United States
                Environmental Protection
                Agency
                Office of Air
                and Radiation
                (ANR-443)
EPA 400-R-92-013
November 15, 1992
vvEPA
                Air
Report of the Office of Air and Radiation
to Administrator William K. Reilly

Implementing the 1990 Clean Air Act:
The First Two Years

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                   UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                 WASHINGTON, 0.C.  20460
                                      NOV  ! 2 1992
                                                                          OFFICE OF
                                                                       AIR AND RADIATION
Honorable  William K. Reilly
Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Washington,  D.C. 20460

Re:  Two-year meeting

Dear  Mr. Reilly:

       Enclosed  is my report to you summarizing our achievements over the last two years
in carrying out the Clean Air  Act Amendments  of 1990.

       The President signed the Clean  Air Act Amendments in November 1990. In the two
years since then, we have made tremendous progress in carrying out the Act's requirements.
By November 1992, the Agency had proposed or finalized  76 rules that, once implemented,
will  accomplish  more  than  84 percent of  the  57 billion pounds  of  annual emissions
reductions  mandated by the 1990 amendments.

       Our efforts have been  guided by a  set of implementation  principles  we developed
shortly after enactment  of the  1990 amendments.  We have sought to achieve and maintain
a healthy environment  while supporting strong and sustainable  economic  growth and sound
energy  policy.  We  have used  consensus-building  approaches   — such  as  regulatory
negotiations,  roundtable  discussions and advisory committees  — to improve the quality of
rules  and guidelines and to expedite their issuance.

       In addition, we have used market-based  approaches and innovative strategies  that
give industries and states flexibility to achieve cleaner air in the most economically  efficient
ways.  By embracing  new approaches,  we have  been able to make substantially greater
progress than otherwise would have been possible.

       Standing  back, I think we can look with pride at the Agency's recent accomplishments
in pursuit of cleaner air.  We have:

       o     Put in place a ground-breaking, market-based  acid  rain control  program to
             protect  our lakes, streams and other resources  through reductions in sulfur
             dioxide  emissions.
                                                                          Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                         -2-

       o     Issued a final rule to phase out ehlorofluorocarbons  and other chemicals that
             deplete the ozone layer.

       o     Published extensive guidance to help states develop and implement plans for
             bringing urban air quality  into  line  with  federal  standards  by  deadlines
             established  in the Act.

       o     Finalized or proposed  15 important  rules or guidelines  to reduce pollution
             from motor vehicles and fuels, and thereby reconcile the automobile and the
             environment.

       o     Laid the foundation  for  cutting  toxic emissions  from  all major pollution
             sources, and proposed  standards  for the chemical industry that will achieve
             greater emissions reductions than any  other air toxics rule to be issued.

       o     Initiated innovative, voluntary programs that are spurring industry and others
             to save energy and reduce emissions that contribute to global warming.

       The attached report documents these and many other accomplishments  of the Office
of Air and Radiation  since February  1989. The credit for these achievements  must go first
and foremost to the thousands of EPA employees who devoted their energies and intellects -
- and very often, extra hours -- to hundreds of rules, guidelines,  studies, publications and
other projects.

       In recognition  of  this fact, the  report includes a  unique  appendix  listing the  top
accomplishments   of each organizational unit of the Office  of Air and Radiation.   Also
included are accomplishments of regional offices, the Office of General Counsel, and many
other EPA  offices that contributed   to OAR efforts.  These  lists were  developed  by the
employees themselves.

       On behalf  of OAR, I would  like to thank  you for guiding us through this critical
period as we transform the promise  of the new Clean Air Act into reality.

                                                         Sincerely,
                                                         William'G. Rosenbdrg
                                                         Assistant Administrator
                                                         for Air & Radiatic
  Enclosure

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                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

                                                           Page

FOREWORD	  1

CHAPTER 1.  IMPLEMENTING THE ACT: THE BIG PICTURE	  11

CHAPTER 2.  USING THE MARKET TO SERVE THE ENVIRONMENT:
           FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND CLEAN AIR	  19

CHAPTER 3.  REGULATORY NEGOTIATION: CONSULTING WITH INDUSTRY,
           ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS AND STATES	  23

CHAPTER 4.  ATTAINING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN URBAN AMERICA ....  27

CHAPTER 5.  INTRODUCING CLEANER MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS 	  33

CHAPTER 6.  COMBATTING ACID RAIN .	  39

CHAPTER 7.  REDUCING TOXIC AIR POLLUTION	  43

CHAPTER 8.  WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD:
           PERMITS AND ENFORCEMENT .		  47

CHAPTER 9.  A GLOBAL APPROACH:  PROTECTING THE OZONE LAYER AND
           INTERNATIONAL AIR QUALITY		  51

CHAPTER 10. GREEN PROGRAMS: CONSERVING ENERGY AND ATTACKING
           THE GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM	  55

CHAPTER 11. REDUCING RISKS FROM INDOOR AIR			

CHAPTER 12. INFORMING THE PUBLIC: OUTREACH EFFORTS .	  63

CHAPTER 13. LOOKING TO THE FUTURE			  65

APPENDIX I.  FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES ISSUED
           SINCE ENACTMENT OF THE 1990 AMENDMENTS	  1-1

APPENDIX II.  TOP ACCOMPLISHMENTS FROM OAR ORGANIZATIONAL UNITS,
           REGIONAL OFFICES, AND OTHER SPECIFIED EPA OFFICES . . .  11-1

APPENDIX III. SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT
           AMENDMENTS OF 1990	 111-1

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                               FOREWORD
             (As delivered by Assistant Administrator William G. Rosenberg
                    to the staff of the Office of Air and Radiation
                       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                            Durham, North Carolina
                              November 6, 1992)
       Soon four years will have come and gone — somehow it seems more like
four weeks — and another chapter will be written in the history of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency. In a mere twenty years, EPA has come to
occupy a prominent place in the American landscape.  The Agency's many
contributions to the health and welfare of all U.S. citizens, and to the quality of
American life, have placed us in the forefront of institutions that serve the public
good.

       The last four years are certain to be remembered among our finest hours.
Under Bill Reilly's stewardship, EPA has broken every record for aggressive
environmental rulemaking and strong enforcement.  As important, we have broken
new ground with market-based and voluntary clean air initiatives — ingeniously
designed programs that achieve our environmental goals in concert with forces
that insure a healthy economy.

       In the Office of Air and Radiation, I have been fortunate to have had the
opportunity to oversee the development, enactment and implementation of the
Clean Air Act of 1990. I am very pleased to report, since the Act became law two
years ago this month, that EPA has proposed or finalized rules that will
accomplish 84 percent  of the 57 billion pounds of air pollution reductions
mandated by Congress.

       We could not have achieved this record without Bill Reilly's active
leadership and his direct involvement in our efforts.  At critical junctures, he kept
our clean air fleet on course and at full throttle by

       4     Negotiating a declining cap for sulfur dioxide emissions under the
             Acid Rain Program

       4     Defending the alternative fuels program in the face of controversy
             on all sides

       4     Supporting the soundness of EPA's legal and technical analysis

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       +     Insisting upon unbiased, technology-forcing monitoring equipment to
             make the Allowance Trading System work

       4     Resolving the ethanol dispute without compromising environmental
             goals

       4     Insuring that Inspection and Maintenance Testing would be an
             "honest count"

       4     Supporting the Air Program with significant budget increases

       Putting these sweeping new laws in place has been a tremendously
challenging and extremely satisfying experience.  For me it began in January of
1989, in the midst of the Congressional debate over clean air policy, a conflict that
had raged for over a decade with little progress and scant hope for resolution.

       It was President Bush who finally broke the deadlock by supporting EPA's
recommendations and proposing a measure that promised to both clean the air
and promote a healthy economy. Without the President's initiative, and without
his continued commitment, this landmark clean air legislation would never have
had a breath of a chance.

       When he submitted Ms bill to Congress, the President said, "Every
American deserves to breathe clean air." At the White House,  on November 15,
1990, as he signed this bill into law, the President reaffirmed his commitment,
calling the Clean Air Act of 1990 "the most significant air pollution legislation in
our nation's history."

       Nor would there be a Clean Air Act without the leaders in the U.S.
Congress: Senators Mitchell, Baucus, Chafee, Dole and Simpson, and
Congressmen Dingell, Waxman and Lent — not to mention their excellent staffs,
who rarely get the credit they deserve.

       The Clean Air Bill passed in the Senate by a vote of 89-11, and in the
House by a vote of 401-25.  These numbers represent an overwhelming mandate
from the American public, and they establish a clear national agenda for the
1990s.

       Perhaps most remarkably, the Clean Air Act reflected the needs and
interests of both American industry and the environmental community. Both
played a critical role in shaping these laws, and both  have been indispensable to
EPA's successful clean air implementation. In the past two years, industry leaders

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and environmentalists have advised EPA -- in an unparalleled collaborative
process — in the writing of new clean air regulations.  In the process, they have
shown a willingness to compromise and, increasingly, to work with — if not trust —
each other.

       Not only representatives of industry and environmental groups but also
state and local government and public health officials, labor, consumer and
academic leaders, and many other stakeholders have actively participated in EPA's
negotiated rulemaMng process.  No interested party has been excluded, and no
constituency has gone unheard. This consensus-building process has enabled us to
establish enforceable clean  air standards, while accommodating the business plans
of the most progressive companies and leveling the playing field for their
competitors.

       Emerging from this remarkably successful consensus process  are innovative
measures like the Acid Rain Rule with its market-based Allowance Trading
System, the Navajo Agreement to clean up the Grand Canyon, a coke oven air
toxics rale, resolving 25 years of litigation, consent orders and grand jury
investigations, and an historic, regulatory negotiation that produced the
Reformulated Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels program. These measures are
producing environmental reforms that clean the air and allow the marketplace to
function effectively at the lowest cost to businesses and consumers.  Market-based
approaches enable us to achieve the greatest possible emissions reductions at a
price Americans are willing to pay.

       Many of our clean air programs are also helping us to conserve our
precious energy resources and save billions of dollars in energy costs.  Clean Air
Act initiatives will save the  U.S. economy an estimated one million barrels of oil
per day by causing shifts to natural gas and clean coal for electric generation and
the substitution of natural gas-based methanol and corn-based ethanol for some of
today's gasoline products. Voluntary energy conservation programs, like EPA's
Green Lights, are already cutting carbon dioxide emissions by two million tons
annually and will save as  much as $20 billion per year in energy costs by the end
of the decade.

       Speaking of costs,  the President's Council of Economic Advisors originally
estimated that these clean air measures, when fully implemented, would cost the
American economy $25 billion annually. That comes out to 25 cents per  day per
person, a bargain by any  measure for the environmental benefits derived. But our
clean  air programs will also provide economic benefits.  A study recently
conducted for EPA by the investment firm of Smith Barney projects new revenues

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for the air pollution control industry of $50 billion to $70 billion by the year 2000
and, in the same period, the creation of 20,000 to 40,000 new jobs.

       Highlights of our clean air accomplishments in the first two years of
implementation include the following:

The Acid Rain Rule

       Finalized on October 26, 1992, the Acid Rain Rule will cut emissions of
sulfur dioxide — a major contributor to acid rain — by fifty percent. Control of
acid rain will help restore the fish to hundreds of lakes and streams. You will see
farther in the daytime, and see more stars at night.  Thousands of acres of forests
that have been damaged will begin to recover. Historic buildings and monuments
will age more slowly — and acidic particles that may threaten health will be sharply
reduced.

       The Acid Rain Rule was the product of our Acid Rain Advisory Committee
— a very diverse group representing utilities, state  utility  and environmental
regulators, environmental and consumer groups, the coal and gas industry,
pollution control manufacturers, and other interested parties.

The Allowance Trading System

       Allowance Trading is an imaginative, market-based approach for reducing
SC>2 emissions. Electric utilities are given a specific number of emission
allowances based on historical data. One allowance gives its holder the authority
to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide.  A utility that cuts its SO2 emissions below its
required level can sell what's left over to another utility at the market price.

       Allowance Trading rewards utilities that exceed the tight new requirements
of the Act by allowing them to profit from the sale of emission credits -- and
allows  utilities that buy these credits some added leeway to install new technology
or implement conservation measures.  Meanwhile, electric utility emissions will be
cut in half. The Chicago Board of Trade plans to create a market for these
emissions credits. What could be more enterprising, more market-based, than the
trading of emissions futures right alongside soybeans and pork bellies!

The Navajo Agreement

       On September 18, 1991, the President announced an historic agreement
that will reduce — by 90 percent — the sulfur dioxide emissions from the Navajo
Generating Station. For years, pollution from the  Navajo power plant has

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impaired visibility and obscured the magnificent vistas of the Grand Canyon.  But
amidst conflicting claims and protracted litigation, nothing was accomplished for
nearly twenty years.  But we were able to forge a compromise without litigation in
a way that served the environment and the public interest — and in a form that all
parties could live with.

Reformulated  Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels

      On August 16, 19913 EPA announced a negotiated regulatory agreement on
reformulated gasoline and oxygenated fuels, rules that will counteract the two
major causes of air pollution in the U.S. ~ automotive tailpipe emissions and
evaporating fuel.

      In the process, we brought to the table a group of historic rivals: the oil
industry, automobile  industry, ethanol, methanol and other oxygenated fuels
industries, environmental groups, gasoline marketers,  and local, state and federal
government agencies. Together, we negotiated the details of a reformulated gas
and oxygenated fuels agreement.  The use of reformulated gasoline — by itself —
will reduce toxic pollutants nationwide by 15 percent.  As NRDC's David Doniger
said later, "We wanted cleaner gas and they wanted certainty and flexibility."
Through the dynamics and the give and take of the Reg-Neg process, we were
able to satisfy  both sides and meet our clean air goals.

And The Week That Was

      In 1992, we have kept up our rapid implementation pace.  In  a ten-day
period, beginning in the last week of October, EPA announced ten major clean air
rules, including finalized core rules of the Acid Rain program and two proposed
rules to reduce nitrogen dioxide, another major contributor to acid rain. For the
first time,  utilities and other stationary NOX sources will cut NOX emissions by as
much as 2 1/2  million tons annually by the year 2000,

      We also announced an agreement to reduce coke oven emissions, among
the most toxic of all air pollutants. This agreement — a product of another
successful regulatory  negotiation with the steel industry and unions — will help
preserve jobs and minimize cost impacts on the steel industry, while protecting
citizens  in surrounding areas from air pollution. This pact exceeds —  in every
case — the environmental goals of the new Clean Air Act, and it will cost less than
10 percent of what the steel industry fearfully predicted during the Congressional
debate.

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       We proposed the first air toxics rule for the chemical industry under the
new Clean Air Act,  The Hazardous Organic NESHAP (HON) rule will reduce
emissions of 110 of the 189 toxics on the inventory list, and will regulate
production of 400 chemical substances produced by synthetic organic chemical
manufacturers. This proposed rule, also developed through a public participation
process, will reduce hazardous air pollutants by 1 billion pounds and volatile
organic compounds by 2.4 billion pounds each year.

High Tech Inspection and Maintenance

       On November 5, 1992, EPA finalized its high-tech auto inspection and
maintenance program.  High-tech I&M will do more to reduce air pollution
nationwide than any other single measure.  Improved auto testing in the most
polluted areas will keep cars properly tuned.  More sophisticated equipment will
test the operation of cars "under load," and the separation of testing and repair
will insure the reliability of test results.  The rule also insures that these 10-minute
emissions checks will be conducted at conveniently located test stations.

       Today,  an  estimated 20 percent of all vehicles on the road are creating
more than 60 percent of the auto-related air pollution — which is half of the
overall air pollution we suffer. $50 billion has already been invested in automotive
pollution control technology.  If motorists repair their faulty emissions equipment -
- often something as simple as fixing a broken hose — we can cut vehicle VOC
emissions by 28 percent, CO by 31 percent, and NOX by 9 percent — a tremendous
environmental gain at a very modest cost.

The Green Programs

       Voluntary initiatives are at the  heart of our clean air program and are
essential to our ultimate success. I am happy to say that our Green Programs,
which promote energy efficiency and pollution prevention, so far have been
stunningly successful.  The Green Lights Program, which-cuts air pollution and
saves energy through energy efficient lighting,, has been the  single most successful
initiative in our entire implementation process. To date, over 650 companies,
state and  local governments, and universities have joined the Green Lights
program.  It's an impressive list that includes ARCO, Lockheed, Pacific Gas and
Electric, Hewlett-Packard, Gillette, Mobil,  3M, Polaroid, Xerox, Citicorp, M.I.T.,
and the States of  California and Massachusetts, just to name a few.

       Green Lights is the centerpiece of the President's action plan on global
climate change. Also prominent on this agenda are two  other EPA energy
efficiency  programs: Golden Carrot, which will market a refrigerator/freezer that

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uses less electricity and no CFCs; and EPA Energy Star Computers, developed in
cooperation with industry leaders, including IBM, Apple, Compaq, Hewlett-
Packard, NCR, and DEC.  Energy Star's industry partners have agreed to
manufacture and market energy-efficient computer equipment that shuts off
automatically when not in use — utilizing 30 watts instead of 200 watts of
electricity — and saving energy equivalent to the output of 20 power plants by the
end of the decade.

Permits                                                            '

       On July 21, 1992, EPA issued an operating permits rule that carries out a
major reform of the 1990 Amendments.  State permit programs will be the
centerpiece for compliance with the entire Act. The permit system is designed to
improve compliance with the law's requirements and provide more certainty to
companies about their obligations.

       Most important, as a result of these actions, the air is getting cleaner.

       Look at the results of the Air Trends Report, released last month. It
shows continuing progress in reducing six major air pollutants over the past ten
years.  The new air quality data for 1991 reveals that

       +     41 of the 98 areas designated under the 1990 Act as "non-
             attainment" for ground level ozone (smog) now meet the national air
             quality standard for ozone.

       +     13 of the 42 areas designated nonattainment for carbon monoxide
             now meet the standard.

These  one-year improvements are due to emission reductions, weather variations,
and other factors.

       In the  past ten years, we have managed to significantly reduce the ambient
levels of these sk major pollutants:

       4     Smog levels have dropped eight percent.

       4     Lead levels have been cut by a dramatic 89 percent.

       4>     Sulfur dioxide pollution has been reduced by 20 percent.

       $     Carbon monoxide levels have declined by 30 percent.
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       4     Particulate levels are down 10 percent.

       4     Nitrogen dioxide pollution has been reduced by six percent.

       These air quality improvements translate into health benefits for all U.S.
citizens.  It's a real American success story.  And the Clean Air Act will assure
that it is a continuing and even greater success story.

       Of course, much remains to be done.  In 1991, 86 million Americans lived
in areas with unhealthy air.  Nearly 70 million people live in counties exceeding
the srnog standard. But as the Clean Air Act becomes an increasing reality at the
state and local level, the air is getting cleaner.  As the Trends Report shows, we
are dramatically reducing auto emissions that befoul our cities with smog,  carbon
monoxide,  and particulates.  New Clean Air Act rules will enable you to drive
behind a city bus — and not have to choke on the black smoke belching from its
tailpipe.

       Forests, lakes, and streams are getting cleaner.  To cut acid rain, electric
utilities are improving power plants to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
emissions that cause acid rain by 10 million tons nationwide — that's 10 million
tons each year.

       We are cutting toxic smokestack emissions from refineries, power plants,
chemical plants — even dry cleaners.  In communities across the country, we are
clearing the air of leaks from steel and chemical plants that can cause cancer and
threaten our respiratory systems.

       Cars are getting cleaner — 50 percent cleaner.  Next fall, in response to the
Clean Air Act, new cars rolling off assembly lines in Flint, Dearborn, and Sterling
Heights will be 50 percent less polluting than today's models.

       Gasoline is getting cleaner.  On November 1, 1992, oxygenated fuel
programs in 39 cities began cutting carbon monoxide emissions by 17 percent,
increasing the use of ethanol from Midwest grain and methanol from Southwest
natural gas — both replacing imported oil from the Middle East.  In 1995,
reformulated gasoline will be available that adds oxygen, cuts benzene toxics and
lowers volatility that causes fumes to evaporate. The net result of reformulated
gasoline will be to reduce smog-causing, toxic pollutants by 15 percent in 1995,
and up to 25 percent  in the year 2000, in our nation's dirtiest cities.
8

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       Gasoline stations are getting cleaner.  Stage Two gas pump controls will
reduce exposure to toxic gasoline vapors and save fuel that would otherwise be
wasted through evaporation.

       The atmosphere is  getting safer. CFCs, which destroy the earth's
protective shield and threaten our health, are on the way out.  Under the new
Act, President Bush has accelerated the international timetable under the
Montreal Protocol to phase out CFCs more quickly in the United States and halt
production entirely by  the end of 1995.  And as of August, 1992, service stations
must recycle freon when repairing auto air conditioners.

       As a direct result of these actions, Americans are benefitting, and will
benefit for generations to  come.  Emphysema sufferers in Chicago, heart patients
in Los Angeles,  asthma-sufferers in Washington, D.C., especially children and the
elderly, will all be less  at risk when they step outdoors. Millions of Americans will
experience more sunny, smog-free, summer afternoons and clear, starry nights.

       Four years ago, market-based programs, voluntary initiatives, consensus-
rule making, and least-cost solutions were mainly  concepts, phrases we attached to
clean air ideas and drawing-board plans we hoped would work in the real world.
Today, four years later, all of these ideas are being realized. Well conceived and
expertly executed, these plans are working. And our hopes are coming to fruition.

       In the months ahead, our clean air efforts will continue apace at the federal
level, as we continue to implement statutory clean air requirements, work to
resolve other NOX issues, improve our residual risk procedures and data on
inventories, encourage the development of new technologies and cleaner cars, and
develop new forums for full participation in the clean air process. We will also
redouble our efforts to assist state and local governments in their efforts to make
these clean air programs a reality in every city, town and neighborhood from coast
to coast.

       Finally, the President, the Congress, environmental groups, industry, state
and local governments — all of our "clean air partners" ~ deserve great credit for
our successes to date.  But the greatest share of credit, and the highest praise,
rightly belongs to our own EPA staff.  Without your knowledge, skill, and
remarkable dedication, the Clean Air Act of 1990 would still be a blueprint.

       I have had the  great good fortune to work hand in hand — and often far
into the night ~  with the staff of the Office of Air and Radiation and other EPA
offices. On a thousand occasions, you have patiently explained to me the
subtleties and nuances  of highly sophisticated clean air measures. You have

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briefed me, educated me, argued with me and sometimes cursed at me. From
Durham to Ann Arbor to Waterside Mall ~ in every regional office, and at every
level from secretary to office director — you have given me your tremendous
support.  But more important, more than anyone, you have made this clean air
law work for all of us and for future generations of Americans.
      Following the report to the Administrator on the succeeding pages is an
informal record, a memoir in your own words, of our many shared
accomplishments during the past four years.  It is a record we can all be very
proud of.  You are quite simply the finest group of public servants I have ever
encountered, and it has been my privilege to share your company during  this
exciting time in our lives.  Thank you for your amazingly hard work, for the hard-
won victories, for the many good times, and for your friendship.
10

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                                                                   CHAPTER 1
                        IMPLEMENTING THE ACT:  THE BIG PICTURE
    President Bush on November 15,1990
signed into law a massive overhaul of the
Clean Air Act that is designed to provide
cleaner air for all Americans,

    Major goals  of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 are

4  to bring urban air quality  into line
    with health-based air quality standards
    by deadlines set in the Act

+  to reduce emissions of air toxics by at
    least 75 percent

4  to cut emissions of sulfur  dioxide, a
    primary contributor to acid rain, by 10
    million tons

+•  to   phase   out   production  of
    chlorofluorocarbons  and  other
    chemicals   that   deplete   the
    stratospheric ozone layer

4" to  require  cleaner  cars,   fuels,
    factories, power plants and businesses

    In .the two years since enactment, the
Environmental  Protection  Agency  has
made great         in  implementing  the
landmark  legislation.    By the  end of
October 1992, the Agency had proposed
or finalized 76 rules to carry out the law.
Once  implemented,  these rules  and
guidelines will accomplish more than 84
percent of the 57 billion pounds of annual
emissions reductions mandated by the 1990
Amendments.

Past Progress Cleaning the Air

    The 1990 Amendments were passed
to continue the progress toward cleaner air
begun  under the Clean Air Act of 1970
and the Clean Air  Act Amendments of
1977.
    Between   1970  and   1991,   lead
emissions plunged 98 percent.  Emissions
of particulate matter (soot, dust and other
particles)  dropped  61  percent, carbon
monoxide 50 percent, and sulfur oxides 27
percent.  Volatile organic compounds and
nitrogen  oxides, which  combine in  the
atmosphere to  form ozone, declined 3.8
percent and 1 percent respectively.

    But  serious air pollution problems
persist.  About  86 million Americans live
in counties where  air  pollution  levels
measured in 1991 exceeded the national
air quality standard for at least one of six
major pollutants. Ground-level ozone, the
prime  ingredient of smog,  is the most
widespread  and intractable  of  these
pollution problems. Acid rain and toxic air
pollution, also major problems, were not
effectively controlled under the 1970 or
1977 Acts.

The 1990 Act          	

    The new Clean Air Act  is an effective
and cost-effective plan for tackling these
difficult problems.   The law mandates
pollution reductions while giving states and
industry much flexibility on ways to achieve
clean air goals.

    Increased  emphasis  on  innovative,
market-based regulatory approaches is an
important feature of the new law.   The
acid rain control program,  for example,
allows  electric  utilities to  buy and  sell
emissions  credits.    These approaches
provide industries with flexibility to reduce
poEution in the least costly ways.

    The 1990 Act provides  new tools for
bringing urban  pollution  levels into line
with federal air quality standards.  Cities
violating  air quality standards  are  given
different   deadlines   for   attainment

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
depending  upon  the  severity  of  the
pollution.   Areas with longer deadlines
must implement  more  control measures
and demonstrate  interim progress toward
reaching the standard.

     In addition, the Act establishes a four-
pronged approach for  reducing  motor
vehicle   pollution  —  tighter  emissions
standards for new vehicles, cleaner fuels,
improved   vehicle   inspection   and
maintenance   programs,   and   clean
transportation  alternatives.      These
programs are designed to reconcile  the
automobile with the environment.

     Toxic  air  pollution from industrial
plants is to be reduced through a two-
phased  program.   EPA must set best
control technology standards for all major
sources   of  air toxics  within  a  10-year
period.   If  significant  risks  remain after
control technology is installed, the Agency
must set tighter standards to protect public
health.

     The 1990 Act also takes aim at two
atmospheric problems that have come into
focus during the past decade: acid rain and
stratospheric ozone depletion.  The acid
rain control  program is designed to reduce
annual U.S.  emissions of sulfur dioxide by
10 million tons, mostly from electric power
plants.  To  protect the ozone layer,  the
Act mandates a phaseout of  ozone-
depleting chemicals and the establishment
of  requirements  for use, recycling  and
disposal.

     To  facilitate  enforcement, the 1990
Act  requires  industrial   plants   and
businesses  classed  as  major  pollution
sources  to obtain  operating permits from
state or  local air agencies.  The money
needed to administer permit programs will
be raised through permit fees.

     Although complying with the Act will
be  costly  for  many  industries  and
businesses, the new law also is creating
business  opportunities  and  economic
benefits. For example, tens of thousands
of  workers  will  be  needed  for  the
manufacture   of  air  pollution  control
equipment for factories and  businesses.
Investments  spurred  by  the Act  are
positioning   American  businesses   to
compete  worldwide  in  areas  such as
alternative-fueled vehicles,  cleaner fuels,
more efficient manufacturing processes,
and pollution control equipment.

Implementation Principles

     Implementation of the 1990 Act poses
a tremendous challenge for the Agency. As
President  Bush stated, "Every American
expects and deserves to breathe clean air."
To expedite  and  guide this  work,  the
Office of Air and Radiation adopted the
following set of implementation principles
shortly  after  enactment  of the  1990
Amendments.
Policy
    E3: Achieve and maintain a healthy
    environment while supporting strong
    and sustainable economic growth and
    sound energy policy.

    Market-based strategies: Use market-
    based   approaches   and   other
    innovative   strategies   to  solve
    environmental problems creatively.
12

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Reductions Expected from Rules Proposed or
    Promulgated as of November 9,1992
             (In Billions of Pounds per year)
         MOv 7
CO 7.3
                                    bxics 1.7
                  11" SQ2 20,3
      Total Reductions: 47.9

-------
 Reductions Expected from Specific Rules Proposed or
          Promulgated as of November 9, 1992
                    (In Billions of Pounds per year)
!:,*- ', . ,»\ " - voo " "
Phase II RVP Rule
Reformulated Gasoline Rule
Onboard Diagnostics Rule
Evaporative Controls Rule
Tier 1 Tailpipe Rule
Enhanced I&M Rule
Equipment Leaks Rule
Total
2.6
0.3
0.3
1.7
0.3
5.6
0.3
11.1
"-'-'" *• NOx
Title IV NOx Rule
Title 1 NOx Guidance
1998 Heavy-Duty Engine Rule
OnBoard Diagnostics Rule
Tier I Tailpipe Rule
Total
4.0
1.0
0.5
0.3
1.7
7.5
*" ' •• >* &*. f
••% * f^f*
*v? ^ £Q
Oxygenated Fuels Rule
Onboard Diagnostics Rule
Diesel Fuel Quality Rule
Enhanced I&M Rule
Total
3.7
2.4
0.4
0.8
7.3
, ^ , .^,~ . ^
Acid Rain Rule
Diesel Fuel Quality Rule
Total
20.0
0.3
20.3
, V , . ':/C%&s "' ""'"'"
Hazardous Organics (HON)
Municipal Waste Combusters
Early Reductions Rule
Total
1.0
0.5
0.2
1.7
  Total Reductions:                                  47.9

Does not include rules that reduce emissions less than 50 million pounds.

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                                        Chapter 1.  Implementing the Act: The Big Picture
Consensus Building

+  Joint   ventures:   Recognize  the
    essential role played by state and local
    governments.  Foster communication
    and cooperation among all  entities
    involved   in   implementing  the
    Amendments.

+  Negotiation:   Use   negotiation
    techniques to resolve critical issues
    with   other   interested   parties,
    including   other   government
    organizations, industry, environmental
    groups, and academics.

4  Federal  coordination: Work  closely
    with  EPA  Offices,  other  federal
    agencies, and the Congress to  ensure
    a  coordinated  approach  that will
    achieve environmental  objectives  as
    effectively as possible.

Management

4  Deadlines:   Establish   and   meet
    commitments to effectively implement
    key provisions of the Act.

4  Team  effort:  Work  together,  and
    attract  and  retain  a  diverse  and
    talented work force.

    The new law  requires EPA to issue
more  than 120  regulations by  1995, an
average of 24 rules per year. In the two
years  since  enactment, the Agency has
issued 76 proposed air rules, of which 23
have been finalized.  Historically, the air
office has issued five to eight major rules
per year.

    Although  its  actions  have  been
significant,  EPA has not  met all  of the
Act's deadlines.  In a number of cases,
regulations  have   been  proposed   for
comment  but  not  yet completed.   In
addition, as of November 15, 1992, EPA
has submitted  11 proposed rules  and 4
final rules  to the Office of Management
and Budget and is awaiting review.  The
Agency is  now in  the final stages of
negotiating   a  comprehensive   court-
approved schedule for further regulatory
action.

    The Agency has found implementing
the   1990   Amendments   even  more
challenging than it anticipated.  Reaching
the degree of consensus necessary to issue
the rules and to lay the groundwork for
effective implementation has proven to be
a lengthy process.

Achievements to Date

    This report is designed to provide a
broad  picture of EPA's actions to date
implementing  the  Act.   Some  of  the
highlights include the following:

    Acid rain control.  Core regulations
for a  market-based  acid rain  control
program will protect lakes, streams  and
other resources through a 50-percent cut
in electric  utility  emissions  of  sulfur
dioxide.

    Ozone layer protection.  Phase-out
requirements have been put in place for
chlorofluorocarbons and other chemicals
that deplete the stratospheric ozone layer.

    State air quality planning. Extensive
EPA guidance will help states develop and
implement  plans for bringing air quality
into   line  with  federal   standards  by
deadlines established in the Act.
                                                                                 15

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Clean Mr Act Implementation:  The First Two Years
     Cleaner gasoline. National limits on
gasoline's  volatility  ~ its  tendency to
evaporate  —  already  are  dramatically
reducing  the release of ozone-forming
hydrocarbons and air toxics.   Under a
proposed  rule,  a  new  generation  of
cleaner,  "reformulated" gasolines will be
required in the nine cities with the worst
ozone pollution starting in 1995. Twelve
states have opted to extend the program to
additional cities. Since November 1,1992,
millions of motorists have been pumping
cleaner, "oxygenated" gasoline into cars in
39 cities with carbon monoxide pollution;
this fuel will reduce CO tailpipe emissions
by 17 percent

     Cleaner cars and trucks.   Tighter
emissions limits for cars and light trucks
will  be  phased  in  starting  with  1994
models, cutting exhaust hydrocarbons by 30
percent and nitrogen oxides by 60 percent
relative to current standards.  A new cold-
temperature  standard   will   reduce
wintertime carbon monoxide  emissions.
Black smoke from diesel trucks and buses
will  be dramatically  cut  by tough new
particulate standards and by new limits on
sulfur in diesel fuel.

     Vehicle inspection and maintenance.
Improved,  high-tech  vehicle  emissions
inspection programs must be implemented
in 1995  in cities with serious ozone or
carbon  monoxide    pollution.   Basic
inspection  and maintenance  (I&M) pro-
grams will be required in additional areas
of the country.   These programs  ensure
that  cars are tuned up  and that  their
emissions systems are working properly.

     Fleet vehicles. In 22 cities, 50- to 70-
percent of certain new fleet vehicles —
such as taxis and delivery vans — will have
to meet tailpipe standards more stringent
than  those  for  conventional  vehicles,
beginning in 1998.  EPA guidelines will
provide incentives for purchase of ultra-
clean vehicles  fueled with  natural  gas,
propane, pure alcohol or electricity.

    Industry air  toxics.  An innovative
"early reductions" program already is giving
industries an incentive to reduce toxic air
pollution earlier than required by the Act.
Proposed  standards  would  cut   toxic
emissions from synthetic organic chemical
manufacturing by 522,500 tons per year —
more than any other air toxics standard to
be issued under the 1990 Amendments.

    Permits.  A final rule establishes the
minimum requirements for state and local
operating  permit   programs.     These
programs will ensure better compliance
with the Act and raise more than  $300
million annually for state  and  local air
pollution control agencies.

    Offshore oil facilities.   Oil and gas
platforms in the ocean off most of the U.S.
coast will  be  subject to the  same air
pollution control requirements as onshore
facilities.

    Incinerators and landfills. Municipal
waste incinerators must achieve a 90-
percent overall reduction in emissions of
metals, organic chemicals and acid gases.
Proposed standards for large solid waste
landfills  and  2,300  hazardous  waste
treatment,  storage and disposal facilities
would  cut  smog-forming and   toxic air
emissions — as well as releases of methane,
a greenhouse gas.

    As EPA turns out rules and guidelines
establishing  the   framework   for
16

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                                        Chapter 1. Implementing the Act: The Big Picture
implementation, the challenge of cleaning
the air moves to the states.  EPA already
is  working intensively with  states to see
that clean air goals are met.

Clean Air Act Costs

    EPA and the President's Council of
Economic  Advisors originally estimated
that the cost of the 1990  Amendments
would eventually reach $25 billion per year
when fully implemented in 2005 --  about
25 cents a day for each person living in the
United States.

    Now, EPA projects the annual cost to
be  at least  $2 billion  lower than the
original estimates for years after 2000, with
even greater savings in earlier years. The
savings  result from fine-tuning  of cost
estimates  and from regulations that use
market-based or other flexible approaches.
Consider the following examples:

4   Reformulated   gasoline.      More
    detailed  analysis  puts  the  cost  of
    reformulated gasoline at 4.3 cents per
    gallon, versus  the original estimate of
    6.2 cents. Also, the oxygen standard
    is 2 percent rather than 2.7 percent,
    the level originally analyzed.   Total
    savings will be $700 million in 1995,
    and $400 million per year by 2005.

*   Coke ovens.  According to The Wall
    Street Journal (October 26,  1992),
    industry estimates  of  the costs  of
    cutting toxic air pollution  from steel
    industry coke ovens ranged as high as
    $3  billion  to  $5  billion   during
    Congressional  debate over the  1990
    Amendments. An agreement reached
    through   regulatory  negotiation
    envisions capital costs of $66 million
     to  $510 million, depending on  the
     technology the plants  choose, with
     corresponding annual operating costs
     of  $25 million to $84 million.  The
     dramatically  lower  cost   of  the
     agreement reflects the more realistic
     cost estimates that  can result from
     regulatory negotiation.   In addition,
     some savings are expected from the
     negotiated use of emissions averaging.

+   CTGs.  More detailed analysis shows
     that  control  technology  guidelines
     (CTGs) will achieve more than twice
     the emissions reductions at the same
     cost originally projected, reducing the
     need for more costly control measures
     in  areas with dirty air.  Preliminary
     estimates show net cost savings from
     avoiding  more  expensive  measures
     could reach $1 billion per year when
     the program is fully in place, relative
     to the original estimate.

4-   Air toxics, EPA believes that the use
     of emissions averaging to comply with
     toxic air  pollution  standards  could
     reduce compliance costs significantly.

     Cost estimates  have increased  for
some rules, including the trip reduction
planning  rule  and  the permits  rule.
However, the net result  of  the increases
and  decreases is a significant drop in the
Act's estimated cost.
                                                                                  17

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                                                                   CHAPTER 2
                USING THE MARKET TO SERVE THE ENVIRONMENT:
                         FREE MARKET ECONOMICS AND CLEAN AIR
    EPA often  has  been  accused  of
issuing  inflexible  command-and-control
regulations  that  can  become  outdated
because they require use of a particular
pollution control technology.  In response,
the Agency increasingly has  moved  to
performance standards that set a minimum
control level — for example, a 70-percent
reduction in air pollutant emissions.  This
approach gives industry flexibility to decide
the  best  way  to  achieve   that  level,
considering cost and other factors.

    During  the 1980s, EPA  structured a
number  of  air  pollution programs  to
provide even more flexibility by allowing a
company  to comply  with performance
standards  through  averaging  emissions
from multiple emissions points,  such  as
smokestacks.   A few  programs  were
designed to enable companies  that go
beyond minimum requirements to trade or
sell credits to other companies that do less
than required. For example, refiners were
allowed to trade credits under EPA rules
requiring a  phased reduction of lead  in
gasoline.  These rules cut  lead emissions
from motor vehicles  by more than 96
percent between 1982  and 1991.

    Today, under the 1990 Amendments
to the Clean Air Act, EPA is accelerating
the movement toward flexible rules that
allow industry to  reduce air  pollution  in
the most economical way and encourage
technology innovation. But the Agency is
trying   to   couple  flexibility  with
accountability  ~  through   adequate
monitoring and  enforcement  — to ensure
that clean air goals are met.
Controlling Acid Rain
    A prime  example is the acid rain
control program, which is based upon an
innovative system of marketable pollution
allowances.  Each electric utility plant is
allocated a limited  number  of emission
allowances.  One allowance entitles the
holder to emit one ton of sulfur dioxide.
A utility that cuts its SO2 emissions more
than required can sell its extra allowances
to another utility at the market price, or
bank them for future use.

    The Act's  tough  requirements are
designed to  achieve  a  10-million-ton
reduction   in  annual   sulfur  dioxide
emissions  from  the  1980 level,  mostly
through a 50-percent cut in electric utility
emissions.  The allowance system provides
flexibility for  emissions reductions to be
achieved at the plants where controls are
least expensive, reducing costs to utilities
and electricity consumers.

    The system  rewards utilities that go
beyond  the   Act's   stringent  control
requirements  by  enabling them  to earn
profits from  the  sale of  their  extra
allowances. Utilities that find controls less
cost effective can purchase allowances to
meet  all   or part  of  their  control
requirements.  The buyers essentially are
paying  for   their  required  emissions
reductions to be achieved by other utilities
that   can   reduce   emissions   more
economically.
                                                                               19

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Exploring   Other   Market-Based
Approaches

     EPA is developing a number of other
programs with market features to minimize
the cost of cleaning the air.

    A rule being developed by EPA will
encourage states to adopt economic incen-
tive programs to reduce pollution using
such methods as marketable permits and
emissions   fees.     Under  the   1990
Amendments, these programs are optional
for most cities but may be mandated in
cities with serious ozone problems that fail
to meet deadlines for reducing pollution.
The proposed rule may be issued as early
as December 1992.

    One option for states outlined in the
draft  economic' incentive proposal is  a
program   to  allow industries emissions
credits  for   buying  alternative-fueled
vehicles or taking  other steps  that go
beyond  the new Act's requirements for
motor vehicle emissions reductions.  These
credits could be used toward compliance
with smokestack emission limits.   Goals
include stimulating  development* of new
technologies and  creating incentives for
use of natural gas vehicles.

    EPA has supplied major assistance to
California for a local initiative called the
Regional  Clean Air Incentives  Market,
now under development.  RECLAIM is
Intended to use economic incentives for
smog  and particulate control and create
separate markets for authorizations to emit
three  pollutants: hydrocarbons, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur oxides.

    EPA also is  working  on detailed
guidance for states to implement "cash for
                                             clunkers" programs offering industry credits
                                             for taking high-polluting cars off the road -
                                             by  buying  and  scrapping  them,   for
                                             example. In Los Angeles, spending $1,000
                                             to get a clunker off the road can eliminate
                                             the same amount of pollution as spending
                                             $3,000 to  $4,000 on stationary source
                                             controls.  The program  is discussed  in a
                                             Federal Register notice EPA issued in April
                                             1992  to  help states interpret  planning
                                             requirements of the 1990 Amendments.

                                             Building Flexibility Into Clean Air Act
                                             Programs

                                                 In  every  title   of  the   1990
                                             Amendments,  EPA  is  finding   new
                                             opportunities to harness the power of the
                                             marketplace. Examples of other programs
                                             using   market-based  or  other  flexible
                                             regulatory   approaches   include   the
                                             following:

                                             +   Air toxics early reductions.  A final
                                                 "early reductions" rule announced in
                                                 October 1992 encourages companies
                                                 to cut  toxic emissions by 90 percent
                                                 or more now, rather than waiting for
                                                 EPA  to   issue  control technology
                                                 standards  for  their  industries.   In
                                                 exchange,  companies  choosing  to
                                                 participate are given six extra years to
                                                 comply with the standards.

                                             •   Control of air toxics from chemical
                                                 manufacturing,  A proposed  rule
                                                 announced in  October  1992  will
                                                 regulate   toxic   emissions  from
                                                 synthetic  organic  chemical
                                                 manufacturing  plants.  Through an
                                                 emissions averaging system, companies
                                                 could  choose which vents and other
                                                 emissions points to control to achieve
                                                 the required emissions reductions in
20

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 Chapter 2. Using the Market to Serve the Environment: Free Market Economics and Clean Mr
    the most  efficient way.  Companies
    also would be allowed to bank credits
    from extra reductions for future use.

4   CFC  phase  out.  EPA regulations
    require a  phase  out  of  chloro-
    fluorocarbons  (CFCs)  and  other
    chemicals  that are most damaging to
    the stratospheric ozone layer. During
    the  phaseout,  manufacturers  and
    importers  are allowed to buy and sell
    production rights,

•   Reformulated   and  oxygenated
    gasoline.   The 1990 Amendments
    require cleaner, reformulated gasoline
    in the nine cities with the worst ozone
    pollution,  and oxygenated gasoline in
    39  cities   with  carbon  monoxide
    pollution.     Refiners  will  receive
    credits for going beyond the clean
    fuel standards. A person with credits
    can sell some gasoline not meeting
    the requirements, or trade the credits
    to another  fuel seller  in the same
    area.

•   Heavy-duty   engine  standards.
    Emissions standards  for heavy-duty
    truck  and   bus   engines  allow
    manufacturers  to  earn  credits  for
    engine families EPA certifies as being
    cleaner than required.   Under  an
    averaging  program begun  in 1985,
    manufacturers  could  use credits to
    certify engine families that did not
    meet the standard. A July 1990 final
    rule extended  the  system  to allow
    manufacturers to bank credits for use
    in future years, or to trade credits to
    other  manufacturers  of   similar
    engines.
Air pollution permit fees. The 1990
Amendments require companies to
obtain operating permits for all major
sources  of air pollution.  State and
local  permitting  agencies  are  to
collect permit fees sufficient to pay
the cost of the permit program. The
fees will give companies an economic
incentive to reduce the amounts of
regulated air pollutants they emit - as
well as generate $300 million a year
nationwide  for  state and local air
programs.

Operating  flexibility.   The permits
rule is designed to give manufacturers
flexibility to change their operations
quickly without  having to obtain  a
permit revision.  For example, states
must  allow permits that provide for
alternate operating scenarios, such as
changing   from   one   product  to
another.  Also, the state must allow
permits  to include provisions for
emissions trading within a facility, to
the extent provided by the underlying
federal or state standard,

Clean-fueled vehicles.    EPA  has
proposed   rules   for   clean-fueled
vehicle   programs  that  promote
innovative technologies and regulatory
flexibility through  marketable credit
systems. (See  Chapter  5 on motor
vehicles.)
                                                                                 21

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                                                                  CHAPTER 3
    REGULATORY NEGOTIATION:  CONSULTING  WITH INDUSTRY,
                              ENVIRONMENTAL GROUPS AND STATES
    The Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 called for EPA to issue more than 55
major rules within two years.  In response
to this difficult challenge, the Office of Air
and Radiation changed  the way it does
business.

    Traditionally,   the   Agency   has
developed proposed regulations, published
them for public comment, and then tried
to reconcile differing points of view.  But
too often, EPA's regulatory efforts have
been delayed or even stymied by frequent
and   protracted   litigation.      When
controversy  produces   gridlock,   the
environment suffers.

    After  many years  fighting in  the
courts, the Office of Air and Radiation has
found that it often can be much more
effective and  less expensive to negotiate
than to litigate.  The air office, in carrying
out the  1990  Amendments, has placed a
new   emphasis   on   consulting   with
interested groups early in the regulatory
process  and trying to build  consensus.
Through informal  discussions or formal
regulatory negotiations, OAR has worked
directly  with industry, environmentalists,
state and local governments  and  other
interested parties  to  develop  proposed
regulations.

    Formal regulatory negotiations have
produced agreements on proposed rules to
prevent  toxic emissions  from  equipment
leaks,  set  requirements  for  cleaner
"reformulated" and "oxygenated" gasolines,
and cut toxic emissions from steel industry
coke  ovens.     Informal  talks   and
consultation with advisory committees have
produced broad agreement on rules  that
control   acid   rain   and  phase   out
chlorofluorocarbohs,  which deplete  the
stratospheric ozone layer.

    The air office's efforts  to  foster
consensus on implementation of the  Act
include  the  establishment in  November
1990  of the Clean  Air  Act Advisory
Committee, which includes members from
industry, environmental groups, state  and
local governments, and academia.  The
committee,  not  required  by law,  was
formed to advise the Agency on clean air
policy,   economic,  scientific  and
enforcement issues.

    While   the  framework   for
implementing the 1990 Amendments is
being developed primarily at the national
level,  most of the specific programs to
carry it out will be crafted at the state and
local level. EPA has been recommending
that states and localities use collaborative
approaches.  With the assistance of the
Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, EPA
in 1992 published a guide called "The
Clean Air Act of 1990: A  Primer on
Consensus-Building."

What is "Reg-Neg?"

    A regulatory negotiation,  known as
"reg-neg" for short,   begins with  the
establishment  of  a  formal   advisory
committee by the Agency.  EPA seeks to
invite a  balanced  mix   of  people  to
participate   and   represent   identified
interests. Generally, committees consist of
12 to 25 members.  A neutral mediator
convenes the  committee  and manages
meetings.
                                                                              23

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
     Meetings  are  announced  in  the
Federal  Register   and  are   open   to
observation by  members of the  public.
Decisions  are  made by consensus,  not
majority vote.   EPA participates  in  the
negotiations on behalf of the government.

     If consensus is reached, the Agency
uses the agreement as  the  basis for  the
proposed  rule.     Members   of   the
negotiating committee  agree to support
the  rule  as  proposed  if there  are  no
substantive changes from the  consensus
agreement.  As under  the  conventional
rulemaking process, the proposed  rule is
published in th& Federal Register for public
comment.

     Negotiated rules are more likely to be
accepted by industry and other  interested
parties, reducing chances of litigation. The
process enables the Agency to tap  the
expertise   and  creativity  of  committee
members to come up with solutions that
best address the concerns of all interests.
Critical public comment may be reduced,
cutting  the time needed to finalize  the
rule. In addition, rules developed through
negotiation may be more pragmatic and
easier to implement.

Accomplishments

     EPA has used regulatory negotiation
and informal consensus-building processes
to   produce   agreements   on  several
regulations.

     Equipment leaks.  Equipment leaks
such  as  faulty  valves  cause   significant
emissions of air toxics and smog-forming
volatile organic compounds from synthetic
organic chemical  manufacturing  plants.
Because  the  emissions escape  at ground
level, their effect is estimated to be 10 to
40 times greater than equal amounts of
pollution from stacks.

     A  standard to prevent  equipment
leaks was the first negotiated air pollution
rule to  be completed after enactment of
the  1990 Amendments.  After a year of
negotiations, thirteen  representatives of
environmental, industry, federal, state and
local   government   groups   reached
consensus with EPA in November 1990.
A draft  rule was published in March 1991.
The rule is being formally proposed  as part
of  the  air  toxics  control  standard  for
synthetic organic chemical manufacturers.

     The negotiation produced a proposal
that relies first on incentives, rather than
sanctions,  to  encourage  companies  to
prevent equipment leaks. Companies that
do better than a "base performance level"
would  be  rewarded with  less  frequent
inspection requirements.  Companies that
fail to attain the performance level would
have to  conduct more inspections or install
improved technology, such as better  valves.
During  the  negotiations,  industry  was
willing to  support a more stringent base
performance level in return for use of the
incentive system. Sanctions such as fines
still would apply if a company did not carry
actions  required  under  the  incentive
system.

     Reformulated   and   oxygenated
gasoline.    EPA  also  elected  to  use
regulatory  negotiation to develop rules
requiring cleaner, reformulated gasoline in
the  nine  cities  with  the worst  ozone
pollution,  and oxygenated gasoline in 39
cities with carbon monoxide pollution.
24

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 Chapter 3. Regulatory Negotiation:  Consulting with Industry, Environmental Groups and States
    The  28-member   negotiating
committee included  representatives  of
domestic and foreign auto manufacturers,
small  and large  oil  companies, groups
representing  environmentalists,  farmers
and citizens, gasoline marketers, methanol
and ethanol producers, state and local air
pollution regulators, and the Department
of Energy.   Five  months  of meetings
produced consensus in August 1991.

    The  reg-neg process  produced  a
proposed rule  in much less  time  than
would  have  been  consumed   by  the
traditional process, given the complex and
highly technical issues involved.  In the
end, industry was  able to obtain additional
flexibility in the form of averaging to meet
reformulated  and  oxygenated  gasoline
requirements.  In return, industry agreed,
among  other  things,  to provisions  that
require  reductions   in  ozone-forming
emissions in southern cities greater  than
the minimum required by the statute.

    Coke ovens.  Regulatory negotiations
produced an agreement in October 1992
to serve as the basis for  draft proposed
regulations to  cut toxic emissions  from
steel industry coke ovens. The agreement
goes beyond the requirements of the 1990
Amendments yet  also is designed to  help
preserve jobs and minimize costs to the
steel industry.

    For example, the agreement would
require flares on  bypass releases of coke
oven  gases to  incinerate  pollutants  that
otherwise would  simply escape  into the
atmosphere. Bypass  releases  occur, for
example, when a compressor breaks and
gases  must be vented for  safety reasons.
Although such releases are infrequent, the
amounts of toxic emissions resulting can be
very large.

     The reg-neg committee, which began
meeting in  February  1992,  includes 22
parties representing EPA, state and local
air pollution agencies, environmental and
citizens groups, unions and steel industry
trade associations.

     Acid rain.  Proposed core rules to
carry out the acid rain control program
were drafted initially by the Acid Rain
Advisory  Committee,  which   EPA
established in August 1990 to advise the
Agency on  policy and technical  issues.
The committee includes representatives of
utilities, environmental groups, state utility
and environmental regulatory agencies, air
pollution control manufacturers, the coal
industry,  mine  workers, experts  from
academia, and others.

     Grand Canyon  visibility.  EPA in
October 1991 issued a final rule that will
significantly improve visibility in the Grand
Canyon by requiring a 90 percent cut in
sulfur dioxide emissions from  the Navajo
Generating Station,  a  coal-fired  power
plant in northeastern Arizona. The rule
was based on an agreement facilitated by
EPA among power plant owners, environ-
mental groups, and the State of Arizona.

     The agreement called for an annual
limit on emissions and shutdown of some
plant units for maintenance  during the
winter months, thereby reducing emissions
during the time the plant contributes most
to visibility impairment. The result is more
visibility protection for the Grand Canyon
at a  lower cost than  would have resulted
under EPA's proposed rule.
                                                                                 25

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
    The   agreement  was   remarkable
because environmentalists and power plant
owners   began   from  seemingly
irreconcilable  positions.    Key to  the
compromise was changing the  monthly
emissions limit in the proposed rule to an
annual limit.  With the added flexibility,
power plant owners  concluded  that they
could achieve the 90 percent reduction
without having to install expensive backup
scrubber  units   to  cover  those  rare
occasions   when   emission   control
equipment broke down.

    CFC phase out. Rules to phase out
cblorofluorocarbons  (CFCs) and certain
other   substances   that   deplete  the
stratospheric ozone layer were developed
with the assistance of the Stratospheric
Ozone Protection Advisory Committee,
which includes members from industry and
environmental groups.

Streamlined Rulemaking

    In  addition  to using  consensus-
building  approaches, OAR  has used  a
streamlined Agency rulemaking process to
expedite implementation  of  the  1990
Amendments.    OAR worked  with  the
Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation
and the rest of the Agency to develop this
process for Clean Air Act  rules.   The
advantages of the new system are leading
other EPA offices to consider  adopting
similar systems.

    Following  enactment of  the 1990
Amendments, the air office concluded that
EPA's existing internal review process was
too slow to meet the task of issuing more
than 55 air rules in two years.  The new
system, implemented in 1991, was designed
to expedite action  while  still providing
EPA  offices  an opportunity  for proper
review of draft regulations and guidelines.

    Under the new system, draft rules are
placed  into  one of  four  categories,
depending on the degree of  controversy
and  interest  among EPA offices.   A
different review process applies to rules in
each category.   The least controversial
rules go through a streamlined process that
involves the  least cross-agency review.
The  most  controversial and  precedent-
setting rules  receive personal attention
from the deputy administrator of EPA and
go through substantial cross-agency review.
26

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                                                                    CHAPTER 4
       ATTAINING AIR QUALITY STANDARDS IN URBAN AMERICA
    The   United   States   has   made
substantial  progress  in   reducing   air
pollution since passage of the 1970 Clean
Air Act,  Much of the progress has been
in reducing levels of six common pollutants
for which  EPA has issued health-based
national air quality standards: lead, carbon
monoxide,  particulate matter (soot, dust
and   other  particles), sulfur  dioxide,
nitrogen dioxide and ground-level ozone.

    Emissions data best illustrate changes
from  1970 to 1991.  The most dramatic
drop is in lead emissions, which plunged 98
percent.  Emissions of particulate matter
(soot, dust and other particles) dropped 61
percent, carbon monoxide 50 percent, and
sulfur oxides 27 percent. Volatile organic
compounds and nitrogen   oxides,  which
combine in the atmosphere to form ozone,
declined   38  percent and  1  percent
respectively.

    In 1991, 41 of 98 areas designated
under the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 as having ozone pollution problems
came into compliance with the national  air
quality standard for ozone.  In addition, 13
of the 42 areas designated  as  having
excessive carbon monoxide levels met the
standard  in 1991.   Variations in weather
patterns from year to year played a critical
role in the improved ozone levels.  EPA
also attributes the improvements to federal
limits on  gasoline's volatility (tendency to
evaporate) and the  replacement of older
cars with hewer, cleaner ones.

     Despite the  progress,  serious   air
pollution problems remain.  Consider the
following examples:
 $•   Ozone, the  primary  constituent of
     smog, continues  to  be  the  most
     prevalent problem; 70 million people
     live in counties where pollution levels
     in  1991  exceeded the  federal  air
     quality standard for ozone.  Ozone
     can cause reduced lung function and
     other respiratory problems, and may
     lead to chronic lung diseases.  Ozone
     also  damages forests  and  causes
     billions  of dollars  in  crop  losses
     annually.

 $   More than 21 million people live in
     counties with excessive  particulate
     levels. Particulates can interfere with
     breathing,   aggravate   existing
     respiratory and cardiovascular disease
     and reduce visibility.

 4   More than 19 million people live in
     counties  with   excessive   carbon
     monoxide levels.  Low levels  of CO
     can  aggravate  angina  pectoris,  a
     cardiovascular  disease,  and  may
     hinder prenatal mental and physical
     development

     States and EPA share responsibility
for ensuring that all areas attain federal air
quality standards by deadlines specified in
the 1990 Amendments, which range from
three to  20 years.   States develop  an
enforceable implementation plan for each
non-attainment area.   Each plan includes
specific requirements to reduce  pollution
from factories,  businesses  and  motor
vehicle  traffic.   EPA's role  is  to  issue
guidance  or  regulations  to guide  state
actions, and to ensure that states devise
and carry out adequate plans.
                                                                                27

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           Number of Persons Living in Counties with Air
             Quality Levels Above the Primary National
               Ambient Air Quality Standards in 1991
pollutant
Any NAAQS
                      19.9
                                                   69.7
         0          20


Based on 1990 population data and 1991 air quality data.
  40          60
millions of persons
80
                                                             86.4
100

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                               Chapter 4. Attaining Air Quality Standards in Urban America
Laying the Groundwork
    The foundation for implementation of
the new non-attainment program is the
designation of cities and other areas with
air pollution levels exceeding federal air
quality  standards.   In November  1991,
EPA  designated  98  areas  with  ozone
pollution, 42 areas with carbon  monoxide
pollution, 71 areas  with  fine  particle
pollution, and 12 with lead pollution, as
non-attainment areas.  These  areas are
subject to special control requirements that
do not apply in clean air areas.

    The 1990 Amendments revolutionized
the process  of classifying polluted areas,
extending   coverage  and   control
requirements to whole metropolitan areas
rather than smaller geographic units.  The
new designations for ozone added 101 new
counties with a population of 15 million to
non-attainment status. The designations
for  carbon   monoxide  added   18  new
counties  with  populations  totaling  4
million.

    Another major change is  that non-
attainment  areas   now   are  classified
according to the severity of the  pollution.
Under the Act, control  requirements  --
and deadlines for attaining air quality
standards —  vary  depending upon this
classification.

    Kansas  City has become the first of
the  98  ozone   non-attainment   areas
formally redesignated by EPA as being in
attainment. EPA approved the state's plan
showing how Kansas City  will maintain
compliance with the ozone standard during
the next 10 years.
    The Agency in March 1992 proposed
rules  for improved monitoring of ozone
and   its  precursor  pollutants.    Better
monitoring should enable states to design
better control strategies.  The Agency also
has developed state-of-the-art computer
models  —  the  regional oxidant  model
(ROM)  and  the  urban  airshed  model
(UAM)  —  to estimate how  emissions
changes  affect  pollution  levels  on  a
regional and urban basis.

Guiding the States

    In April 1992 EPA issued a 400-page
document providing  states with guidance
on how to develop  programs to reduce
ozone and  carbon  monoxide  pollution.
The so-called "general preamble" describes
how   EPA preliminarily  interprets state
planning requirements in Title I of the
1990  Amendments.    Based  on these
interpretations,  EPA  will  propose  to
approve or disapprove revisions to state
implementation plans.  The revised plans
must  show how states plan to bring non-
attainment areas  into  compliance with
federal  air quality standards — in most
cases, by 2000.

    The document describes the actions
EPA currently believes states must take to
reduce  emissions.    Also  included  is
guidance on  requirements that apply to
new pollution sources, sanctions that states
face if they fail to submit and implement
adequate  plans,   and  the  relationship
between permits and state plans.

    A  1991  report  by the National
Research Council, Rethinking the  Ozone
Problem  in  Urban  and Regional  Air
Pollution, found that  in many areas of the
United States, greater control of nitrogen
                                                                                 29

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Clean Air Act Implementation:  The First Two Years
oxides  is   needed   to   combat  ozone
effectively.    EPA  in  October   1992
announced supplemental guidance to states
on implementing nitrogen oxides control
requirements  for  factories  and  plants
located in ozone non-attainment  areas.
Existing major sources of nitrogen oxides
must install reasonably available control
technology to reduce NOX emissions.  New
major sources of NOX must install controls
that  result  in   the lowest  achievable
emission rate, and must obtain offsetting
emissions reductions  from other sources.
By 2000, these requirements are expected
to reduce annual NOX emissions by about
one million tons.

     Also key to the effort  to combat
ozone and carbon monoxide pollution is a
November 1992 rule to require high-tech
vehicle   emissions   inspection   and
maintenance  programs  in many  cities
starting in 1995.  This program holds the
potential for bigger reductions of ozone-
forming emissions than any other Clean
Air Act measure.

     The Agency has issued guidelines to
aid state implementation  of clean-fueled
vehicle programs, and guidelines for state
programs requiring oxygenated fuels in 39
cities with  carbon  monoxide  pollution.
Standards have been proposed for cleaner,
reformulated gasoline required in the nine
cities with the worst ozone pollution.  (For
more on these actions, see motor vehicles
and fuels chapter.)

     EPA also has issued guidance on

4   best available control measures for
     fine particle pollution

4   cost-effectiveness of controls
4   emission   inventories  for  volatile
     organic   compounds   and   carbon
     monoxide

National Control Requirements

     Another way EPA helps states bring
down pollution levels is by issuing national
pollution  control  requirements for  new
motor vehicles, fuels and other sources of
air pollution.

     To reduce vehicle emissions, EPA
recently  has  issued  standards to limit
gasoline's volatility, cut  tailpipe emissions
from cars and light trucks, and reduce the
sulfur content of diesel fuel.  Proposed
rules would reduce fuel vapor evaporation
from cars and trucks and require the  on-
board  computers  built into new motor
vehicles to have the capability to detect
and  aid in diagnosis of emissions control
problems.

     EPA also has targeted offshore oil
rigs, hazardous waste facilities, solid waste
landfills and mineral processing plants for
air pollution controls.

     New,   more  stringent   emissions
standards  for  offshore oil facilities were
finalized  in  September  1992.   Some
offshore oil facilities emit large amounts of
ozone-forming pollutants that contribute to
ozone pollution on shore.

     The rules for offshore facilities, which
apply to most areas off the U.S. coast,
seek to equalize onshore and offshore air
pollution requirements. In three Southern
California counties — Los Angeles, Santa
Barbara and Ventura ~ the rule  by 1994
will cut emissions of nitrogen dioxide by
30

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                               Chapter 4. Attaining Air Quality Standards in Urban America
more than 750 tons annually, and volatile
organic compounds by 620 tons annually.

    In addition, EPA has undertaken the
following initiatives:

4   EPA in  May  1991  proposed  air
    emissions standards for large solid
    waste  landfills  that  would  reduce
    emissions of ozone-forming VOCs by
    nearly 425 million pounds per year.
    The  standards  will   apply  to  an
    estimated 620 existing landfills and 90
    new landfills projected to be built in
    the next five years.

+   Standards   for   hazardous   waste
    facilities,  proposed  in  July  1991,
    would  reduce VOC emissions from
    tanks,   surface  impoundments  and
    containers by 90 percent.  An earlier
    rule for these facilities, finalized in
    June 1990, requires control of VOCs
    from  process vents  and  equipment
    leaks.

4   Fine particle emissions from  mineral
    processing   and  production  plants
    would be reduced 8,800 tons annually
    by 1997 under a final rule issued in
    October 1992.
                                                                                 31

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Trend in Highway Vehicle CO Emissions and Total Vehicle Wliles Traveled
% of 1982
Level
160 -

140 -

120 -

100 -

 80 -

 60 -

 40 -

 20 -
  0
Hwy CO Emissions
Total VMT
      1982  1983  1984  1985  1986   1987  1988  1989  1990  1991

             CO Hwy Emissions:  45 percent decrease
            Total Miles Traveled:  36 percent increase

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                                                                   CHAPTER 5
          INTRODUCING CLEANER MOTOR VEHICLES AND FUELS
    Americans love their cars — but not
the serious urban air pollution problems
cars help create.  Cars, trucks and buses
are responsible for more than half of the
estimated  1,500 to 3,000 human cancers
caused annually by a limited list of air
toxics, and up to 90 percent of the carbon
monoxide  pollution that  plagues  many
cities.

    Vehicles also are responsible for 50
percent of hydrocarbon emissions, and 30
percent of the nitrogen oxides. Those two
pollutants  combine in  the air  to form
ozone smog - the nation's most widespread
and intractable pollution problem.

    Although EPA  regulations  already
have   cut   motor   vehicle   emissions
dramatically, continued progress is needed
because of  rapid  growth in the total
number of miles driven.   Between 1982
and 1991, the  number of vehicle miles
traveled increased 36 percent,  and  the
figure has more than  quadrupled since
1950.

    EPA  is  attacking  motor  vehicle
pollution  by carrying  out  a four-part
strategy outlined in the 1990 Amendments
—  cleaner  fuels,  cleaner  new  vehicles,
better maintained vehicles on the road,
and clean transportation alternatives.

Cleaner Fuels

    For nearly two decades, EPA's efforts
to cut motor vehicle pollution  focused
mainly on emission controls  installed on
the vehicle (with the notable exception of
requirements   for  reducing  lead  in
gasoline).  Today, the most promising way
to make further cuts in vehicle pollution is
a balanced attack focusing both on vehicle
technology and fuels.  That emphasis is
reflected in  the  new name of EPA's
"National  Vehicle  and Fuel Emissions
Laboratory" in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

    EPA in March 1989 and June 1990
finalized regulations to lower gasoline's
volatility in two phases. The nationwide
regulations dramatically reduce the release
of gasoline vapors, which contain ozone-
forming volatile organic compounds and
toxic substances such as benzene, from
motor   vehicles.     Reducing   gasoline
volatility is  one of the most effective and
least costly measures available to combat
smog.

    The Agency now is taking even more
dramatic actions  to make gasoline less
polluting.  Reformulated gasoline will be
required in the nine cities  with the worst
ozone pollution — one-fifth of  the U.S.
gasoline market — under a rule proposed
in April 1992.  Guidelines finalized in
October 1992 will help states carry out
wintertime   programs  requiring
"oxygenated"  gasoline in  39  cities with
carbon monoxide pollution.

    Together,  these  "clean  gasoline"
initiatives   rank  among   of  the  most
significant  pollution-reducing  measures
required by the 1990 Amendments to the
Clean Air Act.  Both proposals embody a
ground-breaking August 1991 agreement
among  EPA  and  industry,  state  and
environmental group representatives who
served   on   a  regulatory   negotiation
committee convened by the Agency.
                                                                               33

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
     Reformulated   gasoline,   required
starting in 1995, will reduce ozone-forming
VOC and  toxic emissions by at least  15
percent  compared  with  baseline 1990
gasoline.  The law calls for even cleaner
gasoline in 2000, with emissions reductions
of at least 20 percent.

     The nine cities where  reformulated
gasoline   is   federally   required  are
Baltimore,  Chicago, Hartford, Houston,
Los Angeles, Milwaukee, New York City,
Philadelphia  and  San  Diego.   Twelve
states, including many in the Northeastern
and Mid-Atlantic regions, have opted  to
have additional cities with ozone problems
included in  the  reformulated  gasoline
program.

     Oxygenated fuel programs, required in
39  cities starting in November 1992 will
reduce motor vehicle emissions of carbon
monoxide  by an estimated  17  percent.
The programs also  will increase use  of
ethanol,  a  fuel  made from corn, and
MTBE, a  natural-gas  derivative.   Both
additives boost the oxygen content  of
gasoline,   resulting  in    better   fuel
combustion and lower carbon monoxide
emissions, especially in older vehicles.

     EPA's  proposed  guidelines  allow
gasoline suppliers for the 39 cities to meet
minimum oxygen content standards in a
flexible and cost-effective manner.  Those
selling  fuel   with   higher-than-required
oxygen content will be  able to sell credits
to other fuel sellers, enabling them to sell
gasoline with  less oxygen than required.
Similar  credit systems  are proposed for
meeting requirements in the reformulated
gasoline rule.
     Complementing  EPA's  clean-fuels
efforts is a partial exemption for ethanol-
blended gasoline from the federal excise
tax  on   gasoline.     The  exemption
historically applied only to  blends of 10
percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline.
The newly enacted Energy Policy Act of
1992 extends the  exemption to blends
using lower percentages of ethanol, on a
prorated basis.

Cleaner New Vehicles

     One of EPA's early actions to carry
out the new Act was to propose tough new
tailpipe emissions standards for new cars
and light trucks, to be phased in between
1994 and 1998.  Finalized in June 1991 the
standards  will  require  automakers  to
reduce exhaust emissions significantly for
the first time since 1981.

     For cars, the standards require a 30-
percent   reduction   in   hydrocarbon
emissions and a 60-percent cut in nitrogen
oxide  emissions,   relative  to  current
standards. In addition, manufacturers are
required to make auto emissions controls
that operate effectively for a longer period
of time.

     EPA also has finalized  a new tailpipe
standard  to  reduce carbon  monoxide
emissions from cars and trucks during cold
weather.  The  "cold CO" standard,  once
fully implemented,  will reduce  carbon
monoxide emissions by 20 to 29 percent at
20 degrees Fahrenheit — and save 43,000
barrels of oil a day through improved fuel
combustion.

    The Agency is promoting introduction
of  "clean-fuel  vehicles"  by  aiding  in
implementation of two state-run programs
34

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                                  Chapter 5.  Introducing Cleaner Motor Vehicles and Fuels
required by the 1990 Amendments. To be
considered clean-fueled, a vehicle must
meet tailpipe emission limits tougher than
for conventional vehicles.  These vehicles
may run,  for example, on reformulated
gasoline, compressed natural gas, liquified
petroleum gas, methanol or ethanol.

     One  program, a  pilot  program  for
California, mandates production of 150,000
clean-fuel vehicles beginning in model year
1996, and 300,000 a year in  model 1999
and thereafter.   The  second program,
required in 22 cities, requires a 50- to  70-
percent of new fleet  vehicles — such as
taxis and delivery vans  — to be clean-fueled
beginning as early as 1998.

     For both programs, the  Agency  has
issued   proposed   rules  that  promote
innovative  technologies and  regulatory
flexibility   through   marketable  credit
systems.   Fleet  operators  and  vehicle
manufacturers that go  beyond minimum
requirements could sell credits  to  other
that did not want to buy or make as many
clean-fuel vehicles as required.

     EPA is  actively  encouraging fleet
owners to buy vehicles that have inherently
low evaporative  emissions   —  such   as
vehicles powered by  methanol,  ethanol,
compressed   natural  gas  or  electricity.
Clean-fuel vehicle standards are based on
tailpipe emissions, but some types of fuels
inherently   have  lower  evaporative
emissions  than gasoline.  The proposed
rule, issued in October 1991, allows clean-
fuel fleet vehicles certain exemptions from
transportation control  measures that states
may impose.  At EPA's  initiative, the rule
would provide additional exemptions, such
as allowing use of high-occupancy-vehicle
carpool lanes, for inherently low emitting
vehicles (ILEVs).

    Proposed national emissions standards
for natural gas vehicles wee announced in
October 1992. The standards, which are
equivalent to those  for  gasoline-fueled
vehicles, are intended to create a level
playing field for natural gas vehicles in the
marketplace.     The  standards  limit
emissions of carbon monoxide,  nitrogen
oxides and non-methane hydrocarbons.

    EPA is close to issuing final standards
for improving the control of evaporation
of gasoline vapors from  cars and trucks,
which occur while vehicles are parked or
running.  Evaporative emissions account
for more  than half  of passenger  car
emissions of volatile organic compounds,
contributing to ozone and toxic pollution.

    EPA has received more complaints
about  the black billows  of smoke from
urban buses than any other motor vehicle
pollution  problem.  - Diesel  particulate
pollution  will  be substantially cut by an
EPA rule, finalized in 1991,  that requires
an 80 percent  reduction of sulfur in diesel
fuel by October 1993.  To go along with
the requirement for  cleaner  fuel,   the
Agency has proposed new  controls on
urban  buses.   Proposed standards  for
model years 1993  and 1994 would  cut
diesel  particulate  emissions  95 percent
from uncontrolled levels.

Better  Maintained  Vehicles  on  the
Road

    To  ensure  that tough  emissions
standards effectively  cut  emissions,   the
1990   Amendments  require   vehicle
emissions inspection  programs in more
                                                                                 35

-------
Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
areas of the country — 181, up from 125
programs in effect today.  These programs
test  motorists' cars  and trucks to ensure
that they are properly tuned and that their
emissions control systems are working.

     Under a final rule EPA announced in
November  1992, many cities with serious
ozone  or  carbon   monoxide  pollution
problems will soon have high-tech vehicle
emissions   inspection  and  maintenance
programs. These high-tech, or "enhanced,"
programs are expected to be three times
more effective than current  inspection
programs   in  reducing  emissions  from
improperly maintained cars. The program
also  will  be  more  convenient  for car
owners, because inspections could be done
once every two years rather than annually,
the   usual  frequency   under   current
programs.

     This program holds the potential for
bigger  reductions   of   ozone-forming
emissions than any  other Clean Air Act
measure.   The  importance of  reducing
emissions from vehicles already in use is
illustrated by the fact that an estimated 20
percent of all vehicles on the road are
creating more than 60 percent of vehicle
emissions.   I&M programs can reduce
vehicle emissions dramatically ~ 28 percent
for  VOCs,  31  percent  for   carbon
monoxide, and 9 percent for NOX —  at a
cost  far less  than  that  of  alternative
pollution control measures.

     The new I&M rule requires enhanced
programs  to  have  separate  "test only"
inspection  stations,  which have proved
much more effective than "test and repair"
centers where vehicles are often tested and
repaired at the same location. Jobs in the
auto  repair  industry  are expected to
increase by 3,800 to  11,600 as a result of
the rule. While fewer testing jobs will be
needed in some  areas,  additional  repair
jobs will more than offset the losses.

    EPA  separately   has   proposed
requiring all new cars and light trucks to
utilize  their  on-board   computers  to
monitor  the  performance  of emission
control systems,  starting with  the 1994
model year.  A dashboard  signal  would
alert the driver to problems.  Codes  stored
in the computer's memory bank  would
help mechanics in diagnosing and making
repairs.

    The net cost  of  the  equipment,
accounting for improved repair and fuel
economy over the vehicle's life, would be
$40 for new cars and $30 for new trucks.

Clean Transportation Alternatives

    EPA  and   the  Department   of
Transportation  are  bridling a working
partnership   as   they   coordinate
implementation of the Clean Air Act and
the Intermodal  Surface Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1992.

    That   partnership   has   produced
guidance to help cities and states promote
alternatives to the single-commuter car.
EPA in May  1992 published guidance on
transportation control measures such  as
carpooling,  high occupancy vehicle lanes
and mass transit.  Another guideline, to be
published soon,  explains   options  for
employer programs to reduce the number
of trips driven.

    EPA and  DOT also  are working
cooperatively on  revised  regulations  to
help  transportation  planners  properly
36

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                                 Chapter 5. Introducing Cleaner Motor Vehicles arid Fuels
consider air quality  and to ensure  that
transportation plans are in conformity with
state air pollution control plans.

    After coordinating with EPA, DOT in
October 1992  issued  guidance on the
spending of funds earmarked under ISTEA
for transportation projects  or  programs
that will  contribute to  attainment of
federal  air quality standards, particularly
the ozone and carbon monoxide standards.
ISTEA authorizes $6 billion for fiscal years
1992  through  1997 for such  purposes
under the Congestion Mitigation and Air
Quality Improvement Program.
                                                                                 37

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                                                                    CHAPTERS
                                                   COMBATTING ACID RAIN
    After more than a decade of battles
between environmentalists and  industry,
President Bush  proposed and Congress
passed legislation to control acid rain  as
part of the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990,

    Acid rain — the common term for acid
deposition -- is created when sulfur dioxide
and nitrogen oxides given off by fossil fuel
combustion  react  in  the  atmosphere  to
form  sulfuric and  nitric acids.    The
pollutants return to earth in the form  of
rain, snow, fog, dry particles or gases.

    Acid deposition has acidified lakes in
regions such as the Adirondack Mountains
of New  York, the Upper Peninsula  of
Michigan, and southern New England.  A
1988  EPA  survey  found   that   acid
deposition is the main reason that 4,455
kilometers of streams in the mid-Atlantic
and Southeastern states  are acidic. Acidic
clouds have contributed to the decline  of
high-elevation   red   spruce   in   the
Appalachians.

    Pollutants associated with  acid rain —
including sulfur dioxide, sulfates and  acid
aerosols  —  can  impair  breathing  and
increase  the  incidence  of   respiratory
diseases, and may contribute  to chronic
illnesses. EPA is studying whether these
effects occur at pollution levels currently
found in the United States.  Visibility is
impaired throughout the country and  in
many national  parks  by fine  particle
pollution, much of which is formed from
acid rain precursor pollutants.

    The 1990 Amendments call for annual
sulfur dioxide emissions  in the United
States to be cut 10 million tons from the
1980 level, mainly through a  50-percent
cut in  emissions  from fossil-fuel-burning
power  plants.   The program includes an
innovative system of marketable emissions
allowances that gives the utility industry
flexibility to reduce emissions in the least
costly way.

    In  addition,   utilities  must   meet
requirements for controlling nitrogen oxide
emissions that — in conjunction with other
provisions of the Act — are intended to
reduce NOX emissions  by approximately
two  million tons  from  the 1980 level.
Additional NOX reductions are required
from motor vehicles and from industrial
plants in ozone non-attainment areas.

    EPA has  made great strides toward
full  implementation  of  the  acid rain
control  program.  In October 1992 the
Agency announced a package of final rules
implementing  the key  elements  of the
sulfur dioxide reduction program.  Nearly
simultaneously,  a   proposed  rule  to
accomplish
unveiled.
the  NC*   reductions   was
    In 1990, the program's cost to utilities
was estimated at $3 billion to $3.9 billion
a year upon full implementation in 2005.
Without the allowance trading system, that
estimate would be $1 billion higher.  EPA
now believes the cost is  likely to  be
considerably  less due to  an  improved
outlook for scrubber efficiency, cheap low-
sulfur coal, improved energy efficiency and
low-cost clean coal technology use.

    The cost of the SO2 reductions will
raise consumer electricity rates after the
                                                                                 39

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
year 2000 by 0.5 percent to 1.2 percent, on
a national average basis.  The NOX rule is
expected to cause a 0.1 percent increase in
the national average electricity rate.

The SO2 Program

     The package of SO2 rules includes
regulations   governing  the   allowance
trading  system, penalties  for  exceeding
emissions  limits,  continuous   emission
monitoring  requirements,  and  permit
requirements.

     The SO2 reduction will be achieved in
two phases. By 1995, the 110 large plants
that are the most heavily polluting must
reduce emissions. Most of these are coal-
fired plants.

     In  2000,  when the  second phase
begins,  the 110 large dirty  plants must
further  reduce emissions, and  limits  are
imposed on 800 smaller plants and cleaner
plants.  A  permanent annual cap of  less
than 9  million tons  is placed on overall
utility SO2 emissions to prevent the total
from rising again as electricity production
increases.

     Utilities are granted great flexibility
on ways to  reduce emissions.  The options
include  switching from high-sulfur coal to
low-sulfur  coal or natural gas, installing
flue-gas scrubbers or other technologies,
shifting  some electricity  production from
dirtier  plants   to   cleaner  ones,   and
encouraging more efficient electricity  use
by customers.  Strategies will be spelled
out in permits containing Clean Air  Act
requirements for each utility generating
unit
    The 1990 Amendments, a compromise
among many interests, provide a two-year
extension of the Phase I deadline and
extra  allowances as incentives for use of
scrubbers to reduce job  losses in high-
sulfur coal mining areas. Extra allowances
also are provided for reducing emissions
through conservation or renewable energy
sources.   A four-year  extension  of  the
Phase II deadline is available for plants
that comply by replacing boilers with clean
coal repowering technologies.

    The  SO2  program is  built  on an
innovative system of marketable emissions
allowances.  This approach, a centerpiece
of the clean air bill proposed by President
Bush in 1989, was adopted as part of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.

    An allowance entitles the holder to
emit one  ton of SO2.   EPA grants each
utility  generating  unit  a number   of
allowances  corresponding  to   its  SO2
emissions limit. Utilities that can control
emissions most cost effectively - often
those with  big, high-emitting  coal-fired
plants — can reduce emissions more than
required and sell their  extra allowances.
Utilities that find reducing emissions more
costly can purchase additional allowances
to  meet  all or  part  of their  control
requirements.  In  this  way, the  system
provides the industry with flexibility  to
achieve the overall  SO2 reduction in  the
most cost-effective manner.

    Actions taken during 1992 show that
the market for allowances is developing.
The first allowance sales were announced
in May  1992 by Wisconsin  Power and
Light.  The Chicago Board of Trade  has
announced  its  intention  to  develop a
"futures" market in allowances.
40

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                                                       Chapter 6,  Combatting Acid Rain
    To stimulate the  allowance  market,
the 1990 Amendments set aside a small
number  of allowances  that  EPA will
distribute through  annual auctions and
direct sales. EPA finalized rules governing
auctions and sales in December 1991.

    In September  1992, EPA delegated
administration of the auctions and sales to
the Chicago Board of Trade. Anyone can
buy allowances and profit if the price of
allowances rises over time.

    Key to the entire program  is the
ability of  EPA and  states  to  monitor
emissions  reductions   accurately.    As
required  by the  1990 Amendments, EPA
rules require utilities to use highly accurate
systems   for   continuous   emissions
monitoring  of SO^  as  well as  other
pollutants including NOX. Results must be
reported every three months. This ensures
that plants comply with their  emission
limits  and   allows   verification   that
allowances being offered for sale have not
been used and are actually available.

    The Agency took care to ensure that
the monitoring data will not be biased high
or low, to ensure that allowances  are  a
standard commodity and that the program
achieves  its environmental goals.

    When a plant's emissions exceed its
allowances, the utility will be subject to a
tough financial penalty - $2,000 for every
ton of excess emissions. This gives utilities
a strong incentive  to  ensure their own
compliance.

The NOX Program

    Also aimed at reducing acid rain is a
proposed rule to control nitrogen oxides
from  the electric  utility industry,  EPA
estimates that the proposal  would  cut
annual utility NOX emissions by 1.5 million
to 2 million tons from the level projected
for the year 2000 without the rule.

    The proposal represents the first time
EPA  has sought  to  control  NOX from
existing plants or factories.  Previous rules
have required controls on motor  vehicles
and new industrial plants,  (For more on
NOX controls and issues, see chapters on
attaining air quality standards and future
issues.)

    The proposed NOX emissions limits
apply to about 800 coal-fired utility boilers.
The plants must comply with NOX limits on
their  deadlines for meeting SO2 limits,
which may range from 1995 to the end of
2003.   These limits are for tangentially-
fired  boilers  and  dry-bottom wall-fired
boilers.  Separate emission limits for other
types of coal-fired boilers are to be set by
January 1997.

    The  proposed  rule  would allow
utilities   to   comply  through  averaging
annual emission rates of generating units
at  one  or  more  power  plants.  The
averaging system will enable  utilities to
reduce emissions in the most cost-effective
way.

    Further NOX  reductions  will result
from  provisions of  the 1990 Act that
tighten emissions standards for cars and
trucks and require NOX reductions in areas
with ozone pollution.
                                                                                  41

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 Air Toxics
> Chemical processes & uses
> Chemical manufacturers
> Coke oven batteries
> Fuels, gasoline
> Smelters, utilities
> Small sources like degreasers, electroplaters
2.4 billion pounds emitted
1500-3000 cancer deaths
Reproductive, birth defects,
 and other serious health effects
Secondary exposure via water, soil, etc.
(OSWER)
                                                            O AQ PS

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                                                                    CHAPTER 7
                                      REDUCING TOXIC AIR  POLLUTION
    Millions of  tons  of hazardous  air
pollutants are emitted each year by motor
vehicles,  major  industrial  plants,  and
smaller  "area   sources"   such   as
electroplating operations, gas stations, and
dry cleaners.

    A  subset  of  toxic  air  pollutants
evaluated by EPA may cause 1,500 to
3,000 U.S. cancer deaths each year.  Air
toxics also cause a variety of a non-cancer
health problems such as birth defects and
damage to the brain or other parts of the
nervous system.

    Another   concern   is   ecosystem
damage, direct and indirect. For example,
the  deposition  of  toxics   from  the
atmosphere  is  a  major source of toxic
contamination in the Great Lakes.  Great
Lakes states have issued health advisories
warning people not  to eat certain sport
fish because they contain elevated levels of
mercury and other toxics.

    To combat the threat of air toxics, the
1990 Amendments require EPA over a 10-
year period to issue "maximum achievable
control  technology"  (MACT) standards
covering all major  industrial sources of
toxic air pollution. Industries must comply
within three years after a standard is
issued.  If significant risks remain after
MACT  controls  are  installed,  tighter
standards to protect public health and the
environment are required.

    Additional provisions require controls
on  area sources, measures  to  prevent
accidental  release  of  air  toxics,  and
measures to  protect the Great Lakes. •
Encouraging  Early  Cuts  in   Toxic
Emissions

    EPA   initiated   innovative   new
programs to encourage companies  to cut
emissions  of  toxic air pollutants  even
before  enactment  of  the    1990
Amendments.

    At  the   invitation  of   EPA
Administrator William Reilly, nine major
petrochemical manufacturers voluntarily
agreed in August 1989 to reduce emissions
of air toxics through changes in processing
and substituting  different materials at 40
chemical plants  in  14  states.    The
reductions  at the  plants,  which  posed
relatively high estimated risks, will total
almost 83 percent when fully implemented
by December 1993.

    Another EPA  initiative - the 33/50
project, launched in February 1991 - asks
companies to cut voluntarily releases of 17
high-priority toxic  chemicals  to  the air,
water and soil.  The Office of Pollution
Prevention  and Toxics, which administers
the 33/50 program, has worked closely with
the  Office  of  Air and  Radiation  to
coordinate  the program with toxic  and
other air pollution programs.  As of mid-
October 1992, 966 companies had pledged
to  reduce   their  releases  of  the  17
chemicals by 347 million pounds.

    In  the regulatory  arena,  EPA in
October 1992 announced a final rule to
implement an innovative "early reductions"
program to  give industries an incentive to
reduce  toxic air emissions  earlier  than
required by the Clean Air Act. Under this
optional program included in the  1990
                                                                               •43

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Amendments, a company would reduce a
plant's emissions of certain toxic pollutants
by 90 percent or  95 percent before EPA
proposes a MACT regulation for that type
of industrial facility.  In exchange, the
plant would  be given six extra years  to
comply with the MACT standard.

     To date, 34  companies  have made
commitments to make early reductions at
49 plants.  If all  those  commitments are
carried  out,  the  resulting reductions  in
toxic air pollutant emissions will total 33
million pounds by January 1, 1994.

Controlling Major Pollution Sources

     Recently issued national standards will
reduce  toxic air  pollution from several
industries:

4    The Agency in February 1991 issued
     new standards  for large  municipal
     waste incinerators that require a 90-
     percent overall reduction in pollutant
     emissions by  1994.   The  standards
     require flue-gas scrubbers at new and
     existing incinerators to limit emissions
     of metals such as lead and cadmium,
     organic chemicals such as diorins and
     furans,  acid   gases  such  as  sulfur
     dioxide, and nitrogen oxides.

$    EPA in May 1991 proposed standards
     and guidelines for states to use  in
     controlling air pollution from large
     solid  waste  landfills.    More  than
     three-fourths  of the 255,000  metric
     tons   of   non-methane   organic
     compounds emitted  annually  from
     landfills — such as benzene and vinyl
     chloride — would be controlled.
$  The Agency proposed air emissions
    standards  in  My 1991  for  2,300
    hazardous  waste treatment,  storage
    and disposal facilities. The standards
    would reduce aggregate cancer risks
    posed  by   air  toxics  from   those
    facilities by an estimated 94 percent.

    Meanwhile, EPA has worked to  lay
the  foundation  for  requiring  MACT
control technology on all major sources of
toxic pollution.   These efforts  led in July
1992 to promulgation of an initial list of
174 industrial categories potentially subject
to MACT standards, which will be issued
industry by industry.  The  list includes
eight categories of small "area  sources" of
toxic  emissions, four  of which  involve
commercial  dry cleaning or  chromium
electroplating.

    A  proposed  10-year  schedule  for
issuing MACT standards was announced in
September 1992. The draft schedule calls
for the first standards to be  issued  for
synthetic organic chemical manufacturing
plants,  industrial   dry   cleaners   and
commercial dry cleaners, and steel industry
coke ovens.

    Control technology  standards  for
some 3,700 industrial and large commercial
dry cleaners were proposed in  November
1991.  Air emissions of perchloroethylene,
the most  widely  used  solvent  in  dry-
cleaning, would be cut at least  13 percent
by 1996.

    Much of the Agency's early effort to
implement the  air  toxics  program has
focused on setting a MACT standard  for
the   synthetic  organic   chemical
manufacturing industry. This regulation will
reduce hazardous air pollutant emissions
44

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                                                 Chapter 7. Reducing Toxic Air Pollution
from  the  industry  by 80 percent, or
522,500 tons per year — more than any
other air  toxics regulation to be issued
under the 1990 Amendments.  Emissions
of volatile organic compounds, which react
to form ozone, will be reduced by nearly
1.1  million tons per year.

    The  proposed  rule,  announced in
October 1992, would control emissions of
149  hazardous   pollutants   from
approximately 370 chemical manufacturing
facilities  nationwide.     Included   are
requirements to  reduce emissions from
equipment leaks; these requirements were
the first negotiated by consensus under the
1990 Amendments. Also reflected in the
proposal are dozens of discussions the
Agency held with the chemical industry,
states and the Office of Management and
Budget.

    Also    in   October   1992,   EPA
announced  that  regulatory negotiations
among  industry,   states,  unions  and
environmentalists   had   produced   an
agreement on regulations to reduce toxic
emissions from steel industry coke ovens.
The agreement goes beyond Clean Air Act
requirements to protect citizens from toxic
pollutants while helping to preserve jobs
and minimize costs to the steel industry. A
proposed rule embodying the  agreement
will be issued in the near future.

Smaller, "Area Sources"

    As EPA issues standards for each
category of major sources of air toxics, the
Agency  will   simultaneously  evaluate
whether that industry has numerous small
sources  of  air   toxics   that  warrant
regulation.  Already, the Agency's urban
area source  program has underway a
$1  million  study  to  identify  the  30
pollutants from area sources that pose the
greatest health risks in urban areas.  The
law  requires  EPA  to ensure  that 90
percent  of   the  emissions  of   these
pollutants are covered by MACT standards
or  less  stringent  "generally  achievable
control technology" standards.

Motor Vehicle Toxics

    EPA is undertaking major efforts to
combat toxic  air  pollution from  motor
vehicles.    The  Agency  has  finalized
regulations dramatically lowering gasoline's
"volatility," or tendency  to  evaporate.
Gasoline vapors contain toxic substances
such as benzene.

    Standards for reformulated  gasoline,
proposed in April  1992, will reduce toxic
emissions at least 15  percent by 1995 and
at least 20 percent by 2000,  relative to
baseline  1990  gasoline.   Reformulated
gasoline will be required in the nine cities
with the worst ozone pollution, and many
Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic states have
requested to be included in the program.

    Reductions in toxic emissions also are
expected from clean-fuel vehicle programs,
new  evaporative   emissions   standards
proposed for cars  and trucks, and  other
motor vehicle  regulations.  (See Chapter
5.)

Accidental Releases

    The 1990 Act requires EPA to issue
regulations for prevention and detection of
accidental releases of air toxics, and for
response by facility owners or operators.
The regulations  must  require  facilities
where an extremely hazardous substance is
                                                                                 45

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Clean Air Act Implementation:  The First Two Years
present in more thaa a threshold quantity
to  prepare   and  implement  a  risk
management   plan.     The  Chemical
Emergency Preparedness and Prevention
Office (CEPPO) has lead responsibility for
implementing these requirements.

    EPA expects shortly to propose a rule
listing extremely hazardous substances and
specifying   threshold  quantities   for
determining which facilities must file risk
management  plans.   A proposed  rule
establishing requirements for these plans
has been submitted  to the  Office  of
Management and Budget for review.

    The  Agency  already  has  issued
guidance for determining when EPA can
use   authority  panted  by   the  1990
Amendments to issue administrative orders
to  halt an   imminent  or  substantial
endangerment to  health, welfare or the
environment
46

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                                                                  CHAPTERS
                              WHERE THE RUBBER MEETS THE ROAD:
                                           PERMITS AND ENFORCEMENT
    The 1990  Amendments  gave  EPA
new tools to carry out and enforce the
Clean   Air  Act's   requirements:   a
comprehensive permit system and stronger
enforcement powers.

    For the first time under federal law,
all industrial plants and businesses classi-
fied as major pollution sources must obtain
operating permits. The permit system, to
be  administered by state and local  air
agencies, will facilitate enforcement efforts
by states  and  EPA.   Permit fees will
provide a new source of revenue for state
and local air programs.

    The   1990  Amendments  also
strengthened EPA's power to enforce the
Act.  The range of  civil  and  criminal
sanctions available was broadened, and in
many cases sanctions were increased.  A
key provision granted EPA new authority
to assess administrative civil penalties of
up  to  $25,000 per  day  of violation,
generally up to $200,000 in a particular
case.

    Effective compliance monitoring and
enforcement are essential to ensure that
market-based and other flexible regulatory
systems achieve  their environmental goals.

The Permits Rule

    EPA in July 1992 issued a final rule
setting minimum requirements for state air
pollution  permit  programs.    Permit
programs are the means for translating the
Act's requirements into reality - including
those for combatting urban air pollution,
acid rain, toxic air pollution, and ozone-
layer depletion.

     The rule effectuates the requirement
that all  major air pollution sources to
obtain operating permits.  Each facility's
permit is to contain all of its Clean Air Act
requirements.   The definition of "major
source" varies depending on the pollutant
emitted and the severity of pollution in
geographic areas exceeding a federal air
quality standard.

     For the first time on the federaltevel,
the  program  will  collect the   Act's
requirements for an industrial plant into a
single document and provide for periodic
monitoring and reporting on compliance.
The company  will have a road  map
explaining what it must do, and regulators
and the public will have the data necessary
to check compliance.  This combination
should increase compliance rates and yield
cost-effective emissions reductions.

     State programs.  By November 1993,
state air pollution agencies must submit to
EPA permit   programs   with  minimum
elements specified by the Act and EPA's
regulations.   EPA is given one year to
approve  or  disapprove  the  programs.
State and local agencies are free to make
their  programs more   stringent   than
mandated by the regulations.

     Permit programs must include permit
fees  sufficient to cover  their  costs.
Permitting authorities will develop  their
own  fee structures,  subject  to   EPA
approval.  EPA estimates that these fees
will generate more than $300 million a
                                                                              47

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                        TITLE V PERMITS
                    Sources Required to Obtain Permits
                               (Estimated # 34,000)
       Major Sources by Emission Limits                Major Sources by industry Sector
   <100TPY62%
Manufacturing 75%
                          . , ';< Toxic Sources  11%
                             (Not Otherwise Major)
                                                                     Trade 5%
                                                                    Services 6%
            = or>100TPY  27%
                                7%
                      Utilities 7%
                  Sources Potentially Subject to Permits
                               (Estimated # 350,000)
                        Nonmajor Air Toxic Sources by Source Category
                Gas Marketing Stg I  55%
                                                 Other 3%
                                                ; Hospital Sterilizers   2%
                                              ;  Dry Cleaners 7%
                        Solvent Cleaners 33%
TPY - Tons per Year

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                    Chapter 8.  Where the Rubber Meets the Road:  Permits and Enforcement
year nationwide  for state and  local air
programs.

    Although   prior   to   the   1990
Amendments the Clean  Air Act did not
require operating permits, approximately
35 states required such permits for some
air  pollution sources.   EPA's  rules are
designed to build on existing programs and
allow  states  to  meet   the  minimum
requirements in a variety of ways.

    Minimizing  burdens.  The permits
rule is designed to  minimize burdens on
the private sector.  Within certain limits,
manufacturers  are   given flexibility   to
change their operations  quickly to meet
market  demands,  without   first   going
through a time-consuming permit revision
process.

    States  are  given  the  option   of
exempting small  pollution sources from
permit requirements until EPA determines
whether small sources should be included.
In addition, states  are allowed  to issue
"general  permits"   covering  numerous
similar  small  sources,  greatly  reducing
administrative burdens on small businesses.

    In  February  1992,  EPA  issued
guidance to help states establish programs
for  giving small businesses technical and
environmental   compliance   assistance.
These  programs will help small businesses
identify   applicable   Clean   Air   Act
requirements and will provide them with
information on compliance methods.

Enforcing the Act

    EPA has issued rules to carry out new
enforcement powers granted by the 1990
Act while taking violators  to court  to
demonstrate the Agency's determination to
enforce clean air rules.

     An administrative hearing rule and
rules for imposing administrative penalties
were finalized in 1992.  Draft proposed
regulations were submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget on citizen suits
and  on monetary awards for people who
provide information leading to a criminal
conviction or civil penalty under the Clean
Air  Act.    Also  in  draft form  is  an
enhanced  monitoring  and  compliance
certification rule designed to enable states
and  EPA  to  better  assess  sources'
compliance over time.

     EPA  in March  1991  developed a
"compliance monitoring strategy"  and an
"inspection target  model" to help states
target the most environmentally significant
pollution sources for inspections.

     In fiscal 1991, EPA referred 86 Clean
Air Act cases to the Department of Justice
for formal enforcement actions. This was
part of a record-setting total of 474 civil
judicial and criminal cases referred by EPA
to the Justice  Department  that  year.
Figures for fiscal 1992 are not yet released.

     EPA in May 1992 announced the
filing of 52 Clean Air Act enforcement
actions using its new authority  to levy
administrative penalties.  The cases, filed
in 26 states and Puerto Rico,  involve a
wide variety of regulations.   Penalties
totaled more than $4 million.  In  all, 100
administrative  complaints were filed in
fiscal 1992.

     Other Clean  Air Act enforcement
highlights from 1991 and 1992 include the
following:
                                                                                 49

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
 4   Several  companies  agreed  to pay
     $1.825 million for violations of the
     hazardous air pollutant standard for
     arsenic   emissions  from   glass
     manufacturing plants. The penalty is
     one  of  the  largest ever  for  a
     hazardous  air  pollutant  violation
     under the Clean Air Act.

 4   One of the highest civil penalties ever
     imposed  under  a  Clean  Air Act
     consent  decree was announced by
     EPA in December 1991.  An electric
     utility agreed to pay a $1.31 million
     fine.

 4   Clean Air Act violations were part of
     several    multi-media  enforcement
     initiatives taken by the Agency during
     1991  and  1992.    Some  of  those
     initiatives  targeted  pollution  from
     lead,  benzene, and industries such as
     pulp and paper and primary metals.

 4   In  1990,  EPA  brought  the   first
     lawsuits   to  enforce  U.S.   rules
     implementing the Montreal Protocol
     on Substances  that  Deplete the
     Stratospheric Ozone Layer.

     Motor  vehicle  manufacturers   also
have been the target of EPA enforcement
efforts.  In  recent years,  many  major
automakers  have  recalled  groups  of
vehicles that were failing  to meet tailpipe
emissions standards in customer use.

     From  January   1989   through
September 1992, manufacturers issued 146
recalls to rectify emissions problems with
nearly 12.5 million vehicles.   About 75
percent of these vehicles were recalled
after EPA's  emissions  testing program
discovered the problem.   The rest  were
recalled  after manufacturers discovered
compliance problems themselves, without
EPA involvement.   EPA  believes that
manufacturers  are willing  to  conduct
voluntary recalls  partly because  of the
Agency's active enforcement program.
50

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                                                                 CHAPTER 9
                                A GLOBAL APPROACH:  PROTECTING
            THE OZONE LAYER AND INTERNATIONAL AIR QUALITY
    One of EPA's most urgent missions is
to protect the natural ozone layer in the
upper  atmosphere, which  shields  the
Earth's surface from damaging ultraviolet
radiation.

    Studies during the second  half of the
1980s documented  a  springtime ozone
"hole"  over   Antarctica  and  significant
ozone losses around the globe. In April
1991,   scientists   with   the   National
Aeronautics   and  Space  Administration
announced that the ozone layer was being
depleted  twice  as  quickly as  previously
thought, and that 4 percent to 5 percent of
the ozone layer over the United States had
been  destroyed  during the  previous
decade.

    EPA estimated that the accelerated
ozone depiction over the United States
could lead to  200,000  additional  skin
cancer deaths over the next  50 years and
an increase in the annual incidence of skin
cancer from 500,000 to  800,000 cases.
Ozone depletion also is expected to result
in suppression  of the human immune
system and damage to crops and aquatic
life.

    Evidence  is   strong  that  ozone
depletion is being caused by release to the
atmosphere   of  chemicals  such   as
chlorofluorocarbons (used in  refrigerators,
air conditioners, and foam blowers and as
cleaning  solvents),  halons (used in fire
extinguishers), carbon  tetrachloride and
methyl chloroform.

    To   reduce  the threat,  the   1990
Amendments to the Clean Air Act require
EPA   to   phase  out  ozone-depleting
chemicals, place restrictions on  use  and
disposal of those chemicals, and  promote
development of safe substitutes.

    Other  EPA  efforts  to  protect
international air quality  are reflected in
recent  agreements with  Canada   and
Mexico.

Phasing   Out  Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals

    EPA  in July 1992 issued a final rule
phasing out production and imports of the
most damaging ozone-depleting chemicals.
The rule carries out requirements of the
1990  Clean Air Act  Amendments  and
fulfills the  commitment  made  by  the
United States  when it ratified the June
1990  Amendments  to   the  Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete The
Ozone Layer.

    The  phase-out  schedule   requires
production  and   imports   of
chlorofluorocarbons, halons, and carbon
tetrachloride to cease by 2000. The phase-
out deadline for methyl chloroform is
2002.

    Even  as EPA worked on the rule,
new scientific evidence suggested that the
ozone layer was being depleted even more
quickly  than  previously  believed.   In
February 1992, President Bush committed
to accelerate the phase-out schedule from
2000 to the end of 1995, four years earlier
than mandated by domestic  law or  the
Montreal Protocol.  EPA has submitted to
OMB a proposed rule to carry  out  this
                                                                             51

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
commitment. Countries that are parties to
the protocol will meet in November 1992
to decide on  a similar phase-out world-
wide.

Safe Alternatives

     While acting to phase  out ozone-
depleting  chemicals,  EPA   has   been
promoting movement to  safe alternative
products and technologies.

     Primarily  with  EPA  funding,
University of Maryland researchers have
completed  demonstration   models  of
refrigerators  that use significantly  less
electricity than current models, which use
ozone-depleting   CFC-12.      These
refrigerators  use  a  mixture of  CFC-
substitute  refrigerants  in  a  modified
refrigerator design.

     In cooperation with other nations and
industry, the Agency has helped identify
testing  needed to  assess the safety of
potential alternatives to CFGs. EPA also
cosponsored   major  international
conferences on alternative products and
technologies in 1990, 1991 and 1992.

Recycling,   Use   Restrictions   and
Labeling

     Another focus of Agency efforts has
been to prevent the release of ozone-
depleting chemicals from the  products in
which they are used.

     The refrigerant in motor vehicle air
conditioners constitutes the largest use of
CFGs in the United States, accounting for
more than 21 percent of total use. EPA in
July 1992  issued a  final  rule requiring
service stations to recycle CFCs removed
during  servicing  of motor vehicle air
conditioners. Venting the ozone-depleting
chemicals to the atmosphere -- a practice
often followed in the past — is banned.

    The  rule  requires certification  of
service   technicians   and   recycling
equipment at service stations, and restricts
the retail sale of small containers of auto
air conditioning refrigerant.

    Also under the 1990 Amendments,
EPA is taking action to discourage use of
ozone-depleters.  Labeling requirements
for   products   using   ozone-depleting
chemicals were proposed in May 1992.  A
rule banning  the non-essential use  of
ozone-depleting   chemicals  in  certain
consumer and industrial  products was
proposed in January 1992. The ban would
apply, for example, to noise horns (which
are used for boating, sporting events and
alarm  systems),  flexible  and  packaging
foam, and cleaning fluids  for  electronic
and photographic equipment.

New International Accords

    The  United  States  has concluded
bilateral  environmental agreements with
Canada and Mexico during the past two
years.

    The United  States and  Canada  in
March 1991  reached a historic agreement
to reduce acid rain and other air pollution
that crosses the countries' common border.
The Office of Air and Radiation played an
important role in the negotiations.

    Key  provisions   of   the  United
States/Canada  Air  Quality Agreement
commit both countries to reduce emissions
of  the  two  principal acid-rain-causing
52

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       Chapter 9, A Global Approach: Protecting the Ozone Layer and International Air Quality
pollutants,  sulfur  dioxide  and  nitrogen
oxides,  The U.S. commitments generally
track   requirements   of   the   1990
Amendments to the Clean Air Act.

    EPA and  its Mexican counterpart,
SEDUE, in February 1992 announced a
plan  for  tackling  the  most  serious
environmental  problems  in  the  U.S.-
Mexico  border  area  through  improved
enforcement and  other  initiatives.   To
decrease air pollution, the plan includes
measures to improve traffic circulation in
the border area  and  increase  vehicle
emissions inspection programs in Mexico.
The plan  also  calls  for  expanded  air
pollution monitoring and  preparation of
emissions inventories in large cities along
the border.
                                                                                 53

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                                                                CHAPTER 10
                   GREEN PROGRAMS: CONSERVING ENERGY AND
                     ATTACKING THE GLOBAL WARMING PROBLEM
    Another international air pollution
concern is the contribution of air pollution
to global warming.  Combustion of fossil
fuels  and other  human  activities  have
increased atmospheric concentrations of
carbon dioxide and other "greenhouse
gases," These gases allow the sun's light
energy to penetrate the atmosphere but
trap  heat  radiated  from  the  Earth's
surface.

    Scientists differ on the rate of global
warming and its likely effects. However,
some have forecast rising sea levels, beach
erosion, saltwater contamination of coastal
ground water supplies, inundation of low-
lying  agricultural  regions and populous
coastal  areas,   ecosystem   shifts   and
extinction of species.

    EPA  is  undertaking   innovative,
voluntary energy  conservation programs
that  save  money  while  reducing  air
pollution and  emissions of  greenhouse
gases. These programs are described in an
October 1992 brochure titled The Climate
Is  Right  For Action,  which  invites
businesses  and  local  governments  to
participate.

Green Lights

    Heading the list is the Green Lights
Program, which encourages companies and
others to install voluntarily energy-efficient
lighting.

    Since the program was launched in
January 1991, more than 650 companies,
state   and   local  governments,   and
universities  have joined.  These  include
Southern California Edison, Nynex, 3M>
Polaroid, Xerox, Chevron and Mobil,  12
states  including  California   and
Massachusetts,  and  M.I.T.,  Columbia,
Indiana and Tufts Universities.

    The area covered by the program —
2.9 billion square feet — is much greate;
than the combined square footage of  all
commercial real estate in Los Angeles,
Chicago, Dallas, Detroit and New York.

    As  of  September   1992,  EPA
estimated  that the program was cutting
emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide
and  nitrogen oxide  by  more  than  8.5
million metric tons a year and cutting
participants' electric bills by $917 million a
year.

Other Green Programs

    More recently launched are two other
promising  voluntary  programs: Golden
Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerators and
Energy Star Computers.

    The Golden Carrot program aims for
appliance  manufacturers  to  develop and
market  a  CFC-free  refrigerator-freeEer
that is 30 percent to 50 percent more
energy efficient than the 1993 Department
of Energy standard.  The incentive is $30
million  to be   awarded in  a  utility-
sponsored contest to the manufacturer that
can produce the most cost-effective units
at the earliest time.  The program is a
collaborative effort involving EPA, utilities,
environmental groups, state agencies and
appliance manufacturers.
                                                                              55

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
     Under   the   EPA   Energy  Star
Computers   Program,  eight  leading
computer manufacturers agreed in June to
introduce and  promote energy-efficient
personal computers that enter a low-power
state when not in use.  These companies,
and others that join the program, will be
able  to  label  and  advertise qualifying
computers  using the EPA Energy Star
logo.

     The energy savings and air pollution
avoided could be huge because computers
are not in active use most of the time they
are turned on.   Moreover,  30 percent to
40  percent of the nation's 30-35 million
personal computers  are  left running at
night and on weekends.

     EPA is working on similar programs
for  industrial  motors  and  commercial
building heating and cooling.

     In September 1992, EPA and the Pew
Charitable Trusts jointly committed more
than $584,000 to help  state public utility
commissions  pursue energy conservation
measures.   The Regulatory  Assistance
Project will provide training and technical
support  to  commissions on "least cost
integrated resource planning" for electric
utilities. The idea is to consider electricity
conservation measures  and  renewable
energy options, as well as construction of
new conventional power plants, in long-
range planning.

Complementary Actions

     A  number   of   Clean  Air  Act
regulations and programs will help reduce
emissions  of greenhouse gases.  These
include the following:
a proposed regulation that will reduce
escape of methane gas  from solid
waste landfills

Clean Air Act programs to reduce
ozone pollution and nitrogen oxides
emissions

electric utility conservation incentives
in the acid rain control program
56

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                                                                  CHAPTER 11
                                  REDUCING RISKS FROM INDOOR AIR
    Most people are aware that outdoor
air pollution can damage their health but
may not know that indoor air pollution can
also have significant harmful effects. EPA
studies indicate that indoor levels of many
pollutants may be 2-5  times  higher,  and
occasionally more than 100 times higher,
than outdoor levels. Indoor pollutants are
of particular concern  because most people
spend as much as 90 percent of their time
indoors.

    The two indoor pollutants posing the
greatest risks  are second-hand tobacco
smoke and radon.   Radon,  a naturally
occurring radioactive  gas, is second only to
smoking as a cause of lung cancer in the
United  States,  resulting in an estimated
7,000 to 30,000 deaths annually.

    Other indoor pollutants  of concern
include asbestos from building materials;
volatile   organic   compounds  from
household  products  like paints, pressed
wood   furniture,  cleaners  and solvents;
combustion gases from kerosene heaters
and unverited  or improperly  functioning
gas   and   wood   stoves;   biological
contaminants from wet building materials
or unhygienic indoor conditions; and lead
from old lead-based paint.

    Exposure  to indoor  air pollutants is
believed to have  increased  over the past
several  decades.   The reasons include
construction  of   more  tightly  sealed
buildings, reductions in ventilation rates to
save energy,  use of synthetic  building
materials  and  furnishings,  and use  of
chemically  formulated  personal  care
products,   pesticides   and   household
cleaners.                       :
    Comparative risk studies  by EPA
consistently  have  ranked  indoor   air
pollution   among   the   top   five
environmental risks to public health. EPA,
in cooperation with other federal agencies
and  the  private sector,  has  begun  a
concerted  effort to  better  understand
indoor air pollution and to reduce people's
exposure  in offices,  homes,  schools  and
other indoor environments.

    Many EPA offices  are  active  on
indoor air issues; The Office of Air  and
Radiation helps  coordinate these efforts,
as well  as operating  the  Radon  Action
Program and developing  information to
provide guidance  to a  wide  range of
audiences.   The  following  discussion
highlights  OAR's indoor air activities.

Advancing the Science

    OAR is conducting studies to  assess
indoor  air  conditions  in the nation's
existing buildings. Another set of studies
now underway is designed  to evaluate the
effectiveness  and costs of key  indoor air
pollution  control  options  for  typical
building structures.

    EPA is preparing a report on the risk
of lung  cancer  and  other  respiratory
disorders ".associated  with exposure  to
environmental  tobacco  smoke.    The
executive  committee  of EPA's Science
Advisory Board has approved the report,
which  is  under review  by  the  EPA
Administrator.
                                                                                57

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Total Organics in a New Office Building
 CO
 £

 O)
 3
 oc


 LJLJ
 Q
 Z
 O
 O
                                       Indoor

                                       Outdoor
                  September  December
                                 Source: EPA 10 Bldg Study

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                                            Chapter 11.  Reducing Risks From Indoor Air
Educating  the  Public  and  Govern-
mental Officials

    Many indoor air problems can be
easily prevented or fixed once the problem
is recognized. EPA believes that providing
easy access to information about indoor air
pollution sources and solutions  will  help
lower   people's   exposure  to  indoor
pollutants that may jeopardize their health.

    One  major  part   of  the  public
information  effort is  OAR's Indoor  Air
Quality  Information  Clearinghouse  in
Washington, D.C., which  the  public  can
call by toll-free number.   Opened  in
October 1992,  the clearinghouse offers
citations and abstracts on more than 2,000
books,  reports,  newsletters and journal
articles;  an   inventory   of   federal
publications;  and  information  on more
than    150   government  and   non-
governmental organizations in  the indoor
air quality field.

    OAR has  published information on
ways to reduce exposure  to  indoor air
pollutants through improving  the  way
buildings  are  designed  and operated.
Noteworthy   publications  include   the
following:

4   Building Air Quality:  A  Guide for
    Building Owners and Facility Managers
    —  results of a cooperative effort by
    EPA and the National Institute for
    Occupational Health and Safety — is
    designed to help building owners and
    managers  prevent   "sick  building
    syndrome"   and  other   health-
    threatening  indoor  air   pollution
    problems  in public and commercial
    buildings.
<>   The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor
    Air Quality is intended to help people
     identify and correct potential indoor
     air  quality  problems in  their  own
     homes.

     OAR  is   developing   additional
guidance for school facility managers, new
home builders,  and architects  and design
engineers to  acquaint them with current
information on  how to prevent or fix
indoor air quality problems.

     A training course has been developed
to help building owners reduce indoor air
risks. OAR also has developed an instruc-
tional course on indoor air pollution and a
self-paced course to help state and local
officials address indoor air problems.

Encouraging  Voluntary  Action   by
Industry

     EPA recently completed a year-long
"dialogue" with the carpet floor covering
industries, unions,  public interest groups,
and other federal agencies to explore ways
of reducing the emission of volatile organic
compounds  (VOCs)  from  new carpet,
carpet cushion material and adhesives.

    As a result of this voluntary process,
the carpet industry agreed  to test  new
materials for  total  VOC emissions and is
exploring ways  of lowering  emissions of
VOCs from carpet products. The industry,
in  cooperation  with   other   dialogue
participants,  also   has   undertaken  an
extensive consumer education program on
the way carpet products affect indoor air
quality.

    The carpet dialogue, which was led by
the Office of Prevention, Pesticides and
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Clean Mr Act Implementation: The First Two Years
Toxic Substances and  participated in by
OAR,  is expected  to lead  to similar
discussions with other industry groups.

Protecting People From Radon

     Radon gas, produced by the decay of
uranium  in rock and soil, can collect in
buildings by seeping through foundation
cracks  and  around  drainage pipes  and
sump pumps.

     In  1988, EPA and  the  Surgeon
General  recommended that homes  be
tested  for  radon.    That  same year,
Congress  enacted  the  Indoor  Radon
Abatement Act, giving EPA authority for
radon  training, state grants, and other
important  efforts.      The  Act   also
established a national  goal of achieving
indoor levels of radon that are no greater
than outdoor levels.

     Since  then,  the  Radon   Action
Program has made significant progress in
reducing  the public's health risks from
radon:

     Radon risk assessment. The Radon
Program  has  worked  closely with  the
National  Academy of Sciences, the EPA
Science  Advisory  Board,  and  other
scientific  organizations   to   refine
understanding of  radon  health risks,
including the  incidence of lung cancer.
EPA*s   National  Residential    Survey,
completed   in  1990,   indicates   that
approximately 6  percent, of U.S. homes
have radon levels above the Agency action
level of 4 pCi/L.  The National School
Survey,  completed  in  1992, found  2.7
percent of school rooms with short-term
radon levels above 4 pCi/L.
     Outreach.    Since  1988,  EPA  has
developed   an  extensive  network  of
national public health, real estate, building,
and consumer  organizations to increase
public awareness of radon and to motivate
informed testing  and mitigation.  These
cooperative partners have invested  over
$100 million in their commitment to radon
risk reduction.    The  American  Lung
Association, the Consumer Federation of
America,  the  National  and  American
Medical   Associations,   the   National
Association of Counties, the  National
Association of Home Builders, and many
others have educated their members and
developed active, innovative programs to
address radon.

     EPA  has   completed  key  public
guidance documents,  the revised Citizen's
Guide to Radon, the Consumer's Guide to
Radon  Reduction, , and  draft  model
standards   for  radon-resistant   new
construction. EPA's four university-based
Regional Radon Training Centers ensure
that the  latest  information  on  radon
measurement and mitigation is available to
federal, state and local officials, and to the
private sector.         '

     State programs.  Since 1990, EPA has
provided over  $30 million in  grants  to
states  to  assist   the  development  of
effective state  radon programs.  States
have assessed the extent of their radon
problem,  educated  their citizens,  and
worked with local governments and public
health organizations to increase radon risk
reduction.

     Quality assurance. EPA recently has
launched  two  proficiency  programs  to
      the  ability of  industry  to provide
reliable testing  and mitigation services to
60

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                                            Chapter 11. Reducing Risks From Indoor Air
the  public.     The  radon  contractor
evaluation  program, begun  in 1990, has
listed more than 1,000 national and local
contractors  capable  of  designing  and
installing systems to reduce elevated levels
of radon in buildings and homes.  In 1991,
EPA added  the   operator proficiency
program, which evaluates the knowledge of
individuals  who test  for radon.   That
program has performed more than  350
evaluations.

     Environmental   results.      Public
awareness  of  radon is  now  over  60
percent, approximately 9 percent of homes
have been  tested,  and  hundreds  of
thousands have been  fixed.  In addition,
hundreds of thousands of new homes have
been built  with  radon resistant features.
These results compare well to the  results
of similar  voluntary  public health  and
safety programs, such as seat  belt  and
drunk driving campaigns.
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                    INFORMING THE PUBLIC:
                     CHAPTER 12
          OUTREACH EFFORTS
    The Clean  Air  Act Amendments
include a mind-numbing array of complex,
interwoven provisions that affect American
business, the American public, and state
and local governments. One of the great
challenges  for the  Office  of Air  and
Radiation has  been to reach out to all
affected  parties   and   explain   the
requirements of the new Amendments.

    To   this  end,  the air   office  has
developed  a  number  of   innovative
outreach programs and products.  These
include  telephone  hotlines,  interactive
computer bulletin boards, public service
announcements,nationalvideoconferences,
brochures, reports, and videos.

    For example, in  July  1992  EPA
released a Guide to the Clean Air Act for
Small Business. This sector of society will
be broadly affected by many aspects of the
Act, and many  small businesses  have
limited resources available for gaining an
understanding of the complexities of the
regulatory process.

    In November 1990 the agency held a
four-hour  national   interactive
videoconference  to  help small business
understand  the implications of the new
Amendments.  This was hi addition to an
annual national four-hour videoconference
EPA  held  on  the  status  of  the
Amendments in conjunction with the Air
and Waste  Management Association and
the American Bar Association.

    EPA has established a toll-free 800
number to help small businesses, citizens,
and  others  understand  the  various
provisions related to stratospheric ozone
depletion.    Other  hotlines  provide
information on subjects such as acid rain
and control technologies.     The agency
operates  a computer bulletin board that
allows anyone in the United States or in
the entire world to have immediate access
to a variety of clean-air related infor-
mation,   including   text   of   various
documents, recently signed  rules, model
permits,  emission  factors,   and policy
guidance.

    EPA has developed and distributed a
series of learning tools that can be used to
understand the  complexities  of the new
Amendments. These include detailed and
general summaries of the Amendments,
brochures,  citizen  guides,   slide
presentations, and a number of public
service   announcements.     The
announcements  cover a wide variety  of
subjects,  including ways to reduce smog,
hazards associated with woodsmoke, and
alternatives to leaf burning. According to
a  survey  by   the  American  Lung
Association,   EPA   public   service
announcements on smog have been shown
in 254 markets in 49 states to ai.  ~' imated
audience of over 250 million people.

    Finally,  EPA  is  working with  its
regional offices  to develop a strategy  to
help ensure that consensus-building and
outreach  efforts continue at the state and
local levels as Clean Air Act programs are
implemented over the next several years.
                                                                              63

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                                                                  CHAPTER 13
                                                LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
    The Office of Air and Radiation has
started to address a number of issues that
will be important to future implementation
of the Clean Air Act. These include the
following:

    Cooperation   and   regulatory
negotiation.  OAR is  convinced of the
need to make maximum use of consensus-
building   approaches   ranging  from
roundtable discussions to formal regulatory
negotiations, OAR should assess its initial
efforts using these approaches to see what
lessons   have   been  learned,   and  to
determine  the most effective way to use
various consensus-building methods.

    State programs. States play a critical
role in  implementing much of the Act.
For  example,  states develop plans  for
bringing urban  air quality into line with
national standards,   and   run   permit
programs to translate the Act's mandates
into   specific   pollution  reduction
requirements.  EPA has worked  hard on
building a partnership with the states, but
needs  to  reinforce  those  efforts and
determine  how best  to help  states carry
out their difficult taste under the Act.

    Benefits  analysis.     Cost-benefit
analysis  is  a pervasive, useful  tool  for
compiling and comparing the consequences
of  policy  alternatives.   However,  the
human health  and ecological benefits of
pollution   control   are   extraordinarily
difficult to  estimate in quantitative terms.
As a  result,   quantitative   cost-benefit
analyses of environmental policies often
underrepresent potential benefits relative
to costs. EPA must continue to  improve
its  ability  to  estimate  the  benefits  of
environmental protection.
    Business  opportunities.   EPA  is
making  important  advances   in
understanding and communicating the
relationships  between  economic growth
and environmental protection. In the case
of clean  air, the Smith-Barney  study
"Business  Opportunities,"  conducted  in
August   1992,    demonstrated   that
expenditures   on  clean   air  produce
economic  opportunities and technology
innovation in the air pollution control
industry, in addition  to ecological and
health benefits.

    EPA's extensive data base of clean air
projects convincingly shows that the Clean
Air   Act   has   produced   identifiable
economic  development  and jobs in all
areas  of the  country.   This growth has
come in  industries  such  as  pollution
control  equipment manufacturing,  fuel
additive manufacturing, and  automotive
repair.    EPA  also   is  conducting  a
"threatened  plant" study to  understand
better  adverse  impacts that  may  be
occurring  and to  learn how to  minimize
them.

    Market-based approaches.   EPA
should continue to pursue clean air goals
through  use  of  economic  incentives
whenever  possible.  Economic incentives
provide   industry  with  flexibility  and
opportunities to  save  money,  and also
encourage technical innovations that are
needed  to  meet  air  quality  goals  at
reasonable cost.

    The Agency should develop systems
to ensure that  market-based  programs
provide  environmental  results  that are
equivalent  or  better  than  traditional
regulatory approaches.  These  programs
                                                                                65

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Clean Air Act Implementation: The First Two Years
also must provide industry with flexibility
on ways to comply. Greater flexibility will
be possible as better monitoring schemes
and   better  emissions  inventories  are
developed. These tools enable regulators
to ensure that environmental progress is
made when innovative techniques are used
to comply.

     Budget   and    management.
Implementing the  Clean Air Act  is  a
mammoth undertaking that — among other
things —  involves  regulating  tens of
thousands of plants and businesses spread
across the country, working with the 50
states, and regulating motor vehicles and
fuels.

     It is  critical  that  EPA have the
personnel and resources to work through
the issues thoroughly and write clear rules
and guidelines. If EPA does not do its job
well,   industries   are   left  with  many
uncertainties -  uncertainties  that  force
those industries to incur significant added
costs.

    Tremendous strides already have been
made toward providing state and EPA air
programs with additional funding to carry
out the 1990 Amendments.   The permit
program provides new revenues for state
and local air programs.  Funding for OAR
has increased significantly during the past
two years.

    Energy.   The Clean Air Act  and
national   energy   policy   are   closely
intertwined.   For  example,  the  use of
alternative fuels  and  clean  fuels  can
displace significant amounts of imported
oil,   EPA's  green programs  are  aimed
primarily  at  making  energy  use more
efficient.    Energy consumption  also  is
directly affected by transportation control
measures such  as high-occupancy vehicle
carpool lanes.   Transportation planning
decisions,  such  as  construction of  new
roads, have important implications for air
quality.

    EPA and  other federal and  state
agencies must coordinate implementation
of the Clean Air Act with implementation
of the new Energy Policy Act of 1992 and
the  Intermodal Surface  Transportation
Efficiency Act of 1991.

    Nitrogen oxides.  Emerging evidence
is  focusing   greater  attention  on  the
importance  of  controlling  NOX,  which
contributes   to  formation  of   ozone
pollution  and  acid  rain,  and  also  to
eutrophication of estuarine waters.

    Before   the  passage  of the  1990
Amendments, emissions of nitrogen oxides
had  received  scant  attention  at  the
national level. Only Los Angeles violated
the  national  air  quality  standard  for
nitrogen dioxide.

    The new law toughens motor vehicle
tailpipe standards for NOX,  and  requires
new and existing industrial plants in ozone
non-attainment  areas  to  control  NOr
Also,   the  acid  rain  control  program
requires coal-fired  utility power plants to
meet NOX emissions standards.

    However, NOX reductions mandated
by the  1990 Act may not be sufficient to
reduce  regional  ozone levels  in  the
Northern or Southeastern United States,
nor address  the contribution of NOX to
nutrient loadings in the Chesapeake  Bay
and other estuaries.   The  Agency must
identify and  promote  the  most cost-
66

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                                                      Chapter 13.  Looking to the Future
effective approaches for minimizing ozone
effects and related environmental damage
associated with NOX emissions,

    A  1991  report  by  the  National
Research  Council, Rethinking the  Ozone
Problem  in  Urban  and  Regional Air
Pollution, found that in many areas of the
United States, greater control of nitrogen
oxides  is  needed  to  combat  ozone
effectively.    EPA  analyses  using the
regional oxidant model support the same
conclusion.  In  many cases, the council
report says, NOX controls  may be more
effective in reducing ozone levels than
aggressive  controls  on  volatile organic
compounds.  Cost-effective strategies for
many areas may entail rethinking overall
control strategies. The council report also
suggests  that  research is  needed  to
improve understanding of ozone formation
and to evaluate the impacts of Clean Air
Act   control  strategies   as  they  are
implemented.

    Review of  air  quality  standards.
Another critical set of science and policy
issues concerns the re-evaluation of the
ozone and fine  particulate air quality
standards.  Both of these standards will be
revisited in the coming years, and in both
cases  significant new data will need to be
considered.

    Risk  and air  toxics.   The  1990
Amendments  establish  a  two-phased
program to reduce toxic air pollution. In
the  first   phase,  maximum  achievable
control  technology  is required on  plants
that are major sources of air toxics.  After
MACT controls  are installed, EPA is to
assess remaining health and  environmental
risks and, if certain criteria  are met, issue
more  stringent "residual risk" standards.
    Underway are several reviews of the
way EPA measures risks from air toxics.
For example,  the National Academy of
Sciences is studying EPA's methodology
for assessing cancer risks from hazardous
air pollutants, and will  be  suggesting
improvements. It is important for EPA to
determine how to incorporate the results
of these assessments into the residual risk
phase of the air toxics program.

    Emissions  inventories  and  data.
Sound emissions inventories are  essential
to states' efforts to develop and implement
effective strategies  for  cleaning the air.
Good  inventories  also are needed to
support effective market-based emissions
averaging, banking and trading programs.
EPA must see that states carry out reliable
emissions   inventories,  and  must  put
priority on obtaining good emissions data
for its own programs.

    Federal implementation plans. Court
decisions may require EPA to develop and
implement federal implementation plans to
achieve cleaner air in several metropolitan
areas, including Los Angeles. This effort
could require tremendous  use of OAR
resources   and   require  dramatic
restructuring   of  current  air  programs.
OAR needs to find a way to ensure that
work on federal implementation plans does
not undercut other air program efforts by
draining away  resources.
                                                                                 67

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                                APPENDIX I
               FEDERAL REGISTER NOTICES ISSUED
         SINCE ENACTMENT OF THE 1990 AMENDMENTS
       Following is a list of proposed and final air program rules and guidance published in
the Federal Register since enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Other
significant air program Federal Register notices also are included.
Notice

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements
(Notice of Final Rule)

Standards for Emissions from Natural Gas-Fueled and
Liquified Petroleum Gas-Fueled Motor Vehicles and
Motor Vehicle Engines, and Certification Procedures for
Aftermarket Conversion Hardware (Notice of Proposed
Rule)

Technical Guidance Documents for Particulate Matter
(Notice announcing availability of three technical
guidance documents for control of PM-10 emissions
from fugitive dust, residential wood, and prescribed
burning)

State Implementation Plans for Nonattainment Areas for
Sulfur Dioxide (Notice announcing findings of failure to
submit required SIPs)

Air Quality; Revision to Definition of Volatile Organic
Compounds (Notice of Proposed Rule)

Oxygenated Fuels Labeling Regulations Under Section
211(m) of the CAA as Amended (Notice of Final
Rulemaking)

Regulation of Fuel & Fuel Additives; Administrator's
Finding That No Control or Prohibition on Maximum
Oxygen Content of a Winter Oxygenated Gasoline
Program is Necessary Under Section 211(c)(4)(A) of the
CAA as Amended (Notice of Proposed Finding)

Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs
and Guidelines on Establishment of Control Periods
Under Section 211(m) of the CAA as Amended (Notice
of Availability of Guidance Documents)
Date Published
November 5, 1992

November 5, 1992
November 3, 1992
October 27, 1992



October 26, 1992


October 20, 1992



October 20, 1992
October 20, 1992
                                                                           1-1

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Notice

Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of application for
extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to the
Dallas/Fort Worth area in the State of Texas)

Clean Air Act; Acid Rain Provisions (Notice of
delegation of administration of auctions & sales under
section 416 of the CAA from the Administrator of EPA
to the  Chicago Board of Trade)

Approval & Promulgation of Implementation Plans;
Appendix M, Addition of Method for Measurement of
Opacity Emissions From Stationary Sources (Notice of
Proposed Rule & Notice of Public Hearing)

Ambient Air Quality Surveillance Regulations (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)

Fuels & Fuel Additives; (Notice of Waiver Application
from Lubrizol Corporation for Diesel Additive Labeled
EZ-ADDtm)

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants for Source Categories: Perchloroethylene
Emissions from Dry Cleaning Facilities (Notice of
Availability of New Information)

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources;
Calcines  & Dryers in Mineral Industries (Notice of Final
Rule)

Criteria for Exercising Discretionary Sanctions Under
Title I  of the Clean Air Act (Notice of Proposed Rule)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Draft Schedule for the Promulgation of
Emission Standards (Notice of Availability)

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to  Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info
to Subcontractor)

Designations of Areas for Air Quality Planning Purposes
(Notice of Proposed Rule)
Date Published

October 8, 1992




October 7, 1992




October 7, 1992




October 6, 1992


October 5, 1992



October 5, 1992


October 1, 1992




September 28, 1992



September^S, 1992


September 24, 1992



September 23, 1992



September 22, 1991
1-2

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Notice

Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
Facilities Organic Air Emission Standards for Tanks,
Surface Impoundments, and Containers (Notice of Data
Availability)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (Notice of Proposed Rule to Stay the
Effectiveness of Subpart I of 40CFR60 as it is applied to
Facilities Other Than Commercial Nuclear Power
Reactors Licensed by NRC)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Compliance Extensions for Early Reductions
(Notice of Complete Enforceable Commitments
Received Through 7/31/92)

Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations (Notice of
Final Rule)

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info
to Subcontractor)

Notice of Decision Regarding  Waiver Preemption for
California's Methanol Vehicle Regulations

Notice of Decision Regarding  Waiver Preemption for
California's Amendment to its Warranty Statute &
Regulations

Transportation and Air Quality Planning Guidelines


Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intent to Transfer Info
to Subcontractor)

National Ambient Air Quality  Standards for Ozone
(Proposed Decision Not  to Revise)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Compliance Extensions Early Reductions
(Notice of Complete Enforceable Commitments
Received)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Final Rule
(Implements the 1992 and later requirements of section
604 — the phaseout  of Class I  ozone depleting
substances ~ as well as the related provisions
of sections 603, 607 and 616)
Date Published
September 18, 1992
September 18, 1992
September 17, 1992




September 4, 1992


September 1, 1992



August 25, 1992


August 25, 1992



August 18, 1992


August 10, 1992



August 10, 1992


August 3,  1992




July 30, 1992
                                                                               1-3

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Notice                                                      Pate Published

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirements for            July 28, 1992
State Implementation Plans (Notice of Availability of
Regulatory Text, Location of Public Hearing Site &
Correction of Proposed Rule)

Operating Permit Program (Notice of Final Rule)                 July 21, 1992

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal            July 21, 1992
of Implementation Plans; Approval & Promulgation of
Implementation Plans; and Standards of Performance for
New Stationary Sources (WEPCO) (Notice of Final
Rule)

California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control                 July 21, 1992
Standards; Opportunity for Written Comments on
Additional Information Submitted to the Public Docket
of the Low-Emission Vehicle Stds Waiver Request

Diesel  Fuel Sulfur Content Petition for Exemption                July 20, 1992
(Notice of Final Decision)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and            July 17, 1992
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Interim Regulations for
Cold Temperature Carbon Monoxide Emissions from
1994 and Later Model Year Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty
Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks (Notice of Final Rule)

Draft Lead and Particulate Matter Addendum to the              July 16, 1992
General Preamble for Title I of the CAA Amendments
of 1990 and Staff Work Products Providing Technical
Guidance for PM-10 Best Available Control Measures
(Notice announcing  availability of documents and of
public meeting)

Initial List of Categories of Source under Section                 July 16, 1992
112(c)(l) of the CAA Amendments

Diesel  Fuel Sulfur Content; Petition for Exemption from          July 15, 1992
American Samoa (Notice of Final Decision)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Standards and                 July 14, 1992
Requirements for Servicing of Motor Vehicle Air
Conditioners (Notice of Final Rule)

Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Requirement for            July 13, 1992
State Implementation Plans (Notice of Proposed Rule)  ,
1-4

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Notice                                                        Date Published

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources;             July 10, 1992
Appendix A Reference Methods; Amendments to
Method 24 for the Determination of Volatile Matter
Content, Water Content, Density, Volume Solids, and
Weight Solids of Source Coatings (Notice of Final Rule)

Acid Rain Allowance Allocations and Reserves (Notice             July 7, 1992
of Proposed Rule)

Acid Rain Provisions (Notice of Availability; Final                 July 7, 1992
Version of the National Allowance Data Base (NADBV
2.1) and Accompanying Technical Support Documents)

Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Fees for: Light-             July 7, 1992
Duty Vehicles and Trucks; Heavy-Duty Vehicles &
Engines; and Motorcycles (Notice of Final Rule)

California State Motor Vehicle Pollution Control                  June 11, 1992
Standards; Waiver of Federal Preemption,  Decision

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources;             June 10, 1992
Appendix A Test Method 26 (Final Rule; Correcting
Amendment)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives Standards for             June 5, 1992
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to the
District of Columbia)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air                    June 3, 1992
Pollutants; National Emission Standards for Radon
Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks (Notice of Final
Rule)

Control of Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and New           May 29, 1992
Motor Vehicle Engines; Nonconformance Penalties for
Heavy-Duty Engines & Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Including
Heavy Light-Duty Trucks (Notice of Proposed Rule)

Final Documents; Information Regarding the                     May 29, 1992
Formulation and Emission Reduction Potential of
Transportation Control Measures (Notice of Availability)

Regulation  of Fuels and Fuels Additives Standards for             May 28, 1992
Reformulation and Conventional Gasoline (Proposed
Rule;  Relocation and Rescheduling of Public Hearing
and Extension of Comment Period)

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants               May 20, 1992
Benzene Waste Operations (Correction to Proposal)
                                                                              1-5

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Notice                                                      Date Published

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants;              May 15, 1992
Compliance Extensions for Early Reductions (Notice of
Complete Enforceable Commitments Received)

Approval of Colorado's Petition to Relax the Federal              May 12, 1992
Reid Vapor Pressure Volatility Stds for Colorado in
1992 and 1993 (Notice of Proposed Rule)

Colorado Petition to Relax Colorado Reid Vapor                 May 12, 1992
Pressure Volatility Stds (Temporary Direct Final Rule)

State Implementation Plans for Nonattainment Areas for          May 8, 1992
Particulate Matter (Notice Announcing Findings of
Failure to Submit Required State Implementation Plans)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for            May 7, 1992
Highway Diesel Fuel Quality-Sulfur Content; and
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Standards for Oxides of
Nitrogen Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines, &
Correction of Type 2-D Diesel Test Fuel Specification
for Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks & Heavy-
Duty Engines (Notice of Final Rule)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Labeling of Products           May 4, 1992
using Ozone-Depleting Chemicals (Notice of Proposed
Rule)

Control of Air  Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &             April 30, 1992
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Regulations for Light-Duty
Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks 1994 & 1995 Model
Year Durability Testing Procedures & 1994 and Later
Model  Year Allowable Maintenance (Notice of
Proposed Rule)

State Implementation Plans; General Preamble for the             April 28, 1992
Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990; Supplemental (Appendices to the
Proposed General Preamble published 4/16/92)    .

Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Standards and                 .  April 22, 1992
Requirements Regarding the Servicing of Motor Vehicle
Air Conditioners & Restrictions on the Sale of Small
Containers of Class I or Class II Substances Pursuant to      :      .. •  •       •
Section 609 of the CAA as Amended (Supplemental                    .
Proposed Rule)
1-6

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Notice
Date Published
Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Waivers under
Section 211(m)(3)(C) of the Clean Air Act as Amended
(Notice of Availability of Guidelines)

State Implementations Plans; General Preamble for the
Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990

Regulation of Fuel and Fuel Additives; Standards for
Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline (Notice of
Proposed Rule)

Fuel and Fuel Additives Registration; Health &
Emission Effects Testing Protocol (Notice of Proposed
Rule)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs
for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and
Heavy-Duty Vehicles; (Final Agency Action Pursuant to
Section 202(a)(6) of the Clean Air Act Regarding
Onboard Control of Refueling Emissions)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs
for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles and Trucks and
Heavy-Duty Vehicles; (Notice notifies readers that
because of EPA's final action involved in part the
decision not to issue the rule initially proposed, that
action is printed in the proposed rule section of the
Federal Register)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuels Additives;  Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to  New
Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland)

Clean Air Act; Contractor Access to Confidential
Business Information (Notice of Intended Transfer of
Confidential Business Information to Contractors)

Section 187 Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) Forecasting
and Tracking  Guidance (Notice of Availability)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of Reformulated Gasoline Program to  New
York)
April 17, 1992


April 16, 1992


April 16, 1992


April 15, 1992


April 15, 1992
April 15, 1992
April 1, 1992



March 27, 1992


March 19, 1992

March 5, 1992
                                                                               1-7

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Notice

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of Final
Rule — Stays the effectiveness of subpart FF of
4QCFR61 until final action is taken on clarifying
amendments to subpart FF)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of
Proposed Rule — Amendments to subpart EF designed
to clarify provisions of the rule that have been widely
misunderstood by affected sources)

Ambient Air Quality Surveillance; Enhanced Ozone
Monitoring Regs (Notice of Proposed Rule)

Small Business Stationary Source;  Technical &
Environmental Compliance Assistance Program (Notice
of Availability of Final Guidelines for Implementation of
Section 507 of CAA as Amended)

Supplemental Notice of Proposed Guidelines for
Oj^genated Gasoline Credit Programs under Section
211(m) of the CAA as Amended


Supplemental Notice of Proposed Guidance on
Establishment of Control Periods under Section 211(m)
of the CAA as Amended

Rules of Practice Governing the Administrative
Assessment of Civil Penalties (Notice of Final Rule)

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal
of Implementation Plans; Approval and Promulgation of
Implementation Plans (Notice of Final Rule)

Acid Rain Program; Change in Public Comment Period
for the Core Rules

Fuel and Fuel Additives; Ethyl Corporation Waiver
Application (EPA denied Ethyl's request for waiver for
HITEC 3000)

Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Significant New
Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program (Request for Data
and Advance Notice of Proposed Rule)
Date Published
March 5, 1992
March 5, 1992
March 4, 1992


February 5, 1992




February 5, 1992




February 5, 1992



February 4, 1992


February 3, 1992



January 30, 1992


January 22, 1992



January 16, 1992
1-8

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Notice
Date Published
Stratospheric Ozone Protection; Ban Nonessential
Products Releasing Class I Ozone-Depleting Substances
& Require the Elimination of Emissions from Products
Using Class I Substances under Sections 610 & 608 of
the CAA,  as Amended (Notice of Proposed Rule)

National Emission Standards for Coke Oven Batteries
Pursuant to Section 112 of CAA, as Amended
(Establishment of Advisory Committee and Notice of
Open Meeting)

California  State Motor Vehicles Pollution Control
Standards  (Notice of Opportunity for Public Hearings
and Public Comment Period)

Final Ruling on Petition Submitted by the Governor of
the Virgin Islands Pursuant to Section 324(a)(l) of the
Clean Air  Act

Final Report on the "Nonroad  Engine and Vehicle
Emission Study" (Notice of Availability)

NESHAPS for Radionuclides; Subpart T as applied to
NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
(Final Rule to Stay the Effectiveness of 40 CFR Part
61)

NESHAPS for Radionuclides; Subpart T as applied to
NRC-licensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
(Proposal  to Rescind 40 CFR Part 61)

Health and Environmental Standards for  Uranium and
Thorium Mill Tailings (ANPRM pursuant to the
UMTRCA of '78 to amend its general environmental
rep pertaining to Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
at 40 CFR Part 192, Subpart D)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; 1991 Production and
Consumption Restrictions of Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals  Required by Section 604 of the CAA
Amendments of 1990 (Direct Final Amendment to the
Temporary Final Rule)

Regulation of Fuels &  Fuels Additives; Stds for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension  of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to
Connecticut, New Hampshire & Virginia)
January 16, 1992
January 15, 1992




January 9, 1992



January 6, 1992



January 6, 1991


December 31, 1991




December 31, 1991



December 31, 1991
December 30, 1991
December 23, 1991
                                                                             1-9

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Notice

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants;
Polonium-210 Emissions from Elemental Phosphorus
Plants (Notice of Final Rule)

Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal of State
Implementation Plans: Method 202 for Measurement of
Condensible Particulate Emissions from Stationary
Sources (Notice of Final Rule)

Notice of EPA Request for Delegation Proposals to
Administrator the Auctions & Direct Sale Under Section
416 of the CAA Amendments of 1990, and Request for
Public Comment

Auctions, Direct Sales, & Independent Power Producers
Written Guarantee Regulations (Notice of Final Rule)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles &
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Evaporative Emissions
Regs for Gasoline and Methanol-Fueled Light-Duty
Vehicles and Light-Duty Tracks & Heavy-Dufy Vehicles
(Notice of Public Workshop and Report Availability)

Control Techniques Guideline Document: Reactor
Processes and Distillation Operations in the Synthetic
Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (Release of
Draft Control Techniques Guideline (CTG) for Public
Review)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Stds for
Gasoline Volatility Phase II; and Control of Air
Pollution from New Motor Vehicle Engines: Stds for
Particulate Emissions from 1991 & 1992 Urban Buses
(Notice of Final Rule)

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants
Benzene Waste Operations (Notice of Proposal Rule to
Stay Effectiveness of Subpart EF of 40 CFR Part 61).

Stds of Performance for New Stationary Sources;
Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaners; Proposed Rule;
Withdrawal

National Emission Stds for Hazardous Air Pollutants for
Source Categories: Perchloroethylene Emissions from
Dry Cleaning Facilities (Notice of Proposed Ruleraaking
& Notice of Public Hearing)

Outer Continental Shelf Air Regulations (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Pate Published

December 19, 1991



December 17, 1991




December 17, 1991




December 17, 1991


December 17, 1991
December 12, 1991
December 12, 1991
December 9, 1991



December 9, 1991



December 9, 1991




December 5, 1991

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Notice.       •

Acid Rain Program: Permits, Allowance System,
Continuous Emissions Monitoring, and Excell Emissions
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Reclassification of Moderate PM-10 Nonattainment
Areas to Serious Areas (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Diesel Fuel Sulfur Content; Petition for Exemption for
American Samoa (Notice of Proposed Decision)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives (Notice of
Application for Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline
Program to Massachusetts & Pennsylvania)

Contractor Access to Confidential Business Information
California State Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Pollution
Control Standards; Authorization of State Standards;
California Primary Use Determination (Notice of an
Opportunity to Submit Written Comments)

State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria
(Technical Correction)

NAAQS Attainment, Nonattainment, and Unclassified
Area Designations and Classifications (Notice of Final
Rulemaking)

Revise Gas Guzzler Tax Statement on Fuel Economy
Label (Direct Final Rule)

Draft Documents; Information Regarding the
Formulation and Emission Reduction Potential of
Transportation Control Measures (Notice of Availability)

NESHAPs for Radionuclides; Subpart T as Applied to
NRC-Iicensed Uranium Mill Tailings Disposal Sites
(Proposal to Stay the Effectiveness of 40 CFR Part 61)

Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality
Implementation Plans; Massachusetts; Denial of Petition
for Reconsideration; Disapproval of Compliance Date
Extension for Automobile Surface Coating (Notice of
Denial of Petition for
Reconsideration)

State Implementations for Nonattainment Areas for
Ozone (Notice of Finding of Failure to Submit a
Required SIP and Proposed Rule)
Pate Published

December 3, 1991



November 21, 1991



November 18, 1991


November 15, 1991



November 14, 1991


November 8, 1991




November 8, 1991


November 6, 1991



October 28, 1991


October 28, 1991



October 25,1991



October 23, 1991
October 22, 1991
                                                                            Ml

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Notice

Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone Phaseout of the
Production and Consumption of Class I Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking Correction)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone 1991 Limits on
Production and Consumption of Ozone-Depleting
Chemicals in Section 604 (Notice of Direct Final
Amendment to the Temporary Final Rule)

Requirements for Clean Fuel Fleet Credit Programs,
Transportation Control Measures Exemptions, and for
Federal Fleets (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plant:
Revision of the Visibility FIP for Arizona (Notice of
Final Rulemaking)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone Phaseout of the
Production and Consumption of Class I Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Air Programs; Credit Program for  California Pilot Test
Program; (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Particulate Emission
Regulations for '93 Model Year Buses, Particulate
Emission Regs for '94 & Later Model Year Urban
Buses, Retrofit/Rebuild Requirements for '93  & Earlier
Model Year Urban Buses; and Oxides of Nitrogen
Emission Regs for 1998 and Later Model Year Heavy-
Duty Engines (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Air Pollution Control; New Motor Vehicles and
Engines: On-Board Diagnostic Systems on 1994 and
Later Model Year Light-Duty Vehicles and Light Duty
Trucks; (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Amendment to Benzene Rule for Coke By-
Product Recovery Plants (Notice of Final Rulemaking)

Asbestos NESHAP Training Requirements for On-Site
Representative (Notice of Guidance)
Date Published

October 18, 1991


October 8, 1991




October 8, 1991




October 3, 1991



October 3, 1991



September 30, 1991




September 25, 1991


September 24, 1991
September 24, 1991




September 19, 1991



September 12, 1991
1-12

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Notice

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Polonium 210 Emissions from Elemental
Phosphorus Plants (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to
Maine)

Stratospheric Ozone Protection Advisory Committee;
Renewal

Waiver of Preemption to California for Nonroad Engine
and Vehicle Standards (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

California State Nonroad Engine and Vehicle Pollution
Control Standards; Authorization  of State Standards;
(Proposed Decision of the Administrator; Opportunity
for Public Hearing)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone; Servicing of Motor
Vehicle Air Conditioners (Notice  of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Draft 1991 Transportation-Air Quality Planning
Guidelines (Notice of Availability)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines; Refueling Emission Regs
for Gasoline-Fueled Light-Duty Vehicles & Trucks and
Heavy-Duty Vehicles (Notice of Public Hearing and
Report Availability)

Procedures Document for Establishing Emissions from
Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (Notice of Draft
Document Availability; Request for Public Comment

Air Pollution Control; Motor Vehicle Emission Factors
(Notice of Availability of Revised  Highway Motor
Vehicle Emission Factor Model (MOBILE4.1)

State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria
(Notice of Final Rulemaking)

Fuel Economy Retrofit Devise Evaluation for the
Platinum Gasaver (Notice of Fuel Economy Retrofit
Device Evaluation)

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans;
Revision of the Visibility FTP for Arizona (Supplemental
Notice Requesting Comment)
Date Published

September 11, 1991



September 10, 1991




September 9, 1991


September 6, 1991


September 6, 1991




September 4, 1991



September 4, 1991


September 3, 1991
August 27, 1991



August 26, 1991



August 26, 1991


August 16, 1991



August 13, 1991
                                                                             1-13

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Notice

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Application for
Extension of the Reformulated Gasoline Program to
Rhode Island

Designations and Classifications for Initial PM-10
Nonattainment Areas (Notice correcting EPA's
announcement of the designations and classifications for
the initial PM-10 (particulate matter nominally 10
microns of smaller in diameter) nonattainment areas)

Proposed Rule to Rescind 40 CFR Part 61 Subpart I for
Nuclear Power Reactors (Radionuclide NESHAP)

Final Rule to Stay Subpart I of 40 CFR Part 61 as it
Applies to Nuclear Power Reactors (Radionuclide
NESHAP)

Volatility Regulations for Gasoline and Alcohol Blends
Sold in Calendar Year 1991; Northeastern Arizona
(Notice of Final Rulemaking)

Fuels and Fuel Additives; MMT Waiver Application
Rules of Practice Governing the Administrative
Assessment of Civil Penalties Under the Clean Air Act
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Organic Air Emission Standards for Hazardous Waste
Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDF):
Tanks, Surface Impoundments, and Containers (Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking)

Regulations for Registration of Lead Substitute Gasoline
Additives to Reduce Valve Seat Wear (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)

National Allowance Data Base, Version 2.0; Acid Rain
Provisions (Notice of Availability)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives: Standards for
Highway Diesel Fuel Quality-Sulfur Content; and
Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Standards for Oxides of
Nitrogen Emissions from Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines
(Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)
Date Published

August 13, 1991
August 8, 1991
August 5, 1991


August 5, 1991



August 2, 1991



August 1, 1991


July 22,  1991



July 22,  1991




July 19,  1991



July 19,  1991


July 17,  1991
1-14

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Notice                                                        Date Published

Oxygenated Fuels Labeling Regulations Under Section             July 9, 1991
211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)

Guidance on Establishment of Control Periods Under              July 9, 1991
Section 211 (m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended
(Notice of Proposed Guidance)

Guidelines for Oxygenated Gasoline Credit Programs               July 9, 1991
Under Section 211(m) of the Clean Air Act as Amended
(Notice of Proposed Guidelines)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives; Standards for              July 9, 1991
Reformulated Gasoline (Notice of Proposed Rule)

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone (Temporary Final               July 8, 1991
Rule; Correction)

Guidelines Establishing Test Procedures for the Analysis            July 3, 1991
of Pollutants; Identification and Listing of Hazardous
Waste; Test Methods (Notice of Proposed Rule and
Request for Comments)

Motor Vehicle and Engine Compliance Program Fees              July 1, 1991
for: Light-Duty Vehicles; Light-Duty Trucks; Heavy-
Duty Vehicles and Engines; and Motorcycles (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)

Fossil Fuel-Fired Utility Steam Generating Units; Acid             June 25, 1991
Rain Provisions (Notice of Availability)

Preliminary Draft List of Categories and Subcategories             June 21, 1991
Under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act (Notice of
Availability and Request for Information)

Applicability of New Source Review and New  Source               June 14, 1991
Performance Standards  at Electric Utility Sources
(WEPCO) (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

General Preamble for Title I of the CAA Amendments             June 13, 1991
(Draft Document Available & Public Meeting)

NESHAP Compliance Extensions for Early Reduction of           June 13,. 1.991
Hazardous Air Pollutants (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Waiver of Federal Preemption for Amendments to                 June 11, 1991
California's Regs that Establish Stds & Certification
Procedures for Methanol-Fueled Vehicles & Engines &
Heavy-Duty Engines Fueled by Compressed Natural Gas
of Liquid Petroleum Gas
                                                                             1-15

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Notice                                                       Date Published

National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory               June 7, 1991
Committee Request for Suggestions for List of
Candidates

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and            June 5. 1991
New Motor Vehicle Engines: Gaseous and Particulate
Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year
Light-Duty Vehicles and Light Duty Trucks (Notice of
Final Rulemaking)

Revision of Phase I Volatility Regs for Gasoline;                  May 30, 1991
Northeastern Arizona (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

NSPS Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (Notice of                 May 30, 1991
Proposed Rulemaking)

Regulation of Fuels & Fuels Additives; Definition of               May 30, 1991
Substantially Similar (Advanced Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Regulations of Fuels & Fuel Additives Stds for Gasoline           May 29, 1991
Volatility (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Urban Bus Particulate Matter Std for Model Years 1991           May 29, 1991
to 1992  (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

State Implementation Plan Completeness Criteria                 May 24, 1991
(Notice  of Proposed Rulemaking)

Auctions, Direct Sales & Independent Power Producers            May 23, 1991
Written Guarantee Regs (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

NESHAP  Radon Emissions from Phosphogypsum Stacks           May 22,1991
(Notice  of Compliance Waiver)

Operating Permit Program (Notice or Proposed Rule;             May 10, 1991
Notice of Opportunity for Public Hearing)

Volatility Regs for Gasoline & Alcohol Blends Sold in             May 6,  1991
Calendar Year 1991; State of Texas (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Stay of Subpart I of CFR Part 61 Radionuclide                    April 24, 1991
Emissions  (Final Rule)

Preparation, Adoption, & Submittal of SIPS; PM-10,               April 22, 1991
Sulfur Dioxide, & Lead Nonattainment & Unclassifiable
Area Designations  (Information  Notice)

Control  of Air Pollution Motor Vehicle Engines;                  April 15, 1991
Federal  Certification Test Results for 1991 Model Year

1-16

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Notice  •

Request for Information Concerning Heavy-Duty Engine
Rebuild (Notice, Request for Information)

Regulation of Fuels and Fuel Additives (Direct Final
Rule)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants; Amendment to Benzene Rule for Coke By-
Product Recovery Plants (Notice of Proposed
RulemaMng)

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption and Submittal
of Implementation Plans; Approval and Promulgation of
Implementation Plans (Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Air Quality: Revision to BPA Policy Concerning Ozone
Control Strategies and Volatile Organic Compound
Reactivity (Notice of Revised EPA Policy  Statement)

Notice Announcing Designation and Classifications for
Initial PM-10 Nonattainraent Areas

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants — NRC-Lieensed Facilities (Advance Notice
of Proposed Rulemaking)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants — NRC-Licensed Facilities (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants — NRC-Licensed Facilities (Order
Temporarily Staying Effective Date)

Notice of Availability of Guidance and Submittal Forms
for Elections under Sections 405(d)(3), 405(d)(4), and
405(g)(2) of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990

Protection of the Stratospheric Ozone; Regulations to
Implement the 1991 Limits on the Production and
Consumption of Ozone-Depleting Chemicals Required
by Section 604 of the Clean Air Act Amendments of
1990 (Temporary Final Rule)

Control of Air Pollution from New Motor Vehicles and
New Motor Vehicle Engines:  Gaseous  and Particulate
Emission Regulations for 1994 and Later Model Year
Light-Duty Vehicles and Light-Duty Trucks .(Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking)
Pate Published

April 4» 1991


April 4, 1991


April 1» 1991




March 18, 1991



March 18, 1991



March 15, 1991


March 13, 1991



March 13, 1991



March 13, 1991



March 12, 1991



March 6, 1991
March 7,1991
                                                                            1-17

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Notice

New Source Performance Standards; Standards of
Performance for Polypropylene, Polyethylene,
Polystyrene, and Poly(ethylene Terephthalate)
Manufacturing Industry (Final rule; Correction)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants Announcement of Negotiated Regulation for
Equipment Leaks (Notice of Agreement on Negotiated
Regulation)

Fuel Economy Test Procedures: Alternative-Fueled
Economy Labeling Requirements  (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Notice of Fifth Conference on Air Quality Modeling

Disclosure of Emission Date Claimed as Confidential
Under Section 110 and 114(c) of the Clean Air Act
(Notice of Policy on Public Release of Certain Emission
Data Submitted Under Sections 110 and 114(c) of the
Clean Air Act)

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants: NRC-Licensed Facilities (Notice of Proposed
Rule)

Requirements for Preparation, Adoption, and Submittal
of Implementation Plans — Augmentation of Guidelines
on Air Quality Models (Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking)

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
Addition of Methods for Measurement of
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins, Polychlorinated
Difaenzofurans, and Hydrogen Chloride Emissions from
Stationary Sources (Notice of Final Rulemaking)

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
Addition of Performance Specification 4A to Appendix
B and Revision of Procedure 1 of Appendix F (Notice
of Final Rulemaking)

Emission Guidelines: Municipal Waste Combustors
(Final Emission Guidelines)

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources:
Municipal Waste Combustors (Notice of Final
Rulemaking)
PatePublished

March 5, 1991




March 4, 1991




March 1, 1991



February 25, 1991

February 21, 1991
February 15, 1991



February 13, 1991




February 13, 1991
February 11, 1991




February 115 1991


February 11, 1991

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Notice     •                           .                   .  •  Pate Published

Approval and Promulgation of Implementation Plans              February 8, 1991
Revision of the Visibility F1P for Arizona (Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking and Announcement of Public
Hearing)

Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources             February 4, 1991
Amendments to Subpart J (Petroleum Refineries) and
Addition of Performance Specification 7 to Appendk B
(Final Rule; Correction)

Revised Interpretive Rule; Regulation of Fuels and Fuel1           February 1, 1991
Additives; Definition of "SubstantiaEy Similar* (Notice of
Final Rulemaking)

Performance Warranty Regulations and the Voluntary             January 30, 1991
After market Part Certification Program: Supplemental
Proposed Alternative Test Procedure (Supplemental
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking)

Notice Listing Ozone-Depleting Substances (Initial Lists)           January 1, 1991

Fuels and Fuel Additives; Waiver Application (Notice)             December 20, 1990

Amendments to Standards of Performance for New               December 13, 1990
Stationary Sources; Reporting Requirements (Final
Rule)

Standards of performance for New Stationary Sources;             December 11, 1990
Polypropylene, Polyethylene, Polystyrene, and
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Manufacturing Industry
(Final Rule)

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Page Intentionally Blank

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                              APPENDIX II

                  EPA STAFF ACCOMPLISHMENTS:
            CLEANING THE AIR AND REDUCING RISKS
The Office of Air and Radiation, in cooperation with other EPA offices, has performed
thousands of valuable tasks between February 1989 and November 1992. The credit for these
achievements must go first and foremost to the thousands of EPA employees who devoted
their energies and intellects — and, very often, extra hours — to hundreds of rules, guidelines,
studies, publications, and other projects. In recognition of this fact, this appendix lists the top
accomplishments of each organizational unit of OAR. Also included are accomplishments of
regional offices, the Office of General Counsel, and many other EPA offices that contributed
to OAR efforts.  These lists were developed by the employees themselves.

                                            --  William G. Rosenberg
                                               Assistant Administrator
                                               for Air & Radiation
                                                                        H-l

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Page Intentionally Blank

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                           CONTENTS

                                                              Page

EPA OFFICES REPORTING ACCOMPLISHMENTS (Chart Only)	. ,	  11-4

OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION (Chart Only) .	H-5

      OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING, AND STANDARDS	11-6
      OFFICE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS	11-29
      OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES  	. .		11-34
      OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND REVIEW		11-52
      OFFICE OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS ...		11-53
      OFFICE OF RADIATION AND INDOOR AIR	,	11-54

OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL  		.	11-59

OFFICE OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS	11-62

OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT	.,.!..-		 11-64

OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION AND CONSUMER AFFAIRS	11-66

OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL RELATIONS . .	11-69

REGION I		. . . . .	:			11-72

REGION II 	.				11-73

REGION 111	.	11-74

REGION IV .,			11-75

REGION V		.	11-76

REGION VI		11-77

REGION VII		11-78

REGION Vlll			11-79

REGION IX	11-80

REGION X	"'. . . ,	 11-81
                                                               II-3

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
           Administrator


Associate Administrator
for Regional
Operations &
State/Local Relations






Associate Administrator
for Communications,
Education &
Public
Affairs










Associate Administrator
for Congressional
and Legislative
Affairs






Assistant
Administrator
for
Enforcement



General
Counsel







Assistant
Administrator
for
Air and Radiation







Regional
Offices







Other
Offices


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                                   Office of Air
                                  and Radiation
  Office of Program
     Management
      Operations
   Office of
Radiation and
  Indoor Air
      Radiation
   Studies Division
     Criteria and
      Standards
       Division
       Radon
       Division
      Indoor Air
       Division
  Office of Radiation
    and Indoor Air
  (Las Vegas Facility)
   National Air and
      Radiation
  Environmental Lab
                               I
                                            Office of Policy
                                          Analysis & Review
  Office of Air
Quality Planning
 and Standards
        Emission
        Standards
        Division
       Air Quality
      Management
        Division
        Technical
         Support
         Division
    Stationary Source
       Compliance
         Division
    Office of
Mobile Sources
    Manufacturers,
      Operations
       Division
        Field
    Operations and
    Support Division
     Engineering
      Operations
       Division
     Certification
       Division
                               Regulatory
                              Programs and
                               Technology
                                  Regulation
                               ' Development
                                Sypport
  Office of
Atmospheric
 Programs
       Global
      Change
      Division
    Stratospheric
      Protection
      Divisipn
      Acid Rain
      Division
                                                     "pmifsip,h ''planning'
                                                       and Strategies
                                                          Riviiisn

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                       Washington
                        Operations
                    (Washington,  DC)
                  Office  of Air Quality
              Planning and  Standards'
                                     Planning and
                                  Management Staff
 Emission Standards
        Division
       Air Quality
Management Division
           Standards Development Branch
                Standards Preparation Section
                Regulations Preparation Section
                Regulations Development Section
                Cost & Economic Impact Section
           Pollutant Assessment Branch
                Program Integration & Health Section
                Program Analysis & Technology Section
                Program Implementation & Review Section
           Industrial Studies Branch
                Standards Support Section
                Standards Documentation Section
           Chemicals and Petroleum Branch
                Chemical Manufacturing Section
                Chemical Application Section
                Petroleum Section
Technical Support
      Division
                                                              Ambient Standards Branch
                Regulatory Strategies Section
                Standards Development Section
                Economic Analysis Section
                                                             Ozone/CO Programs Branch
                Engineering and Rule Development Section
                Program Oversight and Implementation Section
                Strategies and Policy Section
          S02/Particulate Matter Programs Branch
                Program Development Section
                Policy and Guidance Section
                Implementation and Regulatory Section
                                                            Permits Programs Branch
               Operating Permits Policy Section
               New Source Review Section
               Permits Support Section
          Regional Operations Branch
                                                                  Regional Activities Section
                                                                  Regional Management Section
                                                             Air Pollution Training Branch
                                                                  Training Development Section
                                                                  Training Delivery Section
Unless otherwise indicated, all organizational units are located in North Carolina
All organizational units that compose this division are located in Virginia
                                                                                                                                                                    1
 Stationary Source
Compliance Division1"'
                                                              Source Receptor Analysis Branch
              Model Application Section
              Techniques Evaluation Section
              Modeling Support Section
                                                                                                                 Monitoring and Reports Branch
                                                                                                                      Data Analysis Section
                                                                                                                      Monitoring Section
                                                              National Air Data Branch
              AIRS Section
              Operations & Maintenance Section
                                                              Emission Measurement Branch
              Manufacturing & Combustion Testing Section
              Chemicals & Petroleum Testing Section
              Compliance and Implementation Testing Section
                                                              Emission Inventory Branch
                                                                   Emission Factor & Methodologies Section
                                                                   Inventory Guidance & Evaluatton.Section
               Federal Program Section
               Policy & Guidance Section
               Compliance Analysis Section
                                                                                                               Technical Support Branch
                                                                Regional Programs Section
                                                                Organic Chemicals Section
                                                                Inorganic Chemicals Section-

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OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS

Emissions Standards Division

4      Developed and put into operation a strategic plan to achieve the requirements and
       goals of Title III of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. This comprehensive
       hazardous air pollutant program includes developing emission standards and
       conducting health and risk assessments, engineering and economic analyses on
       control strategies, and studies on key problems such as air toxics deposition into
       U.S. waters and urban air toxics levels.

4      Provided special engineering and economic expertise for the development of
       Federal rules for new and existing stationary sources of six major pollutants,
       including the precursors of smog. The program also includes (1) developing
       control techniques guidelines and alternative control technology documents for
       State and local air pollution agencies to  use in crafting their air pollution reduction
       strategies and plans, and (2) assisting state and local agencies and industry in
       identifying best available control technologies.

4      Provided specialized technical expertise in the areas of engineering, toxicology,
       dispersion and exposure modeling, economics, and health and risk assessment in
       developing innovative, cost effective pollution reduction approaches including
       pollution prevention, assisting small businesses in complying with Clean Air Act
       requirements, and helping the general public to understand global and local air
       pollution problems.

Chemicals and Petroleum Branch

4      Provided experienced and specialized engineering support to several major
       programs for reducing volatile organic compounds.  These programs include the
       development of Federal rules under RCRA and the Clean Air Act, the
       preparation of detailed guidance documents for states to use in developing their
       rules, and case-by-case technical assistance to other governmental organizations
       and citizens who needed control technology information.

4      Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and
       identifying control technology options for the development of federal standards for
       toxic organic air emissions. In the process, the branch has developed information
       that it has shared with other government agencies and the public which has been
       used by them to understand toxic emissions and to develop control strategies.

4      Instituted several programs which are integrated with other offices and which
       emphasize multi-media considerations. These include the development of air rules
       under RCRA, the preparation of guidance documents on the air aspects of
       Superfund implementation, the development of an air-water integrated rule for
       pulp and paper, participation and lead roles on three regulatory clusters, and
       participation in several source reduction/pollution prevention targeted projects.


                                                                               II-7

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Chemical Manufacturing Section

4     Conducted the "Nine CEOs' Voluntary Emission Reduction Program".  This was
       the first voluntary emission reduction effort and demonstrated the concepts used in
       the "33/50" and "Hazardous Air Pollutants Early Reduction" programs. 1990
       through 1992.

$     Published list of major and area source categories emitting hazardous air pollutants
       required under Section 112. July 16,1992.

+     Promulgated New Source Performance Standards for air oxidation processes and
       distillation operations in the synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry.
       June 29,1990.

Petroleum Section

+     Published proposed rule to control and monitor air emissions hazardous waste
       treatment, storage and disposal facilities under the Resource Conservation and
       Recovery  Act.  July 22, 1991.

4     Developed an integrated rulemaking for hazardous  air pollutants in the pulp and
       paper industry. August 1992.

+     Developed guidance for the control of emissions of volatile organic compounds
       from gasoline service stations (Stage II) and conducted training courses for EPA
       Regional and State and local air pollution agency personnel at several different
       sites. 1991 through 1992.

Chemical Application Section

4     Prg₯Jd,pfl expert witnesses who assisted the Department of Justice in collecting
       q\r§r |i million in penalties. 1990 through 1992.

4     Initiated development of five maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
       standards  for hazardous air pollutants under Section 112 and seven control
       techniques guidelines and standards for architectural and industrial coatings under
       Section 183.  1990 through 1992.

4     Developed a method for directly measuring the efficiency with which a hood or
       other capture device collects the volatile organic emissions from an industrial
       process, a  critical measurement for determining compliance with many air
       regulations.  Published a report to help States and industry use the method: "The
       Measurement Solution: Using a Temporary Total Enclpsure for Capture Effipiency
       Testing" EPA 450/4-91-020. April 1991.
n-s

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Pollutant Assessment Branch

4     Provided policy and technical expertise for developing a comprehensive strategy
       for implementing programs to address the U.S. hazardous air pollution problem.
       These efforts include studies on urban air toxics and air toxic deposition in the
       Great Lakes and other U.S. waters, and the development of the components of
       the regulatory agenda for the development of emission standards for hazardous air
       pollutants.

4     Involved State and local air pollution agencies in all activities of the Emission
       Standards Division, especially those related to the hazardous air pollution
       provisions of the Clean Air Act.  Sponsored highly successful workshops on risk
       assessment and state and local air toxics program implementation.  Consulted
       extensively with state and local programs in the development of guidance under
       112(g) [Modifications] and 112(1)  [State Program Approval].  Worked with state
       and local air pollution agencies on transition issues  and the identification of
       necessary implementation activities.

+     Actively advanced and participated in the development of EPA policies to address
       risk assessment/management issues.  This effort has included detailed interaction
       with the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Risk Assessment of
       Hazardous  Air Pollutants (CAPRA), the development of improved tools for risk
       assessment, the coordination of the efforts of Federal and State risk assessment
       and management experts, and the collection and dissemination of the latest work
       on risk assessment occurring at all levels of government.

Program Analysis  & Technology Section

+     Completed and transmitted a report describing EPA's risk assessment methods,
       past and present applications, and current issues to  the National Academy of
       Sciences to assist the academy in its study of Agency risk methods.  March 1992.

+     Improved significantly EPA exposure modeling capabilities for air pollution
       emissions from industrial sources by adding a feature that allows better
       characterization of uncertainties associated with risk estimates. August 1992.

f     Published tiered approach (level of modeling/monitoring  increases as level of
       available data increases) for conducting risk assessments.  February 1992.

Program Implementation & Review Section           :

$     Developed and published the list of major and area source categories to be
       regulated under Section 112.  This publication represented the culmination of
       many man-years of technical effort and negotiations. The list that was published
       will serve as the blueprint for the  toxics program for the next 20 years. July 16,
       1992.            '                    .
                                                                                n-9

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 4     Worked on the development of a draft schedule for promulgation of emission
       standards for the source categories listed under Section 112.  This schedule will
       establish the dates by which all of the listed categories will be regulated.  Extensive
       technical effort on the development of a hazard-based prioritization system
       supported this publication. 1992.

 +     Worked on the development of guidance for the implementation of Section 112(1)
       covering State programs for hazardous air pollutants. Extensive outreach and
       negotiation with State and local air toxics programs has been the hallmark of this
       project. In addition, through the Clean Air Act advisory committee, industry and
       environmental groups have also been consulted on the development of this rule.
       1992.

Program Integration & Health Section

 +     Worked very hard in 1992 to coordinate and integrate Section 112 implementation
       activities with State and local agencies and Regional Offices.  With respect to
       State and local agencies, our greatest achievement was the Hazardous Air
       Pollutants Implementation Workshop which we developed, managed and
       conducted. Other achievements include monthly conference  calls with the
       STAPPA/ALAPCO (state and local air regulators) air toxics committee and with
       Regional Office staff.

 4     Undertook extensive outreach and consensus building activities with interested
       parties such as the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee on the development of
       guidance for the implementation of Section 112(g), Modifications. Developed a
       draft regulation which includes a hazard ranking of the 189 chemicals. 1991
       through 1992.

 4     Completed the development of a strategy for preparing the Report to Congress on
       deposition of hazardous air pollutants in the Great Lakes and other U.S. waters
       due in  November 1993.  Conflicting priorities among many diverse programs at the
       Federal, State and local level had to be considered and incorporated in the
       development of the strategy. An authors meeting will be taking place in
       November to write the first draft.  September 1992.

Standards Development Branch

 $     Provided experienced regulatory and specialized engineering support to the
       development of technology standards for air toxics emissions from major sources
       such as chemical manufacturing plants, coke ovens and dry cleaners.  In developing
       such standards, worked closely with state and local air pollution agencies, industry
       and environmental groups to address numerous complex technical issues and
       develop standards which are protective of the environment and cost effective.

 +     Provided experienced regulatory support to the development  of key EPA policies
       relating to the implementation of Title IDE of the 1990 Amendments, Presidential
       Executive Orders, and key legislation that affect federal regulatory development.

n-io

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       These policies address legislation such as the Regulatory Flexibility Act and the
       Paperwork Reduction Act, as well as Executive Order 12291, which requires cost
       and benefit analyses to support major regulations.

+      Provided experienced and specialized cost engineering and economic support to
       the development of air pollution emission standards for stationary sources. This
       effort includes the development of detailed cost and economic impact analyses for
       all control strategies under consideration.  Also provided technical support and
       guidance to State and local agencies in assist them in developing and performing
       their own analyses of cost and economic impacts of air pollution control
       alternatives.

Standards Preparation Section

4      Published proposed rule setting  MACT and generally achievable control
       technology (GACT) standards for perchloroethylene emissions from drycleaning
       facilities. December  9, 1991.

+      Developed proposed rule setting MACT standard for synthetic organic chemical
       manufacturing industry (the HON) for OMB review (December 24, 1991) and for
       proposal in the Federal Register. October 1992.

4      Developed hazardous air pollutants emissions averaging policy for MACT
       standards. October 1992.

Regulations Preparation Section

4      Provided regulatory support for  proposed rale to control and monitor air emissions
       hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities under the Resource
       Conservation and Recovery Act. July 22, 1991.

4      Developed proposed rule containing general provisions for all Federal standards
       regulating sources of hazardous  air pollutants. January 1992.

+•      Developed proposed NESHAP for coke oven emissions through regulatory
       negotiations.  Committee signing scheduled for October 28, 1992.

Regulations Development Section

4      Published final rule limiting emissions'of particulate matter, carbon dioxide,
       dioxins, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen chloride,  and nitrogen oxides emissions from new
       and existing municipal waste combustors burning more than 250 tons/day of waste.
       February 11,  1991.

4      Developed regulatory package which would propose revisions to the above rules
       based on the use of maximum achievable control technology (MACT) and to
       propose new rules limiting the above emissions from new and existing municipal
       waste combustors burning less than 250 tons/day of waste. July 1992.

                                                                              11-11

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 +     Published Notice of Additional Information soliciting public review of new
       information gathered since proposal concerning recently developed technology for
       controlling perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning facilities and requesting
       public comment on how this new information should be used in developing final
       rules limiting perchloroethylene emissions from dry cleaning facilities.  October
       1992.

 Cost & Economic Impact Section

 +     Implemented innovative approaches for estimating economic impacts and selecting
       cost effective regulatory options for the Hazardous  Organic NESHAP (National
       Emission Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants).  January 1991.

 +     Completed a draft report to Congress on alternative economic incentive regulatory
       strategies for consumer and commercial products. This report  may form the basis
       for consumer and commercial product regulations under Section 183(e).
       September 1992,

 4     Completed an innovative study involving an integrated market  and financial
       analysis to address the difficult question of the impact of the Dry Cleaning MACT
       standard on the many small dry cleaning businesses.  May  1991.

 Industrial Studies Branch

 $     Provided experienced and specialized engineering support to several major
       programs for reducing particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide,  and oxides of
       nitrogen. These programs include the development of the  Clean Air Act rules, the
       preparation of alternative control technology documents for states to use in
       developing their rules, and case-by-case technical assistance to  State and local
       agencies for reducing particulate emissions.

 4     Provided experienced and specialized engineering support in evaluating and
       identifying control technology options for the development of national air toxics
       standards for combustion units, smelting operations, and other  industrial processes.
       The branch has developed technical information that it has shared with other
       government agencies and countries to assist them in understanding and developing
       control strategies for these air toxics sources.

 $     Provided experienced and specialized engineering support  in evaluating and
       identifying control  technology options for the development of Federal standards
       for air pollution emissions from solid waste combustion.  This work has included
       complex analyses of alternative control strategies and their impact on emissions.
       The branch has shared this work with State and local agencies  and environmental
       protection agencies in other countries to assist them in addressing this growing
       industry.
n-i2

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Standards Documentation Section

4      Published proposed and final rule establishing standards of performance for small
       industrial-commercial-institutional steam generating units.  June 9, 1989, and
       September 12, 1990.

4      Published and made available for public use a medical waste incinerator (MWI)
       operator training course in March 1989; initiated and participated with the ASMB
       in developing an MWI operator certification program which was completed in
       September 1992.

$      Published and made available for public use the following technical reports and/or
       documents relating to medical waste incinerators:

              Operation and Maintenance of Hospital Waste Incinerators (March 1989)
              Medical Waste Incinerators: Background Information for Proposed
              Standards and Guidelines (September 30, 1991)
              Industry Profile Report For New  and Existing Facilities
              Process Description Report for New and Existing Facilities
              Model Plant Description and Cost Report for New and Existing Facilities
              Control Technology Performance Report for New and Existing Facilities
              Environmental Impacts Report for New and Existing Facilities

Standards Support Section

4      Provided technical and engineering support for final rule limiting emissions of
       participate matter, carbon dioxide, dioxins,  suifur dioxide, hydrogen chloride, and
       nitrogen oxides emissions from new and existing municipal waste combustors
       burning more than 250 tons/day of waste. February 11, 1991.

$      Completed major portions of the Report to Congress on "Volatile Organic
       Compound Emissions from Consumer and  Commercial Products" required under
       ozone nonattainment provisions of the  Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.
       Statutory deadline is November 15, 1993.  August 1992.

4      Completed an engineering evaluation of the Jewell design Thompson non-recovery
       coke oven technology as required under Section 112(d). October 1992.

Stationary Source Compliance Division

$      Developed and coordinated all Clean Air Act Title VII rulemakings including: the
       monetary award program; citizen suits; field citation; administrative penalty;
       contractor listing; and enhanced monitoring rules.

$      Coordinated several national enforcement initiatives including: a compliance
       investigation of the wood panel industry which resulted in enforcement action
       against the Louisiana Pacific Company for numerous PSD  and SIP violations; a
                                                                             n-is

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       lead enforcement initiative which targeted the major lead sources; and the 1992
       administrative penalty order case initiative which implemented the new
       administrative penalty authority by filing 52 cases and a total of 100 by the end of
       the fiscal year.

 4-     Developed outreach, training, guidance and policy documents to enhance
       compliance with the Act which included: establishment of a training center at
       Rutgers University Demonstration Center and a program using the California Air
       Resources Board for state training; development of a hazardous waste incineration
       training course using video conferencing; development of 23 plant specific
       inspection manuals for CFC sources; and implemented new significant
       violator/timely and appropriate enforcement guidance,

Technical Support Branch

 $     Developed training manuals and courses for: 23 plant specific CFC sources;
       hazardous waste incineration procedures; and draft training course documents for
       radionuclide NESHAPs requirements. ,

 f     Initiated the application of the revised SV/T&A guidance; reviewed and reduced
       the reporting requirements for Regional input; and evaluated the MOARS reports
       for national program status.

 +     Developed and  maintained integration of the asbestos NESHAP program with the
       OPPT AHERA program.

Inorganic Chemicals Section

 *     Developed and  maintained integration of the asbestos NESHAP program with the
       OPPT AHERA program.

 +     Provided the compliance coordination in development and maintenance of the
       Lead Strategy as part of the Agency's Lead Cluster Initiative,

 $     Coordinated the Compliance Rule Effectiveness program successfully completing
       14 Rule Effectiveness studies with an additional 13 in process,

Organic Chemicals Section

+     Set up and maintained technical coordinator workgroups with the Regional Offices
       for VOC (volatile organic compounds), Air Toxics and Radionuclides Compliance
       to enhance communications and to identify and resolve implementation issues
       related to the Clean Air Act and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.

4     Identified, conducted and completed 27 "Technical Agenda" projects, which
       provided technical support, policy guidance and training in inspection techniques
       to Regional, State and local compliance agencies in the areas of VOCs, air toxics
       and radionuclides.

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4     Developed 23 CFC plant-specific inspection manuals and an inspector training
       course to assist in the implementation of the Montreal Protocol on depletion of
       the ozone layer.

Regional Programs Section

4     Issued guidance on the "Timely and Appropriate Enforcement Response to
       Significant Air Pollution Violators which established a new standard for federal
       overfilling, revised the definition of SV,  and lengthened the timeline for addressing
       SVs.

4     Conducted reviews of Regional Office air compliance and enforcement programs
       which established baseline for evaluating progress and program effectiveness in the
       future.

4     Initiated pilot program for Air Compliance Planning and Oversight Guidance to
       give each state more freedom to establish program goals and commitments suitable
       to the unique circumstances of a state.

Compliance Monitoring Branch

4     Developed and coordinated all Clean Air Act Title VII rulemakings including: the
       monetary awards program; citizen suit; field citation; administrative penalty;
       contractor listing; and enhanced monitoring rules.

4     Assisted in the development of the Title VI Stratospheric Ozone Protection
       Program rules.

4     Created and enhanced two air compliance databases for tracking enforcement and
       inspection activities, the AIRS Facility Subsystem for stationary sources and ACTS
       for asbestos demolition and renovation projects.

Policy & Guidance Section

4     Published final rule providing Clean Air Act Administrative Hearing Regulations,
       February 4, 1992.

4     Coordinated the Clean Air Act Administrative Penalty Program which resulted in
       the filing of 100 administrative complaints for fiscal year 1992.  Also coordinated
       the 1992 Clean Air Act Administrative Case Initiative resulting in the filing of 52
       cases on May 20, 1992, with a total of over $4 million in pled penalties.

4     Submitted to OMB in February, 1992 the draft proposal package for the monetary
       awards program and in April,  1992 the draft proposal package for the citizen suit
       regulations.
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Compliance Analysis Section

4     Created a new, all encompassing air database, the AIRS Facility Subsystem, by
       merging existing compliance and emission databases. April 1990.

4     Developed the Compliance Monitoring Strategy and the Inspection Target Model
       in order for States to maximize their enforcement resources by targeting the most
       environmentally significant sources for inspections.  March 1991.

4     Developed a draft Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance Certification Rule as
       required by the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 to gain a better assessment of
       compliance over time by sources. January 1992.

Federal Program Section

4     Developed compliance monitoring strategies for regulations which require recycling
       of stratospheric ozone depleting chemicals.  1992.

4     Fully implemented the wood stove emission certification program. July, 1992.

4     Brought the first enforcement actions for violations of the Montreal Protocol on
       Substances that Deplete the Stratospheric Ozone Layer.  1990.

Air Quality Management  Division

4     Developed and issued rules required by the Clean Air Act and the 1990 Act
       Amendments, including rules to protect visibility in the Grand Canyon,
       requirements for State operating permit programs, designations  and classifications
       of nonattainment areas  for all pollutants and areas of the country, and rules for
       economic incentive programs.

4     Provided guidance and assistance to ensure  effective implementation of the 1990
       Amendments, including the General Preamble and NOX addendum to guide States
       in developing SIP's; holding a number of workshops on the final operating permit
       rules and on the new source review program; development of model operating
       permits, VOC rules, and SIP control strategies; issuing best available control
       measures (BACM) technical guidance documents; implementing a targeted
       program for reducing lead concentrations around major point sources;  and issuing
       the small business assistance program guidance.

4-     Provided management, oversight, and training to Regions and States through the
       Regional Memorandum of Agreements, the Regional air pollution training
       conference in Greensboro, North Carolina,  expansion of the network of air
       pollution technical training centers, and installation of training satellite downlinks
       in 60 State and local agencies.
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Ambient Standards Branch

4     Conducted cost, economic, and benefits analyses to support the development of
       the 1990 Amendments and major regulatory actions (e.g., operating permits,
       NESHAPS, and outer continental shelf rules).

4     Developed and supported economic incentive and other innovative strategies by
       conducting a national workshop on innovative regulatory strategies, developing
       EPA's economic incentive rules and support of the RECLAIM program in the
       South Coast Basin of California.

4     Supported visibility protection efforts by assisting.in the establishment of the
       Grand Capyon Commission and providing scientific and economic analyses for the
       impact assessments of the Navajo Generating Station.

Standards Development Section

4     Supported visibility protection efforts by assisting in the establishment of the
       Grand Canyon Commission and providing technical support for the visibility impact
       assessment of the Navajo Generating Station,  1990-1992.

4     Contributed programmatic and technical expertise to the development of the
       EPA's integrated lead strategy. February  1991.

+     Prepared exposure assessments and information on the direct health effects of
       sulfur dioxide, acidic aerosols, ozone, and  nitrogen dioxide for the Integrated
       Assessment Report of the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. 1989-
       1991.

Economic Analysis Section

f     Prepared an integrated assessment of the benefits associated with the 1990
       Amendments to the Clean Air Act.

4     Issued key analyses in support of the final rules for Operating Permits and Air
       Pollution from Outer Continental Shelf Sources, including the Regulatory Impact
       Analysis, Regulatory Flexibility Screening,  and Information Collection Request
       Analysis. June, August 1992.

4     Issued Regulatory Impact Analyses in support of the inclusion of SO2 controls in
       the Federal Implementation Plan for the Navajo Generating Station. February
       1990, January 1991.

Regulatory Strategies Section

4     Conducted national workshop on innovative regulatory strategies fqr ajr pollution
       control,  focusing on economic incentives.  January 15-17, 199JL

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 4     Developed framework for approvable economic incentive programs and drafted
       ru!es and guidance package targeted for proposal by year-end.  September 1992.

 *     Provided policy and technical input to the South Coast Air Quality Management
       District's effort to develop a Regional Clean Air Incentives Market (RECLAIM)
       in California and to other States developing market-based programs for air
       pollution control, through EPA grants. Ongoing.

 Permits Programs Branch

 Operating Permits Policy Section

 +     Published final rule setting minimum requirements for State air pollution operating
       permit programs.  July 21, 1992.

 4     Completed three national workshops, co-sponsored with the State and Territorial
       Air Pollution Program Administrators and Association of Local Air Pollution
       Control Officials on the requirements for approvable operating permits programs.
       August-October, 1992.

 4     Initiated model permits program designed to provide example permits for State
       and local agency use for over 60 source categories.  January 1992 (continuing
       project).

New Source Review Section

 4     Published final Wisconsin Electric Power Company (WEPCO) rules for new
       source review applicability for utilities undertaking environmentally-beneficial
       pollution control projects. July 21,1992.

 +     Completed five national workshops, co-sponsored with the Air and Waste
       Management Association, on the new source review permitting process. April
       1992.

 $     As part of the United States/Canadian air quality agreement, conducted two
       workshops with Canadians to explain the U.S. prevention of significant
       deterioration program.  May-September 1992.

Air Pollution Training Branch

 +     Developed and implemented training curricula and training centers for major CAA
       activities involving operating permits and inspector training.

 4     Continued delivery of technical training to over 6000 students and improved
       delivery capability by setting up a satellite network with 40 presentations scheduled
       in FY 93.  * -
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$     Developed new training evaluation procedures and a study to evaluate computer
       technologies to improve source inspection and permitting activities.

Training Development Section

+     Developed and implemented permit training curriculum for employees of State and
       local agencies.

4     Developed evaluation procedures for distance learning and improved evaluation
       procedures for self-study and short course presentations.

f     Initiated pilot  study to evaluate the capabilities of computer technologies to
       improve source inspection and permitting activities.

Training Delivery Section

4     Set up national system for delivery of training via satellite and scheduled 40
       presentations for delivery in the coming year.

4     Provided technical training through classroom presentations, self-study programs,
       and satellite delivery to more than 6,000 students.

$     Implemented a comprehensive inspector training program which provides intensive
       training through three levels, i.e., basic, intermediate, and advanced and established
       two similar centers for permit training.

Sulfur Dioxide/Particulate Matter Programs Branch

4     Directed activities to meet CAA deadlines, including nonattainment designations,
       submission of PM-10 SIP's, issuance of letters starting the time-clock for sanctions,
       reclassification of areas to "serious," and BACM technical guidance.

4     Provided implementation guidance and assistance including input to the General
       Preamble, model permits, example control strategies, and guidance for serious PM-
       10 areas.

+     Directed implementation of targeted  lead strategy focusing on identifying and
       correcting air quality problems around major point sources.

Program Development Section

+     Innovated monitoring techniques for  PM-10 and lead to produce more timely and
       efficient air quality assessments (similar development underway for S02).

+     Conceived the basis for strategic targeting of lead, PM-10 and SO2 air  quality
       problems based on their probable exposure risks to the population.
                                                                               11-19

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4     Improved understanding of nontraditional sources of PM-10 and their potential
       controls, coordinated with Departments of Transportation and Agriculture. [Best
       Available Control Measures and Fugitive Dust control guidance documents]

Policy and Guidance Section

*     Produced major portions of 1990 CAAA for Titles I (related to PM-10, SO2 and
       lead) and IV (acid rain), and provided critical support to related legislative
       activities.

4     Established the most comprehensive program guidance in over a decade to meet
       the new requirements of Title I for SO2, PM-10 and Lead. [General Preamble for
       Title I]

4     Assisted Regional Offices, States, and affected industries with national models for
       key program elements (permits, regulatory packages for SIP's, example control
       strategies, control techniques for stationary and area sources).

Implementation and Regulatory Section

+     Directed an unprecedented effort across several OAR and Regional Office units
       to resolve lead air quality problems in a targeted fashion; approach has been cited
       as a model for other programs to emulate.  [OAR component of EPA Lead
       Strategy]

4     Timely promulgation of nonattainment designations; coordinated a national effort
       for  timely submission of PM-10 SIP's, and secured nationally consistent actions
       where SIP's were not completed within CAA deadlines.

4     Developed a cooperative process with States to resolve regulatory SO2 issues
       threatening the success of key programs.

Ozone/Carbon Monoxide Programs  Branch

4     Published final General Preamble on preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide
       State implementation plans (April 16, 1992); prepared draft supplement to the
       General Preamble relating to oxides of nitrogen (November 1992).

4     Issued national designations and classifications of all nonattainment areas for
       ozone and carbon monoxide in response to th_e Clean Air Act Amendments of
       1990.  (11/6/91)

+     Provided implementation guidance am} assistance includfng model permits and
       RACT rules, RECLAJM support, and assistance iq developing EJPs in California.

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Strategies and Policy Section

4      Published final General Preamble on preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide
       State implementation plans (April 16, 1992); prepared draft supplement to the
       General Preamble relating to oxides of nitrogen. (November 1992),

4      Prepared draft and final technical guidance on preparation of ozone and carbon
       monoxide State implementation plans.  (July-November 1992).

4      Initiated the OAQPS Environmental Education Program. (October 1992).

Engineering and Rule Development Section

4      Coordinated OAQPS involvement in proposing and promulgating rules controlling
       emissions from outer continental shelf sources.  September 4, 1992,

4      Issued a set of model rules and permits for States to use in developing and revising
       rules for volatile organic emissions.

4      Developed a computerized system of all guidance for States and industries to use
       in controlling volatile organic emissions from stationary sources.

Program Oversight and Implementation Section

4      Issued national designations and classifications of all nonattainment areas for
       ozone and carbon monoxide in response  to the Clean Air Act Amendments of
       1990.  November 6, 1991.

4      Promoted and provided extensive support for innovative control strategies and
       market based economic incentives programs such as the South Coast regional clean
       air market.

4      Redesignated Kansas City, Kansas and Kansas City, Missouri from nonattainment
       to attainment of the ozone national  ambient air quality standard; and redesignated
       Atlanta, Georgia and Providence, Rhode Island from nonattainment to attainment
       of the carbon monoxide national ambient air quality standard. June-September
       1992.

Regional Operations Branch

4      Provided guidance and oversight of Regional activities through  implementation of
       the Memorandum of Agreement process, preparation of the air portion of the
       Agency's Program Specific Guidance, and management of the level of effort
       contracts for the Regions.

4      Issued in January 1992 the section 507 Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP)
       guidelines and accompanying documents:  the SBAP SIP Approval Checklist (May
       1992), Guidelines for Regional Office Implementation of the Federal Compliance

                                                                             JJ-21

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       Assistance Program (October 1992), Guidelines for Contractor Execution of the
       Small Business Assistance Program (October 1992), and A Guide for Small
       Businesses (September 1992).

 4     Held the annual Regional Office/OAQPS Air Program Training Workshop in
       Charlotte, NC (July 13-17, 1992), bringing together Regional and Headquarters
       staffs to present and have interchange on developing and recently issued air
       program regulations and policy.  Almost 400 people attended.

Regional Management Section

 4     Developed and  implemented the Memorandum of Agreement process between
       OAR and Regional Offices to provide management focus on the implementation
       of the Clean Air Act.

 4     Prepared Program Specific Guidance for use by the Regions and State and local
       agencies to assist in implementation of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
       requirements. (Issued June 19, 1992)

 4     Prepared a computerized work assignment managers' (WAM) training manual  that
       is accessible through the Air Quality Management Division's computer bulletin
       board system. This manual allows individuals to learn more about the
       requirements of contracts management and  processing work assignments. System
       also contains a "news flash" section that allows us to keep the Regions informed as
       to the latest information regarding contracts, new requirements, availability of
       contractors, etc.

Regional Activities Section

 4     Issued in January  1992 the section 507 Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP)
       guidelines and accompanying documents: the SBAP SIP Approval Checklist (May
       1992), Guidelines  for Regional Office Implementation of the Federal Compliance
       Assistance Program  (October 1992), Guidelines for Contractor Execution of the
       Small Business Assistance Program (October 1992), and A Guide for Small
       Businesses (September 1992).

 4     Completed initial round of SIP Processing Program Reviews in the ten Regional
       Offices.  Goal was to ensure that Regions are properly implementing their new
       SIP processing authority  granted under SIP  Reform. Results showed excellent
       application of Headquarters guidance on processing SIP's.

4     Held the annual Regional Office/OAQPS Air Program Training Workshop  in
       Charlotte, NC (July 13-17, 1992). The purpose is to bring together Regional and
       Headquarters staffs to present and have  interchange on developing and recently
       issued air program regulations and policy. Almost 400 people attend.
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Technical Support Division

4      Enhanced outreach effort concerning the availability of air quality, emissions, and
       other air pollution related information to the public through the Air Quality Atlas,
       the Airs Graphics system, early release of the 1991 Trends Report and
       maintenance/expansion of the OAQPS Technology Transfer Network (an
       electronic bulletin board system).  September 1992.

4      Established the Emission Inventory Branch and focussed its attention on successful
       implementation of O3/CO SIP emissions inventory requirements as mandated by
       the Clean Air Act amendments with 1992 designated as "EPA Year of the
       Emissions Inventory". September 1992.

4      Conducted an ongoing program of Regional model applications to assess the
       relative significance of VOC and NOX control strategies for ozone concentrations
       in the eastern U.S. which served as the technical basis for deliberations of the
       Ozone Transport Commission and for formulation of Agency policy on NOX
       control requirements. May 1992.

Emission Inventory Branch

4      Established the OAQPS Emission Inventory Branch with its focus on the O3/CO
       SIP Emission Inventory requirements as mandated by the CAAA of 1990 and
       designated "1992  -EPA Year of the Emission Inventory," to help achieve
       recognition of the new priority and importance of the emission inventory programs.
       September 1991.

4      Established a process for submittal and quality review of Inventory Preparation
       Plans (IPPs) as well as draft O3/CO SIP Emission Inventories and achieved 100%
       submittal of IPPs and about 70% submittal of the required emission inventories.
       September 1992.

4      Initiated activities of OAQPS, AREAL, and AEERL to pool resources for the
       development and scoping of air toxic emission inventory requirements for support
       of Urban Area Source Program and the Great Waters Program and other air toxic
       programs requiring emission information. January 1991.

Emission Factor & Methodologies Section

4      Published  and distributed results of review/update of Compilation of Air Pollutant
       Emission Factors, AP-42, its supplements, and related data bases/reports as
       required by Section 130 of the Clean Air Act through a Compact Disc format.
       May  1992.

4      Established an  active and cooperative source testing program with industry and
       other EPA entities to develop data for improved emission factors. May 1991.
                                                                             11-23

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+     Undertook and substantially completed a major effort to revise all of AP-42 in
       support of the ozone, PM-10, lead, toxics and global warming programs with
       results printed in AP-42.  October 1992.

Inventory Guidance & Evaluation Section

+     Issued necessary guidance for preparation of 1990     year emission inventories
       needed for preparation of ozone and carbon monoxide emission inventories and
       for the Emission Statement Program.  July 1992.

4-     Established guidance for EPA review and acceptance of 1990 base year emission
       inventories and implemented review process. January 1992.

4     Issued National Emission Trends Report for periods 1940-1990 and 1990-1991,
       October 1992.

Emission Measurement Branch

$     Developed and expanded the Emission Measurement Technical Information
       Center (EMMC) to advance the nationwide use of sound air emission testing
       methods and procedures and to facilitate technical communications via workshops,
       training videos, quarterly mailouts, the monthly newsletter Stacknotes, and an
       electronic bulletin board system including frequent updates of the Test Methods
       Storage and Retrieval System (TSAR) computerized information system. October
       1992.

f>     Developed Method 301 for the validation of air emission test data especially for
       circumstances when no reference method exists or when industry or air pollution
       control agencies have candidate alternative methods  such as for utilization in the
       Title III Early Emission Reduction Program. October 1992.

$     Developed, refined, validated, or proposed over 20 air emission test methods and
       conducted over 100 tests in support of emission factor and air emission regulations
       development for Title I, Title HI, Title IV, Title V and Title VII programs.
       October 1992.

Chemicals & Petroleum Testing Section

+     Developed, refined, validated, or proposed toxic air emission test methods and
       conducted highly complex tests targeted for 12 hazardous air pollutants at 8 paper
       and pulp mills in support of the integrated air emission and water effluent
       regulations. October 1992.

+     Developed and refined numerous criteria pollutant air emission test methods for
       support of the State Implementation Plans RACT fk-ups and the new source
       performance standards including VOC from coatings, condensible particulate
       matter, capture efficiency, and most recently revised continuous opacity monitor
       specifications.  October 1992,

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+      Developed air emission test Methods 25D, 304, and 305 in support of the RCRA
       treatment, storage, and disposal facilities regulation and the CAAA Title III
       Hazardous Organic NBSHAP which will regulate over 120 toxic pollutants emitted
       from synthetic organic chemical manufacturing industry facilities. October 1992.

Compliance and Implementation Testing Section

+      Developed the emission and parameter monitoring reference document for the
       Title VTI Enhanced Monitoring and Compliance Certification regulations package
       which will affect all major pollutants and major sources for all of the Title I and
       Title III programs. September 1992.

+      Developed numerous technical documents, data calculation spreadsheets, quality
       assurance procedures, test method cost models, site-specific test plan preparation
       guidelines, and test reporting format guidelines to improve the quality of emission
       data nationwide. September 1992.

4-      Developed and validated toxic emission methods for 8 toxic pollutants and
       developed Method 303 for the quantification and certification of coke oven leak
       observations in support of the regulatory negotiations for the Title III Coke Oven
       regulations.  October 1992.

Manufacturing & Combustion Testing Section

+      Developed extractive Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques
       for the measurement of stack emission to demonstrate that FTIR techniques are
       capable of quantifying numerous toxics from various source categories and will be
       a highly valuable additional tool for measuring the many toxics for which other
       means are not available or are very expensive or time-consuming. September
       1992.

$      Developed, refined, validated, proposed, or promulgated several emission test
       methods (for mercury, lead, cadmium, chlorine, bromine, dioxin,—) and conducted
       several tests in support of the Municipal Waste Combustor regulations I and II/III.
       October 1992.

4      Developed preliminary criteria for air emission sampling accreditation and actively
       participated  in and promoted the activities of the Environmental Monitoring
       Management Council in Agency-wide efforts of analytical laboratory accreditation
       and methods integration. October 1992.

Monitoring and Reports Branch

4      Served as Deputy  Team Leader of the Persian Gulf Risk Evaluation Team. April
       1991.

$      Directed the development of the Persian Gulf Regional Air Monitoring Plan
       which was endorsed by 22 nations. April 1991.

                                                                             II-2S

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 +     Accompanied the Administrator on a Presidential Fact Finding Mission on the
       environmental impact of the Kuwaiti oil fires.  May 1991.

 Data Analysis Section

 4     Annually published the National Air Quality and Emission Trends Reports.
       October 1992.

 +     Published the ozone design values which are the basis for the serious, severe and
       extreme nonattainment areas for ozone and the design values for CO and PM-10.
       October 1992.

 4     Initiated the Clean Air Indicators Project to track environmental indicators
       associated with the implementation of the 1990 Clean Air Act.  April 1991.

Monitoring Section

 +     Proposed the enhanced ozone monitoring regulations requiring the monitoring of
       volatile organic compounds, carbonyls, ozone, nitrogen oxides and meteorological
       variables.  March 1992.

 $•     Rebuilt the monitoring equipment infrastructure by obtaining 5 million dollars to
       replace aging equipment.  October 1991.

 +     Developed the Ambient Monitoring Technology Information Center (AMTIC) to
       facilitate the exchange of ambient  monitoring technology, guidance and regulatory
       information among State, local and foreign governments.  September 1991.

National Air Data Branch

 +     Greatly expanded the  functional capabilities of the Aerometric Information
       Retrieval System (AIRS) while successfully maintaining the software for
       continuous data entry  and retrievals of all air quality, emissions, and compliance
       data submitted to EPA by the States.  August 1992.

 4     Significantly increased the number of people and organizations using AIRS for
       both data entry, retrievals, and analysis, including a number of international
       programs (e.g., U.S.-Canada, U.S.-Mexico, World Health Organization) who are, or
       soon will be using the  AIRS software in their respective air management
       programs.  September 1992.

4     Completed major AIRS user-friendliness  projects including PC/mainframe
       interfaces, help screens, software, troubleshooting service, and new analytical
       capabilities such as graphics. September  1992.
n-26

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AIRS Section

f-     Developed a new subsystem in AIRS (the Area and Mobile Source Subsystem)
,,  ,v,  ,, that stores and retrieves State implementation plan (SIP) emission inventory data
       for area and mobile sources required to be reported under Title I of the Clean Air
       Act Amendments,  July 1992.

$     Enhanced and expanded the AIRS Facility Subsystem to (1) store and retrieve the
       SIP point source emission inventory data required to be reported under Title I of
       the Clean Air Act Amendments, and (2)  allow the updating of multiple years of
       emission inventory data. August 1992.

+     Maintained production version AIRS software for continuous updating of air
       quality, emissions, and compliance data into the national data base,  August 1992,

Operations & Maintenance Section

4     Completed two new user-friendly software products: the AIRS Graphics on the
       IBM mainframe and AIRS Executive on  the PC that provide all AIRS users with
       excellent graphics capabilities and management summary information from the data
       stored in AIRS.  September 1992,

$     Compiled detailed and comprehensive user requirements for the Title V Operating
       Permits program that addressed tracking of permit, notification of affected State
       agencies, and tracking of permit fees through interviewing and conducting
       workshops with attendees from EPA, State, and local agencies. July 1992.

4     Initiated extensive AIRS user-friendliness projects (i.e., help screens, and
       interactive access to codes) to simplify State data-entry capabilities.  January 1992,

Source Receptor Analysis Branch

$     Applied a comprehensive Regional-scale  ozone model to determine the relative
       effectiveness of VOC and NOX control strategies across the eastern U,S. which
       served as a substantial technical basis for deliberations of the Ozone Transport
       Commission.  May 1992.

4     Developed a sound statistical system for removing meteorological influences from
       ozone trends and identifying adjusted design values as a measure of the true
       effectiveness of control measures for ozone precursor pollutants.  November 1991.

4     Established a written  basis for considering the uncertainty of mathematical model
       estimates in air pollution control programs under a joint review by
       managers/modelers representing both EPA and State agencies,  April 1992.
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Model Application Section

4     Published comprehensive documentation and guidance on use of complex
       photochemical grid models in ozone attainment demonstrations as required by the
       Clean Air Act.  July 1991.

4     Developed a highly sophisticated mathematical modeling approach to simulate the
       effectiveness of control strategies for ozone over multistate areas and published
       results of the ROMNET study for the northeastern U.S. June 1991.

4     Published innovative modeling procedures for assessing risks due to  stationary
       sources of hazardous air pollutants in "A Tiered Modeling Approach to Assessing
       the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants."  March 1992.

Modeling Support Section

4     Implemented a comprehensive 64 line electronic bulletin board system to support
       technology transfer to State and local air pollution control agencies  as well as
       environmentalists throughout the world.  October 1991.

4     Implemented on the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Technology
       Transfer  Network the BACT/RACT/LAER Information System containing air
       permits from local, State and Regional  air pollution control agencies. September
       1992.

4     Implemented the Clean Air Act Bulletin Board providing fast and efficient
       electronic access to information on regulatory requirements, rules, policy/guidance
       documents, related to the Clean Air Act Amendments. May 1991.

Techniques Evaluation Section

4     Finalized revisions to Guideline on Air Quality Models and sent to the Office of
       Management and Budget, for review prior to final promulgation. August 1992.

4     Completed and provided the public with a revised computer code for the widely
       used Industrial Source Complex Model. March 1992.

4     Established a Memorandum of Understanding between EPA, the Forest Service,
       the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the National Park Service to identify air quality
       modeling techniques for assessing long-range transport impacts of new sources on
       Class I areas. November 1991.
11-28

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   Global Change
       Division
         Technology & Substitutes Branch
         Energy Productivity & Pollution
         Prevention Branch
         Green Lights Branch
         Methane and Climate Branch
                                                                  Office  of
                                                     Atmospheric  Programs
Stratospheric
  Protection
   Division
     Technology Transfer Branch
     Analysis & Review Branch
                                                              Program Implementation Branch
                                                                  Regulation Development & Operation Section
                                                                  Program Oytrsach Section
                                                              Program
                                                           Management
                                                                Staff
Acid Rain
 Division
                                                                                                                         Market Innovations Branch
        Allowance Market Section
        Energy Efficiency Section
                                                                                                                         Source Assessment Branch
                                                                      Continuous Emissions Monitoring Section
                                                                      Technology and Information Systems Section
                                                                                                                         Permits & Evaluation Branch
                                                                                                                              Permits Section
                                                                                                                              Evaluation and International Section
Organisation structure presented reflects a proposed office
reorganization currently in Green Border Review.

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 OFFICE OF ATMOSPHERIC PROGRAMS

 Global Change Division

 Methane and Climate Branch

 4     Started projects in former Soviet states to quantify opportunities for controlling
       natural gas emissions despite political uncertainty and unrest. Engaged private
       sector
       support for the effort.

 +     Developed projects in China, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, and Czechoslovakia that
       secured over $13 million of World Bank and other aid funds for developing
       countries (including initiating key demonstrations) to control methane emissions
       from coal mining. Completed agreement with China to consider methane in coal
       quotas. July 1992.

 t     Continued progress on four reports to Congress on (1) Anthropogenic Methane
       Emissions in the United States, (2) Options for Reducing Methane Emissions from
       Anthropogenic Sources in the United States, (3) Options for Reducing Methane
       Emissions Internationally, and (4) Current and Future Methane Emissions from
       Natural Sources. Ongoing 1992.

 Green Lights Branch

 4     Initiated Green Lights Program to encourage companies to install energy efficient
       lighting. Successfully recruited over 600 members, or almost 3% of all commercial
       and industrial space.

 4     Developed a Green Lights implementation assistance program that has produced
       software and surveying tools for lighting upgrades, and have trained over 830
       people to use the system. Developed a hotline and marketing and implementation
       staff that delivers over  16,000 pieces of information per month, utilizing
       sophisticated tele-marketing systems to track all prospective partners.

 4     Collaborated with NBC and our Green Lights allies and partners to produce and
       broadcast a television show supporting Green Lights. Secured well over $2.3
       million worth of PSA advertising  and ally advertising for the Green Lights
       program.

 Energy Productivity & Pollution Prevention Branch

 4     Launched the Energy Star program for computers, with 35% of the industry
       joining on first day. June 1992.

 +     Announced the Golden Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerator Program.  Program
       will give rise to an efficient CFC  free refrigerator that is 30-50% more energy


n-30

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       efficient than the 1993 DOE standard; The mechanism to get this refrigerator to
       market is a utility sponsored contest in which $30 million is awarded to the
       manufacturer that can produce the most cost effective units at the earliest time.
       July 1992.

4     Developed and supported plan to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through
       profitable voluntary programs.  Provided analysis forming the basis for the State
       Department document entitled U.S. Views on Global Climate Change. April 1992.

Technology & Substitutes Branch

4     Demonstrated new CFC-free technology for residential refrigerators that has the
       potential for energy savings of 8-16 percent over current refrigerator models.
       When in full use this technology could save Americans between $1 billion and $2
       billion per year on their electricity bills. February 1992.

4     Designed and funded development of a compressor based on a linear motor that is
       20 percent more energy efficient  than the  most efficient compressor in the world;
       Savings could exceed $14 billion if the technology is successfully commercialized.

4     Published report entitled Experimental Testing of R-22 Replacement Refrigerants
       in a Split System Residential Air  Conditioner. Report demonstrated  that  R-32
       mixtures can replace R-22 in heat pumps and air conditioners without energy
       efficiency penalty and with probable efficiency gain. September 1992.

Stratospheric Protection Division

4     Published final rule  to phase out  the production of Class I substances by  the year
       2000,  establishing an allowance program to allocate production (also drafted
       proposal to accelerate Class I phaseout by 1995).  July  1992.

4     Published final rule  to require recycling of refrigerants from motor vehicles, and to
       require that recovery technicians  and recovery equipment be certified.  July 1992.

4     Made significant progress in negotiations with Montreal Protocol Parties  to phase
       out Class I substances, to examine accelerated phase outs of both Class I and II
       substances, and to explore viable  destruction technologies for these substances.
       Ongoing.

Acid Rain Division                   ,:(  ,,

4     Developed  the Acid Rain Core Rules through a collaborative process facilitated by
       the Acid Rain Advisory Committee, which consisted of representatives from the
       regulated community, environmental groups, and academia. Ongoing, 1991-1992.
                                                                              11-31

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+     Promulgated the Acid Rain Core Rules: Allowance System, General Provisions
       and Permits, Continuous Emission Monitoring, Excess Emissions, and
       Administrative Appeals.  October, 1992,

4     Developed major implementation and outreach program involving Regions, States,
       and the regulated community.

Permits & Evaluation Branch

Permits Section

4     Published final rule establishing requirements utilities must meet in order to obtain
       a permit in the Acid Rain Program.  October, 1992.

4     Produced simple and clear permit application forms for utilities to use in applying
       for a permit under the Acid Rain Program.  October 1992.

4     Co-developed, with Regional offices, a streamlined approach for issuing permits to
       utilities participating in the Acid Rain Program.  November 1992.

Evaluation and International Section

4     Played key role in successful negotiation of US-Canada Air Quality Agreement,
       signed by President Bush and Prime Minister Mulroney. March 1991.

4     Developed TRAC Database which contains  compliance information for over 250
       Phase I units under Acid Rain Control Program. Ongoing 1992.

4     Published first progress report  under the US-Canada Air Quality Agreement.  Julie
       1992.

Source Assessment Branch

Technology and Information Systems Section & Continuous Emissions Monitoring
Section

4     Published final core Acid Rain Rule, establishing a precedent-setting market-based
       regulatory approach and setting new standards for the continuous monitoring of
       the pollutants which are major contributors to acid rain.

4     Completed a major eleven-week field study that will serve as a benchmark for
       insuring accurate monitoring of SO2 and NOx emissions from coal-fired utilities
       over the next decade. October 1992.
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Market Innovations Branch

Allowance Market Section

4     Published proposed rule setting the requirements for the tracking and transfer of
       sulfur dioxide emissions allowances under the Acid Rain Program. December 3,
       1991.

4     Published a proposed rule for allocating Phase I and II sulfur dioxide emission
       allowances to electric utility units affected under the Acid Rain Program.  July 7,
       1992.

4     Published final rule and delegated, to the Chicago Board of Trade, the  ;
       administrative functions for the auction and direct sale of sulfur dioxide emissions
       allowances under the Acid Rain Program.  December 17, 1992; September 25,
       1992.

Energy Efficiency Section

4     Published proposed rule establishing the Conservation and Renewable Energy
       Reserve allowance incentive program.

4     Developed the Conservation Verification Protocols to assist utilities and public
       utility commissions on regulatory policies for acid rain compliance and allowance
       trading.

4     Provided technical assistance to public utility commissions on regulatory policies
       for acid rain compliance and allowance trading.
                                                                               11-33

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       Office  of
Mobile Sources8
    Internal
  Operations
     Staff
Manufacturers
  Operations
   Division
     Manufacturers Programs Branch
          Selective- Enforcement AudiSnj Section
          imports SesScn
     Technical Support Branch
          Tssln j and Taehnotojy SacBon
          Survaillanq© Section
     Recall Branch
          Recall Ssctbn

          Waivers Section
                                                                                              Program
                                                                                            Management
                                                                                                Office
                                                        External
                                                         Affairs
                                                          Staff
                                                    Field Operations
                                                      and Support
                                                        Division
                                                          investigations and Enforcement Branch
                                                               Eastern BeW Qtfee I
                                                               EastsmReMOBeaH
                                                               Western Field    (Denver, COS
                                                                                                 Fiald Operations & Compliance Policy Branch
                                                               R»BlQral/Statrf.ocal Coordnatton Ssolon
                                                               Dala Management arid Analysis Section

                                                               Flans and Programs Section

                                                               Fuels Section
    Unless otherwise indicated, aS organizational unite on this page are located in Washington, DC.

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                                   National Vehicle and Fuel  Emissions Laboratory
    Engineering
     Operations
      Division
   ~~ Laboratory Engineering Branch
       Technical Analysis Branch
           Quality Control
           Correlation & Engineering Services

           Laboratory Projects
           Calibration & Maintenance
           Systems Development

           Facility Services

           Laboratory Automation
      Testing Programs Branch
           Heavy Duty Engine Testing
           Vehicle Acquisition
           Vehicle Testing
   — Fuels and Chemical Analysis Branch
All organizational unils on this page are irt Ann Arbor, Ml.
                                                                   Office of
                                                             Mobile  Sources'
                                                                 (continued)
                                                                         Certification
                                                                           Division
                                                Technology
                                               Development
                                                   Staff
    Director for
Regulatory Programs
   and Technology
                                                                            Program Development & Analysis Branch
Engineering & Technical Resources Branch
                                                                                                                       Compliance Programs Branch
   Regulation
Development and
 Support Division


—

Engine* Vehicle Regulations Branch

Fuel Studies and Standards Branch

Special Regulatory Projects Branch

Technology Evaluation & Testing
Support Branch
                                                                                         Emission Control Strategies Branch
                    Emissions Planning
                       and Strategies
                          Division
                                                  Transportation Section
                                                  I/M Section

                                                  Special Projects Section
                                                                                         Technical Support Branch
                                                                                              Pollutant Assessment Section
                                                                                              State Support 8, Regulatory Analysis Section

                                                                                              Engineering Section
                                                                                         Air Quality Analysis Branch
                                                  Model Development Section
                                                  Testing add Data Management Section

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OFFICE OF MOBILE SOURCES

Manufacturers Operations  Division

4     Formulated and coordinated the enforcement policies included in the various
       Mobile Source rulemakings associated with the Clean Air Act Amendments of
       1990.

4     Completed third year of innovative voluntary market-based, averaging, banking and
       trading emission credit program for heavy-duty motor vehicle engine
       manufacturers.

4     Established programs to measure and enforce in-use motor vehicle emission
       compliance at high altitude and emission compliance of heavy-duty engines.

Recall Branch

4     Obtained recall of over two million vehicles in FY 92 to correct high emissions.

4     Developed proposed regulatory language required by section 209(e) of the
       amended Clean Air Act (authorization of California non-road standards).

4     Developed EPA'S response to California's request for a waiver of federal
       preemption pertaining to the California Low Emission Vehicle Program.

Recall Section

4     Tested 42 engine families in FY 92 to determine compliance of in-use vehicles
       with emission standards.

4     Completed first phase of study of heavy duty engine rebuilding practices as
       required by amended Clean Air Act.

4     Completed EPA'S first heavy-duty  engine recall test program.

Waivers Section

4     Implemented Agency's order of recall of noncomplying 1988 model year Isuzu
       vehicles,

4     Coordinated development of enforcement strategies included in the various Mobile
       Source rulemakings required by amended Clean Air Act.

4     Completed EPA'S waivers  of federal preemption pertaining to California's
       proposed Motor Vehicle Warranty Program, 1993 Vehicle Emission Standards, and
       Gray Market Vehicle Program.
n-36

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Technical Support Branch

4     Trained the division in principles of Total Quality Management (TQM) and
       assisted Branches in initiating pilot projects which apply the tools of TQM to
       improve operational efficiency.

4     Implemented a Heavy-Duty Engine Recall Program which involved letting an
       engine procurement contract and working with the Engineering Operations
       Division to institute thorough equipment checks and set rigorous procedures in
       place to ensure the defensibility of emission results.

4     Completed more Recall  investigations than at any other time in the past ten years
       by improving efficiency within the section and using SEE personnel.

Testing and Technology Section

4     Developed High Altitude In-Use Vehicle Testing Program jointly with the State of
       Colorado to ascertain  compliance of motor vehicles at high altitudes.

4     Developed advanced testing capabilities for the Motor Vehicle Recall Program
       which enhances the ability to determine reasons for vehicle failures.

4     Implemented a Heavy-Duty Engine Recall Program which involved letting an
       engine procurement contract and working with the Engineering Operations
       Division to institute thorough equipment checks and set rigorous procedures in
       place to ensure the defensibility of emission results.

Surveillance Section

4     Developed capabilities to monitor Heavy-Duty Engine selection and testing for
       both the Recall and Selective Enforcement Auditing programs.

4     Expanded use  of computers and electronic communication resulting in better
       tracking of vehicles in the program and improved data transmissions with the
       contractor and other sections within the division.

4     Completed more Recall  investigations than at any other time in the past ten years
       by improving efficiency within the section and using SEE personnel.

Manufacturers Programs Branch

$     Settled the first civil penalty case for violations of the new Federal regulations
       governing imported nonconforming motor vehicles under the Clean Air Act against
       William D. Rogers d/b/a/ Village Imports. A consent decree was entered in
       Federal district court on  September 15, 1992.
                                                                               11-37

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*     Settled a civil penalty case against Mack Tracks Inc., (Mack) on April 8, 1992, in
       the amount of $323,872.00 for selling 177 new diesel engines used in heavy-duty
       trucks that did not meet Federal emission requirements under the Clean Air Act.

4     Completed third year of innovative market-based, voluntary averaging, banking and
       trading emission credit program for heavy-duty motor vehicle engine
       manufacturers.

Selective Enforcement Auditing Section

+     Shifted enforcement assembly-line emission testing emphasis from light-duty motor
       vehicles and trucks to heavy-duty engines which resulted in four heavy-duty audit
       failures and manufacturer certificate suspensions since  1989.

+     Developed and drafted proposed non-road engine emission enforcement program
       as directed by the amended Clean Air Act and met with non-road engine
       manufacturers  across country to explain current and future regulatory Federal
       emission requirements.

+     Audited heavy-duty engine manufacturers' participation in the averaging, banking
       and trading emission credit program and met with manufacturers to clarify areas  of
       confusion and inequity.

Imports Section

+     Conducted interagency coordination meetings and/or training sessions on federal
       emission requirements governing imported motor vehicles with the Department of
       Defense, Department of the Treasury (Customs), and General Services
       Administration and Department of State.

$     Inspected all Independent Commercial Importers that modify nonconforming
       motor vehicles imported into the United States which led to several enforcement
       actions to seek civil penalties under the Clean Air Act.

41     Conducted worldwide survey of the availability of unleaded gasoline to determine
       whether catalysts installed in U.S. version motor vehicles driven overseas are
       exposed to leaded gasoline.

Field Operations and Support Division

Field Operations & Compliance Policy Branch

Regional/State/Local Coordination Section

+     Published proposed (July 1991), supplemental (February 1992) and final (October
       1992) guidance and regulations for implementation and oversight of state
11-38

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       oxygenated fuel programs for the control of carbon monoxide pollution in 39
       metropolitan areas.

4      Published draft (June 1991) and final (December 1991) guidance for the
       enforcement of vehicle refueling vapor control (Stage II) programs to control the
       release of vapors that cause ozone (smog) development and prevent human
       exposure to other harmful emission from gasoline.  Notice of availability was
       published in April of 1992 in the General Preamble to Title I.

4      Coordinated implementation efforts for the oxygenated fuels and Stage II
       programs by preparing additional policy and guidance documents, other
       implementation support material, reviewing and commenting on regulations,
       coordinating training workshops and other support efforts.

Data Management and Analysis Section

+      Developed  computer system for states to use in implementing the new wintertime
       oxygenated fuels programs required under the CAA.  Sept. 15,  1992.

4      Wrote analysis of effects of oxygen in gasoline on ambient nitrogen oxide
       concentrations, for oxygenated fuels program. July 14, 1992.

4      Installed and configured a 60-user local area network to met office automation and
       data management  needs of CAA programs. April 1992.

Plans and Programs Section

4      Conducted  the 1992 Tampering Survey in 10 cities with the remote sensor being
       used in 6 or the 10 cities.

4      Initiated public information efforts to educate the public about revisions *^ the
       Clean Air Act.

4      Responded to approximately 4700 telephone calls and correspondence from state
       governments,  regional  offices, individuals and vehicle repair facilities regarding
       emissions control tampering and warranty issues.

Fuels Section

f      Denied, after extensive review,  a request by the Ethyl Corporation to allow the  use
       of the manganese-based additive MMT in unleaded gasoline. (January 22, 1992, 57
       FR 2535)

*      Expanded the allowable use of aliphatic alcohols and ethers in unleaded gasoline
       from 2.0 to 2.7 weight percent.  (February 11, 1991, 56 FR 5352)

4      Revised the fuel volatility regulations at 40 CFR 80 to allow for more modern
       testing        methods for the measurement of Reid Vapor Pressure.

                                                                              11-39

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Investigations and Enforcement Branch

+     Enforced the new volatility regulations throughout the nation by taking over
       10,000 samples and issuing numerous notices of violation.

f-     Developed, for upcoming publication in the Federal Register, enforcement portions
       of the reformulated gas and anti-dumping regulations.

4     Issued 260 notices of violation with proposed penalties of over $3.6 million for
       violations of the fuels and tampering provisions of the Clean Air Act.

Eastern Field Office I

4     Settled first case under the defeat device provision of the Amended Clean Air Act.
       July 9, 1992.

4     Agreed to a $600,000 settlement in a lead phasedown case against the Farmers
       Union Central Exchange (CENEX).  September 28,1992.

4     Issued Question and Answer policy document on the implementation and
       enforcement of the gasoline volatility regulations. May 1,1992.

Eastern Field Office II

4     Settled a major lead phasedown case against ARCO for  $500,000.

4     Issued new Tampering and Defeat Device Penalty Policy which incorporates
       changes in liability and penalty amounts as per the Clean Air Act Amendments.

4     Completed in a timely fashion a new REP and supported the Contracts Office in
       the issuance of a new three year inspection contract to address the current and
       upcoming requirements of the Clean Air Act through FY 1995.

Western Field Office

4     Settled three major lead phasedown cases;  Pennzoil/Linmar Seagull  (over
       $500,000), Joe Jewell (over $150,000), and Total Petroleum (over $75,000).

4     Developed guidance for implementing the new administrative litigation process for
       mobile source cases, as authorized by Section 205 of the amended  Clean Air Act

4     Developed,  in cooperation with the Office of Enforcement, delegations regarding
       enforcement authority under the Clean Air Act, and administrative litigation
       procedures and policies.
H-40

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Certification Division

Assistant Director's Staff

4      Coordinated public/industry outreach efforts for the nonroad study.  March-
       November,  1991.

4      Organized a June 1992 CRDA meeting to solicit nonroad advanced  emissions
       reduction technology proposals.  Over 50 companies attended representing
       nonroad industry, states,  public universities and private research organizations.

4      Initiated CRDA negotiations with the National Consortium for Emissions
       Reductions in Lawn Care.  Press conference held on August 7, ,1992 to announce
       its formation and plans to evaluate the environmental benefits of electric mowers.
       Administrator William Reilly welcomed the formation of the Consortium and
       pledged EPA's commitment to negotiate a CRDA in a timely manner.

Associate Director's Staff

4      Published final rule establishing cold ambient temperature emission standards and
       compliance procedures for passenger cars and light-duty trucks effective beginning
       with the 1994 model year. July 17, 1992

4      Published NPRM requiring vehicles to be equipped with on board diagnostic
       equipment capable of detecting problems likely to  cause significant increase in
       emissions.  September 24, 1991.

4      Conducted first industry-wide workshop aimed at organizing efforts and pursing
       specific actions to improve vehicle maintenance and repair. August  7 and 8, 1992.

Special Projects Staff

$      Completed and  published Section 213A CAA report, Nonroad Engine and Vehicle
       Study.  November 1991.

4      Completed large-scale assessment of actual driving behavior in Spokane, WA,
       Baltimore, MD, and Atlanta, GA. October 1992.

Certification Support  Staff

4      Published both the proposal and final rule implementing model year 1994 and later
       light-duty tailpipe emission standards ("Tier 1" rulemaking). March 7, 1991
       (NPRM); June 5, 1991 (FRM).

4      Transmitted  to the Office of Management and Budget the proposal  for the
       Certification Short Test.  January 3, 1992.
                                                                             11-41

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 4     Published the proposed rule and transmitted to the Office of Management and
       Budget the final rule revising light-duty vehicle emissions durability program
       requirements.  April 30, 1992 (NPRM); October 13, 1992 (FRM transmittal).

 Compliance Programs Branch

 4     Published final rule for Tier I exhaust emissions standards applicable to 1994 and
       later model year light-duty vehicles and trucks.  June 5, 1991.

 4     Published final rule for, and implemented, the collection of fees for mobile source
       emissions certification  and enforcement programs.  July 6, 1992.

 4     Certified over 700 engine families, processed over 1,000 fuel economy labels, and
       confirmed 32 CAFE calculations during FY 92.

 Program Development & Analysis Branch

 4     Achieved workgroup closure on proposed rule for controlling NOx emissions from
       nonroad engines larger than 50 hp.  October 1992.

 4     Implemented testing program to  investigate effectiveness  of various light-duty
       vehicle Certification Short Test procedures under consideration. December  1991
       through November 1992.

 4     Fostered and encouraged  a cooperative, consensus building relationship with
       manufacturers of nonroad engines and equipment.

 Engineering & Technical Resources Branch

 4     Achieved workgroup closure on proposed rule for controlling NOx emissions from
       nonroad engines larger than 50 hp.  October 1992.

 4     Published the Regulatory Support Document for the NPRM proposing regulations
       specifying On Board Diagnostic requirements.  September 1991.

 4     Developed and patented an OBD catalyst failure detection system; filed February,
       1991, Ser.# 07/660654.

 Testing Support Team

 4     Processed and analyzed approximately 300 emission tests per year in support of
       Clean Air Act mandated regulations such  as Cold CO emission, On Board
       Diagnostics, and the Federal Test Procedure Study.

 4     Reduced the processing burden of applications for Emission Certification of
       vehicles and engines by Independent Commercial Importers by approximately 50
       percent during  the 1991 and 1992 model years.
H-42

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Engineering Operations Division

4      Met all customer needs for emission and fuel economy testing of motor vehicles
       and analyses of fuels and fuel additives.

4      Constructed two major facilities for future testing and began installation of new
       dynamometers.

4      Entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement with the major
       domestic auto companies and the State of California to expand the technology of
       emission measurements system. This was the first such agreement for OMS.

Testing Programs Branch

4      Exceeded federal test     procedure equivalents (FTPE) target by performing
       3222 emissions tests on vehicle models at a very acceptable valid rate of 86.7
       percent.

4      Initiated rebuilt heavy duty engine testing to an approximate level of 581 FTPE's.

4      Supported other programs such as  CNG (compressed natural gas) Challenge,
       aftermarket PROM program, revised federal test procedure (FTP), Certification
       Short Test, etc.

Vehicle Testing

+      Due to the high variability of the VNORM values in the REPCA data (data on
       the variability of vehicle emissions  testing equipment), we developed a control
       charting strategy for the VMIX numbers. On a daily basis, data for each constant
       volume sampler (CVS) is collected, control charted, and analyzed by the test crew.
       This practice has paid twofold benefits in that the VMIX analysis, coupled with
       Tom Schrodt's TGI analysis, has resulted in a decrease in CVS drift/variability and
       the exercise has introduced control chart theory and practice to the test crew.

4      Developed and instituted Technical Training classes for the technicians. This
       training  allowed us to expand the responsibility and expertise of the test crew in
       order to meet the new testing requirements mandated in the Clean Air Act
       Included in this technical program  is statistical process control (SPC) training,
       which has allowed the test team to provide a more active role in the REPCA
       quality control program.

4      Vehicle  Testing accomplished a great deal in the area of Test Procedure updates
       and developments. One of the major projects completed was a major revision  of
       The Laboratory Computer System  (LCS) Test Analysis Program (TAP) Flag
       Directory.  This is a reference document that provides a guide for addressing TAP
       flag messages encountered by test operators. The TAP Hag Directory was revised
       to reflect modifications to the TAP software, and has been updated in general.
                                                                             11-43

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       error messages, changing background concentration limits, and disabling
       unnecessary warning and notice flags.

Vehicle Acquisition

4     Provided 364 In-Use Vehicles for testing which resulted in 1388 FTPE's which
       exceeded the in-use FTPE target by 152 FTPE's,

4     Initiated and implemented a new In-Use Vehicle Procurement Contract at a
       negotiated cost of almost $10 million for five years. It is NVFEL's first Award Fee
       Contract,

4     Established as a Work Assignment Manager to the Heavy Duty Engine Contract
       to increase efficiencies in direction and communications between the Divisions and
       the contractor.

Heavy Duty Engine Testing

4     Initiated in-use testing program for on-highway heavy duty engines to ensure
       compliance with applicable emission standards.

4     Initiated the writing of heavy duty engine test procedures that will be read world
       wide.

4     Established a work assignment manager for more efficient use of the heavy duty
       contractor.

Fuels and Chemical Analysis Branch

4     Developed superior method  allowing for analysis of oxygenated compounds in
       gasoline in support of the oxy fuels federal guidance to states.

4     Analyzed 2400 gasoline samples in support of the Agency's fuel enforcement
       program.

4     Continued efforts to complete development of several new methods in support of
       the Reformulated Gasoline Rule.

Laboratory Engineering Branch

Calibration & Maintenance

4     Maintained quality test equipment and sustained a low equipment void rate to
       provide for laboratory test operations.

4     Prepared test equipment for specialized test programs such as CNG, FFV and
       Revised FTP.
11-44

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4     Relocated test equipment to maintain current test capabilities while
       accommodating building construction activities.

Facility Services

4     Acquired (soon to be installed) next generation of electric dynamometers to
       replace existing hydrokinetic dynamometers to meet the challenges, expectations,
       and requirements of the CAAA.

4     Managed the on-site effort to construct a $3.5 million cold weather (Cold CO)
       emissions test facility and an expanded west soak area.

4     Managed an extremely diverse group of work efforts to support the building in the
       machine shop area, the shipping and receiving and supply area and in the area of
       facility related projects.

Laboratory Automation

4     Maintained a quality laboratory computer, networking and support services
       infrastructure.

4     Formally engaged in efforts to downsize minicomputer and mainframe computer
       systems to microcomputer technology.

4     Developed and implemented usage of new computerized analysis and report tools
       to support all vehicle testing programs.

Systems Development

4     Developed and coordinated the acceptance testing for the new electric chassis
       dynamometers ?nd consulted with the industry and other OMS groups on the
       implementation procedures and plans.

4     Provided extensive review and technical consultation on the construction of the
       new OMS Cold Test Facility, the implementation of the Cold CO regulations, and
       the performance testing of the CTF systems.

4     Prepared specifications to procure new sampling equipment, special test facilities,
       and automated data systems for revised evaporative testing and alternative fuels
       management. Prepared a comprehensive 3-year plan for equipping the laboratory
       to meet the needs of the CAAA.

Technical Analysis Branch

4     Improved vehicle test procedures by providing laboratory information to regulation
       development groups.

4     Lead OMS's activities  in providing assistance to Taiwan EPA

                                                                              11-45

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       Emphasized human resources development by training and professional
       development activities.
Quality Control

+     Monitored, reported, and facilitated the improvement of EOD's quality
       improvement efforts.

4     Emphasized TQM style process improvement in EOD documentation methods.

4     Moved toward a paperless information management system for procedure
       documentation.

Laboratory Projects

4     Represented OMS on the Environmental Research Consortium's Low Level
       Emission Measurement Panel to develop new technology emission test equipment.

4     Continued a study to measure the variability of emission test equipment during
       Federal Test Procedure testing.

4     Developed a technique for estimating and reported the number of diurnal
       enclosures (SHED's) needed to conduct the proposed Federal evaporative
       emission test.

Correlation & Engineering Services

4     Provided engineering and measurement systems support for Revised FTP testing.

4     Provided timely and comprehensive analysis of the comparison of manufacturer
       and EPA certification test data, a major component of the role that NVFEL plays
       in "leveling the playing field" of manufacturer self-certification testing.

4     Implemented statistical process control (SPC) of laboratory diagnostics helping to
       improve measurement precision by up to 65%.

Director for Regulatory Programs and Technology

4     NGV Challenge — EPA's contribution to the international student competition of
       alternative fuel technology was to perform the emissions and fuel economy testing
       at NVFEL. This was handled successfully by TDG leading to another noteworthy
       competition and the major sponsors, DOE, GM, and SAB, expressed their
       gratitude.

4     Thermal Energy Storage — Saving wasted heat and using it for improving emissions
       and fuel economy is a desirable goal. TDG searched out and acquired an example
       of thermal energy storage and in a  cooperative program with VW and Schatx
n-46

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       Thermo Engineering, conducted a series of tests using a flexible-fueled vehicle to
       quantify the emissions and fuel economy benefits of this new technology.

+      Two-Stroke Cycle Engine — In a cooperative program with the Orbital Engine
       Company and Ford, TDG conducted a test program to quantify the emissions and
       fuel economy of two prototype vehicles equipped with direct injection two-stroke
       cycle engines. Our testing was the first reported outside the industry for this
       technology.

Regulation Development and Support Division

Engine & Vehicle Regulations Branch

+      Proposed OEM vehicle, conversion and corporate average fuel economy (CAFE)
       standards for compressed natural gas and other gaseous-fueled vehicles.
       September 1992.

4      Reached agreement with California Air Resources Board regarding a compromise
       evaporative emission test procedure which addresses consistency concerns raised by
       industry.  August 1992.

4-      Proposed retrofit and rebuild program that achieves emission reductions from in-
       use urban buses at lowest possible cost. July 1992.

Fuel Studies and Standards Branch

f      Published a supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking reflecting the reg neg
       agreement reached in 1991 on the mandated reformulated gasoline program. This
       notice contained the Simple Model for predicting the emissions  performance of
       reformulated gasolines, the Phase I (1995-99) emission performance standards, and
       the anti-dumping program  to maintain emissions performance outside of the
       reformulated gasoline areas.  April 16, 1992.

*      Developed, with the Department of Energy and Agriculture and the White House,
       a plan for a substantial role for ethanol in the reformulated gasoline program
       which did not trade off the environmental benefits of the program. The President
     .  announced this program at a special press conference on October 2, 1992 at the
       White House.

4      Proposed an Emission Credits Trading Program for the mandated California Pilot
       Program.  The final rule completed Agency and OMB review in FY92 and will be
       published in early 1993.
                                                                            11-47

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Technology Evaluation & Testing Support Branch

4     Completed certification testing of Chrysler Corporation's first flexible fuel vehicle
       (EFV). April 1992.

4     Coordinated all testing of 24 U.S. and Canadian student natural gas vehicle designs
       as part of the 1992 Natural Gas Vehicle Challenge program. May 1992.

4     Developed test procedures for non-road engines and completed baseline testing on
       small non-road diesels.  September 1992.

4     Completed initial testing of emissions and fuel economy effects of high percentage
       gasoline/ethanol blends  (10-40% ethanol).  September 1992.

Special Regulatory Projects  Branch

4     Published proposed rule on health effects and emission testing as a requirement
       for fuel and fuel  additive registration.  April 15, 1992.

4     Published final rule for  the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program establishing a credit
       program, exemptions from transportation control measures, and new program to
       encourage the production and purchase of very clean vehicles, (Announcement
       scheduled for October 19, 1992)

4     Achieved internal Agency concurrence for the notice of proposed rulemaking for
       the Clean-Fuel Fleet Program covering heavy-duty emission standards, converted
       vehicles, and other  provisions. (Closure meeting October 14.)

4     Published final decision  document not to require onboard recovery of fuel
       refueling emissions, thus opening the way for implementation of Stage II controls
       in affected non-attainment areas.  April 15, 1992.

Emission Planning  and Strategies Division

Technical Support Branch

4     Issued guidance on how to prepare mobile source emission inventories including
       motor vehicles  and  non-road engines.  Procedures for Emission Inventory
       Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources. July 13,  1992.

4     Supported new inspection maintenance proposed rulemaking for new high tech
       I/M programs and published an evaluation of remote sensing devices for I/M.
       Evaluation of a Remote Sensing Device at a Centralized I/M Lane. Society of
       Automotive Engineers Paper 922315,  October 1992.

4     Compiled draft report on air toxics emissions from motor vehicles. Motor Vehicle-
       Related Air Toxics Study. July 1992.
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State Support & Regulatory Analysis Section

4     Published guidance on how to forecast and track vehicle miles traveled (VMT),
       Federal Register Notice.  Section 187 VMT Forecasting and Tracking Guidance.
       March 19, 1992.

4     Issued guidance on how to prepare mobile source emission inventories.
       Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV:  Mobile Sources, July
       13, 1992.

4     Initiated review of mobile source sections of draft 1990 SIP base year emission
       inventory submittals.  These sections include highway vehicles, nonroad engines
       and vehicles, locomotives, aircraft, and vessels. Final inventories are due
       November 15, 1992.

Engineering Section

4     Developed technical guidance, equipment specifications, and quality control
       recommendations for the new high-tech Inspection and Maintenance (I/M)
       programs (i.e., transient dynamometer test and evaporative system checks). A
       draft technical report was available when the Notice of Proposed Rule Making
       (NPRM) was published on July 13, 1992.  Provided various analyses relative to
       repairs and alternative test procedures for the Technical Support Document
       required for the rulemaking process. July 1992.

4     Initiated a series of industry standards for a common diagnostic plug,
       communication language, trouble codes, and tools which were adopted by the
       Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) in 1992.  Improved methods to  identify
       malfunctioning oxygen sensors and catalysts are currently in-progress.  Fabricated
       components for inexpensive repair-grade high-tech emissions test equipment.  June
       1992.

4     Published a report on the second test program conducted by the section comparing
       remote sensing technology to existing I/M procedures (October 21, 1992, SAE No.
       922315). Completed a third evaluation of remote sensing on September 30, 1992,
       which was the second program by the section that compared remote sensing to the
       high-tech I/M program.  September/October 1992.

Pollutant Assessment Section

4     Developed a motor vehicle exposure model, titled HAPEMMS,  that calculates
       national annual  average exposure to vehicle pollutants as a function of g/mile
       emission factors. Annual average exposure information is required to perform
       cancer risk assessments. Report: Application of the HAZARDOUS Air Pollutant
       Exposure Model to Mobile Source Pollutants, January 1992.

4     Developed the methodology and prepared nonroad equipment emission  inventories
       for 33 ozone and/or carbon monoxide nonattainment areas, as input for SIP

                                                                              11-49

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       inventories.  Inventories were derived at both the county and areawide level and
       reflect the updated CO and ozone nonattainment boundaries. The inventories
       contain information for 79 equipment types within each of three engine types.
       Draft report - Methodology to Calculate Nonroad Emission Inventories at the
       county and sub-county level. July 1992.

 +     Prepared first version of the motor vehicle-related air toxics report required by the
       Clean Air Act.  This 600-plus  page report contains the latest information on health
       effects, emission factors, exposure, and cancer risk for motor vehicle air toxics.
       July 1992.

 Emission Control Strategies Branch

 4     Published final rule setting performance standards for enhanced vehicle inspection
       programs. November 6, 1992.

 4     Published guidelines for transportation/air quality planning and transportation
       control measure information.  Spring/Summer 1992.

 +     Developed procedures for inventorying emissions from aircraft and locomotives.
       Summer 1991.

 Transportation Section

 4     Published guidelines for transportation/air quality planning and transportation
       control measure information.  Spring/Summer 1992.

l/M Section

 +     Published final rule setting performance standards for enhanced vehicle inspection
       programs. November 6, 1992.

Special Projects Section

 4     Developed procedures for inventorying emissions from aircraft and locomotives.
       Summer 1991.

Air Quality Analysis Branch

 4     Released the draft version of the MOBILES emission factor model for use in
       development of emission inventories for State Implementation Plans, August 28,
       1992.

 $     Set up an IM240 demonstration site in a Phoenix Inspection and Maintenance
       (l/M) lane for the North American Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference
       (NAMVECC), and successfully illustrated that the high-tech test is feasible for l/M
       programs. May 1992.
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4      Performed 583 reformulated fuels tests on 40 vehicles to provide information on
       effects of different fuel properties on automobile emissions. December 1991
       through September 1992.

Model Development Section

4      Released the draft version of the MOBILES emission factor model for use in
       development of emission inventories for State Implementation Plans. August 28,
       1992.

4      Rewrote and expanded the Tech 5 emission model used to estimate Inspection and
       Maintenance Program emission benefits to include NOx emissions and IM240
       transient testing procedures. March 1992.

4      Developed a methodology to use IM240 transient testing results from testing at
       Inspection and Maintenance program sites to estimate in-use vehicle emission
       factors. July 1992.

Testing and Data Management Section

t      Performed analyses supporting the Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) rule which
       improves our ability to identify high-tech cars and trucks that need repairs.
       November 1991 and September 1992,

4      Set up an IM240 demonstration site in a Phoenix I/M lane for the North American
       Motor Vehicle Emissions Control Conference (NAMVECC), and successfully
       illustrated that the high-tech test  is feasible for I/M programs.  May  1992.

4      Performed 583 reformulated fuels tests on 40 vehicles to provide information on
       effects of different fuel properties on automobile emissions. December 1991
       through September 1992.
                                                                            11-51

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OFFICE OF POLICY ANALYSIS AND REVIEW

$     Played a key role In EPA's efforts to obtain Administration support and
       Congressional approval of the new Clean Air Act, OPAR staff participated in
       virtually all of the White House/EPA and Congressional/Administration meetings
       leading to passage of the Act,

$•     Led the effort to document the benefits and costs of the 1990 Clean Air Act
       (including business and export opportunities and new jobs) and sponsored the very
       successful Clean Air Act Marketplace Conference.

$     Assisted the other OAR offices in developing and securing support for key
       regulations and programs (e.g,, permits, continuous emissions monitoring for
       powerplants, and the innovative Regional Clean Air Incentives Market
       (RECLAIM) in Southern California).  Represented OAR on EPA's Steering
       Committee and developed and taught course on regulatory development to OAR
       staff.

4-     Coordinated international activities for OAR and served as head of delegation for
       several Long-Range Transport of Air Pollution (LRTAP) negotiations.

$     Led OAR participation in important agency-wide efforts such as the petroleum
       refinery cluster, environmental equity task force, and the Deputy Administrator's
       Regulatory Improvement Initiative.
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OFFICE OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENT OPERATIONS

National Programs Staff

4     Provided staff support for the Clean Air Act Advisory Committee, who advise
      senior OAR and Agency policy makers on major issues affecting implementation
      of the Clean Air Act. The Committee issued three publications: "A Primer on
      Consensus Building," "An Introductory Guide to Smart Implementation," and "A
      Guide to Public Financing Options," November 1990 - Present.

4     Established a new consensus-building, consultative process for allocating state air
      grant funds to EPA regional offices. Since the signing of the Clean Air Act, EPA
      has increased the amount of state grants by 76 percent to $175 million. February
      1990 - Present.

4     Organized annual reviews by the Deputy Assistant Administrator and an OAR
      management team for the ten regional offices to assess implementation of air and
      radiation programs and assist in  resolving program issues. 1991  - Present.

Resource Management Staff

4     Established an OAR Resource Management Council with representatives from
      each OAR program to help ensure effective internal resource use, provide
      guidance on external resource management issues, and respond to OMB,
      Congressional and Agency budget directives.

Budget and Planning Staff

4     Managed development of budget request leading to a 93 percent budget increase
      for implementation of the Clean Air Act.  The OAR budget data system, which
      provides for detailed tracking of Clean Air Act programs and Agency themes and
      initiatives, has served as a model for other Agency offices. 1991 - Present.

4     Coordinated development of a new OAR-regional management process that
      includes: identification of national and regional priorities, negotiation of
      Memoranda of Agreement (MOAs), and reporting of implementation progress.
      The MOAs, which are signed by the Assistant Administrator and Regional
      Administrators, include an agreed upon set of activities that implement the
      national and regional priorities.  The MOA process has also served as a model for
      other agency offices.  1991 - Present.

4     Developed and coordinated improved systems for tracking implementation progress
      under the Clean Air Act, including the Office of Air and Radiation Management
      System (OARMS) and an MOA Reporting System for tracking regional progress
      in meeting MOA commitments.  The budget and Planning Staff also prepared the
      second two-year "Implementation Strategy for the Clean Air Act Amendments of
      1990." 1991 - Present

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Radiation
 Studies
 Division
   Radiation Studies Branch
   Radiation Assessment Branch
        Remedial Guidance Section
        Remedial Technology Section
           Las Vegas
             Facility
                                                             Office  of Radiation
                                                                and  Indoor Air
              Field Studies Branch
               Evaluation Branch
Criteria and
 Standards
  Division
     Waste Standards & Risk
     Assessment Branch
                                             Waste Standards Sector*
                                             Risk Assessment Section
                                         Policy & Emergency Response Branch
                                             Policy and Public Information Secton
                                             Emergency Response Section
                                         Air Standards & Economics Branch
                                             NESHAPS Development Section
                                             Implementation and Technical Support Section
                                                                                    Program
                                                                                 Management
                                                                                     Office
 Radon
Division
   Mitigation Prevention & Quality
   Assurance Branch
                                                                   Control Technology Section
                                                                   Quality Assurance Section
                                                               Policy & Public Information Branch
                                                                   Policy Section
                                                                   Public Information Section
                                                                                                   Problem Assessment Branch
                                                                   Survey and Data Analysis Section
                                                                   Measurement and Characterizafon Section
Indoor Air
 Division
   Analysis Branch
                                                                                                         Implementation Branch
                                                                                     National Air and
                                                                                 Radiation Environmental!
                                                                                        Laboratory
                                                                                            Monitoring & Analytical Services Branch
                                                                                                                                Environmental Studies Branch
                                                                                                                                Natural Radiation Assessment Branch
                                                                                                                               Technical Support Branch

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OFFICE OF RADIATION AND INDOOR AIR

Criteria and Standards Division

*     Issued NESHAPs for radionuciides on October 31,1989.

$     Published guidance to states on actions to protect the public from radiological
       accidents and emergency in November 1991.

4     Surveyed the radiation risks from air emissions from NRC-licensees in the spring
       of 1992 and estimated that over 99 percent were less than the acceptable level of
       10 mrem/yr.

Radiation  Studies Division

Radiation Assessment Branch

Remedial Guidance Section

+     Developed, for Superfund, Risk-Based Preliminary Remediation Goals for
       Radioactive Contaminants. December 1991.

f     Established an ongoing radioactive material cleanup program with the Department
       of Energy for Technical Cooperation in the areas of:  Criteria and Guidance
       Development,  Site-Specific Assessments, Environmental Monitoring and Quality
       Assurance/Control, Technology Development Support for Clean-up/Waste
       Minimization, Training.

$     Established cooperative program with the Department of Defense to facilitate
       cleanup of radioactive contamination at active military installations and those
       preparing for closure.

Remedial Technology Section

4     Initiated, in cooperation with the office of Administration and Resource
       Management, a comprehensive program to protect the Safety and Health of EPA
       employees who deal with radioactive materials. May 22, 1991.

4     Successfully tested a pilot plant designed to treat radioactive soil from the
       Montclair, NJ Superfund site. September 30, 1992,

Radiation Studies Branch

$     Developed and published two public outreach documents:

             Questions and Answers About Electromagnetic Fields [Working Draft],
             August 1992

                                                                          11-55

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             Electromagnetic Fields In Your Environment [Draft], September 1992

$•     Supported (in part by grant) the publication of the SCIENCE magazine article
       entitled: "Containing Costs of the EMF Problem," by Keith Florig. July 1992.

$     Published for presentation at the 85th Annual Air and Waste Management
       Association meeting the paper entitled: "Personal 24-Hour Magnetic Field
       Exposures. Lynne Gillette and Doreen Hill. June 1992.

Las Vegas Facility

f     Completed and began distributing CAP88-PC, version 1.0, a software package to
       determine dose from radionuelide emissions to air from Department of Energy
       (DOE) facilities. Over €00 copies of CAP88-PC were distributed to scientists in
       State agencies, DOE facilities, industry and academic institutions in 1992.

4-     Verified dose calculations for Los Alamos Mason Physics Facility (LAMPF), as
       part of NESAHPS audit of Los Alamos National Laboratory at request of EPA
       region 6.

4     Assessed Yucca Mountain, Nevada, site for dose and risk resulting from carbon-14
       emissions from proposed geological repository for high-level nuclear waste,

4     Performed a collaborative laboratory study with the International Atomic Energy
       Agency (IAEA) to test integrating radon detectors under icvere environmental
       conditions. The results of the study will be used to select measurement devices  for
       the IAEA "Radon in the Human Environment" worldwide indoor radon study.

+     Performed the National Ambient Radon (NAR) Study as mandated by Title III  of
       the Indoor Radon Abatement Act, Section 303 (3).  Results of the study were
       published and presented at the 1991 International Symposium on Radon and
       Radon Reduction Technology,

4     Established a Radons Instrument Evaluation  Program that to date has performed
       over 100 instrument evaluations. The program qualifies measurement devices and
       instruments for participation in the National Radon Measurement Proficiency
       Program (RMP).

National Air and Radiation Environmental Laboratory

4     Established a Technical Support Center (TSC) at the National Air and Radiation
       Environmental Laboratory to provide technology-based assistance to Superfund
       cleanup sites.  March 1992.
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4      Completed phase one in establishing a mixed waste analytical capability, including
       personnel identification, design of laboratory space requirements, and purchase of
       key instrumentation.  September 1992.

4      Began functioning as a collaborating center for the World Health Organization's
       Global Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network, an international monitoring
       initiative begun in response to Chernobyl. April 1992.

Radon Division

4      Established national coalition of public health, consumer protection, building and
       real estate organizations to reduce the public health risks of radon.  The Radon
       Division has brought together organizations  as diverse as the National Association
       of Counties, the American Lung Association, the Ad Council,  and the National
       Association of Homebuilders to raise public  awareness of radon to nearly 70
       percent and reduce public health risks from radon. Already, nearly 10 percent of
       American homes have been tested, hundreds of thousands have been fixed, and
       well over a hundred thousand new homes have been built with radon resistant
       features.

4      Ensured quality radon testing and mitigation services for the American public.
       The Radon Division's revamped measurement device proficiency program (1990)
       and new proficiency programs for individual  testing and mitigation contractors
       (1991), coupled with  the new Citizen's Guide to Radon (1992), have provided
       citizens with sound advice and services to address radon problems.

4      Refined EPA's radon health risk assessment and established national estimates of
       the extent of radon problems in homes and schools.  The Radon Division
       completed national surveys of radon  levels in homes (1991) and schools (1992)
       and, in cooperation with the National Academy of Sciences and the Science
       Advisory Board, revised its national radon risk estimate to 7,000 to 30,000 annual
       lung cancer deaths attributable to residential radon exposures  (1991).

Indoor Air Division*

Analysis Branch

4      Developed a policy strategy brochure on EPA's Indoor Air Pollution program
       describing the Agency's multifaceted  approach to reducing citizen's exposure to
       indoor pollutants. September 1992.

4      Completed and distributed the architect's primer, Designing for Good Indoor Air
       Quality. November 1991.
     The Indoor Air Division was part of the Office of Atmospheric and Indoor Air
Programs (now the Office of Atmospheric Programs) when these activities were conducted.

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 4     Developed the Building Assessment Survey and Evaluation (BASE) program to
       investigate and study indoor air quality in office buildings.  As of October 1992,
       the BASE survey was at Office of Management and Budget awaiting clearance.

 Implementation Branch

 $     Completed and distributed an indoor air quality guide Building Air Quality: A
       Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, The guide was issued jointly by
       EPA and the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. February
       1992.

 4     Developed orientation course for building owners and managers to acquaint them
       with the Building Air Quality Guide. Delivered course nationwide in cooperation
       with the Building Owners and Managers Association. Ongoing 1992.

 4     Provided "Orientation to Indoor Air Quality" course to 1200 state and local
       environmental and public health officials nationwide. Ongoing 1992.
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International
 Activities
 Division
       Management &
       Administration
          Division
                                                           Office of
                                                     General Counsel
                                                                  I
 Air and
Radiation
Division
  Cross-Media
  Analysis and
Review Division






National Standards Branch

Acid Rain/Racliation Branch

Stats Implementation Plans Branch

Mobile Sources/Stratospheric
Ozone Braneh
        Pesticides &
      Toxic Substances
           Division
    Contracts,
  Information, and
General Law Division
Inspector
General
Division
      Grants, Claims and
       Intergovernmental
           Division
      Solid Waste &
   Emergency Response
         Division
    Water
   Division

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OFFICE OF GENERAL COUNSEL

Air and Radiation Division

4     Principal legal advisors to the Agency's air and radiation programs and others
       concerned with the implementation of the Clean Air Act.

4     Principal drafters, under policy guidance of OAR, of President's proposed
       amendments to the Act that were ultimately enacted, with changes, as the Clean
       Air Act Amendments of 1990.

+     Principally responsible, with the Department of Justice, for the defense of
       litigation under the Clean Air Act and other statutes affecting Air and Radiation
       programs.

4     As part of that responsibility, have successfully settled numerous lawsuits brought
       against the Agency alleging failure to comply with statutory deadlines to
       promulgate a number of rules.

National Standards Branch

4     Provided extensive legal support to OAR in the development of the operating
       permit program regulations. This extraordinarily complex and important regulation
       is expected to supply the framework for the implementation of the various
       programs affecting stationary sources under the Clean Air Act amendments. Many
       of the controversial issues involve novel questions of legal interpretation.
       Currently working with the Department of Justice to orchestrate a defense of the
       rule against a wide ranging series of challenges in court.

4     Assisted OAR with proposed regulations for the organic chemicals industry (the
       Hazardous Organics NESHAP or HON). Helped OAR devise a legal strategy that
       would allow for the use of a broad bubble approach for compliance with emissions
       standards for the organic chemicals manufacturing industry. The bubble approach
       is associated with considerable cost savings, and is expected to become the
       template for subsequent MACT standards issued under the air toxics program.

$     Provided legal support on an ongoing basis to assist OAR in the implementation
       of Clean Air Act air toxics programs.  For example, played a key role in the early
       reductions rule, which provides incentives for industry to reduce emissions of air
       toxics well before the required MACT standards go in place.  Also heavily involved
       in all the rulemakings being undertaken in the air toxics area. Exploring with
       OAR ways to integrate the air toxics program with the permits program.

4     Played a major role in developing strategies for settling lawsuits based on EPA's
       failure to meet statutory deadlines for review of the ozone NAAQS and the SO2
       NAAQS.
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Acid Rain/Radiation Branch

*      Provided extensive counseling services to Acid Rain Advisory Committee, which
       was instrumental in laying foundation for acid rain program, and provided in-depth
       assistance in drafting acid rain rules and negotiating with Administration during
       interagency review.

4      Worked closely with air program staff to develop guidance documents
       implementing revised new source review provisions of 1990 Amendments, and was
       instrumental in negotiating "WEPCO" rule within the Administration.

State Implementation Plans Branch

+      Teamed up with OAR staff to produce the Title I General Preamble, the first
       comprehensive guidance for States and the public on how to implement the State
       Implementation Plan (SIP) provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
       Took an active role in creating interpretations of the Title I provisions  that
       maximize the States' flexibility while still advancing the goals of the new statute.
       Instrumental in negotiating the provision of the General Preamble within the
       Administration,

Mobile Sources/Stratospheric Ozone  Branch

4      Played a key role in  the reformulated gasoline regulatory negotiation. These
       exceedingly complex negotiations  led to an agreement signed by all the relevant
       interests, including environmental groups and industry, that achieved the sought-for
       environmental gains  of the program at the lowest cost, and included innovative
       trading and averaging provisions for that purpose.

*      Helped develop the  CFC phaseout rules. The provisions of these rules needed to
       be developed in large part by OGC, in part because of difficult legal problems in
       reconciling the requirements of the 1990 Amendments to the Clean Air Act with
       the requirements of  the Montreal Protocol.  OGC's contribution assured that the
       rules were issued on time to provide the needed guidance to the regulated
       community.
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                      Office of
                Congressional and
                 Legislative Affairs
Legislative
 Analysis
 Division
Congressional
  Liaison
  Division

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OFFICE  OF CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE AFFAIRS

4      Assisted in the design of a comprehensive legislative strategy to reauthorize the
       Clean Air Act in a fashion consistent with the Administration's prerogatives.
       Aided in the formation of the Administration's initial Clean Air proposal by
       determining congressional sentiment on a variety of policy options.  Recruited
       congressional cosponsors  for the Administration's Clean Air proposal to Congress.
       (February 1989 - July 1989).

4      Established bipartisan consensus-building relationships in the Congress during
       Clean Air Act reauthorization to help shape effective and balanced regulatory
       policy.  Coordinated the exchange of communication between the Agency and
       Capitol Hill.  Closely monitored and documented congressional activity throughout
       reauthorization.  (July 1989 - November 1990).

4      Communicate  the Clean Air Act implementation to members of Congress and
       their staff in a manner which enhances support for the Administration. Assist in
       the preparation of Agency witnesses who go before Congress to testify in oversight
       and  investigative hearings. Provide  Clean Air Act briefings and implementation
       documents to the Congress on a routine basis.  (November 1990 - present).
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       JL
   Office of
     Civil
Enforcement
 Office of
 Federal
Activities
    Pesticides & Toxic
       Substances
   Enforcement Division
    Air Enforcement
       Division
                                                Office of
                                             Enforcement
                                                      Office of Compliance
                                                          Analysis and
                                                       Program Operations
 Special Programs
   and Analysis
     Division
        Southern and Western Branch
  Federal Agency
     Liaison
     Division
         Water
      Enforcement
        Division
       Superfund
      Enforcement
        Division
         RCRA
        Division
  Office of
  Criminal
Enforcement
      Criminal
     Operations
      Division
     Engineering
     Operations
       Division
   National
Enforcement
Investigations
   Center
   Planning and
   Management
     Division
    Laboratory
     Services
     Division
                                                                            Operations
                                                                             Division
    Office of
Federal Facilities
  Enforcement
      Enforcement
     and Compliance
         Division
        Program
       Operations
        Division

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OFFICE OF ENFORCEMENT

Air Enforcement  Division

Northern Branch

+      Coordinated August 22, 1989 Asbestos Enforcement Initiative in which seven
       Regions filed 13 civil actions simultaneously against 34 named defendants at over
       100 different sites nationwide alleging violations of the Clean Air Act's asbestos
       NESHAP pertaining to demolition and renovation operations. This critical area
       requires a strong enforcement effort if the Agency is to ensure acceptable levels of
       compliance.

+      Played significant role in the drafting of title VII of the Clean Air Act
       Amendments of the 1990, the provisions which enhanced the Agency's
       enforcement authorities.

^      Supplied a number of CAA cases to the August 5, 1992 cross-media Benzene
       Initiative prosecution and settlement of which will result in significant reductions
       of the amount of this hazardous chemical emitted to the air.  Two of these cases
       have already been settled, resulting in penalties of $1.3 million.

Southern and Western Branches

4      Pursued and settled as lead enforcement office seven actions against importers of
       chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).  Five actions were filed simultaneously as part of the
       June 29, 1990 CFC importer enforcement initiative.  These efforts recovered
       almost $400,000 in penalties and forced the violators to cure the potential
       environmental harm from illegal importation of more than 230,000 kilograms of
       ozone-depleting chemicals.

+      Won an important ruling in federal district court that contractors who operate
       federal facilities can be held liable for their violations of the Clean Air Act.
       Following the January 3,  1991 ruling,  a defense contractor paid a penalty of
       $350,000 to settle EPA's  action alleging CAA violations at a fighter plane
       manufacturing facility.  The contractor had enjoyed no economic benefit from its
       noncompliance because the Air Force was responsible for all costs of installing
       control equipment.

$      Coordinated nationwide filing of 52 Clean Air Act administrative penalty cases
       seeking more than $4 million  in penalties  for a variety of violations. Filed on May
       20, 1992 in 26 States and Puerto Rico, the cases marked the first use of new
       administrative enforcement authority granted by the new Clean Air Act.
       Administrative penalty actions, with their streamlined litigation procedures, allow
       EPA to expend  moderate resources on middle-range but important cases, and to
       reserve more resources for judicial litigation in larger, more complex cases.
                                                                             11-65

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Communications
   Planning
   Division
    Press
   Relations
   Division
                                 Office of Communication,
                                       Education, and
                                        Public Affairs
Mufti-Media
 Division
Public Liaison
  Division
                                                           Editorial
                                                           Services
                                                           Division
Environmental
 Education
  Division

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OFFICE OF COMMUNICATIONS, EDUCATION, AND PUBLIC
AFFAIRS

Communications Planning Division

4     Directed production of a publication on air pollution issues for a lay audience to
      inform them and convince them that they can make a significant contribution to
      the solution of air pollution problems. November 1992.

Public Liaison Division

4     Informed affected members of the public about OAR regulations and other
      announcements. Made sure that they received copies of the regulations and
      background information in a timely fashion.  Responded to public inquiries.
      Ongoing.

4     Conducted targeted outreach effort on the drycleaner NESHAP through
      appropriate trade press and trade associations, including facilitating translation into
      appropriate languages.  November, 1991.

4     Created linkage between EPA and the American Automobile Association, leading
      to partnerships on many OAR mobile source issues.  Acted as a catalyst for
      continued cooperation.  Ongoing.

4     Provided ongoing support, recommendations, and marketing to advance OAR's
      voluntary initiatives (e.g., "Green Lights" and "Energy Star" computers). Ongoing.

Press  Relations Division

4     Helped OAR reach targeted audiences through the daily and trade press,
      magazines, television, radio, and other media channels with major OAR
      announcements. Ongoing.

Editorial Services Division

4     Reviewed, edited, and helped with graphics,  layout, and production of numerous
      OAR publications.  Ongoing.

4     Featured several major air issues in "EPA Insight", the EPA employee newsletter.
      August, 1992.

Multi-Media Division

4     Reviewed and provided communications advice on radio and TV public service
      announcements and videotapes. Ongoing.
                                                                         11-67

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       Coordinated production of nine ABC radio spots with interviews of top OAR
       personnel on various air Issues. July and August, 1992.
H-68

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                    Office of
            Regional Operations antf
              State/koeaf Relations
 Regional
Operations
 Division
State/Local
 Relations
 Division

-------
OFFICE OF REGIONAL OPERATIONS AND STATE/LOCAL
RELATIONS

4     Informed state and local governments, associations and D.C. state officials about
      OAR regulations and major announcements. Helped them reach these targeted
      audiences through constituent briefings, by facilitating meetings with
      intergovernmental representatives and by arranging OAR representation at
      association meetings. Ongoing.

4     Reviewed and edited numerous OAR publications. For example, twelve booklets,
      five leaflets, three fact sheets and several TV, radio and videotape PSAs. Ongoing.

+     Reviewed and provided communications advice on the regional and
      intergovernmental aspects of most OAR communications strategies. Ongoing.
H-7Q

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EPA REGIONS
                                   •Rl

-------
REGION  I - BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS

Air, Pesticides and Toxics  Management Division

$     Active, intra-Divisioil CFC outreach efforts included over 3D presentations at
       workshops across New England to industry grbujJS, Mitti find municipal officials
       and citizen groups; mailing of Region I - develdpea infdritia'tibri packet to several
       hundred groups, companies and individuals requesting CFC inforniatibn; diitreaeh
       strategy under preparation will include two major CFC conferences in FY93.
       FY92.

4     Region greatly improved relationships with state arid federal traiistk)rtatibn officials
       by holding meetings in five states to discuss conformity subm'ittals, cfanductiiig
       three workshops on mobile sburte programs arid modeling to" rildfe thaii 100 state
       and federal Highway and environmental staff, arid htildirig ftieetirigs in three states
       to discuss appropriate uses and documentation for CMAd funds.  FY92.
       Working with tte Region, states niade stibltaatlil pltilteis M £tdbph
       regulations foi: VOC saiifces and in submitt}ft| draft MSB yMf Bm'i^sib'ns
       inventories between May a*nd August of 1992.

       The launching of Region I corriplianee monitoring enfortenient initiatives resulted
       in nine administrative orders and two administrative peiialty order! targeted at
       NSPS commercial boilers, sewage sludge incinerators, NESftAP benzene facilities;
       municipal waste colnbustbrs, piilp Mrid paper facilities anil rrifteeltahetous inbtal
       parts operations.  March 1992.

       Joint conference with MIT brought together corporate and utility company
       executives, academia; states and erivironiilfcrital groups, Administrator Reilly and
       Governor Weld to kickoff ENERGI (EPA Jferth East Regibn Green Initiatives)
       highlighting market-based, voluntary energy efficiency including Green Lights,
       Golden Carrot Super Efficient Refrigerator Program' and Energy fetar Computer
       Program, and generated committoents to these initiatives.  May
H-72

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REGION  II -  NEW YORK,  NEW YORK

Air and Waste Management Division

4      Undertook ail initiative under the Air Toxics Early Reduction Program, involving
       the largest chlorofluorocarbon producer in the country and another facility, that
       resulted in the planned reduction of 1.5 million pounds in air toxics emissions.
       (August, 1992)

4      Completed a report on a project that evaluated air quality and health risks in the
       Staten Island, New York and northern New Jersey areas.  (September 30, 1992)

$      Took enforcement action against a major steel facility for improper removal of
       thousands of square feet  of asbestos that resulted in the largest penally ever
       assessed against an asbestos source to date ($6.9 million). (January, 1992)

+      Undertook a pollution prevention initiative that resulted in actual emissions
       reductions of 10-90% at ten facilities and a commitment by five facilities to achieve
       50-90% emissions reductions by 1995.  (July, 1991)

4      Took enforcement action against six of the largest bakeries in the Region,
       resulting in anticipated penalty collections of over $1 million and reduction of
       volatile organic compounds itt excess of thousands of tons.  (September, 1991)

4      Recruited 84 participants in the Green Lights program, including 7 of the Region's
       13 electric utilities, 10 Fortune 500 companies, 8 colleges, and one Territorial
       government.** (September 30,  1992)
                                                                            11-73

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 REGION  III - PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

 Air, Radiation and Toxics Division

 4     Performed thousands of hours of outreach initiatives under the Clean Air Act
       Amendments.

 4     Provided written comments on over 110 draft and proposed state regulations and
       testified at more than twenty public hearings. As a result, Region III anticipates
       completion of upwards of 90 percent of the submittals due November 14, 1992 by
       the end of calendar year 1992.

 *     Strongly supported the formation of the Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management
       Association (MARAMA) — which encompasses the contiguous state air agencies
       from New Jersey to North Carolina.  The Region attends all meetings striving to
       provide for consistent, cost-effective implementation  of the Act.

 f     In FY92, settled eight civil judicial referrals resulting in over $17,000,000 in civil
       penalties, and over $32,000,000 in injunctive relief. These cases comprised the
       largest, third largest and ninth largest civil penalty cases in the history of the Clean
       Air Act.

 +     Obtained the largest penalties EPA had received for  violations of the arsenic and
       benzene standards under the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
       Pollutant Regulations.
H-74

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REGION IV - ATLANTA, GEORGIA

Air, Pesticides and Toxics Management Division

4      Served as major coordinator and active participant with EPA Headquarters,
       universities, and industry in the conduct of the Southern Oxidant Study including
       the conduct of an extensive field study conducted in the Atlanta area during the
       summer of 1992 for assessing the formation of tropospheric ozone. As a part of
       the summer study, Regional Office staff collected over 200 air samples in the
       Atlanta area during the summer of 1992 for accessing the formation of
       tropospheric ozone.  As a part of the summer study, Regional Office staff
       collected over 200 air samples in the Atlanta nonattainment area and provided
       coordination assistance from July 20, through August ,31,  1992.  Information and
       data from the study will substantially aid in determining ozone formation and
       transport patterns facilitating the development of effective control strategies
       addressing key issues raised by the National Academy of Sciences report
       concerning the attainment of the ozone standards.

4      Instituted a Section 112(r) implementation workgroup aimed at developing a best
       approach for implementing the "prevention of accidental releases" provision in the
       Region. Through participation in the workgroup, the Region has opened-up
       multiple lines of communication with governmental agencies such as OSHA, State
       Emergency Management Agencies, State Emergency Response Commissions, and
       Local Emergency Planning Committees that would not normally exist. This
       process has  also facilitated intra-regional communication between Air staff, SARA
       Title III staff,  and Title V permits program staff, as well as OSWER and OAQPS
       staff.

+      Identified three major Department of Energy facilities as non-compliers with the
       NESHAP-radionuclide regulations and successfully negotiated federal facility
       compliance agreements that will bring these facilities into compliance b>
       September 1993.

4      Established extensive program in cooperation with the State of Horida for the
       monitoring of ambient air quality and emissions from the burning of massive levels
       of debris resulting from Hurricane Andrew.
                                                                            11-75

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REGION V - CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

Air and Radiation Division

4     Developed a Federal Implementation Plan to reduce ozone air pollution in the
       four-state Lake Michigan nonattainment area (June 29, 1990). This effort
       encouraged the states to enter into a voluntary association, the Lake Michigan Air
       Directors Consortium, to conduct a $13 million study of the problem arid to
       develop needed control strategies.

4     Created a new and integrated multimedia approach to addressing the problem of
       air toxics deposition into the Great Lakes. The new framework has been endorsed
       by the Deputy Administrator and the Great Lakes Advisory Committee. The
       framework provides for the first time a mechanism for the ultimate control of this
       significant environmental problem. July 1992.
H-76

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REGION VI - DALLAS, TEXAS

Air, Pesticides and Toxics Division

+      State funding in air pollution programs increased in Region 6 from $16,935,128 in
       FY 89 to approximately $26,250,806 in FY 92.  This resulted in an overall increase
       of $9.3 million or 55 percent.

$      Region 6 has been successful in reviewing and acting upon State implementation
       plan (SIP) revisions to correct the State of Texas and Louisiana stationary source
       VOC regulations.  The final notice for Texas rule corrections was published on
       September 13, 1992.  The proposed approval notice for Louisiana was published
       September 30, 1992.

+      Region 6 successfully worked with the State of Texas and Houston industries
       toward resolving whether the Houston area should be designated nonattainment
       for SO2.  The state and industries have agreed to perform a modeling analysis
       incorporating enforceable SO2 limitations to demonstrate that the Houston area
       will not violate the NAAQS for SO2.  The Region will support not designating the
       area nonattainment if the demonstration is successful.  This solution will result in
       an expected reduction in the Houston SO2 emission inventory of greater than
       100,000 tons/year.

4      Since June 1990, Tulsa has implemented an "Ozone Alert" program in an effort to
       ensure ozone levels do not exceed the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
       The program includes use of a computer model in association with the National
       Weather Service which helps predict conditions suitable for ozone exceedpnce;
       voluntary programs by local refineries to supply gasoline with  a lower Reid Vapor
       Pressure; free bus  rides on ozone alert days; voluntary improvement in employer
       trip redpction programs using free bus ride vouchers, parking  subsidies for
       earpoolers, etc. Also, the Indian Nations Council of Governments (INCOG) has
       organized a pilot emissions trading program called MERIT to encourage action to
       reduce mobile and stationary source emissions.

4      Region 6 States obtained enabling legislation for implementation of the Operating
       Permit Program during their legislative sessions in late  1991 and early 1992.  Such
       legislation is the first step to approval of the State Operating Permit Programs.

+      As a result of an aggressive outreach program, Region 6 has received the most
       applications nationwide to participate in the air toxics early reductions program; 28
       sources from 17 facilities. The potential hazardous aif  pollutant emissiops
       reductions from these applications total greater than 20,000,000 pounds per year.
                                                                             11-77

-------
 REGION VII - KANSAS CITY, KANSAS

 Air and Toxics Division

 4     The number of exceedances of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
       declined from 843 in 1975 to 11 in 1991 for the four states in Region VII. (The
       totals do reflect a change in the particulate standard from TSP to PM10.)

 4     Region VII developed a strategy for attainment and maintenance of the ozone
       standard in Kansas City. This strategy evolved through a consensus-building effort
       in the local community and resulted in EPA approval of the area's maintenance
       plan and redesignation to attainment in 1992.

 4     As part  of the agency's multimedia lead initiative, Region VII filed a complaint
       and lodged a consent decree on June 28, 1991, against Gates Energy Products,
       Warrensburg, Missouri. The consent decree contained commitments to reduce
       lead-oxide waste, cut back 1,1,1-trichloroethane emissions, conduct multimedia
       management and compliance audits in Regions IV and VII, and pay $200,999 in
       civil penalties.

 4     On May 20, 1992 Region VTI participated in the national administrative cluster by
       filing five administrative complaints which were 10 percent of the total filed
       complaints.

 4     Subsequent to passage of the Clean Air Act Amendments, Region VII established
       a legislative team in 1991 to review the states' enabling legislation. Both Missouri
       and Nebraska passed the necessary legislation in 1992; Iowa and Kansas introduced
       acceptable legislation but the bills were not given final approval.

 4     Missouri developed and submitted the Doe Run Herculaneum lead state
       implementation plan (SIP) in response to  the Region's SIP call.  EPA gave final
       limited approval to the SIP revision in 1992.
H-78

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REGION VIII - DENVER, COLORADO

Air, Radiation and Toxics Division

+      Completed a major State Implementation Plan (SIP) for Salt Lake and Utah
       Counties that is designed to achieve healthful ambient air levels for small particles
       (PM10). A unique EPA/State cooperative agreement was instrumental in beating
       court ordered deadlines.  The SIP calls for investments of over $300 million for air
       quality control hardware.

4      Participated with new Denver International Airport in "Pollution Prevention by
       Design" project to assure minimum air quality impact of the new $3 billion airport
       through: use of natural gas vehicles, stage II gasoline vapor recovery, energy
       efficiency terminal design and lighting, low NOX boilers, and evaluation of existing
       rail lines for mass transit.

4      Solved visibility and health-related air quality problems in Crested Butte, Colorado
       through a unique industry/government cooperative program that changed over 90
       percent of high polluting older stoves to EPA-approved, low-emission stoves.

4      Continued and improved the first oxygenated fuels program in the nation in
       Denver, Colorado. Minimum oxygen content was raised from 1.5 percent to 2.5
       percent. State evaluations show a 15 percent cut in carbon monoxide emissions.

4      Denver carbon monoxide (CO) levels improved dramatically. From 1989 to 1991,
       measured high levels were cut by 39 percent and the number of days when  the
       standard was violated.

4      Cited two power plants owned by the Public Service Company of Colorado with
       violations of the New Source Performance Standards.  In the resulting consent
       decree, the Company agreed to pay $740,000 in penalties and to replace outdated
       control equipment.
                                                                            11-79

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 REGION  IX - SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA

 Air and Toxics Division

 +     Completed the final outer continental shelf rule, which was signed on September
       4, 1992. The region is beginning the implementation phase of the program.

 4     Provided an extraordinary amount of support to the South Coast Air Quality
       Management District, to help develop RECLAIM. Participated in work groups
       and conference calls, attended numerous meetings and attempted to guide South
       Coast so that the RECLAIM regulations that are adopted are federally
       approvable.

 +     Began enforcement initiative that resulted in lawsuits against Apache Nitrogen and
       Arizona Power Co-op, which are two violators of applicable NSPS.

 4     On July 1, 1992, the Ninth Circuit court of Appeals ordered EPA to promulgate
       an ozone/carbon monoxide HP for the South Coast area.  Tied by settlement
       agreement are ozone FIPs for Ventura and Sacramento. The Ninth Circuit denied
       a request for reconsideration but granted a motion to stay the mandate until an
       appeal is filed with the US Supreme Court and final disposition is made.

 $     Brought together air quality representatives from  seven states and four Federal
       agencies to set up the Grand Canyon Visibility Transport commission as required
       under Section 169B of the CAA, The Commission held its first meeting on
       November 13, 1991.
H-80

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REGION X - SEATTLE, WASHINGTON

Air and Toxics Division

+      Region 10 issued the first three administrative complaints in the nation, and by
       year-end had issued 17 administrative complaints.  We also negotiated the first
       settlement in the country that contained the progressive Supplemental
       Environmental Project (SEP) provision.

4      State Implementation Plans efforts resulted in the submittal of 16 PM-10 SIPs by
       the CAAA deadline (out of a total of 18 due) and its expeditious  processing of
       those submittals resulted in the first three SIPs forwarded by any Region to
       headquarters for final approval. Subsequently, a fourth SIP has been forwarded
       for headquarters review.

4      Lower ambient impacts (sometimes dramatically lower) being recorded in most of
       the Region's PM-10 nonattainment areas as compared to those measured in the
       1980s. Many of the control measures reflected in the SIP submittals have already
       been implemented, resulting in substantial air quality improvements, and in some
       instances, measured attainment of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards.

4      The carbon monoxide/ozone SIP program projects a certain and full
       implementation of oxygenated fuels programs in three of our states in the corning
       winter and the submittal of most CO/03 SIPs  (13 are due) by the CAAA deadline.
                                                                           11-81

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Page Intentionally Blank

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                               APPENDIX HI
                 SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION
         OF THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990
      At the request of EPA Administrator William K. Reiily, the Office of Air and
Radiation published a strategy for implementing the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990,
shortly after the law was enacted. An updated version was published in July 1992.  The
strategy document contains a chart showing OAR's schedule for carrying out the law
through December 1993, as well as those actions already completed.

      The chart is reprinted below with changes to bring it up to date. For each entry,
the chart  shows the following information:

      +     whether or not the action has been completed, and if so, when
      4     the Agency's current target date for completion of planned actions
      $     the statutory deadline for the action, if one exists

      EPA has proposed or finalized 76 rules and has taken many other actions to carry
out the 1990 Amendments, as the chart indicates. However, the Agency has missed a
number of the deadlines in the 1990 Amendments. (For a discussion, see Chapter  1.)
The information provided in the chart shows which statutory deadlines have been missed.

      The chart contains most but not  all significant actions needed to carry out the
1990 amendments through December 1993. The chart does not include, for example,
some of the requirements implemented by EPA offices other than the Office of Air and
Radiation, such as the Office of Research and Development.  Target dates for future
actions are subject to change based on new risk assessments, court decisions, changes in
available resources and  other factors.
                                                                         IH-1

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Statogy
Target
Data
Dec-SO
Jan-91
Feb-91
Mar-91
Apr-91
May-91
Jun-91
Jul-91
Sept-91
Oot-91
Nov-81
Deo-91
TiUe
Title I - Nonattalnment

Title I - Nonattainment
Title VI - CFC's
Title I - Nonattainmont
Title I - Nonattainmont
Title III -Air Toxics
Title VI -CFCs
Title I - Nonattainnnent
Title V- Permits
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title I - Nonattainment
Title III -Air Toxics
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Titie VII - Enforcement
Title Vt - CFC's
Title I - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title I - Nonattainmant
Title III -Air Toxics
Title I - Nonattainment
Title IV -Acid Rain
Activity
Issue "Setting Started" letter to Governors
States submit request/justification for 5%
classification adjustments
Publish two-year Implementation strategy
Publish notice of initial PM-10 moderate
nonattainment areas
Initiate additional PM-10, SO2, lead designation
process
Listing of depleting substances
Act on 5% classification adjustment requests
States submit nonattainment area designations
Propose early reductions rulemaking
Direct final 1991 production limits
States submit PM-1Q areas unable to attain by 1994
States respond to list of PM-10, SOfe, Lead
nonattainment areas
Propose State permit regulations
States deadline for RAGT corrections
Notify States of intent to modify suggested boundaries
Finalize gasoline Reid Vapor Pressure regulations
Finalize Tier I car and truck standards
Propose reformulated gasoline requirements
Propose clean fuels fleet and CA pilot credit programs
Propose urban bus regulations
Propose emission control diagnostics rule
Propose regulations for auctions and sates
Propose PM-10 area reclassiflcatlons
Publish draft list of source categories
Propose list of high risk pollutants, 90/95% early
reductions guidance
Finalize ozone, CO, PM— 10, and lead nonattainment
boundaries
Propose lead substitute gasoline additives
Propose administrative penalties rules of practice
Propose CFC phase-out regulations
Propose mobile air conditioning recycling regulations
Publish VOC and CO emission inventory guidance
Publish study on non-road engines
Publish guidance on control cost-effectiveness
States submit PM-10 SIPs
Publish air quality and emissions trends report
Establish Grand Canyon visibility transport commission
Propose MACT for dry cleaners {per court order)
Propose outer continental shelf rule
Finalize regulations for auctions and sales
Propose allowance trading system
3ropose acid rain permit program
3ropose continuous emission monitor requirements
3ropose excess emissions rules
Dropose conservation and renewable incentives
Completed
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Statutory
Deadline

Deo-90



Jan-91
Feb-91
Mar-91





May-91
May-91
May-91
May-91





Jun-91


Jul-91





Nov-91
Nov-91
Nov-91

Nov-91


Nov-91





ni-2

-------
wii^Syi-i-
illiillf!
sjilP^*?
Jan-92
Feb-92
Mar-92
Apr-92
May-92
Jun-92
Jul-92
Aug-92
S,ept-92
Oct-92
Nov-92
ili|i§|i||l^^^
Title V - Permits
Title VI - CFCs
Title II — Mobile Sources
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II -Mobile Sources
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title VI -CFC's
Title V - Permits
Title VI - CFC's

Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title HI- Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title VI - CFC's
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II) -Air Toxics
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title 11 - Mobile Sources
Title HI - Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
8Mff;;-:UOS:S£';^^
;K:J:K<:::':Mp;:?;.;₯:;x!:;^^
Publish guidance on State programs to assist smail
businesses
Propose ban on non-essentials products
Finalize urban bus regulations (1991 & 1992)
Finalize administrative penalties rules of practice
Publish Title I General Preamble
Finalize onboard controls regulatory decision
Propose rules for ozone, NOx, and VOC monitoring
Proposed rule on reformulated gasoline SNPRM
(supplemental notice of proposed rulemaking)
Publish guidance on TCM's (transportation control
measures)
Convene NE ozone transport commission
Finalize cold temperature CO standards
Propose CFC labeling regulations
Rnalize State permit regulations
Finalize mobile air conditioning recycling regulations
Revise two-year implementation strategy
Propose discretionary sanction rules
States submit SIPs for initial SOS nonattainment areas
Propose enhanced I/M regulation
Publish final list of source categories
Propose list of Phase II utility allowances
Finalize CFC phase-out regulation
Finalize outer continental shelf rules
Finalize guidance on transportation air quality planning
Propose additional PM-10 nonattainment areas
Propose regulatory schedule for all source categories
Finalize PM-1 0 BACM technical guidance
Publish 1991 air quality data and emission trends report
Publish Title I NOx guidance
Finalize oxygenated fuel credit guideline
Finalize early reductions rulemaking
Propose M ACT for hazardous organic chemical
manufacturing
Propose NOx requirrtients for utility boilers
Finalize excess emission requirements
Finalize allowance trading system '
Finalize continuous emission monitoring requirements
Finalize conservation and renewable incentives
Finalize acid rain permit program
Finalize PM-1 0 area reclaSsifibatlons
States submit RACT catch-up rules, NSR rules, CO
attainment demonstration and contingency measures
States submit small business assistance programs
States submit base ozone, CO emission inventories
Finalize enhanced I/M regulation
lililiielf
:•;-:-:-:-:••-:;•:•*• :•:•:•:';•>:•,-:•:•.•
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
- Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Partial
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Partial
Partial
Partial
Y
IlliSSaiiiliiSiS'?!





. Nov-91

Nov-91
Nov-91
May-92
Nov-91

Nov-91
Nov-91


May-92

Nov-91
Dac-91
Sspt-91
Nov-91
Aug-91


May-92


Aug-91



May-92
May-92
May-92
May-92
May-92
Deo-91
Nov~92 ;
Nov-92 •
Nov-92
- Nov-91
III-3

-------
Slatogy
Target
Date
Nov-92
(oont'd)
Doc-92
Jan-93
Fob-93
Mar-93
Title
Title III -Air Toxics
Title VI - CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title VI -CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title 111 -Air Toxics
Title VI - CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title 1 — Nonattainment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title VI -CFC's
Title VII - Enforcement
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title III -Air Toxics
Title IV -Acid Rain
Title VI -CFC's
. Activity
Propose rules for risk management plans and
prevention programs
Propose list of substances for accidental releases
prevention program
Propose MACT for cokff ovens
Propose emission reduction program
Propose rules for citizen suits
Publish alternative control technology document
for VOCs from bakeries
Propose revisions to motor vehicle certification
procedures (I/M short test)
Finalize ban nonessential products
Propose safe alternatives
Propose monetary awards rules
Propose economic incentive rules
Approve/disapprove first PM-10 SIPs
Finalize emission control diagnostic rule
Publish draft mobile source air toxics study
Propose clean fuel fleet vehicle standards, conversions
and general provisions
rinalize California pilot credit program
rinalize clean fuels fleet (TCM's)
Submit transportation systems report to Congress
Complete study of the hazards of hydrofluoric acid
3ropose general provisions for MACT standards
(40CFRPart63)
3ropose MACT for chromium electroplating
Dropose procurement regulations
3ropose rules for contractor listing
Propose tank vessel rule
:ssue transportation planning guidance (EPA/DOT)
3ropose transportation conformity criteria
^ublish alternative control technology document
for VOCs from pesticide applications , .
'ropose general conformity criteria
rinalize urban bus retrofit
Finalize urban bus 94+ (PM standard)
Sources submit Phass I permit applications and
proposed compliance plans •
Propose OPT-IN regulations — combustion sources
-inalize list of Phase* II utility allowances
Propose accellerated CFC phase-out
3ropose rules for field citation program
Dropos9 rules for enhanced monitoring and compliance
certification
Propose reformulated gasoline complex model
Propose non-road emission standards > 50 hpr.
Propose guidance for modification provisions-
ssue HAP list petition procedure guidance
nitiate auctions and sales of allowances
Finalize CFC labeling regulations
Completed






































...



Statutory
Deadline





Nov-93

Nov-91



Jan-93
May-92

Nov-92
Nov-91
Nov-91
Jan-93
Nov-92







Nov-93

Nov-91
Jan-92
Feb-93

Dec-92




Nov-92


Mar-93
May-92
ra-4

-------
I;Siitig|fi
|;ll|§I:P
mvms
Apr-93








May-93






Jun-93





Jul-93




Aug-93




Sept-93




Oct-93


*v- liliii'!; 'Sill
iSfe^lliliiiSfiiK^lii:!?!!
Title I - Nonattainment



Title II - Mobile Sources

Title III -Air Toxics
Title VI - CFC's -
Title VIII - Miscellaneous
Title 1 — Nonattainment

Title II - Mobile Sources


Title III -Air Toxics
Title VIII- Miscellaneous
Title II — Mobile Sources

Title III - Air Toxics

Title VII — Enforcement

Title 1 - Nonattainment

Title II - Mobile Sources
Title III - Air Toxics

Title 1 - Nonattairiment
Title II - Mobile Sources
Title HI — Air Toxics

Title IV -Acid Rain
Title 1 - Nonattainment
Title II — Mobile Sources

Title III,- Air Toxics

Title 1 - Nonattainment


liMMi!^S^^^S^^^I.IilK^Sj^^^ii:i'l
pSiglJ'j^llllljiyi^tf ; : ; :i •'. x-;WJiiii$K<:tytii;iilliti
Finalize additional PM-10 nonattainment areas
States submit lead SIPs (1 8 months from designation)
Promulgate sanctions for States falling to submit
RACT fix-up rules (18 months from findings)
Finalize rules for ozone, NOx, VOC enhanced monitoring
Publish final mobile source related air toxics study
Finalize lead substitute gasoline additives
Propose guidance for State air toxics program
Finalize emission reduction program
Section 811 Report {International Competativeness)
PM-10 PSD increments {11/92 court agreement)
Propose revisions to NSR program .
Finalize procedures of enforcement for urban bus stds.
Finalize revisions to motor vehicle certification
procedures (I/M short test)
Complete testing protocols for fuels and additives
Propose M ACT for .commercial sterilizers
Issue report on the impact of the 1 990 CAA
Amendments on visibility in Class ! areas
Propose non-road emission standards < 50 hpr.
Propose non— road emission standards for marine
engines
Propose Stage I gasoline marketing MACT
Publish study of hydrogen sulfide emissions from
extracting natural gas and oil ,. ..
Finalize rules for citizen, suits ' ' '
Finalize rules for monetary awards
Finalize discretionary sanctions rule's " .
Publish 18SB NOx/VQC study
Finalize clean fuel fleet vehicle standards,, conversions,
and general provisions
Finalize MACT for dry cleaners
Finalize general provisions for MACT standards
Finalize transportation conformity criteria
Finalize vehicle evaporative emissions regulations
Finalize MACT for coke ovens
Finalize list of substances for accidental releases
prevention program ' "
EPA action on Phase I permits
Finalize general conformity criteria
Finalize reformulated gasoline regulations ' ,
Finalize reformulated gasoline complex model
Finalize regulatory schedule for af! source categories
Propose medical waste incinerator rule
Finalize economic incentives rules
Promulgate FIP's for'States failing to submit RACT
fix-up rules (2 years from findings)
Publish air quality and emission. trends report
.ft:*:* ^:;~-:':-?:v. -^.y;
i'.^Qji^letieit!.









































lli$i$;I
siimtiii?

Jul-93 '
Apr-93
May-92
May-92
Nov-91

Jan-92
May-92


May-92
Nov-91


Nov-92
Nov-92
Nov-92

Nov-92



Feb-92
Nov-92
Nov-92

Nov-91
Aug-93
Dec-92
Nov-92
• Aug-93
Nov-91
Nov-91

Nov-92

Nov-92


m-5

-------
Statogy
Target
Date
Oe{-93
(oont'd)
Nov-93
Doe-93
TBte
Title III -Air Toxics
Title IV- Acid Hain
Title VI -QfC's
Title I - Nonattainment
Tftleiii- Air Toxics
TKI6 IV - Acid Rate
Title V-Petmitt;
Title VI -OFC's
Titlt Vlil - MfecbllaHttoUs
Title VII - EnfoteMtertt
^ ~ -. ~ %"VW , ^
JtetMty
Finalize MACT for hazardous organic chemical
manufacturing
Propose MACT for pulp and paper
Finalize standards for large MWC's
Finalize standards for small MWC's
Propose MACT for polymers and reitns If
Finaltzd NOx requirements for utility boilers
Boflin issuing allowances to small diesel refinorios
Propose OPT-IN regulations — process sources
Finalize procurement regulation
Publish SOCMI distillation processes CTQ
publish SOCMI redotor processes CTS
States receive emission source statements
Submit consumer/commercial products study report
to Congress
Publish alternative control technology documents
for hiC3x sources
(••oblish results of ozone design value study
States submit selected SIP provisions for moderate
and above ozono areas
Publish auto body refihishing CTQ
Putilish batch processes CTQ
Publish petrolemti/tndustrial wastewster CTQ
Publish plastic parts coating CTQ
PuBIish sforaga tanks OTQ
t?ublisri Web offset lithography CTQ
Publish SOCMI batch processes CTQ
Publish surface coal mining study
Subhiit Sreat Lakes study report to Congress
Issue urban area strategy - research report
Submit N AS study to ConQfeifs
RriafeS rd!«s for risk manlgihiSnt pfins afid
prevention urografrtS
PMbiisH gUWinbi for state afr toxi^f proflrame
States submit acid rain permit program proposals
Promulgate SOS new source performance standards
(MSPS) for new fossil fuel utlBty units .
States submit operating permit programs
FlnallzS taW altothatlvfts prdir^m
Ftnalife aoqeller4ted CFC pliase-aut
Interim source/receptor report on visibility
Flnaiii^ rule's for contractor listing.
Flnalizb rjujdanc«/rutoa for field citation jjrografti
Gomple|«d





































Statutory
: Deadline
Nov-92

Nov-91
Nov-92

May-92
Oct-93

May-92
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-9S
Noy-93

Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nbv-93
Nov-93
Nov-93
Nov~93
Nov-93
Noy-83
May~93
NoV-9"3
H0v-S1
Nav-93
N6V-93
Npv-03
Nov^te


-

iii-6

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