPA approval of the area's maintenance
plan and redesignation to attainment in 1992.
4 As part of the agency's multimedia lead initiative, Region VII filed a complaint
and lodged a consent decree on June 28, 1991, against Gates Energy Products,
Warrensburg, Missouri. The consent decree contained commitments to reduce
lead-oxide waste, cut back 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions, conduct multimedia
management and compliance audits in Regions IV and VII, and pay $200,999 in
civil penalties.
4 On May 20, 1992 Region VTI participated in the national administrative cluster by
filing five administrative complaints which were 10 percent of the total filed
complaints.
4 Subsequent to passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments, Region VII established
a legislative team in 1991 to review the states' enabling legislation. Both Missouri
and Nebraska passed the necessary legislation in 1992; Iowa and Kansas introduced
acceptable legislation but the bills were not given final approval.
4 Missouri developed and submitted the Doe Run Herculaneum lead state
implementation plan (SIP) in response to the Region's SIP call. EPA gave final
limited approval to the SIP revision in 1992.
H-78
-------
REGION VIII - DENVER, COLORADO
Air, Radiation and Toxics Division
+ Completed a major State Implementation Plan (SIP) for Salt Lake and Utah
Counties that is designed to achieve healthful ambient air levels for small particles
(PM10). A unique EPA/State cooperative agreement was instrumental in beating
court ordered deadlines. The SIP calls for investments of over $300 million for air
quality control hardware.
4 Participated with new Denver International Airport in "Pollution Prevention by
Design" project to assure minimum air quality impact of the new $3 billion airport
through: use of natural gas vehicles, stage II gasoline vapor recovery, energy
efficiency terminal design and lighting, low NOX boilers, and evaluation of existing
rail lines for mass transit.
4 Solved visibility and health-related air quality problems in Crested Butte, Colorado
through a unique industry/government cooperative program that changed over 90
percent of high polluting older stoves to EPA-approved, low-emission stoves.
4 Continued and improved the first oxygenated fuels program in the nation in
Denver, Colorado. Minimum oxygen content was raised from 1.5 percent to 2.5
percent. State evaluations show a 15 percent cut in carbon monoxide emissions.
4 Denver carbon monoxide (CO) levels improved dramatically. From 1989 to 1991,
measured high levels were cut by 39 percent and the number of days when the
standard was violated.
4 Cited two power plants owned by the Public Service Company of Colorado with
violations of the New Source Performance Standards. In the resulting consent
decree, the Company agreed to pay $740,000 in penalties and to replace outdated
control equipment.
11-79
-------
REGION IX - SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA
Air and Toxics Division
+ Completed the final outer continental shelf rule, which was signed on September
4, 1992. The region is beginning the implementation phase of the program.
4 Provided an extraordinary amount of support to the South Coast Air Quality
Management District, to help develop RECLAIM. Participated in work groups
and conference calls, attended numerous meetings and attempted to guide South
Coast so that the RECLAIM regulations that are adopted are federally
approvable.
+ Began enforcement initiative that resulted in lawsuits against Apache Nitrogen and
Arizona Power Co-op, which are two violators of applicable NSPS.
4 On July 1, 1992, the Ninth Circuit court of Appeals ordered EPA to promulgate
an ozone/carbon monoxide HP for the South Coast area. Tied by settlement
agreement are ozone FIPs for Ventura and Sacramento. The Ninth Circuit denied
a request for reconsideration but granted a motion to stay the mandate until an
appeal is filed with the US Supreme Court and final disposition is made.
$ Brought together air quality representatives from seven states and four Federal
agencies to set up the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport commission as required
under Section 169B of the CAA, The Commission held its first meeting on
November 13, 1991.
H-80
-------
REGION X - SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
Air and Toxics Division
+ Region 10 issued the first three administrative complaints in the nation, and by
year-end had issued 17 administrative complaints. We also negotiated the first
settlement in the country that contained the progressive Supplemental
Environmental Project (SEP) provision.
4 State Implementation Plans efforts resulted in the submittal of 16 PM-10 SIPs by
the CAAA deadline (out of a total of 18 due) and its expeditious processing of
those submittals resulted in the first three SIPs forwarded by any Region to
headquarters for final approval. Subsequently, a fourth SIP has been forwarded
for headquarters review.
4 Lower ambient impacts (sometimes dramatically lower) being recorded in most of
the Region's PM-10 nonattainment areas as compared to those measured in the
1980s. Many of the control measures reflected in the SIP submittals have already
been implemented, resulting in substantial air quality improvements, and in some
instances, measured attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
4 The carbon monoxide/ozone SIP program projects a certain and full
implementation of oxygenated fuels programs in three of our states in the corning
winter and the submittal of most CO/03 SIPs (13 are due) by the CAAA deadline.
11-81
-------
Page Intentionally Blank
-------
APPENDIX HI
SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990
At the request of EPA Administrator William K. Reiily, the Office of Air and
Radiation published a strategy for implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,
shortly after the law was enacted. An updated version was published in July 1992. The
strategy document contains a chart showing OAR's schedule for carrying out the law
through December 1993, as well as those actions already completed.
The chart is reprinted below with changes to bring it up to date. For each entry,
the chart shows the following information:
+ whether or not the action has been completed, and if so, when
4 the Agency's current target date for completion of planned actions
$ the statutory deadline for the action, if one exists
EPA has proposed or finalized 76 rules and has taken many other actions to carry
out the 1990 Amendments, as the chart indicates. However, the Agency has missed a
number of the deadlines in the 1990 Amendments. (For a discussion, see Chapter 1.)
The information provided in the chart shows which statutory deadlines have been missed.
The chart contains most but not all significant actions needed to carry out the
1990 amendments through December 1993. The chart does not include, for example,
some of the requirements implemented by EPA offices other than the Office of Air and
Radiation, such as the Office of Research and Development. Target dates for future
actions are subject to change based on new risk assessments, court decisions, changes in
available resources and other factors.
IH-1
-------
Statogy
Target
Data
Dec-SO
Jan-91
Feb-91
Mar-91
Apr-91
May-91
Jun-91
Jul-91
Sept-91
Oot-91
Nov-81
Deo-91
TiUe
Title I - Nonattalnment
Title I - Nonattainment
Title VI - CFC's
Title I - Nonattainmont
Title I - Nonattainmont
Title III -Air Toxics
Title VI -CFCs
Title I - Nonattainnnent
Title V- Permits
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title I - Nonattainment
Title III -Air Toxics
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Titie VII - Enforcement
Title Vt - CFC's
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title I - Nonattainmant
Title III -Air Toxics
Title I - Nonattainment
Title IV -Acid Rain
Activity
Issue "Setting Started" letter to Governors
States submit request/justification for 5%
classification adjustments
Publish two-year Implementation strategy
Publish notice of initial PM-10 moderate
nonattainment areas
Initiate additional PM-10, SO2, lead designation
process
Listing of depleting substances
Act on 5% classification adjustment requests
States submit nonattainment area designations
Propose early reductions rulemaking
Direct final 1991 production limits
States submit PM-1Q areas unable to attain by 1994
States respond to list of PM-10, SOfe, Lead
nonattainment areas
Propose State permit regulations
States deadline for RAGT corrections
Notify States of intent to modify suggested boundaries
Finalize gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure regulations
Finalize Tier I car and truck standards
Propose reformulated gasoline requirements
Propose clean fuels fleet and CA pilot credit programs
Propose urban bus regulations
Propose emission control diagnostics rule
Propose regulations for auctions and sates
Propose PM-10 area reclassiflcatlons
Publish draft list of source categories
Propose list of high risk pollutants, 90/95% early
reductions guidance
Finalize ozone, CO, PM 10, and lead nonattainment
boundaries
Propose lead substitute gasoline additives
Propose administrative penalties rules of practice
Propose CFC phase-out regulations
Propose mobile air conditioning recycling regulations
Publish VOC and CO emission inventory guidance
Publish study on non-road engines
Publish guidance on control cost-effectiveness
States submit PM-10 SIPs
Publish air quality and emissions trends report
Establish Grand Canyon visibility transport commission
Propose MACT for dry cleaners {per court order)
Propose outer continental shelf rule
Finalize regulations for auctions and sales
Propose allowance trading system
3ropose acid rain permit program
3ropose continuous emission monitor requirements
3ropose excess emissions rules
Dropose conservation and renewable incentives
Completed
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Statutory
Deadline
Deo-90
Jan-91
Feb-91
Mar-91
May-91
May-91
May-91
May-91
Jun-91
Jul-91
Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-91
ni-2
-------
wii^Syi-i-
illiillf!
sjilP^*?
Jan-92
Feb-92
Mar-92
Apr-92
May-92
Jun-92
Jul-92
Aug-92
S,ept-92
Oct-92
Nov-92
ili|i§|i||l^^^
Title V - Permits
Title VI - CFCs
Title II Mobile Sources
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II -Mobile Sources
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title VI -CFC's
Title V - Permits
Title VI - CFC's
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title HI- Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title VI - CFC's
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II) -Air Toxics
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title 11 - Mobile Sources
Title HI - Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
8Mff;;-:UOS:S£';^^
;K:J:K<:::':Mp;:?;.;₯:;x!:;^^
Publish guidance on State programs to assist smail
businesses
Propose ban on non-essentials products
Finalize urban bus regulations (1991 & 1992)
Finalize administrative penalties rules of practice
Publish Title I General Preamble
Finalize onboard controls regulatory decision
Propose rules for ozone, NOx, and VOC monitoring
Proposed rule on reformulated gasoline SNPRM
(supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking)
Publish guidance on TCM's (transportation control
measures)
Convene NE ozone transport commission
Finalize cold temperature CO standards
Propose CFC labeling regulations
Rnalize State permit regulations
Finalize mobile air conditioning recycling regulations
Revise two-year implementation strategy
Propose discretionary sanction rules
States submit SIPs for initial SOS nonattainment areas
Propose enhanced I/M regulation
Publish final list of source categories
Propose list of Phase II utility allowances
Finalize CFC phase-out regulation
Finalize outer continental shelf rules
Finalize guidance on transportation air quality planning
Propose additional PM-10 nonattainment areas
Propose regulatory schedule for all source categories
Finalize PM-1 0 BACM technical guidance
Publish 1991 air quality data and emission trends report
Publish Title I NOx guidance
Finalize oxygenated fuel credit guideline
Finalize early reductions rulemaking
Propose M ACT for hazardous organic chemical
manufacturing
Propose NOx requirrtients for utility boilers
Finalize excess emission requirements
Finalize allowance trading system '
Finalize continuous emission monitoring requirements
Finalize conservation and renewable incentives
Finalize acid rain permit program
Finalize PM-1 0 area reclaSsifibatlons
States submit RACT catch-up rules, NSR rules, CO
attainment demonstration and contingency measures
States submit small business assistance programs
States submit base ozone, CO emission inventories
Finalize enhanced I/M regulation
lililiielf
:;-:-:-:-:-:;:* ::::';>:,-::.
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
- Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Partial
Partial
Y
IlliSSaiiiliiSiS'?!
. Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-91
May-92
Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-91
May-92
Nov-91
Dac-91
Sspt-91
Nov-91
Aug-91
May-92
Aug-91
May-92
May-92
May-92
May-92
May-92
Deo-91
Nov~92 ;
Nov-92
Nov-92
- Nov-91
III-3
-------
Slatogy
Target
Date
Nov-92
(oont'd)
Doc-92
Jan-93
Fob-93
Mar-93
Title
Title III -Air Toxics
Title VI - CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title VI -CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title 111 -Air Toxics
Title VI - CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title VI -CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title III -Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title VI -CFC's
. Activity
Propose rules for risk management plans and
prevention programs
Propose list of substances for accidental releases
prevention program
Propose MACT for cokff ovens
Propose emission reduction program
Propose rules for citizen suits
Publish alternative control technology document
for VOCs from bakeries
Propose revisions to motor vehicle certification
procedures (I/M short test)
Finalize ban nonessential products
Propose safe alternatives
Propose monetary awards rules
Propose economic incentive rules
Approve/disapprove first PM-10 SIPs
Finalize emission control diagnostic rule
Publish draft mobile source air toxics study
Propose clean fuel fleet vehicle standards, conversions
and general provisions
rinalize California pilot credit program
rinalize clean fuels fleet (TCM's)
Submit transportation systems report to Congress
Complete study of the hazards of hydrofluoric acid
3ropose general provisions for MACT standards
(40CFRPart63)
3ropose MACT for chromium electroplating
Dropose procurement regulations
3ropose rules for contractor listing
Propose tank vessel rule
:ssue transportation planning guidance (EPA/DOT)
3ropose transportation conformity criteria
^ublish alternative control technology document
for VOCs from pesticide applications , .
'ropose general conformity criteria
rinalize urban bus retrofit
Finalize urban bus 94+ (PM standard)
Sources submit Phass I permit applications and
proposed compliance plans
Propose OPT-IN regulations combustion sources
-inalize list of Phase* II utility allowances
Propose accellerated CFC phase-out
3ropose rules for field citation program
Dropos9 rules for enhanced monitoring and compliance
certification
Propose reformulated gasoline complex model
Propose non-road emission standards > 50 hpr.
Propose guidance for modification provisions-
ssue HAP list petition procedure guidance
nitiate auctions and sales of allowances
Finalize CFC labeling regulations
Completed
...
Statutory
Deadline
Nov-93
Nov-91
Jan-93
May-92
Nov-92
Nov-91
Nov-91
Jan-93
Nov-92
Nov-93
Nov-91
Jan-92
Feb-93
Dec-92
Nov-92
Mar-93
May-92
ra-4
-------
I;Siitig|fi
|;ll|§I:P
mvms
Apr-93
May-93
Jun-93
Jul-93
Aug-93
Sept-93
Oct-93
*v- liliii'!; 'Sill
iSfe^lliliiiSfiiK^lii:!?!!
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title III -Air Toxics
Title VI - CFC's -
Title VIII - Miscellaneous
Title 1 Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title III -Air Toxics
Title VIII- Miscellaneous
Title II Mobile Sources
Title III - Air Toxics
Title VII Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title III - Air Toxics
Title 1 - Nonattairiment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title HI Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II Mobile Sources
Title III,- Air Toxics
Title 1 - Nonattainment
liMMi!^S^^^S^^^I.IilK^Sj^^^ii:i'l
pSiglJ'j^llllljiyi^tf ; : ; :i '. x-;WJiiii$K<:tytii;iilliti
Finalize additional PM-10 nonattainment areas
States submit lead SIPs (1 8 months from designation)
Promulgate sanctions for States falling to submit
RACT fix-up rules (18 months from findings)
Finalize rules for ozone, NOx, VOC enhanced monitoring
Publish final mobile source related air toxics study
Finalize lead substitute gasoline additives
Propose guidance for State air toxics program
Finalize emission reduction program
Section 811 Report {International Competativeness)
PM-10 PSD increments {11/92 court agreement)
Propose revisions to NSR program .
Finalize procedures of enforcement for urban bus stds.
Finalize revisions to motor vehicle certification
procedures (I/M short test)
Complete testing protocols for fuels and additives
Propose M ACT for .commercial sterilizers
Issue report on the impact of the 1 990 CAA
Amendments on visibility in Class ! areas
Propose non-road emission standards < 50 hpr.
Propose non road emission standards for marine
engines
Propose Stage I gasoline marketing MACT
Publish study of hydrogen sulfide emissions from
extracting natural gas and oil ,. ..
Finalize rules for citizen, suits ' ' '
Finalize rules for monetary awards
Finalize discretionary sanctions rule's " .
Publish 18SB NOx/VQC study
Finalize clean fuel fleet vehicle standards,, conversions,
and general provisions
Finalize MACT for dry cleaners
Finalize general provisions for MACT standards
Finalize transportation conformity criteria
Finalize vehicle evaporative emissions regulations
Finalize MACT for coke ovens
Finalize list of substances for accidental releases
prevention program ' "
EPA action on Phase I permits
Finalize general conformity criteria
Finalize reformulated gasoline regulations ' ,
Finalize reformulated gasoline complex model
Finalize regulatory schedule for af! source categories
Propose medical waste incinerator rule
Finalize economic incentives rules
Promulgate FIP's for'States failing to submit RACT
fix-up rules (2 years from findings)
Publish air quality and emission. trends report
.ft:*:* ^:;~-:':-?:v. -^.y;
i'.^Qji^letieit!.
lli$i$;I
siimtiii?
Jul-93 '
Apr-93
May-92
May-92
Nov-91
Jan-92
May-92
May-92
Nov-91
Nov-92
Nov-92
Nov-92
Nov-92
Feb-92
Nov-92
Nov-92
Nov-91
Aug-93
Dec-92
Nov-92
Aug-93
Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-92
Nov-92
m-5
-------
Statogy
Target
Date
Oe{-93
(oont'd)
Nov-93
Doe-93
TBte
Title III -Air Toxics
Title IV- Acid Hain
Title VI -QfC's
Title I - Nonattainment
Tftleiii- Air Toxics
TKI6 IV - Acid Rate
Title V-Petmitt;
Title VI -OFC's
Titlt Vlil - MfecbllaHttoUs
Title VII - EnfoteMtertt
^ ~ -. ~ %"VW , ^
JtetMty
Finalize MACT for hazardous organic chemical
manufacturing
Propose MACT for pulp and paper
Finalize standards for large MWC's
Finalize standards for small MWC's
Propose MACT for polymers and reitns If
Finaltzd NOx requirements for utility boilers
Boflin issuing allowances to small diesel refinorios
Propose OPT-IN regulations process sources
Finalize procurement regulation
Publish SOCMI distillation processes CTQ
publish SOCMI redotor processes CTS
States receive emission source statements
Submit consumer/commercial products study report
to Congress
Publish alternative control technology documents
for hiC3x sources
(oblish results of ozone design value study
States submit selected SIP provisions for moderate
and above ozono areas
Publish auto body refihishing CTQ
Putilish batch processes CTQ
Publish petrolemti/tndustrial wastewster CTQ
Publish plastic parts coating CTQ
PuBIish sforaga tanks OTQ
t?ublisri Web offset lithography CTQ
Publish SOCMI batch processes CTQ
Publish surface coal mining study
Subhiit Sreat Lakes study report to Congress
Issue urban area strategy - research report
Submit N AS study to ConQfeifs
RriafeS rd!«s for risk manlgihiSnt pfins afid
prevention urografrtS
PMbiisH gUWinbi for state afr toxi^f proflrame
States submit acid rain permit program proposals
Promulgate SOS new source performance standards
(MSPS) for new fossil fuel utlBty units .
States submit operating permit programs
FlnallzS taW altothatlvfts prdir^m
Ftnalife aoqeller4ted CFC pliase-aut
Interim source/receptor report on visibility
Flnaiii^ rule's for contractor listing.
Flnalizb rjujdanc«/rutoa for field citation jjrografti
Gomple|«d
Statutory
: Deadline
Nov-92
Nov-91
Nov-92
May-92
Oct-93
May-92
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-9S
Noy-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nbv-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov~93
Nov-93
Noy-83
May~93
NoV-9"3
H0v-S1
Nav-93
N6V-93
Npv-03
Nov^te
-
iii-6
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