>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Municipal
Pollution Control (WH-546)
Washington DC 20460
February 1989
EPA 430/09-89-001
1988 Needs Survey
Report to Congress
Assessment of Needed Publicly
Owned Wastewater Treatment
f,
Facilities in the United States
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Document is available for sale to the public through:
Dr. Howe, U.S. EPA Instruction Resource Center,
1200 Chambers Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212
National Technical Information Service,
5285 Port Royal, Springfield, Virginia 22161
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON. D.C. 20460
APR 20 '
OFFICE OF
WATER
MEMORANDUM
SUBJECT:
FROM:
TO:
1988 Needs survey Report to congress: Assessment
of Needed Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
""" ~ Lities" in
iel J
'office of'Municipal poVulTion Control (WH-E
Regional Administrators, Regions I-X _
Water Management Division Directors, Regions_I-X
Municipal Construction Program Managers, Regions I-X
Regional and State Needs Survey Coordinators
It is with pleasure that I transmit the final printed 1988
is survev popoT-t- t-.n Congress; Assessment of Needed^
nwnea. wast-ewa/cti-i- j.j.ca.uni^u.1- + ^^. ^ ^ ^. ---- ==^ -
This report exemplifies an outstanding level of
and hard work on the part of many individuals.
The 1988 Needs Survey Report is required by Sections
205(a) and 516(b) of the Clean Water, Act (CWA) , and is a joint
effort between EPA and the States. It assesses the capital
investment required to build or improve needed municipal
waSewSSS treatment facilities. The 1988 Survey estimates
art ?Imi?ed to facilities that are eligible for construction
grant funds, including categories eligible under the
Governor's discretionary authority under Section 201 (g)U) of
the CWA These estimates do not address the expanded
eligibilities of the State Revolving Fund program.
Again, many thanks to all of you who contributed to the
repor? if you have any questions, please give me a call at
U02) 382-5850. The staff level contact for the report
distribution is Ruby Cooper, (202) 382-7296.
Attachment
cc: OW Office Directors
Robbie Savage, ASWIPCA
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
10 tssg
THE ADMINISTRATOR
Honorable Dan Quayle
President of the Senate
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Mr. President:
Enclosed is the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)
1988 Needs Survey report on the "Assessment of Publicly Owned
Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the United States." This
report is required by Sections (205)(a) and 5l6(b)(l) of the
Clean Water Act.
The 1988 Needs Survey, a joint effort by the States and
EPA, assesses the capital investment required to build or
improve needed municipal wastewater treatment facilities. The
1988 EPA estimates are limited to facilities that are eligible
for construction grant funds, including categories eligible
through the governors' discretionary authority under Section
201(g)(l) of the Clean Water Act. These estimates do not
address the expanded eligibilities of the State Revolving Fund
program established by the 1987 Amendments to the Act. The
Report also highlights the current status of our Nation's
municipal wastewater treatment infrastructure.
In conducting the 1988 Needs Survey, we concentrated
on maintaining national consistency in estimating and
reporting needs by applying the same documentation criteria
established in the 1986 Survey. Only facilities with
acceptable documentation of water quality or public health
problems are included in the EPA estimates. As in the 1986
Needs Survey, we encouraged all States to submit separate
estimates where they believe additional needs exist that could
not satisfy the water quality/public health based
documentation criteria. I believe these efforts have
continued to improve the quality of the Survey.
I would be pleased to further discuss the results of this
Survey at your convenience.
Enclosure
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 2.0460
FEB I 0 1988
THE ADMINISTRATOR
Honorable James C. Wright
Speaker of the House
of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20510
Dear Mr. President:
Enclosed is the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)
1988 Needs Survey report on the "Assessment of Publicly Owned
Wastewater Treatment Facilities in the United States." This
report is required by Sections (205)(a) and 516(b)(l) of the
Clean Water Act.
The 1988 Needs Survey, a joint effort by the States and
EPA, assesses the capital investment required to build or
improve needed municipal wastewater treatment facilities. The
1988 EPA estimates are limited to facilities that are eligible
for construction grant funds, including categories eligible.
through the governors' discretionary authority under Section
20l(g)(l) of the Clean Water Act. These estimates do not
address the expanded eligibilities of the State Revolving Fund
program established by the 1987 Amendments to the Act. The
Report also highlights the current status of our Nation's
municipal wastewater treatment infrastructure.
In conducting the 1988 Needs Survey, we concentrated
on maintaining national consistency in estimating and
reporting needs by applying the same documentation criteria
established in the 1986 Survey. Only facilities with
acceptable documentation of water quality or public health
problems are included in the EPA estimates. As in the 1986
Needs Survey, we encouraged all States to submit separate
estimates where they believe additional needs exist that could
not satisfy the water quality/public health based
documentation criteria. I believe these efforts have
continued to improve the quality of the Survey.
I would be pleased to further discuss the results of this
Survey at your convenience.
(
incerely,
Enclosure
William K. Rei
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1988 Needs Survey
Report to Congress
Assessment of Needed Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
Facilities in the United States
February 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Municipal Pollution Control (WH-546)
Washington, D.C. 20460
Tele. (202) 382-7251
Prepared Under Contract Number 68-03-3476
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Acknowledgements
Many dedicated individuals have been involved in the 1988 Needs Survey.
Though it is impossible to acknowledge the hard work of everyone, we would
like to thank the EPA Regional and State Needs Survey Coordinators for their
active support and continuing interest in the Needs Survey.
Region I - Hosur Chikkalingaiah Region II - Ray Kvalheim
Connecticut - Dennis Greci
Maine - Dennis Purington
Massachusetts - Brian Jeans
New Hampshire - Tom Seigle
Rhode Island - Ray Pena
Vermont - Nopodon Sundarabhaya
Region III - Thomas O. Maher
Delaware - Roy R. Parikh
Dist. of Columbia - Mohsin Siddique
Maryland - Judy Marsh
Pennsylvania - C.T. Fasting
Virginia - Carrie Chumney
West Virginia - Rosalie Ortega
Region V - Edwin C. Horn, Jr.
Illinois - James R. Leinicke
Indiana - Paul Serguta
Michigan - Janice L. Tompkins
Minnesota - John Hensel
Ohio - Orville Ball
Wisconsin - Dick Kalnicky
Region VII - Rosalie Minor
Iowa - Lavoy Haage
Kansas - Michael Tate
Missouri - Doug Garrett
Nebraska - Don Bahnke
Region IX - Kathi Barrett
Arizona - Ron Frey
California - Herb Deardorff
Hawaii - Dennis Tulang
Nevada - James B. Williams, Jr.
U.S. Territories - Kathi Barrett
New Jersey - Chet Feehan
New York - Mark Burdyl
Puerto Rico - Eva Hernandez
Virgin Islands - Francine Lang
Region IV - Dorothy Rayfield
Alabama - David Hutchinson
Florida - Gerald Herting
Georgia - Verona Barnes
Kentucky - Aziz Ghazipour
Mississippi - Jon Huey
North Carolina - Daniel Blaisdell
South Carolina - Sam Grant
Tennessee - James M. Poff
Region VI - Gene Wossum
Arkansas - Larry Wilson
Louisiana - Michael Vince
New Mexico - Cordelia Snow
Oklahoma - Glen Jones
Texas - Bill Allen
Region VIII - Paula Cifka
Colorado - Bill McKee
Montana - Scott Anderson
North Dakota - Rod Beck
South Dakota - Terry Keller
Utah - Roger Bishop
Wyoming - Mike Hackett
Region X -KathyVeit
Alaska - Dick Marcum
Idaho - Alan Stanford
Oregon - Ruby Lane
Washington - Aaren Purcell
Many thanks are due to Joe Spollen, Scott Dane, Linda Shanley, RonRagan,
Bob Caprara, Elizabeth Bolt, Mary Anne DeHaven, Gerry Mangan,
Andrea Parella, Nile Sullivan, and the rest of the staff at Roy F. Weston, Inc.,
contractor for the 1988 Needs Survey.
111
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Table of Contents
Page
Executive Summary
Introduction
What is the Needs Survey?
What is a "Need"?
3
3
4
The 1988 Needs Survey
What Were the Major Objectives?
What Are the Needs?
How Are the Needs Distributed?
How Were the Needs Documented?
How Have the Needs Changed?
What Are the Separate State Estimates?
What Is the Status of Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Infrastructure?
7
7
8
9
10
11
13
14
Impacts of the 1987 Amendments to the
Clean Water Act
17
Glossary
19
Appendices 29
A Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Estimates A-l
B Summary of 1986 Needs Survey Estimates B-l
C Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Technical Information C-l
D Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Facility Documentation D-l
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List of Tables
Table
Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
Facilities
Comparison of Total Design Year Needs - 1982
through 1988 Needs Surveys
Separate State Estimates - Current and Design
Year Needs
Infrastructure Improvements From Meeting Design
Year Needs
Page
8
12
13
14
VI
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List of Figures
Figure
1
2
3
4
Current and Design Yea]- Needs for Publicly Owned
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Page
8
Design Year Needs by State 9
Needs for Projected Population Growth (1988 - 2008) by State 9
10
Facility Documentation Types (By Percent of
Facilities)
Comparison of Total Design Year Needs (1982
through 1988 Needs Surveys)
1988 Treatment Level of Operational Facilities
12
14
vn
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Executive
Summary
The 1988 Needs Survey, a joint effort
between the States and EPA, was
conducted to meet the requirements
of Sections 205(a) and 516(b)(l) of the
Clean Water Act.
This report provides EPA's detailed
estimate of the capital costs to build
publicly owned municipal waste-
water treatment facilities to comply
with the requirements of the Clean
Water Act. The 1988 Needs Survey
focuses on construction grant eligible
category of need, rather than the
expanded State Revolving Fund eligi-
bilities under the 1987 Amendments
to the Clean Water Act.
EPA's needs estimates include those
facilities for which a water quality or
public health problem could be docu-
mented in accordance with specific
criteria established in the 1986 Survey.
The needs for documented facilities
are:
Ť $83.5 billion to satisfy all catego-
ries of need for the design year
(2008) population.
Ť $67.9 billion to satisfy all catego-
ries of need for the current (1988)
population.
The total design year needs for the
Nation rose by $2.9 billion (4 percent)
from 1986 to 1988. Compared to pre-
vious Surveys, the overall change is
small which suggests that grant-
eligible needs are beginning to
stabilize. The increase was due to a
variety of factors. The major reason
for the change is revised planning
and design of facilities to address
changes in project scope, including
level of treatment, size of facilities,
and greater focus on sludge treat-
ment and disposal and new water
quality-based permits.
States submitted separate optional
estimates for needs they believed to
be authentic but did not meet the
established documentation criteria.
A total of 39 States and Territories
submitted separate estimates for the
1988 Survey totaling $15.9 billion in
design year needs.
The 1988 Needs Survey identified a
total of 10,835 facilities with docu-
mented water quality or public health
problems of which 6,248 are treat-
ment facilities. A total of 15,591
treatment facilities are operating in
1988, and 17,374 facilities will be in
operation when all documented
needs are met. These operating
facilities currently serve a population
of 176 million, representing 71 percent
of the Nation's population. When all
needs are met, the population served
will increase to 248 million or 87
percent of the Nation.
Eighty-eight percent of existing
treatment facilities currently provide
secondary treatment or better. When
design year needs are met, nearly all
treatment facilities will provide
secondary or better treatment.
Currently, 13,802 facilities are provid-
ing secondary or better levels of treat-
ment (up 4 percent from 1986), 1,789
facilities with less than secondary
treatment (down 12 percent from
1986), and 117 collection facilities with
raw discharges (down 21 percent
from 1986).
Over 1,100 collection systems have
combined sewer systems. Of these,
328 have documented needs in the
1988 Survey, totaling $16.4 billion to
correct combined sewer overflow
problems.
In a separate assessment required by
the 1987 Amendments of the Clean
Water Act, EPA estimated the current
wastewater treatment needs of
Federally recognized Indian Tribes at
approximately $270 million (in 1987
dollars) to serve over 400,000 Indians
with identified needs. The assess-
ment was conducted in cooperation
with the Indian Health Service of the
Department of Health and Human
Services, and a report on Indian needs
will be delivered to Congress under
separate cover in early 1989. The 1987
Amendments authorized a special set-
aside of approximately $30 million to
fund wastewater treatment projects
for Federally recognized Indian Tribes
on reservations. A1988 Amendment
extended set-aside eligibility to Tribes
on former reservations in Oklahoma
and Alaska Native Villages, as
defined in P.L. 92 - 203.
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Introduction
What is the Needs Survey?
This report summarizes the Environ-
mental Protection Agency's (EPA)
biennial assessment of the cost of
constructing all publicly owned
wastewater treatment works
necessary to meet the goals of the
Clean Water Act. This report is
required by Sections 205(a) and
516(b)(l) of the Clean Water Act. The
1988 Needs Survey, a joint effort of
the States and EPA, is the ninth
Needs Survey since enactment of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act
Amendments of 1972.
Cost estimates presented in previous
Surveys have served as a basis for
Congressional allotment of funds
appropriated for the construction
grants program in accordance with
the provisions of the Clean Water
Act. The Needs Survey is also used
extensively to assist the Federal
government and the States in pro-
gram planning, policy evaluation,
and program management. Private
firms, public interest groups, and
trade associations use Needs Survey
information in marketing, cost
estimating, and policy formulation.
The Needs Survey data base contains
cost and technical information on
approximately 24,153 wastewater
treatment and collection facilities
nationwide, including facilities with
unmet needs and those for which
needs have already been met. The
primary emphasis of this report is to
summarize the cost information.
Summaries of technical data are
provided in Appendix C. More
detailed technical tables will be
published as an addendum to this
report.
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What is a "Need"?
A "need" is a capital cost estimate for
building a publicly owned waste-
water treatment facility that may be
eligible for Federal financial assis-
tance under Title II of the Clean
Water Act. Needs are estimated for
facilities used in the conveyance,
storage, treatment, recycling, and
reclamation of municipal wastewater.
Estimates are included for all types of
required changes to wastewater
facilities, such as the construction of
entirely new facilities, and enlarging,
upgrading, abandoning, and replac-
ing existing facilities. Existing
facilities are considered for replace-
ment when they have reached the
end of their design life and are no
longer able to operate satisfactorily.
Other types of changes to existing
facilities are projected as a response
to new statutory requirements of the
Clean Water Act (1987 Amendments).
Needs estimates do not include costs
for operation and maintenance. They
also do not include needs that are
ineligible for Federal assistance under
Title II of the Clean Water Act
(1987 Amendments), such as house
connections to sewers and certain
land acquisition costs not part of a
treatment process, nor do they
include needs that are newly eligible
under Title II or Title VI, such as
stormwater, nonpoint source control,
or estuary protection activities.
The Needs Survey estimates are
collected and reported by States
in two ways. The first is by type of
wastewater treatment project; the
second is by timeframe.
Type of Wastewater Treatment
Project
The types of wastewater treatment
projects for which needs estimates are
presented are:
Category I -
Secondary Treatment
Category II -
Advanced Treatment
Category IIIA -
Infiltration/Inflow Correction
Category IIIB -
Replacement/Rehabilitation
of Sewers
Category IVA -
New Collector Sewers
Category IVB -
New Interceptor Sewers
Category V -
Combined Sewer Overflows
Typically, costs for Categories IIIB
(replacement/rehabilitation of
sewers), IVA (new collector sewers),
and V (combined sewer overflows)
are ineligible for Federal financial
assistance. However, costs for these
categories are included because the
Clean Water Act provides a governor
with discretionary funding authority
to use up to 20 percent of a State's
construction grant allotment in any
fiscal year for these project categories.
Because there is no way of knowing
which facilities will be funded, or
how much of the 20-percent discre-
tionary funding authority will be
used in any State, the entire need is
reported in the Survey. More
detailed explanations of each cate-
gory can be found in the Glossary
of Terms.
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Timeframe
EPA estimates the capital investment
necessary to address municipal
wastewater treatment needs for two
points in time:
1. Current Needs - needs for
documented facilities to satisfy
the current population on
January 1,1988.
2. Design Year Needs- Total
needs for documented
facilities to satisfy the design
year population. Year 2008 is
used as the design year to better
approximate a 20-year design
life for facilities in the Needs
Survey. Design year needs
include current needs as a
subset.
In previous Surveys, we have also
reported maximum eligible needs,
i.e., the portion of the design year
needs eligible for Federal financial
assistance in accordance with Section
204(a)(5) reserve capacity limitations
of the Clean Water Act. This provi-
sion limits grant-eligible needs to
that portion of a treatment works
providing capacity to the existing
population on the date of grant
approval, or September 30,1990,
whichever date is earlier.
The 1987 Amendments provided for
a transition from the traditional
construction grant program to a State
revolving loan program (SRF). Under
the SRF Program, States will have the
discretion to finance the construction
of reserve capacity for future needs,
therefore, the estimate of maximum
eligible needs is no longer needed.
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The 1988
Needs Survey
What Were The Major
Objectives?
The 1988 Needs Survey focused on
grant-eligible categories of need,
rather than the expanded eligibilities
under the 1987 Amendments to the
Clean Water Act. The major objective
of the 1988 Survey was to update the
1986 cost estimates on all municipal
wastewater treatment facilities. We
applied the same documentation
criteria established in the 1986 Needs
Survey to ensure that a water quality
or public health problem existed.
These criteria were maintained to
provide national consistency in
estimating and reporting needs.
We also encouraged States to update
the technical data on wastewater
treatment facilities such as flow,
pollutant characteristics, treatment
processes, and population estimates.
Many of the States were successful in
providing more current information.
However, some States did not have
resources to collect and report this
information to EPA.
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What Are the Needs?
EPA's estimates of the capital invest-
ment necessary to address the
Nation's municipal wastewater
treatment needs are presented
in Table 1. An estimated $83.5 billion
is required to satisfy the total needs
of facilities with documented water
quality or public health problems. Of
this amount $67.9 billion is needed
to satisfy the needs of the population
in existence on January 1,1988 within
the service area of these facilities.
The $15.6 billion difference represents
needs to serve population growth
within these service areas between
1988 and 2008 (the design year
population).
If only Categories I, II, HIA, and IVB
are considered, the design year needs
are reduced to $49.6 billion and the
corresponding needs for the current
population drop to $36.9 billion.
These categories include secondary
and advanced treatment, infiltration/
inflow correction, and new interceptor
sewers.
The relationship of design year needs
to current needs is shown in Figure 1.
Table 1
Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities
(January 1988 Dollars in Billions)
Needs
Category
I
II
HIA
IIIB
IVA
IVB
V
Secondary Treatment
Advanced Treatment
Infiltration/Inflow Correction
Replacement/Rehabilitation*
New Collector Sewers*
New Interceptor Sewers
Combined Sewer Overflows*
CATEGORIES I - V
TREATMENT CATEGORIES I & I
Current
Needs
20.2
3.9
2.9
3.7
10.9
9.9
16.4
67.9
24.1
Design
Year
Needs
26.8
5.0
2.9
3.7
13.8
14.9
16.4
83.5
31.8
CATEGORIES I.II.IIIA, & IVB
For these categories under Title II of the Clean Water Act,
percent of a State's allotment in any fiscal year; however, combined sewer overflow
projects funded under Section 201 (n) (1) may exceed this amount.
36.9 49.6
a governor may use up to 20
Figure 1: Current and Design Year Needs for
Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Design Year
Current
100
January 1988 Dollars in Billions
Categories of Need
]l, II, HIA & IVB
J (Grant Eligible)
, IVA&V
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How Are the Needs
Distributed?
To show how documented needs are
distributed geographically through-
out the Nation, we have disaggre-
gated them by State. Figure 2
presents design year needs for
Categories I through V, and shows
that needs are generally concentrated
in highly populated States such as
Texas, Florida, New York, and
California. Midwestern States are
generally less populated, and
consequently have lower needs.
Figure 3 shows the needs for
projected population growth (design
year needs minus current needs).
The distribution of States with the
highest growth needs is similar to
that shown in Figure 2, with the
addition of Arizona, Tennessee, and
North Carolina. Appendix A pro-
vides a detailed presentation of needs
for each State and U.S. Territory.
Figure 2: Design Year Needs by State
Range of Category I - V Needs
(January 1988 Dollars in Billions)
i r-, -. ,, Greater
I $0.0-0.5 Q $0.5 -1.0 $1.0-2.0 D than $2.0
Figure 3: Needs for Projected Population Growth
(1988 - 2008) by State
Range of Category I - V Needs
(January 1988 Dollars in Billions)
$0.0 - 0.1
$0.1 - 0.2
$0.2-0.4
Greater
than $0.4
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How Were the Needs
Documented?
The documentation criteria for the
1988 Needs Survey did not change
from the 1986 Needs Survey. EPA re-
viewed State-submitted documenta-
tion for each facility and each cate-
gory of need to ensure that the docu-
mentation met the established list of
criteria and was:
based on a public health or water
quality problem.
A current problem (e.g., needs
solely for future growth were
unacceptable).
Project specific (e.g., documenta-
tion describing a county-wide
problem of septic system
failures due to poor soils was
unacceptable to document the
needs of a particular town
in that county).
States were also required to docu-
ment their cost estimates in addition
to their water quality or public health
problems. The established documen-
tation types were also used to verify
cost estimates. The 17 EPA-approved
documentation types for the 1988
Needs Survey are listed and defined
in Appendix D.
Once a State adequately documented
a water quality or public health
problem, EPA accepted it into the
Needs Survey whether or not a
documented cost estimate was
available. For needs with undocu-
mented or unavailable cost estimates,
EPA used nationally derived cost
curves to calculate the dollar
amount.1 The curves used level of
treatment (e.g., secondary or ad-
vanced), general type of treatment
(e.g., lagoon or mechanical plant),
population, flow, and type of pro-
posed improvement (e.g., upgrade,
enlargement, abandonment, or recon-
struction) to generate cost estimates.
Some States maintain that not all their
legitimate needs were included in the
Survey because of the established
documentation requirements.
State concerns regarding documenta-
tion are presented in the section
entitled "What are the Separate State
Estimates?"
The most prevalent form of docu-
mentation used to substantiate a
water quality or public health prob-
lem is a facilities plan. The resulting
distribution of documentation types
for facilities in the 1988 Needs Survey
is depicted in Figure 4. Likewise,
Appendix D illustrates that the
majority of cost estimates are based
on facilities plans and other planning
documents.
Figure 4: Facility Documentation Types
(By Percent of Facilities)
Facilities Plan
55%
Other
12%
State
I/I and SSES*
7%
OlaIG
Local Plan" sanitary Survey Priority List
10% no/_ '
8%
8%
'Infiltration/Inflow Analysis and Sewer System Evaluation Survey
"Includes Capital Improvement Plan, Area-Wide or Regional Basin Plan,
Local/County Comprehensive Water and Sewer Plan, and Plan of Study
'Texas and Connecticut use their own State-derived and
EPA-accepted cost curves to estimate costs for their sewers.
10
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How Have The Needs
Changed?
After accounting for inflation, the
total design year needs increased by
$2.9 billion, approximately 4 percent,
from 1986 to 1988. Estimates from the
1986 Survey are summarized by State
in Appendix B.
This net change since the 1986 Survey
is due to several factors, primarily
revised planning and design of facilities,
which account for an increase of $4.6
billion. Such revisions resulted from
changes to the scope of facilities,
including level of treatment, size of
facilities, and new requirements
being imposed by State governments
in response to the 1987 CWA Amend-
ments. These new requirements
address sludge treatment arid dis-
posal, including toxics in sludge, and
other new provisions of the CWA.
Some States are also imposing more
stringent effluent limits in new water
quality-based permits.
The second major reason for the
change in needs is that some needs
were met through grant awards
between January 1986 and January
1988, accounting for a decrease of $3.6
billion. The third major reason for
change between the 1986 and 1988
Surveys is recently identified needs
for new wastewater treatment facilities,
accounting for an increase of $1.9
billion.
11
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Needs have varied considerably from
Survey to Survey. A comparison of
the design year needs for the four
most recent Surveys is presented in
Table 2 and Figure 5. The most
significant feature of this table is the
S63.6 billion (43 percent) decrease in
needs from 1982 to 1988. This de-
crease is due to several factors includ-
ing the emphasis on documentation
requirements which began with CSO
(Category V) needs in the 1984 Survey
and was extended in 1986 to all cate-
gories of need. Table 2 shows that the
needs categories with the largest
dollar changes are combined sewer
overflows (Category V), sewer
replacement/rehabilitation (Category
UIB), and new collector sewers (Cate-
gory IVA). Combined sewer overflow
needs increased by $0.7 billion,
accounting for 24 percent of the
increase from 1986 to 1988, and sewer
replacement/rehabilitation and new
collector needs increased by $0.6
billion (21 percent of the increase)
each.
Betxveen 1986 and 1988, the total
number of existing treatment and
collection facilities increased by about
185 to 24,153 hi the 1988 Survey. Of
the total 24,153 treatment and
collection facilities included in the
1988 Survey, 10,835 have remaining
needs. This represents an increase of
7 percent from the number of facilities
with needs in the 1986 Survey.
Table 2
Comparison of Total Design Year Needs -
1982 Through 1988 Needs Surveys*
(January 1988 Dollars in Billions Except as Noted)
Needs
Category
I
ll
I1IA
IIIB
IVA
IVB
V
Secondary Treatment
Advanced Treatment
Infiltration/Inflow Correction
Replacement/Rehabilitation
New Collector Sewers
New Interceptor Sewers
Combined Sewer Overflows
CATEGORIES I-V
TREATMENT CATEGORIES I & II
CATEGORIES I.II.IIIA, & IVB
CATEGORIES I - V (Nominal Dollars)
1982
Survey
40.7
7.5
3.1
5.7
25.1
21.8
43.2
147.1
48.2
73.1
118.4
1984 1986 1988
Survey Survey Survey
38.1
6.5
3.0
3.4
23.7
20.6
25.2
120.5
44.6
68.2
108.9
26.3
4.8
2.6
3.1
13.2
14.9
15.7
80.6
31.1
48.6
77.6'
26.8
5.0
2.9
3.7
13.8
14.9
16.4
83.5
31.8
49.6
83.5
The design year for needs estimates usually changes for each needs survey. The
1982 and 1984 Surveys estimated design year needs for the year 2000 population.
The 1986 Survey estimated needs for the year 2005 population, and the 1988
Survey estimates needs for the year 2008 population to better approximate a 20-
year design life for the facilities in the Survey. For comparison purposes, all the
needs have been presented in January 1988 dollars. EPA has also included total
needs in nominal dollars (the face dollar value not adjusted for inflation) so that
these numbers can be compared to past Survey reports.
A modification to the published needs estimates in the 1986 Survey has been
made to account for an inflation adjustment.
Figure 5: Comparison of Total Design Year Needs
(1982 through 1988 Needs Surveys)
D
o
I
180 _
160 -
j I 140_
i
n
B
120-
100-
9
8
8 !
1982
1984
1986
1988
Year
12
-------
What Are the Separate
State Estimates?
Needs documented in accordance
with the 17 criteria discussed in the
section entitled "How Were the
Needs Documented?" and described
in detail in Appendix D are included
in the EPA estimates in Tables 1 and
2. Needs that could not be docu-
mented with any of the 17 accepted
criteria but which States believe are
valid needs are included in the
separate State estimates in Table 3.
States had the option, if available
resources permitted, to submit
separate State estimates for needs
with documentation outside the 17
established criteria or without written
documentation. The level of effort by
each State varied as separate State
estimates were voluntary, not
mandatory. The reported needs are
not all inclusive or representative of
the total needs that would be reported
as separate State estimates if State
resources allowed. The types of
needs identified by the individual
States are too varied to allow com-
parisons or conclusions on a national
basis.
A total of 39 States and Territories
submitted separate State estimates
compared to only 12 in 1986. The
design year separate State estimates
total $15.9 billion, an increase of $456
million (3 percent) from 1986 to 1988.
The separate State estimates are in
addition to the EPA estimates. If these
estimates are added to the EPA
assessment, the total design year
needs for 1988 would be $99.4 billion,
or 19 percent more than the EPA
estimate. A detailed listing of the
current and design year separate State
estimates are included in Appendix A.
; Table 3
Separate State Estimates -
Current and Design Year Needs
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New, Jersey
Current
12 '
112
228 ;
759 [
175 ;
19 '
11 :
792 !
10
0
8 i
78 ;
863
57 ,
0* ,
114 ;
64 :
2 '
12
55 ,
7
(Dollars
Design
13
210
312
2003
177
39
14
792
260
0*
31
104
872
60
0*
167
80
15
18
11
7
in Millions)
Year
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Marshall Islands
Puerto Rico
Total
Current
108
6310
7
275
1757
46
69
1
4
377
423
75
127
36
18
0
9
258
13278
Design Year
111
6316
10
541
1852
46
1-12
1
11
566
424
142
139
46
18
1
9
327
15857
* Estimate less than $0.5 million .
In general, the States reported the
following types of additional needs:
Needs to build or expand a central-
ized system for communities on
individual systems. Specific plans or
studies (in accordance with the 17
criteria) describing a current
problem often do not exist. Also,
many communities on septic
systems may not have an existing
problem, but States believe these
systems will fail in the future due
to differentiation in lot sraes, or soil
or hydrological conditions.
Needs to address combined sewer
overflow problems where no formal
study is available to document
evidence of a public health or water
quality problem.
Needs that are strictly for future
growth without any current public
health or water quality problems.
Although they may become docu-
mented needs in the future, they
were systematically excluded from
the Survey because of the emphasis
on current problems.
Needs for facilities that are now
operating at a satisfactory level,
but which are projected to need
replacement during the next 20
years and presently have no
planning documentation.
Other needs (e.g., needs ineligible
for construction grant funding,
needs using different estimation
procedures, or needs not covered
by the aforementioned reasons).
13
-------
What is the Status of
Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Infrastructure?
The Federal investment in construc-
tion grants, combined with State
and local matching funds, has
yielded significant infrastructure
improvements in our municipal
wastevvater treatment capabilities. In
the last 10 years, the number of
secondary and advanced treatment
facilities has steadily increased.
Municipalities currently operate over
24,000 treatment and collection
facilities, of which 15,591 provide
treatment. Presently, 13,802 or
approximately 90 percent of all treat-
ment facilities are providing at least
secondary treatment. However, 117
remaining collection facilities
discharge raw sewage. Figure 6 char-
acterizes the current treatment
capabilities for all operating domestic
wastewater facilities.
A total of $49.6 billion is needed to
meet design year needs in Categories
I, II, HIA, and IVB. The infrastructure
improvements from meeting these
needs are summarized in Table 4.
Figure 6:1988 Treatment Level of
Operational Facilities
10/1
N
u
m
b
o T
f h
o
F u
a s
c a
n
d
s
1,854 1.789
No Discharge Raw*
Primary Secondary Advanced
Total Number of
Operational
Facilities in 1988 = 15,591
Level of Treatment
Raw discharge facilities are
considered collection,
not treatment, facilities.
Table 4
INDICATOR
Infrastructure Improvements From
Meeting Design Year Needs
IMPROVEMENT (1988-2008)
TO
Number of treatment facilities
providing secondary or more
; advanced treatment
Number of treatment facilities
providing less than secondary
treatment
Number of raw discharge facilities
Flow capacity (million gallons
per day)
Population receiving
treatment (millions)
Biochemical oxygen demand
removed by treatment (tons
per day)
Total suspended solids
removed by treatment
(tons per day)
FROM
13,802
1,789
117
37,639
176
20,467
23,353
17,315
48
0
44,269
248
35,913
37,766
CHANGE
+25%
-97%
-100%
+18%
+41%
+75%
+62%
14
-------
Combined Sewer Overflow Control
Over 1,100 collection systems
around the country (serving
approximately 40 million people)
have combined sewer systems
where both sanitary sewage and
stormwater are collected and
treated. Most combined sewer
systems have the capacity to handle
both stormwater and wastewater
flow; however, during larger storm
events, the flow capacity of these
sewer systems may be exceeded.
Often the excess flow containing
raw sewage, industrial wastewater,
and stormwater is discharged un-
treated. Current documented needs
to control and treat CSOs total $16.4
billion for 328 CSO systems. These
CSO systems, with documented needs
in the 1988 Survey, serve approximately
25 million people. Over half of the
documented national CSO needs are
for 53 marine and estuarine CSO
systems serving approximately 12
million people.
15
-------
-------
Impacts of
the 1987
Amendments
to the
Clean Water Act
A total of $50.6 billion has been
obligated through the construction
grant program as of September 30,
1988.
Construction grants have been
awarded primarily for the needs of
municipal wastewater treatment
facilities. This includes limited
funding of related facilities such as
combined sewer overflow correction
under the Governor's 20 percent dis-
cretionary fund in the construction
grants program. The governor's
discretionary fund was broadened
in the 1987 Amendments to allow
funding of nonpoint source and
groundwater activities.
The 1987 Amendments also intro-
duced a major change in the
financing of municipal wastewater
treatment facilities. Federal financial
assistance will be through the State
Revolving Fund (SRF) in which
municipalities may apply for a low-
interest rate loan or other assistance
rather than a traditional construction
grant.
The SRF program gives the States
more flexibility in the types of
projects which can receive Jfunding,
including estuarine, nonpoint
source, and combined sewer
overflow projects. After certain
requirements are met, States can
allocate SRF funding to a broader
range of projects, addressing prob-
lems that they consider most signifi-
cant in terms of achieving their water
quality goals.
In the Amendments, Congress
authorized $18 billion for water
pollution control through fiscal year
(FY) 1994, $9.6 billion for the exist-
ing construction grant program
through FY 1990, and $8.4 billion in
"seed" money to capitalize the SRF
program through FY 1994. Under the
1987 Amendments, there are new
enforceable requirements for storm-
water, toxics, and sludge problems,
which will have to be addressed once
EPA completes development of the
regulations. The status and impacts of
the SRF program will be addressed in
the SRF Report to Congress due in
1990 under Section 516(g) of the
Clean Water Act. The 1988 Needs
Survey will serve as the basis for
estimating needs of noncompliant
facilities in the SRF Report to Con-
gress. In addition to preliminary
projections of the SRF program, the
report will provide a construction
grant baseline against which future
SRF data can be compared.
17
-------
-------
Glossary
NOTE:
Definitions are given to help the reader understand the terms used, but are not
to be used for legal purposes.
19
-------
-------
Glossary
Advanced Treatment
See Needs Categories, Category II.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The amount of dissolved oxygen required to decompose organic matter in water.
BOD is a measure of pollution since heavy wasteloads have a high demand for
oxygen.
Collector Sewers
See Needs Categories, Category IVA.
Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO)
See Needs Categories, Category V.
Conveyance Needs
Capital investment needed to construct, expand, or upgrade sewer systems for
transporting wastewater to treatment plants.
Conventional Pollutants
Pollutants consisting of orgcinic wastes such as biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) and suspended solids (SS). Domestic sewage and industrial wastes of
plant and animal origin contribute to the formation of these conventional pollutants.
Current Needs
The cost estimate for building publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities
(to serve the 1988 population) eligible for Federal financial assistance under the
Clean Water Act.
Design Capacity
The average daily flow that a treatment plant is designed to accommodate.
Design Year Needs
The cost estimate for building publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities to
satisfy the design year (2008) population for documented facilities. The design
year estimate also includes current year needs as a subset.
Do cumentation
A process in which the States were required to provide certain plans, reports,
etc. to show that an actual problem existed and that it was: (1) related to a
water quality or public health problem, (2) current, and (3) project specific.
Needs were documented by using the list of 17 documentation types which the
EPA accepted as verification of a need and a cost estimate. This list of 17 docu-
mentation types is listed in Appendix D.
Effluent
Liquid that is discharged to the environment from a treatment facility after
completion of the treatment process.
Effluent Standard
A limit on how much of a particular pollutant may be discharged by industries
and municipalities into the environment. Effluent standards are set for each
individual treatment facility. Minimum standards for all plants are set by ti.<;
Clean Water Act. More stringent standards are set on a case-by-case basis when-
ever the protection of local water quality warrants.
21
-------
Glossary
Enforceable Requirements
Conditions or limitations under Clean Water Act Section 402 or 404 permits
which, if violated, could result in the issuance of a compliance order or initia-
tion of a civil or criminal action under Section 309 of the Act or applicable State
laws. If a permit has not been issued, the term includes any requirement
which, in the Regional Administrator's judgement, would be included in the
permit when issued. Where no permit applies, the term includes any require-
ment which the Regional Administrator determines is necessary for the best
practicable waste treatment technology to meet applicable criteria.
Facilities Plans
Plans and studies which directly relate to the construction of treatment works
necessary to comply with the Clean Water Act. A facilities plan investigates
needs and provides information on the cost effectiveness of alternatives. A
recommended plan and an environmental assessment of the recommendations
are also presented in a facilities plan.
A facilities plan includes a description of the treatment works for which
construction drawings and specifications are to be prepared. The description
includes preliminary engineering data, cost estimates for design and construc-
tion of the treatment works, and a schedule for completion of design and
construction.
Infiltration/Inflow Correction
See Needs Categories, Category IIIA.
Influent
Wastewater flowing into a treatment facility.
Interceptor Sewers
See Needs Categories, Category IVB.
Lagoon
A pond in which algae, sunlight, and oxygen interact to restore water to a
quality that is often equal to the effluent from the secondary treatment stage.
Lagoons are widely used by small communities to provide wastewater
treatment.
Majors
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with flows greater than or equal to 1
million gallons per day (mgd) or service population equivalent to 10,000
persons and certain other POTWs having significant water quality impacts.
National Estuary Program
A program established under the CWA Amendments of 1987 to develop and
implement conservation and management plans for protecting estuaries.
Objectives include restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and bio-
logical integrity of the estuary as well as controlling point and nonpoint
pollution sources.
Minors
Publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) with flows less than 1 million
gallons per day (mgd).
22
-------
Glossary
National Municipal Policy (NMP)
A policy created by EPA and the States in 1984 to bring all POTWs into compli-
ance with Clean Water Act requirements. The deadline for compliance was
July 1,1988 and it applied regardless of whether a facility had received any
Federal funding. The NMP applied to facilities that needed construction as well
as facilities that needed to improve operation and maintenance to comply.
Needs
The cost estimate for constructing publicly owned wastewater treatment
facilities potentially eligible for Federal financial assistance under the Clean
Water Act.
Needs Categories
Categories of projects that are potentially eligible for Federal financial
assistance under the Clean Water Act. Needs categories are as follows:
1) Secondary Treatment (Category I)
The minimum level of treatment that must be maintained by all treatment
facilities, except those facilities granted ocean discharge waivers under Sec-
tion 301 (h) of the Clean Water Act. Treatment levels are specified in terms of
the concentration of conventional pollutants in the wastewater being dis-
charged from a facility. Secondary treatment requires an 85-percent reduc-
tion in conventional pollutant concentration in the wastewater treated by a
facility. Needs reported in this category are necessary to attain secondary
treatment. Needs to attain incremental reductions in conventional pollutant
concentrations beyond secondary treatment requirements are included in
Category II.
2) Advanced Treatment (Category II)
A level of treatment more stringent than secondary treatment. Advanced
treatment requires greater than 85 percent reduction in conventional
pollutants, or a significant reduction in nonconventional pollutants present
in the wastewater treated by a facility. Needs reported in this category are
necessary to attain incremental reductions in pollutant concentrations
beyond basic secondary treatment.
3) Infiltration/Inflow Correction (Category IIIA)
Control of the problem of penetration into a sewer system of water other
than wastewater from the ground through such means as defective pipes or
manholes (infiltration) or from sources such as drains, storm sewers, and
other improper entries into the system (inflow). Included in this category
are costs for correction of sewer system infiltration/inflow problems. Costs
also are reported for preliminary sewer system analysis and for detailed
sewer system evaluation surveys.
4) Replacement/Rehabilitation of Sewers (Category IIIB)
Reinforcement or reconstruction of structurally deteriorating sewers. This
category includes cost estimates for rehabilitation of existing sewer systems
beyond those for normal maintenance. Costs are reported if the corrective
actions are necessary to maintain the structural integrity of the system.
5) Collector Sewers (Category IVA)
Pipes used to collect and carry wastewater from an individual source to an
interceptor sewer that will, convey the wastewater to a treatment facility.
This category includes the costs of constructing new collector sewer systems
and appurtenances.
23
-------
Glossary
6) Interceptor Sewers (Category IVB)
Major sewer lines receiving wastewater flows from collector sewers. The
interceptor sewer carries wastewater directly to the treatment plant or to
another interceptor. This category includes costs for constructing new
interceptor sewers and pumping stations necessary for conveying wastewa-
ter from collector sewer systems to treatment facilities or to another
interceptor.
7) Combined Sewer Overflows (CSO) (Category V)
A discharge of a mixture of stormwater and domestic wastes that occurs
when the flow capacity of a sewer system is exceeded during a rainstorm.
Costs reported are for grant-eligible facilities to prevent or control periodic
bypassing of untreated wastes from sewers which convey a combination of
wastewater and stormwater to achieve water quality objectives. This cate-
gory does not include costs for overflow control allocable to flood control or
drainage improvement, or for treatment or control of stormwater in separate
storm and drainage systems.
Nonconventional Pollutants
Pollutants other than the traditional TSS and BOD such as nitrogen,
phosphorus, or ammonia which may be in the form of organic wastes,
sediments, viruses, bacteria, oil, grease, acids or heat.
Nondischarging Treatment Plants
A nondischarging treatment plant is one in which treated wastewater is not dis-
charged to any stream or river. Most of these nondischarging plants are pond
systems that dispose of the total flow they receive by means of evaporation or
percolation to groundwater, or facilities that dispose of their effluent by recy-
cling, reuse (e.g., spray irrigation or groundwater recharge).
Ocean Discharge Waiver
A variance from the secondary treatment requirements for discharges into
marine waters under Section 301 (h) of the Clean Water Act.
Primary Treatment
The first stage of wastewater treatment; removal of floating debris and solids by
screening and sedimentation.
Replacement/Rehabilitation of Sewers
See Needs Categories, Category IIIB.
Reserve Capacity
Extra treatment capacity built into treatment plants and interceptor sewers to
accommodate flow increases due to future population growth.
Secondary Treatment
See Needs Categories, Category I.
Separate State Estimates
Needs which were not included in the EPA estimates presented in this report
because these needs either were justified with documents outside the estab-
lished documentation criteria or had no written documentation.
Septic Tank
Used as part of an on-site septic system to treat and dispose of wastewater from
an individual house. The septic tank is the predominant method used to treat
24
-------
Glossary
wastewater from individual houses located in unsewered areas. The septic tank
is an enclosure that stores and processes wastes. Bacteria decompose the
organic matter into sludge which must be pumped off periodically. The liquid
is disposed of through a subsurface drain field.
State Revolving Fund
Revolving funds are financial institutions that make loans for specific water
pollution control purposes and use loan repayments, including interest, to make
new loans for additional water pollution control activities. Under the State
Revolving Fund (SRF) program, States and Municipalities will be primarily
responsible for financing, constructing, and managing wastewater
treatment facilities. The SRF program is based on the 1987 Amendments to the
Clean Water Act which called for a phase-out of the construction grants pro-
gram and the initiation of the SRF program.
Suspended Solids (SS)
That portion of the pollutants that are in the form of very small solid particles.
Suspended solids are removed through a combination of settling and filtering
operations.
Tertiary Treatment
Advanced treatment of wastewater that goes beyond the secondary or biologi-
cal stage. It removes nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen. See Needs
Categories, Advanced Treatment, Category II.
301(h) Ocean Discharge Waiver
A variance from the secondary treatment requirements for treatment facilities
discharging to bays or estuaries.
Treatment Plant
A structure constructed to treat wastewater prior to discharging to the environ-
ment. Treatment is accomplished by subjecting the wastewater to a combina-
tion of physical, chemical, arid/or biological processes which reduce the con-
centration of contaminants in the wastewater.
Trickling Filter Unit Process
A biological treatment process where wastewater is treated by trickling waste-
water over rocks or other media on which colonies of bacteria are growing. The
bacteria remove the organic impurities from the wastewater and use it as a food
source. The name "trickling filter" is a misnomer since no filtering action
occurs in a physical sense.
Water Quality-Based Permit
A permit with an effluent limit more stringent than a limitation based on
technology performance. This more stringent limit may be necessary to protect
the designated use of a receiving water body (i.e., recreation, irrigation, indus-
try, or water supply use). An effluent limit is a restriction on the amount of a
specific pollutant that a facility can discharge into a stream, river, or harbor.
Wastewater
Dissolved or suspended waterborne waste material. Sanitary or domestic
wastewater refers to liquid material collected from residences, offices, and
institutions. Municipal wastewater is a general term applied to any liquid
treated in a municipal treatment plant. Industrial wastes refer to wastewater
from manufacturing plants.
25
-------
Glossary
Wastewater Infrastructure
The plan or network for the collection, treatment, and disposal of sewage in a
community. The level of treatment will depend on the size of the community,
the type of discharge, and/or the designated use of the receiving water.
26
-------
-------
-------
Appendices
These Appendices contain State and national summaries of various cost and
technical data. Appendix A presents cost data from the 1988 Needs Survey,
including summaries by State of Current Needs, Design Year Needs,
and Separate State Estimates. Appendix B contains a summary of 1986 needs
estimates by State. Appendix C contains selected technical data from the 1988
Survey. Appendix D contains a summary of acceptable documentation for the
1988 Needs Survey.
29
-------
-------
List of Appendix
Tables
Appendix A: Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Estimates
A-l Current Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
Works Eligible for Federal Financial Assistance under
the Clean Water Act
A-2 Design Year Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater
Treatment Works
A-3 Separate State Estimates for Current Needs
A-4 Separate State Estimates for Design Year Needs
Appendix B: Summary of 1986 Needs Survey Estimates
B-l Current Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment
Works Eligible for Federal Financial Assistance under
the Clean Water Act
B-2 Design Year (2005) Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater
Treatment Works
Appendix C: Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Technical
Information
C-l Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection
Systems
C-2 Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection
Systems When All Documented Needs Are Met
C-3 Number of Treatment Facilities by Flow Range
C-4 Current Operational Treatment Facility Information
C-5
Operational Treatment Facility Information When All
Documented Needs Are Met
C-6 Summary of Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Handling
Processes
Appendix D: Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Facility
Documentation
D-l List of Acceptable Documentation Types
D-2 Summary of Facility Cost Documentation
Page
A-3
A-5
A-7
A-9
B-3
B-5
C-3
C-5
C-7
C-9
C-ll
C-13
D-3
D-7
31
-------
-------
Appendix A
Summary of 1988 Needs Survey Estimates
Current, Design Year,
and Separate State
Estimates
A-l
-------
Table A-1
1988 Needs Survey
Current Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works Eligible for Federal Financial
Assistance under the Clean Water Act
Table A-1 summarizes the 1988 EPA assessment of documented needs by State for the current population.
The current needs represent the capital investment necessary to build all needed publicly owned wastewater treatment
facilities to meet the requirements of the Clean Water Act. The current needs do not contain an allowance for future
population growth and migration. The assessment includes all planning, design, and construction activities eligible for
Federal financial assistance under the Clean Water Act. All ineligible project costs are excluded from the assessment.
States were asked to provide both design year and current needs for all facilities in the 1988 Survey. For facilities where
the current needs were unavailable, the EPA estimated them by prorating needs based on the ratio of 1988 to 2008 popu-
lations.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-1 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 1 due to rounding.
A-2
-------
Table A-1
1988 Needs Survey
Current Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works Eligible for
Federal Financial Assistance under the Clean Water Act
(January 1988 Dollars in Millions)
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist . of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan -
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Micronesia
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Marianas
Republic of Palau
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total
Total
547
- 107
542
257
5257
163
1267
82
274
3984
615
236
65
2764
1582
511
485
1108
854
288
866
5445
3125
902
410
955
57
99
101
709
3351
92
11683
1212
31
3141
285
982
1439
364
441
81
898
3306
292
202
755
2143
852
1204
17
10
67
21
24
25
11
1146
17
67749
1
168
46
297
118
2472
56
270
39
95
907
169
97
28
362
184
221.
123
137
321
126
168
2466
793
321
156
425
17
50
55
104
1380
53
1832
265
15
577
.77
211
570
16
168
50
339
1273
173
63
226
865
276
513
8
3
53
16
18
11
10
340
6
20198
II
66
0
81
20
26
66
102
2
179
252
89
3
3
263
102
51
2
50
22
1
395
15
28
51
51
1
2
2
22
6
167
0 *
. 174
184
0
317
73
123
97
4
23
3
73
415
32
28
45
18
21
141
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
3896
Category
IIIA
93
5
2
56
358
2
25
0
0
42
44
0
5
81
48
50
82
78
59
25
40
40
68
19
64
10
0 *
1
2
9
240
1
164
87
0
278
12
45
16
0 *
21
2
155
245
39
1
30
130
23
56
1
0
0
0 *
0
0
0
37
0 *
2891
of Need
1MB
18
0
2
3
652
7
16
0 *
0
24
26
0
3
39
10
2
56
12
34
11
0 *
18
26
167
2
70
9
8
3
5
319
16
1583
45
10
61
12
147
9
0
0
2
18
79
4
4
10
79
17
2
2
0
0 *
0
0
0 *
0
15
0
3657
IVA
116
19
47
31
341
4
287
26
0
2150
56
92
, 15
92
190
38
43
544
245
58
49
574
385
26
62
54
19
8
12
210
301
8
1185
301
0
565
30
296
500
76
76
10
212
279
24
16
120
207
334
131
1
5
10
3
2
3
0
380
8
10876
IVB
86
37
113
29
367
28
175
14
0
607
151
44
10
237
104
144
164
264
173
47
205
618
696
99
75
252
10
10
7
144
153
14
984
329
6
759
81
58
128
62
153
12
92
1015
20
16
118
287
168
139
5
2
4
2
4
11
1
348
3
9884
V
0
0
0
0
1041 -
0
392
1
0
2
80
0
1
1690
944
5
15
23
0
20
9
1714
1129
219
0
143
0 *
20
0
231
791
0
5761
1
0
584
0
102
119
206
0
2
9
0
0
74
206
557
13
222
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
16347
1,11,
IIIA,IVB
413"
88
, 493
223
3223
152
572
55
274
1808
453
144
46
943
438
466
371
529
575
199
808
3139
1585
490
346
688
29
63
86
263
1940
68
3154
865
21
1931
243
437
811
82
365
67
659
2948
264
108
419
1300
488
849
14
5
57
18
22
22
11
730
9
36869
* Estimate less than $0.5 million.
A-3
-------
Table A-2
1988 Needs Survey
Design Year Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works
Table A-2 summarizes the 1988 EPA assessment of documented needs by State to satisfy the design year (2008)
population.
The total design year needs represent the capital investment necessary to build all publicly owned wastewater
treatment facilities that have met the established documentation criteria. These are the funds necessary to provide
adequate wastewater treatment systems for the 1988 population, plus population growth and migration for the next 20
years. The assessment includes all planning, design, and construction activities considered eligible for funding under the
Clean Water Act.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-2 may vary slightly from those presented in Tables 1 and 2 due to rounding.
A-4
-------
Table A-2
1988 Needs Survey
Design Year Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works
(January 1988 Dollars in Millions)
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Micronesia_
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Marianas
Republic of Palau
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Total
Total
781
221
979
370
6539
196
1392
127
278
6186
1007
413
124
- 2958
1721
646
720
1457
1189
341
919
5836
3321
1106
548
1222
69
114
165
854
3754
130
12721
1799
34
3579
476
1273
1644
408
684
87
1467
4975
583
209
957
2685
976
1399
18
20
78
42
32
49
15
1592
27
83512
1
232
94
611
189
3306
75
294
48
99
1961
307
170
65
475
224
256
190
185
474
149
183
2526
- 845
486
217
514
21
.64
83
130 -
1632
55
1908
408
17
725
188
386
638
37
260
54
479
2089
397
65
316
1054
314
582
. - 9
6
58
30
24
20
14
586
10
26834
II
92
0
81
26
79
69
127
2
179
466
129
4
8
284
113
55
3
60
31
1
408
34
31
64
65
'1
4
2
41
9
199
0 *
198
223
0
359
105
131
113
4
32
3
105
672
65
29
83
23
23
198
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
5038
Category
IIIA
93
5
2
56
358
2
25
0
0
42
44
0
5
81
48
50
82
78
59
25
40
40
68
.19
64
10
0 *
1
2
9
240
1
164
87
0
278
12
45
16
0 *
21
2
155
245
39
1
30
130
23
56
1
0
0
0 *
0
0
0
37
0 *
2891
of Need
IIIB
18
0
2
3
652
7
16
0 *
0
24
26
0
3
39
10
2
56
12
34
", 11
0 *
18
26
167
2
70
9
8
3
5
319
16
1583
45
10
61
12
147
9
0
0
2
18
79
4
4
10
79
17
2
2
0
0 *
0
0
0 *
0
15
0
3657
IVA
152
' 19
55
46
397
4
333
43
0
2397
82
138
22
108
259
42
46
671
323
84
56
731
455
28
81
67
23
8
17
260
385
31
1948
432
0
672
30
331
600
91
99
10
280
357
31
20
146
299
387
180
1
11
15
8
2
5
0
476
8
13802
IVB
194
103
228
50
706
39
205
33
0
1294
339
101
20
281
123
236
328
428
268
51
223
773
767
123
119
417
12
11
19
210
188
27
1159
603
7
900
129
131
149
70
272
14
421
1533
47
16
166
543
199
159
5
3
5
4
6
24
1
452
9
14943
V
0
0
o
o
1041
0
392
1
0
2
80
0
1
. 1690
944
5
15
23
0
20
9
1714
1129
219
0
143
0 *
20
0
231
791
0
5761
1
0
584
0
102
119
206
0
2
9
0
0
74
206
557
13
222
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
21
0
16347
1,11,
) " J
IIIA,IVB
611
202
922
321
4449
185
651
83
278
3763
819
275
98
1121
508
597
603
751
832
226
854
3373
1711
692
465
942
37
78
145
358
2259
83
3429
1321
24
2262
434
693
916
111
585
73
1160
4539
548
111
595
1750
559 .
995
15
9
63
34
3C
44
15
1080
19
49706
* Estimate less than $0.5 million.
A-5
-------
Table A-3
1988 Needs Survey
Separate State Estimates for Current Needs
Table A-3 summarizes the States' assessment of current needs for selected wastewater treatment facilities that the States
believe to be legitimate, but that either were justified with documents outside the established documentation criteria of
the Survey or had no written documentation. The Separate State Estimates are optional and in addition to the EPA
estimates. These needs are shown in Table A-3 by category of need.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-3 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 3 due to rounding.
A-6
-------
Table A-3
1988 Needs Survey
Separate State Estimates for Current Needs
(Dollars in Millions)
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Marshall Islands
Puerto Rico
Total
Total
12
112
228
759
175
19
11
792
10
8
78
863
57
0 *
114
64
2
12
55
7
108
6310
7
275
1757
46
69
1
4
377
423
75
127
36
18
9
258
13278
Category of Need
1
1
83
79
639
169
0
0
6
4
0 *
26
30
1
0
47
28
1
6
8
2
13
3105
0 *
51
334
0
52
1
0
27
190
6
45
17
2
3
0
4976
II
0 *
0 *
31
2
0
0
0
2
0 *
0 *
0 *
1
42
0
12
0 *
0
0
0
0
0
50
0 *
11
112
0
0
0 *
0
2
113
0
1
3
1
0
0
383
IIIA
0
0
10
12
0
0
0
65
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
0
224
0
76
6
0
0
0
0
0
3
0 *
0
0
2
0
0
415
IIIB
0
0
7
, 18
0
0
0
608
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
o-
3
0
0
1068
0
52
10
0
0
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
3
0
0
1788
IVA
1
19
66
19
5
0
0
6
5
5
42
50
12
0
39
26
1
4
12
0
32
994
6
44
355
26
15
0
0
259
40
35
71
13
3
5
0
2210
IVB
10
10
35
69
1
19
11
4
1
2
10
19
2
0 *
16
10
0 *
2
16
3
63
338
1
29
213
20
2
0
4
89
58
31
10
3
7
1
258
1367
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101
0
0
0
763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
531
0
12
727
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0 *
0
0
2139
1.11.
"1
IIIAJVB
11
93
155
722
170
19
11
77
5
3
36
50
45
0*
75
38
1
8
40
5
76
3717
1
167
665
20
54
1
4
118
364
37
56
23
12
4
258
7141
* Estimate less than $0.5 million.
A-7
-------
Table A-4
1988 Needs Survey
Separate State Estimates for Design Year Needs
Table A-4 summarizes the States'assessment of needs to satisfy the design year (2008) population for selected
wastewater treatment facilities that the states believe to be legitimate, but that either were justified with documents
outside the established documentation criteria of the Survey or had no written documentation. The Separate State
Estimates are optional and in addition to the EPA estimates. These needs are shown in Table A-4 by category of need.
Needs estimates presented in Table A-4 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 3 due to rounding.
A-8
-------
Table A-4
1988 Needs Survey
Separate State Estimates for Design Year Needs
(Dollars in Millions)
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Texas
Utah
Virginia.
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Guam
Marshall Islands
Puerto Rico
Total
Total
13
210
312
2003
177
39
14
792
260
0 *
31
104 '
872
60
0 *
167
80
15
18
11
7
111
6316
10
541
1852
46
112
1
11
566
424
142
139
46
18
1
9
327
15857
1
1
154
109
1728
169
0
0
6
4
0
0 *
37
32
1
0
74
35
9
10
0 *
2
13
.3105
1
212
373
0
90
1
0
40
190
11.
50
21
2
0
3
0
6483
II
0 *
0 *
43
38
0
0
0
2
250
0
10
0 *
1
44
0
21
0 *
0
0
0
0
0
50
0 *
25
120
0
0
0 *
0
2
113
0
1
4
1
0
0
0
725
Category
MIA
0
0
10
12
0
0
0
65
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
224
0
76
6
0
0
0
0
0
. 3
0 *
0
0
2
0
0
0
400
of Need
IIIB
0
0
7
18
0
0
0
, 608
0
0 *
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1068
0
52
10
0
' 0"
0
0
0
19
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
1785
IVA
1
44
99
120
7
0
0
6
5
0
13
55
53
13
0
51
33
3
6
8
0
32
1000
8
95
396
26
19
0
0
413
40
89
78
17
3
0
5
0
2738
IVB
ii
12
44
87
1
39
14
4
1
0 *
7
12
23
2
0 *
21
12
3
2
2
3
66
338
1
69
220
20
3
0
11
111
59
38
10
4
7
1
1
327
1586
V
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
101
0
0
0
0
763
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
531
0
12.
727
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0 *
0
0
0
2140
1,11,
IIIA.IVB
12
166
206
1865
170
39
14
77
255
0 *
18
49
56
47
0 *
116
47
12
12
3
5
79
3717
2
382
719
20
93
1
11 '
153
365
49
61
29
12
1
4
327
9194
* Estimate less than $0.5 million.
A-9
-------
-------
Appendix B:
Summary of 1986 Needs
Survey Estimates
Current and Design
Year Needs
B-l
-------
Table B-1
1986 Needs Survey
Current Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works Eligible for Federal
Financial Assistance under the Clean Water Act*
Table B-1 summarizes the results of EPA's 1986 Needs Survey for the current (1986) population. All values are given in
millions of 1988 dollars. This table is provided as a convenience to those who wish to compare the 1986 and 1988 Survey
results. Table B-1 is comparable to Table A-l.
* A modification has been made to the published needs estimates in the 1986 Survey to account for an inflation
adjustment.
B-2
-------
Table B-1
1986 Needs Survey
Current Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works Eligible for
Federal Financial Assistance under the Clean Water Act
(January 1988 Dollars in Millions)
Category of Need
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
. Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Marianas
Puerto Rico
. Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
Total
Total
476
121
515
250
4916
78
1092
50
267
2498
633
222
126
2867
1550
646
389
1196
845
285
687
3943
3168
959
421
985
41
127
102
768
3498
60
11954
972
16
3264
287
765
1556
361
471
62
923
2238
310
153
838
2184
907
1168
26
12
22
23
1188
99
22
63600
1
174
56
281
136
2380
35
185
12
95
858
176
89
55
437
146
376
133
- 215
317
110
123
1514
891
333
165 .
514
13
82
55
130
1475
28
2115
224
6
624
85
166
666
49
146
43
345
1040
180
48
250
838
298
411
20
4
17
10
354
79
7
19614
II
47
0
79
17
18
35
91
2
172
230
90
4
4
315
140
72
0 *
59
21
0 *
281
49
56
63
50
3
0 *
0
27
5
159
0 *
- 170
68
0
450
70
39
116
4
33
3
77
321
38
11
29
16
11
53
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
3600
IIIA
81
5
1
25
260
2
24
0
0
48
44
0
5
95
47
52
22
78
59
25
63
41
54
20
64
13
0 *
0 *
2
9
232
0
174
79
0
280
13
42
19
0 *
37
0
160
128
44
2 ;
22
130
28
66
0
1
0 *
0
37
0
0 *
2633
IIIB
16
0
2
2
502
4
11
0 *
0
26
26
0
3
40
9
2
24
8
34
7
59
19
41
167
2
13
2
8
3
4
107
16
1589
32
0
47
12
34
5
0
0
0
18
59
5
5
4
80
16
3
0
0
0
0 *
15
0 *
0
3081 '
IVA
95
19
33
34
333
0
243
21
0
911
59
91
27
85
169
37
43
553
244
57
62
576
376
26
63
48
16
7
9
206
259
8
1185
290
0
480
31
256
503
55
69
7
222
173
22
19
162
255
369
89
1
5
3
3
356
12
9
9286
IVB
63
41
119
36
380
2
145
14
0
421
158
38
30
246
93
102
152
260
170
66
89
607
674
100
77
293
9
10
6
182
475
8
941
278
10
775
76
124
128 '
46
186
7
92
517
21
16
164
303
170
330
5
2
2
10
403
8
4
9684
V
0
0
o
o
1043
o
393
1
0
4
80
0
2
1649
946
5
15
23
0
20
10
1137
1076
250
o
101
]_
20
0
232
791
0
5780
1
0
608
0
104
119
207
0
2
9
0
0
52
207
562
15
216
o
o
o
o
21
o
0
15702
1,11,
IIIAJVB
365
102
480
214
3038
74
445
28
267
1557
468
131
94
1093
426
602
307
612
567
201
556
2211
1675
516
356
823
22
92
90
326
2341
36
3400
649
16
2129
244
371
. 929
99
402
53
674
2006 ..
283
77
465
1287
507
860
25
7
1 Q
J. y
20
796
87
11
35531
* Estimate less lhan $0.5 million.
B-3
-------
Table B-2
1986 Needs Survey
Design Year (2005) Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater
Treatment Works*
Table B-2 summarizes the results of EPA's 1986 Needs Survey for the design year (2005) population. All values are
given in millions of 1988 dollars. This table is provided as a convenience to those who wish to compare the 1986 and
1988 Survey results. Table B-2 is comparable to Table A-2.
Needs estimates presented in Table B-2 may vary slightly from those presented in Table 2 due to rounding.
* A modification has been made to the published needs estimates in the 1986 Survey to account for an inflation
adjustment.
B-4
-------
Table B-2
1986 Needs Survey
Design Year (2005) Needs for Publicly Owned Wastewater Treatment Works
(January 1988 Dollars in Millions)
Category of Need
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist. of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Marianas
Puerto Rico
Trust Territories
Virgin Islands
Total
Total
740
234
813
392
6535
122
1226
71
267
5724
1031
386
237
3133
1692
797
639
1591
1172
341
927
4404
3366
1155,
568
1178
51
146
164
936
3886
165
13000
1531
23
3747
470
913
1835
404
769
71
1489
3494
607
164
1052
2622
1040
1316
41
22
43
49
1643
125
39
80598
1
250
103
479
223
3440
53
215
13
95
1769
312
147
123
599
188
432
220
316
465
133
217
1638
968
493
229
601
19
98
83
166
1688
77
2211
333
8
796
193
226
793
77
244
48
479
1625
406
53
343
1020
347
475
31
7
31
20
598
95
11
26322
11
67
0
80
26
106
49
118
2
172
346
131
4
12
358
150
80
1
87
30
0 *
361
73
65
76
70
3
0 *
0
45
7
210
0 *
196
112
0
525
100
55
134
4
46
4
109
500
72
13
66
20
12
72
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
4774
IIIA
81
5
1
25
260
2
24
0
0
48
44
0
5
95
47
52
22
78
59
25
63
41
54
20
64
13
0 *
0 *
2
9
232
0
174
79
0
280
13
42
19
0 *
37
0
160
128
44
2
22
130
28
66
0 *
1
0 *
0
37
0
0 *
2633
1MB
16
0
2
2
502
4
11
0 *
0
26
26
0
3
40
9
2
24
8
34
7
59
19
41
167
2
13
2
8
3
4
107
16
1589
32
0
47
12
34
5
0
0
0
18
59
5
5
4
80
16
3
0
0
0
0 *
15
0 *
0
3081
IVA
122
19
39
51
388
0
288
26
0
2299
86
149
38
99
239
41
46
666
322
80
92
731
438
27
83
61
18
8
13
260
339
31
1952
,416
0
583
31
288
614
62
87
7
296
234
31
23
199
259
423
120
1
11
8
5
454
17
9
13229
IVB
204
107
212
65
796
14
177
29
0
1232
352
86
54
293
113
185
311
413
262
76
125
765
723
122
120
386
11
12
18
258
519
41
1098
558
15
908
121
164
151
, 54
355
10
418
948
49
16
212
551
199
364
9
3
4
24
513
13
10
14848
V
0
0
0
0
1043
0
393
1
0
4
80
0
2
1649
946
5
15
23
0
20
10
1137
1077
250
0
101
1
20
0
232
791
0
5780
1
0
608
0
104
119
207
0
2
9
0
0
52
207
562
15
216
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
15703
1,11,
IIIA,IVB
602
215
772
339
4602
118
534
44
267
3395
839
237
194
1345
498
749
554
894
816
234
766
2517
1810
711
483
1003
30
110
148
440
2649
118
3679
1082
23
2509
427
487
1097
135
682
62
1166
3201
571
84
643
1721
586
977
40
11
35
44
1153
108
21
48577
* Estimate less than $0.5 million.
B-5
-------
-------
Appendix C:
Summary of 1988 Needs
Survey Technical Information
NOTE:
Some States did not
update all of the technical
data used to generate
Tables C-l through C-6.
c-i
-------
Table C-1
1988 Needs Survey
Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection Systems
Table C-1 summarizes the number of facilities in operation in 1988.
facilities and collection systems in each State and US. Territory.
This summary gives the number of treatment
C-2
-------
Table C-1
Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and
Collection Systems in 1988
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist . of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Ma s s achus ett s
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Micronesia
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Marianas
Republic of Palau
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Treatment
Facilities
246
45
116
295
588
280
102
19
1
264
391
30
156
727
360
687
569
227
328
115
163
116
379
511
303
608
166
. 449
51
. 84
201
103
483
415
297
691
499
204
690
20
203
274
240
1291
96
89
244
257
177
584
103
2
4
7
1
2
1
33
4
Collection
Systems
288
52
129
326
788
337
142
36
1
328
489
35
177
985
401
714
581
277
353
163
212
206
625
635
351
662
170
515
54
109
502
113
873
496
300
875
513
232
1307
31
236
276
264
1557
153
100
325
322
254
739
119
2
4
7
1
2
1
33
4
Total
15591
19782
C-3
-------
Table C-2
1988 Needs Survey
Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and Collection Systems
When All Documented Needs Are Met
Table C-2 shows the number of treatment facilities and collection systems that are planned to be in operation when all
documented needs are met. A summary is provided for each State and U.S. Territory.
C-4
-------
Table C-2
1988 Needs Survey
Number of Operational Treatment Facilities and
Collection Systems When All Needs Are Met for
Documented Facilities
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Dist . of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
S6uth Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
American Samoa
Micronesia
Guam
Marshall Islands
Northern Marianas
Republic of Palau
Puerto Rico
Virgin Islands
Treatment
Facilities
296
54
132
337
653
275
107
22
1
272
343
34
177
813
422
709
580
281
427
154
210
145
438
563
297
593
182
450
60
92
148
104
603
463
303
778
497
220
837
21
222
282
. 277
1567
109
96
266
275
394
631
104
2
7
6
3
4
1
30
4
Collection
Systems
370
57
146
389
890
336
170
41
1
400
496
45
205
1102
498
749
606
351
502
186
332
253
757
696
406
719
188
518
64
126
545
116
1093
621
310
1092
523
256
1589
35
2-69
284
342
1892
179
110
396
367
581
850
120
2
7
7
3
4
1
34
4
Total
17374
23231
C-5
-------
Table C-3
1988 Needs Survey
Number of Treatment Facilities by Flow Range
Table C-3 is a summary by flow range of aU treatment facilities in operation in 1988, as well as those projected to be
in operation when aU documented needs are met. This table gives four flow ranges in millions of gallons per day (mgd)
for 1988 and the design year 2008; the number of facilities in each range; and the cumulative total of their design flow
capacities. These data are for all types of treatment facilities, regardless of their level of treatment.
C-6
-------
Table C-3
1988 Needs Suivey
Number of Treatment Facilities by Flow Range
Treatment Facilities in Operation in 1988
Flow Ranges
(mgd)
No. of
Facilities
Existing Flow
(mgd)
0.00 to 0.10 5983
0.11 to 1.00 6589
1.01 to 10.00 2427
10.01 and greater 446
Other* 146
Total 15591
259
2307
7178
18992
0_
28736
Treatment Facilities Projected fe> be in Operation
When All Needs Are Met for Documented Facilities
Flow Ranges
(mgd)
No. of
Facilities
Design
Flow Capacity
(mgd)
0.00 to 0.10 5497
0.11 to 1.00 7681
1.01 to 10.00 3376
10.01 and greater 739
Other* 81
Total 17374
267
2683
10535
30805
44290
*Note: Flow data were unavailable for these facilities.
C-7
-------
Table C-4
1988 Needs Survey
Operational Treatment Facility Information
Table C-4 summarizes the level of treatment for all wastewater collected in the United States in 1988. This summary
provides details on the number of operational facilities, their associated flow, and the population served by each level of
treatment. All flow values are given in millions of gallons per day (mgd).
CO
-o
-------
Table C-4
1988 Needs Survey
Current Operational Treatment Facility Information
Level of
Treatment
No. of
Facilities
Design
Capacity
(mgd)
No. of
People
Served
Percent of
U.S. Population
Served
Less than
Secondary
Secondary
Greater than
Secondary
No Discharge
Total
1789
8536
3412
5030 26484096
16087
15488
1034
77954544
65650912
6079611
10.7
31.4
26.5
37639 176169163
Note: In addition, there are currently 117 raw discharge facilities serving 1,367,172 people
(0.6% of U.S. population). Raw discharge facilities are considered collection, not treatment, facilities.
C-9
-------
Table C-5
1988 Needs Survey
Operational Treatment Facility Information When All
Documented Needs Are Met
Table C-5 summarizes the level of wastewater treatment for all treatment facilities that are planned to be in operation
when all documented needs are met. This summary provides estimates on the number of facilities, their associated flow,
and the population served by each level of treatment. All flow values are given in millions of gallons per day (mgd).
C-10
-------
Table C-5
1988 Needs Survey
Operational Treatment Facility Information
When All Documented Needs Are Met
Level of No. of
Treatment Facilities
Less than 48
Secondary*
Secondary 9659
Greater than 5293
Secondary
No Discharge 2363
Other** 11
Design No. of Percent of
Capacity People U.S. Population
(mgd) Served Served
385 2842792 i.rj
18990 108869760 38.1
23117 121504832 42.5
1769 14210304 5.0
8 63657 0.0
Total 17374 44269 247491345 86.6 '
* These treatment facilities have applied for a waiver from the secondary treatment requirements in
accordance with Section 301(h) of the Clean Water Act. All have received at least tentative approval.
** Note: Level of treatment data were unavailable for these facilities.
C-ll
-------
Table C-6
1988 Needs Survey
Summary of Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Handling Processes
Table C-6 summarizes the inventory of unit processes that was compiled during the 1988 Survey. The processes are
grouped into seven categories: preliminary or primary treatment, biological treatment, physical/chemical treatment,
noncentralized collection/treatment, sludge treatment, sludge disposal, and miscellaneous. The number of facilities
using each unit process is provided both for the current year and when all documented needs are met. If multiple or
parallel processes are used at a single facility, they are counted as one process for that facility.
C-12
-------
Table C-6
1988 Needs Survey
Summary of Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Handling Processes
Treatment Processes
Number of Facilities
Current When All Documented
Year
Needs Are Met
Preliminary or Primary Treatment:
Preliminary Treatment
Flow Equalization
Primary Sedimentation
Imhoff Tank
Other Preliminary or Primary Treatment
Biological Treatment:
Stabilization Ponds
Aerated Lagoons
Total Containment Ponds
Aquaculture/Wetlands/Marsh Systems
Trickling Filter
Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)
Sequencing Batch Reactor
Activated Sludge
Activated Sludge - Extended Aeration
Oxidation Ditch
Biological Nitrification
Biological Denitrification .
Biological Phosphorus Removal
Other Biological Treatment
Land Treatment System
11691
115
4926
415
598
5165
1575
867
5
2260
448
1
3591
2082
937
1007
49
28
39
985
14292
1121
5575
428
692
6449
2367
1017
21
2365
725
2
4284
2858
1353
2053
85
37
65
1445
Physical/Chemical Treatment:
Microstrainer
Filtration
Activated Carbon
Chemical Addition
Post Aeration
Other Physical/Chemical Treatment
Dechlorination
Disinfection
Noncentralized Collection/Treatment:
Septic Tank
Leach Field
Mound System
Sand Filter (Noncentralized)
Intermittent Recirculating Sand Filtration
Septic Tank Effluent Pumping'(S.T.E.P.)
Small Diameter Sewer
Pressure Sewer
Vacuum Sewer
Other Noncentralized Collection/Treatment
151
1921
85
1107
1109
2330
345'
8864
218
35
3
27
5
26
35
17
197
3850
111
1563
1747
2962
1195
12032
379
85
40
71
11
77
117
48
19
32
C-13
-------
-------
Table C-6
(Continued)
1988 Needs Survey
Summary of Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Handling Processes
Treatment Processes
Number of Facilities
Current When All Documented
Year Needs Are Met
Sludge Treatment:
Aerobic Digestion
Anaerobic Digestion
Composting
Heat Treatment
Air Drying
Sludge Lagoons
Mechanical Dewatering
Thickening
Chemical Addition
Heat/Gas Utilization
Other Sludge Treatment
Sludge Disposal:*
Incineration
Landfill/Trenching
Land Spreading
Ocean Disposal**
Distribution and/or Marketing of Sludge
Other Sludge Diposal
Miscellaneous:
Outfall Diffuser
Package Plant
Other
3710
3628
77
143
6037
688
1718
1246
139
246
574
341
6881
2776
33
47
177
104
1450
14544
4800
4072
126
163
7241
822
2123
1556
189
288
774
392
8208
3147
37
62
208
140
1937
17604
Information presented for "Sludge Disposal" does not reflect changes in sludge use and disposal practices
that might result from EPA's proposed technical sewage sludge regulations signed by the Administrator on
January 18,1989.
The estimated number of facilities that will dispose of sludge in marine waters, when all documented needs are
met, does not reflect the recently enacted Ocean Dumping Ban Act of 1988 (PL 100-688) which prohibits
ocean dumping after 1991.
C-15
-------
-------
Appendix 0:
Summary of 1988 Needs Survey
Facility Documentation
D-l
-------
Table D-1
1988 Needs Survey
List of Acceptable Documentation Types
Table D-1 lists the 17 acceptable criteria for documenting a problem or a cost estimate in the 1988 Needs Survey. The
same criteria were used for the 1986 Survey.
D-2
-------
Table D-1
1988 Needs Survey
List of Acceptable Documentation Types
Documentation Type
Use
Justification Justification
of Problem of Cost
1. Capital Improvement Plan , Yes
A capital improvement plan must
adequately address why the project is
needed and provide project-specific
costs.
2. Infiltration/Inflow (I/I) Yes
Analysis
3. Sewer System Evaluation Yes
Survey (SSES)
Yes
Yes
Yes
4. Final Engineer Estimate
The final engineer's report is typically
submitted as a result of a detailed
facility.design.
Yes
Yes
Cost of Previous Comparable Construction No
This document may be used to justify
costs if stringent guidelines are
followed and the costs are project
specific.
Facilities Plan Yes
Excerpts from a facilities plan are
acceptable forms of documentation to
justify a need and to update cost
estimates.
Plan of Study Yes
This documentation type must be an
official project description. A plan of
study precedes a facilities plan.
State Priority List Yes
A State's project priority list is
acceptable as adequate problem
documentation if the list was accepted
by EPA. The 1-year fundable plus 4-year
planning portion of the FY 1987 or 1938
lists may be used if accepted by the
appropriate EPA Regional Office.
Yes
Yes
No
No
9. State-Approved Area-Wide or
Regional Basin Plan
An area-wide or regional basin plan (per
Section 208 or 303 of the CWA) is an
acceptable document to justify that a
need exists if specific project
Yes
Yes
D-3
-------
-------
Table D-1
(Continued)
1988 Needs Survey
List of Acceptable Documentation Types
Documentation Type
Use
Justification Justification
of Problem of Cost
10.
descriptions are cited and the plan is
State approved. The problem areas
should be specifically identified.
Grant Application Form
(Step 3 or 4)
11. Municipal Compliance Plan
This document may be used to justify a
need and to update costs if the costs
are project specific.
12. Diagnostic Evaluation Results
of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
The results of a diagnostic
evaluation of a treatment plant may be
used if the results indicate that
construction is needed to achieve
compliance.
13. Administrative Order/Court
Order/Consent Decree
These documents may be used to justify
that a need exists if they specifically
describe an existing or historic problem
demonstrating a need to construct.
14. Sanitary Survey
A sanitary survey by a health agency can
be used to justify a need if the
document specifically identifies any
existing or historic problem of high
failure rates.
15. State-Approved Local/County
Comprehensive Water and Sewer Plan
This document may be used to justify a
need and to update costs if the document
contains descriptions that are project
specific and cost specific.
16. State Certification of Excessive
Flow
A document that is preliminary to an I/I
'report may be used to justify that a
need exists for Category III.
17. State-Approved Municipal Wasteload
Allocation Plan
This document may be used to justify a
need and to update costs if the document
contains descriptions that are project
specific and cost specific.
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
D-5
-------
Table D-2
1988 Needs Survey
Summary of Facility Cost Documentation
Table D-2 provides a breakout of the documentation types used to develop the design year (2008) cost estimates.
D-6
-------
Table D-2
1988 Needs Survey
Summary of Facility Cost Documentation
(by Percent of Design Year Needs Based on Planning and
Documentation Type
Capital Improvement Plan
Inflow/Infiltration Analysis
Sewer System Evaluation Survey
Final Engineer Estimate
Cost of Previous Comparable
Construction
Facilities Plan
Plan of Study
State Priority List
Area-Wide or Regional Basin
Plan
Grant Application
Municipal Compliance Plan
Diagnostic Evaluation
Administrative Order/Court
Order/Consent Decree
Sanitary Survey
Comprehensive Water and Sewer
Plan
State Certification of
Excessive Flow
Municipal Wasteload
all -*o*- ^ f^n m -sŤ
Percent of Total Needs Based on
Planning Cost Curves
6.4 0.2
1.4 0.0
1.8 0.6
2.1 0.1
0.2 0.0
69.9 1.8
2.5 1.3-
4.0 2.1
0.2 0.5
0.7 0.0
0.7 0.1
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.7
0.1 1.3
0.1 0.4
0.0 0.0
0.2 0.2
Cost Curves)
Total
6.6
1.4
2.4
2.2
0.2
71.7
3.8
6.1
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.8
1.4
0.5
0.0
0.4
Total
90.5
9.5
100.0
D-7
-------
-------
-------
------- |