United States
           Environmental Protection
           Agency
                                 Air and Radiation
                                             EPA420-F-97-014
                                             September 1997
           Emission Standards  Reference Guide for
           Heavy-Duty and Nonroad Engines
HOW TO  USE  THIS  REFERENCE  GUIDE
T
his guide contains air pollutant emission standards for the following
mobile source engine categories:
   • Heavy-duty highway spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (Cl)
   • Nonroad Cl
   • Nonroad SI less than or equal to 25 horsepower (hp)
   • Marine SI
   • Nonroad recreational vehicles and engines
   • Locomotives
   • Aircraft

Standards for each engine category are included in a separate table. This guide
presents, when applicable, federal (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
[EPA]) current and proposed standards, as well as current California, European
Union, and international emission standards. The key shown below indicates
the color used for each of these standards in all of the tables. In addition to
emission standards, this guide also includes information on useful life, warran-
ty period, and test procedures. The availability of averaging, banking, and trad-
ing (ABT) and nonconformance penalties (NCP) is indicated as well.
This guide does not include standards for nonroad SI engines greater than 25
hp or marine Cl engines. Although EPA regulates some fuels, fuel standards
also are not included in this guide. This guide also does not include detailed
information about all variations and restrictions associated with the standards.
This guide is for reference only; users should refer to the Code of Federal
Regulations for complete information on all standards to ensure compliance.
The following guidelines will help you in reading the tables:

   • To keep the tables more manageable, the guide contains standards only
    from 1990 and later. EPA began  regulating mobile sources in the late
    1960s, however.
   • The years listed in the tables refer to model years for federal and interna-
    tional standards and for California standards for heavy-duty engines. The
    years listed in the California  nonroad standards refer to calendar years,
    however. For European Union standards, the dates listed are effective
    dates.
   • The term Cl refers to diesel-cycle engines, and SI refers to Otto-cycle
    engines.
   • For purposes of consistency and comparability, most standards are
    expressed in grams per brake horsepower-hour (g/bhp-hr), even though
    some federal regulations express standards in grams per kilowatt-hour
    (g/kW-hr). The conversion factors are as follows: 1.341 hp equals  1 kilo-
    watt, and 0.7457  kilowatt equals 1 hp. To convert a standard from g/bhp-
    hr to g/kW-hr, multiply it by  1.341. To convert a standard from  g/kW-hr to
    g/bhp-hr, multiply it by 0.7457.

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   •  ABT and NCP appear in parentheses after standards for which they apply.
     Although restrictions may apply to ABT and NCP availability, they are not
     included in this guide.
   •  When year and mileage figures are given for useful life and warranty peri-
     od (e.g., 5 years/50,000 miles), the rule "whichever comes first" always
     applies.
   •  The proposed federal standards are listed as they were published in the
     Federal Register. The standards and/or related information are subject to
     change when the regulations are finalized.
   •  For many standards, EPA and California use the same test procedures.
     California test procedures vary slightly for some standards, however.

Additional information on mobile source emission standards can be found on
the Internet at:

   http://www.epa.gov/omswww/ (for EPA standards)
   http://www.arb.ca.gov/ (for  California Air Resources Board
   standards)
     Key

         Federal

       |  Proposed Federal

         European Union
California

ICAO
Mention of trade names or products does not convey, and should not be interpreted as conveying, official EPA
approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Used in This Guide
ABT

cc
CFF
Cl
CO
EPA
FR
g/bhp-hr
g/km
g/kN
g/kW-hr
gpm
g/test
GVWR

HC
HCHO
HDE
HDV
HLDT
HHDDE

HHDE

hp
ICAO

ILEV

ISO

km
kN
averaging, banking, and
trading
cubic centimeter
Clean-Fuel Fleet
compression ignition
carbon monoxide
U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Federal Register
grams per brake
horsepower-hour
grams per kilometer
grams per kilonewton
grams per kilowatt-hour
grams per mile
grams per test
gross vehicle weight
rating
hydrocarbons
formaldehyde
heavy-duty engine
heavy-duty vehicle
heavy light-duty truck
heavy heavy-duty diesel
engine
heavy heavy-duty
engine
horsepower
International Civil
Aviation Organization
inherently low-emission
vehicle
International Standards
Organization
kilometer
kilonewton
kW
Ibs
LOT
LHDE
LLDT
LEV
LHDDE
LPG
m
MDV
MHDDE
MW-hrs
NCP

NMHC

NOx
P

PM
rO
RPM
rPR
SI
SN
SULEV

THC
THCE

ULEV

ZEV

kilowatt
pounds
light-duty truck
light heavy-duty engine
light light-duty truck
low-emission vehicle
light heavy-duty diesel
engine
liquefied petroleum gas
meter
medium-duty vehicle
medium heavy-duty
diesel engine
megawatt-hours
nonconformance
penalties
nonmethane
hydrocarbons
oxides of nitrogen
rated power of engine
family in kilowatts
particulate matter
rated output
revolutions per minute
rated pressure ratio
spark ignition
smoke number
super-ultra-low emission
vehicle
total hydrocarbons
total hydrocarbon
equivalent
ultra low-emission
vehicle
zero emission vehicle


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HEAVY-DUTY  HIGHWAY  ENGINES—Cl  AND  URBAN  BUSES
                              Idle CO
                   CO      (percent exhaust     HC      NMHC + NOx      NOx          PM          Smoke3
        Year     (g/bhp-hr)     gas flow)     (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)      (percentage)
                                                                              Useful Life
                                                                                                           1990-97 and 1998+for HC, CO, and PM:
                                                                                                             LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles
                                                                                                             MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles
                                                                                                             HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles

                                                                                                           1994+ urban buses for PM only:
                                                                                                             10 years/290,000 miles

                                                                                                           1998+for NOx:
                                                                                                             LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 miles
                                                                                                             MHDDE: 10 years/185,000 miles
                                                                                                             HHDDE: 10 years/290,000 miles
                                                                                    Warranty Period
                                                                                                           5 years/100,000 miles
                                                                                                         (but not less than the basic
                                                                                                          mechanical warranty for
                                                                                                            the engine family)
                                                    2.4 or 2.5 with
                                                     a limit of 0.5
                                                      on NMHC
                                                        (ABT)
                                                    20/15/50
                                        LHDDE: 10 years/110,000 miles
                                        MHDDE: 10 years/185,000 miles
                                        HHDDE and urban buses: 435,000 miles,
                                          13,000 hours, or 10 years (but not less
                                          than 290,000 miles)
                                          5 years/100,000 miles
                                        (but not less than the basic
                                        mechanical warranty of the
                                               engine)
                                                                                  0.19
                                                                     5.2
                                                                                  0.11)
                                                    42/2.26k
                                                   100/1.495k
                                                   200/1.065k
      1996+°'i
                   15.5
                   15.5
                                          1.3/1.2"
                                                                     6.0
                                       0.60
                                          1.3/1.2"
                                                                     5.0
                                     0.25P/0.101
                               0.5"
1.3/1.2"
                                                                     5.0
                                       0.10
                               0.5"
1.3/1.2"
  5.0
(0.5-3.5r]
                                                                                 0.07P
                                                                                              20/15/50
LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles
MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles
HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles
                               0.5"
1.3/1.2"
  4.0s
(0.5-2.5r)
                                                                                  0.05
5 years, 100,000 miles, or
3,000 hours (for 1994 and
earlier engines greater than
 8,500 Ibs and for 1995 +
   engines greater than
      14,000 Ibs)

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Notes:
The test procedures for current and proposed federal standards are the EPA Transient Test Procedure and
the EPA Smoke Test Procedure. The test procedures for California standards are the Transient Test
Procedure and the Smoke Opacity Test Procedure. The test procedures for European Union standards are
the 13-mode Steady-State Test Procedure and the European Smoke Test Procedure. Due to the significant
difference in the test procedures, the European Union standards are not directly comparable to EPA and
California standards.
a Percentages apply to smoke opacity at acceleration/lug/peak modes.
b Standards for 1990 apply only to diesel-fueled HDEs. Standards for 1991+ apply to both diesel- and
  methanol-fueled HDEs. Standards that apply to urban buses specifically are footnoted.
c This standard applies to the following fueled  engines for the following model years: methanol/1990+,
  natural gas and LPG/1994+.
d For petroleum-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for
  THCE.
e Standard for urban buses for  1993.
f  Standard for urban buses from 1994-95.
9 Standard for urban buses from 1996 and later. The in-use standard  is 0.07.
h The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on June 27,1996 (61FR33421). They are
  subject to change when the regulations are finalized. NCP will be addressed  during the 1999 Technology
  Review, As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards, California
  plans to propose the same standards.
!The European Union standards apply to both heavy-duty highway Cl engines and urban buses. The stan-
 dards for urban buses, however, are voluntary,
' The standard applies to engines over 3,000 RPM and swept volume over 0.7 liter/cycle.
k Nominal flow (liters/secondj/absorbent coefficient (nr1}. Opacity under free acceleration should not
 exceed the approved  level by more than 0.5 rrr1,
1 The standards apply to diesel, methanol, and all applicable gaseous-fueled engines,
m The standard applies to engines utilizing exhaust aftertreament technology,
n The first number is the THC standard and the second number is the NMHC standard. Manufacturers of
 diesel, natural gas, or LPG engines may choose to certify to the total HC standard  or the optional IMMHC
 standard. The NMHC  standard applies to 1990+.
0 The following HCHO standards apply to all methanol and alcohol-fueled engines: 0,010g/fahp-hrfor
 model years 1993-95; 0,05 g/bhp-hrfor model years 1996+,
p Emission averaging may be used to meet the standard,
q Applies to urban buses only.
rThese standards for urban buses are optional.
s A manufacturer may apply for an exemption from this standard based on demonstrated technological
 need for up to 10 percent of the average of the manufacturer's sales for the three  previous model years.

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HEAVY-DUTY  HIGHWAY  ENGINES—SI
                                              Idle CO
                                  CO      (percent exhaust     HC       NMHCa     NMHC + NOx
                               (g/bhp-hr)      gas flow)      (g/bhp-hr)   (g/bhp-hr)      (g/bhp-hr)
                                                                      NOx
                                                                   (g/bhp-hr)
                                                                                                   6.0 (ABT, NCP)
                                                                                                   6.0 (ABT, NCP)
                                                                                                   5.0 (ABT, NCP)
                                                                                                   5.0 (ABT, NCP)
                                                                                                  4.0 (ABT, NCP)8
                                                                                                  4.0 (ABT, NCP)8
        Useful Life
                                                                                             8 years/110,000 miles;
                                                                                             10 years/110,000 miles
                                                                                          (for NOx standards for 1998+)
   Warranty Period
                                       5 years/50,000 miles
                                       (but not less than the
                                         basic mechanical
                                      warranty for the engine
                                             family)
                                                                                  2.4 or 2.5 with
                                                                                   a limit of 0.5
                                                                                    on NMHC
                                                                                      (ABT)
                                                                                             10 years/110,000 miles
                                       5 years/100,000 miles
                                       (but not less than the
                                         basic mechanical
                                      warranty of the engine)
                                                                                                        6.0
                                 37.1
                                                                                                        6.0
                 8,501-14,000
14.4
                                       0.9)
                                                                                                        5.0
                   > 14,000
37.1
                                       1.7)
                                                                                                        5.0
 HDVs: 8 years/110,000 miles
   10 years/110,000 miles
(for NOx standards for 1998+)

 MDVs (model years 1995+):
   11 years/120,000 miles
Notes:
The test procedure for current and proposed federal and California exhaust standards is the EPA Transient
Test Procedure.
a NMHC standards apply only to natural gas-fueled engines.
b Standards for 1990 apply to gasoline and methanol-fueled engines.
c For gasoline-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is for
 THCE.
d Standards for 1991 + apply to gasoline, methanol, and LPG-fueled engines.
e This  standard applies to the following fueled engines utilizing aftertreatment technology (except for
 methanol) for the following model years: gasoline/1990+; LPG/1991 +; natural gas/1998+;
 methanol/1990+.
f For gasoline and  LPG-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is
 for THCE.
5 years/50,000 miles (for
1994 and earlier engines
 greater than 8,500 Ibs
 and for 1995+ engines
greater than 14,000 lbs)k
                                                            8 The NOx standard is 5.0 for all natural gas-fueled engines.
                                                            h The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on June 27,1996(61 FR33421). They are
                                                             subject to change when the regulations are finalized. NCPs will be addressed during the 1999 Technology
                                                             Review. As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards, California
                                                             plans to propose the same standards.
                                                            ' For gasoline and LPG-fueled engines, the standard is for HC. For methanol-fueled engines, the standard is
                                                             for Organic Material HC Equivalent.
                                                            ) Manufacturers of gasoline, natural gas, or  LPG engines may choose to certify to the total or the optional
                                                             NMHC standard.
                                                            kFor model year 1995+ MDVs, the following warranty period applies: 3 years/50,000 miles for basic
                                                             warranty; and 7 years/70,000 miles for high cost parts warranty.

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VEHICLE  WEIGHT  DEFINITIONS
     Model Year
                          GVWR (Ibs)
                              LOT <, 8,500
                                6,000 < HLDT <, 8,500
                                                 HDV> 8,500
                      8,500  33,000
                                                                                 HDV> 6,000
                                6,000 < MDV <. 8,500
      1992+ (LEVs,
     ULEVs, SULEVs,
       ZEVs only)
                   LOT £ 6,000
                                                                  8,500  33,000
                                                         HHDE-SI> 14,000
                                                                            14,000  33,000
                                                                                                    HHDE-SI> 14,000

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CLEAN-FUEL FLEET PROGRAM  FOR
HEAVY-DUTY SI  AND Cl  ENGINES
      Emission Category
      LEV (Federal Fuel)
     LEV (California Fuel)
(g/bhp-hr)
NMHC+NOx
 (g/bhp-hr)
                                      2.5
  PM
(g/bhp-hr)
 HCHO
(g/bhp-hr)
                                       0.050
                         7.2
               2.5
                0.05
             0.025
          ZEV
Notes:
The test procedure for the CFF standards is the EPA Transient Test Procedure.
a The standards apply to 1998-2003 model year engines over 8,500 Ibs. Beginning in 2004, the new emission
 standards for heavy-duty highway engines will apply. In addition to CFF standards, vehicles have to comply
 with applicable conventional standards for other pollutants.

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HEAVY-DUTY  HIGHWAY  SI  AND  Cl  ENGINES-
EVAPORATIVE   HYDROCARBON  STANDARDS
                                                                                                                                               LHDDE: 8 years/110,000 miles
                                                                                                                                              MHDDE: 8 years/185,000 miles
                                                                                                                                               HHDDE: 8 years/290,000 miles
Notes:
The test procedure for federal evaporative HC standards is the EPA Heavy-Duty Federal Test Procedure.
The test procedure for the federal spitback standard is the Fuel Dispensing Spitback Procedure. (Vehicles
over 26,000 Ibs GVWR may demonstrate compliance with the standards through an engineering demon-
stration in lieu of testing.) The test procedure for California evaporative HC standards is the California
Evaporative Emission Test Procedure. (Vehicles over 8,500 Ibs GVWR may demonstrate compliance with
the standards through an engineering demonstration in lieu of testing.)

aThe standard applies to gasoline-fueled engines for HC.
bThe standard applies to methanol-fueled engines for THCE. For 1996+ SI engines, the supplemental two-
 diurnal test sequence for methanol-fueled engines is grams carbon per test.
c New Enhanced Evaporative Test Procedure applies, which is considerably more stringent than the previ-
 ous test procedure despite the fact that the standard values do not change. These standards will be
 phased in by the following percentages of production for the following model years: (for gasoline) 20 per-
 cent/1996, 40 percent/1997, 90 percent/1998, and 100 percent/1999; (for methanol) 90 percent/1998
 and 100 percent/1999.
dThe standard applies to natural gas-fueled engines for HC.
eThe standard applies to LPG-fueled engines for HC.

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NONROAD  SI  ENGINES  25  HP  AND  BELOW
      IV
      V
      I
                                              HC + NOx     NMHC + NOx
                       (g/bhp-hr)    (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)       (g/bhp-hr)
                                                  NOx         PM
                                                (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)
                         Useful Life (hours)
                                                                                         Warranty Period
                                                                                                                                 2 years
                                                                             66/250/5008
                                                                                                     250/500/1,0008
                                                                                                                                 2 years
                                                                                                    50 (residential) or
                                                                                                    300 (commercial)
             1999+
             1995-98
             1999+
                         130
                         600
130
300
130
                                                3.2
                                                10.0
                                                3.2
                                     220
                                                  4.0
                                                                                                                                 2 years
            50
                                       4.0
           0.25
           180
                                       4.0
50
4.0
0.25
120
50
4.0
4.0
0.25

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Notes:
The test procedure for federal and California standards is the Small SI Engine Federal Steady-State Test
Procedure.
3 Classes I and II refer to nonhandheld nonroad small SI engines; Classes III, IV, and V refer to handheld
  nonroad small SI engines. The classes have the following displacements (in cc): Class l/<225; Class
  ll/>225; Class lll/<20; Class IV/>20<50; Class V/>50,
bThe federal standards are expressed in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations,
c Engines must meet the 1997  standards as new engines, but are not required to meet these standards
  throughout their useful life.
d Federal nonroad small SI standards also  apply to golf carts. In California, golf carts must meet the recre-
  ational vehicles standards.
e Although the standards have not been formally proposed, they were published in an Advance Notice of
 Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on March 27,1997 J62FR14740), While in some cases the
 proposed federal standards are numerically higher than the 1997 standards, they are in fact more strin-
 gent because the engines are required to meet these proposed standards throughout their useful life.
'The NMHC+NOx standard is an optional standard for natural gas-fueled engines only,
9 Manufacturers can certify for any of the three time periods given but must certify at least the shortest
 time period.
h Proposed standards for Clases III, IV, and V will be phased in by the following percentages of
 production for the following  model years: 20 percenl/2002, 40 percenV2003, 70 percenl/2004, and
 IOOpereenl/2005,

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NONROAD  RECREATIONAL  VEHICLES  AND   ENGINES
                   Vehicle Type
           Specialty vehicle engines (< 25 hp)
Displacement (cc)
           (g/bhp-hr)
                       HC + NOx      NOx         PM
                       (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)    (g/bhp-hr)     Useful Life    Warranty Period
      Specialty vehicle engines and go-karts (2: 25 hp)
                                       3.2
                                                                                                                                  0.25b
                                                 0.25b
                                                                                                                                                             2 years
                                                                    1997+
             15.0
       Off-road motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles0
                                                     <90
1999+
15.0
                                                                          5 years or
                                                                         6,250 miles
                     Golf cartsd
                                                                    1997+
Notes:
The test procedure for off-road motorcycles and all-terrain vehicles is the Motorcycle Emission Test
Procedure. (The Nonroad Small SI Federal Steady-State Test Procedure is optional.) The test procedure for
all other vehicle types is the Nonroad Small SI Federal Steady-State Test Procedure.
a No federal standards exist for the vehicle types included in this table. Golf carts, however, are subject to
 federal standards for nonroad small SI engines. Golf carts are not defined federally as recreational vehicles.
                  b Applies to all diesel and 2-stroke engines.
                  c As an option, all-terrain vehicles may elect to certify to equivalent SI/CI standards for Class I and II non-
                    road engines below 25 hp.
                  d The zero emission golf cart standard is applicable in federal ozone nonattainment areas in California only.

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NONROAD  Cl   ENGINES
                                     CO        HC      HC+NOx  NMHC + NOx     NOx         PM
                                  (g/bhp-hr)   (g/bhp-hr)   (g/bhp-hr)    (g/bhp-hr)     (g/bhp-hr)    (g/bhp-hr)
                                                                      Smoke (percentage)
      175^hp<750
        hp = 750 +
                                                                                        Useful Life
                                                                                                                                    10 years/8,000 hours
                                                                        Warranty Period
                                                                                                                      5 years/3,000 hours
       25£hp<50e
       50£hp<100
      175£hp<300
      300 <. hp <600
      600£hp<750
        hp = 750 +
                                                                                             0.22 (ABT)
                                                                                             0.15(ABT)
                                                                     4.8 (ABT)
                                                        0.15 (ABT)
                                                                     3.0 (ABT)
                                                                     4.8 (ABT)
                                                        0.15 (ABT)
                                                         EPA is proposing to replace
                                                         its current smoke test with
                                                         the ISO test procedure for
                                                         the sake of harmonization
                                                           and improved smoke
                                                          control, provided that it
                                                           provides for a level of
                                                         smoke control at least as
                                                          adequate as the current
                                                         test. EPA will also propose
                                                           to extend the smoke
                                                            standards that were
                                                         adopted in the Tier 1 rule to
                                                          the under 50 hp engine
                                                         category, and will evaluate
                                                         the appropriateness of any
                                                           changes to the smoke
                                                          standards for all engine
                                                         categories in formulating
                                                              the proposal.
                                                                                                                                    10 years/8,000 hours      10 years/8,000 hours
                                                                     3.0 (ABT)
                                4.8 (ABT)
                                             0.15 (ABT)
                                     100
                                     350
                        1999+
100
                                                          12.0
                                                           0.9
                      3.2
                                               0.25
                     10.0
                                                0.9
                                                                                                                                                                 2 years
           3.2
           0.25
      175 ^hp^ 750
                       1996-2000
8.5
1.0
6.9
0.4
20/15/50b
                        2001 +
8.5
1.0
5.8
0.16
20/15/35b
                                                                                                                                                           5 years or 3,000 hours
        hp = 751 +
                        2000+
8.5
1.0
6.9
0.4
20/15/50b

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Notes:
The test procedures for current and proposed federal standards and for California standards for engines
greater than 25 hp use the ISO 8178-C1  Steady-State Test Cycle and the EPA Smoke Test Procedure. The
test procedure for California standards for engines less than or equal to 25 hp is the Small Engine Federal
Steady-State Test Procedure.
a Federal standards are expressed in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations.
b Percentages apply to smoke opacity at acceleratiorVlug/peak modes.
c Emission regulations for on-highway engines have reguired that crankcase emissions be eliminated,
 except in the case of turbocharged diesel engines, which present special difficulties in designing closed
 crankcases, EPA will propose to extend this requirement to covered nonroad engines (including the
 provision for exempting turbocharged diesel engines).
d Although the proposed standards have not been formally proposed, they were published in a
 Supplemental Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in the Federal Register on January 2,1997
 (62FR200), As a signatory to the Statement of Principles outlining the proposed federal standards,
 California plans to propose the same standards.
s The proposed standards for engines less than 50 hp also apply to marine Cl engines under 50 hp.

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MARINE   ENGINES
                                                                                                                                               year for all emission-related components
                                                                                                     Outboard: 350 hours/10 years
                                                                                                  Personal watercraft: 350 hours/5 years
                                               year for all emission-related components;
                                           3 years or 200 hours for specified major emission
                                                        control components
Notes:
The test procedures for current federal standards use the ISO 8178 E4 5-Mode Steady-State Test Cycle.
a P stands for the rated power of the engine family in kilowatt.
b These standards apply to marine SI outboard/personal watercraft and jet boat engines only. The stan-
 dards are expressed in g/kW-hr in the Code of Federal Regulations. There are currently no federal stan-
                                                                                                                                             2 years or 200 hours for all emission-related
                                                                                                                                         components; 3 years or 200 hours for specified major
                                                                                                                                                   emission control components
dards for marine SI sterndrive/inboard engines; previously proposed federal standards were not finalized.
Marine Cl engines under 50 hp are covered under the proposed nonroad Cl standards. Federal
standards are currently in development for marine Cl engines over 50 hp. There are no California or
European Union standards for marine SI or Cl engines. The standard for personal watercraft does not go
into effect until 1999, although the standard goes into effect for outboard engines  in 1998.

-------
AIRCRAFT
                                    Applicability3
CO (g/kN)
HC (g/kN)
NOx (g/kN)
1974 +
1976 +
1978 +
1983 +
1984 +
1997 +
2000 +
1982 +
1983 +
1986 +
1996 +
2000 +
T8
TF with rOc of 1 29kN and above
T3d
TF<26.7kNofrO
T3, T8, TF with rO of 26.7kN and above
TSS
TSS with rO above 26.7kN
TP with rO of 1,OOOkW and above
T3, T8, TF with rO of 26.7kN and above
T3, T8, TF newly certified (above 26.7kN)
T3, T8, TF newly manufactured (above 26.7kN)
TSS
TF, T8
TF, T8 with rO above 26.7kN
T8, TF newly certified (above 26.7kN)
T8, TF newly manufactured (above 26.7kN)








118
118
118
4550(rPR)-1'03

118
118
118




19.6
140(.92)rpR
140(.92)rpR

19.6
19.6
19.6
140(.92)rpR

19.6
19.6
19.6








40 + (2rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
36 + 2.42(rPR)

40 + (2rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
32+(1.6rPR)
30
83.6(rO)-'274
25
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50

83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
187(rO)-'168
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83. 6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
83.6(rO)"'274 not to exceed maximum of SN = 50
Notes:
The test procedures for federal and ICAO standards are the ICAO Smoke Emission Test Procedure and the
ICAO Gaseous Emissions Test Procedure. There is no useful life or warranty period for purposes of compli-
ance with aircraft emissions standards.
aT8=all aircraft gas turbine engines of the JT8D model family
 TF=all turbofan and turbojet aircraft engines except engines of Class T3, T8, and TSS
 T3=all aircraft gas turbine engines of the JT3D model family
 TSS=all aircraft gas turbine engines for aircraft operations at supersonic flight speeds
 TP=all aircraft turboprop engines
                       "Federal standards apply to planes operating in the United States, regardless of where they were
                        manufactured.
                       c rO stands for rated output, which is the maximum power/thrust available for takeoff.
                       dT3 engines are no longer manufactured but are in the existing fleet.
                       6 ICAO standards apply to every member country. A member country of ICAO is obligated either to adopt
                        and implement an "international standard" as internal law or to note a difference from the standard. A
                        country that breaks this obligation may be unable to operate  its airlines within territories of other mem-
                        ber countries, and its rights in ICAO may be suspended.

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LOCOMOTIVES
                    Line-haul
                   duty-cycle
                                                                                                                                  750,000 miles or 7.5 MW'hrs  xhp
                                                                                                                                                       hp
                                                                                                                                                            (e.g., 30,000 MW-hrs)i
                                                                                                                   SINGLE EXHAUST STACK:
                                                                                                                   -total plume: 30/40/55
 Line-haul
duty-cycle
      2000-2004
        (Tier I)
                                                                                                MULTIPLE EXHAUST STACKS:
                                                                                                -total for any one plume: 30/40/55
                                                                                                -sum of stacks: 40/50/60
                                                                                                                                                            (e.g., 32,000 MW-hrs)i
                    Line-haul
                   duty-cycle
                                                                                                                                          90JWV%s_ xhp
                                                                                                                                               hp
Notes:
The test procedure for proposed federal standards is the Locomotive Steady-State Test.
a The Tier 0 standards apply to engines manufactured from 1973-1999 when they are re manufactured
 after 2000. Tier I and II standards apply to engines manufactured in 2000 and later when they are newly
 manufactured and remanufactured.
b All locomotives would be required to comply with standards for both duty-cycles.
c Applicable to any fuel except natural gas or alcohol.
d Only applicable to natural gas, or any combination of fuels where natural gas is the primary fuel.
                                                                                                                                                            (e.g., 36,000 MW-hrs)'
                                                                          e Applicable to alcohol(s), or any combination of fuels where alcohol is the primary fuel.
                                                                          f Percentages apply to smoke opacity at steady state/30-second peak/3-second peak.
                                                                          8 Measurement performed continuously during testing.
                                                                          h EPA is proposing that useful life and warranty period be the same.
                                                                          'The proposed standards were published in the Federal Register on February 11,1997 (62FR6366).They
                                                                           are subject to change when the regulations are finalized. They are proposed to take effect in 2000.
                                                                          ' The example calculates MW-hrs for a 4,000 hp locomotive.

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