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SECTION XI
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
(BADCT)
General
The term "new source" is defined in the "Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972" to mean "any
source, the construction of which is commenced after the
publication of proposed regulations prescribing a standard
of performance". Technology applicable to new sources shall
be the Best Available Demonstrated control Technology
(BADCT), defined by a determination of what higher levels of
pollution control can be attained through the use of
improved production process and/or wastewater treatment
techniques. Thus, in addition to considering the best in-
plant and end-of-pipe control technology, BADCT technology
is to be based upon an analysis of how the level of effluent
may be reduced by changing the production process itself for
the explosives manufacturing point source subcategories.
Explosives Manufacturing
EADCT is based upon the utilization of in-plant controls and
filtration as an addition to BPCTCA end-of-pipe processes.
In the case of subcategory C, a packaged dual-media
filtration system will be required to be added to BPCTCA
treatment. The BADCT limitations presented in Section VII
were developed on the basis of the contractor's previous
experience and EPA publications on the efficiency of a
filter, unless otherwise noted. The wastewater load
reductions are presented below. Application of these
removal rates to BPCTCA effluent production loads is shown
in Table XI-1.
New Source Performance Standards
For Subcategories A, B and D
Parameter
BODS
COD
TSS*
Percent Reduction of
EPCTCA Effluent
8
13
60
137
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* Except the average of daily values for 30 consecutive days
shall not exceed 20 mg/1 and the maximum for any one day
is 40 mg/1.
It was anticipated that, for this level of treatment,
significant reduction of hydraulic loading will be
implemented by application of good water management
practices.
New Source Performance Standards
For Sutcategory c
Parameter
TSSi
Oil and Greases
Percent Reduction of
BPCTCA Effluent
60
80
1 Except the average of daily values for 30 consecutive days
shall not exceed 20 mg/1 and the maximum for any one day
is 40 mg/1.
2 Limitations on oil and grease are given for subcategory C
only since it is expected that this pollutant will be
significant only in this subcategory. The average of daily
values for 30 consecutive days shall not exceed 10 mg/1 and
the maximum for any one day is 20 mg/1.
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SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT GUIDELINES
General
Pollutants from specific processes within this category may
interfere with, pass through, or otherwise be incompatible
with publicly owned treatment works (municipal system). The
following section examines the general wastewater
characteristics and the pretreatment unit operations which
may be applicable to the. explosives manufacturing point
source category.
Explosives Manufacturing
A review of the wastewater characteristics of explosives
manufacturing indicates that the process wastewaters contain
high concentrations of soluble oxygen-demanding materials,
varied ranges of suspended solids, nitrates, sulfates,
organic nitrogen and carbon, metals, and trace quantities of
explosives.
The scope of this study did not allow for a specific
toxicity evaluation of explosives wastewaters. However, all
but the last two parameters listed above appear to be
amenable to secondary treatment.
Metals such as lead and mercury have been shown to be
discharged in quantities sufficient to disrupt biological
activity. In one field investigation in subcategory D, lead
discharges were found in concentrations of 200 mg/1. This
makes physical/chemical precipitation mandatory as a
pretreatment step, where such concentrations and other
inhibitory concentrations are found.
Trace quantities of explosives may present a significant
problem for a municipal sewage treatment system because of
their toxicity and hazardous nature. However, a
pretreatment system can be designed to ensure that toxicity
and safety hazards are eliminated. The system would have to
ensure that a slug of explosive material from an emergency
discharge could never enter the municipal system. Such a
system would consist of the following unit operations:
equalization, chemical precipitation of metals, and
neutralization.
Since oil and grease (OSG) in high concentrations can be
disruptive to municipal sewage treatment systems under
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certain circumstances, a pretreatment standard of 100 mg/1
for O&G is set for all subcategories in the explosives point
source category.
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SECTION XIII
PERFORMANCE FACTORS FOR TREATMENT
PLANT OPERATIONS
General
All of the factors that bring about variations in treatment
plant performance can be minimized through proper dosing and
operation. Variations in the performance of wastewater
treatment plants are attributable to one or more of the
following:
1. Variations in sampling techniques.
2. Variations in analytical methods.
3. Variations in one or more operational parameters,
e.g., the organic removal rate by the biological
mass, settling rate changes of biological sludge.
4. Controllable changes in the treatability
characteristics of the process wastewaters even
after adequate equalization.
5. Controllable fluctuations in the volume of
contaminated storm runoff,
6, Prevention of contamination by segregation of storm
runoff from process wastewaters.
7. Differences in the design and operation of holding
systems to average out the influent before allowing
it into the treatment system.
8. Disparities in spill prevention programs.
9. Inattention to the effects of cycled production
scheduling and avoidable start-ups._and shut-downs.
10. Negligence in the design and choice of the type of
treatment system which can minimize climatic
effects.
11. Lack of prudent measures to prevent the
introduction of chemicals which are likely to
inhibit the treatment processes.
All of these above mentioned items can be designed and/or
scheduled for in a well-designed and properly operated
wastewater treatment plant.
Explosives Manufacturing
Variability in historic effluent data from an exemplary
biological treatment plant treating propellant wastes was
statistically analyzed. The results of this analysis are
shown below. Ratios of the 95 percent probability of
occurrence to the 50 percent probability of occurrence were
143
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computed for this plant, with the average of the daily and
monthly BOD and COD ratios as follows:
Parameter
BOD5
COD
Performance Factor
for Maximum Monthly
Effluent Value
2.4
2.4
Performance Factor
for Maximum Daily
Effluent Value
3.8
3.8
Variability in Biological Waste Treatment Systems
In the past, effluent requirements for wastewater treatment
plants have been related to the achievement of a desired
treatment efficiency based on long term performance. There
are, however, factors that affect the performance and hence
the effluent quality or treatment efficiency over the short
term, such that short term performance requirements cannot
be taken directly from the longer term data. Knowledge of
these factors must be incorporated in the development of
effluent limitations and in decisions of whether a treatment
plant is in compliance with the limitations.
The effluent limitations promulgated by EPA and developed in
this document include values that limit both long term and
short, term waste, discharges. These restrictions are
necessary to assure that deterioration of the- nation's
waters does not occur on a short term basis due to heavy
intermittent discharges, even though an annual average may
be attained. Because technology transfer has been used and
because the data base supporting the variability is limited,
a factor of three is employed to set the maximum day
limitation rather than the ratio of approximately two for
maximum day limitation to maximum 30 day limitation shown
above.
Some of the controllable causes of variability and
techniques that can be used to minimize their effect
include:
A.
Storm Runoff
Storm water holding or diversion facilities should be
designed on the basis of rainfall history and area being
drained. The collected storm runoff can be drawn off at a
constant rate to the treatment system. The volume of this
contaminated storm runoff should be minimized through
segregation and the prevention of contamination. Storm
runoff from outside the plant area, as well <• as
144
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uncontaminated runoff,
or contaminated area.
B. Flow Variations
should be diverted around the plant
Manufacturing process upsets and raw waste variations can be
reduced by properly sized equalization units. Equalization
is a retention of the wastes in a suitably designed and
operated holding system to average out the influent before
allowing it into the treatment system,
C. Spills
Spills of certain materials in the plant can cause a heavy
loading on the treatment system for a short period of time.
A spill may not only cause higher effluent levels as it goes
through the system, but may inhibit a biological treatment
system and therefore have longer term effects. Equalization
helps to lessen the effects of spills. However, long term
reliable control can only be attained by an aggressive spill
prevention and maintenance program including training of
operating personnel. Industrial associations such as the
Manufacturing Chemists Association have developed guidelines
for prevention, control and reporting of spills. These note
how to assess the potential of spill occurrence and how to
prevent spills. Each explosives manufacturing plant should
be aware of the MCA report and institue a program of spill
prevention using the principles described in the report. If
every plant were to use such guidelines as part of plant'
waste management control programs, its raw waste load and
effluent variations would be decreased or entirely
eliminated.
D. Start-up and Shut-down
These periods should be reduced to a minimum and their
effect dampened through the use of equalization facilities.
At start-up, a good practice is to haul in a tank truck of
sludge from an efficiently operated activated sludge
wastewater treatment plant.
E. Climatic Effects
The design and choice of type of a treatment system should
be based on the climate at the plant location so that this
effect^can be minimized. Where there are severe seasonal
climatic conditions, the treatment system should be designed
and sufficient operational flexibility should be available
so that the system can function effectively.
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F. Treatment Process Inhibition
Chemicals likely to inhibit the treatment processes should
be identified and prudent measures taken to see that they do
not enter the wastewater in concentrations that may result
in treatment process inhibition. Such measures include the
diking of a chemical use area to contain spills and
contaminated wash water, using dry instead of wet clean-up
of equipment, and changing to non-inhibiting chemicals.
The common indicator of the pollution characteristics of the
discharge from a plant historically has been the long-term
average of the effluent load. However, the long-term
(yearly) average is not the only parameter on which to have
an effluent limitation. Shorter term averages also are
needed, both as an indication of performance and for
enforcement purposes.
Wherever possible, the best approach to develop the annual
and shorter term limitations is to use historical data from
the industry or production line in question. If enough data
is available, the shorter term limitations can be developed
from a detailed analysis of the hourly, daily, weekly, or
monthly data. Rarely, however, is there an adequate amount
of short term data. However, using data which show the
variability in the effluent load, statistical analyses can
be used to compute short term limits (30 day average or
daily) which should be attained, provided that the plant is
designed and run in the proper way to achieve the desired
long term average load. These analyses can be used to
establish variability factors for effluent limitations or to
check those factors that have been developed.
For the significant organic products segment of the organic
chemicals manufacturing point source category, EPA has used
a data base consisting of 21 organic chemicals, plastics and
petrochemical plant performance data, to establish daily
maximum and monthly average variability factors of 3.9 and
2.1, respectively. The performance factors for BODJ5 and COD
used for the explosives manufacturing point source category
are 3.8 for the maximum daily and 2.H for the maximum
monthly as shown below. While these plants make different
products. Agency analysis revealed that they can be grouped
because the treatment plant characteristics and response to
flow and constituent variables, for example, are similar. .
The data base upon which EPA's variability factors are based
is^the most extensive available. Commenters on these and
prior EPA Development Documents have suggested no other
source of information on which to base BODS or COD
146
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variability factor calculation. While it is known that the
behavior of waste characteristics such as COD is not
precisely the same as BODJ3 in variations of effluent, and
that use of different treatment techniques can alter
expected variations, there are no data sources for COD which
can be used to generate separate variability numbers. If
anyone has more or better information available, the Agency
will readily consider it. For these reasons, EPA has used
factors of 2.4 and 3.8 for both BODJ5 and COD pollutant
parameters, for regulations covering BATEA and new sources
in the explosives manufacturing point source category. For
existing plants, EPA has used a factor of 3 for BPCTCA even
though the data indicates a ratio of approximately 2 between
the maximum day limitation and the maximum 30 day limitation
from the limited data in hand.
For lack of data, variability in suspended solids could not
be developed by historical means. Because of the similarity
of their treatment systems employed, batch type operation
and related organic chemical reactions TSS variability for
explosives manufacturing was assumed to be similar to the
inorganic chemicals manufacturing point source category and
the fertilizer manufacturing point source category.
For oil and grease, the same factor of 3 was used to develop
the BPCTCA maximum day limitations for all the explosives
sufccategories.
These factors were applied to develop the effluent
limitations and guidelines presented in Sections II, IX, X,
and XI.
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SECTION XIV
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared by the Environmental Protection
Agency on the basis of a comprehensive study of this
industry performed by Roy p. Weston, Inc., under contract
No. 68-01-2932. The original study was conducted and
prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency under the
direction of Project Director James H. Dougherty, P.E., and
Technical Project Manager Jitendra R. Ghia, P.E. The
following individual members of the staff of Roy F. Weston,
Inc., made significant contributions to the overall effort:
W.D. Sitman
J.A. DeFilippi
K.J. Phillips
T.E. Taylor
P.J. Marks
K.K. Wahl
D.A. Baker
Y.H. Lin
The original RFW study and this EPA revision were conducted
under the supervision and guidance of Mr. Joseph S. Vitalis,
Project Officer, assisted by Mr. George Jett, Assistant
Project Officer.
Overall guidance and excellent assistance was provided the
Project Officer by his associates in the Effluent Guidelines
Division, particularly Messrs. Allen Cywin, Director, Ernst
P. Hall, Deputy Director, Walter J. Hunt, Branch Chief, and
Dr. W. Lamar Miller, Senior Technical Advisor. Special
acknowledgement is also made of others in the Effluent
Guidelines Division: Messrs, John Nardella, Martin Halper,
David Becker, Bruno Maier, Dr. Chester Rhines and Dr.
Raymond Loehr, for their helpful suggestions and timely
comments. EGDE project personnel also wishes to acknowledge
the assistance of the personnel at the Environmental
Protection Agency's regional centers, who helped identify
those plants achieving effective waste treatment, and whose
efforts provided much of the research necessary for the
treatment technology review.
The following individuals supplied input into the
development of this document while serving as members of the
EPA working group/steering committee which provided detailed
review, advice and assistance. Their input is appreciated:
W. Hunt, Chairman, Effluent Guidelines Division
L. Miller, Technical Advisor, Effluent Guidelines Div.
J. Vitalis, Project Officer, Effluent Guidelines Div.
G. Jett, Asst. Project officer. Effluent Guidelines Div.
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B. Becker, Effluent Guidelines Division
J, Ciancia, National Environmental Research Center,
Edison
H. Skovrenek, National Environmental Research Center,
Edison
M. Strier, Office of Enforcement
D. Davis, Office of Planning and Evaluation
P. Desrosiers, Office of Research and Development
R. Swank, Southeast Environmental Research Laboratory,
Athens
E. Krabbe, Region II
L. Reading, Region VII
E. Struzeski, NEIC, Denver
Appreciation is extended to Mr. Chris Little and Jame's
Rodgers of the EPA Office of General Counsel for their
invaluable contributions and advice.
The cooperation of the individual explosive manufacturing
compounds who offered their facilities for survey and
contributed pertinent data is gratefully appreciated:
1. Atlas Powder Company
2. E.I. DuPont DeNemours and Company
3. Hercules, Incorporated
4. Halston Army Ammunition Plant
5. Olin Corporation
6. Radford Army Ammunition Plant
7. Federal Cartridge
8. Trojan Powder Company
Manufacturing representatives playing significant
the success of this study were:
1. Mr. Joseph Wilkes (1)
2. Dr. Richard Cooper (2)
3. Dr. R.E, Chaddock (3)
4. Mr. James Hart (4)
5. Mr. Sam Riccardi (5)
6. Mr. Donald Mayberry (6)
7. A.G. Drury (7)
8. Dr. Phillip Barnhard, IV
parts in
The project personnel would like to extend its
for the time and effort the following
organizations displayed:
appreciation
governmental
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Manufacturing Technology Directorate, U.S. Army
Picatinny Arsenal
150
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U.S. Army Armaments Command Headquarters
U.S. Army Material Command
Department of the Army Headquarters
In addition, the project personnel would like to extend its
gratitude to the following individuals and organizations for
the significant input into the development of this document:
R. Tabakin, EPA, Edison, N.J.
Col. Charles Sell, DAEN-ZCF
George Marienthal, Deputy Assistant Secretary
of Defense (Environmental Quality)
Gerald R. Eskelund, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J.
Thomas Wash, ECO U.S. Army Armament Command,
Pock Island, 111
Lt. col. Ronald Snyder, HAAP
Dr. Donald Emig, U.S. AEHA
Aberdeen Proving Gounds, Md.
Irving Forsten, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J.
H.R. Smith - Acting Deputy Assistant Secretary of
Defense (Environmental Quality)
John R. Evans - Holston Defense Corporation
Col. Marshal Steinberg - Director, Lab Services/U.S. AEHA
It. col. Vladimir Gulevich - WQED/U.S. AEHA
Lt. col. Roy Reuter - U.S. Army Medical R&D Command
American Defense Preparedness Association,
Ad Hoc committee
Charles Alexander, clow Corporation, Waste Treatment Div.
Acknowledgement and appreciation is also given to Mr. Norman
Asher for his contributions, to Ms. Kay Starr and Ms. Nancy
Zrubek for invaluable support in coordinating the
preparation and reproduction of this report, to Ms. Alice
Thompson, Ms. Ernestine Christian, Ms. Laura Cammarota, and
Ms. Carol Swann, of the Effluent Guidelines Division
secretarial staff for their efforts in the typing of drafts,
necessary revision, and final preparation of the revised
Guidelines Division development document.
151
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SECTION XV
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Explosives Manufacturing
E-1. "Indus-trial Waste Treatment Facilities, Holston
Army Ammunition Plant, Volume II," The Army Corps
of Engineers, Mobile District, Clark Dietz and
Assoc., January 1974.
E-2. "Annotated Bibliography Development of Methods To
Minimize Environmental Pollution, MMST Project
54114," Facilities and Protective Technology Div.,
Manufacturing Technology Directorate, Picatinny
Arsenal, Dover, N.J., January 1974.
E-3. Harris, R., "Abatement Of High Nitrate
Concentrations At Munitions Plants: A State Of The
Art Review," Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J., August
1973.
E-4. "Pollution Status Report," U.S. Army, Radford Army
Ammunition Plant, Radford, Va., August 1974,
E-5. Mayberry, D.H. and Evans, J.L., "Propellant Plant
Pollution Abatement Improvement Of Water
Utilization," December 1973.
E-6. "Pollution Abatement Engineering Program For
Munition Plant Modernization". 3,4, & 5 Briefings
for Senior Scientist "Steering Group," Picatinny
Arsenal, Dover, N.J., February 1973, 1974, 1975.
E-7. Eskelund, G.R., et al., "A Laboratory Study Of
Carbon Adsorption For Elimination Of Nitrobody
Waste From Army Ammunition Plants," Picatinny
Arsenal, Dover, N.J., January 1973.
E-8. Fundamentals of Explosives Manufacturing, Sunflower
Army Ammunition Plant, Hercules Incorporated,
Lawrence, Kansas, September 1968.
E-9. Information Package, HAAP, 1974.
E-10. Reed, s., "Wastewater Management By Disposal On The
Land," Special Report 171, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, cold Regions Research and Engineering
Laboratory, May 1972. •
133
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E-11
U.S.. EPA;
Chemicals
S tate- o f - -the- Art
Indus-try;
Commercial
E-12.
E-13.
E-14,
E-15.
E-16.
E-17,
E-18.
E-19,
for the Inorganic
Explosives; EPA-
600/2-74-009b; Prepared by J.W. Patterson and P.A.
Minear of ITT tinder Project R-800857; EPA Office of
Research and Development and EPA Office of Water
and Hazardous Materials Programs, Washington, D.C.,
20460; March 1975.
Smith, L.L. and Dickenson, R.L., "Biological And
Engineering Investigation To Develop Optimum
Control Measures To Prevent Water Pollution," Final
Engineering Report - Propellant Plant Pollution
Abatement, Radford Army Ammunition Plant, April
1972.
"Concept Engineering Report - TNT Waste Control
Program." Catalytic, Inc. for U.S. Naval Ammunition
Depot, Crane, Indiana, October 1972.
Neal, L.G., "Army Munitions Plants Modernization
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No. 96020 007, Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, N.J.,
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"Carbon Column System Removal Efficiency Study,
Iowa Army Ammunitions Plant, Burlington, Iowa,"
Environmental Hygiene Agency No. 24-033-73/74, U.S.-
Army, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, Md., June 1973.
"Pollution Abatement Engineering Program For
Munition Plant Modernization," U.S. Army, Picatinny
Arsenal, Dover, N.J., February 1974.
"Propellant Plant Pollution Abatement Engineering
Investigation To Develop Optimum Control Measures
To Prevent Water Pollution," U.S. Army Final
Engineering Report On Production Engineering
Project PE-249 (Phase II), Radford Army Ammunition
Plant, May 1974.
"EPA Guidelines Group Meeting At Radford Army
Ammunition Plant Water Pollution Abatement And
Control," U.S. EPA, November 1974.
"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report On
Waste Disposal Practices Radford Army Ammunition
Plant, Radford, Virginia," U.S. EPA, Middle
Atlantic Region - III, Philadelphia, Pa.
154
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E-20. Klausmeier, J.L., "The Effect Of TNT On Soil
Microorganisms," U.S. Navy, 1973.
E-21. "Pollution Abatement Engineering Program for
Munition Plant Modernization," 5th Briefing for
Senior Scientist Steering Group, Picatinny Arsenal,
Dover, N.J., February 1975.
E-22. "A Characterization Study of the Wastewater
Effluents of the Military Explosives & Propellants
Production Industry", Vol. I, II, m,
(unpublished) prepared by Adhoc committee of the
American Defense Preparedness Association, February
1975.
E-23. Rosenblatt, David H., "Investigations Related to
Prevention and control of water Pollution in the
U.S. TNT Industry," in Pollution, Engineering and
Scientific Solutions, E.S. Barrekette, Plenum
Press, N.Y., 1973.
E-24. Schulte, G.R., Hoehn, R.C., and Randall, c.W., "The
Treatability of a Munitions-Manufacturing Waste
with Activated Carbon," Proc, 28th Purdue
Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, W.
Lafayette, Indiana, May 24, 1973.
E-25. Edwards, G., and Ingrain, W.T., "The Removal of
Color from TNT Wastes," Journal Sanitary
Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers,
81, Separate No. 645, 1955.
E-26. Osman, J.L., and Klausmeir, R.E., "The Microbial
Degradation of Explosives," Developments in
Industrial Microbiology, 14:247-252, 1973.
E-27. Nay, M.W. , Jr., Randall, C.W. and King, P.H.,
"Biological Treatability of Trinitrotoluene
Manufacturing Wastewater," Journal Water Pollution
Control Federation, 46:3485-497, 1974.
E-28. Ruchhoft, C.C., LeBosquet, M., Jr., and Meckler,
W.G., "TNT Wastes from Shell-Loading Plants,"
Industrial Engineering Chemical 37:937, 1945.
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from Industrial Waste," Journal on Water Pollution
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155
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E-30. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "Wastewater
Management by Disposal on the Land." Special
Report #171, May '1972.
E-31. Transportation and Environmental Operations, "Army
Munitions Plants Modernization Program Pollution
Abatement Review", August 1973.
E-32. Radford AAP, "Production Engineering Project PE249
(Phase II)" Radford, Virginia, May 1974.
E-33. Hoffsommer, J.C., "Biodegradability of TNT", Naval
Ordinance Laboratory, Maryland, November 1973.
E-34. U.S. AEHA (Army Environmental Hygiene Agency),
"Carbon Column System Removal Efficiency Study",
Iowa AAP, May, June 1973.
E-35. EPA, "Group Meeting at Radford AAP - Water
Pollution Abatement and Control", November 18,
1974.
E-36. Hercules, Inc., "Production Engineering Project
PE249 (Phase I)", Radford AAP, April 1972.
E-37. Catalytic, Inc., "Concept Engineering Report TNT
Waste Control Program", Crane Naval Ammunition
Depot, October 1972.
E-38. Construction Engineering Research Laboratory,
"Technical Evaluation Study, Industrial Wastewater
Treatment Area A, Holston AAP.", Kingsport,
Tennessee, December 1973.
E-39. Holston Defense Corporation, "Material Balance and
Waste Characterization - Explosive Manufacturing",
Kingsport, Tennessee, September 1972.
E-40. EPA, "Report on Holston AAP", Kingsport, Tennessee,
March 1973.
E-41. EPA, "Report on Waste Source Investigations"v
Kingsport, Tennessee, March 1973.
E-42. Hercules, Inc., "Production Engineering Project
PE210 Alleviation of Pollution in Water From
Solvent Recovery and Water Dry Operations", RAAP,
August 1972.
156
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E-43.
E-44.
E-45.
E-46,
E- 47,
E-48.
E-49.
E-50.
E-51.
E-52.
Hercules, Inc., "Production Engineering Project
PE275 (Phase I) Propellant Plant Pollution
Abatement Engineering Study to Establish Disposal
Methods for Waste Acid Neutralization Sludge".
RAAP, March 1973.
Hercules, Inc., "Production Engineering Project
PE290 (Phase II)", Propellant Plant Pollution
Abatement Improvement of Water Utilization at RAAP,
November 1973.
EPA, "Report on Waste Disposal Practices at Radford
AAP", Virginia, May 1973.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-034^-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Twin cities AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, October 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-033-^72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Volunteer AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, August 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-024-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Joliet AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, June 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-014-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Longhorn AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, April 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-006-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Louisiana AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, December 1971.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-001-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Radford AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, October 1971.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No, 24-030-71: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Lake City AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, August 1971.
157
-------
E-53. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-021-71: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Holston AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, 19 March - 28 June 1971.
E-54. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-009-71: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Scranton AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, December 1970.
E-55. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-005-71: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Louisiana AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, 1 May - 15 August 1970.
E-56. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-002-69: Special Study of Industrial
Waste at Sacramento, California, October 1968.
E-57. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report. No. 24-024-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation at Riverbank
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, December
1972.
E-58. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-010-70: Report of General Sanitary
Survey at Sunflower AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds,
MD 21010, September 1969.
E-59. U.S.' Arjny Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. •24-023-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation Visit at Twin
Cities AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010,
October 1972.
E-60. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-019-71: Follow-up Study of Storm
Survey Pollution at Burlington AAP, Aberdeen
Proving Grounds, MD 21010, November 1970.
E-61. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-010-71: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Cornhusker AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, December 1970.
E-62. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-029-70/71: Sanitary Engineering
Survey at Lake City AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds,
MD 21010, October 1970.
158
-------
"pJ-63. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-026-70: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Holston AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds* MD 21010,
January 1970.
E-64. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-003-71: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Volunteer AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, August 1970.
E-65. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-010-73: Water Quality Biological
Study at Holston AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, August 1972,
E-66. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-001-71: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Joliet AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010,
July 1970.
E-67. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-002-71: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Indiana AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010,
July 1970.
E-68. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA).
Report No. 24-003-72: Water Quality Engineering
Survey at Iowa AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, September 1971.
E-69. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-009-73: Water Quality Biological
Study at Iowa AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, July 1972.
E-70. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-004-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study at Badger AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, April - October 1971.
E-71. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-038-70/71: Sanitary Engineering
Survey & Industrial Waste Special Study at Badger
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, May 1970.
E-72. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-007-71: Water Quality Monitoring &
Consultation at Badger ,AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, April 1973.
159
-------
E-73. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-007-71: Sanitary Engineering
Consultation Visit at Louisiana AAP, Aberdeen
Proving Grounds, MD 21010, October 1970.
E-74. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-024-^70: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Louisiana AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, January 1970.
E-75. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-029-72/73: Water Quality Engineering
Survey at Lone Star AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds,
MD 21010, May 1972.
E-76. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-004-73: Water Quality Engineering
Survey at Kansas AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, August - September 1972,
E-77. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-009-70: Report of General Sanitary
Engineering Survey at Kansas AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, September•1969.
E-78. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-032-72/73: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study at Joliet AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, June 1972.
E-79. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-030-72/73: Water Quality Monitoring
& Installation Laboratory Consultation at Joliet
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, June 1972.
E-80. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-027-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study at Longhorn AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, December - January 1972.
E-81. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-011-73/74: Water Quality Engineering
Survey at Milan AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, March 1973.
E-82. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-039-73/73: Water Quality Monitoring
& Installation Laboratory Consultation at Ravenna
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, April
1973.
160
-------
E-83. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-005-70: Report of General Sanitary
Engineering Survey at Ravenna AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, April 1973.
E-84. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-025-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation at Louisiana
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, January
1973.
E-85. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-026-72: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study at Louisiana AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, March - April 1972.
E-86. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-030-73: Water Quality & Installation
Laboratory Consultation at Milan AAP, Aberdeen
Proving Grounds, MD 21010, March 1973.
E-87. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-041-73/74: Water Quality Monitoring
& Installation Laboratory Consultation at Longhorn
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, June 1973.
E-88. U.S. Army Environmental 'Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-023-70: General Sanitary Engineering
Survey at Longhorn AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds,
MD 21010, January 1970.
E-89. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report- No. 24-025-70: Sanitary Engineering Survey
at Milan AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010,
January 1970.
E-90. Technical Report 4554, Project No. 54114: A
Laboratory Study of Carbon Adsorption for
Elimination of Nitrobody Waste at Dover AAP,
January 1973.
E-91. Technical Report 4552, Project No. 54114: Pilot
Aeration S Neutralization- at Joliet AAP, April
1973.
E-92. EPA: Report on Waste Source
EPA: Report on Waste Source Investigations,
Kingsport, Tennessee. National Field Investigation
Center - Denver, Cincinnati, Region IV Atlanta,
Georgia, April 1973.
161
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U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-005-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation at Holston
AAPr Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, Auqust
1973.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-006-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation Visit at
Volunteer AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010,
August - September 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-031-72/73: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study at Volunteer AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, May 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-002-70: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Burlington AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, 18-19 August 1969.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-011-69: Water Quality Engineering
Special Study, Radford AAP, Aberdeen Proving
Grounds, MD 21010, 13-21 June 1969.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency. (AEHA)
Report No. 24-009-^68: Special Study of Industrial
Wastes at Radford AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, May 1968.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-017-67: Report of Industrial Waste
Survey, Sunflower AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, 16-27 October 1967.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-013-73: Water Quality Biological
Study at Newprot AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010,, September 1972.
U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24^004-71: Sanitary Engineering Study
at Newport AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010,
August 1970.
U.S. Army
Report No.
Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
24-007-69: Water Pollution Evaluation
162
-------
Visit at Newport AAPr Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD
21010, February 1969.
E-103. O.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-027-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation at Newport
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, January
1973.
E-104. U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA)
Report No. 24-007-73: Water Quality Monitoring &
Installation Laboratory Consultation at Radford
AAP, Aberdeen Proving Grounds, MD 21010, September
1972.
E-105. U.S. EPA; Draft Development Document for Effluent
Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance
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E-107. Urbanski, Tadensz; Chemistry and Technology of
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E-108. Blasters* Handbook, A Manual Describing Explosives
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DuPont de Nemours & Co. (Inc.), Wilmington,
Delaware 19898, 1969.
! . '
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163
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164
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GR-37
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GR-65 U.S. EPA; Draft Development Document for Effluent
Limitations Guidelines and Standards of Performance
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169
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170
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Washington, D.C. 20460, May 1973.
Wang, Lawrence K; Environmental Engineering
Glossary, (Draft) Calspan Corporation,
Environmental Systems Division, Buffalo, New York
14221, 1974,
Water Quality Criteria 1972, EPA-R-73-033, National
Academy of -Sciences and National Academy of
Engineering; U.S. Government Printing Office, No.
5501-00520, March 1973.
Water Quality Criteria, 2nd Edition Edited by Jack
McKee and Harold Wolf, The Resources Agency of
California, State Water Quality Control Board,
Sacramento, California, Publication No, 3-A, 1963.
Weast, R., editor; CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics, 54th Edition; CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio
44128; 1973-1974.
Weber, C.I., editor; Biological Field and
Laboratory Methods for Measuring the Quality of
Surface Waters and Effluents," Environmental
Monitoring Series; EPA 670/4-73-001; EPA,
Cincinnati, Ohio 45268; July, 1973.
Wastewater Systems Engineering; Homer W. Parker,
Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey;
July, 1975.
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GR-89 Lindner, G. and Nyberg, K.; Environmental
Engineering/ A Chemical Engineering Discipline; D7
Reidel Publishing Company, Boston, Mass. 02116;
1973.
GR-90 Chemical Coagulation/Mixed Media Filtration of
Aerated Lagoon Effluent, EPA-660/2-75-025;
Environmental Protection Technology Series,
National Environmental Research Center, Office of
Research and Development, U.S. EPA, Corvallis,
Oregon 97330.
GR-91 Guidelines for Chemical Plants in the Prevention
Control and Reporting of Spills; Manufacturing
Chemists Association, Inc., Washington, B.C. 1972.
GR-92 Supplement A £ B - Detailed Record of Data Base for
"Development Document for Interim Final Effluent
Limitations, Guidelines and Standards of
Performance for the Explosives Manufacturing Point
Source Category", U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C.
20460, March 1976.
GR-93 Supplement A &_ B - Detailed Record of Base for
"DraftDevelopment Document for Interim Final
Effluent Limitations, Guidelines and Standards of
Performance for the Miscellaneous• Chemicals
Manufacturing Point Source Category", U.S. EPA,
Washington, D.C. 20460, February 1975.
GR-94 U.S. EPA; Supplement to Development Document for
Effluent Limitations, Guidelines and New Source
Performance Standards for the Corn Milling Sub-
category, Grain Processing, EPA, Office of Air and
Water Programs, Effluent Guidelines Division,
Washington, D.C. 20460, August 1975.
FG-95 Zener, R.V., et al.; Brief for Respondent
Environmental Protection Agency a Petition for
Review in the United States Court of Appeals for
the Tenth Circuit, Nos. 74-1465, 74-1466, 74-1621,
and 74-1622, American Petroleum Institute, et al.,
Petitioners vs. Environmental Protection Agency, et
al., Respondents, March 1976.
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SECTION XVI
GLOSSARY
Explosives Manufacturing
AAP Abgreviation for Army Ammunition Plant which usually
starts with a fourth capitalized letter when referring to a
particular facility. For example, the Radford plant is
identified as RAAP.
Alpha TNT. This is the symmetrical isomer form, 2, 4, 6-
TNT and is the desired isomer for use in explosives
manufacturing end products.
Aluminum. Metal used to increase the energy of a propellant
and explosive.
Bagasse. Plant residue used to bind explosives,
Ball Powder. Small arms powder made by emulsifying a
mixture of propellant and solvent in a liquid in which they
are not soluble. Evaporation of the emulsifying liquid and
the solvent yields quite uniform round balls of powder.
Binder. In composition propellant, the
which the granular ingredients are held.
solid matrix in
Booster Charge. A charge that is ignited by the electric
match and, in turn, initiates combustion or detonation in
the propellant.
Building Block Technique. A method of allocating effluent
limitations guidelines to multi-subcategory plants where the
effluent limitations guidelines for that given plant would
represent a production-weighted sum of effluent limitations
guidelines which apply to each specific subcategory.
Carpet Polls. Rolled powder sheets are cut into strips
which subsequently are rolled into rolls in the manner of
rolling up a carpet, thus the term "carpet roll," Carpet
rolls of the proper size and weight are used as the charge
in a solventless extrusion press.
Casting Powder.
Small particles of powder used in
formulating cast propellant grains; contains nitrocellulose,
stabilizer, plasticizer, and usually nitroglycerin.
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Cellulose. Commonly thought of as a
vegetable origin.
Deterrent.
rate.
fibrous material of
A propellant additive that reduces the burning
Detonation. The very rapid decomposition of an explosive.
The reaction is propagated by a shock wave rather than by
heating the area near to the flame.
DNT. Dinitrotoluene. Added as a deterrent to propellant
grains; reduces burning rate.
Double Base. A propellant which is made from two explosive
substances, e.g., nitroceullulose, gelatinized with
nitroglycerin.
Double-Base Propellant. A propellant containing two energy-
giving ingredients; nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.
Electric Match. A bead of easily-ignited explosives formed
on a thin wire used as an igniter.
Explosives. A substance (mixture) capable of rapid
conversion into more stable products, with the liberation of
heat and usually the formation of gases.
Extruded Propellant. Any propellant made by pressing
solvents-softened or gelatinized nitrocellulose through a dye
to form grains.
Grain. A single piece of formed propellant, regardless of
size.
"Green". Describes a batch of cotton that was not given
enough time to fully nitrate, or a cost grain not yet fully
cured.
Hydroscopic. Water adsorbing.
Hvpercrolic. Two substances which will self-ignite on
contact. ;
Igniters. Any device used to ignite a propellant.
Inhibitor. A coating on a propellant grain which prevents
burning at that point.
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Metal Modifiers. Metals used in explosvies or propellants
to modify their property, e.g., aluminum increases the
energy of an explosion.
MNT, DNT (Mononitrotoluene, Dinitrotoluene) . Intermediate
products formed during the manufacture of TNT. DNT is also
used in the formulation of single-base propellants.
Modifier. A substance added to a propellant to reduce the
dependence of burning rate on pressure.
NAG (Nitric Acid Concentrator) . A distillation process
which concentrates weak nitric acid (sixty percent) to
strong nitric acid (ninety-eight percent) .
Nitrocellulose. A basic ingredient used in propellant
manufacturing, made by nitrating woodpulp or cotton fibers
with mixed acid.
Nitroglycerin. A colorless highly explosive oil which is a
nitration product of glycerin. Nitroglycerin or NG, as it
is frequently called, is a principal constituent of dynamite
and certain propellants (rocket grains). NG is extremely
sensitive to impact and freezes at 56°F. A basic ingredient
used in propellant manufacturing, made by nitrating glycerin
with mixed acid.
Nitroguanidine« The third base raw material used in the
manufacture of triple-base propellant. The other two are
nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin.
NC Fines. Fine nitrocellulose particles as a result of the
purification of nitrocellulose.
Pink Water. After loading TNT into munitions, the loading
bays are washed. TNT particles in concentrations of 100-150
mg/1 produce in sunlight an orange or light-rust colored
effluent termed "pink water".
Plasticizer. A high boiling liquid which is used in
formulation of a propellant to help make it plastic.
the
Poaching. Boiling nitrocellulose (NC) in soda ash at 96PC
for four hours followed by fresh water at 96°C for two
hours. The NC will then settle and the water is drained
off.
Primer. A small charge of easily-ignited material used to
ignite the working charge of a gun or rocket.
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Propellant. Any substance which can react to form more
stable substances in the absence of atmospheric oxygen,
giving off hot combustion gases capable of doing useful
work.
Red Water. The effluent coming from the sellite wash of
crude TNT. sellite has a selective affinity for the
unsymmetrical, unwanted isomers of TNT. The result is a
blood red effluent high in sulfate concentration. A red
waste liquid resulting from the purification of TNT,
normally incinerated or sold to the paper industry.
Rolled Powder. A propellant which is formed by forcing a
nitrocellulose-nitroglycerin composition between two -large
steel rolls to form a sheet.
SAC (Sulfuric Acid Concentrator). An evaporation process
which concentrates weak sulfuric acid (sixty-eight percent)
to strong sulfuric acid (ninety-two percent).
Sellite.
TNT.
Sodium sulfite, used in the finishing operation of
Single Base. A propellant which contains only one explosive
ingredient. A propellant consisting essentially of
nitrocellulose plus stabilizer and. plasticizer, formed by
mixing these ingredients with ether and alcohol and
extruding the resultant mass through dies and cutters.
Smokeless Powder. Nitrocellulose-based propellant.
Solid Propellant. A propellant having a composition which
is solid at normal temperature.
Solvent. As used in propellants either: (1) a substance
added to nitrocellulose to soften it so that it can be
formed; or (2) a substance that dissolves both propellant
and inhibiting materials and is used to bond inhibitors to
grain.
Stabilizer. A substance added to nitroceullulose
propellants to prevent decomposition product from catalyzing
further decomposition.
TNT. An abbreviation for trinitrotoluene, a high explosive,
exploded by detonators but unaffected by ordinary friction
or shock. Manufactured by reacting toluene (an organic
liquid) with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid.
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Triple Base. A propellant -that contains three explosive
ingredients, e.g.f NC-NG-nitroguanidine small-arms powder.
Yellow Water. The effluent coming from the first wash of
crude TNT ,in its purification process.
General Definitions
Abatement. The measures taken to reduce or eliminate
pollution.
Absorption. A process in which one material (the absorbent)
takes up and retains another (the absorbate) with the
formation of a homogeneous mixture having the attributes of
a solution. Chemical reaction may accompany or follow
absorption.
Acclimation. The ability of an organism to adapt to changes
in its immediate environment.
Acid. A substance which dissolves in water with the
formation of hydrogen ions.
Acid Solution. A solution with a pH of less than 7.00 in
which the activity of the hydrogen ion is greater than the
activity of the hydroxyl ion.
Acidity. The capacity of a wastewater for neutralizing a
base. It is normally associated with the presence of carbon
dioxide, mineral and organic acids and salts of strong acids
or weak bases. It is reported as equivalent of CaCO^
because many times it is not known just what acids are
present.
Acidulate. To make acidic.
Act. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments
1972, Public Law 92-500.
of
Activated Carbon. Carbon which -is treated
temperature heating with steam or carbon dioxide
an internal porous particle structure.
by high-
producing
A process which removes the
Activated Sludge Process. «. process wnxcn removes tne
organic matter from sewage by saturating it with air and
biologically active sludge. The recycle "activated"
microoganisms are -1---- -- ' -•- •- - --
recycle "activated"
inj.v-ivjvjyo.uxsiiia die etuie to remove both the soluble and
colloidal organic material from the wastewater.
able
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Adsorption. An advanced method of treating wastes in which
a material removes organic matter not necessarily responsive
to clarification or biological treatment by adherence on the
surface of solid bodies.
Adsorption Isotherm. A plot used in evaluating the
effectiveness of activated carbon treatment by showing the
amount of impurity adsorbed versus the amount remaining.
They are determined at a constant temperature by varying the
amount of carbon used or the concentration of the impurity
in contact with the carbon.
Advance Waste Treatment. Any treatment method or process
employed following biological treatment to increase the
removal of pollution load, to remove substances that may be
deleterious to receiving waters or the environment or to
produce a high-quality effluent suitable for reuse in any
specific manner or for discharge under critical conditions.
The term tertiary treatment is commonly used to denote
advanced waste treatment methods.
Aeration. (1) The bringing about of intimate contact
between air and a liquid by one of the following methods:
spraying the liquid in the air, bubbling air through the
liquid, or agitation of -the liquid to promote surface
absorption of air. (2) The process or state of being
supplied or impregnated with air; in waste treatment, a
process in which liquid from the primary clarifier is mixed
with compressed air and with biologically active sludge.
Aeration Period. (1) The theoretical time, usually
expressed in hours, that the mixed liquor is subjected to
aeration in an aeration tank undergoing activated-sludge
treatment. It is equal to the volume of the tank divided by
the volumetric rate of flow of wastes and return sludge.
(2) The theoretical time that liquids are subjected to
aeration.
Aeration Tank. A vessel for injecting air into the water.
Aerobic. Ability to live, grow, or take place only where
free oxygen is present.
Aerobic Biological Oxidation.
Any waste treatment or
process utilizing aerobic organisms, in the presence of air
or oxygen, as agents for reducing the pollution load or
oxygen demand of organic substances in waste.
Aerobic Digestion. A process in which microorganisms obtain
energy by endogenous or auto-oxidation of their cellular
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protoplasm. The biologically degradable constituents 7 of
cellular material are slowly oxidized to carbon dioxide,
water and ammonia, witii the ammonia being further converted
into nitrates during the process.
Algae. One-celled or many-celled plants which grow in
sunlit waters and which are capable of photosynthesis. They
are a food for fish and small aquatic animals and, like all
plants, put oxygen in the water.
Algicide. Chemical agent used to destroy or control algae.
Alkali. A water-soluble metallic hydroxide that ionizes
strongly to yield a basic solution.
Alkalinity. The presence of salts of alkali metals. The
hydroxides, carbonates ,and bicarbonates of calcium, sodium
and magnesium are common impurities that cause alkalinity.'
A quantitative measure of the capacity of liquids or
suspensions to neutralize strong acids or to resist the
establishment of acidic conditions. Alkalinity results from
the presence of bicarbonates, carbonates, hydroxides,
volatile acids, salts and occasionally borates and is
usually expressed in terms of the concentration of calcium
carbonate that would have an equivalent capacity to
neutralize strong acids.
Alum. A hydrated aluminum sulfate or potassium aluminum
sulfate or ammonium aluminum sulfate which is used as a
settling agent. A coagulant.
Ammonia Nitrogen. A gas released by the microbiological
decay of plant and animal proteins. When ammonia nitrogen
is found in waters, it is" indicative of incomplete
treatment.
Ammonia Stripping. A modification of the aeration process
for removing gases in water. Ammonium ions in wastewater
exist in equilibrium with ammonia and hydrogen ions. As pH
increases, the equilibrium shifts to the right, and above pH
9 ammonia may be liberated as a gas by agitating the
wastewater in the presence of air. This- is usually done in
a packed tower with an air blower.
Ammonif ication. The process in which ammonium is liberated
from organic compounds by microoganisms.
Anaerobic. Ability to live, grow, or take place where there
is no air or free oxygen present.
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Anaerobic Biological Treatment. Any treatment method or
process utilizing anaerobic or facultative organisms, in the
absence of air, for the purpose of reducing the organic
matter in wastes or organic solids settled out from wastes.
Anaerobic Digestion. Biodegradable materials in primary and
excess activated sludge are stabilized by being oxidized to
carbon dioxide, methane and ether inert products. The
primary digester serves mainly to reduce VSS, while the
secondary digester is mainly for solids-liquid separation,
sludge thickening and storage.
Anion. Ion with a negative charge.
Antagonistic Effect. The simultaneous
agents mutually opposing each other.
action of separate
Agueous Solution. One containing water or watery in nature.
Aguifer. A geologic formation or stratum that contains
water and transmits it from one point to another in
quantities sufficient to permit economic development
(capable of yielding an appreciable supply of water).
Agueous Solution. One containing water or watery in nature.
Arithmetic Mean. The arithmetic mean of a number of items
is obtained by adding all the items together and dividing
the total by the number of items. It is frequently called
the average. It is greatly affected by extreme values.
Azeotrope. A liquid mixture that is characterized by a
constant minimum or maximum boiling point which is lower or
higher than that of any of the components and that distills
without change in composition.
Backwashing. The process of cleaning a rapid
mechanical filter by reversing the flow of water.
sand or
Bacteria. Unicellular, plant-like microorganisms, lacking
chlorophyll. Any water supply contaminated by sewage is
certain to contain a bacterial group'called "coliform".
Bateria, Coliform Group. A group of bacteria, predominantly
inhabitants of the intestine of man but also found on
vegetation, including all aerobic and facultative anaerobic
gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacilli that ferment lactose
with gas formation. This group includes five tribes of
which the very great majority are Eschericheae. The
Eschericheae tribe comprises three genera and ten species,
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of which Escherichia Coli and Aerobacter Aerogenes are
dominant. The Escherichia Coli are normal inhabitants of
the intestine of man and all vertbrates whereas Aerobacter
Aerogenes normally are found on grain and plants, and only
to a varying degree in the intestine of man and animals.
Formerly referred to as B. Coli/ B. Coli group, and Coli-
Aerogenes Group.
Bacterial Growth. All bacteria require food for their
continued life and growth and all are affected by the
conditions of their environment. Like human beings, they
consume food, they respire, they need moisture, they require
heat, and they give off waste products. Their food
requirements are very definite and have been, in general,
already outlined. Without an adequate food supply of the
type the specific organiequires, bacteria will not grow
and multiply at their maximum rate and they will therefore,
not perform their full and complete functions.
(BADCT) NSPS Effluent Limitations. Limitations for new
sources which are based on the application of the Best
Available Demonstrated Control Technology. See NSPS.
Base. A substance that in aqueous solution turns red litmus
blue, furnishes hydroxyl ions and reacts with an acid to
form a salt and water only.
Batch Process. A process which has an intermittent flow of
raw materials into the process and a resultant intermittent
flow of -product from the process.
BAT (BATEA) 'Effluent Limitations. Limitations for point
sources, other than publicly owned treatment works, which
are based on the application of the Best Available
Technology Economically Achievable. These limitations must
be achieved by July 1, 1983.
Benthic. Attached- to the bottom of'a body of water.
Benthos. Organisms (fauna and flora) that live on the
bottoms of bodies of water.
Bioassay. An assessment
organisms as the sensors.
which is made by using living
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). A measure of the oxygen
required to oxidize the organic material in a sample of
wastewater by natural biological process under standard
conditions. This test is presently universally accepted as
the yardstick of pollution and is utilized as a means to
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determine the degree of treatment in a waste treatment
process. Usually given in mg/1 (or ppm units), meaning
milligrams of oxygen required per liter of wastewater, it
can also be expressed in pounds of total oxygen required per
wastewater or sludge batch. The standard BOD is five days
at 20 degrees C.
Biota. The flora and fauna (plant and animal life) of a
stream*or other water body.
Biological Treatment System.
system that uses
microorganisms to remove organic pollutant material from a
wastewater.
Slowdown. Water intentionally discharged from a cooling or
heatingsystem to maintain the dissolved solids
concentration of the circulating water below a specific
critical level. The removal of a portion of any process
flow to maintain the constituents of the flow within desired
levels. Process may be intermittent or continuous. 2) The
water discharged from a boiler or cooling tower to dispose
of accumulated salts.
BOD5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the amount of
oxygen required by bacteria while stabilizing decomposable
organic matter under aerobic conditions. The BOD .test has
been developed on the basis of a 5-day incubation period
(i.e. BODS).
Boiler Slowdown. Wastewater resulting from purging of solid
and waste materials from the boiler system. A solids build
up in concentration as a result of water evaporation (steam
generation) in the boiler.
BPT (BPCTCA) Effluent Limitations. Limitations for ' point
sources, other than publicly owned treatment works, which
are based on the application of the Best Practicable Control
Technology Currently Available. These limitations must be
achieved by July 1, 1977.
Break Point. The point at which impurities first appear in
the effluent of a granular carbon adsorption bed.
Break Point Chlorination. The addition of sufficient
chlorine to destroy or oxidize all substances that creates a
chlorine demand with an excess amount remaining in the free
residual state.
Brine. Water saturated with a salt.
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Buffer. A solution containing either a weak acid and its
salt or a weak base and its salt which thereby resists
changes in acidity or basicity, resists changes in pH.
Ca rb oh ydra te . A compound of carbon, "hydrogen and oxygen,
usually having hydrogen and oxygen in the proportion of two
to one.
Carbon aceous . Containing or composed of carbon,
Catalyst. A substance which changes the rate of a chemical
reaction but undergoes no permanent chemical change itself.
Cation
The ion in an electrolyte which carries the
positive charge and which migrates toward the cathode under
the influence of a potential difference.
Caustic Soda. In its hydrated form it is called sodium
hydroxide. Soda ash is sodium carbonate.
Cellulose. The fibrous constituent of trees which is the
principal raw material of paper and paperboard. Commonly
thought of as a fibrous material of vegetable origin.
Centrate . The liquid fraction that is separated from the
solids fraction of a slurry through centrif ugation.
Centrif ugation . The process of separating heavier materials
from lighter ones through the employment of centrifugal
force.
Centrifuge.
centrifugal
densities.
An apparatus that rotates at high speed and by
force separates. substances of different
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). A measure of oxygen-consuming
capacity of organic and inorganic matter present in water or
wastewater. It is expressed as the amount of oxygen
consumed from a qhemical oxidant in a specific test. It
does not differentiate between stable and unstable organic
matter and thus does not correlate'with biochemical oxygen
demand.
Chemical Synthesis. The processes of chemically combining
two or more constituent substances into a single substance.
Chlorination. The application of chlorine to water, sewage
or industrial wastes, generally for the purpose of
disinfection but frequently for accomplishing other
biological or chemical results.
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Clarification. Process of removing turbidity and suspended
solids by settling. Chemicals can be added to improve and
speed up the settling process -through coagulation.
Clarifier. A basin or tank in which a portion of the
material suspended in a wastewater is settled.
Clays. Aluminum silicates less than 0.002mm (2.0 urn) in
size. Therefore, most clay types can go into colloidal
suspension.
Coagulation. The clumping together of solids to make them
settle out of the sewage faster. Coagulation of solids is
brought about with the use of certain chemicals, such as
lime, alum or polyelectrolytes.
Coagulation and Flocculation.
sequentially.
Processes which follow
Coagulation Chemicals. Hydrolyzable divalent and trivalent
metallic ions of aluminum, magnesium, and iron salts. They
include alum" (aluminum sulfate), quicklime (calcium oxide),
hydrated lime (calcium hydroxide), sulfuric acid, anhydrous
ferric chloride. Lime and acid affect only the solution pH
which in turn causes coagulant precipitation, such as that
of magnesium.
Coliform. Those bacteria which are most abundant in sewage
and in streams containing feces and other bodily waste
discharges. See bacteria, coliform group.
Coliform Organisms.
group of bacteria recognized as
indicators of fecal pollution.
Colloid. A finely divided dispersion of one material (0.01-
10 micron-sized particles), called the "dispersed phase"
(solid), in another material, called the "dispersion medium"
(liquid) .
Color Bodies. Those complex molecules which impart color to
a solution.
Color Units. A solution with the color of unity contains a
mg/1 of metallic platinum (added as potassium
chloroplatinate to distilled water). color units are
defined against a platinum-cobalt standard and are based, as
are all the other water quality criteria, upon those
analytical methods described in Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater, 12 ed., Amer. Public
Health Assoc., N.Y., 1967.
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Combined Sewer.
wa-ter run-off.
One which carries both sewage and storm
Composite Sample. A combination of individual samples of
wastes taken at selected intervals, generally hourly for 24
hours, to minimize the effect of the variations in
individual samples. Individual samples making up the
composite may be of equal volume or be roughly apportioned
to the volume of flow of liquid at the time of sampling.
Composting. The biochemical stabilization of solid wastes
-ln_1rP-_a humus-like substance by producing and controlling an
optimum environment for the process.
Concentration. The total mass of the suspended or dissolved
particles contained in a unit volume at a given temperature
and pressure.
A reliable measurement of electrolyte
in a water sample. The conductivity
Conductivity.
concentration
measurement can be related to the concentration of dissolved
solids and is almost directly proportional to the ionic
concentration of the total electrolytes.
Contact Stabilization. Aerobic digestion.
Contact Process Wastewaters. These are process-generated
wastewaters which have come in direct or indirect contact
with the reactants used in the process. These include such
streams as contact cooling water, filtrates, centrates, wash
waters, etc.
Continuous Process. A process which has a constant flow of
raw materials into the process and resultant constant flow
of product from the process.
Contract Disposal. Disposal of waste
outside party for a fee.
products through' an
Crystallization. The formation of'solid particles within a
homogeneous phase. Formation of crystals separates a solute
from a solution and generally leaves impurities behind in
the mother liquid.
Degreasing. The process of removing greases and oils from
sewage, waste and sludge.
Demineralization. The total removal of all ions.
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Denjtrification. Bacterial mediated reduction of nitrate to
nitrite. Other bacteria may act on the nitrite reducing it
to ammonia and finally N2 gas. This reduction of nitrate
occurs under anaerobic conditions. The nitrate replaces
oxygen as an electron acceptor during the metabolism of
carbon compounds under anaerobic conditions. A biological
process in which gaseous nitrogen is produced from nitrite
and nitrate. The heterotrophic microoganisms which
participate in this process include pseudomonades,
achromobacters and bacilli.
Derivative. A substance extracted from another body or
substance.
Desorption. The opposite of adsorption. A phenomenon where
an adsorbed molecule leaves the surface of the adsorbent.
Diluent. A diluting agent.
Dissolved Air Flotation. The term "flotation" indicates
something floated on or at the surface of a liquid.
Dissolved air flotation thickening is a process that adds
energy in the form of air bubbles, which become attached to
suspended sludge particles, increasing the buoyancy of the
particles and producing more positive flotation.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO). The oxygen dissolved in sewage,
water or other liquids, usually expressed either in
milligrams per liter or percent of saturation. It is the
test used in BOD determination.
Distillation. The separation, by vaporization, of a liquid
mixture of miscible and volatile substance into individual
components, or, in some cases, into a group of components.
The process of raising the temperature of a liquid to the
boiling point and condensing the resultant vapor to liquid
form by cooling. It is used to remove substances from a
liquid or to obtain a pure liquid from one which contains
impurities or which is a mixture of several liquids having
different boiling temperatures. Used in the treatment of
fermentation products, yeast, etc., 'and other wastes to
remove recoverable products.
DO Units. The units of measurement used are milligrams per
liter (mg/1) and parts per million (ppm), where mg/1 is
defined as the actual weight of oxygen per liter of water
and ppm is defined as the parts actual weight of oxygen
dissolved in a million parts weight of water, i.e., a pound
of oxygen in a million pounds of water is 1 ppm. For
practical purposes in pollution control work, these two are
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used interchangeably; the density of water is so close to 1
g/cm3 that the error is negligible. Similarly, the changes
in volume of oxygen with changes in temperature are
insignificant. This, however, is not true if sensors are
calibrated in percent saturation rather than in mg/1 or ppm.
In that case, both temperature and barometric pressure must
be taken into consideration.
Drift. Entrained water carried from a cooling device by the
exhaust air.
Dual Media. A deep-bed filtration system utilizing two
separate and discrete layers of dissimilar media (e.g.,
anthracite and sand) placed one on top of the other to
perform the filtration function.
Ecology. The science of the interrelations
organisms and their environment.
between living
Effluent. A liquid which leaves a unit operation or
process. Sewage, water or other liquids, partially or
completely treated or in their natural states, flowing out
of a reservoir basin, treatment plant or any other unit
operation. An influent is the incoming stream.
Elution. (1) The process of washing out, or removing with
the use of a solvent. (2) In an ion exchange process it is
defined as the stripping of adsorbed ions from an ion
exchange resin by passing through the resin solutions
containing other ions in relatively high concentrations.
Elutriation. A process of sludge conditioning whereby the
sludge is washed, either with fresh water or plant effluent,
to reduce the sludge alkalinity and fine particles, thus
decreasing the amount of required coagulant in further
treatment steps, or in sludge dewatering.
Emulsion. Emulsion is a suspension of fine droplets of
liquid in another.
one
Entrainment Separator. A device to remove liquid and/or
solids from a gas stream. Energy source is usually derived
from pressure drop to create centrifugal force.
Environment. The sum of all external influences and
conditions affecting the life and the development of an
organism.
Equalization Basin. A holding basin in which variations in
flow and composition of a liquid are averaged. Such basins
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are used to provide a flow of reasonably uniform volume and
composition to a treatment unit.
Esterification. This generally involves the combination of
an alcohol and an organic acid to produce an ester and water
The reaction is carried out in the liquid phase, with
aqueous sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The use of sulfuric
acid has in the past caused this type of reaction to be
called sulfation.
Eutrophication. The process in which the life-sustaining
quality of a body of water is lost or diminished (e.g.,
aging or filling in of lakes). A eutrophic condition is one
in which the water is rich in nutrients but has a seasonal
oxygen deficiency.
Evapotranspiration. The loss of water from the soil both by
evaporation and by transpiration from the plants growing
thereon.
Facultative. Having the power to live
conditons (either with or without oxygen).
under different
Facultative Lagoon. A combination of the aerobic and
anaerobic lagoons. It is divided by loading and thermal
stratifications into an aerobic surface and an anaerobic
bottom, therefore the principles of both the -aerobic and
anaerobic*processes apply.
Fauna. The animal life adapted for living in a specified
environment.
Fermentation. Oxidative decomposition of complex substances
through the action of enzymes or ferments produced by
microorganisms.
Filter, Trickling. A filter consisting of an artificial bed
of coarse material, such as broken stone, clinkers, slate,
slats or brush, over which sewage is distributed and applied
in drops, films for spray, from troughs, drippers, moving
distributors or fixed nozzles. The -sewage trickles through
to the underdrains and has the opportunity to form zoogleal
slimes which clarify and oxidize the sewage.
FiIter, Vacuum. A filter consisting of a cylindrical drum
mounted on a horizontal axis and covered with a filter
cloth. The filter revolves with a partial submergence in
the liquid, and a vacuum is maintained under the cloth for
the larger part of each revolution to extract moisture. The
cake is scraped off continuously.
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Filtrate. The liquid fraction that is separated from the
solids fraction of a slurry through filtration.
Filtration, Biological. The process of passing a liquid
through a biological filter containing media on the surfaces
of which zoogleal films develop that absorb and adsorb fine
suspended, colloidal and dissolved solids and that release
various biochemical end products.
Flocculants. Those water-soluble organic polyelectrolytes
that are used alone or in conjunction with inorganic
coagulants such as lime, alum or ferric chloride or
coagulant aids to agglomerate solids suspended in aqueous
systems or both. The large dense floes resulting from this
process permit more rapid and more efficient solids-liquid
separations.
Flocculation. The formation of floes. The process step
following the coagulation-precipitation reactions which
consists of bringing together the colloidal particles. It
is the agglomeration "by organic polyelectroytes of the
small, slowly settling floes formed during coagulation into
large floes which settle rapidly.
Flora. The plant life characteristic of a region.
Flotation. A method of raising suspended matter to the
surface of the liquid in a tank as scum-by aeration, vacuum,
evolution of gas, ehemicals, electrolysis, heat or bacterial
decomposition and the subsequent removal of the scum by
skimming.
Fractionation (or Fractional Distillation). The separation
of constituents, or group of constituents, of a liquid
mixture of miscible and volatile substances by vaporization
and recondensing at specific boiling point ranges.
Fungus. A vegetable cellular organism that subsists on
organic material, such as bacteria.
Gland. A device utilizing a soft wear-resistant material
used to minimize leakage between a rotating shaft and the
stationary portion of a vessel such as a pump.
Gland Water. Water used to lubricate a gland,
called "packing water."
Grab Sample. (1) Instantaneous sampling.
taken at a random place in space and time.
Sometimes
(2) A sample
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Grease. In sewage, grease includes fats, waxes, free fat-ty
acids, calcium and magnesium soaps, mineral oils and other
nonfatty materials. The type of solvent to be used for its
extraction should be stated.
Grit Chamber. A small detention chamber or an enlargement
of a sewer designed to reduce the velocity of flow of the
liquid and permit the separation of mineral from organic
solids by differential sedimentation.
Groundwater. The body of water that is retained in the
saturated zone which tends to move by hydraulic gradient to
lower levels.
Hardness. A measure of the capacity of water for
precipitating soap. It is reported as the hardness that
would be produced if a certain amount of CaGOjJ were
dissolved in water. More than one ion contributes to water
hardness. The "Glossary of Water and Wastewater Control
Engineering" defines hardness as: A characteristic of water,
imparted by salts of calcium, magnesium, and ion, such as
biocarbonates, carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, and
nitrates, that causes curdling of soap, deposition of scale
in boilers, damage in some industrial processes, and
sometimes objectionable taste. Calcium and magnesium are
the most significant constituents.
Heavy Metals. A general name given for the ions of metallic
elements, such as copper, zinc, iron, chromium, and
aluminum. They are normally removed from a wastewater by
the formation of an insoluble precipitate (usually a
metallic hydroxide) .
Hydrocarbon.
hydrogen.
compound containing only carbon and
Hydrolysis. A chemical reaction in which water reacts
another substance to form one or more new substances.
with
Incineration. The combustion (by burning) of organic matter
in wastewater sludge.
Incubate. To maintain cultures, bacteria, or other
microorganisms at the most favorable temperature for
development.
Influent. Any sewage, water or other liquid, either raw or
partly treated, flowing into a reservoir, basin, treatment
plant, or any part thereof. The influent is the stream
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entering a unit operation; the
leaving it.
effluent is the stream
In-Plant Measures. Technology applied within the
manufacturing process to reduce or eliminate pollutants in
the raw waste water. Sometimes called "internal measures"
or "internal controls".
Ion. An atom or group of
charge.
atoms possessing an electrical
Ion Exchange. A reversible interchange of ions between a
liquid and a solid involving no radical change in the
structure of the solid. The solid can be a natural zeolite
or a synthetic resin, also called polyelectrolyte. Cation
exchange resins exchange their hydrogen ions for metal
cations in the liquid. Anion exchange resins exchange their
hydroxyl ions for anions such as nitrates in the liquid.
When the ion-retaining capacity of the resin is exhausted,
it must be regenerated, cation resins are regenerated with
acids and anion resins with bases.
Kier boiling. A process of removing waxes, dirt or other
foreign matter by boiling.
Lagoons. An oxidation pond that received
not settled or biologically treated.
sewage which is
LC 50.
lethal
concentration for 50% of test animals.
Numerically the same as TLm. A statistical estimate of the
toxicant, such as pesticide concentration, in water
necessary to kill 50% of the test organisms within a
specified time under standardized conditions (usually 24,48
or 96 hr).
Leach. To dissolve out by the action of a percolating
liquid, such as water, seeping through a sanitary landfill.
Lime. Limestone is an accumulation of organic remains
consisting mostly of calcium carbonate. When burned, it
yields lime which is a solid. T,he hydrated form of a
chemical lime is calcium hydroxide,
Maximum Day Limitation. The effluent limitation value equal
to the maximum for one day and is the value to be published
by the EPA in the Federal Register.
Maximum Thirty Day Limitation. The effluent limitation
value for which the average of daily values for thirty
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consecutive days shall not exceed and is the value to be
published by the EPA in the Federal Register.
Mean. The arithmetic average of the individual sample
values.
Median. In a statistical array, the value having as many
cases larger in value as cases smaller in value,
Median Lethal Dose (LD50). The dose lethal to 50 percent of
a group of test organisms for a specified period. The dose
material may be ingested or injected.
Median Tolerance Limit (TLm). In toxicological studies, the
concentration of pollutants at which 50 percent of the test
animals can survive for a specified period of exposure.
Microbial. Of or pertaining to a bacterium.
Molecular Weight. The relative weight of a molecule
compared to the weight of an atom of carbon taken as exactly
12.00; the sum of the atomic weights of the atoms in a
molecule.
Navigable Waters. Includes all navigable waters of the
United States; tributaries of navigable waters; interstate
waters; intrastate lakes, rivers and streams which are
utilized by interstate travellers for recreational or other
purposes; intrastate lakes, rivers and streams from which
fish or shellfish are taken and sold in interstate commerce;
and intrastate lakes, rivers and streams which are utilized
for industrial purposes by industries in interstate
commerce.
Neutralization. The restoration of the hydrogen or
hydroxyl ion balance in a solution so that the ionic
concentration of each are equal. Conventionally, the
notation "pH" (puissance d'hydrogen) is used to describe the
hydrogen ion concentration or activity present in a given
solution. For dilute solutions of strong acids, i.e., acids
which are considered to be completely dissociate (ionized in
solution), activity equals concentration.
New Source. Any facility from which there is or may be a
discharge of pollutants, the construction of which is
commenced after the publication of proposed regulations
prescribing a standard of performance under section 306 of
the Act.
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Nitrate Nitrogen. The final decomposition product of the
organic nitrogen compounds. Determination of this parameter
indicates the degree of waste treatment.
Nitrification. Bacterial mediated oxidation of ammonia to
nitrite. Nitrite can be further oxidized to nitrate. These
reactions are brought about by only a few specialized
bacterial species. Nitrosomonias sp. and Nitrococcus sp.
oxidize ammonia to nitrite which is oxidized to nitrate by
Nitrobacter sp.
Nitrifiers. Bacteria which causes the oxidation of ammonia
to nitrites and nitrates.
Nitrite Nitrogen. An intermediate stage in the decompo-
sition of organic nitrogen to the nitrate form. Tests for
nitrite nitrogen can determine whether the applied treatment
is sufficient.
Nitrobacteria. Those bacteria (an autotrophic
oxidize nitrite nitrogen to nitrate nitrogen.
genus) that
Nitrogen Cycle. Organic nitrogen in waste is oxidized by
bacteria into ammonia. If oxygen is present, ammonia is
bacterially oxidized first into nitrite and then into
nitrate. If oxygen is not present, nitrite and nitrate are
bacterially reduced to nitrogen gas. The second step is
called "denitrification."
Nitrogen Fixation. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried
on by a selected group of bacteria which take up atmospheric
nitrogen and convert it to amine groups or for amino acid
synthesis.
Nitrosomonas. Bacteria which oxidize ammonia nitrogen
nitrite nitrogen; an aerobic autotrophic life form.
into
Non-contact Cooling Water. Water used for cooling that does
not come into direct contact with any raw material,
intermediate product, waste product or finished product.
Non-contact Process Wastewaters. Wastewaters generated by a
manufacturing process which have not come in direct contact
with the reactants used in the process. These include such
streams as non-contact cooling water, cooling tower
blowdown, boiler blowdown, etc.
Nonputrescible.
decay.
incapable of organic decomposition or
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Normal Solution. A solution that contains 1 gm molecular
weight of the dissolved substance divided by the hydrogen
equivalent of the substance (that is, one gram equivalent)
per liter of solution. Thus, a one normal solution of
sulfuric acid (H2SC4, mol. wt. 98) contains (98/2) 49gms of
H2S04. per liter.
NPDES. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System. A
federal program requiring industry to obtain permits to
discharge plant effluents to the nation's water courses.
Nutrient. Any substance assimilated by an organism which
promotes growth and replacement of cellular constituents.
Operations and Maintenance. Costs required to operate and
maintain pollution abatement equipment including labor,
material, insurance, taxes, solid waste disposal, etc.
Organic Loading. In the activated sludge process, the food
to micoorganisms (F/M) ratio defined as the amount of
biodegradable material available to a given amount of
microorganisms per unit of time.
Osmosis. The diffusion of a solvent through a semipermeable
membrane into a more concentrated solution.
Oxidation. A process in which an atom or group of atoms
loses electrons; the combination of a substance with oxygen,
accompanied with the release of energy. The oxidized atom
usually becomes a positive ion while the oxidizing agent
becomes a negative ion in (chlorination for example).
Oxidation Pond. A man-made lake or body of water in which
wastes are consumed by bacteria. It receives an influent
which has gone through primary treatment while a lagoon
receives raw untreated sewage.
Oxidation Reduction (OR). A class of chemical reactions in
which one of the reacting species gives up electrons
(oxidation) while another species in the reaction accepts
electrons (reduction). At one time, the term oxidation was
restricted to reactions involving hydrogen. Current
chemical technology has broadened the scope of these terms
to include all reactions where electrons are given up and
taken on by reacting species; in fact, the donating and
accepting of electrons must take place simultaneously.
Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP). A measurement that
indicates the activity ratio of the oxidizing and reducing
species present.
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Oxygen, Available. The quantity of atmospheric oxygen
dissolved in the water of a stream; the quantity of
dissolved oxygen available for the oxidation of organic
matter in sewage.
Oxygen, Dissolved. The oxygen (usually designated as DO)
dissolved in sewage, water or another liquid and usually
expressed in parts per million or percent of saturation.
Ozonation.
water or
wastewater
treatment
involving the use of ozone as an oxidation agent.
process
Ozone. That molecular oxygen with three atoms of oxygen
forming each molecule. The third atom of oxygen in each
molecule of ozone is loosely bound and easily released.
Ozone is used sometimes for the disinfection of water but
more frequently for the oxidation of taste-producing
substances, such as phenol, in water and for the
neutralization of odors in gases or air.
Parts Per Million (ppm) . Parts by weight in sewage
analysis; ppm by weight is equal to milligrams per liter
divided by the specific gravity. It should be noted that in
water analysis ppm is always understood to imply a
weight/weight ratio, even though in practice a volume may be
measured instead of a weight.
Pathogenic. Disease producing
Percolation. The movement of water beneath the ground
surface both vertically and horizontally, but above the
groundwater table.
Permeability. The ability of a substance (soil) to allow
appreciable movement of water through it when saturated and
actuated by a hydrostatic pressure.
pH. The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration or activity in a solution. The number 7
indicates neutrality, numbers less than 7 indicate
increasing acidity, and numbers greater than 7 indicate
increasing alkalinity.
Phenol. Class of cyclic organic derivatives with the basic
chemical formula C6H5OH.
Phosphate. • Phosphate ions exist as an ester or salt of
phosphoric acid, such as calcium phosphate rock. In
municipal wastewater, it is most frequently present as
orthophosphate.
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Phosphorus Precipitation. The addition of the multivalent
metallic ions of calcium, iron and aluminum to wastewater to
form insoluble precipitates with phosphorus.
Photosynthesis. The mechanism by which chlorophyll-bearing
plant utilize light energy to produce carbohydrate and
oxygen from carbon dioxide and water (the reverse of
respiration).
Physical/Chemical Treatment System. A system that utilizes
physical' (i.e., sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation,
activated carbon, reverse osmosis, etc.) and/or chemical
means (i.e., coagulation, oxidation, precipitation, etc.) to
treat wastewaters.
Point Source. Any discernible, confined and discrete
conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe* ditch,
channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container,
rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or
vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or
may be discharged,
Pollutional Load. A measure of the strength of a wastewater
in terms of its solids or oxygen-demanding characteristics
or other objectionable physical and chemical characteristics
or both or in terms of harm done to receiving waters. The
pollutional load imposed on sewage treatment works is
expressed as equivalent population.
Polyelectrolytes. Synthetic chemicals (polymers) used to
speed up the removal of solids from sewage. These chemicals
cause solids to coagulate or clump together more rapidly
than do chemicals such as alum or lime. They can be anionic
(-charge), nonionic (+ and -charge) or cationic (+charge—
the most popular). They are linear or branched , organic
polymers. They have high molecular weights, and are water-
soluble. Compounds similar to the polyelectrolyte
flocculants include surface-active agents and ion exchange
resins. The former are low molecular weight, water soluble
compounds used to disperse solids in aqueous systems. The
latter are high molecular weight, water-insoluble compounds
used to selectively replace certain ions already present in
water with more desirable or less noxious ions.
Population Equivalent (PE). An expression of the relative
strength of a waste (usually industrial) in terms of its
equivalent in domestic waste, expressed as the population
that would produce the equivalent domestic waste. A
population equivalent of 160 million persons means the
pollutional effect equivalent to raw sewage from 160 million
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persons; 0.17 pounds BOD (the oxygen demand of untreated
wastes from one person) = 1 PE.
Potable Water. Drinking water sufficiently pure for human
use.
Potash. Potassium compounds used in agriculture and
industry. Potassium carbonate can be obtained from wood
ashes. The mineral potash is usually a muriate. Caustic
potash is its hydrated form. ..•'......
Preaeration . A preparatory treatment of sewage consisting
of aeration to remove gases and add oxygen or to promote the
flotation of grease and aid coagulation.
Pr e c ip it at ion. The phenomenon which occurs when a substance
held in solution passes out of that solution into solid
form. The adjustment of pH can reduce solubility and cause
precipitation. Alum and lime are frequently used chemicals
in such operations , as water softening or alkalinity
reduction.
Pretreatment. Any wastewater treatment process used to
partially reduce the pollution load before the wastewater is
introduced into a main 'sewer system or delivered to a
treatment plant for substantial reduction of the pollution
load.
Primary clarifier. The settling tank into which the
wastewater (sewage) first enters and from which the solids
are removed as raw sludge.
Primary Sludge. Sludge from primary clarifiers.
Primary Treatment. The removal of material that floats or
will settle in sewage by using screens to catch the floating
objects' and tanks for the heavy matter to settle in. The
first major treatment and sometimes the only treatment in a
waste-treatment works, usually sedimentation and/or
flocculation and digestion. The removal of a moderate
percentage of suspended matter but little or no colloidal or
dissolved matter. May effect the removal of 30 to 35
percent or more BOD.
Process Waste Water. Any water which, during manufacturing
or processing, comes into direct contact with or results
from the production or use of any raw material, intermediate
product, finished product, by-product, or waste product.
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Process Water. Any water (solid, liquid or vapor) which,
during the manufacturing process, comes into direct contact
with any raw material, intermediate product, by-product,
waste product, or finished product.
Putrefaction. Biological decomposition of organic matter
accompanied by the production of foul-smelling products
associated with anaerobic conditions.
Pyrolysis. The high temperature decomposition of complex
molecules that occurs in the presence of an inert atmosphere
(no oxygen present to support combustion).
Quench. A liquid used for cooling purposes.
Raw Waste Load fRWLl . The quantity (kg) of pollutant being
discharged in a plant's wastewater. measured in terms of
some common denominator (i.e., kkg of production or m* of
floor area).
Receiving Waters. Rivers, lakes, oceans or other courses
that receive treated or untreated wastewaters.
Recirculation. The refiltration,of either all or a portion
of the effluent in a high-rate trickling filter for the
purpose of maintaining a uniform high rate through the
filter. (2) The return of effluent' to the incoming flow to
reduce its strength.
Reduction. A process in which an atom (or group of atoms)
gain electrons. Such a process always requires the input of
energy.
Refractory Qrganics. Organic materials that are only
partially degraded or entirely nonbiodegradable in
biological waste treatment processes. Refractory organics
include detergents, pesticides, color- and odor-causing
agents, tannins, lignins, ethers, olefins, alcohols, amines,
aldehydes, ketones, etc.
Residual Chlorine. The amount of- chlorine left in the
treated water that is available to oxidize contaminants if
they enter the stream. It is usually in the form of
hypochlorous acid of hypochlorite ion or of one of the
chloramines. Hypochlorite concentration alone is called
"free chlorine residual" while together with the chloramine
concentration their sum is called "combined chlorine
residual."
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Respiration. Biological oxidation within a life
most likely energy source for animals (the
photosynthesis).
form; the
reverse of
Retention Time. Volume of the vessel divided
rate through the vessel.
by the flow
Reverse Osmosis. The process in which a solution is
pressurized to a degree greater than the osmotic pressure of
the solvent, causing it to pass through a membrane.
Salt. A compound made up of the positive ion of a base
the negative ion of an acid.
and
Sanitary Landfill. A sanitary .landfill is a land disposal
site employing an engineered method of disposing of solid
wastes on land in a manner that minimizes environmental
hazards by spreading the wastes in thin layers, compacting
the solid wastes to the smallest practical volume, and
applying cover material at the end of each operating day.
There are two basic sanitary landfill methods; trench fill
and area or ramp fill. The method chosen is dependent on
many factors such as drainage and type of soil at the
proposed landfill site.
Sanitary Sewers. In a separate system, pipes in a city that
carry only domestic wastewater. The storm water runoff is
handled by a separate system of pipes.
Screening. The removal of relatively coarse, floating and
suspended solids by straining through racks or screens.
Secondary Treatment.
The second step in
most
waste
treatment systems in which bacteria consume the organic part
of the wastes. This is accomplished by bringing the sewage
and bacteria together either in trickling filters or in the
activated sludge process.
Sedimentation, Final. The settling of partly settled,
flocculated or oxidized sewage in a final tank. (The term
settling is preferred).
Sedimentation, Plain. The sedimentation of suspended matter
in a liquid unaided by chemicals or other special means and
without any provision for the decomposition of the deposited
solids in contact with the sewage. (The term plain settling
is preferred) .
Seed. To introduce microorganisms into a culture medium.
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Settleable Solids. Suspended solids which will
of a liquid waste in a given period of time.
settle out
Settling Velocity. The terminal rate of fall of a particle
through a fluid as induced by gravity or other external
forces.
Sewage, Raw. Untreated sewage.
Sewage, Storm. The liquid flowing in sewers during or
following a period of heavy rainfall and resulting
therefrom.
Sewerage. A comprehensive term which includes facilities
for collectingr pumping, treating, and disposing of sewage;
the sewerage system and the sewage treatment-works.
Silt. Particles with a size distribution of 0.05mm-0.002mm
(2.0mm). Silt is high in quartz and feldspar.
Skimming. Removing floating solids (scum).
Sludge, Activated. Sludge floe produced in raw or settled
sewage by the growth of zoogleal bacteria and other
organisms in the presence of dissolved oxygen and
accumulated in sufficient concentration by returning the
floe previously formed.
Sludge, Age. The ratio of the weight of volatile solids in
the digester to the weight of volatile solids added per day.
There is a maximum sludge age beyond which no significant
reduction in the concentration of volatile solids will
occur.
Sludge, Digested. Sludge digested under anaerobic
conditions until the volatile content has been reduced,
usually by approximately 50 percent or more.
Solution. A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
of dissimilar molecular structure. In a solution, there is
a dissolving medium-solvent and a dissolved substance-
solute.
Solvent. A liquid which reacts with a material, bringing it
into solution.
Solvent Extraction. A mixture of two components is treated
by a solvent that preferentially dissolves one or more of
the components in the mixture. The solvent in the extract
leaving the extractor is usually recovered and reused.
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Sparger. An air diffuser designed to give large bubbles,
used singly or in combination with mechanical aeration
devices.
Sparging. Heating a liquid by means of live steam entering
through a perforated or nozzled pipe (usedr for example, to
coagulate blood solids in meat processing).
Standard Deviation. The square root of the variance which
describes the variability within the sampling data on the
basis of the deviation of individual sample values from the
mean.
Standard Raw Waste Load (SRWL) . The raw waste load which
characterizes a specific subcategory. This is generally
computed by averaging the plant raw waste loads within a
subcategory.
Stillwell. A pipe, chamber, or compartment with
comparatively small inlet or inlets communicating with a
main body of water. Its purpose is to dampen waves or
surges while permitting the water level within the well to
rise and fall with the major fluctuations of the main body
of water. It is used with water-measuring devices to
improve accuracy of measurement.
Stoichiometric. Characterized by being a proportion of
substances exactly right for a specific chemical reaction
with no excess of any reactant or product.
Stripper. A device in which relatively volatile components
are removed from a mixture by distillation or by passage of
steam through the mixture.
Substrate.
(D
Reactant portion of any biochemical
reaction, material transformed into a product. (2) Any
substance used as a nutrient by a microorganism. (3) The
liquor in which activated sludge or other material is kept
in suspension.
Sulfate. The final decomposition product of organic sulfur
compounds.
Supernatant. Floating above or on the surface.
Surge tank. A tank for absorbing and dampening the wavelike
motion of a volume of liquid; an in-process storage tank
that acts as a flow buffer between process tanks.
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Suspended Solids. The wastes tha-h will not sink or settle
in sewage. The quantity of material deposited on a filter
when a liquid is drawn through a Gooch crucible.
Synerofistic. An effect
individual contributors.
which is more than the sum of the
Synercristic Effect. The simultaneous action of separate
agents which, together, have greater total effect than the
sum of their individual effects.
Tertiary Treatment. A process to remove practically all
solids and organic matter from wastewater. Granular
activated carbon filtration is a tertiary treatment .process.
Phosphate removal by chemical coagulation is also regarded
as a step in tertiary treatment.
Thermal Oxidation. The wet combustion of organic materials
through the application of heat in the presence of oxygen.
TKN (Total Ki'eldahl Nitrogen) . includes -ammonia and organic
nitrogen but does not include nitrite and nitrate nitrogen.
The sum of free nitrogen and organic nitrogen in a sample..
.TLm. The concentration that kills 50% of the test organisms
within a specified time span, usually in 96 hours or less.
Most of the available toxicity data are reported as the
median^ tolerance limit (TLm). This system of reporting has
been, misapplied by some who have erroneously inferred that a
TLm value is a safe value, whereas it is merely the level at
which half of the test organisms are killed. In many cases,
the differences are great between TLm concentrations and
concentrations that are low enough to permit reproduction
and growth. LC50 has the same numerical value as TLm.
Total Organic Carbon (TOG). A measure of the amount of
carbon in a sample originating from organic matter only.
The test is run by burning the sample and measuring the
carbon dioxide produced.
Total Solids. The total amount of solids in a wastewater
both in solution and suspension.
Total volatile Solids (TVS). The quantity of residue lost
after the ignition of total solids.
Transport Water. Water used to carry insoluble solids.
Trickling Filter. A bed of rocks or stones. The sewage is
trickled over the bed so that bacteria can break down the
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organic was-tes. The bacteria collect on the stones through
repeated use of the filter.
Turbidity. A measure of the amount of solids in suspension.
The units of measurement are parts per million (ppm) of
suspended solids or Jackson Candle Units. The Jackson
Candle Unit (JCD) is defined as the turbidity resulting from
1 ppm of fuller's earth (and inert mineral) suspended in
water. The relationship between ppm and JCU depends on
particle size, color, index of refraction; the correlation
between the two is generally not possible. Turbidity
instruments utilize a light beam projected into the sample
fluid to effect a measurement. The light beam is scattered
by solids in suspension, and the degree of light attenuation
or the amount of scattered light can be related to
turbidity. The light scattered is called the Tyndall effect
and the scattered light the Tyndall light. An expression of
the optical property of a sample which causes light to be
scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight
lines through the sample.
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS). The quantity of suspended
solids lost after the ignition of total suspended solids.
Waste Treatment Plant. A series of tanks, screens, filters,
pumps and other equipment by which pollutants are removed
from water.
Water Quality Criteria. Those specific values of water
quality associated with an identified beneficial use of the
water under consideration.
Weir. A flow measuring device consisting of a barrier
across an open channel, causing the liquid to flow over its
crest. The height of the liquid above the crest varies with
the volume of.liquid flow.
Wet Air Pollution Control. The technique of air pollution
abatement utilizing water as an absorptive media.
Wet Oxidation. The direct oxidation of. organic matter in
wastewater liquids in the presence of air under heat and
pressure; generally applied to organic matter oxidation in
sludge.
Zeolite. Various natural or synthesized silicates used in
water softening and as absorbents.
203
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SECTION XVII
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
AAP Army Ammuni-tion Plant
A.C. activated carton
ac ft acre-foot
Ag. silver
atm atmosphere
ave average
B. boron
Ba. barium
bbl barrel
BOD5 biochemical oxygen demand, five day
Btu British thermal unit
C centigrade degrees
C.A. carton adsorption
cal calorie
cc cubic centimeter
cfm cubic foot per minute
cfs cubic foot per second
Cl. chloride
cm centimeter
CN cyanide
COD chemical oxygen demand
cone. concentration
cu cubic
db decibels
deg degree
DO dissolved oxygen
E. Coli Escherichia coliform bacteria
Eq. equation
F Fahrenheit degrees
Fig. figure
F/M BOD5 (Wastewater flow)/ MLSS (contractor volume)
fpm foot per minute
fps foot per second
ft foot
g gram
gal gallon
gpd gallon per day
gpm gallon per minute
Hg mercury
hp horsepower
hp-hr horsepower-hour
hr hour
in. inch
kg kilogram
kw kilowatt
205
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kwiir kilowatt-hour
L(l) liter
L/kkg liters per 1000 kilograms
Ib pound
m meter
M thousand
me milliequivalent .
mg milligram
mgd million gallons daily
min minute
ml milliliter
MLSS mixed-liquor suspended solids
MLVSS mixed-liquor volatile suspended solids
MM million , .
mm millimeter
mole gram-molecular weight
raph, mile per hour .
MPN most probable number
mu millimicron
NCtf nitrate
NH^-N ammonium nitrogen
O£ oxygen
p°£ phosphate
p."* page
pH potential hydrogen or hydrogen-ion index (negative
logarithm of the hydrogen-ion concentration)
pp. pages
ppb parts per billion
ppm parts per million
psf pound per square foot
psi pound per square inch
R.O. reverse osmosis
rpm revolution per minute
RWL raw waste load
sec second
Sec. Section
S.I.C. Standard Industrial Classification
SOx sulfates
sq square
sq ft square foot
SS suspended solids
stp standard temperature and pressure
SRWL standard raw waste load
TDS total dissolved solids
TKN total Kjeldahl nitrogen
TLm median tolerance limit
TOG total organic carbon
TOD total oxygen demand
TSS total suspended solids
u micron
ug microgram
vol volume
wt weight'
yd yard
206
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SECTION XVIII
LIST OF EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS BY COMMON NAME
The following is the 1976 Explosives List published pursuant
to 18 U.S.C. 841(d). It is comprehensive, • but not all
inclusive. An explosive material not appearing on the list
may still be within the coverage of the law if it otherwise
meets the statutory definitions in 18 U.S.C. 841. Also, the
list encompasses all explosive mixtures containing any of
the listed materials, according to the Bureau of Alcohol,
Tobacco and Firearms, Department of the Treasury.
The explosive compounds are arranged alphabetically by their
common names, followed by chemical names and synonyms in
brackets.
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EXPLOSIVES LIST
Acetylides of heavy metals.
Aluminum containing polymeric propellant.
Aluminum ophorite explosive.
Amatol,
Ammonal.
Ammonium nitrate explosive mixtures.
Aromatic nitro-explosive mixture.
Ammonium perchlorate having particle
size less than 45 microns.
Ammonium perchlorate composite propellant.
Ammonium picrate (picrate of ammonia).
Ammonium salt lattice with isomorphously
substituted inorganic salts.
ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil) .
BEAF [1,2-bis (2, 2-dif luoro-2-nitroacetoxyethane) ].
Black powder.
Blasting agents, nitro-carbo-nitrates, including
slurry and water-gel explosives.
Blasting caps.
Blasting gelatin.
Blasting powder.
BTNEC [bis (trinitroethyl) carbonate].
BTNEN [bis (trinitroethyl) nitram'ine].
ETTN [1,3,4 butanetriol trinitrate].
Butyl tetryl.
Calcium nitrate explosive mixture.
Carboxy-terminated propellant.
Cellulose hexanitrate explosive mixture.
Chlorates and red phosphorus mixture.
Chlorates and sulphur mixture.
Copper acetylide.
Crystalline picrate with lead azide explosive mixture.
Cyanuric triazide,
Cyclonite [BOX].
Cyclotetramethylenetrinitramine.
EATB [diaminotrinitrotetramethylene tetranitramine],
EDNP [diazodinitrophenol],
EEGBN [diethyleneglycol dinitrate].
Belay powders.
208
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Detonating cord.
Detonators.
Dimethylol dimethyl methane dinitrate composition.
Einitroethyleneurea.
Dinitroglycerine.
Einitrophenol.
Dinitrophenolates.
Cinitrophenyl hydrazine.
Dinitroresorcinol.
Dinitrotoluene-sodium nitrate explosive mixtures.
Dipicryl sulfone.
Dipicrylamine.
DNDP [dinitropentano nitrile].
DNPA[2,2-dinitropropyl aerylate].
Dynamite.
EDNP [ethyl 4,Q-dinitropentanoate].
Erythritol tetranitrate explosives,
Esters of nitro-substituted alcohols.
EGDN [ethylene glycol dinitrate].
Ethyl-tetryl.
Explosive conitrates.
Explosive gelatins.
Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing
inorganic salts and hydrocarbons.
Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing
inorganic salts and nitro bodies. ...•••
Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing
inorganic salts and water insoluble fuels.
Explosive mixtures containing oxygen releasing
inorganic salts and water soluble fuels.
Explosive mixtures containing sensitized nitromethane.
Explosive nitro compounds of aromatic hydrocarbons.
Explosive organic nitrate mixtures.
Explosive liquids.
Explosive powders.
FEFO [bis(2,2-dinitro-2-fluoroethyl)
Fulminate of mercury.
Fulminate of silver.
Fulminating gold.
Fulminating mercury.
Fulminating platinum.
Fulminating silver.
209
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Gelatinized nitrocellulose.
gem-dinitro aliphatic explosive mixtures.
Guanyl nitrosamino guanyl tetrazene.
Guanyl nitrosamino guanylidene hydrazine.
Guncotton.
Heavy metal azides.
Hexanite.
Hexanitrodiphenylamine.
Hexanitrostilbene.
Hexogen [RDX].
Hexogene or octogene and a nitrated
N-methylaniline.
Hexolites.
HMX [cyclo-T,3,5,7-tetramethylene-2,Ut6,8-tetra-
nitramine; Octogen].
Hydrazinium nitrate.
Hydrazinium nitrate/hydrazine/aluminum explosive system.
Hydrazoic acid.
Igniter cord.
Igniters.
KDKBF [potassium dinitrobenzo-furoxane].
Lead azide.
Lead mannite.
Lead mononitroresorcinate.
Lead pierate.
Lead salts, explosive.
Lead styphnate [styphnate of lead, lead
trinitroresorcinate],
Liquid nitrated polyol and trimethylolethane.
Liquid oxygen explosives.
Magnesium ophorite explosives.
Mannitol hexanitrate.
MDNP [methyl 4,4-dinitropentanoate].
Mercuric fulminate.
Mercury oxalate.
210
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Mercury tartrate.
Mononitrotoluene-nitrdglycerin mixture.
Monopropellants. -
Nitrate sensitized with gelled nitroparaffin.
Nitrated carbohydrate explosive.
Nitrated glucoside explosive.
Nitrated polyhydric alcohol explosives.
Nitrates of soda explosive mixtures. '
Nitric acid and a nitro aromatic compound explosive.
Nitric acid and carboxylic fuel explosive.
Nitric acid explosive mixtures.
Nitro aromatic explosive mixtures.
Nitro compounds of furane explosive mixtures.
Nitrocellulose explosive.
Nitroderivative of urea explosive mixture.
Nitrogelatin explosive.
Nitrogen trichloride.
Nitrogen tri-iodide.
Nitroglycerine [NG, RNGr nitro, glyceryl trinitrate,
trinitroglycerine].
Nitroglycide.
Nitroglycol.
Nitroguanidine explosives.
Nitronium perchlorate propellant mixtures.
Nitrostarch.
Nitro-substituted carboxylic acids.
Nitrourea.
Cctogen [HMX].
Octol [75 percent HMX, 25 percent TNT],
Organic amine nitrates.
Organic nitramines.
Organic peroxides.
Pellet powder.
Penthrinite composition.
Pentolite.
Perchlorate explosive mixtures.
Peroxide based explosive mixtures.
PETN [nitropentaerythrite, pentaerythrite
tetranitrate, pentaerythritol tetranitrate],
Picramic acid and its salts.
Picramide.
211
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Piorate of potassium explosive mixtures.
Picratol.
Picric acid.
Picryl chloride.
Picryl fluoride. , • •
Polynitro aliphatic compounds.
Polyolpolynitrate-nitrocellulose explosive gels.
Potassium chlorate and lead sulfocyanate explosive.
Potassium nitroaminotetrazole.
PPX [cyclonite, hexogen, T4, cyclo-1,3,5,-trimethy-
lene-2 ,4,6-trinitramine ; hexahydro-113., 5-tririitro-
5-triazine]..
Safety fuse.
Salts of organic amino sulfonic acid explosive mixture,
Silver acetylide.
Silver azide.
Silver fulminate.
Silver oxalate explosive mixtures.
Silver styphnate.
Silver tartrate explosive mixtures.
Silver tetrazene.
Slurried explosive mixtures of water, inorganic
oxidizing salt, gelling agent, fuel and sensitizer.
Smokeless powder.
Sodatol.
Sodium amatol.
Sodium dinitro-ortho-cresolate.
Sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate explosive mixture.
Sodium picramate.
Squibs.
Styphnic acid.
Tacot [tetranitro-2, 3,5,6-dibenzo-1,3a,4,6a-tetra-
zapentalene],
TEGDN [triethylene glycol dinitrate].
Tetrazene [tetracene, tetrazine, 1(5-tetrazolyl)-4-
guanyl tetrazene hydrate],
Tetranitrocarbazole.
Tetranitromethane explosive mixtures.
Tetryl [2,4,6 tetranitro-N-methylaniline].
Tetrytol.
Thickened inorganic oxidizer salt slurried
212
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explosive mixture.
TMETN [trimethylolethane trinitrate].
TNEF [trinitroethyl formal],
TNEOC [trinitroethylorthocarbonate].
TNEOF [trinitroethyl orthoformate],
TNT [trinitrotoluene, trotyl, trilite, triton].
Torpex.
Tridite.
Trimethylol ethyl methane trinitrate composition.
Trimethylolthane trinitrate-nitrocellulose.
Trimonite.
Trinitroanisole.
Trinitrobenzene.
Trinitrobenzoic acid.
Trinitrocresol.
Trinitro-meta-cresol.
Trinitronaphthalene.
Tr initrophenetol.
Trinitrophloroglucinol.
Trinitroresorcinol,
Tritonal.
Urea nitrate.
Water bearing explosives having salts of oxidizing
acids and nitrogen bases, sulfates, or sulfamates,
hydrophilic colloid explosive mixture.
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TABLE XIX
METRIC TABLE
CONVERSION TABLE
MULTIPLY (ENGLISH UNITS) by TO OBTAIN (METRIC UNITS)
ENGLISH UNIT ABBREVIATION CONVERSION ABBREVIATION METRIC UNIT
acre ac
acre-feet ac ft
British Thermal
Unit BTU
British Thermal
Unit/Pound BTU/lb
cubic feet/minute cfm
cubic feet/second cfs
cubic feet cu ft
cubic feet cu ft
cubic inches cu in
degree Fahrenheit °F
feet ft
gallon gal
gallon/minute gpm
horsepower hp
inches in
inches of mercury in Hg
pounds Ib
million gallons/day mgd
mile mi
pound/square
inch (gauge) psig
square,feet sq ft
square inches sq in
ton (short) ton
yard yd
0.405
1233.5
0.252
0.555
0.028
1.7
0.028
28.32
16.39
0.555 (°F-32)*
0.3048
3.785
0.0631
0.7457
2.54
0.03342
0.454
3,785
1.609
(0.06805 psig +1)*
0.0929
6.452
0.907
0.9144
ha
cu m
kg cal
kg cal/kg
cu m/min
cu m/min
cu m
1
cu cm
°C
m
1
I/sec
kw
cm
atm
kg
cu m/day
km
atm
sq m
sq cm
kkg
m
hectares
cubic meters
kilogram-calories
kilogram calories/kilogram
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters/minute
cubic meters
liters
cubic centimeters
degree Centigrade
meters
liters
liters/second
killowatts
centimeters
atmospheres
kilograms
cubic meters/day
kilometer
atmospheres (absolute)
square meters
square centimeters
metric ton (1000 kilograms)
meter
*Actual conversion, not a multiplier
•U.S.COVEJWMENTPfUNTTNCOFHCE:i993 -715 -003/87.072
215
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