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              State and  Local Climate  Change  Program  Participants
                                                                                     State greenhouse gas inventory
                                                                                     and action plan completed (20)

                                                                                     State greenhouse gas
                                                                                     inventory completed (18)

                                                                                     State greenhouse gas
                                                                                     inventory in progress (1)
                                                                                     Participant in Cities for
                                                                                     Climate Protection
                                                                                     Campaign (109)
Alachua County, FL
Albuquerque, NM
Amherst, MA
Ann Arbor, Ml
Arcata, CA
Arlington, MA
Arlington County, VA
Aspen, CO
Atlanta, GA
Augusta, ME
Austin, TX
Berkeley, CA
Boston, MA
Bridgeport, CT
Boulder, CO
Brookline, MA
Broward County, FL
Buffalo, NY
Burien, WA
Burlington, VT
Cambridge, MA
Carrboro, NC
Chapel Hill, NC
Charleston, SC
Chicago, IL
Chittenden County, VT
Chula Vista, CA
College Park, MD
Corvallis, OR
Dane County, Wl
Davis, CA
Decatur, GA
Delta County, Ml
Denver, CO
Duluth, MN
Durham, NC
Fairfax, CA
Fairfield, CT
Fort Collins, CO
Georgetown, SC
Gloucester, MA
Hennepin County, MN
Hillsborough County, FL
Honolulu, HI
Huntington, NY
Ithaca, NY
Keene, NH
Little Rock, AR
Los Angeles, CA
Louisville,  KY
Lynn, MA
Madison, Wl
Maplewood, NJ
Medford, MA
Memphis, TN
Mesa, AZ
Miami Beach, FL
Miami-Dade County, FL
Milwaukee, Wl
Minneapolis, MN
Missoula, MT
Montgomery County, MD
Mount Rainier, MD
Mount Vernon, NY
Multnomah County, OR
Nashua, NH
New Haven, CT
New Orleans, LA
Newark, NJ
New Rochelle, NY
Newton, MA
New York, NY
Northampton, MA
Oakland, CA
Olympia, WA
Orange County, FL
Overland Park, KS
Pawtucket, Rl
Philadelphia, PA
Portland, ME
Portland, OR
Prince George's Co., MD
Ramsey County, MN
Riviera Beach, FL
Sacramento, CA
Saint Paul, MN
Salt Lake City, UT
San Diego, CA
San Francisco, CA
San Jose, CA
Santa Cruz, CA
Santa Fe, NM
Santa Monica, CA
Saratoga Springs, NY
Schenectady County, NY
Seattle, WA
Somerville, MA
Spokane, WA
Springfield, MA
Suffolk County, NY
Takoma Park, MD
Tampa, FL
Toledo, OH
Tompkins County, NY
Tucson, AZ
Washtenaw County, Ml
Watertown, MA
Westchester County, NY
West Hollywood, CA

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EPA State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress • 2001


Table  of  Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction	2
  Program Goals and Achievements  	2
  Results at a Glance	,..,..,	,..,..,	3

Chapter 2: Climate Change and State and Local Governments	,	,	,6
  Opportunities for Multiple Benefits 	6
  Projected Regional Effects of Climate Change	7
  Potential Benefits of Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...,..,..,	8

Chapter 3: State Greenhouse Gas Inventories	,	10
  State Partners 1990 Emissions as a Percentage of U.S. Emissions	10
  States That Have Initiated or Completed an Inventory	10
  Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks by State and Sector	11
  Inventories as Tools for Education  	12
  Inventory Updating	12
  Inventory Highlights 	13
  Facilitating the Inventory Process	13
  EPA Publications and Web Sites on State Greenhouse Gas Inventories 	14

Chapter 4: State Climate Actions 	15
  Emission Reductions from State Action Plans  	15
  States That Have Initiated or Completed an Action Plan 	15
  Emissions Reduction Goal Set in New Jersey  	16
  Economic Savings from State Action Plans	16
  Cost Savings Identified in Action Plans	16
  Annual Potential Reductions Identified in Action Plans	17
  Highlights of Action Plans	18
  State Greenhouse Gas Registries	19
  Legislative Highlights	20
  EPA Publications and Web Sites on State Greenhouse Gas Action Plans	21

Chapter 5: State and Local Demonstration Projects	22
  Demand for Wind Power Up in Colorado  	22
  Results Achieved at the Local Level 	22
  Energy and Greenhouse Gas Results of Selected Demonstration Projects	23
  EPA State and Local Climate Change Program Publications and Web Sites on
  Demonstration Projects and Mitigation Activities 	24

Chapter 6: Education and Outreach on Climate Change and Mitigation	25
  Climate Change a Local Issue in Oregon	25
  Direct Outreach to State and Local Officials  	25
  Public Awareness Raised in Washington State  	26
  State and Local Climate Change Program Outreach Publications and Web Sites .... 26

Chapter 7: Future  Directions  	28
                                   State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Chapter 1:

Introduction

Since  1990, EPA's  State and Local  Climate
Change Program has provided technical and
financial assistance to states and localities in
their efforts to address global climate change.
State and local governments have  the ability
to affect U.S. greenhouse gas emissions signif-
icantly. They  set policies  and  make daily
investment  decisions in  electricity  produc-
tion, land use, buildings, transportation, and
other key areas that provide opportunities to
reduce emissions.

Currently 38 states and Puerto Rico partici-
pate in the  program.1 At  the local level,  the
program  supports the  Cities for Climate
Protection  Campaign  of the International
Council  for Local  Environmental Initiatives
(ICLEI), which  currently involves 109 cities
and counties in the United States with a com-
bined population of 44.3 million.

In  addition to working with state and local
governments, either  directly or through
ICLEI, the program has established relation-
ships with  a  number of nongovernmental
organizations that support state and local gov-
ernment operations, including the following:

• Environmental Council of  the States;

• International City/County  Management
  Association;

• National Association of Counties;

• National Association of Regulatory Utility
  Commissioners;

• National Association of State Energy Officials;

• National Conference of State Legislatures;
                                                             • National Governors Association;

                                                             • State and Territorial Air Pollution Program
                                                              Administrators-Association  of Local  Air
                                                              Pollution Control Officials; and

                                                             • United States Conference of Mayors.

                                                             EPA works with  these organizations  to
                                                             increase  the level  and quality of climate
                                                             change outreach and to facilitate the sharing
                                                             of successful mitigation activities.

                                                             The program provides partners with a variety
                                                             of tools, resources, and publications, includ-
                                                             ing the following:

                                                             • Searchable online  databases of information
                                                              on state  emissions, action  plans,  case
                                                              studies, actions implemented or under con-
                                                              sideration, tools to assess mitigation options
                                                              and activities,  funding opportunities for
                                                              climate   change-related   projects,   and
                                                              climate-related legislation;

                                                             • A  listserv for those interested in climate
                                                              change impacts and solutions from the state
                                                              and local government perspective; and

                                                             • Publications, such as the electronic newslet-
                                                              ter "Inside the Greenhouse," guidance doc-
                                                              uments and methodologies, and a CD-based
                                                              outreach kit that enables  states to develop
                                                              their own outreach materials.

                                                             Program Goals and Achievements
                                                             The State and Local Climate Change Program
                                                             helps states and local communities develop
                                                             the ability to assess their greenhouse gas emis-
                                                             sions and implement voluntary measures that
                                                             save  money, reduce greenhouse gas  emis-
                                                             sions, and improve public health and quality
              1 A state is deemed a program participant if it has received financial and/or technical assistance from EPA's State and Local
               Climate Change Program.
2
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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  Results  at  a  Glance
  State Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventories
  • Number of completed state greenhouse gas emis-
    sions inventories: 38
  • Percentage of U.S. emissions accounted for by
    states that have submitted inventories: 87 percent
  • Net greenhouse gas emissions reported by states
    submitting greenhouse gas emissions inventories:
    about 1,050 million metric tons of carbon equiva-
    lent (MMTCE)
  State Actions to Reduce Emissions
  • Number of completed state action plans: 20
  • Estimated annual greenhouse gas emissions
    reductions from partner states'  actions in 2000:
    3.2 MMTCE2
  • Potential greenhouse gas emissions reductions
    from actions proposed in state action plans by
    2010: 53-71 MMTCE
  • Potential greenhouse gas emissions reductions
    from actions proposed in state action plans by
    2020: 69-96 MMTCE
  • Estimated cost savings from actions proposed by
    states for 2010: $8 billion
State and Local Climate Change Program
Outreach through 2000
• Attendees at 4th Annual Partners' Conference in
  November 2000: 212
• Number of publications distributed since
  1990: 68,762
• Number of hits to state and local section of the
  Global Warming Web site since 1997: 152,246
• Number of outreach toolkits distributed since
  release in 2000: 4,205
• Number of hits to outreach toolkit Web page since
  release in 2000: 7,024
• Number of stakeholders reached at trade
  conferences since 1990: 2,600
• Number of listserv messages sent since listserv
  launch in 1997: 204
• Cumulative number of listserv subscribers since
  1997: 700

State and Local Demonstration  Projects
• Estimated total greenhouse gas emissions
  reductions from demonstration projects:
  approximately 1.9 MMTCE
• Estimated total cost savings from demonstration
  projects: more than $70 million annually
• Estimated total air pollution reductions: more than
  28,000 tons per year3
2 All emissions reductions reported are gross estimates provided by state and local governments and may differ from EPA
 program reductions reported elsewhere. In national documents, for example, the State and Local Climate Change
 Program discounts the reductions to avoid double-counting between federal programs; therefore the numbers in those
 documents are generally smaller.
3 Pollutants included in this total are NOX, SOX, carbon monoxide, VOCs, and PM-10.
                                        State and  Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                               3

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 of life. The program encourages states and
 localities to use a multipollutant approach,
 integrating the control of criteria air  pollu-
 tants and hazardous air pollutants with efforts
 to address greenhouse gases.

 Through  support of  state action  plans,
 demonstration projects, and outreach and
 education programs, the program's activities
 have  directly or  indirectly led  to annual
 greenhouse gas emissions reductions of more
 than 4 million metric tons of carbon equiva-
 lent  (MMTCE) in 2000.4-5 This reduction is
 equivalent to taking almost one  million cars
 off the road.6

 The program encourages states and localities to
 view climate protection as an essential aspect of
 protecting public health, as a way to enhance
 their ability to be economically  competitive,
 and as the road to attaining quality environ-
 mental conditions.

 Inventories and Action Plans
 One  of the major objectives of the program is
 to encourage states to complete a greenhouse
 gas inventory and then develop an action plan
 to reduce net emissions. Thirty-seven  states
 and Puerto Rico have completed an inventory
 using EPA guidance.7 Those states account for
 approximately 87 percent of total U.S. carbon
 dioxide emissions.  Texas currently is develop-
 ing an inventory. In spring 2001, EPA issued a
 request for proposals to support new invento-
 ries and action plans and received proposals
 from five  states interested in developing  or
 updating inventories.
To date, 25 states and Puerto Rico have initi-
ated or  completed  a climate  change action
plan. Actions identified in 12  of  the com-
pleted action plans  could,  if implemented,
reduce greenhouse  gas emissions in those
states by a combined total of up to 70 MMTCE
per year by 2010. Fourteen of the plans have
identified  options that could reduce those
states' annual emissions by a combined total
of nearly 100 MMTCE by 2020. Actions iden-
tified in several state  plans could save  the
states and their residents a combined total of
about $8 billion annually by 2010.

The State and Local Climate Change Program
actively encourages partner states  to imple-
ment their action plans voluntarily and  take
advantage of the benefits they themselves have
identified.  In response to the 2001 request for
proposals issued by EPA, the program received
proposals from three states interested in devel-
oping action plans.

Demonstration Projects
State and local governments often have inno-
vative ideas for new programs to reduce emis-
sions  but   need  to  test the  ideas before
launching a major effort. EPA's State and Local
Climate Change Program supports demonstra-
tion projects that catalyze efforts in  states and
localities to test and implement the  best
approaches for reducing greenhouse gases. By
demonstrating and disseminating information
about the success of various mitigation options,
these projects facilitate replication of the most
promising practices across the country.
 4 This number represents gross reductions and does not omit reductions  that other federal  programs, such as
  ENERGY STARฎ, may attribute to their efforts. The State and Local Climate Change Program seeks to facilitate greenhouse
  gas reductions and encourages state and local governments to take advantage of other federal programs and tools to
  achieve these reductions.
 6 State and local governments frequently report emissions and reductions in short tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The
  State and Local Climate Change Program converts these reported values to MMTCE.
 6 U.S. EPA Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for an "Average" Passenger Car, U.S. EPA 1997.
 7 Louisiana is the only state that did not receive financial assistance from the State and Local Climate  Change Program to
  conduct  an inventory. Louisiana developed its inventory independently using EPA guidance.
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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The State and Local Climate Change Program
has  funded  16   demonstration  projects
throughout the United States since  1990.
Projects completed or underway have achieved
total emissions reductions of approximately 1.9
MMTCE per year.

The State and Local Climate Change Program
works  in cooperation with  its partners to
develop demonstration projects that meet the
needs of the local community yet are widely
replicable by others. For example, the State
and Local Climate Change  Program supports
ICLEI's  Cities for  Climate Protection cam-
paign.  Campaign  participants  commit to
developing a greenhouse gas emissions inven-
tory, setting a reduction target,  developing
and implementing a local action plan,  and
monitoring and verifying reductions. ICLEI
provides cities with assistance in reaching their
goals, including  technical information, train-
ing workshops, and guidance. The successes of
the participants are shared  with other partici-
pants in order to foster replication of the poli-
cies that generate the most benefits.  This
campaign has resulted in total annual reduc-
tions of greenhouse gas emissions of an  esti-
mated 1.86 MMTCE,  criteria  air pollutant
reductions of 28,000 tons, and cost savings of
more than $70 million.8

Outreach and Education
The State and Local Climate Change Program
has awarded 32 grants and cooperative agree-
ments  totaling more than  $3.5  million for
education and  outreach programs. Support
for education and  outreach  helps  provide
states with an opportunity to inform their  own
citizens about the potential  impacts of climate
change.  States can develop messages  and
information that are specific to their own  par-
ticular conditions and needs. These activities
can augment and  improve federal efforts to
increase awareness about climate change.

For  example,  with EPA  assistance,  the
Wisconsin Department of Administration
developed information on energy and climate
change that was  distributed  through  the
Wisconsin K-12 Energy Education Program to
more than 1,200 teachers by the fall  of 2000.
The department  also  held  a  "Time  for
Change,  Not Climate  Change" bookmark
contest for sixth-, seventh-, and eighth-grade
students that resulted in the dissemination of
nearly 750,000 winning bookmarks through-
out Wisconsin by the state and a utility that
put them  in every customer's bill.

In another project, the  Interstate Renewable
Energy Council developed and  distributed
1,500  copies of the second  edition of the
Procurement Guide for Renewable Energy Systems to
state and local procurement officials.

Building Networks
Since  its  inception, the  State  and  Local
Climate Change Program has held four con-
ferences for partners, creating opportunities
to share  results,  techniques,  and  lessons
learned. More than 200 individuals attended
the fourth conference,  held in Alexandria,
Virginia, in November 2000. At that meeting,
they exchanged information and perspectives
on harmonized options to reduce greenhouse
gases and criteria pollutants, voluntary reg-
istries of emissions reductions, outreach chal-
lenges and  successes,  carbon sequestration
and  offsets,  energy tax  credits, renewable
resource trust funds, transportation opportu-
nities,  and other key topics.
' U.S. Communities Acting to Protect the Climate: Achievements of ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection-U.S. 2000. International Council
 for Local Environmental Initiatives. Berkeley, California.
                                    State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                       5

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             Chapter2:
             Climate  Change  and  State  and
             Local   Governments
             Earth's climate is predicted to change because
             humans are altering the chemical composition
             of the atmosphere. The burning of fossil fuels
             and other activities have led to a  buildup of
             heat-trapping  greenhouse gases—primarily
             carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
             The warming effect of these gases is expected
             to lead to widespread changes in temperature,
             precipitation, extreme weather events, and sea
             level. Although scientists  are unsure exactly
             how the climate will respond to a  continuing
             increase in greenhouse gases, global tempera-
             tures are rising.

             Climate change is a global phenomenon with
             regional  and  local  impacts.   Long-term
             changes in climate can affect local economies,
             public health,  water supplies, electric power
             production, and key  industries such as
             tourism, agriculture, and forestry. An increase
             in  the  frequency and  severity of extreme
             weather events could lead to more droughts,
             floods, and storm damage in many parts of the
             country. Low-lying coastal communities  face
             added risk from sea level  rise and associated
             increases in storm surges and coastal flooding.

             Some  regions and  economic sectors  may
             benefit from climate change while  others may
             be harmed. Any adverse impacts would occur
             concurrently with other stresses, such as land-
             use change, air and water pollution, and pop-
             ulation growth.

             Although  the  actions of an individual state
             may have little impact on global greenhouse
             gas  concentrations, the combined effect of
             many states and localities acting together can
             be significant. For example, actions identified
             in the climate  change action plans of just 12
             states could reduce their  total net emissions
             by up to 70 MMTCE by  2010. At the  local
             level, the U.S. cities and counties that partici-
                                             pate in ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection
                                             campaign have reduced their greenhouse gas
                                             emissions by nearly 2 MMTCE per year, an
                                             amount equivalent to  taking half a million
                                             cars off the road.

                                             States and localities have unique authorities
                                             to affect emissions in areas such as energy use,
                                             transportation, and growth and development
                                             patterns. In many cases they may be able to set
                                             policies and implement them more quickly
                                             than the federal government can.

                                             By acting now to inventory  greenhouse gas
                                             sources and sinks and to develop plans to
                                             reduce emissions, states and  localities learn
                                             more about what climate change and climate
                                             change  mitigation could mean for them.
                                             States and localities then can  select policy
                                             responses that are appropriate to their cir-
                                             cumstances and most beneficial to them while
                                             also helping to minimize the future impacts
                                             of climate change.

                                             Opportunities for Multiple Benefits
                                             The burning of fossil fuels results in emissions
                                             of greenhouse gases, criteria air pollutants that
                                             contribute to smog, and hazardous air pollu-
                                             tants. When fossil fuels are  used more effi-
                                             ciently, or when they are replaced by non-fossil
                                             energy sources such as solar or wind power,
                                             both air pollution and greenhouse gas emis-
                                             sions are reduced.

                                             Pollution prevention  strategies  that focus on
                                             achieving multiple benefits provide a framework
                                             for  efficient, coordinated, and cost-effective
                                             compliance  with  a wide range of regulatory
                                             requirements and voluntary goals. Historically,
                                             however, most regulators have treated individual
                                             environmental problems separately, so state and
                                             local agencies may not have the capacity, tools, or
                                             flexibility to take an integrated approach.
6
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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   Projected   Regional
   Effects  of  Climate  Change
   According to the U.S. Global Change Research
   Program's National Assessment of the Potential
   Consequences of Climate Variability and Change,
   the following regional impacts are among those that
   may occur during the next 100 years9:
   • Northeast: Rising temperatures are very likely to
     increase the heat index dramatically in summer,
     with impacts on health and comfort. Warmer win-
     ters are likely to reduce cold-related stresses. It is
     very probable that warm weather recreational
     opportunities like hiking will expand while cold
     weather activities like skiing will decline.
   • Southeast: Under warmer and wetter scenarios,
     the range of southern tree species is likely to
     expand. Warmer and moister air will very likely
     lead to more intense rainfall events, increasing the
     potential  for flash floods. It also is very probable
     that rising sea levels and storm surges will
     threaten  natural ecosystems and human coastal
     development and reduce buffering capacity
     against storm impacts.
   • Midwest:  Prairie  potholes, which provide important
     habitat for ducks and other migratory waterfowl,
     are likely to dry up in a warmer climate. Higher
     carbon dioxide concentrations are likely to offset
     the effects of rising temperatures on forests and
     agriculture for several decades, increasing pro-
     ductivity.  In the Great Lakes, lake levels are likely
     to decline, leading to reduced water supply and
     more costly transportation. Shoreline damage due
     to high water levels is likely to decrease.
                            • Southwest: With an increase in precipitation, the
                              desert ecosystems native to this region are likely to
                              decline while grasslands and shrublands expand.
                            • Northwest: Higher winter temperatures are very
                              likely to reduce snowpack and  peak runoff and
                              shift the peak to earlier in the  spring, reducing
                              summer runoff and complicating water manage-
                              ment for flood control, fish runs, municipal water
                              supplies, and agricultural irrigation. Increasing
                              stream temperatures are very likely to further stress
                              migrating fish, complicating restoration efforts.
                            • Alaska: Sharp winter and springtime temperature
                              increases are very likely to cause continued thaw-
                              ing of permafrost, further disrupting forest
                              ecosystems, roads, and buildings.
                            • Pacific and Caribbean Islands: Low-lying islands
                              that are not rising are very likely to be at  risk from
                              sea-level rise. Examples  of sites that  are  already
                              close to sea level include the Republic of  the
                              Marshall Islands  in the Pacific and much of the
                              metropolitan area of San Juan  in Puerto Rico.
                            The effects described above are based on the projec-
                            tions of computer-based climate  models. These
                            models do a reasonably good  job  of simulating the
                            large-scale aspects of a complex climate system.
                            Still,  model accuracy is limited by a number of fac-
                            tors such as difficulties reproducing the effects of
                            clouds, water vapor and ocean heat transport on our
                            changing climate. Model projections scaled  down to
                            the regional level contain considerable uncertainty.
       Language  Used  to Express  Considered Judgement9
         ittle Chance"
             or
           ^Unlikely"
   "Likely"
     or
"Some Chance"
"Possible"
 "Likely"
   or
"Probable"
 "Very Likely"
     or
"Very Probable"
9 National Assessment Synthesis Team (NAST), Climate Change Impacts on the United States: The Potential Consequences of Climate
     bility and Change: Overview Rjiport, Report for the U.S. Global Change Research Program, Cambridge University Press,
 New York, 154pp., 2000.

                                        State and  Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                                                         7

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              EPA's State  and  Local  Climate Change
              Program  encourages states and localities to
              develop  integrated  multipollutant strategies
              that achieve optimal reductions in soot, smog,
              air toxics, and greenhouse gases while mini-
              mizing costs and administrative burden.

              Potential  Benefits of Reducing Greenhouse
              Gas Emissions
              States and localities that  decide to  address
              climate change can reap multiple benefits
              that improve air quality, local economies, and
              public health  as well as the climate.

              Public Health
              • Improved respiratory health.  Actions that
                reduce the use of fossil fuels lead to  less air
                pollution, with significant health benefits,
                particularly for populations that are vulnera-
                ble to  air pollution such as  children,  the
                elderly,  and people with asthma and other
                lung diseases. Even modest exposure to high
                levels of ozone can cause healthy individuals
                to experience chest pains, nausea, and pul-
                monary congestion.

              Environmental Quality
              • Better air quality.  By reducing greenhouse
                gas emissions, states and municipalities  will
                likely reduce other pollutants and  compli-
                ance costs associated with air pollution.

              • Reduced environmental costs associated with
                air pollution that is mitigated through green-
                house  gas  mitigation  policies.  Cities and
                states incur  costs from acid rain and smog,
                which adversely affect trees, wildlife, natural
                ecosystems, agriculture,  and structures and
                equipment such as buildings and cars.

              • Improved  water  quality from reduced
                nitrogen deposition.  Nitrogen fertilizer
                management to reduce nitrous oxide emis-
                sions reduces surface  water  acidification
                from agricultural runoff.
                                                 • Reduced climate change and its
                                                  potential effects.

                                                 Economics
                                                 • Reduced energy costs to households,  busi-
                                                  nesses,  organizations,  and  governments.
                                                  Energy efficiency saves money while reducing
                                                  greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution.

                                                 • Lower material  costs and disposal fees due
                                                  to recycling and source reduction.

                                                 • Lower maintenance  costs  required for
                                                  alternative technologies  such as efficient
                                                  appliances and  lights, compared with con-
                                                  ventional products.

                                                 • Greater  reliability  of  certain  alternative
                                                  power sources, such as fuel cells, which may
                                                  benefit businesses and agencies that rely on
                                                  uninterrupted power.

                                                 • Increased  demand for energy  efficiency
                                                  technologies and alternative power sources,
                                                  translating into more profits and jobs for
                                                  businesses that supply those sectors .

                                                 Land Use
                                                 • More walkable cities and towns. Mixed resi-
                                                  dential and  commercial areas can reduce
                                                  car use  (and vehicle  miles  traveled)  by
                                                  enabling  consumers to  walk or bike  to
                                                  nearby retail stores, workplaces, and recre-
                                                  ational areas instead of driving  to distant
                                                  chain retailers.

                                                 • More efficient use of land within communi-
                                                  ties, preserving  the vibrancy  of downtown
                                                  areas while conserving valuable open space
                                                  and farmland outside cities.
8
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Forestry
• Greener  cities and towns. Trees  can be
  planted to remove carbon dioxide from the
  atmosphere while making urban areas and
  towns more attractive.

• Reduced  summer cooling costs  through
  strategic  tree planting. Trees can  provide
  shade for buildings, window air-condition-
  ers, and  streets,  reducing the amount of
  energy needed to cool buildings.

• Sustainably  managed forests. When forests
  are managed for long-term carbon  storage,
  sustainable forestry practices are observed.

• Reduced urban heat island effect. Declining
  tree cover is  a major cause of increasing
  urban  temperatures. Materials such as
  asphalt store much of the sun's energy and
  remain hot long after sunset. Trees can help
  by providing  shade and  cooling  through
  evapotranspiration.

• Reduced stormwater runoff. Tree roots can
  reduce urban runoff by holding soil  in place
  and increasing water infiltration.
Agriculture
• Reduced energy costs  to farmers  from
  improved energy efficiency in farm building
  operations and farm equipment.

• Reduced  energy costs from  conservation
  tillage.  Low-till  or no-till agriculture saves
  significant amounts of diesel fuel and helps
  reduce  soil erosion.

• Reduced costs to farmers through alternative
  farming practices such as the strategic use of
  fertilizers. Reducing the use of nitrogen fer-
  tilizer helps prevent emissions of nitrous
  oxide,  a potent greenhouse  gas,  while
  reducing fertilizer costs to farmers.

• New potential source of income for farmers
  from the use of agricultural crops for biofuels
  such as  methanol or biodiesel. Some biofuels
  may  reduce greenhouse gas  emissions  by
  displacing fossil fuels.

• Reduced  energy costs and a new income
  source  for farms through processing of live-
  stock waste to produce power.
                                   State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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             Chapter3:
             State  Greenhouse  Gas  Inventories
              A greenhouse gas inventory allows a state to
              identify major sources  and sinks of green-
              house gas emissions and to create a baseline
              for evaluating the success of emission reduc-
              tion  strategies.  An inventory represents a
              state's first step toward developing a climate
              change action plan.

              From FY 1992 through FY 2000, EPA's State
              and  Local Climate Change  Program  pro-
              vided technical assistance  and $781,265  in
              grants and cooperative agreements  to help
              38 states  and Puerto Rico prepare  green-
              house gas inventories.

              Inventories present annual greenhouse  gas
              emissions by sector, source, and gas, as well as
              estimates  of key sinks such as forests.  The
              inventory  methodology is based on  activity
              data, such as  electricity use, and  emission
                                            factors derived for specific activities and gases.
                                            Since 1995,  EPA  has  revised  its emissions
                                            inventory guidance three times to incorporate
                                            changes  in  international guidelines,  U.S.
                                            inventory methodologies, and advice from a
                                            panel of state representatives. Most recently,
                                            the guidance has been thoroughly reviewed,
                                            revised, and  updated under  the  auspices of
                                            the   Emission   Inventory   Improvement
                                            Program  (EIIP), a  program to determine
                                            standard  methodologies for  performing air
                                            emissions inventories.

                                            Currently 37  states and Puerto Rico have com-
                                            pleted inventories using EPA guidance, repre-
                                            senting  more  than 1,050  MMTCE or 87
                                            percent of total U.S. emissions in  1990. Texas
                                            initiated an inventory recently and expects to
                                            complete it by the  end of 2001.
                                                          State Partners 1990 Emissions as a
                                                             Percentage of U.S. Emissions
                                                          Other States
                                                            13%
                                                                                    State Partners
                                                                                       87%
                  ~^\ States that have initiated an inventoiy
                  H States that have completed an inventor
10
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Total Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks
by State and Sector (1990)
STATE

Alabama
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Wisconsin
Energy
M
34.1
110.1
20.8
10.6
4.1
50.7
40.8
3.8
56.6
57.0
17.3
17.8
36.8
63.5
4.7
17.2
22.4
21.3
13.9
30.0
7.5
8.3
4.1
32.2
15.9
62.3
30.4
76.9
17.0
68.3
9.7
2.5
26.8
15.7
1.3
28.1
18.4
23.4
%G
90.7
89.2
90.9
92.3
95.3
90.7
90.9
89.6
85.6
92.5
72.1
85.7
83.9
92.9
90.7
92.7
93.3
85.4
55.2
85.8
85.1
92.5
93.8
91.2
92.1
82.3
88.6
85.0
90.7
89.9
92.1
97.6
88.3
92.6
62.9
80.4
80.7
86.9
Waste
M
1.8
5.0
0.5
0.8
0.1
2.7
1.7
0.3
6.9
1.7
0.9
0.3
0.7
1.1
0.4
0.8
1.5
1.2
0.9
0.7
0.2
0.1
0.2
2.7
0.6
11.6
1.5
11.3
0.6
3.6
0.4
0.1
1.5
0.3
0.1
5.8
1.6
0.9
%G
4.8
4.0
2.0
6.8
3.1
4.8
3.9
7.0
10.5
2.8
3.8
1.3
1.6
1.7
7.4
4.1
6.4
4.7
3.8
2.1
2.3
1.6
5.2
7.7
3.3
15.3
4.4
12.5
3.3
4.8
3.8
2.1
5.0
1.8
3.2
16.6
7.1
3.4
Agriculture
M
1.0
4.6
1.4
0.1
0.1
2.5
1.5
0.1
2.2
1.8
4.2
2.6
1.2
1.4
0.1
0.4
0.0
2.5
10.2
2.9
0.8
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.8
0.9
2.3
1.7
0.7
3.3
0.4
0.0
1.3
0.5
0.1
0.8
1.0
2.5
%G
2.6
3.8
6.1
0.5
1.6
4.5
3.4
2.8
3.4
3.0
17.6
12.6
2.7
2.0
1.2
1.9
0.2
9.9
40.7
8.3
9.0
2.5
0.6
0.1
4.4
1.2
6.7
1.9
3.7
4.4
3.5
0.3
4.4
2.8
6.4
2.2
4.4
9.3
Industry
M
0.7
3.7
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
0.3
1.0
1.6
0.1
5.2
2.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
1.3
0.3
0.3
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.9
0.1
0.6
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.0
0.7
0.5
0.6
0.3
1.8
0.1
%G
1.
3.
1.
9
0
0
0.4
0.
1
0.0
1.8
0.
0.
1.
6.
0.
6
5
7
5
4
11.8
3.4
0.
1.
0.
7
3
2
0.0
0.
3.
3.
3.
0.
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
2
7
5
3
4
9
2
2
3
7
3
9
6
0.0
2.4
2.
27.
0.
7.
0.


M=MMTCE %G=% Gross GT=Gross Total NT=Net Total
(excludes land use) (includes land use)
Gases included: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, PFCs
8
6
8
8
4
GT
M
37.6
123.4
22.9
11.5
4.3
55.9
44.9
4.2
66.1
61.6
24.0
20.8
43.9
68.4
5.2
18.5
24.0
24.9
25.1
35.0
8.8
9.0
4.3
35.3
17.2
75.7
34.3
90.5
18.8
75.9
10.5
2.6
30.3
16.9
2.1
34.9
22.8
27.0
Land Use
M
-5.4
-7.5
-19.5
-0.2
0.0
-2.5
-4.6
-0.2
0.0
-0.4
-6.9
0.0
-8.5
-6.2
-0.6
0.4
-2.3
-2.4
0.0
-5.7
-4.7
0.0
-1.2
0.0
-1.0
0.0
-2.4
-1.6
1.1
0.1
-1.1
0.0
-1.2
0.0
0.0
-5.7
-5.8
0.2
%G
-14.3
-6.1
-84.9
-1.3
0.0
-4.5
-10.2
-5.5
0.0
-0.6
-29.0
0.0
-19.3
-9.1
-11.7
2.0
-9.6
-9.6
0.0
-16.2
-53.7
-0.5
-27.9
0.0
-6.0
0.0
-6.9
-1.8
5.7
0.1
-10.8
0.1
-4.0
0.0
-0.8
-16.4
-25.3
0.6
NT
M
32.2
115.9
3.5
11.4
4.3
53.4
40.3
4.0
66.1
61.3
17.0
20.8
35.4
62.2
4.6
18.9
21.7
22.5
25.1
29.3
4.1
8.9
3.1
35.3
16.2
75.7
31.9
88.9
19.9
76.0
9.4
2.6
29.1
16.9
2.1
29.2
17.0
27.1

                            State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
11

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               Inventories as Tools for Education
               Rhode Island took an innovative approach to
               its state greenhouse gas inventory: The state's
               inventory was designed from the start to be
               published  only  on the Web.  Rhode Island
               also turned the inventory into a learning tool
               by  creating a companion site for educators
               and students.

               Released  in 2000, the inventory was pre-
               pared  by  Brown University's  Center  for
               Environmental Studies under contract to the
               Rhode Island Department of Environmental
               Management   (DEM).   Center  Director
               Harold Ward emphasizes that developing a
               Web-based  inventory requires a different
               approach than that used for printed reports.
               "On the Web you don't do a linear presenta-
               tion of methodologies and  results followed
               by  conclusions," he says.  "You have  to start
               with what you want to say and provide links
               to the supporting information."

               Ward proposed  publishing the inventory on
               the Internet to make it more accessible to a
               broad audience. "I've been impressed with
               the Web's effectiveness as a way to make envi-
               ronmental information available," Ward says.
               "It's very powerful."  Both DEM  and  EPA's
               State and  Local Climate Change Program
               responded enthusiastically to  the idea of a
               Web-based inventory.

               The inventory's companion educational site
               provides a study guide; background informa-
               tion on the science of climate change, emis-
               sions sources, and mitigation  options; and
               links to online lesson plans and other educa-
               tional resources. The study guide poses seven
               questions related  to  Rhode  Island's  green-
               house gas  emissions,  along with step-by-step
               instructions for using the inventory to obtain
               the answers.
                                               Rhode Island's inventory shows that total in-
                                               state greenhouse gas emissions increased by
                                               44 percent between 1990 and 1996, much of
                                               that due to a 74 percent increase in emissions
                                               from  the  combustion of fossil  fuels. The
                                               increase  reflects  a  major  change  in  the
                                               amount of electricity produced in-state during
                                               that period, as Rhode Island evolved from a
                                               net importer to a net exporter of electricity.

                                               The inventory, the education resources site,
                                               and the study guide are available at:
                                               http: //www. brown.edu/Re search/
                                               EnvStudies_Theses/GHG/index.shtml

                                               Inventory Updating
                                               Once states have created  an inventory of their
                                               greenhouse gas emissions and sinks, they have
                                               the capacity to update  the  inventory on a
                                               regular basis. Many states  take advantage of
                                               that ability and conduct periodic updates. For
                                               example, Washington State updates its inven-
                                               tory annually  for  energy  use,  based   on
                                               adjusted  data  from the federal  Energy
                                               Information  Administration.   The  state
                                               updates its inventories for agricultural and
                                               industrial emissions approximately every  two
                                               years.  Funding  for the updates comes from
                                               the energy policy section of the Washington
                                               Office of Trade  and Economic Development,
                                               which prepares a biennial report that includes
                                               a section on global climate change.

                                               Illinois prepares  biennial  updates of  its
                                               greenhouse gas inventory  and has prepared
                                               five inventories to date. The state is currently
                                               working  on  its  2000  inventory. Virginia
                                               updated its inventory in  1999 to incorporate
                                               new energy consumption estimates for 1996.
                                               In  September  2000, California Governor
                                               Gray Davis signed a law requiring the state to
                                               update its greenhouse gas inventory on or
                                               before January  2002.  The  law  further
                                               requires an update to be prepared every  five
                                               years thereafter.
12
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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   Facilitating the
   Inventory  Process
   Compiling a comprehensive state greenhouse gas
   inventory can be a time-consuming and labor-
   intensive effort. To simplify the process, EPA is
   developing a spreadsheet-based inventory tool
   that simplifies and standardizes the process. The
   tool will walk the inventory developer through a
   step-by-step process and provide guidance about
   sources of data. EPA plans to develop the spread-
   sheet to include all sources identified in the
   Emissions Inventory Improvement Program guid-
   ance and make it available to state partners via
   CD-ROM in early 2002.
Inventory Highlights
In addition to Rhode Island,  seven  states—
Connecticut,  Florida,  Georgia,  Louisiana,
Maryland,  Nevada,  and  Virginia—have
completed greenhouse  gas inventories since
the State and Local Climate Change Program's
previous progress report was published in 1998:

Connecticut
The  State of  Connecticut  Department  of
Environmental Protection worked with  the
Environmental  Research  Institute and  the
Department    of    Natural    Resources
Management   and  Engineering   at   the
University  of  Connecticut  to  produce
Connecticut's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory:
1990 and 1995 Calendar Years. Connecticut was
one  of the first  states  (along with  Rhode
Island)  to use methods from the draft 1998
version  of EPA's  guidance  document State
Workbook: Methodologies for Estimating Greenhouse
Gas Emissions. The 1998 workbook covers non-
COg emissions from mobile  and  stationary
sources  and  incorporates  a  number  of
methodological  improvements.  The  state
reported net emissions  of 11.4 MMTCE  in
1990 and 10.4 MMTCE in 1995—a 7.6 percent
reduction over the five-year period.

Florida
The Florida Department  of  Environmental
Protection,  with  assistance from EPA,  com-
pleted a streamlined inventory in  2001. The
Inventory of Florida Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-1997 assessed emissions from
seven sources that  represent over 90%  of
national emissions. By focusing on the princi-
pal sectors, and  excluding minor  emissions
sources, sources  that require extensive data
sets and sources  that lack  cost-effective miti-
gation options, Florida was  able to more easily
complete an inventory. The state reported net
emissions of 53.37 MMTCE in 1990 and 60.98
MMTCE in 1997—a  14%  increase over the
seven-year period.

Georgia
The Georgia Department of Natural Resources
completed  the Development  of a Greenhouse Gas
Inventory for the State of Georgia in January 1999.
The state estimated that net emissions in 1990
totaled 38.1 MMTCE and rose 30  percent to
49.6 MMTCE in 1996. Consistent with national
trends, carbon dioxide from the burning  of
fossil fuels  was the dominant source of emis-
sions in Georgia. By fuel type, coal used for
utilities  contributed the largest  quantity  of
emissions for 1990, while petroleum used for
transportation contributed the most in 1996.10
10 These emission estimates reflect state submissions and may differ from emissions reported in EPA's online state
  inventory summaries. The online summaries (http://yosemite.epa.gov/globalwarming/ghg.nsf/emissions/
  StateAuthoredlnventoriesPOpen) attempt to reflect the most recent guidance by recalculating some of the emission
  estimates supplied by the states. Because this state provided additional information for years or sources not included in
  the online summaries, the state's original submission is reported.
                                    State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                       13

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               Louisiana
               The Center for Energy Studies  at Louisiana
               State   University   and   the    Louisiana
               Department of Natural Resources completed
               the Inventory of Greenhouse Gases in Louisiana in
               2000. The inventory was conducted following
               guidance developed by EPA but was funded
               independently. The state estimated net emis-
               sions of 59.4 MMTCE in 1990. Fossil fuel com-
               bustion was responsible  for  92% of  total
               emissions. The land-use  sector offset almost
               10% of emissions.

               Maryland
               The    Maryland   Department   of   the
               Environment  prepared the  1990 Maryland
               Draft Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory. The
               state  estimated  that net  emissions in  1990
               totaled 27.2  MMTCE. Fossil fuel consump-
               tion—particularly the use of coal and petro-
               leum—constituted   the   major   source,
               accounting for 65 percent of total emissions.
               A large percentage of the state's emissions in
               1990—29 percent—came  from ozone-deplet-
               ing compounds. The inventory is intended to
               aid in taking the next step to produce a green-
               house gas mitigation  plan and includes a
               Maryland Carbon Cycle Budget. The carbon
               cycle information  helps  the state  identify
               opportunities  to mitigate  climate  change
               impacts by increasing carbon  storage and
               decreasing carbon emissions.11

               Nevada
               The Nevada Energy Office and the  Desert
               Research Institute completed  the  Greenhouse
               Gas  Emissions   Inventory  for  Nevada  in
               November 1998. The state estimated that net
               emissions in  1990  totaled  8.9  MMTCE,  of
               which  95  percent was  carbon  dioxide.
               Nevada's results for COg are higher than the
               national average of 85  percent of total green-
                                               house gas emissions, a discrepancy accounted
                                               for by  the presence  of several fossil-fuel-
                                               burning electrical generation  plants. Net
                                               emissions in 1995 totaled 10.4 MMTCE, a 17
                                               percent increase from 1990.

                                               Virginia
                                               The James Madison University Integrated
                                               Science and  Technology Program prepared
                                               the State Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory for
                                               the Commonwealth of Virginia. The state's esti-
                                               mated net emissions in 1990 totaled 28.0
                                               MMTCE. Although carbon dioxide emissions
                                               from fossil fuel combustion accounted for the
                                               largest  percentage of  net total emissions,
                                               methane   emissions  from  landfills,   coal
                                               mining, manure management, and domesti-
                                               cated animals accounted for  a  higher-than-
                                               usual percentage  of  total emissions. Net
                                               emissions in  1995 totaled 26.5 MMTCE, a 5
                                               percent decrease  from  1990. However,  net
                                               carbon emissions per capita remained  essen-
                                               tially unchanged between 1990 and 1995.n

                                               EPA Publications and Web Sites on State
                                               Greenhouse Gas Inventories
                                               • Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions (Emissions
                                                 Inventory Improvement Program Guidelines,
                                                 Volume  VIII) October 1999. Available  at:
                                                 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/
                                                 techreport/volumeOS/index.html

                                               • More information on  state greenhouse gas
                                                 inventories   is   available   online   at
                                                 http://yosemite.epa.gov/globalwarming/
                                                 ghg.nsf/emissions/state
               ' For complete information see footnote on previous page.
14
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Chapter 4:
State  Climate  Actions
After completing an emissions inventory, many
states choose to take the next step and develop
a climate change  action  plan—a strategy to
reduce greenhouse gas emissions through fea-
sible and effective policies. Typically, the action
plans are developed by state officials in consul-
tation with  stakeholders. Action  plans  are
designed to minimize the impacts  of climate
change while ensuring that efforts  to control
emissions do not burden state constituents.

Action plans are tailored to each state's spe-
cific circumstances and needs. An action plan
typically includes  a projection of the state's
future greenhouse gas emissions and an emis-
sions reduction  goal.  It identifies and recom-
mends policy options based on criteria such as
emissions reduction potential, cost-effectiveness,
political feasibility,  ancillary  benefits, and
public acceptance. Often the state will offer
the plan for public comment.

The impetus to develop an action  plan or
assess  greenhouse gas  emissions  reduction
options may come from the legislative branch,
as in Wyoming and Oklahoma; a state agency;
or, as in the case of Maryland, New York, and
Texas, from the state administration.12

From FY 1992 through FY 2000, EPA's State
and Local Climate Change Program provided
technical  assistance and approximately $2
million in grants and cooperative agreements
to help 25  states  and Puerto  Rico prepare
climate  action plans.  To date,  19 states and
Puerto Rico have completed plans. Actions
identified in several of the completed  action
plans could, if implemented, reduce  green-
house gas emissions in those states by a com-
bined total  of up to 70 MMTCE per year by
2010 and nearly 100 MMTCE by 2020. Actions
already implemented by states avoid a total of
more than 3 MMTCE annually.
  Emission Reductions from State Action Plans
   400

   380

  ; 360

  -8*
-Baseline State
 Emissions (MMTCE)
-Emissions After
 Action Plans
 (high scenario)
      States that have initiated an action plan
      States that have completed an action plan
                                  Emissions
                            Reductions from
                           State Action Plans
                          represents potential
                         reductions that would
                              occur if partner
                          states implemented
                         all "maximum feasi-
                          ble" (High Scenario)
                          actions identified in
                           their action plans.
12 Although Wyoming and Oklahoma are not currently partners in EPA's State and Local Climate Change Program, these
  states recently passed legislation calling for the assessment of potential mitigation options.
                                    State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                       15

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   Economic  Savings
   from  State  Action  Plans
   • Iowa's state action plan identifies 16 cost-effective
     priority actions that could save up to $300 million
     annually in reduced energy costs while reducing
     greenhouse gas emissions by at least 4 MMTCE.
   • North Carolina's action plan, if implemented,
     could reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 7 per-
     cent below 1990 levels in 2010 and would save
     state residents and businesses $6.7  billion in
     energy costs in the year 2010.
   • Tennessee identified policy options that could
     achieve $522 million in annual savings to con-
     sumers and businesses, create more than 10,000
     jobs, and increase annual gross state product by
  nearly $500,000 while reducing greenhouse gas
  emissions by nearly 10 MMTCE in 2017.
  Vermont's greenhouse gas action plan cumula-
  tively would  reduce energy costs by $6.2 billion
  and increase employment by 1 percent, while
  reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 21 percent
  (13 MMTCE), acid rain precursors by 24 percent,
  and ground-level ozone precursors by 30 percent.
  Wisconsin identified energy efficiency measures
  that, by 2010, could save up to $2.7 billion in
  cumulative energy and operating costs, create
  more than 8,500 new jobs, and reduce emissions
  by nearly 2 MMTCE.
     Cost Savings Identified in Action Plans
       I $4
                     $4.3
 Emissions Reduction Goal Set in New Jersey
 In April 2000, New Jersey's environment com-
 missioner,  with support from  the  governor,
 issued an executive order to reduce the state's
 annual greenhouse gas emissions. The order
 called for the  reduction of emissions by 4.7
 MMTCE, to 3.5 percent below 1990 levels by
 2005,  using "no regrets" measures that are
 readily available and  that pay for themselves
 within the short term.
The potential emissions reductions identified
in the New Jersey  Sustainable Greenhouse Gas
Action  Plan amount to 5.05  MMTCE, more
than enough to enable New Jersey to achieve
its goal.

Approximately two-thirds of the reductions will
be  achieved through  energy efficiency and
innovative energy technologies in residential,
commercial, and  industrial buildings;  the
remainder will come from energy conservation
and innovative technologies in the transporta-
tion sector, waste management improvements,
and natural resource conservation.

Specific  actions include  enhanced mainte-
nance  of vehicles,  upgrades to commercial
lighting, increased  recycling,  capture and
recovery of landfill methane, tree planting
and open-space  preservation, greater use of
mass transit and alternative fuel vehicles, and
use of energy-efficient residential appliances.
The state also worked with The  Netherlands
to develop a greenhouse gas emissions credit
trading pilot program.
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Annual Potential Reductions  Identified  in Action  Plans  (MMTCE)
State
Delaware
Hawaii
Illinois
Iowa13
Kentucky14
Maine
New Jersey
N. Carolina
Oregon
Puerto Rico
Tennessee
Vermont18
Washington19
Wisconsin20
Total
MMTCE
Identified
20
Low
Estimate
00
High
Estimate
n/a
n/a
0.9
1.5
7.0
3.0
n/a
0.12
n/a
n/a
0.6
n/a
n/a
0.31
n/a
n/a
3.43
11.03
20
Low
Estimate
10
High
Estimate
1.8
0.82
0.9
4.0
7.0
9.0
n/a
1.24
5.0515
2616
2
2
9
6
n/a
0.55
4.7
3.0
53.56
9.5
70.85
20
Low
Estimate
15
High
Estimate
1.8
1
0.9
4.0
0
7.0
9.0
n/a
1.86
5.05
26
3
2
9.
7
6
3"
0.77
4.7
3.0
64.87
9.5
82.78
2C
Low
Estimate
20
High
Estimate
1.8
1.2
0.9
4.0
3.2
7.0
9.0
12.6
2.5
5.05
26
3.7
2.6
9.8
0.79
4.7
3.0
69.24
9.5
96.24
Notes: Illinois, Iowa, and Wisconsin provided low and high estimates for potential reductions; both estimates are shown for
those states. Several states did not quantify emissions reduction potential but assessed policies qualitatively. Only those with
quantitative measurements are included in this table and only for those years reported. Reductions initially were reported
in million short tons of carbon dioxide equivalent in the plans but have been converted to million metric tons of carbon
equivalent for this table.


13 The reductions are from policies ranging from "priority" to "maximum feasible." According to the plan, the priority
  options identified could save Iowa up to $300 million annually from reduced energy costs.
"Kentucky policy reductions are derived from either "modest options" or "maximum effort options."
16 New Jersey has set a goal of reducing 4.7 MMTCE by 2005 via no-regrets policies that pay for themselves in the short run.
  The state has identified measures that could reduce 5.05 MMTCE by 2005 in Table 1 of its action plan.
16North Carolina estimated that it could reduce 26 MMTCE in 2010, saving 504 trillion Btu and $6.7 billion in energy costs.
17Tennessee gave estimates for 2017, not 2015. Reductions would be achieved with a net economic boost to the state, and
  more than 10,300 jobs would be created
18 These policies also are expected to increase employment in Vermont by 1 percent, save $6.2 billion in energy costs, reduce
  acid rain precursors  by 24  percent, and reduce ground-level ozone precursors by 30 percent, cumulatively, by 2020.
  Estimates are from page 5-17, table 5.VIII. of Vermont's action plan.
19 Washington acknowledges that the reductions are not additive, but for simplicity we have added them here. Adding them
  may overstate the magnitude of the potential reductions.
20 Wisconsin numbers in the table are from Report 3, Volume 1 of the Wisconsin Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction Cost Study,
  Emission Reduction Cost Analysis, 1998. Those reported previously are from a sub-analysis, Report 4, Economic and Greenhouse
  Gas Emission Impacts of Electric Energy Efficiency Investments, 1998. The range covers policies that cost $0/ton-$100/ton.
                                           State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
17

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 New Jersey already has begun to implement a
 number of actions  in its plan.  For example,
 New Jersey's Clean  Energy Program provides
 financial incentives  for  homeowners and
 small businesses that choose to install quali-
 fied clean energy systems where they live or
 work.  The program supports technologies
 such as fuel cells,  photovoltaics, small wind,
 and sustainable biomass equipment  with
 incentives of $5/watt for  small systems (less
 than 10 kilowatts), $4/watt for medium-sized
 systems  (10-100 kilowatts), and $3/watt for
 systems larger than 100  kilowatts, up  to  a
 maximum of  60 percent of eligible system
 costs. The program is funded through an elec-
 tricity surcharge approved by the New Jersey
 Board of Public Utilities.

 EPA provided  technical and financial  assis-
 tance toward the development of the action
 plan  and toward  several  other  activities
 related to climate change mitigation in New
Jersey, such  as the design  of the trading
 program and outreach activities.

 Highlights of Action Plans
 In  addition  to New Jersey, seven states—
 Colorado, Delaware,  Hawaii,  Maine, North
 Carolina,  Tennessee,  and  Utah—and  the
 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico  have  com-
 pleted state climate action plans since the State
 and Local Climate Change Program's previous
 progress report was published in 1998.

 Colorado
 The Colorado  Department of Public Health
 and Environment released the report Climate
 Change and Colorado: A Technical Assessment
 Examining Climate  Change Science,  Greenhouse
 Gas Production, Potential Impacts, and Mitigation
 in  December  1998. The plan provides an
 extensive menu of options describing national,
 state,  and local programs and other potential
 strategies to reduce Colorado's greenhouse gas
emissions. Actions implemented thus far have
focused on pollution prevention at ski areas.

Delaware
The Center for Energy and Environmental
Policy at the University of Delaware, in collab-
oration with the government agencies, busi-
nesses, and interest groups  of the Delaware
Climate Change Consortium, completed the
Delaware Climate Change Action Plan in January
2000. The consortium adopted a target of
reducing  greenhouse gas  emissions  to  7
percent below  1990 emissions by the year
2010. To reach this target, the plan recom-
mends cost-effective measures for each sector
of the  Delaware economy  that, cumulatively,
could  reduce  emissions by  15-25 percent
during the next 12 years.

Hawaii
The  Hawaii   Department   of   Business,
Economic Development, and Tourism  and
the Department  of  Health  completed the
Hawaii Greenhouse Gas Reduction  Strategy in
November  1998.  The plan  is  primarily
intended  to  encourage  discussion, and  it
identifies options that could reduce the state's
greenhouse gas emissions by nearly 1 MMTCE
by  2010,  restoring  emissions to about  2
percent above 1990 levels by that year. The
Hawaii Climate Change Action  Team was
formed in 1999 to catalyze actions such as
reducing emissions through cost-effective and
economically beneficial measures; exporting
technologies,  expertise, and services that
reduce emissions;  and developing a carbon
offset forestry program.

Maine
The Maine State Planning Office, in collabo-
ration with the Maine Climate  Change Task
Force,  completed  the State  of Maine Climate
Change Action Plan in 2000. The state agencies,
public  and private interest groups, business
representatives, and  state  program adminis-
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

-------
trators that participated in the task force eval-
uated each policy option in terms of expected
emissions reductions, investment by the cost-
bearing sector, and the  net impact on Maine's
economy. The plan  sets  a statewide goal to
reduce carbon  dioxide  emissions  by 0.12
MMTCE beginning in 2000. The plan calls to
increase this reduction by 0.12 MMTCE each
year over the course  of the next 7 to  22 years
until total annual  emissions stabilize at pre-
1990 levels. In order to achieve this goal, the
plan sets specific targets for the  transporta-
tion, utility, industrial,  commercial, and resi-
dential sectors.

North Carolina
The Department of Geography and Planning
at Appalachian  State  University  completed
North  Carolina's  $ensible  Greenhouse  Gas
Reduction Strategies in  January 2000.  North
Carolina used the Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Software developed  for  ICLEI to test pro-
posed  reduction measures. The state  found
that it could avoid 26 MMTCE, exceeding the
strategy's target  of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions to 7 percent below 1990 emissions
by the  year 2010, and resulting in $6.7 billion
in energy cost savings.

Puerto Rico
The Puerto Rico Department of Natural and
Environmental Resources and Energy Affairs
Administration, working with the Interagency
Committee on  Climate Change,  completed
the  Puerto Rico  State Action  Plan to Reduce
Greenhouse Gas Emissions  in December 1999.
The plan sets a  goal to reduce annual emis-
sions by 2.6  MMTCE—to 10 percent  above
1990 levels—by the year 2010. The report rec-
ommends 23  cost-effective  measures  or
actions.  The  commonwealth  concurrently
conducted a public  opinion poll to  gauge
knowledge and perceptions of climate change
issues;  the results prompted plans to  develop
an aggressive public education campaign.
 Tennessee
 The  Center  for  Electric  Power  and  the
 Tennessee  Technological  University com-
 pleted  Tennessee Greenhouse Gas  Emissions:
 Mitigation Strategies in April  1999. The strate-
 gies identified in this report could  reduce
 annual emissions  by nearly  10 MMTCE,
 approximately 20 percent from the baseline
 level, by 2017. Based on economic  models
 that  simulated the  impact  on  the state
 economy  of changes in public and  private
 spending, taxes, and prices,  the state  expects
 that policy measures  aimed to reduce emis-
 sions also will result in a net economic gain.

 Utah
 The  Utah Office of Energy  and Resource
 Planning  (OERP) and the Utah Division of
 Air Quality (DAQ) completed Greenhouse Gas
 Reduction Strategies in Utah: An Economic  and
 Policy Analysis in March 2000. The analysis
 examined the economic impact of 13 fossil
 fuel-related  strategies that Utah could imple-
 ment, ranging from "feasible" to "potential"
 options. OERP  and DAQ found  that Utah
 could reduce annual greenhouse gas emis-
 sions by up to  nearly  1  MMTCE, increase
 average annual earnings by up to about  $24
 million (mostly from  energy efficiency retro-
 fits),  and increase average annual  employ-
 ment in the state by up to 1,600 jobs if all
 barriers to adoption were removed.

 State Greenhouse Gas Registries
 California,  Maine,  New Hampshire,  New
Jersey,  Texas, and Wisconsin are creating
 greenhouse  gas registries that will allow com-
 panies and other entities to  register their vol-
 untary greenhouse  gas emissions reductions.
 Registries are used to maintain records of his-
 toric  emissions or voluntary actions taken to
 reduce emissions. Benefits of participating in a
 registry include the  opportunity for entities to
 learn more about their emissions profile, the
 promotion of cost-effective  mitigation tech-
                                    State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                      19

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niques, public  recognition of environmental
action, and a credible record of past emissions.

New  Hampshire's registry, approved by the
state  legislature and the governor in 1999, is
administered by the state's Department of
Environmental Services. The department's final
rule establishing the registry was published in
2001. The registry requires voluntary emissions
reductions to be computed in accordance with
the federal  voluntary reporting program  for
greenhouse gas emissions  (section 1605(b) of
the Energy Policy Act of 1992), although alter-
native protocols will be considered.

New  Jersey's   environment   commissioner
approved an amendment  to  add greenhouse
gases to  the  state's existing Open Market
Emissions Trading (OMET) program in April
2000. OMET assigns and verifies  credits  for
greenhouse  gas emissions reductions, but there
is no established, allowable use for those credits
and no trading of greenhouse gas credits cur-
rently is taking place. Information on OMET is
available at http://www.omet.com/

The bill establishing Wisconsin's registry was
passed in May  2000, and  rules currently are
being developed by the state's Department of
Natural  Resources.  The department also is
developing rules for registering reductions in
fine particulate matter, mercury, and other air
contaminants.   The Wisconsin  Voluntary
Emission  Reductions  Registry  Advisory
Committee has established the following Web
site: http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/air/
hot/climchgcom/

California's  Climate Action Registry, passed by
the state's Senate in August 2000 and approved
the following month by the governor,  takes
the form of a nonprofit public benefit corpo-
ration, governed by a seven-member board.
Unlike  the  New Hampshire  and Wisconsin
registries, California's registry requires organ-
izations to report emissions on an entity-wide
basis,  rather  than project-by-project.  The
enabling legislation contains detailed require-
ments for the  registry's organization and
duties, the metrics to be used in reporting,
and provisions for adjusting baselines based
on mergers, acquisitions, and  other changes
to the reporting organizations.  More informa-
tion  on  California's registry is available  at
http://www.climateregistry.org/, the Web site
of the registry working group.

The  Texas Natural Resources  Conservation
Commission  (TNRCC)  issued  an executive
order in August 2000 tasking  the agency to
investigate  and implement a voluntary  state
greenhouse  gas registry.  TNRCC  staff is
currently studying registry options and expects
to make recommendations by the end of 2001.

In April  2001, Maine's governor approved a
bill instructing  the  state  Department  of
Environmental Protection to establish  a vol-
untary greenhouse gas registry.  The registry
must  provide  for  the collection of data on
production activity and the  origin of carbon
emissions in  order to allow the tracking of
future emission trends.

Legislative Highlights
Governors and state legislators play important
roles in addressing climate change by respond-
ing to national policies  as well as their con-
stituents'  concerns.  Legislative responses
implemented by states include laws, bills, exec-
utive orders, joint resolutions, and memorials.
As mentioned earlier, New  Jersey's environ-
ment commissioner issued an executive order
to reduce the state's annual greenhouse gas
emissions, but New Jersey is not the only state
to take action at the administrative or legisla-
tive level. Currently 48 states have introduced
or enacted legislation or administrative orders
related to climate change.
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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In 1990, Connecticut became the first state to
pass a law requiring specific actions to reduce
carbon dioxide emissions. Public Act 90-219,
initially proposed by  the  state's  House of
Representatives, established a broad range of
energy efficiency  measures,  including revi-
sions to the building code  and requirements
that the state purchase energy-efficient appli-
ances and vehicles. The law also allows the
state Environmental Protection Commissioner
to require the planting of trees or  grass to
offset carbon dioxide emissions.

In 1997, Oregon passed legislation that estab-
lishes a carbon dioxide standard requiring
new power plants  to  emit 17  percent less
carbon dioxide than the most energy-efficient
plant available. The bill capped emissions at
0.7 pounds of COg per kilowatt-hour for base-
load natural gas-fired power plants.  In 1999
the cap was lowered to 0.675 pounds per kilo-
watt-hour. The standard can be met by  offset-
ting emissions through energy  efficiency or
carbon sequestration projects; energy facilities
may implement projects directly or by paying
into a climate trust that purchases offsets.

In March 2001, Maryland's governor issued an
executive  order creating a Maryland Green
Building Council. The executive order directs
the council to develop a High Efficiency Green
Buildings  Program and prepare a state action
plan for  reducing greenhouse gases. The
order sets goals for state purchases of energy
generated from renewable sources, energy
efficiency in state buildings and purchased
products, waste diversion or recycling, and the
procurement of alternative fueled vehicles.
In June 2001, the  governor  of  New York
issued an executive order establishing a New
York State Greenhouse Gas Task  Force  and
mandating state agencies to purchase no less
than  10 percent  of the overall state facility
energy requirements from renewable sources
by 2005. The task force will make  policy rec-
ommendations on greenhouse gas emissions
and  climate change by November 15, 2001
and issue a final  report in March  2002. The
recommendations will be considered for the
New York State Energy Plan, expected to be
released in the Spring of 2002.

An extensive list of state legislative initiatives is
available on  EPA's  Global Warming Site at
http://yosemite.epa.gov/globalwarming/ghg
.nsf/actions/Legislativelnitiatives/.

EPA Publications  and Web Sites on State
Greenhouse Gas Action Plans
• States' Guidance  Document: Policy Planning to
  Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Second Edition
  (EPA, 1998). Online at: http://www.epa.gov/
  globalwarming/publications/reference/
  stateguidance/

• More information  on state  action plans,
  including the text of available plans, a data-
  base of actions  proposed and their current
  status, and a list of legislative initiatives, may
  be found online at: http://yosemite.epa.gov/
  globalwarming/ghg.nsf/actions/
  StateActionPlans/
                                    State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
                                                       21

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               Chapter 5:
              State  and  Local
              Demonstration  Projects
              Demonstration  projects  serve as real-world
              tests of technologies and policies to reduce
              greenhouse gas emissions. Projects provide
              states and localities with key data on  cost-
              effectiveness, political feasibility, and environ-
              mental and social benefits, which they can use
              in formulating future programs and policies.

              From FY 1992 through FY 2000, EPA's State
              and Local Climate Change Program has pro-
              vided technical assistance and more than $3.5
              million in grants and cooperative agreements
              to  support  16  demonstration projects and
              local initiatives.  To date, demonstration proj-
              ects completed  or underway  have avoided a
              cumulative total of more than 5 MMTCE and
              have  saved  approximately $100 million in
              energy  costs. For example,  the  State  and
              Local  Climate  Change  Program  supports
              ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection cam-
              paign. This campaign  alone avoids nearly 2
              MMTCE annually while saving $70 million in
              reduced fuel and energy costs and preventing
              more than 28,000 tons  of air pollutants.

              Demand for Wind Power Up in Colorado
              Twenty thousand households, 500 businesses,
              and dozens of cities and towns in  Colorado
              voluntarily pay a small  premium to purchase
              some or all of their  electricity from wind
              power, thanks to a project spearheaded by the
              nonprofit  Land and  Water  Fund of the
              Rockies, with financial  assistance from EPA.

              The  program,  known  as  the Grassroots
              Campaign for Wind Power, is a joint effort by
              the Land  and Water Fund and Xcel Energy
              (formerly  Public   Service   Company  of
              Colorado). Consumers can  purchase wind-
              generated  electricity in blocks of 100  kilo-
              watt-hours (kWh) for a  $2.50 per month
              premium. Wholesale customers also buy bulk
              quantities of wind-generated electricity and
                                            sell it to their own customers for a similar
                                            premium. Approximately 20 Colorado utili-
                                            ties and rural electricity co-ops participate in
                                            the program, committing to purchase more
                                            than 200,000 megawatt-hours (MWh) annu-
                                            ally-enough  electricity  to  power  almost
                                            28,000 homes. The program has  reduced
                                            COg emissions from electricity generation by
                                            more  than 29,000 metric  tons  of carbon
                                            equivalent, nitrogen oxides (NOX)  by  450
                                            metric tons, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) by 500
                                            metric tons in the year 2000.

                                            Wind  power  in Colorado is still growing. By
                                            the end of 2001, Colorado will have a total of
                                            87  megawatts  of wind-generated  electric
                                            capacity,  62  megawatts of which has been
                                            installed to meet demand from the program.
                                            In addition,  the Colorado  Public  Utilities
                                            Commission recently ordered Xcel Energy to
                                            acquire another 162 megawatts of wind power,
                                            which is anticipated to be online by 2002.

                                            More   information  on   the   Grassroots
                                            Campaign for  Wind  Power is available at
                                            http://www.cogreenpower.org/

                                            Results Achieved at the Local Level
                                            ICLEI established the U.S. Cities for Climate
                                            Protection campaign in 1993. Part of a larger
                                            global campaign involving almost 500 local
                                            governments worldwide, Cities for Climate
                                            Protection's membership currently  includes
                                            109 cities and counties in the United States,
                                            representing 16 percent of  U.S. greenhouse
                                            gas emissions. Their combined actions avoid
                                            at least 1.9 MMTCE annually.
22
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

-------
Energy and Greenhouse  Gas  Results of
Selected  Demonstration Projects

1997
1998
1999
2000
 ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection: Local governments set and achieve emissions reduction targets
Greenhouse Gas
Reductions-MTCE
Approximate
Energy Savings
(kWh)
1,110,000
5,500,000,000
1,340,000
6,600,000,000
1,340,000
6,600,000,000
1,860,000
9,000,000,000
 Utah Photovoltaics Project: Conversion of power supply for marina from diesel to solar photovoltaics
Greenhouse Gas
Reductions-MTCE
Approximate Energy
Savings (kWh)
7
47,000
7
47,000
8
53,500
8
53,500
Colorado Land and Water Project: Wind power promotion and commitment program
Greenhouse Gas
Reductions-MTCE
Approximate Energy
Savings (kWh)
-
-
-
-
-
-
29,000
120,000,000
Wisconsin Water Heaters Program: Water heater conversion project from electric to natural gas
Greenhouse Gas
Reductions -MTCE
Approximate Energy
Savings (kWh}
-
-
-
-
-
-
98
483,000
 Totals for All Demonstration Projects
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
Reductions - MTCE
Approximate Energy
Savings (kWh)

1,110,000

5,490,000,000

1,340,000

6,580,000,000

1,340,000

6,580,000,000
1,880,000
9,260,0(
10,000
 Key
 MTCE=Metric Tons of Carbon Equivalent
 kWh=Kilowatt-hour
                                  State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress
23

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               Each local government participating in the
               campaign has agreed to establish a target for
               reducing  its  community's  greenhouse gas
               emissions and to implement a comprehensive
               local action plan  designed to achieve  that
               target.   Actions  completed  or  underway
               include  energy  efficiency retrofits of city and
               county  buildings,  switching to power-saving
               technologies such  as LED traffic signals and
               exit lights, instituting  recycling  programs,
               recovering landfill methane, and  providing
               transportation alternatives.

               The City of Madison, Wisconsin, for example,
               has reduced transportation emissions by more
               than 11,000 metric tons of carbon equivalent
               through its "Rideshare, Etc." program, which
               provides matching services  for bicycle com-
               muters  and individuals wishing to participate
               in carpools or vanpools. Participants receive a
               personalized report that identifies carpool  or
               vanpool opportunities as well  as  alternative
               transportation options in their area.21

               The U.S. office  of ICLEI, located in Berkeley,
               California, provides technical tools and infor-
               mation, training workshops, and  software
               packages  to  evaluate  emissions  reduction
               alternatives and to track emissions reductions.
                                                 EPA State and Local Climate Change Program
                                                 Publications and Web Sites on Demonstration
                                                 Projects and Mitigation Activities
                                                 • More   information   on  demonstration
                                                   projects and  other mitigation  activities
                                                   can   be  found  online.   Case   studies
                                                   describing   actions   taken   by  states,
                                                   localities, and private sector groups are avail-
                                                   able on two sites:  http://yosemite.epa.gov/
                                                   globalwarming/ghg.nsf/actions/CaseStudies
                                                   and http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/
                                                   publications/outreach/index.html#solutions

                                                 • More information on Cities  for Climate
                                                   Protection  can  be   found   online  at:
                                                   http://www.iclei.org/us/
                 U.S. Communities Acting to Protect the Climate: Achievements of ICLEI's Cities for Climate Protection - U.S. 2000. International
                 Council for Local Environmental Initiatives. ICLEI reports 46,107 short tons of CO2 equivalent, which translates to 11,287
                 metric tons of carbon equivalent.
24
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Chapter 6:
Education  and  Outreach  on
Climate  Change  and  Mitigation
EPA's State  and Local Climate  Change
Program  provides technical and financial
support  to  help states inform  their  con-
stituencies about climate change and actions
that can be taken to mitigate it. The program
also  conducts its own outreach efforts  to
inform state and local officials about climate
change through conference presentations,
publications, Web sites, and listservs.

From FY 1992 through FY 2000, the State
and  Local Climate Change Program  pro-
vided technical  assistance and more than
$3.5  million  in grants and cooperative
agreements for 32 education and outreach
programs.

In 2000, the program released a CD-ROM-
based outreach toolkit for state and local offi-
cials.  The State and  Local Climate  Change
Outreach Kit is a one-stop-shop collection  of
climate  change education  and outreach
resources. The kit includes publications that
can be downloaded and printed for distribu-
tion,  including fact sheets on technologies
and polices;  basic  and advanced climate
change information  for school audiences;
and information on  actions that communi-
ties, individuals, and businesses can take.

The outreach  toolkit also includes lists of
videos, Internet sites, a glossary of climate
change terms, a slide  presentation, and infor-
mation on EPA and U.S. Department of
Energy programs. The contents of the kit are
also available on the EPA Global Warming Site.

For more information  on  the  outreach
kit, see http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/
publications/ outreach/

Climate Change a Local Issue in Oregon
The Oregon Department of Energy, in part-
nership with  EPA  and other agencies and
   Direct  Outreach to State
   and   Local Officials
                                                        Total 1992-2000
      Number of Stakeholders Reached at Conferences                       2,600+
      Number of Conferences Attended (since 1997)                           20
      Number of Publications Distributed                                69,000
      Number of Hits on State and Local pages of                         152,000
      EPA's Global Warming Web Site (established 1997)
      Number of Listserv Messages Sent (since 1997)                          200
      Cumulative Number of Listserv Subscribers                             700
      Number of Outreach Kits Distributed (since 1999)                       4,200
      Number of Hits to Outreach Kit Web site                             7,000
                               State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress


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 organizations,  is implementing a  targeted
 education effort to help Oregonians under-
 stand what  climate change means  to  them
 and what they can do about it. The partner-
 ship has resulted in the creation and distribu-
 tion of a video, "Generation to Generation:
 The Story of Climate Change in Oregon," as
 well as educational brochures, newspaper sup-
 plements, magazine articles, presentations to
 city councils and local governments, confer-
 ences, and  a climate change and recycling
 curriculum for schools.

 With EPA  support, the  Climate  Trust, a
 Portland-based  nonprofit,  conducted five
 community forums on climate change in 1999.
 The  meetings, held  in  Ashland,  Bend,
 Corvallis,  Newport, and Portland, gave com-
 munity leaders a chance to learn about climate
 change directly from scientists and to discuss
 strategies for addressing climate change.

 The program has distributed 40,000 copies of
 its  educational  brochure on climate change,
 along with 200 copies of the video.

 Public Awareness Raised in
 Washington  State
 The EPA-supported Global Climate Change
 Project in Washington State has raised aware-
 ness of climate change among city councils,
 county commissions,  business  and  civic
 groups,  the media, and  individuals.  The
 Washington State Department of Community,
 Trade, and Economic Development conducts
 the project in collaboration with Washington
 State University, Climate Solutions (a private
 nonprofit),  and the Northwest Council on
 Climate  Change.  To  date,  the  project has
 created high-quality slide  shows and  print
 publications, reached  approximately  1,000
 individuals through 26 presentations around
 the state, and  held press  conferences that
resulted in newspaper  and radio stories on
climate change in the Northwest.

Outreach  to  the  media  through  press
releases,  public  service  announcements,
article  placements,  and  press  conferences
resulted in television coverage on eight sta-
tions, stories on approximately 50 radio sta-
tions, and  15 articles and editorials in the
print media.

State and Local Climate Change Program
Outreach Publications and Web Sites
• EPA's State and Local Climate Change Outreach
 Kit. Available online at http://www.epa.gov/
 globalwarming/publications/outreach/
 index.html

• Mapping  a  Cleaner Future.  First progress
 report  (1998)  of the  State  and  Local
 Climate Change Program.

• Climate Change Policies
  • Energy and the Home
  • Green Power
  • Net Metering
  • Public Benefit Funds
  • Renewables Portfolio Standards
  • State Energy Codes
  • Statewide Recycling

• Climate Change Solutions
  • Twin Cities Trim Climate Change  (1998)
  • Utah's Solar Project  Helps Reduce
   Greenhouse Gases (1998)
  • Vermont Trims Energy Bills for Low-
   Income Families  (1998)
  • Oregon Switches to Cleaner Power (2000)
  • Land and Water Fund of the Rockies
   Markets Green Power (2001)
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress


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Climate Change Strategies
• Businesses Can Save Money—And
 the Environment
• Climate Smart Tips to Protect the Earth
• Multiple Benefits of Emission
 Reduction Policies
• Smart Savings: Climate Solutions
 for Cities

Climate Change Technologies
• Alternative Fueled Vehicles
• Biomass Energy
• Combined Heat and Power
• Fertilizer Management
• Fuel Cells
• Geothermal Heat Pumps
• Landfill Methane Recovery
• Light-emitting Diodes
• Manure Management
• Solar Energy
• Wind Energy

State Climate Change  Impact Fact Sheets
(one each for all 50 states)
http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/
impacts/stateimp/

                                 State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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Chapter?:


Future  Directions

Looking forward to 2002 and beyond, EPA's
State and Local Climate Change Program will
continue to build state and local capacity to
mitigate and adapt to  climate change. The
program's goal is to assimilate climate change
planning into day-to-day and long-term state
and local government decision making, and
to integrate climate change mitigation goals
with priority objectives for clean air, economic
development, and energy.

Some of the new projects underway or under
consideration for the  upcoming year include
the following:

• Development of a modeling tool to assess
  the clean air and greenhouse gas benefits of
  policies. This project will develop and dis-
  tribute free software  for the  integrated
  analysis of harmonized strategies for reduc-
  ing greenhouse gases and criteria air pollu-
  tants. The software can be used by states for
  comprehensive  strategic  planning   to
  achieve multipollutant,  multibenefit objec-
  tives. We expect the  software to be available
  by mid-2002.

• Continued legislative tracking. The program
  will continue to monitor state  legislation,
  executive orders, and administrative deci-
  sions  affecting greenhouse  gas emissions
  and sinks, with biannual updates to the leg-
  islative initiatives summary on EPA's Global
  Warming Site.

• State  mitigation sheets. This project  will
  develop and distribute fact sheets that sum-
  marize climate  change mitigation activities
  for all 50  states. These  publications  will
  include information about state emissions,
  mitigation planning  activities, policies imple-
  mented that reduce greenhouse gas emis-
  sions, legislative activity related  to climate
  change, and descriptions of the greenhouse
                                                               gas, economic, and energy benefits of repre-
                                                               sentative mitigation projects that have been
                                                               implemented in each state.

                                                              • State  greenhouse gas registry workgroup.
                                                               The program formed this workgroup in
                                                               2001  to facilitate  information  exchange
                                                               between states that are developing or con-
                                                               sidering developing greenhouse gas  reg-
                                                               istries. The working group also will examine
                                                               linkages between state registries, state inven-
                                                               tories, and action plans.

                                                              • State  forestry carbon sequestration  report.
                                                               EPA is developing a joint technical report
                                                               with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's
                                                               Forest Service that will provide state-by-state
                                                               carbon  sequestration estimates  developed
                                                               from  forestry inventories. EPA expects the
                                                               report to be completed in early 2002.

                                                              • Inventory spreadsheet tool. To facilitate and
                                                               standardize the process of compiling, report-
                                                               ing,  and  updating emissions inventories,
                                                               EPA is developing an easy-to-use spreadsheet
                                                               tool that states can use to calculate emissions
                                                               based on their activity data.  The program
                                                               expects  to  make the tool available to inter-
                                                               ested  states in mid-2002.
28
State and Local Climate Change Program • Partnerships and Progress

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For more information, contact:

State and Local Climate Change Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

Mailing Address:
1200 Pennsylvania Ave. (6205J)
Washington, DC 20460

Street Address:
501 3rd Street, NW
Washington, DC 20001

Phone: (202) 564-3467
Fax: (202) 565-2095
E-mail: denny.andrea@epa.gov

Web Site: http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/visitorcenter/publicofficials/
For more information on the Cities for Climate Protection Campaign,
contact:

International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives

15 Shattuck Square, Suite 215
Berkeley, CA 94704

Phone: (510) 540-8843
Fax: (510) 540-4787

Web Site: http://www.iclei.org/us
           Office of Air and Radiation (6205J)
           EPA 430-R-02-002
    "•T^  February 2002
    msyy

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