United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air and Radiation
EPA420-F-97-014
September 1997
Emission Standards Reference Guide for
Heavy-Duty and Nonroad Engines
HOW TO USE THIS REFERENCE GUIDE
T
his guide contains air pollutant emission standards for the following
mobile source engine categories:
• Heavy-duty highway spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (Cl)
• Nonroad Cl
• Nonroad SI less than or equal to 25 horsepower (hp)
• Marine SI
• Nonroad recreational vehicles and engines
• Locomotives
• Aircraft
Standards for each engine category are included in a separate table. This guide
presents, when applicable, federal (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA]) current and proposed standards, as well as current California, European
Union, and international emission standards. The key shown below indicates
the color used for each of these standards in all of the tables. In addition to
emission standards, this guide also includes information on useful life, warran-
ty period, and test procedures. The availability of averaging, banking, and trad-
ing (ABT) and nonconformance penalties (NCP) is indicated as well.
This guide does not include standards for nonroad SI engines greater than 25
hp or marine Cl engines. Although EPA regulates some fuels, fuel standards
also are not included in this guide. This guide also does not include detailed
information about all variations and restrictions associated with the standards.
This guide is for reference only; users should refer to the Code of Federal
Regulations for complete information on all standards to ensure compliance.
The following guidelines will help you in reading the tables:
• To keep the tables more manageable, the guide contains standards only
from 1990 and later. EPA began regulating mobile sources in the late
1960s, however.
• The years listed in the tables refer to model years for federal and interna-
tional standards and for California standards for heavy-duty engines. The
years listed in the California nonroad standards refer to calendar years,
however. For European Union standards, the dates listed are effective
dates.
• The term Cl refers to diesel-cycle engines, and SI refers to Otto-cycle
engines.
• For purposes of consistency and comparability, most standards are
expressed in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr), even though
some federal regulations express standards in grams per kilowatt-hour
(g/kW-hr). The conversion factors are as follows: 1.341 hp equals 1 kilo-
watt, and 0.7457 kilowatt equals 1 hp. To convert a standard from g/bhp-
hr to g/kW-hr, multiply it by 1.341. To convert a standard from g/kW-hr to
g/bhp-hr, multiply it by 0.7457.
-------
• ABT and NCP appear in parentheses after standards for which they apply.
Although restrictions may apply to ABT and NCP availability, they are not
included in this guide.
• When year and mileage figures are given for useful life and warranty peri-
od (e.g., 5 years/50,000 miles), the rule "whichever comes first" always
applies.
• The proposed federal standards are listed as they were published in the
Federal Register. The standards and/or related information are subject to
change when the regulations are finalized.
• For many standards, EPA and California use the same test procedures.
California test procedures vary slightly for some standards, however.
Additional information on mobile source emission standards can be found on
the Internet at:
http://www.epa.gov/omswww/ (for EPA standards)
http://www.arb.ca.gov/ (for California Air Resources Board
standards)
Key
Federal
| Proposed Federal
European Union
California
ICAO
Mention of trade names or products does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, official EPA
approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Used in This Guide
ABT
cc
CFF
Cl
CO
EPA
FR
g/bhp-hr
g/km
g/kN
g/kW-hr
gpm
g/test
GVWR
HC
HCHO
HDE
HDV
HLDT
HHDDE
HHDE
hp
ICAO
ILEV
ISO
km
kN
averaging, banking, and
trading
cubic centimeter
Clean-Fuel Fleet
compression ignition
carbon monoxide
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Federal Register
grams per brake
horsepower-hour
grams per kilometer
grams per kilonewton
grams per kilowatt-hour
grams per mile
grams per test
gross vehicle weight
rating
hydrocarbons
formaldehyde
heavy-duty engine
heavy-duty vehicle
heavy light-duty truck
heavy heavy-duty diesel
engine
heavy heavy-duty
engine
horsepower
International Civil
Aviation Organization
inherently low-emission
vehicle
International Standards
Organization
kilometer
kilonewton
kW
Ibs
LOT
LHDE
LLDT
LEV
LHDDE
LPG
m
MDV
MHDDE
MW-hrs
NCP
NMHC
NOx
P
PM
rO
RPM
rPR
SI
SN
SULEV
THC
THCE
ULEV
ZEV
kilowatt
pounds
light-duty truck
light heavy-duty engine
light light-duty truck
low-emission vehicle
light heavy-duty diesel
engine
liquefied petroleum gas
meter
medium-duty vehicle
medium heavy-duty
diesel engine
megawatt-hours
nonconformance
penalties
nonmethane
hydrocarbons
oxides of nitrogen
rated power of engine
family in kilowatts
particulate matter
rated output
revolutions per minute
rated pressure ratio
spark ignition
smoke number
super-ultra-low emission
vehicle
total hydrocarbons
total hydrocarbon
equivalent
ultra low-emission
vehicle
zero emission vehicle
-------
HEAVY-DUTY HIGHWAY ENGINES—Cl AND URBAN BUSES
Idle CO
CO (percent exhaust HC NMHC + NOx NOx PM Smoke3
Year (g/bhp-hr) gas flow) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (percentage)
Useful Life
1990-97 and 1998+for HC, CO, and PM:
LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles
MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles
HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles
1994+ urban buses for PM only:
10 years/290,000 miles
1998+for NOx:
LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 miles
MHDDE: 10 years/185,000 miles
HHDDE: 10 years/290,000 miles
Warranty Period
5 years/100,000 miles
(but not less than the basic
mechanical warranty for
the engine family)
2.4 or 2.5 with
a limit of 0.5
on NMHC
(ABT)
20/15/50
LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 miles
MHDDE: 10 years/185,000 miles
HHDDE and urban buses: 435,000 miles,
13,000 hours, or 10 years (but not less
than 290,000 miles)
5 years/100,000 miles
(but not less than the basic
mechanical warranty of the
engine)
0.19
5.2
0.11)
42/2.26k
100/1.495k
200/1.065k
1996+°'i
15.5
15.5
1.3/1.2"
6.0
0.60
1.3/1.2"
5.0
0.25P/0.101
0.5"
1.3/1.2"
5.0
0.10
0.5"
1.3/1.2"
5.0
(0.5-3.5r]
0.07P
20/15/50
LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles
MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles
HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles
0.5"
1.3/1.2"
4.0s
(0.5-2.5r)
0.05
5 years, 100,000 miles, or
3,000 hours (for 1994 and
earlier engines greater than
8,500 Ibs and for 1995 +
engines greater than
14,000 Ibs)
-------
Notes:
The test procedures for current and proposed federal standards are the EPA Transient Test Procedure and
the EPA Smoke Test Procedure. The test procedures for California standards are the Transient Test
Procedure and the Smoke Opacity Test Procedure. The test procedures for European Union standards are
the 13-mode Steady-State Test Procedure and the European Smoke Test Procedure. Due to the significant
difference in the test procedures, the European Union standards are not directly comparable to EPA and
California standards.
a Percentages apply to smoke opacity at acceleration/lug/peak modes.
b Standards for 1990 apply only to diesel-fueled HDEs. Standards for 1991+ apply to both diesel- and
methanol-fueled HDEs. Standards that apply to urban buses specifically are footnoted.
c This standard applies to the following fueled engines for the following model years: methanol/1990+,
natural gas and LPG/1994+.
d For petroleum-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for
THCE.
e Standard for urban buses for 1993.
f Standard for urban buses from 1994-95.
9 Standard for urban buses from 1996 and later. The in-use standard is 0.07.
h The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on June 27,1996 (61FR33421). They are
subject to change when the regulations are finalized. NCP will be addressed during the 1999 Technology
Review, As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards, California
plans to propose the same standards.
!The European Union standards apply to both heavy-duty highway Cl engines and urban buses. The stan-
dards for urban buses, however, are voluntary,
' The standard applies to engines over 3,000 RPM and swept volume over 0.7 liter/cycle.
k Nominal flow (liters/secondj/absorbent coefficient (nr1}. Opacity under free acceleration should not
exceed the approved level by more than 0.5 rrr1,
1 The standards apply to diesel, methanol, and all applicable gaseous-fueled engines,
m The standard applies to engines utilizing exhaust aftertreament technology,
n The first number is the THC standard and the second number is the NMHC standard. Manufacturers of
diesel, natural gas, or LPG engines may choose to certify to the total HC standard or the optional IMMHC
standard. The NMHC standard applies to 1990+.
0 The following HCHO standards apply to all methanol and alcohol-fueled engines: 0,010g/fahp-hrfor
model years 1993-95; 0,05 g/bhp-hrfor model years 1996+,
p Emission averaging may be used to meet the standard,
q Applies to urban buses only.
rThese standards for urban buses are optional.
s A manufacturer may apply for an exemption from this standard based on demonstrated technological
need for up to 10 percent of the average of the manufacturer's sales for the three previous model years.
-------
HEAVY-DUTY HIGHWAY ENGINES—SI
Idle CO
CO (percent exhaust HC NMHCa NMHC + NOx
(g/bhp-hr) gas flow) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr)
NOx
(g/bhp-hr)
6.0 (ABT, NCP)
6.0 (ABT, NCP)
5.0 (ABT, NCP)
5.0 (ABT, NCP)
4.0 (ABT, NCP)8
4.0 (ABT, NCP)8
Useful Life
8 years/110,000 miles;
10 years/110,000 miles
(for NOx standards for 1998+)
Warranty Period
5 years/50,000 miles
(but not less than the
basic mechanical
warranty for the engine
family)
2.4 or 2.5 with
a limit of 0.5
on NMHC
(ABT)
10 years/110,000 miles
5 years/100,000 miles
(but not less than the
basic mechanical
warranty of the engine)
6.0
37.1
6.0
8,501-14,000
14.4
0.9)
5.0
> 14,000
37.1
1.7)
5.0
HDVs: 8 years/110,000 miles
10 years/110,000 miles
(for NOx standards for 1998+)
MDVs (model years 1995+):
11 years/120,000 miles
Notes:
The test procedure for current and proposed federal and California exhaust standards is the EPA Transient
Test Procedure.
a NMHC standards apply only to natural gas-fueled engines.
b Standards for 1990 apply to gasoline and methanol-fueled engines.
c For gasoline-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for
THCE.
d Standards for 1991 + apply to gasoline, methanol, and LPG-fueled engines.
e This standard applies to the following fueled engines utilizing aftertreatment technology (except for
methanol) for the following model years: gasoline/1990+; LPG/1991 +; natural gas/1998+;
methanol/1990+.
f For gasoline and LPG-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is
for THCE.
5 years/50,000 miles (for
1994 and earlier engines
greater than 8,500 Ibs
and for 1995+ engines
greater than 14,000 lbs)k
8 The NOx standard is 5.0 for all natural gas-fueled engines.
h The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on June 27,1996(61 FR33421). They are
subject to change when the regulations are finalized. NCPs will be addressed during the 1999 Technology
Review. As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards, California
plans to propose the same standards.
' For gasoline and LPG-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is
for Organic Material HC Equivalent.
) Manufacturers of gasoline, natural gas, or LPG engines may choose to certify to the total or the optional
NMHC standard.
kFor model year 1995+ MDVs, the following warranty period applies: 3 years/50,000 miles for basic
warranty; and 7 years/70,000 miles for high cost parts warranty.
-------
VEHICLE WEIGHT DEFINITIONS
Model Year
GVWR (Ibs)
LOT <, 8,500
6,000 < HLDT <, 8,500
HDV> 8,500
8,500 33,000
HDV> 6,000
6,000 < MDV <. 8,500
1992+ (LEVs,
ULEVs, SULEVs,
ZEVs only)
LOT £ 6,000
8,500 33,000
HHDE-SI> 14,000
14,000 33,000
HHDE-SI> 14,000
-------
CLEAN-FUEL FLEET PROGRAM FOR
HEAVY-DUTY SI AND Cl ENGINES
Emission Category
LEV (Federal Fuel)
LEV (California Fuel)
(g/bhp-hr)
NMHC+NOx
(g/bhp-hr)
2.5
PM
(g/bhp-hr)
HCHO
(g/bhp-hr)
0.050
7.2
2.5
0.05
0.025
ZEV
Notes:
The test procedure for the CFF standards is the EPA Transient Test Procedure.
a The standards apply to 1998-2003 model year engines over 8,500 Ibs. Beginning in 2004, the new emission
standards for heavy-duty highway engines will apply. In addition to CFF standards, vehicles have to comply
with applicable conventional standards for other pollutants.
-------
HEAVY-DUTY HIGHWAY SI AND Cl ENGINES-
EVAPORATIVE HYDROCARBON STANDARDS
LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles
MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles
HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles
Notes:
The test procedure for federal evaporative HC standards is the EPA Heavy-Duty Federal Test Procedure.
The test procedure for the federal spitback standard is the Fuel Dispensing Spitback Procedure. (Vehicles
over 26,000 Ibs GVWR may demonstrate compliance with the standards through an engineering demon-
stration in lieu of testing.) The test procedure for California evaporative HC standards is the California
Evaporative Emission Test Procedure. (Vehicles over 8,500 Ibs GVWR may demonstrate compliance with
the standards through an engineering demonstration in lieu of testing.)
aThe standard applies to gasoline-fueled engines for HC.
bThe standard applies to methanol-fueled engines for THCE. For 1996+ SI engines, the supplemental two-
diurnal test sequence for methanol-fueled engines is grams carbon per test.
c New Enhanced Evaporative Test Procedure applies, which is considerably more stringent than the previ-
ous test procedure despite the fact that the standard values do not change. These standards will be
phased in by the following percentages of production for the following model years: (for gasoline) 20 per-
cent/1996, 40 percent/1997, 90 percent/1998, and 100 percent/1999; (for methanol) 90 percent/1998
and 100 percent/1999.
dThe standard applies to natural gas-fueled engines for HC.
eThe standard applies to LPG-fueled engines for HC.
-------
NONROAD SI ENGINES 25 HP AND BELOW
IV
V
I
HC + NOx NMHC + NOx
(g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr)
NOx PM
(g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr)
Useful Life (hours)
Warranty Period
2 years
66/250/5008
250/500/1,0008
2 years
50 (residential) or
300 (commercial)
1999+
1995-98
1999+
130
600
130
300
130
3.2
10.0
3.2
220
4.0
2 years
50
4.0
0.25
180
4.0
50
4.0
0.25
120
50
4.0
4.0
0.25
-------
Notes:
The test procedure for federal and California standards is the Small SI Engine Federal Steady-State Test
Procedure.
3 Classes I and II refer to nonhandheld nonroad small SI engines; Classes III, IV, and V refer to handheld
nonroad small SI engines. The classes have the following displacements (in cc): Class l/<225; Class
ll/>225; Class lll/<20; Class IV/>20<50; Class V/>50,
bThe federal standards are expressed in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations,
c Engines must meet the 1997 standards as new engines, but are not required to meet these standards
throughout their useful life.
d Federal nonroad small SI standards also apply to golf carts. In California, golf carts must meet the recre-
ational vehicles standards.
e Although the standards have not been formally proposed, they were published in an Advance Notice of
Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on March 27,1997 J62FR14740), While in some cases the
proposed federal standards are numerically higher than the 1997 standards, they are in fact more strin-
gent because the engines are required to meet these proposed standards throughout their useful life.
'The NMHC+NOx standard is an optional standard for natural gas-fueled engines only,
9 Manufacturers can certify for any of the three time periods given but must certify at least the shortest
time period.
h Proposed standards for Clases III, IV, and V will be phased in by the following percentages of
production for the following model years: 20 percenl/2002, 40 percenV2003, 70 percenl/2004, and
IOOpereenl/2005,
-------
NONROAD RECREATIONAL VEHICLES AND ENGINES
Vehicle Type
Specialty vehicle engines (< 25 hp)
Displacement (cc)
(g/bhp-hr)
HC + NOx NOx PM
(g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) Useful Life Warranty Period
Specialty vehicle engines and go-karts (2: 25 hp)
3.2
0.25b
0.25b
2 years
1997+
15.0
Off-road motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles0
<90
1999+
15.0
5 years or
6,250 miles
Golf cartsd
1997+
Notes:
The test procedure for off-road motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles is the Motorcycle Emission Test
Procedure. (The Nonroad Small SI Federal Steady-State Test Procedure is optional.) The test procedure for
all other vehicle types is the Nonroad Small SI Federal Steady-State Test Procedure.
a No federal standards exist for the vehicle types included in this table. Golf carts, however, are subject to
federal standards for nonroad small SI engines. Golf carts are not defined federally as recreational vehicles.
b Applies to all diesel and 2-stroke engines.
c As an option, all-terrain vehicles may elect to certify to equivalent SI/CI standards for Class I and II non-
road engines below 25 hp.
d The zero emission golf cart standard is applicable in federal ozone nonattainment areas in California only.
-------
NONROAD Cl ENGINES
CO HC HC+NOx NMHC + NOx NOx PM
(g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr) (g/bhp-hr)
Smoke (percentage)
175^hp<750
hp = 750 +
Useful Life
10 years/8,000 hours
Warranty Period
5 years/3,000 hours
25£hp<50e
50£hp<100
175£hp<300
300 <. hp <600
600£hp<750
hp = 750 +
0.22 (ABT)
0.15(ABT)
4.8 (ABT)
0.15 (ABT)
3.0 (ABT)
4.8 (ABT)
0.15 (ABT)
EPA is proposing to replace
its current smoke test with
the ISO test procedure for
the sake of harmonization
and improved smoke
control, provided that it
provides for a level of
smoke control at least as
adequate as the current
test. EPA will also propose
to extend the smoke
standards that were
adopted in the Tier 1 rule to
the under 50 hp engine
category, and will evaluate
the appropriateness of any
changes to the smoke
standards for all engine
categories in formulating
the proposal.
10 years/8,000 hours 10 years/8,000 hours
3.0 (ABT)
4.8 (ABT)
0.15 (ABT)
100
350
1999+
100
12.0
0.9
3.2
0.25
10.0
0.9
2 years
3.2
0.25
175 ^hp^ 750
1996-2000
8.5
1.0
6.9
0.4
20/15/50b
2001 +
8.5
1.0
5.8
0.16
20/15/35b
5 years or 3,000 hours
hp = 751 +
2000+
8.5
1.0
6.9
0.4
20/15/50b
-------
Notes:
The test procedures for current and proposed federal standards and for California standards for engines
greater than 25 hp use the ISO 8178-C1 Steady-State Test Cycle and the EPA Smoke Test Procedure. The
test procedure for California standards for engines less than or equal to 25 hp is the Small Engine Federal
Steady-State Test Procedure.
a Federal standards are expressed in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations.
b Percentages apply to smoke opacity at acceleratiorVlug/peak modes.
c Emission regulations for on-highway engines have reguired that crankcase emissions be eliminated,
except in the case of turbocharged diesel engines, which present special difficulties in designing closed
crankcases, EPA will propose to extend this requirement to covered nonroad engines (including the
provision for exempting turbocharged diesel engines).
d Although the proposed standards have not been formally proposed, they were published in a
Supplemental Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on January 2,1997
(62FR200), As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards,
California plans to propose the same standards.
s The proposed standards for engines less than 50 hp also apply to marine Cl engines under 50 hp.
-------
MARINE ENGINES
year for all emission-related components
Outboard: 350 hours/10 years
Personal watercraft: 350 hours/5 years
year for all emission-related components;
3 years or 200 hours for specified major emission
control components
Notes:
The test procedures for current federal standards use the ISO 8178 E4 5-Mode Steady-State Test Cycle.
a P stands for the rated power of the engine family in kilowatt.
b These standards apply to marine SI outboard/personal watercraft and jet boat engines only. The stan-
dards are expressed in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations. There are currently no federal stan-
2 years or 200 hours for all emission-related
components; 3 years or 200 hours for specified major
emission control components
dards for marine SI sterndrive/inboard engines; previously proposed federal standards were not finalized.
Marine Cl engines under 50 hp are covered under the proposed nonroad Cl standards. Federal
standards are currently in development for marine Cl engines over 50 hp. There are no California or
European Union standards for marine SI or Cl engines. The standard for personal watercraft does not go
into effect until 1999, although the standard goes into effect for outboard engines in 1998.
-------
AIRCRAFT
Applicability3
CO (g/kN)
HC (g/kN)
NOx (g/kN)
1974 +
1976 +
1978 +
1983 +
1984 +
1997 +
2000 +
1982 +
1983 +
1986 +
1996 +
2000 +
T8
TF with rOc of 1 29kN and above
T3d
TF<26.7kNofrO
T3, T8, TF with rO of 26.7kN and above
TSS
TSS with rO above 26.7kN
TP with rO of 1,OOOkW and above
T3, T8, TF with rO of 26.7kN and above
T3, T8, TF newly certified (above 26.7kN)
T3, T8, TF newly manufactured (above 26.7kN)
TSS
TF, T8
TF, T8 with rO above 26.7kN
T8, TF newly certified (above 26.7kN)
T8, TF newly manufactured (above 26.7kN)
118
118
118
4550(rPR)-1'03
118
118
118
19.6
140(.92)rpR
140(.92)rpR
19.6
19.6
19.6
140(.92)rpR
19.6
19.6
19.6
40 + (2rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
36 + 2.42(rPR)
40 + (2rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
30
83.6(rO)-'274
25
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
187(rO)-'168
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
Notes:
The test procedures for federal and ICAO standards are the ICAO Smoke Emission Test Procedure and the
ICAO Gaseous Emissions Test Procedure. There is no useful life or warranty period for purposes of compli-
ance with aircraft emissions standards.
aT8=all aircraft gas turbine engines of the JT8D model family
TF=all turbofan and turbojet aircraft engines except engines of Class T3, T8, and TSS
T3=all aircraft gas turbine engines of the JT3D model family
TSS=all aircraft gas turbine engines for aircraft operations at supersonic flight speeds
TP=all aircraft turboprop engines
"Federal standards apply to planes operating in the United States, regardless of where they were
manufactured.
c rO stands for rated output, which is the maximum power/thrust available for takeoff.
dT3 engines are no longer manufactured but are in the existing fleet.
6 ICAO standards apply to every member country. A member country of ICAO is obligated either to adopt
and implement an "international standard" as internal law or to note a difference from the standard. A
country that breaks this obligation may be unable to operate its airlines within territories of other mem-
ber countries, and its rights in ICAO may be suspended.
-------
LOCOMOTIVES
Line-haul
duty-cycle
750,000 miles or 7.5 MW'hrs xhp
hp
(e.g., 30,000 MW-hrs)i
SINGLE EXHAUST STACK:
-total plume: 30/40/55
Line-haul
duty-cycle
2000-2004
(Tier I)
MULTIPLE EXHAUST STACKS:
-total for any one plume: 30/40/55
-sum of stacks: 40/50/60
(e.g., 32,000 MW-hrs)i
Line-haul
duty-cycle
90JWV%s_ xhp
hp
Notes:
The test procedure for proposed federal standards is the Locomotive Steady-State Test.
a The Tier 0 standards apply to engines manufactured from 1973-1999 when they are re manufactured
after 2000. Tier I and II standards apply to engines manufactured in 2000 and later when they are newly
manufactured and remanufactured.
b All locomotives would be required to comply with standards for both duty-cycles.
c Applicable to any fuel except natural gas or alcohol.
d Only applicable to natural gas, or any combination of fuels where natural gas is the primary fuel.
(e.g., 36,000 MW-hrs)'
e Applicable to alcohol(s), or any combination of fuels where alcohol is the primary fuel.
f Percentages apply to smoke opacity at steady state/30-second peak/3-second peak.
8 Measurement performed continuously during testing.
h EPA is proposing that useful life and warranty period be the same.
'The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on February 11,1997 (62FR6366).They
are subject to change when the regulations are finalized. They are proposed to take effect in 2000.
' The example calculates MW-hrs for a 4,000 hp locomotive.
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