-------
                     S
  Historical    ta were*^
                                                an  coor
                                                                     to
                                                            .gs:. 23
                                                            prฐductiฐ"'
  as  data  for other  subcategorie
                                                 rePresentative of  BPT
 Fabric Processing, are gnelv
                                                              the
                                               Manufact"fing and Felted

 availabl.   Althugh  based  on
 Finishing  and  Wool  Scourlnn
                                                                   V-7.

                                                     fฐr WMch data are
                                                   Points  each,   Wool
beginning of Section V) so the trea^abiHtv^f'^h Chara^eristicsป at
share  the  same  similarity    Th*. ซ„},,ซ- 5  ^heSe  wastes  do  not
characteristics is the sulfide v™ue ?or ฐ"^tanding difference in the
Complex Processing Plus DeslzfngasubCa?egory  ^^  Fat>riC

           n
portion  of   their  production   Sin
within their  molecules  and sodium
xn sulfur dyeing, sulfur  could be
                                                  . ?n  a
                                                     " s"fllrl images
                                           s
characterization of BPT effluents   af
fill gaps in the historical dlta base
are  presented  in  Table V-         '
using the same procedure!
                                                data collected in con-
                                               Pฐide  Some  additional
                                                     CฐJ?firm   and  to
                                                     each mil1
nc^nventionai^Snutan'ts^^b^ef1^5 ,hfฐr hthf
field sampling resufts^arfpresen^d ?n TaSfe V
                                                    — entional  and
                                109

-------





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-------
the   best  available  for  mills  with  BPT  treatment.   While  some
additional data were collected for mills  that  have  other  than  BPT
treatment,  they are not of direct significance here.  These mills and
the data are discussed in Section VII.

The BPT effluent values are in general believed to  be  representative
of  typical  effluents  from  each  subcategory  and are those used in
developing  the  treatment  technologies  and  costs   in   subsequent
sections.   There  are  several subcategory-parameter combinations for
which a typical value could not be presented, and  two  subcategories,
Nonwoven Manufacturing and Felted Fabric Processing, are predominantly
indirect dischargers and no useful data are available.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS

The  Clean  Water  Act  of  1977  expanded  the  spectrum of pollutant
parameters to receive attention in point source discharges to  include
potentially  toxic pollutants.  More specifically, 65 classes of toxic
compounds and groups originally identified in the  Consent  Decree  in
NRDC  vs  Train,  8  ERC  2120  (D.D.C 1976) have been made subject to
effluent limitations.

The 65 classes were selected as the most important  of  232  pollutant
categories  considered  to  be  of the greatest environmental concern.
The selections were based on the following criteria:

    o  "Substances for which there is substantial evidence of carcino-
         genicity, mutagenicity and/or teratogenicity;

    o  Substances structurally similar to the aforementioned compounds
         or for which  there  is  some  evidence  of  carcinogenicity,
         mutagenicity, or teratogenicity; and

    o   Substances  known  to  have  toxic  effects  on man or aquatic
         organisms at sufficiently high concentrations and  which  are
         present in industrial effluents."

Within  the  65  classes, 129 specific elements or compounds have been
identified as toxic pollutants.  These include 13 metals, 114  organic
compounds,  cyanides,  and  asbestos.  A list of all 129 pollutants is
provided in Appendix C.

Heavy Metals

The 13 toxic pollutant metals, which  include  the  traditional  heavy
metals, are:                                       .:'u-

antimony
arsenic
                                 114

-------
beryllium
cadmium
chromium
copper
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
thallium
zinc

The  heavy  metals  are  often  thought of as a group because of their
several common characteristics and behavioral properties, but each has
distinctive characteristics that influence its behavior and the effect
that it will have on the environment.  In addition to  the  individual
characteristics  of  a metal acting alone, synergistic or antagonistic
effects have been observed between metals in terms of toxicity and the
capacity to remove them from a waste stream.  Generally, the insoluble
compounds and complexes tend to be more prevalent than  the  dissolved
forms,  but metals can exist in solution and in various complexes with
organic materials.

The concentrations of metals in many waste streams are higher than the
concentrations  of  individual  toxic  organics.    Metals   are   not
appreciably   biodegradable   and   removal   mechanisms  depend  upon
physicochemical processes.  While there is still much  to  be  learned
about  the  behavior  of  metals  and their impact on removal systems,
there has been a considerable amount  of  research  in  this  area  in
recent years.

Orqanics

The  114  organic compounds can be subdivided into the following broad
classifications:

Aliphatics    36
Aromatics     59
Pesticides    19

Approximately 30 of the compounds can be considered volatile,   and  69
contain  chlorine.   Compared to the metals, the majority of the toxic
organic compounds are usually present at  much  lower  concentrations,
some  in  only  fractions  of  micrograms  per  liter  (ug/1).    These
concentrations are relatively insignificant compared to  the  organics
that  are  measured  by  the  standard  BOD,  COD,  or TOC tests.   The
organics provide a much greater variety of  molecular  structures  and
behavioral patterns in wastewater than do the metals,  however.
                                 115

-------
Much  of  the focus of this study as well as the information presented
below and in Section VI revolves about the  129  representative  toxic
pollutants.

Questionnaire Information

Most  of  the organic toxic pollutants are specific compounds and more
sophisticated laboratory analytical techniques are required  than  for
the  non-specific  parameters  such  as  solids, COD, alkalinity, etc.
Also, as noted above, the concentrations of interest are  considerably
lower   than   for  most  of  the  conventional  and  non-conventional
pollutants, and more elaborate sample collection and handling  methods
are  necessary  to insure that meaningful and reproducible results are
obtained.  Because  of  these  aspects,  there  is  relatively   little
historical information about the presence or concentrations of most ot
the  toxic  pollutants,  especially  the  non-metals,   in textile mill
wastewaters.

One  source of information utilized in developing information about the
toxic pollutants  in textile wastes  was  the  questionnaires  received
from   wet  processing  mills.   The  questionnaire  survey  has been
described  previously,  and a sample of the questionnaire is provided  in
the  Appendix.  Section VI of the questionnaire  asked   that  the  mills
identify   whether each of the  123 toxic  pollutants1 was known present,
suspected  present, suspected absent,  or known absent,   in  the  raw
wastewater or treated  effluent.  The  responses  for each pollutant were
tallied for  the mills  that provided what was  judged  to be  a good reply
to  Section  VI.   A summary of  the responses for all mills  is presented
in Table V-10.  The  summary represents  the  responses   from 418  mills
and shows  that  52 pollutants are known  to be  present  and an additional
47  are suspected  to be present by  at least one  mill.  A total of  69
pollutants are  reported known  or suspected  present by  more   than   two
mills;   only  29   of   these  are   known to  be present by more  than  two
mills.

 Field Sampling  Program

 Because  of  the  non-existence  of  historical  data  on  the   toxic
 pollutants  noted  above,   it  was  necessary to perform a comprehensive
 field sampling program.   The program was  organized  to  involve  four
 phases.   The  first  phase was conducted in connection with the 3Oint
     the time of the  survey  distribution   (March,  1977),  the  toxic
 pollutant  list  contained only 123 compounds; shortly thereafter, the
 list was increased to 129 with the addition of  di-n-octyl  phthalate,
 PCB-1221, PCB-1232, PCB-1248, PCB-1260, and PCB-1016
                                   116

-------
                               TABLE V-10
             INDUSTRY RESPONSES TO PRIORITY POLLUTANTS LIST
                          SUMMARY OF ALL MILLS
Priority Pollutant
Known    Suspected
Present  Present
Known   Suspected
Absent  Absent
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
ib.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
3b.
37.
38.
39.
40.
acenaphthene
acrolein
acrylonitrile
benzene
benzidine
carbon tetrachloride
(tetrachlorome thane)
chlorobenzene
1,2, 4-t richlorobenzene
hexa chlorobenzene
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1, 1-trichloroethane
hexachloroethane
1 , 1-dichloroethane
1 , 1 ,2-trichloroethane
1,1,2 , 2-tetrachloroethane
chloroethane
bis(chloromethyl) ether
bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
2-chloronaphthalene
2 , 4 , 6-trichlorophenol
parachlbrometa cresol
chloroform (trichloromethane)
2-chlorophenol
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
3,3-dichlorobenzidine
1 , 1-dichloroethylene
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
2,4-dichlorophenol
1 , 2-dichloropropane
1,3-dichloropropylene
2,4-dimethylphenol
2 , 4-dinitrotoluene
2,6-dinitrotoluene
1,2-diphenylhydrazine
ethylbenzene
fluoranthene
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
6
5
6
1
4
33
1
1
5
1
1
3
2
1
2
2
2
1

2
7
3
26
27
42/
9
, 28 .,
53
5
6
34
1
1
9
2
8
5
3
1
2
7
3
5
8
16
9
8
10
2
2
2
3
3
5
7
1
4
262
264
243
254
- 236
244
- , ,235
182
256
245
233
260
258
254
258
256
246
255
256
263
260
259
249
257
252
259
259
260
267
265
263
263
263
260
261
262
263
256
263
264
43
46
38
40
' 43
61
44
38
48
50
46
51
53
52
52
48
60
53
54
42
44
47
55
43
40
40
40
41
41
41
43
45
45
45
45
44
39
41
42
41
                                     117

-------
TABLE V-10 (Cont.)
Priority Pollutant
Known    Suspected
Present  Present
                                                              Known   Suspected
                                                              Absent  Absent
41.
42.
43.
44.
45
46.
47.
48.
49.
SO
51.
52.
53.
54.
55
56.
57.
58.
59.
60
61.
62.
63.
64.
6-S
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
methylene chloride
(dichlorome thane)
methyl chloride (chloromethane)
methyl bromide (bromomethane)
bromoform (tribromomethane)
dichlorobromome thane
trichlorofluorome thane
dichlorodifluorome thane
chlorodibromome thane
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
isophorone
naphthalene
nitrobenzene
2-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
pentachlorophenol
phenol (4APP)
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
butyl benzyl phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate*
diethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
1,2 benz anthracene
3 , 4-benzopyrene
3 , 4-benzof luoranthene
11 , 12-benzof luoranthene
chrysene
acenaphthylene
anthracene
1 , 12-benzoperylene
f luorene ^ 	
1
1
3 17
1 2
4
1
5
2
1
7 48
7
2
2
4
2
5
4
2 15
81 48
4
3 2
1 6
7
8 17
5
2
1
1
1
3 2
2 8
2
1 4
266
263
265
242
264
265
266
265
264
263
261
260
265
262
232
260
262
260
257
259
260
261
265
248
161
263
261
261
261
243
260
261
263
262
262
262
256
259
256
43
46
45
41
43
43
44
46
45
45
49
44
43
45
33
42
43
43
43
45
42
42
42
45
38
41
43
42
41
40
41
43
44
45
44
41
41
45
45
                                      118

-------
TABLE V-10 (Cont.)
Priority Pollutant
Known    Suspe cted
Present  Present
Known   Suspected
Absent  Absent
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.,
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
phenanthrene
1,2,5, 6-dibenzanthracene
indeno(l,2,3-cd) pyrene
pyrene
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
aldrin
dieldrin
chlordane (technical mixture
and metabolites)
4, 4' -DDT
4,4'-DDE (p,p'-DDX)
4, 4 '-ODD (p,pf-TDE)
alpha-endosulfan
beta-endosulfan
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
endrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
alpha-BHC
beta-BHC
gamma-BHC (lindane)
delta-BHC
PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
PGB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)
PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)*
PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)*
PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)*
PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)*
PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)*
Toxaphene
Antimony (Total)
Arsenic (Total)
Asb e s to s (F ib r ous )
Beryllium (Total)
Cadmium (Total)
Chromium (Total)
Copper (Total)
10
8
4
2
1
1
1
1

16
10
3
2
24
117
87
3
6
2
19
40
17
5
1
1
1


1
36
6
3
5
17
55
79
260
258
261
261
242
223
251
253
242
241
242
239
240
240
243
243
244
246
246
246
246
244
245
245
245
244
244
243
208
246
257
257
219
117
146
43
42
46
45
43
43
40
47
78
78
78
82
82
82
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
79
79
77
56
70
65
65
57
38
27
                                      119

-------
 TABLE  V-10  (Cont.)

                                          Known    Suspected   Known   Suspected
 priority  Pollutant                        Present   Present      Absent   Absent
.121.
122.
123.
124.
125,
126.
127.
128.
^129 .-
Cyanide (Total)
;Lead (Total)
Mercury (Total)
Nickel (Total)
Selenium (Total)
Silver .(Total)
Thallium (Total) '
Zinc (Total)
,2 , 3 , 7 , 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD)
10
34
19
28
7
12
2
100
6
27
15
28
3
4
1
64
1
240
204
212
208
242
244
251
140
260
72
59
68
53
59
56
59
30
44
* Pollutant not included on original  list of  123.


Known Present    - The compound has been detected by reasonable analytical
                   procedures in the  discharge or by reference is known to
                   be present in the  raw waste load.

Suspected Present- The compound is a  raw material in the processes employed,
                   a product, a by-product, catalyst, etc.  Its presence
•                   in the raw waste load and  discharge is a reasonable
                   technical judgment.

Suspected Absent - No known reason to predict that the compound is present
                   in the discharge.

Known Absent     - The application of reasonable analytical procedures
                   designed to detect the material have yielded negative
                   results.
                                     120

-------
ATMI/EPA mobile pilot plant project.  Raw waste,  secondary  effluent,
and, in some cases, advanced treatment effluent samples were collected
at  23  locations during March, April, and May of 1977.  In the second
phase, raw waste and secondary effluent samples were  collected  at  8
additional  locations and from the various advanced treatment modes Of
the mobile pilot plant at 1 previously sampled  location  during  May,
June,  and July of 1977.  Water supply, raw waste, secondary effluent,
and/or advanced treatment effluent samples were collected  during  the
third  phase  at 13 additional locations and from the various advanced
treatment modes of the mobile pilot  plant  at  1  previously  sampled
location   during  September,  October,  and  November  of  1977.   An
additional  10  locations  were  sampled  in  the  fourth   phase   to
investigate  the  day-to-day  fluctuations  in  raw wastes and treated
effluents.  This phase also studied the  efficiency  of  various  full
scale   advanced,   physicochemical   treatment   technologies.    Six
additional mills and nine previously sampled mills were sampled in Nay
through October 1978.                           ,                      '

The scope of the field sampling program,  to  date,  is  presented  in
Table  V-ll.   A  total  of  50  mills was sampled, including all nine
subcategories, with more emphasis placed on the major subcategories in
terms of number and  size  of  establishments.   Most  of  the  direct
discharge  mills  provide BPT  (secondary) treatment, and a few provide
additional  (advanced) treatment processes.  The sample collection  and
handling  procedures employed by each sampling crew and the laboratory
analytical procedures used conformed to protocols developed by EPA.  A
summary of the procedures is provided in Appendix D.

The overall qualitative results of  the field sampling program  of  raw
textile  mill  wastewaters by subcategory are presented in Table V-12.
All positive results are included whether or not the concentration  is
regarded   as   meaningful   in   terms   of  analytical  accuracy  or
environmental  impact.   Three  of  the  toxic  pollutants    (Bis   2-
ethylhexyl)  phthalate,  copper,  and  zinc  were detected in all nine
major subcategories.  An additional five pollutants were  detected  in
eight  of  the  nine  major subcategories.  At the opposite end of the
scale, 18 toxic pollutants were detected in only a single subcategory.
This reflects the wide variety of manufacturing  methods  and  process
machinery   in  the  textile  industry  and,  perhaps,  the fluctuating
character of textile wastes caused  by batch  operations  and  frequent
changes in product line.  Of interest was the finding that the average
number   of   organic  toxic  pollutants  detected  at  44  mills  was
approximately six.  The quantitative results  of  the  field  sampling
program  are  summarized  in  Table V-13, with the median and maximum
concentrations and the numbers of mills where detected.   Results  are
shown  for  the  water  supply,  the  raw  wastes,  and  the secondary
treatment effluent.  The results from  advanced  treatment  units  are
included  in  Section VII to describe the performance of the different
technologies.  It should be  noted   (Table  V-ll)  that  water  supply
                                  121

-------














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samples were collected for 14 mills, with two pairs of mills using the
same  supply.   In  other words, 12 separate water supply samples were
collected and analyzed.

Table V-13 includes all 129 of the toxic pollutants, whether  detected
in  textile  wastes  or  not,  and  it shows that 65 toxic pollutants,
including all but two of the pesticides and all of the PCB's were  not
detected  in any wastewater sample.  An additional 15 toxic pollutants
were detected only once, i.e., in samples from only one source stream.

With the exception of zinc, the maximum  concentration  of  any  toxic
pollutant  detected  in  raw wastewater was less than 5 mg/1; zinc was
detected at just under 8 mg/1.

The field sampling program  differed  from  the  usual  screening  and
verification programs prescribed by EPA in that the number of mills in
each  subcategory  was changed to more closely fit the distribution of
mills in the industry.  Because  of  the  wide  diversity  within  the
manufacturing   processes   used  by  the  textile  industry,  it  was
recognized that the screening phase should  encompass  more  than  one
mill  in each subcategory.  That this expanded approach was correct is
indicated by the number of toxic pollutants that were detected at only
one of 44 mills, as discussed in  more  detail  in  Section  VI.   The
findings   of   the  field  sampling  program  also  indicate  that  ;a
verification program that adhered exactly to the  EPA  protocol  would
not  have  produced  different  results  because  many  of  the  toxic
pollutants were found  infrequently and probably would not  have  shpwn
up  during  the  verification  phase.   On  the  other hand, the field
sampling program did clearly  identify those toxic pollutants that  are
generally used in the  various subcategories of the textile industry.

Toxic Pollutants - Field Sampling Data                     ,

Based on the data from the field sampling program, the most frequently
occurring  toxic  pollutants  within  each subcategory of the  industry
were identified.  Both raw wastewater and .secondary  treated   effluent
samples  were  reviewed,  and   all  values  of  10 ug/> and above were
included.  The maximum concentration detected and the number of  mills
where  the  pollutant   was detected were considered  in determining the
significance of the pollutants.

It should be noted that the  number  of mills  sampled  was  necessarily
limited,  and  this   information   is  not  intended as an  all-inclusive
listing.  Subsequent data may result  in other toxic  pollutants  being
observed.

Subcateqory  1. -  Wool Scouring.    Three  mills  in  the  Wool  Scouring
Subcategory  were  sampled   for  toxic  pollutants.    The  ,  following
pollutants were found  to be  most  significant:            •; /
                                  138
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  8 .   1,2, 4-tr i chlorobenzene
 65.   phenol                   ,  ^
 66.   bis  (2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
 68.   di-ni-butyl  phthalate
 70.   diethyl  phthalate
 85 .   tetrachloroethylene
 87 .   trichloroethylene
115.   arsenic
118.   cadmium
119.   chromium
120.   copper
121.   cyanide
122.   lead
124.   nickel
126.   silver
128.   zinc
found  to be most  significant:

  25 .   1 , 2-dichlorobenzene
  27 .   1 , 4-dichlorobenzene
  38.   ethyl benzene
  55.   naphthalene
  64 .   pentachlorophenol
  66.   bis( 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
  87 .   trichloroethylene
 118.   cadmium
 119.   chromium
 120.   copper
 123.   mercury
 124.   nickel
 128.   zinc
             - T.QW water Use  Processing.   Two mills  in
 Use Proessing Subcategory were
 following pollutants were found to be most
                                                             Low Water

                                                             "  ThC
23.
87.
120.
122.
124.
126.
128.
chloroform
trichloroethylene
copper
lead
nickel
silver
zinc
snhrateaorv 4 - ซ™ป" P'bric Finishing.  Sixteen ""^^
Fabric Finishing Subcategory were sampled for toxic pollutants
                                                                     e
                                                                   The
                                   139
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 following pollutants were found to be most significant:

   4.   benzene
   7.   (mono)  chlorobenzene
   8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
  21.   2,4,6-trichlorophenol
  22.   parachlorometacresol
  23.   chloroform
  24.   2-chlorophenol
  32.   1,2-dichloropropane
  38.   ethyl benzene
  44.   methylene chloride
  55.   naphthalene
  62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
  64.   pentachlorophenol
  65.   phenol
  66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
  68.   di-n-butyl phthalate
  70.   dimethyl phthalate
  86.   toluene
  87.   trichloroethylene
114.   antimony
115.   arsenic
118.   cadmium
119.   chromium
120.    copper
122.    lead
123.   mercury
124.   nickel
126.   silver
128.   zinc

Subcateqories 5a and 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing.  Six mills in the Knit
Fabric Finishing Subcategory were sampled for toxic poUutlnts.  The
following pollutants were found to be most significant-
  8.
 23.
 25.
 38.
 55.
 64.
 65.
 66.
 69.
 70.
 85.
 86.
 87.
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
chloroform
1,2-dichlorobenzene
ethyl benzene
naphthalene
pentachlorophenol
phenol
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
diethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
tr i chloroethy1ene
                                 140
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114.   antimony
115.   arsenic
118.   cadmium
119.   chromium
120.   copper
121.   cyanide
122.   lead
124.   nickel
126.   silver
128.   zinc

Subcateqory 5c - Hosiery Products.  Three mills in the Knit Fabric
Finishing - Hosiery Products Subcategory were sampled for priority
pollutants.  The following pollutants were found to be most significant:

  3.   acrylonitrile
 21.   2,4,6-trichlorophenol
 23.   chloroform
 55.   naphthalene
 62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
 65.   phenol
 66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
 67.   tetrachloroethylene
119.   chromium
126.   silver
128.   zinc

Subcateqory 6 - Carpet Finishing.  Three mills in the Carpet Finishing
Subcategory were sampled for toxic pollutants.  The following pollutants
were found to be most significant;

 23.   chloroform
 37.   diphenylhydrazine
 55.   naphthalene
 65.   phenol
 66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
118.   cadmium
119.   chromium
120.   copper
121.   cyanide
123.   mercury
124.   nickel
126.   silver
128.   zinc

Subcateqory 7 - Stock & Yarn Finishing.  Six mills in the Stock &
Yarn Finishing Subcategory were sampled for toxic pollutants.  The
following pollutants were found to be most significant:
                                 141
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 23.   chloroform
 55.   naphthalene
 65.   phenol
 66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
 69.   diethyl phthalate
 70.   dimethyl phthalate
 87.   trichloroethylene
114.   antimony
118.   cadmium
119.   chromium
120.   copper
122.   lead
123.   mercury
124.   nickel
126.   silver
128.   zinc

Subcateqorv 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing.  Three mills in the Nonwoven
Manufacturing Subcategory were sampled for toxic pollutants.  The
following pollutants were found to be most significant:

  4.   benzene
 23.   chloroform
 55.   naphthalene
 66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
 67.   butyl benzyl phthalate
 86.   toluene
118.   cadmium
120.   copper
121.   cyanide
122.   lead
124,   nickel
126.   silver
128.   zinc

Subcateqorv  9 -  Felted  Fabric Processing.  One mill  in  the  Felted  Fabric
Processing  Subcategory  was sampled for toxic pollutants.  The following
pollutants  were  found to be most significant:

 55.  naphthalene
 65.  phenol
 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
 87.  trichloroethylene

Other Sources of Information

Various  chemical and textile  industry  literature  sources  were reviewed
to  collect  general information about  usage of  the toxic  pollutants.
 in addition,  selected specialists within the  industry  were asked  to
                                  142
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provide  information  about certain of the pollutants.  In some cases,
the results  were opinions from chemists and others and were based  on
the   individual's   experience  only,  without  additional  study  or
research.  In other cases, special study committees were  convened  by
trade  associations  to  gather  information from the membership about
certain of the toxic pollutants.  Except for some of the  metals,  the
findings  of  these committees were qualitative because of the absence
of quantitative historical information.  Two committees, one from  the
American  Textile Manufacturers Institute (ATMI) and one from the Dyes
Environmental and Toxicology Organization   (DETO),  were  particularly
helpful in providing useful information.

ATMI  organized  a  special  Task  Group  on  Toxic  Pollutants and it
reviewed in detail a list of 52 toxic  pollutants  that  were  neither
clearly  present nor clearly absent in textile mill wastewaters.  This
list was based on the  literature and some early results of  the  field
sampling  program.   Information was requested about the likelihood of
each pollutant being present and,  if so, information  about  potential
sources.  The Task Group  classified each pollutant as:

Probable  —  definitely  established as present in product or process.
    Pollutant levels have been  established  in only a  few cases but the
    evidence is sound.

Possible — known or suspected  as  an  intermediate  or   contaminant  of
    products and processes being used.  Many  in this  category could be
    entering  in  an auxiliary  manner  such  as maintenance products and
    agricultural contaminants  in process water.

Not Likely — unable to find data  to  support  the  presence  of   these
    chemicals*

For   each   "probable"   or  "possible"  pollutant, possible  sources  were
suggested.  This  information  is incorporated  in the  discussions  of  the
sources of the  individual toxic pollutants  in Section VI.

The other  industry-related  group was  the  Ecology  Committee of  Dyes
Environmental    and    Toxicology   Organization,   Inc.   {DETO).    DETO
comprises  18 member  companies  that,   in  aggregate,   produce over  90
percent of   the   dyes manufactured in the  United  States.   The  Ecology
Committee  carried  out  a survey of  the  DETO  membership  to  determine
which  of  the  toxic  pollutants in  textile wastewaters  might originate
 in dyes.   The  list  of  pollutants was  narrowed to  40  that, the committee
believed  could  possibly  be   present  in   commercial   dye  products.
Because of  time limitations,  the committee  focused on dye products far
which  domestic  sales (1976)  exceeded 90,000 kg  (approximately 20,000
pounds) per  year and for which there  are more than two producers.   The
 list  of dyes numbered 70.  Questionnaires were  sent   to  and  received
 from   all   18  member companies, and in addition to the 70 listed dyes,
                                  143
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responses were received for an additional 81 dyes, for a total of  151
dye  products  representing  55.3  percent  of the 113,380 metric tons
(approximately 250 million pounds) sold in 1976.  Six toxic pollutants
(chromium, copper,  parachlorometacresol,  pentachlorophenol,  phenol,
and  zinc) were classed as "believed present in (some) commercial dyes
at greater than 0.1%" and 19 additional pollutants were classified  as
"believed  present  in  (some) commercial dyes at less than 0.1%." The
results of the DETO  survey  are  presented  in  more  detail  in  the
discussion  of  the  sources of the individual pollutant parameters in
Section VI.
The ATMI Task Force reports
provided in Appendix E.
and  the  DETO  survey  and  results  are
                                 144
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                              SECTION VI

                  SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The  wastewater  parameters and individual pollutant constituents that
are to be considered in establishing effluent limitations  guidelines,
standards  of performance, and pretreatment standards are presented in
this  section.   They  are  grouped  into  three   separate   classes:
conventional,  non-conventional,  and  toxic  pollutants.   The  toxic
pollutants are further classified into three groups,  based  on  their
evaluated  significance  in textile mill wastewaters.  The information
sources used in selecting the pollutant parameters in each  class  are
described in Section V.

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

The  conventional  pollutant parameters selected for the Textile Mills
Point Source Category are the following:

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
Oil & Grease
pH - Acidity and Alkalinity

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the quantity of oxygen required for
the biological and chemical oxidation of waterborne  substances  under
ambient or test conditions.  Materials which may contribute to the BOD
include:   carbonaceous  organic  materials usable as a  food source by
aerobic organisms; oxidizable nitrogen derived from  nitrates,  ammonia
and  organic  nitrogen  compounds  which   serve  as  food for specific
bacteria; and certain chemically oxidizable materials such as  ferrous
iron,  sulfides,  sulfite, etc. which will react with dissolved oxygen
or are metabolized by bacteria.   In  most  industrial   and  municipal
wastewaters,  the  BOD  derives principally from organic materials and
from ammonia   (which   is  itself  derived  from  animal  or  vegetable
matter).

The  BOD of a waste exerts an adverse effect upon the dissolved oxygen
resources of  a body of water by reducing the oxygen  available to fish,
plant life, and other aquatic   species.    Conditions can  be  reached
where  all  of the dissolved oxygen  in  the water is  utilized resulting
in anaerobic  conditions and the production of undesirable  gases  such
as  hydrogen  sulfide  and methane.  The reduction of dissolved oxygen
can  be  detrimental  to  fish  populations,  fish   growth  rate,  and
organisms  used as fish food.  A total  lack of oxygen due to excessive
BOD can result in the death of  all aerobic aquatic  inhabitants in  the
affected area.
                                  145
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Water  with  a  high BOD indicates the presence of decomposing organic
matter and associated increased bacterial concentrations that  degrade
its   quality   and   potential   uses.   A  by-product  of  high  BOD
concentrations can be increased algal concentrations and blooms  which
result  from  decomposition  of  the organic matter and which form the ,
basis of algal populations.

The BODS (5-day BOD) test is used widely to estimate  the  pollutional
strength of domestic and industrial wastes in terms of the oxygen that
they  will  require if discharged into receiving streams.  The test is
an important one in water pollution control activities.   It  is  used
for  pollution  control  regulatory activities, to evaluate the design
and efficiencies of wastewater treatment works, and  to  indicate  the
state of purification or pollution of receiving bodies of water.

Complete  biochemical  oxidation of a given waste may require a period
of incubation too long for practical analytical  test  purposes.   For
this  reason,  the 5-day period has been accepted as standard, and the
test results have been designated as BODS .   Specific  chemical  test
methods  are  not readily available for measuring the quantity of many
degradable substances and their reaction products.  Reliance  in  such
cases  is placed on the collective parameter, BODS, which measures the
weight of dissolved oxygen utilized by microorganisms as they  oxidize
or   transform   the  gross  mixture  of  chemical  compounds  in  the
wastewater.  The biochemical reactions involved in  the  oxidation  of
carbon  compounds  are related to the period of incubation.  The five-
day BOD normally measures only 60 to 80 percent  of  the  carbonaceous
biochemical  oxygen  demand of the sample, and for many purposes, this
is a reasonable parameter.  Additionally, it can be used  to  estimate
the gross quantity of oxidizable organic matter.

The  BODS  test  is essentially a bioassay procedure which provides an
estimate of  the  oxygen  consumed  by  microorganisms  utilizing  the
degradable  matter  present  in  a  waste  under  conditions  that are
representative of those that are likely to occur in nature.   Standard
condi t ions   of  t ime,  temperature,  suggested  mi crobi al  seed,  and
dilution water for the wastes have been defined and  are  incorporated
in  the  standard  analytical  procedure.   Through  the  use  of this
procedure, the oxygen demand of diverse wastes  can  be  compared  and
evaluated  for pollution potential and to some extent for treatability
by biological treatment processes.

Because the BOD test is a bioassay procedure, it is important that the
environmental  conditions  of   the   test   be   suitable   for   the
microorganisms  to  function  in  an  uninhibited manner at all times.
This means that toxic substances must be absent and that the necessary
nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and trace elements,  must  be
present.
                                 146
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Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Suspended  solids  include  both organic and inorganic materials.  The
inorganic  compounds  include  sand,  silt,  and  clay.   The  organic
fraction  includes  such materials as grease, oil, tar, and animal and
vegetable waste products.  These solids may  settle  out  rapidly  and
bottom  deposits  are  often  a  mixture of both organic and inorganic
solids.  Solids may be suspended in water for a time, and then  settle
to  the bed of the stream or lake.  These solids discharged with man's
wastes may  be  inert,  slowly  biodegradable  materials,  or  rapidly
decomposable  substances.   While  in  suspension,  they  increase the
turbidity of the  water,  reduce  light  penetration  and  impair  the
photosynthetic activity of aquatic plants.

Suspended  solids  in  water interfere with many  industrial processes,
cause foaming in boilers and incrustations  on  equipment  exposed  to
such water, especially as the temperature rises.  They are undesirable
in  process  water  used  in  the manufacture of  steel,  in the textile
industry, in laundries,  in dyeing, and in cooling systems.

Solids  in suspension are aesthetically displeasing.  When they   settle
to  form  sludge  deposits  on  the stream or lake bed,  they are often
damaging to the life in  water.  Solids,  when  transformed  to   sludge
deposits,  may  do  a variety of damaging things, including blanketing
the stream or lake bed and  thereby destroying the living  spaces  for
those   benthic  organisms   that  would  otherwise occupy that habitat.
When of an organic  nature,  solids   use  a  portion   or all  of  the
dissolved  oxygen available in the  area.  Organic materials also serve
as a food source for sludgeworms and  associated organisms.

Disregarding any toxic effect attributable to substances leached  out
by  water,  suspended  solids  may  kill  fish and shellfish by causing
abrasive injuries and by clogging the gills  and   respiratory  passages
of various aquatic fauna.

Indirectly, suspended solids are  inimical  to aquatic  life because  they
screen  out  light,  and they promote  and maintain  the  development of
noxious conditions through  oxygen   depletion.   This   results   in  the
killing of fish and fish food organisms.   Suspended  solids also  reduce
the  recreational value of the water.

Oil  &  Grease

Because of  widespread  use, oil and grease occur often in wastewater
streams.   These oily wastes may  be  classified as  follows:

1.   Light  Hydrocarbons  - These  include  light fuels such   as   gasoline,
kerosene,  and  jet  fuel,  and miscellaneous solvents used  for  industrial
processing,  degreasing, or  cleaning purposes.   The presence  of these
                                  147
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light hydrocarbons may make the removal of other heavier  oily  wastes
more difficult.

2.  Heavy Hydrocarbons, Fuels and Tar - These include the crude  oils,
diesel oils, #6 fuel oil, residual oils, slop oils and, in some cases,
asphalt and road tar.

3.  Lubricants and Cutting Fluids -  These  generally  fall  into  two
classes:  non-emuIsifiable  oils  such as lubricating oils and greases
and emulsifiable oils  such  as  water  soluble  oils,  rolling  oils,
cutting  oils,  and  drawing compounds.  Emulsifiable oils may contain
fat, soap, or various other additives.

4.  Vegetable and Animal Fats and Oils  -  These  originate  primarily
from processing of foods and natural products.

These compounds can settle or float and may exist as solids or liquids
depending  upon factors such as method of use, production process, and
temperature of wastewater.

Oils and grease even in small quantities cause troublesome  taste  and
odor  problems.   Scum  lines  from these agents are produced on water
treatment basin walls and other containers.  Fish and water  fowl  are
adversely affected by oils in their habitat.  Oil emulsions may adhere
to  the  gills  of  fish causing suffocation, and the flesh of fish is
tainted when microorganisms that were exposed to waste oil are  eaten.
Deposition  of  oil  in  the  bottom  sediments  of water can serve to
inhibit normal benthic growth.   Oil  and  grease  exhibit  an  oxygen
demand.

Levels  of  oil  and  grease which are toxic to aquatic organisms vary
greatly,  depending  on  the  type  and  the  species  susceptibility.
However,  it has been reported that crude oil in concentrations as low
as 0.3 mg/1 is extremely toxic  to  fresh-water  fish.   It  has  been
recommended  that public water supply sources be essentially free from
oil and grease.

Oil and grease in quantities of 100 1/sq km (10 gallons/sq mile)  show
up  as a sheen on the surface of a body of water.  The presence of oil
slicks prevent the full aesthetic enjoyment of water.  The presence of
oil in water can also increase the toxicity of other substances  being
discharged   into  the  receiving  bodies  of  water.   Municipalities
frequently limit the quantity of oil and grease that can be discharged
to their wastewater treatment systems by industry.

Wool wax is a substantial pollutant in the Wool  Scouring  subcategory
of the textile industry; in other subcategories, materials measured as
grease and oil are much less troublesome.
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pH - Acidity and Alkalinity

Although  not  a  specific  pollutant, pH is related to the acidity or
alkalinity of a wastewater stream.  It  is  not  a  linear  or  direct
measure  of either; however, it may properly be used as a surrogate to
control both excess acidity and excess alkalinity in water.  The  term
pH  is  used  to  describe  the hydrogen ion - hydroxyl ion balance in
water.  Technically, pH is the hydrogen ion concentration or  activity
present in a given solution.  pH numbers are the negative logarithm of
the  hydrogen  ion  concentrations.   A  pH  of  7 generally indicates
neutrality or a balance between free hydrogen and free hydroxyl  ions.
Solutions  with  a  pH above 7 indicate that the solution is alkaline,
while a pH below 7 indicates that the solution is acidic.

Knowledge of the pH of water or wastewater is  useful  in  determining
necessary  measures  for  corrosion  control,  pollution  control, and
disinfection.  Waters with a pH below 6.0 are corrosive to water works
structures, distribution lines, and household  plumbing  fixtures  and
such  corrosion  can  add constituents to drinking water such as iron,
copper, zinc, cadmium and lead.   Low  pH  waters  not  only  tend  to
dissolve  metals  from  structures  and  fixtures  but  also  tend  to
redissolve or leach metals from sludges  and  bottom  sediments.   The
hydrogen ion concentrations can affect the taste of the water and at a
low pH, water tastes sour.

Extremes of pH or rapid pH changes can exert stress conditions or kill
aquatic life outright.  Even moderate changes from acceptable criteria
limits  of  pH are deleterious to some species.  The harmful effect on
aquatic life of many materials is increased by changes  in  the  water
pH.  For example, metalocyanide complexes can increase a thousand-fold
in  toxicity  with a drop of 1.5 pH units.  Similarly, the toxicity of
ammonia is a function of pH.  The bactericidal effect of  chlorine  in
most  cases  is  less  as  the  pH  increases,  and it is economically
advantageous to keep the pH close to 7.

NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

The non-conventional pollutant parameters  selected  for  the  Textile
Mill Point Source Category are the following:

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)

Chemical  oxygen  demand  (COD)  is  a  purely chemical oxidation test
devised as an alternate method of estimating the total  oxygen  demand
of  a  wastewater.  Since the method relies on the oxidation-reduction
system of chemical analyses rather than on biological factors,  it  is
more  precise, accurate, and rapid than the BOD test.  The COD test is
widely used to estimate the total oxygen demand (ultimate rather  than
5-day  BOD)  to oxidize the compounds in a wastewater.  It is based on
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the fact that  organic  compounds,  with  a  few  exceptions,  can  be
oxidized  by  strong chemical oxidizing agents under acidic conditions
with the assistance of certain inorganic catalysts.

The COD  test  measures  the  oxygen  demand  of  compounds  that  are
biologically  degradable  and  of many that are not.  Pollutants which
are measured by the BODS test will be measured by the  COD  test.   In
addition,  pollutants which are more resistant to biological oxidation
will also be measured as COD.  COD is  a  more  inclusive  measure  of
oxygen  demand  than  is  BODS and will result in higher oxygen demand
values than will the BODS test.

The compounds which are more resistant  to  biological  oxidation  are
becoming of greater and greater concern not only because of their slow
but  continuing oxygen demand on the resources of the receiving water,
but also because of their potential health effects on aquatic life and
humans.  Many of these compounds result from industrial discharges and
some have been found  to  have  carcinogenic,  mutagenic  and  similar
adverse effects, either singly or in combination.  Concern about these
compounds  has increased as a result of demonstrations that their long
life in receiving water - the result of a slow  biochemical  oxidation
rate  -  allows  them  to  contaminate  downstream water intakes.  The
commonly used systems of  water  purification  are  not  effective  in
removing   these   types   of  materials  and  disinfection,  such  as
chlorination, may convert them into even more hazardous materials.

Thus the COD test measures  organic  matter  which  exerts  an  oxygen
demand  and which may affect the health of the people.  It is a useful
analytical tool for pollution control activities.   It provides a  more
rapid  measurement  of  the  oxygen  demand and an  estimate of organic
compounds which are not measured  in the BODS test.

Color

Color is defined as either "true" or "apparent."   In Standard  Methods
for  the  Examination  of  Water and Wastewater  (8), the true color of
water is defined as "the color of water from which  the  turbidity  has
been  removed."   Apparent   colors  include  "not only the color due to
substances in solution, but  also due to suspended matter."

Color in textile wastewater  results  from  equipment  washup,  textile
wash water and from dye not  exhausted  in the dyeing process.

Color  bodies  interfere  with  the  transmission   of light within the
visible spectrum which is absorbed  and  used   in   the  photosynthetic
process  of  microflora.   Color  will  affect   the aquarian ecosystem
balance by changing the amount of light transmitted and  may  lead  to
species turnover.
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Color  bodies  discharged  to waterways alter the natural stream color
and thereby become an aesthetic pollutant.  Unnatural receiving  water
color  detracts  from  the visual appeal and recreational value of the
waterways.

Color, when discharged to receiving  waters,  may  have  a  detrimenal
effect  on  downstream municipal and industrial water users.  Color is
not treated for in  conventional  water  treatment  systems  and  when
passed  to  users  may  result  in  consumer  discontent  and may also
interfere with industrial processes which demand high quality water.

Color is found in wastewater throughout the  textile  industry.   Some
colors  are  water  soluble and some are not (dispersed and vat dyes).
Biodegradability of many of the dyes  responsible  for  the  color  is
highly  variable,  and  toxicity and effect on aquatic life of many of
these dyes is unknown.  Many hues are used  in dyeing, and  may  appear
in  wastes;  their combination in waste streams frequently generates a
gray or black color.  There  is  no  universally  accepted  monitoring
method, although an analytical procedure developed by the American Dye
Manufacturers  Institute   (ADMI)  has  been found to evaluate color in
textile effluents most accurately.  The analytical procedure  and  the
calculations  required to  evaluate color are reported in Appendix A of
the Point Source Development Document  (1).

TOXIC POLLUTANTS

Because there are several  manufacturing processes that are  common  to
more  than  one subcategory of the textile  industry, the data from all
mills in  the field sampling program were  combined in order  to identify
the   toxic  pollutants  that  are  most   significant  for   the  entire
industry.

Using  the  data from the  field sampling  program and the other sources
of   information  described  in  Section   V,  each  of  the  129   toxic
pollutants  was evaluated  in terms of  its significance in textile mill
wastewaters.  The results  are presented below  in  three  groups.   The
first  group  includes  17 organic compounds,  cyanides, and 11 metals.
Most  of these were found frequently and all  were  detected  at   least
once  in  secondary treatment effluents  at concentrations of 10 ug/1 or
greater,  except for mercury.  The second  group  includes  those   toxic
pollutants  that  are potentially  significant  in textile  mill wastes
either  in  terms  of measured  raw    waste   or    treated   effluent
concentrations  or  frequency  of  detection.    None  were  detected  in
secondary treatment effluents at concentrations  of 10 ug/1  or  above.
Some  Group  2 pollutants were not detected,  but were  either  established
as  potentially  present  in mill wastes by  industrial sources  (ATMI or
DETO)  or  suggested  as   possibly  present as  an   intermediate  or
contaminant.   The  third  group   includes   27  organic compounds plus
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asbestos  that  are  regarded  as  unlikely  constituents  of  textile
wastewaters.

The  10  ug/1  level  was selected as an interim limit for the textile
industry  in  order  to  focus  upon  those  toxic   pollutants   that
potentially  will  cause  the most serious problems.  There exist some
questions about the reliability of results below 10 ug/1 for  some  of
the   toxic  pollutants  because  of  limitations  in  the  analytical
procedures to extract, concentrate, and clean up  samples  of  textile
mill  wastewaters.   Also,  at  this time, there is little information
available about treatment options that can control  concentrations  at
levels below 10 ug/1.

Group 1 - Most Significant in Textile Wastewaters

The  toxic  pollutants  judged  to be most significant in textile mill
wastewaters are the following:

  3. acrylonitrile
  4. benzene
  8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
 21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
 22. parachlorometacresol
 23. chloroform
 25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
 38. ethylbenzene
 49. trichlorofluoromethane
 55. naphthalene
 63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
 64. pentachlorophenol
 65. phenol
 66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
 85. tetrachloroethylene
 86. toluene
 87. trichloroethylene
114. antimony
115. arsenic
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
121. cyanide
122. lead
123. mercury
124. nickel
125. selenium
126. silver
128. zinc
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A brief discussion of the traditional uses  and  possible  sources  in
textile  mill  operations  of  each  of  the  Group 1 toxic pollutants
follows.

Acrylonitrile.  Acrylonitrile  is  an  unsaturated  synthetic  organic
compound  primarily  used  in the production of acrylic and modacrylic
fibers,  nitrile  rubber,  and  plastics.   Annual  production  totals
approximately 1,5 billion pounds.

Sources  of  acrylonitrile  reported  by 'the textile industry include
fibers and other raw materials, laboratory operations, dyes, and latex
compounds.  Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 32 indicated  "known  or
suspected  presence"  in mill wastewaters.  Despite this indication of
rather common usage, acrylonitrile was detected at only 1 mill  of  44
in the field sampling program.

Benzene.   Benzene  is produced principally from coal tar distillation
and from petroleum by catalytic reforming of light naphthas from which
it is isolated by  distillation  or  solvent  extraction.   The  broad
utility  spectrum  of benzene  (commercially sometimes called "Benzol")
includes:  extraction  and  rectification;  as  an  intermediate   for
synthesis   in   the   chemical  and  pharmaceutical  industries;  the
preparation and use of inks in  the  graphic  arts  industries;  as  a
thinner for lacquers; as a degreasing and cleaning agent; as a solvent
in  the  rubber  industry;  as  an  antiknock  fuel additive; and as a
general solvent in laboratories.  Industrial processes  involving  the
production  of benzene and chemical synthesis usually are performed in
sealed and protected systems.   Currently,  benzene  is  used  by  the
chemical  industry  at  the  rate  of  1.4  billion  gallons annually.
Sources of benzene  reported  by  the  textile  industry  include  raw
materials,  use  as a solvent, and dyes, although it was not one of 25
priority pollutants suggested by DETO as likely to be present  in  the
151  dye  products  that  represent  the  bulk  of  the dye industry's
commercial volume by weight.  Out of  418  questionnaire  returns,  32
indicated  "known or suspected presence" in mill wastewaters.  Benzene
was detected at greater than 10 ug/1 levels in 5 mills  in  the  field
sampling  program,  and  at  lesser  levels  in  6  mills.   With  one
exception, however, levels in secondary effluents were  "less  than  5
ug/1" or undetectable.

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene.   The  compound  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene  is  a
chlorinated benzene and is  one  of  the  class  of  aromatic  organic
compounds  characterized  by  the  substitution  of  from  one  to six
chlorine atoms on the benzene nucleus.  Other trichlorobenzene isomers
are 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene, and 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene but  these  are
not  used in significant quantity.  The compound has seen use as a dye
carrier in the textile industry,  a  herbicide  intermediate,  a  heat
transfer  medium,  a  dielectric fluid in transformers, a degreaser, a
lubricant, and as a potential  insecticide  against  termites.   During
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the period 1973-1974, production and use of trichlorobenzenes resulted
in approximately 8,182 metric tons entering the aquatic environment.

Sources  of  trichlorobenzene reported by the textile industry include
usage  as  a  dye  carrier  in  dyeing  polyester  fiber,   laboratory
operations,  scouring  in  the  dyeing process, and as a raw material.
Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 86  indicated  "known  or  suspected
presence"  in mill wastewaters.  It was detected at 10 ug/1 or greater
(often much greater) in 10 of 44 mills in the field sampling program.

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol.  The compound 2,4,6-trichlorophenol belongs  to
thechemical   class  known  as  chlorinated  phenols.   This  class
represents a group of commercially produced, substituted  phenols  and
cresols  referred  to as chlorophenols and chlorocresols.  Chlorinated
phenols are used as intermediates in the synthesis of dyes,  pigments,
phenolic  resins,  pesticides,  and herbicides.  Certain chlorophenols
also  are  used  directly  as  flea   repellents,   fungicides,   wood
preservatives,   mold   inhibitors,  antiseptics,  disinfectants,  and
antigumming agents for gasoline.  Sources of  trichlorophenol  in  the
textile  industry  include  possible  usage as a preservative and as a
constituent or impurity in carrier systems for dyeing polyester.   Out
of 418 questionnaire returns, 7 indicated "suspected presence" in mill
wastewaters.   Trichlorophenol  was  detected  in  the  wastes at five
textile mills during the field sampling program.

Parachlorometacresol.  Parachlorometacresol belongs  to  the  chemical
class  known as chlorinated phenols.  This class represents a group of
commercially produced, substituted phenols and cresols referred to  as
chlorophenols  and  chlorocresols.   Chlorinated  phenols  are used as
intermediates in the synthesis of  dyes,  pigments,  phenolic  resins,
pesticides,  and  herbicides.   Certain  chlorophenols  also  are used
directly as flea  repellents,  fungicides,  wood  preservatives,  mold
inhibitors,  antiseptics,  disinfectants,  and  antigumming agents for
gasoline.

Sources of Parachlorometacresol reported by the industry  include  its
possible  use  as  a biocide or disinfectant in dyestuffs, dye carrier
systems, and in industrial cleaning compounds.  The survey of the  dye
manufacturing  industry conducted by DETO indicated that this compound
was one of six toxic  pollutants  that  could  be  present  at  levels
greater  than  0.1  percent  in  some  commercial  dyes,  resulting in
possible  raw  waste  loadings  from  100  to  1,000  ug/1.   Of   418
questionnaire  returns,  3  indicated "suspected presence" in the mill
wastewater.  This compound was detected at  two  mills  in  the  field
sampling program.

Chloroform.  Chloroform was initially employed as an anesthetic agent;
however,  it  has become obsolete as a widely used anesthetic in favor
of other agents with more desirable properties.   The  major  uses  of
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chloroform  at  present are as a solvent and as an intermediate in the
production of refrigerants, plastics, and Pharmaceuticals.  Chloroform
seems to be ubiquitous in the environment in trace amounts; discharges
into the environment result largely  from  chlorination  treatment  of
water and wastewater.

Sources of chloroform reported by the textile industry include its use
in  dyeing  operations  and in the laboratory.  Although only 7 out of
418 questionnaire returns indicated  "known or suspected  presence"  of
chloroform,  it  was  detected  at   levels greater than 10 ug'/l in the
wastewaters from 12 of 44 mills in the field sampling program, and  at
lesser levels in 2 additional mills.

1,2-Dichlorobenzene.   The compound  1,2-dichlorobenzene belongs to the
chemical class known as dichlorobenzenes.  This class of compounds  is
represented  by three isomers:  1,2-dichloro-, 1,3-dichloro-, and 1,4-
dichloro-benzene.  Both  1,2-dichloro-  and  1,4-dichloro-benzene  are
produced   almost  entirely  as  byproducts  from  the  production  of
monochlorobenzene.  Production in 1975 consisted of 24,801 metric tons
of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 20,754 metric tons of  1,4-dichlorobenzene.
The  estimated  losses  of  dichlorobenzenes  during the production of
monochlorobenzene are 20.5  kg/metric  ton  to  wastewater  and  22.22
kg/metric ton to land disposal.  The major uses of 1,2-dichlorobenzene
are as a process solvent in the manufacturing of toluene diisocyanate,
and  as an intermediate in the synthesis of dyestuffs, herbicides, and
degreasers.

In the survey carried out by DETO, 1,2-dichlorobenzene was  judged  to
be  present  in  some  commercial  dyes,  but  at levels less than 0.1
percent.  This is the only reported  source of this compound in textile
mill wastewaters.  Out of  418  questionnaire  returns,  18   indicated
"known  or  suspected  presence"  in the  wastewaters.    In  the field
sampling program, this pollutant was detected at greater than 10  ug/1
at 4 mills, and at lesser concentrations at 5 additional mills.

Ethylbenzene.   Ethylbenzene is an alkyl substituted aromatic compound
employed as an antiknock compound  for  airplane  engine   fuel,  as   a
lacquer  diluent, in the synthesis of styrols for resins,  as  a solvent
for paraffin waxes, and in the production of cellulose acetate,  silks.
It  is  only  slightly  soluble in water, but will dissolve in organic
solvents.     V

Ethylbenzene was one of 25 toxic pollutants that  may  be  present  in
some  commercial  dyes,  at  less  than  0.1 percent, according to the
survey carried out by DETO.   Its  presence  in  dyestuffs  and  as   a
solvent  in print pastes was also reported by individual mills.  While
only 9 out of 418.questionnaire returns indicated "known or   suspected
presence"  in  mill wastewaters, ethylbenzene was detected at 23 of 44
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mills in the field sampling program.  Concentration levels of 10  ug/1
or more were measured in the wastewaters from 19 of the 23 mills.

Trichlorofluoromethane.    Trichlorofluoromethane  belongs to the class
of compounds known as halomethanes.  These compounds are a subcategory
of the  halogenated  hydrocarbons.   Tricholorofluoromethane  is  also
known as trichloromonofluoromethane, fluorotrichloromethane, Freon 11,
Frigen  11,  and  Acton 9.  Freon compounds are organic compounds that
contain fluorine.  They have a  high  degree  of  chemical  stability,
relatively  low  toxicity, and are nonflammable.  They have found many
applications ranging from use as propellants to  use  as  refrigerants
and solvents.

Trichlorofluoromethane  may  be  used  as a refrigerant and an aerosol
propellant in the textile industry.  None of the questionnaire returns
indicated  any  likelihood  of  this  compound  being  in   the   mill
wastewaters,  although  one  industry  source speculated that it might
result  from  laboratory  operations.   It  was  detected  in  treated
effluents  at five mills in the field sampling program, but not in the
raw wastes at these mills.

Naphthalene.  Naphthalene, a bicyclic aromatic compound, is  the  most
abundant  single  constituent  of  coal  tar.   It  is  also  found in
cigarette smoke.  This compound is used  as  an  intermediate  in  the
production  of  dye  compounds  and  in  the  formation  of  solvents,
lubricants, and motor fuels.  The largest use of  napthalene  in  1975
(58 percent of total use) was for the synthesis of phthalic anhydride.
It  has also been used as a moth repellent and insecticide, as well as
an antihelminthic and as an intestinal antiseptic and vermicide.

Sources of naphthalene in textile mill  wastewaters  reported  by  the
industry are dyes and possibly laboratory operations.  The direct dyes
were  cited  as  specific  sources  of this compound.  The DETO survey
results indicated that this toxic pollutant was likely to  be  present
in   some   dyes  at  levels  less  than  0.1  percent.   Out  of  418
questionnaire returns, 55 indicated "known or suspected  presence"  in
mill  wastewaters.   In the field sampling program, it was detected at
10 ug/1 or greater concentrations at 15 mills and at lesser levels  in
7 additional mills.

N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine.    The  compound  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
belongs to the chemical class  known  as  nitrosamines.   The  organic
nitrosocompounds  are  a  large  group of chemicals characterized by  a
nitroso group (N=0) that is attached to the nitrogen  of  a  secondary
amine.  Patent applications show potential uses of nitrosamines in the
manufacture  of  rubber,  dyestuffs,  gasoline  additives, lubricating
oils,  explosives,  insecticides,   fungicides,   dielectric   fluids,
acrylonitrile,  plasticizers,  industrial solvents, and hydrazine.  At
present, two major industries are involved in  handling  nitrosamines:
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organic     chemicals    manufacturing    and    rubber    processing.
Diphenylnitrosamine is  the  only  nitrosamine  that  is  produced  in
quantities  greater than 450 kg.  It is used as a vulcanizing retarder
in rubber processing and in pesticides.  Other  nitrosamines  are  not
produced commercially except as research chemicals.

Limited  industry  information suggests that N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
may possibly be present in textile mill wastewaters from contamination
of  certain  chemicals,  perhaps  some  dyes.    None   of   the   418
questionnaire  returns indicated "known or suspected presence" in mill
wastes.  In the field sampling program, this compound was detected  at
only  two  mills,  at  relatively  low concentrations, and only in the
effluents from secondary treatment systems.

Pentachlorophenol.  Pentachlorophenol  (PCP) is a commercially produced
bactericide,  fungicide,  and  slimicide  used   primarily   for   the
preservation  of  wood,  wood  products,  and  other  materials.  As a
chlorinated hydrocarbon, its biological properties have also  resulted
in its use as a herbicide, insecticide, and molluscicide.

Pentachlorophenol is used in the textile industry as a preservative in
dyes.   In  the  DETO  survey  results,  this  was  one  of  six toxic
pollutants that could be expected in some commercial  dyes  at  levels
greater than 0.1 percent, resulting in possible raw textile wastewater
concentrations   in   the  100  to  1,000  ug/1  range.   Out  of  418
questionnaire returns, 17 indicated "known or suspected  presence"  in
mill  wastewaters.   In  the field sampling program, pentachlorophenol
was detected at 10 ug/1 or greater levels in 10 mills,  and  at  lower
levels in 2 additional mills.

Phenol.   Phenol  is  an  aromatic  compound that has a hydroxyl group
attached directly to the benzene ring.  It is a liquid and is somewhat
soluble in water.  Phenol is used in large quantities as an industrial
chemical.  It is produced almost entirely as an intermediate  for  the
preparation of other chemicals.  These include synthetic polymers such
as phenolic resins, bis-phenol and caprolactam plastics intermediates,
and chlorinated and alkylated phenols.

Phenol  is  used in the textile industry as a preservative in dyes and
could be present in textile mill raw wastes in the 100 to  1,000  ug/1
range  according  to  the  results  of  the  DETO  survey.  Out of 418
questionnaire returns, 81 reported "known presence" and an  additional
47  reported  "suspected  presence"  in  mill  wastewaters.   Reported
sources  cover  a  wide  spectrum  including  the  water  supply;  raw
materials,   including various fibers; dyes and dye carriers; finishing
resins; nylon carpet processing; laboratory  operations;  and  general
cleaners  and  disinfectants  used in the mill.  In the field sampling
program, phenol was detected at concentrations greater than 10 ug/1 in
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the wastewaters from 25 of 44 mills, and at lesser concentrations at 4
additional mills.

Bis (2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate.  Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate belongs to
the group of compounds known as phthalate esters.  The  phthalic  acid
esters  (PAE)  are a large group of substances widely used in the U.S.
and the rest of the world as plasticizers.  In the plastics  industry,
they  are  used  to impart flexibility to plastic polymers, to improve
workability during fabrication, and to extend or modify properties not
present in the original plastic resins.

PAE are extensively used in polyvinylchloride plastics, which  have  a
wide  variety  of  applications.   They  are contained in building and
construction materials (flooring, weatherstripping, wire, and  cable),
home   furnishings   (garden   hoses,   wall   covering,  upholstery),
transportation materials (seat covers, auto mats), apparel  (footwear,
outerwear,  baby  pants), and food surfaces and medical products  (food
wrap film, medical tubing, intravenous bags).  Dioctylphthalate   (OOP)
and  its isomer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEPH) are probably the most
widely used plasticizers today.  PAE also have minor non-plastic  uses
as  pesticide carriers, in cosmetics, fragrances,  industrial oils, and
insect repellents.

The PAE plasticizers, which can be present in concentrations up to  60
percent of the total weight of the plastic, are only loosely linked to
the  plastic  polymers  and are easily extracted.  PAE are known  to be
widely distributed in the environment.  They have  been found in   soil,
water, air, fish  tissue, and human tissue.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate may make up from 10 to 50 percent of some
coating formulations used in the textile  industry.  It was detected at
levels of 10 ug/1 or greater in wastewaters from 27 out  of  44   (61%)
mills  in  the   field  sampling program, although  only 4 questionnaire
returns out of 418 reported  "suspected presence" in mill wastes.  This
toxic pollutant  was also found at significant concentrations  (10  ug/1
or  greater)   in  raw  water  supplies  and  in  tubing  blanks.  This
indicates that its use may be less widespread in the industry than the
61  percent occurrence noted above.   It is clear, however,  that  in some
mills this constituent is added to  the  waste  stream  during   textile
finishing.

Tetrachloroethylene.   (Tetrachloroethylene,  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethy-
lene, perchloroethylene, PCE)  is a  colorless, nonflammable liquid used
primarily as a solvent in dry cleaning industries.  It  is   used   to   a
lesser extent  as  a degreasing solvent  in metal  industries.

Perchloroethylene  is  widespread   in  the environment,  and is found  in
water, aquatic organisms,  air,  foodstuffs,  and  human   tissues,   in
quantities   of micrograms per  liter.   The highest  environmental  levels
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of PCE are measured in commercial dry cleaning  and  metal  degreasing
industries.

Although  PCE  is  released  into  water  via  aqueous  effluents from
production plants, consumer  industries,  and  household  sewage,   its
level  in  ambient  water  is  reported  to be minimal due to  its high
volatility.

Tetrachloroethylene is used in the textile industry as a dry   cleaning
solvent  and  in some dyeing operations as part of the carrier systems
or scouring  formulations.   Out  of  418  questionnaire  returns,  29
indicated  "known or suspected presence" in mill wastes.  In the field
sampling program of 44  mills,  tetrachloroethylene  was  detected  at
levels greater than 10 ug/1 at 4 mills, and at lower concentrations at
4 additional mills.

Toluene.   Toluene  is  a clear, colorless, noncorrosive liquid with a
sweet, pungent odor.  The  production  of  toluene  in  the  U.S.   has
increased  steadily  since  1940 when approximately 117 million liters
(31 million gallons) were  produced;  in  1970,  production  was  2.62
billion liters (694 million gallons).  Approximately 70 percent of  the
toluene  produced  is converted to benzene, another 15 percent is used
to produce chemicals, and the remainder  is  used  as  a  solvent   for
paints and as a gasoline additive.

Toluene  is  a volatile compound and is readily transferred from water
surfaces to the atmosphere.  In  the  atmosphere,  it  is  subject  to
photochemical  degradation.  It degrades to benzaldehyde and traces of
peroxybenzoyl nitrate.  Toluene can also re-enter the  hydrosphere  in
rain.

Sources  of  toluene reported by the textile industry include dyes  and
dye carriers, raw materials, and use as a cleaning  solvent.   Toluene
is  one  of 25 toxic pollutants that may be present in commercial dyes
at levels less than 0.1 percent according to the survey carried out by
DETO.  Out of  418  questionnaire  returns,  48  indicated  "known  or
suspected  presence"  in  mill  wastewaters.   In  the  field sampling
program, toluene was detected at levels of 10 ug/1, or greater, at  18
of the 44 mills sampled, and at lesser concentrations at 13 additional
mills.

Trichloroethylene.   Trichloroethylene (1,1,2-trichloroethylene, TCE),
a volatile nonflammable liquid, is used mostly in metal industries  as
a  degreasing  solvent.   It  had minor applications as a dry cleaning
solvent and as an extractive solvent for  decaffeinating  coffee,  but
was  replaced  in  both  these  capacities  by  perchloroethylene  and
methylene chloride, respectively.
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Its volatilization during production and use is the  major  source  of
environmental  levels  of  this  compound.   TCE  has been detected in
ambient air, in food, and in human tissue in  ug/1  (ppb)  quantities.
Its  detection  in  rivers,  municipal  water  supplies,  the sea, and
aquatic organisms indicates that TCE  is  widely  distributed  in  the
aquatic environment at the ug/kg level or lower.  Trichloroethylene is
not  expected  to  persist in the environment.  This is due in part to
its short half-life in air and its evaporation from water.

Sources of trichloroethylene in textile mill wastewaters  reported  by
the  industry include its use as a solvent in dyeing and cleaning, and
also in some raw materials.  Out  of  418  questionnaire  returns,  21
indicated  "known  or  suspected  presence"  in  mill  wastes.  It was
detected in the wastewaters at greater than 10 ug/1 concentrations  in
10  of  the 44 mills visited in the field sampling program, plus three
mills at lower concentrations.

Antimony.  Antimony is a naturally occurring  element  that  makes  up
between  0.2  and 0.5 ppm of the earth's crust.  Environmental concen-
trations of antimony are reported at 0.33 ug/1 in seawater of 35 parts
per thousand salinity and at 1.1 ug/1 in freshwater streams.  Antimony
and its compounds are used in the manufacturing of  alloys,  as  flame
retardants,  pigments,  and  catalysts,  as  well as for medicinal and
veterinary uses.

Individual mills reported possible  sources  of  antimony  in  textile
wastewaters  as  finishing  agents, dyestuffs, and raw materials.  The
DETO survey results did not list antimony  as  one  of   the  25  toxic
pollutants  likely   in  the bulk of commercial dyes produced.  Various
antimony compounds have been used as mordants  in dyeing,   in  printing
pastes, and as pigments in dye manufacture.  Antimony trioxide is used
as  a  flame  retarding  agent.   Out of  418 questionnaire returns, 52
indicated  "known or  suspected presence"  in mill  wastes.   Of  the  44
mills  in   the field sampling program, no antimony was detected  in the
wastewaters  from  roughly  half.   This   metal   was    detected   at
concentrations   judged  to  be  above  common  background water  supply
levels (here selected as 20 ug/1 for antimony)   in  eight mill  waste
streams.   The water  supplies of 12 mills  were  sampled and analyzed for
antimony.   One  supply  had  a  level   of   "less  than   49 ug/1." The
remaining  11 were all less than 18 ug/1.

Arsenic.   Arsenic is a naturally occurring element often  referred  to
as   a   metal,   although    chemically   classified   as   a metalloid.
Environmental concentrations  of arsenic  have  been reported at   0.0005
percent   in the  earth's  crust and  3 ug/1  in sea water.  Analyses of
1577 surface waters  samples  in  the U.S.  showed arsenic   being  present
in   87   samples, with concentrations  ranging  from  5  to  336 ug/1,  and  a
mean  level  of 64 ug/1  (20).   Arsenic  and its  compounds  are used  in  the
manufacturing of  glass,   cloth,  and  electrical  semiconductors,  as
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fungicides and wood preservatives, as growth stimulants for plants and
animals, and in veterinary applications.

Individual  textile  mills reported likely sources of arsenic in their
wastewaters as dyes and "raw materials."   Out  of  418  questionnaire
returns,  16  indicated  "known or suspected presence" in mill wastes.
The survey carried out by DETO confirmed  that  some  commercial  dyes
contain  arsenic;  likely  levels  are  less  than 0.1 percent.  Other
possible  uses  include  its  presence  in  fungicides  and  specialty
chemicals.  Arsenic was not detected at appreciable levels in any mill
water  supplies  sampled.  It was detected in approximately 25 percent
of the raw waste and secondary effluent samples collected in the field
sampling program.  Its occurrence was less widespread than many of the
other metallic toxic pollutants.

Cadmium.  Cadmium is a soft, white metal  that  dissolves  readily  in
mineral  acids.   Biologically,  it is a non-essential element of high
toxic potential.  It occurs in  nature  chiefly  as  a  sulfide  salt,
frequently  in  association with zinc and lead ores.  Accumulations of
cadmium in soils in the vicinity of mines and smelters may  result  in
high  local  concentrations  in nearby waters.  The salts of the metal
also may occur in wastes from electroplating  plants,  pigment  works,
and   textile  and  chemical  industries.   Seepage  of  cadmium  from
electroplating   plants   has   resulted   in   groundwater    cadmium
concentrations of 0.01 to 3.2 mg/1.

Dissolved  cadmium  was  found  in  less  than 3 percent of 1,577 U.S.
surface water samples with a mean concentration of slightly  under  10
ug/1.   Most  fresh  waters  contain less than 1 ug/1 cadmium and most
analyses of seawater indicate an average concentration of  about  0.15
ug/1 (20).

Sources  of  cadmium  reported  by  individual  textile  mills include
pigments,  dyes,  nylon  carpet  processing,  and   "raw   materials",
including  dirt  in raw wool.  Cadmium was one of the toxic pollutants
in the DETO survey that could be present in dyes at levels  less  than
0.1  percent.   Of  418  questionnaire  returns,  24  indicated "known
presence" and 17 indicated "suspected presence" in  mill  wastes.   In
the field sampling program, cadmium was measured in only one of the 12
water  supplies  sampled.   In  two  raw wastewater samples and in one
secondary effluent sample, cadmium was measured  at  greater  than  10
ug/1.

Chromium.   Chromium salts are used extensively in the metal finishing
industry as electroplating, cleaning, and passivating agents,  and  as
mordants  in  the  textile  industry.   They  also are used in cooling
waters in the leather tanning industry, in catalytic  manufacture,  in
pigments  and primer paints, and in fungicides and wood preservatives.
In the analysis of  1,577  surface  water  samples  collected  at  130
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sampling points in the U.S., chromium was found in 386 samples ranging
from  1  to  112  ug/1;  the  mean  concentration  was  9.7 ug/1 (20).
Trivalenfc chromium is recognized as an  essential  trace  element  for
humans.    Hexavalent  chromium  in  the  workplace  is  suspected  of
carcinogenicity.

Sources of chromium reported by individual textile mills include dyes,
mordants, pigments, other raw materials, and nylon carpet  processing.
In  addition, chromium may result from plating baths used to resurface
printing rolls and may also originate in blowdown  from  recirculating
cooling  systems  where it is used to control biofouling.  The results
of the DETO survey confirmed that chromium  may  be  present  in  some
commercial  premetallized  dyes at levels of from 3 to 4 percent.  The
metal is an integral part of the dye molecule and most should  exhaust
onto  the  fiber  being  dyed.   Of  418  questionnaire  returns,  117
indicated "known presence" and an additional 55  indicated  "suspected
presence" in textile mill wastewaters.  In the field sampling program,
chromium  was detected in only one of 12 water supply samples (at less
than 4.6 ug/1).  In the field sampling program, chromium was  detected
at  all  but  6  mills, with about two-thirds of the raw and secondary
treated wastewaters having values less than 30 ug/1.

Copper.  Copper is a soft  heavy  metal  that  is  ubiquitous  in  its
distribution  in  rocks and minerals of the earth's crust.  In nature,
copper occurs usually as  sulfides  and  oxides  and  occasionally   as
metallic  copper.   Weathering  and  solution  of these natural copper
minerals result in background levels  of  copper  in  natural  surface
waters  at  concentrations  generally  well  below  20  ug/1.   Higher
concentrations of  copper  are  usually  from  anthropogenic  sources.
These  sources  include  corrosion  of brass and copper pipe by acidic
waters,  industrial  effluents  and  fallout,  sewage  treatment  plant
effluents,  and  the  use  of  copper  compounds as aquatic algicides.
Potential  industrial copper pollution sources number  in  the  tens   of
thousands  in   the U.S.  However, the major  industrial sources  include
the smelting and refining industries, copper wire mills, coal  burning
industries, and iron and steel producing  industries.  Copper may enter
natural  waters  either  directly from these sources  or  by atmospheric
fallout  of air  pollutants produced by these  industries.

A five year  study  of natural  surface  waters   in   the   U.S.  revealed
copper  concentrations  ranging   from   less  than  10 ug/1  (the  limit  of
detection) to  280  ug/1, with  a mean value for U.S.  waters  of  15  ug/1.
Values from  0.6 ug/1 to 4.3 ug/1  have been reported  in seawater  (20).

Sources  of  copper  reported by   individual   textile   mills   include
pigments,  dyestuffs, and the  mill plumbing system.    The  DETO   survey
results  .indicated  that copper may be  present  in  some commercial  dyes
at levels  of 3  to  4  percent.  Since the  copper  is  an  integral  part  of
the   dye  molecule,  most   of it  should  be exhausted  from  the  dye  bath
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onto the fiber being dyed.  Of 418 questionnaire returns, 87 indicated
"known presence" and 79 indicated "suspected  presence"  in  the  mill
wastewaters.   In  the field sampling program, copper was not detected
in nine of the twelve water supply samples.  Only one sample had  more
than  11  ug/1.   Raw  textile  mill wastewaters measured in the field
sampling program showed a wide range of values, with 19 samples having
more than 50 ug/1, and 11 with more than 100 ug/1.  The effluents from
secondary mill treatment plants showed a wide range  of  values  also,
but there were fewer samples at the higher levels.

Cyanide.   Cyanide compounds are almost universally present where life
and industry are found.  Besides being very important in a  number  of
manufacturing  processes, they are found in many plants and animals as
metabolic intermediates that generally are not stored for long periods
of time.

Possible sources of  cyanide  reported  by  individual  textile  mills
include  dyestuffs and "raw materials."  The ATMI Task Group suggested
that cyanide  is  probable  in  some  waste  streams,  originating  in
laboratory  and  specialty  chemicals.   Cyanide  was not among the 25
toxic pollutants identified in the DETO survey as possibly present  in
commercial  dyes.   Of  418 questionnaire returns, 16 indicated either
"known or suspected presence"  in  mill  wastewaters.   In  the  field
sampling program, cyanide was at less than 2 ug/1 in 9 of the 12 water
supply  samples  with  the  maximum  level  at  22  ug/1.   In the raw
wastewater samples, almost all were less than 10 ug/1 with 3 in the 11
to 100 ug/1 range.  Similar results were obtained  for  the  secondary
effluent samples, although two samples contained more than 100 ug/1 of
cyanide.

Lead.  Lead is a naturally occurring metal that makes up 0.002 percent
of  the earth's crust.  The reported concentration of lead in seawater
of 35 parts per thousand salinity is 0.03 ug/1, while  available  data
indicate  that  the mean natural lead content of the world's lakes and
rivers ranges from 1 to 10 ug/1.  Analyses of over 1500 stream samples
from 1962 to 1967 found lead in 19.3  percent  of  the  samples,  with
concentrations ranging from 2 to 140 ug/1, and a mean value of 23 ug/1
(20).

Lead is used in the metallurgy of steel and other metals; in ceramics,
plastics  and  electronic devices; in construction materials and in x-
ray and atomic radiation protection devices.

Sources of lead reported by individual textile mills include pigments,
process chemicals, "raw materials", and tramp impurities in dyes.  The
DETO survey results  indicated  that  lead  may  be  present  in  some
commercial dyes at levels less than 0.1 percent.  Of 418 questionnaire
returns,  34  indicated  "known  presence" and 27 indicated "suspected
presence" in mill wastewaters.   In the field  sampling  program,  lead
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was  either  not detected or at less than 5 ug/1 in 10 of the 12 water
supply samples measured.  Two samples had lead levels  of  37  and  45
ug/1, respectively.  In the raw textile mill samples analyzed, roughly
40 percent had lead levels below 10 ug/1, while 4 had levels above 100
ug/1.   Of  16  secondary  treatment effluents, 10 (60%) were below 10
ug/1, and only one sample had a concentration greater than 100 ug/1.

Mercury.  Mercury, a silver-white metal  that  is  a  liquid  at  room
temperature,   can   exist  in  three  oxidation  states:   elemental,
mercurous, and mercuric; it can be part of both inorganic and  organic
compounds.

A  major use of mercury has been as a cathode in the electrolytic pre-
paration of chlorine and caustic soda; this accounted for  33  percent
of total demand in the U.S. in 1968.  Electrical apparatus (lamps, arc
rectifiers,  and  mercury battery cells) accounted for 27 percent, and
industrial  and  control  instruments  (switches,  thermometers,   and
barometers),  and  general  laboratory  applications  accounted for 14
percent of demand.  Use of mercury in antifouling and  mildew-proofing
paints  (12  percent)  and mercury formulations used to  control fungal
diseases of seeds, bulbs, plants,  and  vegetation   (5   percent)  were
other  major utilizations; however, mercury is no longer registered by
the  EPA for use in antifouling paints or for  the  control  of  fungal
diseases of bulbs.  The remainder  (9 percent) was for dental  amalgams,
catalysts, pulp and paper manufacture, Pharmaceuticals,  and metallurgy
and  mining.

Sources   of  mercury  reported  by   individual  textile  mills  include
pigments, dyes, and "raw materials",  including  impurities  in  caustic
soda.   The ATMI Task Group suggested that mercury is probably  present
in some textile mill wastewaters,  originating  in  dyes   and   specialty
chemicals.

The  DETO  survey  results  included  mercury among the toxic pollutants
possibly  present  in some commercial   dyes   at   levels   less   than   0.1
percent.    Of  418  questionnaire returns,  19 indicated  "known  presence"
and  15  indicated  "suspected presence"  in  mill  wastewaters.    In   the
field sampling program, mercury was  detected  in only 1  of  the 12 water
supplies   sampled,  at  0.79   ug/1.   Of  51  raw textile  mill wastewater
samples,  11 had  levels  of  0.2 ug/1  or  greater,  with  only  2   of  these
above   1.0  ug/1.    In  effluents   from   secondary treatment  plants at
textile mills,  there were  5 out of 38  samples  with  levels  of  0.2   ug/1
or   above and  none as high  as 1.0  ug/1.   Mercury  is  not commonly  found
in  textile mill  wastewaters.

Nickel.   Nickel  is a silver-white  ductile metal  commonly occurring  in
natural   waters  in the  +2  valence  state  in  concentrations  ranging  from
a few micrograms per  liter,  to more than 100  ug/1.   Nickel  seldom  is
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found   in  groundwater,  and   if present, probably  exists  in  colloidol
form.

Approximately  0.01 percent of  the earth's crust  is  nickel,  and   it   is
ranked  24th   in  order  of  abundance  of  the  elements.  By  far  the
greatest proportion of nickel  in the earth's crust  comes from  igneous
rocks.  Some common minerals containing nickel include pentlandite  and
ullmannite.  Certain secondary silicate minerals contain nickel, which
also  substitutes  for  magnesium   in  various  primary minerals {e.g.
olivine, hypersthene, hornblende, biotite).

In a study of  130 surface water sampling'stations throughout  the U.S.
nickel  appeared in 16.2 percent of  1,577  samples   collected  between
1962  and  1967, with a mean concentration of 19 ug/1 and  a range of  1
to 130  ug/1.   In drinking water samples  taken  throughout the U.S.,
nickel  was  detected  in only 4.6  percent of the samples,  with a mean
concentration  of 34.2 ug/1 and a range of 1 to 490  ug/1.

Sources  of  nickel  reported  by   individual  textile  mills  include
pigments,  dyes,  processing chemicals, and "raw materials."  The DETO
survey  confirmed that nickel may be present in some commercial  dyes at
levels  less than 0.1 percent.  Nickel may also originate from  plating
operations  in  resurfacing  of  printing rolls.  Of 418 questionnaire
survey  returns,  28  indicated  "known  presence"   and  23  indicated
 suspected  presence"  in the  mill  wastewaters.  In the field sampling
program, nickel was measured at greater than 5 ug/1  in  2   of  the  12
water   supplies  sampled; one  at 41 ug/1 and the other at  47  ug/1.  Of
the raw wastewater samples, approximately 40 percent were  less  than 10
ug/1, with approximately 20 percent in each of the   following  ranges:
11 to 50 ug/1, 51 to 100 ug/1, and  greater than 100  ug/1.   The  results
for  the  secondary  treatment  effluents  were  similarly scattered,
although the numbers of samples above 10 ug/1 were  reduced.

Selenium.  Selenium  is  a  naturally  occurring  element   and  is  an
essential  waters,  selenium   levels are low (less  than 1  ug/1) but in
areas with seleniferous soils, water levels up to 300 uq/1  have  been
reported (20).

The   major  source  of  selenium   entering  the  environment  is   the
weathering  of  selenium-containing  soils  and  rocks.     Man-related
activities  account  for  approximately  3,500 metric tons  of selenium
being discharged into the environment each year.   Major  uses  include
glass  manufacturing,  photocopying, electronic devices, pigments,   and
others  including several veterinary uses.

No widely recognized sources of selenium in textile  mill   wastewaters
were  reported  in  this  study.    The  ATMI Task Group suggested that
selenium might be present in some dyes and speciality chemicals.  This
was not confirmed by the DETO survey of dye  manufacturers.    Of   418
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questionnaire  responses, 7 indicated "known presence  and 3 indicated
"suspected presence" in the mill  wastewaters,  although  no  specific
sources  were  mentioned.  In the field sampling program, selenium was
at undetectable levels in most water and wastewater samples.  However,
in two water supply samples and six raw  and  six  secondary  effluent
samples,  appreciable  concentrations  (from  11 to over 30 ug/1) were
measured.  The data  developed  in  this  study  are  insufficient  to
establish  a  possible link between water supply levels and wastewater
concentrations.  In summary, for most textile mills,  selenium  should
not  be  a  problem.  For a few, in-plant controls or treatment may be
required.

Silver   Silver is a white ductile metal occurring  naturally   in  the
Bure—form  and in ores.  Principal uses of silver are  in photographic
materials, as a  conductor,  in  dental  alloys,  solder  and   braying
alloys,  paints, jewelry, silverware, and mirror production.

Of  418  questionnaire   returns,   12  indicated "known  presence" and  4
indicated  "suspected presence"  in  textile mill  wastewaters,   although
no  specific  sources  were given.  The ATMI  Task Group suggested  that
silver was a probable  constituent  of some   textile  mill  wastewaters,
originating  in  dyes  and/or specialty chemicals.  The  DETO survey did
not confirm commercial dyes as  a  likely  source  of   silver.    In  the
field   sampling program, silver was measured  at greater than 5 ug/1  in
2 of the 12 water  supplies  sampled,  both   at  17  ug/1.    In  19  raw
wastewater  samples, silver was detected at greater  than 10 ug/1,  with
13 samples above   30   ug/1,  and   1  above   100  ug/1.    In  secondary
treatment  effluents,  there  were eight   with  levels  greater than  10
ug/1,  six  above  30 ug/1, and one   above   100   ug/1.   Based  on  these
limited  data,   it seems that  silver must  be  regarded as a  constituent
of the wastewaters from  some  textile mills.

Zinc     Zinc   is  a  naturally   occurring   element   that   makes   up
a^roximately   0.02  percent   of   the   earth's  crust.    It is used in
various  alloys,   as  a   protective  coating  for   other  metals,    in
galvanizing  sheet iron,  and as a reducing agent.   Zinc was detected in
 1 207   of  1,577  surface   water  samples  collected  at  130 sampling
 locations throughout the U.S.  between   1962  and  1967.   The  maximum
 observed  concentration was 1,183 ug/1  and the mean value was 64 ug/1.
 Levels of zinc in natural  seawater approximate 5 ug/1  (20).

 Zinc  originates  from  many  sources  in  textile  mill  wastewaters,
 including pigments, dyes,  dye stripping,  coating materials, catalysts,
 latex   curing,  and  in  many  specialty  chemicals  both  as an added
 component and as an impurity.   The DETO survey pointed out  that  some
 dyes  are  prepared  as  double  salts of zinc and may contain up to 3
 percent of this metal.  Unlike chromium and copper, the  zinc  is  not
 exhausted  onto  the fiber in dyeing.   Zinc can also be contributed by
 water   conditioning  chemicals,  alloys  used  in  pumps   and  valves.
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 galvanized   metals,   painted   surfaces,   and   several  other  sources  in
 industrial  facilities.  Of  418 questionnaire   returns,   100   indicated
  Known  presence   and  64   indicated  "suspected presence"  in the  mill
 wastewaters.    In  the field sampling program,  zinc   in  the   12  water
 supply  samples ranged   from   10  to 4500 ug/1 .  Four  had  levels above
 100,  and  two were  above 1000.   For some mills,  the  water  supply   must
 be   considered  in  undertaking a program to  control  the  discharge  of
 zinc.   The  levels  measured  in  raw  and  treated   mill wastewaters   were
 roughly  equivalent  with  about 37  percent of the samples less than 100
 ug/1, 39  percent in  the 100 to 500 ug/1 range,  11 percent  in  the  500
 to   1000  ug/1  range,  and the remaining 13  percent  above  1000 uq/1,
 including 3  percent  over  5000  ug/1.

 GrouP IA  -  Potentially Significant in  Textile   Wastewaters:    Detected
          More Than Once                                        -
vu-  L comprises  three subgroups, based on frequency of detection  in
the field sampling  program and  information from the special  industrial
toxic pollutant  committees.

The toxic pollutants detected in the raw or treated wastewater from  at
least two mills  in  the field sampling program, but  at   less  than   10
ug/1 in secondary treatment effluents, are the following:

  1 .  acenaphthene
  7 .  chlorobenzene
  9 .  hexachlorobenzene
 11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
 27.  1,4-di chlorobenzene
 31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
 44.  methylene  chloride
 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
 67.  butyl benzyl  phthalate
 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
 70.  diethyl phthalate
 71.  dimethyl phthalate
 78.  anthracene
 84.  pyrene
127.  thallium (10  ug/1 limit exceeded)

A?u"?phthene"    Acenaphthene   ( 1 , 2-dehydro-acenaphthylene   or  1,8-
etnylenenaphthylene) occurs in  coal  tar  produced  during  the  high
temperature    carbonization    or   coking   of   coal.    Laboratory
experimentation points out the possibility of  limited  metabolism  of
acenaphthene    to   naphthalic   acid   and   naphthalic   anhydride.
Acenaphthene is used as a dye intermediate in the manufacture of  some
plastics,  as an insecticide,  and as a fungicide.
                                 167
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The  DETO  survey results indicate that acenaphthene may be present in
some commercial dyes at concentrations less than 0.1 percent.  Out  of
418  questionnaire  returns,  7  indicated "suspected presence  in the
mill wastewaters with 1  respondent  citing  "raw  materials   as  the
source.   This pollutant was detected in the raw wastes of three mills
with a maximum level of 12 ug/1.  It  was  also  detected  in  treated
effluents at two additional mills where it was not detected  in the raw
wastes  at  the  time of sampling.  In a secondary effluent, the level
was 0.5 ug/1, and in a polishing pond effluent, it was 2.0   ug/1.   in
no  case  was  acenaphthene  detected  in  both the raw wastes and the
treated effluent at the same mill in the field sampling program.

Chlorobenzene.   The  compound  chlorobenzene   (also  referred  to  as
monochlorobenzene)  is  a chlorinated benzene and  is one of  a class of
aromatic organic compounds  characterized by the substitution of  from
one  to  six  chlorine atoms on the benzene nucleus.  The  compound has
seen use in the synthesis of ortho- and para-nitrochlorobenzenes, as  a
solvent, in phenol manufacturing,  and  in  the  manufacture of  DDT.
Durinq  the  period 1973-1974, production and use  of monochlorobenzene
resulted in approximately 34,278  metric  tons  entering   the  aquatic
environment,  approximately 690  metric tons ending up as  solid waste,
and  362 metric  tons entering the  atmosphere.

Chlorobenzene  is used  as a  carrier  in  some  textile  dyeing  systems.
The  DETO  survey   results   indicated  that  it may be present  in some
commercial dyes at  concentrations less than  0.1 percent.   Out  of  418
questionnaire   returns,  4   mills  indicated   "known  presence  and 28
 indicated  "suspected presence"  in  the  mill   wastes.    In  the   field
sampling program,  chlorobenzene was  detected  in the raw  wastewaters of
 5  mills with  concentrations ranging from less than  5  up to almost 300
 ug/1.   It  was  detected only once in a secondary effluent sample  and at
 3.5 ug/1.   It  was  not  detected in the raw waste at this   mill   at  tne
 time of sampling.

 Hexachlorobenzene.    The  compound  hexachlorobenzene is a chlorinated
 benzene  and  is  one  of   a  class  of   aromatic  organic   compounds
 characterized by the substitution of from one to  six  chlorine atoms on
 the  benzene  nucleus.   The  compound  has seen use as a fungicide to
 control wheat bunt and smut on seed  grains,   in  the  manufacture  ot
 dves,    as  an  intermediate  in  organic  synthesis,   as   a  porosity
 controller in the manufacture of electrodes, as a  wood  preservative,
 and  as  an additive in pyrotechnic compositions for the military.   in
 1973,  approximately 318 metric tons was produced  in the U.S.

 No  very  obvious  sources  of  hexachlorobenzene  in   textile   mill
 wastewaters  were found in this study.  Individuals speculated that  it
 may originate as a trace ingredient or impurity in some   dye  carriers
 or  specialty  chemicals   and  may  be  a fungicidal component of some
  industrial cleaning compounds.  Out of 418  questionnaire  returns,  1
                                   168
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 indicated   "known   presence"  and  5  indicated  "suspected presence,"  but
 no  sources  were suggested.  This  toxic  pollutant  was  detected  in  the
 wastewaters  of 5  mills  in the field sampling  program.   Two  raw water
 samples  had  levels  of   0.5   and  2.0   ug/1.   An   intermediate-level
 effluent had  0.5   ug/1,  while   it was not  detected in any  secondary
 effluent samples.   It was detected  in two polishing pond effluents   at
 levels   of   0.3 and 0.8 ug/1.  At none  of the mills was it  detected in
 both  raw and treated waste samples.

 1,1,1-Trichloroethane.  The compound 1,1,1-trichloroethane  belongs   to
 the  chemical  class  known   as   chlorinated  ethanes.   The  chlorinated
 ethanes, which  are  produced in relatively large quantities,   are used
 for  the   production of  tetraethyl   lead   and  vinyl   chloride,   as
 industrial  solvents,  and  as intermediates in  the  production  of   other
 organochlorine   compounds.    Chlorinated  ethanes have  been found in
 drinking waters, in natural   waters,  and in  aquatic   organisms  and
 foodstuffs.

 1,1,1-Trichloroethane is reported  to be used in  some textile mills as
 a carrier,  a scouring solvent, and  a   cleaning  agent.   Out of  418
 questionnaire  returns,   5 indicated "known presence" and 34  indicated
 suspected  presence"  in mill  wastes.  In the  field  sampling   program,
 it  was  detected   in the  raw   wastes   of   4  mills  with  a maximum
 concentration of 17 ug/1.  In three of  the mills, it  was not   detected
 in  the  secondary treated effluent.  In  the fourth mill,  this compound
 was detected after  both secondary and "tertiary"  treatment,   although
 at  levels of "less  than 5 ug/1."

 1,4-Dichlorobenzene.   The compound 1,4-dichlorobenzenebelongs  to  the
 chemical class  known  as dichlorobenzenes.  This class of compounds   is
 represented   by three  isomers:  1,2-dichloro, 1,3-dichloro,  and 1,4-
 dichlorobenzene.    Both  1,2-dichloro  and   1,4-dichlorobenzene   are
 produced    almost   entirely   as   byproducts   from the   production   of
 monochlorobenzene.   Production in 1975 consisted  of 24,801  metric tons
 of  1,2-dichlorobenzene and 20,754 metric tons of  1,4-dichlorobenzene.
 The  estimated  losses  of  dichlorobenzenes  during  the production  of
 monochlorobenzene are  20.5   kg/metric   ton   to  wastewater   and 22 2
 kg/metric   ton  to land disposal.  Because  1,4-dichlorobenzene sublimes
 at  room  temperature,  this compound  probably enters the   atmosphere   in
 large quantities.

 The  major uses of  1,4-dichlorobenzene are as a process  solvent  in  the
manufacturing of toluene diisocyanate,  and as an  intermediate  in   the
synthesis  of dyestuffs,  herbicides, and degreasers.   The bulk of 1  4-
dichlorobenzene usage  (90 percent of  the  total  consumption)   is   in
direct application  as air deodorants and  insecticides.

1,4-Dichlorobenzene   is  used  for  moth proofing of textiles, and may
possibly be  an  ingredient or  impurity in some dye  carriers,  possibly
                                 169
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some of those used with polyesters.  Out of 418 questionnaire returns,
2  indicated  "known presence" and 8 indicated "suspected Presence  in
mill wastes.  In the field sampling program, this toxic pollutant  was
Detected   in  samples  from  three  mills.   Raw  wastewater  samples
contained concentrations of 6.5 and 215 ug/1, and  secondary  effluent
samples  contained 0.2 and 1.5 ug/1.  One raw and one treated effluent
sample had no detectable concentrations of this compound.

2 4-Dichlorophenol.  The compound  2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) is  a  com-
mercially produced substituted phenol used entirely in the manufacture
of  industrial  and  agricultural  products.   These  products include
herbicides   germicides,  temporary  soil  sterilants,  plant   growth
regulator!;  mothproofing  agents/ seed disinfectants, miticides, and
wood preservatives.

There  were  no   sources  for  2,4-dichlorophenol   in   textile   mill
waltewatlrl  cited   or  suggested  by   any  industry representatives or
questlonnafre  respondents"  Out  of   418   questionnaire re tu™iin?
 indicated   "suspected presence"  in mill wastes.   In the field  sampling
program  it  was detected  in the raw wastewaters of  two mills  at  levels
of  41  and less  than  10  ug/1.   At a  third mill  it was detected  in  the
 effluent from a polishing pond at  0.5  ug/1.   It  was not  found   in  any
 secondary  effluents.

 Methvlene   Chloride.   Methylene chloride belongs to  the  class of com-
 P^M^own^aTTIaTomethanes,  which are a subcategory  of  halogenated
 hydrocarbons.    It  has been referred to as dichloromethane, .methylene
 dichloride, and methylene  bichloride.    It  is   a  common  industrial
 solvent  found   in insecticides, metal cleaners, paints,  and paint and
 varnish removers.

 Methylene chloride is used  to  extract  certain  fractions  of  toxic
 pollutants  from  wastewaters  in the EPA analytical protocol.  It was
 report^ that lome samples collected in  the  field  sampling  Program
 were found to have unusually high concentrations of methylene chloride
 and  these  results  were discarded because they were unreasonable and
 contamination of the samples while in  the  analytical  laboratory  was
 suspected.   Measures  to  prevent such contamination have  been taken.
 This toxic pollutant is a solvent and  finds use in  textile mills   in
 Sefng  andP?aboratory operations and  as a component of  some  coatings
 decreasing compounds, spot removers, and machine  oils.   Out  of  418
 questionnaire  returns,  3 indicated "known Presence  and 17
                               i^^he^wastewater    r m    re

  ev  Is5 S-tK  *&.  ^ere0  a?f belowTu ft
                                   170
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less  than 5 ug/1, and the levels in two polishing pond effluents were
10 and 48 ug/1.

N-nitrosodiphenvlamine.  The compound  N-nitrosodiphenylamine  belongs
to  the  chemical  class  known as nitrosamines.  The organic nitroso-
compounds are a large group of chemicals characterized  by  a  nitroso
group (N=0) that  is attached to the nitrogen of a secondary amine.

Patent  applications  show  potential  uses  of  nitrosamines  in  the
manufacture of rubber, dyestuff, gasoline additives, lubricating oils,
explosives,    insecticides,    fungicides,     dielectric     fluids,
acrylonitrile,  plasticizers,  industrial solvents, and hydrazine.  At
present, two major industries are involved in  handling  nitrosamines:
organic     chemicals    manufacturing    and    rubber    processing.
Diphenylnitrosamine is  the  only  nitrosamine  that  is  produced  in
quantities  greater  than  450  kg.  It is used in pesticides and as a
vulcanizing retarder in rubber processing.  Other nitrosamines are not
produced commercially except as research chemicals.

N-nitrosodiphenylamine may be a contaminant  of  some  dyes,  although
such  was  not indicated in the DETO survey.  Out of 418 questionnaire
returns, 4 indicated "suspected presence" in the mill  waste,  but  no
possible  sources were suggested.  In the field sampling program, this
toxic pollutant was detected in the raw wastewaters of three mills  at
levels  ranging   from less than 10 to 72 ug/1.  It was not detected in
treated effluents at any of these mills.

B"tyl Benzyl Phthalate.  Butyl benzyl phthalate belongs to  the  group
of  compounds  known  as  phthalate  esters.  The phthalic acid esters
(PAE) are a large group of substances widely used in the U.S. and  the
rest of the world as plasticizers.  In the plastics industry, they are
used  to  impart  flexibility to plastic polymers, improve workability
during fabrication, and extend or modify properties not present in the
original plastic  resins.

PAE are extensively used in polyvinylchloride plastics, which  have  a
wide variety of applications.  They are contained in building and con-
struction materials (flooring, weatherstripping, wire and cable), home
furnishings  (garden hoses, wall covering, upholstery), transportation
materials (seat covers, auto mats), apparel (footwear, outerwear, baby
pants),  and food  surfaces  and  medical  products  (food  wrap  film,
medical  tubing,   intravenous  bags).   Dioctylphthalate (DOP) and its
isomer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are probably the  most  widely
used  plasticizers  today.    PAE  also  have minor non-plastic uses as
pesticide carriers, in cosmetics,  fragrances,  industrial  oils,  and
insect repellents.

The  PAE plasticizers,  which can be present in concentrations up to 60
percent of the total weight of the plastic,  are only loosely linked to
                                 171
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the plastic polymers and are easily extracted.  PAE are  known  to  be
widely  distributed in the environment.  They have been found in soil,
water, air, fish tissue, and human tissue.

Butyl benzyl phthalate is reported to be used in the textile  industry
as  a  plasticizer  for  polyvinyl  and cellulosic resins.  Out of 418
questionnaire returns, 3 indicated "known presence"  and  2  indicated
"suspected  presence"  in  the  mill  waste,  with  sources  cited  as
dyestuff, dye carrier, and a resin.  DETO suggests that phthalates may
be present as anti-dusting agents in  dyes.   In  the  field  sampling
program  it was detected in the raw wastewater samples at two mills at
10 and 73 ug/1.   These mills were indirect dischargers,  and  provided
no significant pretreatment prior to discharge to the POTW.

Di-n-butyl  Phthalate.   Di-n-butyl  phthalate belongs to the group of
compounds known as phthalate esters.  The phthalic acid  esters   (PAE)
are  a  large group of substances widely used in the U.S. and the rest
of the world as plasticizers.  In the plastics industry, they are used
to impart flexibility to plastic polymers, improve workability  during
fabrication,  and  extend  or  modify  properties  not  present in the
original plastic resins.

PAE are extensively used in polyvinylchloride plastics, which  have   a
wide variety of applications.  They are contained in building and con-
struction materials {flooring, weatherstripping, wire and cable), home
furnishings  (garden hoses, wall covering, upholstery), transportation
materials  (seat covers, auto mats), apparel  (footwear, outerwear, baby
pants), and food  surfaces  and  medical  products   (food  wrap   film,
medical  tubing,  intravenous  bags).   Dioctylphalate   (OOP)  and its
isomer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate  (DEHP) are  probably the  most  widely
used  plasticizers  today.   PAE  also  have minor non-plastic uses as
pesticide carriers, in cosmetics,  fragrances,   industrial   oils,  and
insect repellents.

The  PAE plasticizers, which can be present  in concentrations up  to 60
percent of  the total weight of the plastic,  are  only loosely linked to
the plastic polymers and are easily extracted.   PAE  are   known  to  be
widely  distributed   in the environment.  The have been found in  soil,
water, air, fish tissue, and human tissue.

Di-n-butyl  phthalate  is reported  to be used  in the textile  industry as
a plasticizer and resin solvent and may also find  use  as   a  textile
lubricating agent.   It was also suggested that it may  be  an  ingredient
of  some dye carriers,  specialty machine oils, insecticides,  and, as  a
remote possibility,  in  some dyes  as an anti-dusting  agent.   Out of 418
questionnaire returns,  1  indicated  "known presence"  and   6   indicated
"suspected  presence"  in  the mill wastes, but no specific sources were
suggested.  In  the  field  sampling program,   di-n-butyl   phthalate was
detected   in the raw  wastewaters  of seven mills  at  levels ranging from
                                  172
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below  10 to 67 ug/1.   It was found   in  only   one   secondary   effluent
sample,  at 3.6 ug/1.  At  three mills where it was  not  detected  in  the
raw wastes, it was  found in treatment pond effluents  at levels ranging
from 5 to 58 ug/1.  These  mills did  not provide  conventional  secondary
treatment.  Concentrations ranging up to  3.7   ug/1  were  found   in  6
water  supply and tubing blank samples.

Pi-ethyl   Phthalate.   Diethyl  phthalate belongs  to   the   group  of
compounds known as  phthalate esters.  The phthalic  acid  esters   (PAE)
are  a  large group of substances widely  used  in the  U.S.  and the rest
of the world as plasticizers.  In the plastics industry,  they are used
to impart flexibility  to plastic polymers, improve  workability  during
fabrication,  and   extend  or  modify  properties   not   present  in  the
original plastic resins.

PAE are extensively used in polyvinylchloride  plastics,  which have  a
wide variety of applications.  They  are contained in  building and con-
struction materials (flooring, weatherstripping, wire and cable), home
furnishings  (garden hoses, wall covering, upholstery),  transportation
materials (seat covers, auto mats),  apparel (footwear,  outerwear, baby
pants), and food  surfaces and  medical  products  (food wrap   film
medical  tubing,  intravenous  bags).   Dioctylphthalate (OOP) and  its
isomer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are probably  the  most  widely
used  plasticizers  today.   PAE  also  have   minor non-plastic  uses  a
pesticide carriers, in cosmetics,  fragrances,   industrial  oils,   and
insect repellents.

The  PAE plasticizers, which can be  present in concentrations up to 60
percent of the total weight of the plastic, are  only  loosely  linked to
the plastic polymers and are easily  extracted.   PAE are  known  to  be
widely  distributed in the environment.   They  have  been found in soil
water, air, fish tissue, and human tissue.

Diethyl phthalate may reportedly originate in  uses  as   a plasticizer
and as a component  of dye  carrier systems, specialty  machine  oils,  and
lubricants  in  the textile  industry.   DETO suggests that  it  may be
present  as  an  anti-dusting  agent  in  some  dyes.    Out    of    418
questionnaire  returns,  7  indicated "suspected presence" in the mill
wastes, but no sources were suggested.  In the field  sampling program,
this toxic pollutant was detected in  the  wastewaters   of  17   mills
although  only  once was it found in both the  raw wastes  and  secondary
treated effluents of a mill,  it was found in  the raw  wastewaters  of
10 mills with most  values  below 10 ug/1 and three mills  at 34, 69,  and
86  ug/1.    It  was  found  in  four  secondary  effluent  samples  at
concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 9.4 ug/1;    in  two  polishing  pond
effluents  at  2.6  and  11  ug/1;   and   in  two  pilot plant  tertiary
treatment effluents at 3.2 and 12 ug/1.   It was  detected   in   5  water
supply and tubing blank samples at levels from 0.4  to 5.5 ug/1.
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Dimethyl  Phthalate.   Dimethyl  phthalate  belongs  to  the  group of
compounds known as phthalate esters.  The phthalic acid  esters  (PAE)
are  a  large group of substances widely used in the U.S. and the rest
of the world as plasticizers.  In the plastics industry, they are used
to impart flexibility to plastic polymers, improve workability  during
fabrication,  and  extend  or  modify  properties  not  present in the
original plastic resins.

PAE are extensively used in polyvinylchloride plastics, which  have  a
wide variety of applications.  They are contained in building and con-
struction materials (flooring, weatherstripping, wire and cable), home
furnishings  (garden hoses, wall covering, upholstery), transportation
materials (seat covers, automats), apparel  (footwear, outerwear, baby
pants), and food  surfaces  and  medical  products  (food  wrap  film,
medical  tubing,  intravenous  bags).   Dioctylphthalate (OOP) and its
isomer di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) are probably the  most  widely
used  plasticizers  today.   PAE  also  have minor non-plastic uses as
pesticide carriers, in cosmetics,  fragrances,  industrial  oils,  and
insect repellents.

The  PAE plasticizers, which can be present  in concentrations up to 60
percent of the total weight of the plastic,  are only loosely linked to
the plastic polymers and are easily extracted.  PAE are  known  to  be
widely  distributed in the environment.  They have been found in soil,
water, air, fish tissue, and human tissue.

Reported sources of dimethyl phthalate  in   textile  mill  wastewaters
were  very  limited.  DETO suggests that  it  may be present as an anti-
dusting agent in some dyes.  Two questionnaire  respondents  indicated
its  use  as  an  antimigrant  in  dyeing  and  as  a   component  of  a
proprietary chemical.  Despite  this   limited  response,  out  of  418
returns,  8  indicated   "known  presence"  and 17  indicated  "suspected
presence" in the mill wastes.  In the  field  sampling program,   it  was
detected  in the raw wastes  of four mills at levels ranging  from  12 to
14 ug/1.  It was not detected  in  the   secondary   effluents  at   these
mills.   At  another mill  it was found  only  in the secondary effluent,
at a level of 1.0 ug/1.

Anthracene.  Anthracene  belongs to  the  chemical   class of  compounds
known   as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH's).   PAH's  are  formed
as a result of  combustion  of  organic  compounds  without   sufficient
oxygen.

This   leads  to  the formation  of C-H  free radicals that can  polymerize
to form various  PAH's.   Domestic and  industrial  soots,  coal   tar,   and
pitch   are  the  products  of   incomplete  combustion   of  carbonaceous
materials such  as wood,  coal,  and oil.  Naturally  formed shale  oil  and
petroleum contain  PAH.
                                  174
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 The  DETO  survey results  indicate  that  anthracene   may   be  present   in
 some  commercial dyes  at concentrations  less  than  0.1  percent.   Out of
 418   questionnaire  returns,   2   indicated  "known  presence"   and    8
 indicated  "suspected  presence"   in the mill  wastes,  with  direct dyes
 cited as  sources  in  two  cases.   Anthracene was  detected   in   the
 wastewaters  at two  mills in  the  field sampling program;  one raw waste
 sample at 0.1 ug/1,  and  one secondary  treatment effluent  sample at  4.4
 ug/1.   Interestingly,  it was  detected  in 10   water  supply   and blank
 samples at concentrations ranging  up to  0.6 ug/1.
           Pyrene   belongs   to  the  chemical  class  of  compounds  known  as
polynuclear  aromatic  hydrocarbons  (PAH's).    PAH's   are   formed   as   a
result  of  combustion  of organic  compounds without  sufficient oxygen.
This  leads to  the  formation of C-H free  radicals  that  can   polymerize
to  form   various  PAH's.  Domestic and  industrial soots,  coal  tar, and
pitch are  the products  of   incomplete combustion of  carbonaceous
materials  such as  wood, coal,  and  oil.   Naturally formed  shale oil and
petroleum  contain  PAH.

The   literature cites pyrene usage as a  dye intermediate, but  this was
not indicated  by the  DETO survey.   No sources were   suggested  by the
textile  industry  representatives,  other  than its  use in  fire  extin-
guishers.    Of 418   questionnaire returns,  2   indicated   "suspected
presence"  in the mill wastes,  but  without suggesting possible  sources.
In the field sampling program, it  was found in the wastewaters of four
mills.   At  one,  the  raw waste sample   contained 0.9 ug/1 and the
secondary  effluent, 0.2 ug/1.  At  the other mills it was  not  detected
in  the  raw wastes,  but secondary sample concentrations of  0.1  to 0.3
ug/1 were  detected.   It was not detected in any water supply or   blank
samples.

nh^nlium'    ThaHiuni  is  a silver-white metal that constitutes  about
0.003 percent  of the  earth's   crust.   The   average  concentration   of
thallium in  seawater  is reported to be 10 mg/1, while analyses of U  S
river water  during 1958 and 1959 detected no  thallium.

Industrial   uses  of  thallium  include  the  manufacture  of  alloys,
electronic   devices,  and   special  glass.    Many  thallium-containing
catalysts  have  been patented for industrial organic  reactions.

No  specific   sources  of thallium peculiar to textile mill  operations
were cited by  industry representatives.  It   was  speculated   that   it
might  be  found as "residue from catalyst or  rodenticide. "  Out of 418
questionnaire responses, 2  indicated "known presence" and 1  indicated
 suspected  presence"  in   the  mill wastes,  with no potential sources
suggested.    In the field sampling program,  thallium  was  detected   in
raw  wastewater samples from two mills at levels of  "less than 5 ug/1"
and 9 ug/1.  It was not detected in the secondary treated effluent  of
the  first  of  these mills, but levels up  to 18 ug/1 were detected  in
                                 175
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the secondary effluent of the second mill.   One  laboratory  reported
"less  than  3  ug/1"  for  several samples.  This is regarded here as
virtually  equivalent  to  "not  detected."   The   other   analytical
laboratory,  using  a  minimum  detection  limit of 0.05 ug/1, did not
detect any thallium in 73 textile mill wastewater samples.
Group 2B - Potentially Significant in Textile
         Only Once
Wastewaters:   Detected
The  toxic  pollutants  detected  in the raw or treated wastewaters at
only one mill  and  at  less  than  10  ug/1  in  secondary  treatment
effluents  or  established as potentially present in textile effluents
by industrial reference sources {DETO or ATMI) are the following:

  5.  benzidine
 10. *l,2-dichloroethane
 13. *1,1-dichloroethane
 20. *2-chloronaphthalene
 24. *2-chlorophenol
 28.  3,3-dichlorobenzidine
 29. *1,1-dichloroethylene
 32. *l,2-dichloropropane
 34. *2,4-dimethylphenol
 36. *2,6-dinitrotoluene
 37. *1,2-diphenylhydrazine
 45. *methyl  chloride
 46.  methyl  bromide
 48. *dichlorobromomethane
 57. *2-nitrophenol
 58. *4-nitrophenol
 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
 74. *3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75. *ll,12-benzofluoranthene
 80. *fluorene
 81.  phenanthrene
 88. *vinyl  chloride
 90. *dieldrin
 92. *4,4'-DDT
 117. *beryllium
 * Detected at one mill
 Benzidine.   Benzidine (4,4'-diaminobiphenyl)  is  an  aromatic  amine.
 This  grayish,  crystalline,  slightly water-soluble compound is usually
 derived from nitrobenzene.  It is reported used in the manufacture  of
 dyes,  especially Congo Red.
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The  DETO  survey  results  indicated that benzidine may be present in
some commercial dyes at concentrations less than  0.1  percent.   DETO
also  noted that such dyes are being rapidly phased out of production.
Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 6 indicated "known presence" and  42
indicated  "suspected presence" in the mill wastes, with dyes cited as
the probable source in  all  cases.   This  toxic  pollutant  was  not
detected in any samples in the field sampling program.

1,2-Dichloroethane.    The   compound   1,2-dichloroethane    (ethylene
dichloride)  belongs  to  the  chemical  class  known  as  chlorinated
ethanes.  The compounds in this class are produced in large quantities
and  used for the production of tetraethyl lead and vinyl chloride, as
industrial solvents, and as intermediates in the production  of  other
organochlorine compounds.  Some have been found in drinking waters, in
natural waters, and in aquatic organisms and foodstuffs.

No  particular  usage of 1,2-dichloroethane in textile mills was cited
by  representatives  of  the   textile   or   dyestuff   manufacturing
industries, although it was speculated that it might be used as a spot
remover  and  as  a  solvent  in  some epoxy formulations.  Out of 418
questionnaire returns, 1 indicated "known presence"  and  6   indicated
"suspected  presence"  in  mill wastes, with one respondent suggesting
dyes and chemicals as the source.  This compound was detected  at  one
mill  in  the field sampling program; at "less than 5 ug/1" in the raw
wastewater, at 5.8 ug/1 in the effluent from an experimental DAF unit,
and it was not detected in the secondary effluent.

1,1-Dichloroethane.  The compound 1,1-dichloroethane  belongs  to  the
chemical class known as chlorinated ethanes.  The chlorinated ethanes,
which are produced in large quantities, are used for the production of
tetraethyl  lead  and  vinyl  chloride, as industrial solvents, and as
intermediates in the production  of  other  organochlorine  compounds.
Some  have  been  found  in drinking waters, in natural waters, and in
aquatic organisms and foodstuffs.

There  were  no  sources  in  textile  mill   wastewaters   for   1,1-
dichloroethane cited or suggested by industry representatives.  Out of
418   questionnaire  returns,   1  indicated  "known  presence"  and  1
indicated "suspected presence"  in  the  mill  waste.   In  the  field
sampling  program,  it  was  detected  in  two  raw wastewater samples
collected  on  consecutive  days  at  one  wool   scouring   mill   at
concentrations of 12 to 14 ug/1.  It was not detected in the secondary
effluent.

2-Chloronaphthalene.   The compound 2-chloronaphthalene belongs to the
chemical class known as  chlorinated  naphthalenes.   These  compounds
consist  of  the naphthalene double ring where any or all of the eight
hydrogen atoms can be replaced with chlorine.   The commercial products
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are usually mixtures with various degrees of  chlorination;  they  are
presently marketed as halowaxes.

Tri- and tetra-chloronaphthalenes (solids) comprise the bulk of market
use  as  the paper impregnant in automobile capacitors.  Lesser use is
made of the mono-  and  di-chloronaphthalenes  as  oil  additives  for
engine  cleaning,  and in fabric dyeing.  Possible impurities of these
products are chlorinated derivatives, corresponding to the  impurities
in  coal  tar,  or  petroleum-derived  naphthalene feedstock which may
include biphenyls, fluorenes, pyrenes, anthracenes, and dibenzofurans.

The potential for environmental exposure may be significant when these
compounds are used as oil additives in electroplating, and  in  fabric
dyeing.   The  extent  of  leaching  of  chlorinated naphthalenes from
discarded capacitors and old cable insulation (manufactured  prior  to
curtailment  of  the  chemical's  use  in  such products) has not been
determined.

No sources for 2-chloronaphthalene were cited or suggested in  textile
mill  wastewaters  by  either   textile  or  dye manufacturing industry
representatives.  Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 3  indicated "known
presence" and 2  indicated "suspected presence" in the  mill waste, with
one respondent each citing reactive and direct dyes  as  the  probable
source.  This toxic pollutant was detected once at "less than 10 ug/1"
in  a  raw  wastewater  sample.   It was not detected  in the secondary
effluent sample.

2-Chlorophenol.   The  compound 2-chlorophenol  is    a   commercially
produced  chemical  used entirely as an intermediate in the production
of other chemicals.  It represents a basic chemical feedstock for  the
manufacture  of  higher  chlorophenols  for  such  uses as fungicides,
slimicides, bactericides, antiseptics,  disinfectants,  and  wood  and
glue  preservatives.   The compound  is also used to form intermediates
in the production of phenolic   resins  and  has  been  utilized  in   a
process for extracting sulfur and nitrogen compounds from coal.

The   only   suggested   source of  2-chlorophenol  in  textile  mill
wastewaters was  as a constituent or  impurity in dyes.   This  was  not
confirmed  by  the DETO survey.  Out of 418 questionnaire responses,  1
indicated  "known presence" and  8 indicated  "suspected  presence"  in the
mill waste, with "dye and chemicals" cited as the probable  source  by
one  respondent.   This  toxic  pollutant was found at one mill  in the
field sampling program; at 73 ug/1  in  the raw wastewater,  and  5.9 ug/1
in the secondary treated effluent.

3,3-Dichlorobenzidine.  Dichlorobenzidine  is used  in the production of
dyes and pigments and as  a   curing  agent  for  polyurethanes.   This
compound  is soluble  in organic  solvents,  but  it  is nearly  insoluble  in
water.
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The  ATMI  Task  Force  suggested  that 3,3-dichlorobenzidine might be
present in textile mill wastewaters as a trace impurity in some  dyes,
perhaps  azo dyes.  This was not confirmed by the DETO survey results.
Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 1 indicated "known presence" and  10
indicated  "suspected  presence"  in  the mill waste, with no probable
sources suggested.  This pollutant was not detected in any samples  in
the field sampling program.

1,1-Dichloroethvlene.  The dichloroethylenes are 1,1-dichloroethylene,
(vinylidene  chloride,  1,1-DCE),  cis 1,2-dichloroethylene, and trans
1,2-dichloroethylene.   Presently,   only   1,1-dichloroethylene   has
commercial   or   practical   use   because  neither  isomer  of  1,2-
dichloroethylene has developed wide industrial use  as  a  solvent  or
chemical intermediate.

1,1-dichloroethylene  is used in the synthesis of methylchloroform and
in the production of polyvinylidene chloride copolymers (PVDC).  Among
the  monomers  used  in  copolymer  production  are  vinyl   chloride,
acrylonitrile,  and  alkyl acrylates.  The impermeability of PVDC make
them useful, primarily as barrier coatings in the packaging  industry.
Polymers  with  high  1,1-dichloroethylene  content (Saran) are widely
used in the food packaging industry.  The heat-seal characteristics of
Saran coatings make them useful in  the  manufacture  of  nonflammable
synthetic  fiber.   1,1-dichloroethylene  polymers have also been used
extensively as interior coatings for  ship-tanks,  railroad  cars  and
fuel storage tanks, and for coating of steel pipes and structures.

No   possible   sources   of   1,1-dichloroethylene  in  textile  mill
wastewaters were  found  in  this  study.   No  questionnaire  returns
indicated   either   "known"  or  "suspected  presence."   This  toxic
pollutant was found in one raw wastewater sample at one mill at  "less
than  5  ug/1."  It was not detected in the secondary effluent samples
at this mill.

lf 2-Dichloropropane.  Principal uses of dichloropropanes are  as  soil
fumigants  for  the control of nematodes, in oil and fat solvents, and
in dry cleaning and  degreasing  processes.   The  presence  of  these
compounds  in water can result from agricultural runoff and industrial
and  municipal  effluents.    Dichloropropanes  were  detected  in  New
Orleans drinking water.

No specific sources of 1,2-dichloropropane in textile mill wastewaters
were  found  in  this study.  This solvent is mentioned in the general
chemical literature as a cleaning and degreasing  agent,  but  textile
manufacturing  is  not  cited  as  an  area  of  use.   None of the 418
questionnaire returns indicated either "known" or "suspected presence"
in the  mill  waste.   In  the  field  sampling  program,   this  toxic
pollutant  was  found  at  one  mill  in the raw wastewater samples on
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consecutive days at levels of 100 and 36 ug/1.   It was not detected in
the secondary treated effluent.

2,4-Dimethylphenol.   The  compound  2,4-dimethylphenol  (2,4-DMP)  is
derived from coal and petroleum sources.  It finds use commercially as
an  important chemical feedstock or constituent for the manufacture of
a wide range of commercial products for industry and agriculture.

Textile industry representatives suggested that  possible  sources  of
2,4-dimethylphenol  in  textile  mill  wastewaters  were  its  use  as
solvent, plasticizer, additive to  lubricants,   component  of  carrier
sytems,  and  insecticide  and  fungicide.   Out  of 418 questionnaire
returns, 2 indicated "suspected presence" in the mill  waste,  without
citing   possible  sources.   In  the  field  sampling  program,  this
pollutant was detected in the wastewaters at two mills.   It  was  not
found in the raw wastes, but was in one secondary effluent sample at 8
ug/1 and in one polishing pond effluent sample at 9 ug/1.

2,6-Dinitrotoluene.    Dinitrotoluene   {DNT)   is  an  ingredient  of
explosives for commercial and military use and is used as  a  chemical
stabilizer  in  the  manufacture  of  smokeless  powder.  In 1975, the
production of 2,4-and 2,6-DNT in the U.S. was 264,030 metric tons.  The
production of DNT is expected to increase yearly at a rate of 20 to 25
percent.

Possible sources of 2,6-dinitrotoluene  in  textile  mill  wastewaters
suggested  by  industry  include  trace levels in some dyes and  in dye
testing, although these were not regarded as very  common  sources  in
the  industry.   The  DETO  survey  results did not confirm its  likely
presence in dyes.  Out  of  418  questionnaire  returns,  3  indicated
"suspected  presence"  in  the  mill  waste.   In  the  field sampling
program, this pollutant was detected in one raw wastewater sample,  at
54 ug/1.  It was not found in the pond treated effluent at this  mill.

1,2-Diphenylhydra2ine.   Diphenylhydrazine  exists  in  two structural
forms:    1,1-diphenylhydrazine   and   1,2-diphenylhydrazine.    1,2-
Diphenlhydrazine   (hydrazobenzene)  is  insoluble in water; in air, it
will  oxidize  to  form  azobenzene,  a  compound  with  slight  water
solubility.   When reacted with HC1 or H2S04, hydrazobenzene will form
benzidine.

The ATMI Task Force suggested that  1,2-diphenylhydrazine  might find
limited  use  in textile mill laboratories and might be an  impurity in
azo dyes.  This latter use was not confirmed by the DETO survey.   Out
of  418 questionnaire returns, 5 indicated "suspected presence"  in the
mill waste, with no possible sources  suggested.   This  compound  was
found  in one of two raw wastewater samples at one mill at 22 ug/1.  It
was not found in the secondary treated effluent samples.
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Methyl  Chloride.   Methyl  chloride belongs to the class of compounds
known  as  halomethanes,  which  are  a  subcategory  of   halogenated
hydrocarbons.   Methyl chloride is also known as chloromethane.  It is
a colorless, flammable, almost odorless gas at  room  temperature  and
pressure.   It  is  used  as  a  refrigerant,  a  methylating agent, a
dewaxing agent, and a catalyst solvent in synthetic rubber production.

The ATMI Task Force suggested that methyl chloride might be used as an
aerosol propellent.  Out of 418  questionnaire  returns,  1  indicated
"known  presence"  and  2  indicated  "suspected presence" in the mill
waste.  One respondent cited laboratory and  dyeing  as  sources,  and
another  reported  intermittent  use  as  a scouring chemical.  In the
field sampling program, this volatile compound was detected in one  of
two  raw wastewater samples at one mill at "less than 5 ug/1."  It was
not found in the two secondary effluent samples at this mill.

Methyl Bromide.  Methyl bromide belongs  to  the  class  of  compounds
known   as  halomethanes,  which  are  a  subcategory  of  halogenated
hydrocarbons.  Methyl bromide has been referred  to  as  bromomethane,
monobromomethane,  and  embafume.   It  has  been  widely  used  as  a
fumigant, fire extinguisher, refrigerant, and insecticide.  Today  the
major use of methyl bromide is as a fumigating agent.

The DETO survey results indicate that methyl bromide may be present in
some  commercial  dyes  at  less  than  0.1  percent.  No other likely
sources in textile mill wastewaters were found in this study.  Of  418
questionnaire  returns,  4  indicated "suspected presence" in the mill
waste.  No sources were  suggested.   This  toxic  pollutant  was  not
detected in any wastewater samples in the field sampling program.

Dichlorobromomethane.   Dichlorobromomethane  belongs  to the class of
compounds  known  as  halomethanes,  which  are   a   subcategory   of
halogenated hydrocarbons.  Specific industrial uses are not known.

No  sources  of  dichlorobromomethane in textile mill wastewaters were
uncovered in this study.   Out  of  418  questionnaire  returns,  none
indicated either "known" or suspected presence" in the mill waste.  In
the  field sampling program, this compound was found in one of two raw
wastewater samples at one mill at 6.6 ug/1.  It was not found  in  the
two secondary effluent samples at this mill.

2-NitrophenoI.   The  compound  2-nitrophenol  belongs to the chemical
class known as nitrophenols.  The  nitrophenols  represent  a  generic
class  of  organic  compounds  that may contain from one to four nitro
groups substituted on the phenol ring.  They include the  mono-,  di-,
tri-,  arid  tetra-nitrophenols  in various isomeric forms.  Isomers of
the  dinitrocresols  are  sometimes  included  within  this  class  of
compounds.
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Nitrophenols  and  nitrocresols  are widely used in the U.S. as inter-
mediates for the production of dyes, pigments, Pharmaceuticals, rubber
chemicals,   lumber   preservatives,   photographic   chemicals,   and
pesticidal  and fungicidal agents.  Although some nitrophenols are not
produced commercially in substantial quantities, various nitrophenolic
compounds are inadvertantly produced via microbial degradation of  the
pesticides parathion and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol.

No  sources of 2-nitrophenol in textile mill wastewaters were cited or
suggested by anyone in the industry contacted in this study.   Out  of
418  questionnaire  returns,  2  indicated "suspected presence" in the
mill waste, but no sources were  suggested.   In  the  field  sampling
program,  this  toxic  pollutant was detected in one secondary treated
effluent at 4.1 ug/1.  It was  not  detected  in  the  raw  wastewater
sample at this mill.

4-Nitrophenol.   The  compound  4-nitrophenol  belongs to the chemical
class known as nitrophenols.  The  nitrophenols  represent  a  generic
class  of  organic  compounds  that may contain from one to four nitro
groups substituted on the phenol ring.  They  include the  mono-,  di-,
tri-,  and  tetra-nitrophenols  in various isomeric forms.  Isomers of
the  dinitrocresols  are  sometimes  included  within  this  class  of
compounds.

Nitrophenols  and  nitrocresols  are widely used in the U.S. as inter-
mediates for the production of dyes, pigments, Pharmaceuticals, rubber
chemicals,   lumber   preservatives,   photographic   chemicals,   and
pesticidal  and fungicidal agents.  Although  some nitrophenols are not
produced commercially in substantial quantities, various nitrophenolic
compounds are inadvertantly produced via microbial degradation of  the
pesticides parathion and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol.

The DETO survey results indicated that 4-nitrophenol may be present  in
some  commercial  dyes  at  less  than 0.1 percent levels.  Out of 418
questionnaire surveys, 2 indicated  "suspected presence"  in  the  mill
waste,  but no possible sources were suggested.  In the field  sampling
program, this pollutant was detected at  "less than 10 ug/1"  in one   of
two  secondary  effluent   samples at one mill.   It was not  detected  in
the raw wastewater samples at this mill.

2,4-Dinitrophenol.  The  compound   2,4-dinitrophenol  belongs   to  the
chemical   class   known  as nitrophenols.   The nitrophenols  represent a
generic class of  organic compounds which may  contain from one  to  four
nitro   groups substituted  on  the phenol  ring.   They include the mono-,
di-, tri-, and tetra-nitrophenols in various  isomeric forms.    Isomers
of  the   dinitrocresols  are  sometimes   included within this  class  of
compounds.
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Nitrophenols  and  nitrocresols  are  widely  used  in  the  U.S.   as
intermediates  for  the production of dyes, pigments, Pharmaceuticals,
rubber chemicals, lumber preservatives,  photographic  chemicals,  and
pesticidal  and fungicidal agents.  Although some nitrophenols are not
produced commercially in substantial quantities, various nitrophenolic
compounds are inadvertantly produced via microbial degradation of  the
pesticides parathion and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol.

The  DETO  survey  results  indicated  that  2,4-dinitrophenol  may be
present in some  commercial  dyes  at  concentrations  less  than  0.1
percent.   Out  of  418  questionnaire returns, 4 indicated "suspected
presence" in the mill waste.   No  possible  sources  were  suggested.
This  toxic  pollutant  was  not  detected  in any sample in the field
sampling program.

N-Nitrosodimethylamine.  The compound  N-nitrosodiphenylamine  belongs
to  the  chemical  class  known as nitrosamines.  The organic nitroso-
compounds are a large group of chemicals characterized  by  a  nitroso
group (N=0) that is attached to the nitrogen of a secondary amine.

Patent  applications  show  potential  uses  of  nitrosamines  in  the
manufacture of  rubber,  dyestuffs,  gasoline  additives,  lubricating
oils,   explosives,   insecticides,   fungicides,  dielectric  fluids,
acrylonitrile, plasticizers, industrial solvents, and  hydrazine.   At
present,  two  major industries are involved in handling nitrosamines:
organic    chemicals    manufacturing    and    rubber     processing.
Diphenylnitrosamine  is  the  only  nitrosamine  which  is produced in
quantities greater than 450 kg.   It is used as a vulcanizing  retarder
in  rubber  processing  and in pesticides.  Other nitrosamines are not
produced commercially except as research chemicals.

N-nitrosodimethylamine  is  a  possible  trace  constituent  of   some
commercial dyes.  The DETO survey results  indicate that concentrations
should  be less than 0.1 percent.  Out of  418 questionnaire returns,  5
indicated "suspected presence" in the mill waste.  This pollutant  was
not detected in any sample collected in the field sampling program.

Benzofluoranthene  (3,4  and  11,12).   The  compounds 3,4- and  11,12-
benzofluoranthene belongs to the  chemical  class known  as  polynuclear
aromatic  hydrocarbons  (PAH's).   PAH's   are  formed  as  a result of
combustion of organic compounds without sufficient oxygen.  This leads
to the formation of C-H free radicals  that  can  polymerize  to  form
various PAH's.  Domestic and industrial soots,  coal tar, and pitch are
the  products  of incomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials such
as wood, coal, and oil.  Naturally  formed  shale  oil  and  petroleum
contain PAH.

Using  the  EPA  analytical  protocol,  the 3,4- and 11,12- isomers of
benzofluoranthene are not distinguishable.   No  possible  sources  of
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this  compound  in  textile mill wastewaters were found in this study.
Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 1 indicated "suspected presence"  in
the   mill  waste,  without  suggesting  any  possible  source.   This
pollutant was detected at "less than  10  ug/1"  in  one  of  two  raw
wastewater  samples  at  one  mill.   It  was  not detected in the two
secondary effluent samples.

Fluorene.  Fluorene belongs to the chemical class of  compounds  known
as  polynuclear  aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's).  PAH's are formed as a
result of combustion of organic compounds without  sufficient  oxygen.
This  leads  to the formation of C-H free radicals that can polymerize
to form various PAH's.  Domestic and industrial soots, coal  tar,  and
pitch  are  the  products  of  incomplete  combustion  of carbonaceous
materials such as wood, coal, and oil.  Naturally formed shale oil and
petroleum contain PAH.

A possible source of fluorene in textile mill wastewaters suggested by
the ATMI Task Force  was  some  sanitary  cleaning  agents.   Chemical
references  cite  its  use in dyestuffs, but this was not indicated by
the  DETO  survey  results.   Out  of  418  questionnaire  returns,  1
indicated "known presence" and 4 indicated "suspected presence" in the
mill  wastes.  No sources were suggested.  This pollutant was detected
in one raw wastewater sample at 15 ug/1.  It  was  not  found  in  any
treated effluent samples.

Phenanthrene.  Phenanthrene belongs to the chemical class of compounds
known  as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's).  PAH's are formed
as a result of combustion  of  organic  compounds  without  sufficient
oxygen.   This  leads  to  the formation of C-H free radicals that can
polymerize to form various PAH's.  Domestic and industrial soots, coal
tar,  and  pitch  are  the  products  of  incomplete   combustion   of
carbonaceous  materials such as wood, coal, and oil.  Naturally formed
shale oil and petroleum contain PAH.

The only cited source of phenanthrene in textile mill wastewaters  was
dyes.    The  DETO  survey  results  indicated  that  levels  in  some
commercial  dyes  should  be  less  than  0.1  percent.   Out  of  418
questionnaire  returns,  3  indicated "suspected presence" in the mill
wastes.  This  pollutant  was  not  detected  in  the  field  sampling
program.

Vinyl  Chloride.   Vinyl  chloride  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of
polyvinyl chloride, which is the most widely  used  synthetic  plastic
material  throughout  the world.  Of the estimated million metric tons
of vinyl chloride produced each year, 25 percent  is  manufactured  in
the  U.S.   Polyvinyl  chloride  is  used for numerous products in the
building and automobile industries, for  electrical  wire  insulation,
cables,  piping,  household  equipment,  clothing, toys, packaging for
food products and medical supplies.   The  rubber,  paper,  and  glass
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industries  also  depend  heavily on the production of vinyl chloride.
Polyvinyl chloride and vinyl chloride copolymers are  distributed  and
processed  in  a  variety  of  forms  including  dry resins, plastisol
(dispersions in plasticizers),  organosol (dispersion  in  plasticizers
plus  volatile  solvent),  and  latex (colloidal dispersion in water).
Latexes are used to coat or impregnate paper, fabrics, or leather.

No likely sources of vinyl chloride in textile mill  wastewaters  were
suggested  by  any industry representatives.  Out of 418 questionnaire
returns, 5 indicated "suspected presence" in the mill  waste,  but  no
sources  were  suggested.   In  the  field  sampling  program,  it was
detected in one raw wastewater sample at 11 ug/1.  It was not detected
in the treated waste effluent sample at this mill.  There remains some
question as to the validity of this analytical result because  of  the
nature of this compound.

Dieldrin.   Dieldrin  has  been  one  of the most widely used domestic
pesticides.  It  is  a  chlorinated  hydrocarbon  compound.   Although
aldrin  (see  Group  2C)  is  used  in greater quantity than dieldrin,
aldrin quickly transforms into dieldrin in  the  environment.   Hence,
there  is  concern  with  both  compounds.   The  primary  use  of the
chemicals in the past was for control of  corn  pests,  although  they
were  also  used by the citrus industry.  Uses are restricted to those
where there is no effluent discharge.

Aldrin use in the U.S. peaked at 8.6  million  kilograms  (19  million
pounds)  in  1966  but  dropped  to  about 4.8 million kilograms  (10.5
million pounds)  in  1970.   During  that  same  period  dieldrin  use
decreased  from  0.45  million kilograms (1 million pounds) to 304,000
kilograms  about  (670,000  pounds).   The  decreased  use  has   been
attributed  primarily  to  increased  insect  resistance  to  the  two
chemicals and to development and availability of substitute materials.

No general sources  of  dieldrin  in  textile  mill  wastewaters  were
suggested  by  any  of  the  industry  representatives.   Out  of  418
questionnaire responses, 1 indicated  "known  presence"  in  the  mill
wastes  and  cited moth proofing as the source.  Dieldrin was detected
in one wastewater sample at 0.2 ug/1.  This analysis was  carried  out
on  10  selected  textile  mill  wastewater samples by EPA's Pesticide
Monitoring Laboratory, and the finding of  this  toxic  pollutant  was
confirmed, by both GC/MS and FID-GC.

4,4'-DDT.   Dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites
are among the most widely distributed synthetic  chemicals  on  earth.
These pesticides are found in soils, runoff water, air, rainwater, and
in  the tissues of animals.  Basic characteristics of DDT include per-
sistence, mobility,  and a broad range of toxicological effects.
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No known sources of 4,4-DDT were suggested  by  the  textile  industry
representatives   other   than   the  water  supply  and  agricultural
activities in the vicinity of the  mill.   Out  of  418  questionnaire
returns,  1  indicated  "suspected  presence"  in  the mill waste, but
suggested no potential source.  This toxic pollutant was detected in 1
of 10 selected textile mill  wastewater  samples  by  EPA's  Pesticide
Monitoring Laboratory.  The concentration was 0.5 ug/1 by GC analysis.
This  was  confirmed  by  FID-GC,  but could not be confirmed by GC/MS
because of an interference.  Florisil cleanup of the  sample  did  not
remove the interference.

Beryllium.    Beryllium   is   a   naturally  occurring  element  that
constitutes about 0.001 percent of the earth's  crust.   Environmental
concentrations  of  beryllium  are  reported  at 0.6 ng/1 in seawater,
while beryllium concentrations in U.S. surface  water  samples  ranged
from  10  to  1,220 ng/1, with a mean of 190 ng/1 (20).  Major uses of
beryllium are in  the  manufacture  of  X-ray  diffraction  tubes  and
electrodes,  in  nuclear reactors, in the optical industry, and in the
production of alloys.

No likely manufacturing-related sources of beryllium in  textile  mill
wastewaters  were  suggested  by  any of the industry representatives.
Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 2 indicated "known presence"  and  5
indicated  "suspected  presence"  in  the  mill  waste,  but  only one
respondent cited the potential source;  "raw materials."  In the  field
sampling  program, beryllium was detected in one raw wastewater sample
at "less than 40 ug/1."  Other samples analyzed by the same laboratory
were reported as "less than  5  ug/1."   This  was  the  lowest  level
reported  by this laboratory, and is here regarded as being equivalent
to "not detected."  Beryllium was not detected in any of  the  samples
(approximately  40  mills) analyzed by another laboratory.  The latter
laboratory worked to a minimum detection limit of 0.1 ug/1.

Group 2C  -  Potentially  Significant  jji  Textile  Wastewaters:   Not
         Detected

The  toxic  pollutants not detected in  the field sampling program, but
suggested as possibly present as an  intermediate  or  contaminant  in
some textile chemicals are the following:

 6. carbon tetrachloride
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
16. chloroethane
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
50. dichlorodifluoromethane
54. isophorone
56. nitrobenzene
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
77. acenaphthylene
                                  186
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Also  included  in Group 2C are the remaining pesticides that could be
present because of contamination  of  raw  materials  or  agricultural
activities that impact the mill:

 89. aldrin
 91. chlordane
 93. 4,4'-DDE
 94. 4,4'-DDD
 95. alpha-endosulfan
 96. beta-endosulfan
 97. endosulfan sulfate
 98. endrin
 99. endrin aldehyde
100. heptachlor
101. heptachlor epoxide
102. alpha-BHC
103. beta-BHC
104. gamma-BHC (H105. delta-BHC
113. toxaphene

Carbon  Tetrachloride.   Carbon tetrachloride is a haloalkane and is a
dense,  colorless  liquid  at  room  temperature.   Approximately  450
million  kilograms  (one  billion pounds) are produced annually in the
U.S.  The bulk of this  production  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of
fluorocarbons  (95  percent  in  1973),  which  are  used primarily as
aerosol propellants.  However, the demand for carbon tetrachloride  is
expected  to decrease as the use of aerosol products decreases.  Other
uses of carbon tetrachloride include:  grain fumigation, where  it  is
being  largely  replaced  by other registered pesticide products; fire
extinguishers; and in the dry cleaning industry as a degreaser,  where
it   has   been   largely   replaced   by  perchloroethylene.   Carbon
tetrachloride has been used as a deworming agent and anesthetic,  but,
because  of  adverse  toxicity,  these  uses  have  been discontinued.
Carbon tetrachloride has been found at low levels in plant and  animal
tissues,  but  does  not  appear  to bioconcentrate to any appreciable
extent.

Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 1 indicated "known presence"  and  9
indicated  "suspected  presence"  of  carbon tetrachloride in the mill
waste.  One respondent  cited  dyes  and  another  "raw  material"  as
possible  sources.   This  pollutant was not among those listed in the
DETO survey results as believed present in commercial  dyes,  although
that survey did not include dyes produced in smaller quantities.

1,1,2-Trichloroethane.   The compound 1,1,2-trichloroethane belongs to
the chemical class known  as  chlorinated  ethanes.   The  chlorinated
ethanes,  which  are produced in relatively large quantities, are used
for  the  production  of  tetraethyl  lead  and  vinyl  chloride,   as
industrial  solvents,  and as intermediates in the production of other
                                 187
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organochlorine compounds.  Some have been found in drinking waters, in
natural waters, and in aquatic organisms and foodstuffs.

This toxic pollutant may find application in  some  textile  mills  in
scouring  or  as  a spot remover.  Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 9
indicated "suspected presence" in  mill  waste,  with  one  respondent
citing  dyes  as  the potential source.  This was not confirmed by the
DETO survey results.

Chloroethane.  Chloroethane belongs to the  chemical  class  known  as
chlorinated  ethanes.   The chlorinated ethanes, which are produced in
relatively large quantities, are used for the production of tetraethyl
lead and vinyl chlorides, as industrial solvents, and as intermediates
in the production of other organochlorine compounds.  Some  have  been
found  in drinking waters, in natural waters, and in aquatic organisms
and foodstuffs.

Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 1 indicated "known presence"  and  8
indicated  "suspected  presence"  of  Chloroethane  in the mill waste.
Potential sources cited by two respondents were "raw  materials."   No
other  information  about  sources  of  this  compound in textile mill
wastewaters was suggested by the industry.

4-Chlorophenvl Phenyl Ether.  The compound 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
belongs to the class of compounds known as haloethers.  These are com-
pounds that contain an ether moiety (R-O-R) and halogen atoms attached
to the aryl or alkyl groups.   Chloroethers  appear  to  be  the  most
important  haloethers  used  commercially  and can be divided into two
categories, alpha- and non-alpha- chloroethers.   Chloromethyl  methyl
ether  (CMME)  is  the only alpha haloether of commercial significance
and is used primarily in the synthesis of  strong  base  ion  exchange
resins   used  in  water  conditioning  and  for  chemical  separation
processes.  However, CMME preparations are usually contaminated with 1
to 8 percent bis(Chloromethyl}ether (BCME) which has been demonstrated
to be a potent carcinogen.

The beta-chloroethers are widespread environmental  contaminants.   It
has  been  suggested  that  they  are produced or may be formed as by-
products in sizable quantities, are released to and appear to  persist
in  the environment, can pass through drinking water treatment plants,
and may be carcinogenic.  Bis  (2-chloroethyl) ether (BCE) is used as a
dewaxing agent for lubricating  oils  and  is  a  useful  solvent  for
naphthenic  components.   BCE has also been used to separate butadiene
from butylene.  The second major use of bis  (2-chloroethyl)  ether  is
in  the  textile  industry  as  a  cleaning agent, a wetting agent and
penetrant in combination with  diethylene  glycol,  sulphonated  oils,
etc.   The compound generally  is a good solvent for tars, fats, waxes,
oils, resins and pectins, and will dissolve cellulose esters when used
with 10-30 percent ethanol.
                                  188
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The ATMI Task Force suggested that this compound  might  find  general
applications  as  a fungicide or bactericide, although not necessarily
in  textile  manufacturing  operations.   Out  of  418   questionnaire
returns,  4  indicated  "suspected  presence"  in  the mill waste.  No
potential sources were cited.  This compound  is  reportedly  used  in
some proprietary sanitary cleaning compounds.

Dichlorodifluoromethane.  Dichlorodifluoramethane belongs to the class
of compounds known as halomethanes.  These compounds are a subcategory
of   halogenated   hydrocarbons.    Dichlorodifluoromethane  has  been
referred to as difluorodichloromethane, Freon 12,  Acton  6,  Genetron
12,  Halon, and Isotron 2.  Freon compounds are organic compounds that
contain fluorine.  They have a  high  degree  of  chemical  stability,
relatively  low  toxicity, and are nonflammable.  Freon compounds have
found  many  applications  ranging  from   use   as   propellants   to
refrigerants and solvents.

No  specific  uses  of  dichlorodifluoromethane  were  reported by any
textile industry representative, although it might  have  applications
in  textile  mills  and  their  laboratories.   It  has  no particular
process-related applications,  however.   None  of  the  questionnaire
returns  listed  it  as  "known"  or  "suspected presence" in the mill
waste.

Isophorone.  Isophorone is an  industrial  chemical  synthesized  from
acetone  and  is  used  commercially  as  a  solvent  or cosolvent for
finishes, lacquers, polyvinyl and nitrocellulose  resins,  pesticides,
herbicides,  fats,  oils,  and  gums.   It  is also used as a chemical
feedstock  for  the  synthesis   of   3,5   xylenol,   2,3,5-trimethyl
cyclobexanol, and 3, 5-dimethylaniline.

Out  of 418 questionnaire returns, 1 indicated "suspected presence" in
the mill waste, citing dyes as the potential  source.   This  was  not
indicated as a common source by the results of the DETO survey.

Nitrobenzene.   Nitrobenzene  is a pale yellow liquid with a sweet but
sickening odor.  It  is  produced  by  the  reaction  of  nitrous  and
sulfuric  acid  and  benzene.   Most  of  the nitrobenzene produced is
reduced to analine and other dye intermediates for use  in  soaps  and
shoe  polishes.   On  a  small  scale,  it is used as a mild oxidizing
agent.

Out of 418 questionnaire returns, 7 indicated "suspected presence"  of
nitrobenzene  in  the mill waste, with 1 respondent citing defoamer as
the potential source, and another citing naphthol dyes.   This  latter
source was not indicated as common by the results of the DETO survey.

4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol.   The  compound  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol belongs to
the chemical class known as nitrophenols.  The nitrophenols  represent
                                 189
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a generic class of organic compounds that may contain from one to four
nitro  groups substituted on the phenol ring.  They include the mono-,
di-, tri-, and tetra-nitrophenols in various isomeric forms.   Isomers
of  the  dinitrocresols  are  sometimes  included within this class of
compounds.

Nitrophenols  and  nitrocresols  are  widely  used  in  the  U.S.   as
intermediates  for  the production of dyes, pigments, Pharmaceuticals,
rubber chemicals, lumber preservatives,  photographic  chemicals,  and
pesticidal  and fungicidal agents.  Although some nitrophenols are not
produced commercially in substantial quantities, various nitrophenolic
compounds are inadvertantly produced via microbial degradation of  the
pesticides parathion and 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol.

The  use  of 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol as a constituent of dyestuff was not
indicated as a common source by the results of the DETO  survey.   Out
of  418 questionnaire returns, 2 indicated "suspected presence"  in the
mill waste.  No potential sources were suggested.

Acenaphthylene.  Acenaphthylene  belongs  to  the  chemical  class  of
compounds  known  as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons  (PAH's).  PAH's
are formed as a result of  combustion  of  organic  compounds  without
sufficient  oxygen.   This leads to the formation of C-H free radicals
that can polymerize to form various PAH's.   Domestic   and   industrial
soots,  coal  tar, and pitch are the products of incomplete  combustion
of carbonaceous materials such as  wood,  coal,  and  oil.   Naturally
formed shale oil and petroleum contain PAH.

Out  of   418 questionnaire returns, 3  indicated  "known  presence" and  2
indicated  "suspected presence" of acenaphthylene in  the  mill   waste.
Two  respondents cited direct dyes as  the potential sources.  This was
not indicated as a common source by the results  of the  DETO  survey.

Group  3. -  Not Considered Significant in Textile  Wastewaters

Based  on  the findings of this study, the   following  toxic   pollutants
are  not  considered significant  in textile mill  wastewater.  They were
not detected in  the field sampling program and were not suggested  as
possibly   present  in  mill  wastes due to manufacturing operations or
from other sources.   It should be  noted   that   two  of the Group   3
pollutants,  asbestos  and  dioxin, were not analyzed for  in the field
sampling  program because of analytical constraints.   Asbestos   fibers
have   been detected in some municipal  water  supplies, but  at this  time
there  are no data  to  suggest  that asbestos  is a  significant pollutant
 in  textile mill  wastewaters.   It  should be noted that asbestos  textile
products   are  covered by another  EPA point source  category.  Dioxin  is
extremely toxic,  and there  is no evidence that  it  is commonly  present
 in  textile mill  wastewaters.
                                  190
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Group 3. comprises the following toxic pollutants

  2.  acrolein
 12.  hexachloroethane
 15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
 17.  bis {chloromethyl) ether
 18.  bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
 19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
 26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
 30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
 33.  1,3-dichloropropylene
 35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
 39.  fluoranthene
 41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
 42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
 43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
 47.  bromoform
 51.  chlorodibromomethane
 52.  hexachlorobutadiene
 53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
 72.  1,2-benzanthracene
 7 3.  benzo(a)pyrene
 76.  chrysene
 79.  1,12-benzoperylene
 82.  1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene
 83.  indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene
106.  PCB-1242
107.  PCB-1254
108.  PCB-1221
109.  PCB-1232
110.  PCB-1248
111.  PCB-1260
112.  PCB-1016
116.  asbestos
129.  dioxin
                                 191
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                             SECTION VII

                   CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

This section describes the technologies that are available to conserve
water and reduce the constituents in  textile  wastewater  discharges.
There  are  two  major approaches available:  1) in-plant controls and
process changes and  2)  end-of-pipe  treatment.   Programs  combining
elements  of  both  approaches  are  required  for  many  mills in the
industry.   Individual  mills  should  consider  both  approaches  and
determine   which   specific  combination  is  best  suited  to  their
particular situation.

In-plant controls and process changes, which are described below,  are
measures  taken to reduce hydraulic and pollutant loadings originating
from mill operations.  At the present time, the use of  such  measures
is  limited.   In  general,  most  textile  mills  use  water once and
discharge  it.   There  may  exist  a  lack   of   communication   and
coordination  between  individuals and activities inside textile mills
and personnel responsible for  end-of-pipe  water  pollution  control.
The  lack  of attention in such mundane areas as housekeeping and leak
control is an indication that more  sophisticated  measures  are  also
lacking.   These  situations  can  be  attributed  to several factors,
including low costs for water and lack of recognizable  incentives  to
practice  conservation.   These  aspects  are  changing today and much
greater attention  is  being  focused  on  in-plant  control  measures
because of economic, environmental, and energy considerations.

End-of-pipe  treatment  technologies for textile mill wastewaters have
been researched and developed for decades.  As described  subsequently
in  this  section,  most of the direct-discharge mills in the industry
provide end-of-pipe  treatment  and  many  indirect  dischargers  also
provide   treatment.   Preliminary  treatment,  biological  treatment,
chemical processes, physical separation methods, and sorption  systems
are  described after the discussion of in-plant controls.  Each system
is described along with specific case studies.

IN-PLANT CONTROLS AND PROCESS CHANGES

It is often more efficient  to  attack  a  pollution  problem  at  its
source,  i.e.,  to  prevent  the  generation  of waste, rather than to
depend upon treatment  to  alter  or  remove  it.   For  this  reason,
investigation  of  in-plant controls and process changes that might be
instituted to reduce the strength and/or volume of  wastewaters  is  a
logical first step in any pollution control program at a textile mill.
Conscientious  implementation of in-plant controls and process changes
can be very effective in reducing water use and pollutant discharges.
                                 193
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It is convenient to  divide  in-plant  measures  into  five  types  as
follows: 1) water reuse, 2) water reduction, 3) chemical substitution,
4)  material  reclamation,  and  5)  process  changes  and new process
technology.  Water reuse and water  reduction  measures  simply  lower
water  usage  rates.   This  results  in  a lower hydraulic loading on
treatment facilities that in  turn  may  yield  an  improved  effluent
quality.   In  other  situations, smaller treatment units may be used,
involving  less  capital  and   lower   operating   costs.    Chemical
substitution or material reclamation may reduce conventional pollutant
loadings  on treatment facilities or eliminate or reduce the levels of
toxic pollutants or other undesirable constituents in the  wastewater.
Process  changes  can result in water and pollutant reductions through
improved efficiency and process control.

Summary of In-Plant Controls Data

Surveys from 541 textile mills were received during the initial  phase
of  the  study.  Of these, 152 provided relevant information about in-
plant production process control.  In some  instances, this information
was supplemented by telephone calls to knowledgeable  mill  personnel.
A  summary  of  the  responses,  listed by  subcategory, is provided in
Table VII-1.  The number of controls  cited totaled  195,  with  many
facilities  identifying  more  than one control measure.  However, the
quantitative accuracy of the in-plant  control  information  developed
from  the  survey is somewhat questionable  due to confusion as to what
qualifies as an in-plant control measure.   The following  is an example
of the kinds of problems encountered.

Forty-seven mills mercerize cotton  to  some  extent.   Twenty-six  of
these practice caustic recovery while 18 do not.  The practices at the
other  3  mills  are  unknown.  Eleven of the mills practicing caustic
recovery considered it to be an  in-plant control measure.   Evidently,
the  others  considered   it  to be a common and expected  aspect of the
mercerizing process, since  they  did  not  list  it  as  an   in-plant
control.  This type of  inconsistency may exist elsewhere  in the survey
data.   To  date, most  in-plant control measures have been  implemented
for reasons other than, or in addition to,  water pollution  control.

Water Reuse

Water reuse, as considered here,  includes those situations  that reduce
hydraulic  loadings  to treatment  systems by  using  the   same  water   in
more than  one process.  Water reuse resulting  from  advanced wastewater
treatment   (recycle) is not considered an in-plant  control  here,  since
it does not accomplish  such reductions.  The   two   major  water   reuse
measures available  to textile mills are:  1) reuse  of relatively  clean
cooling  water   in  operations   requiring   hot  water,  and  2)  reuse  of
process water  from  one  operation  in a second,  unrelated operation.
                                  194
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Cooling water that does not come in contact with fabric  or  chemicals
can   often  be  collected  and  reused  directly.   Examples  include
condenser cooling  water,  water  from  water-cooled  bearings,  heat-
exchanger  water,  and  water recovered from such equipment as cooling
rolls, yarn dryers, pressure dyeing  machines,  and  air  compressors.
This  water  can  be  pumped  to  hot water storage tanks for reuse in
functions where heated water is required, such as  dye  makeup  water,
bleaching,  rinsing,  and  cleaning.   Energy and water savings can be
substantial.

Reuse of certain process water elsewhere in mill operations  can  also
result  in significant wastewater reductions.  Many examples have been
cited in  the  literature  regarding  potential  reuse  possibilities.
These  include  reuse  of wash water from bleaching in caustic washing
and scour make-up and  rinse  water,  reuse  of  scouring  rinses  for
desizing  or  washing  printing  equipment,  reuse of mercerizing wash
water to prepare scour, chlorine bleach, and wetting  out  baths,  and
similar  activities.   Careful  analysis  will  be  required  prior to
implementation  of  these  and  similar  measures  to  determine   the
feasibility for each situation.

Ninety-two  mills in the survey appear to have instituted some form of
water reuse.  To be considered  here,  the  water  had  to  have  been
discharged previously without reuse.  By far the most common situation
is the use of cooling water a second time to utilize its energy value.
The  water  is  often  passed through a heat exchanger and temperature
increases as great as 33ฐC (91ฐF) have been reported.   Although  most
mills  identifying  this type of water reuse began the practice in the
mid-seventies to conserve energy, it is possible that similar  systems
were  instituted elsewhere earlier, and are no longer considered to be
in-plant control measures by mill  personnel.   At  some  mills,  both
energy  and  water  savings  were  major considerations in instituting
reuse, while at other mills one or  the  other  predominated.   Energy
savings  commonly  varied  from 1 billion to 100 billion Btu/yr, while
water savings varied from a few thousand gpd to 100,000 gpd  or  more.
Costs  to  institute  these  controls  were  often  less  than $5,000,
although some facilities reported costs of  more  than  $50,000.   The
principal  cost  items were pumps, piping modifications, and hot water
storage tanks.

As energy costs rise and wastewater treatment requirements become more
stringent,  reuse  of  cooling  water  is  expected  to  become   more
widespread  in  the industry.  This is supported by the fact that many
mills have reported current engineering studies  in  this  area.   The
reuse  of  water  from  various  textile processing operations is also
practiced at a few mills and is being  investigated  at  a  number  of
others.   Savings  similar to those noted for cooling water reuse were
reported so it is expected that more reuse of this nature will also be
forthcoming.
                                 196
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Water Reduction

Three in-plant control measures that are  considered  forms  of  water
reduction  are:   1) countercurrent. flow washing, 2) conservation, and
3) process modifications.   Just  
-------
products being handled.   Carefully supervised trials should be run  to
determine minimum water requirements possible without reducing product
quality.  Instrumentation and automation that can be incorporated into
processes to assist in uniformity of application, reduction of rework,
control of pH and temperature, or performance of similar functions may
be  employed  to  achieve  reductions  in  water  and  chemical usage.
Another process modification is to pump process liquor  to  a  storage
tank  where  it  is  saved for reuse in the makeup of the next similar
bath.   This  and  similar  material  recovery  techniques  are   more
appropriately considered as material reclamation activities.

Based on questionnaire and telephone surveys, 45 mills have instituted
water  reduction  control  measures.   The most common water reduction
measure  identified  was  countercurrent  flow  of  water  during  wet
processing  operations.   Countercurrent flow in scouring and desizing,
and rinse water use in bleaching, dyeing, and  mercerizing  have  been
instituted  at  various  mills.   As discussed in the section on water
reuse, energy and/or water savings can be substantial  and  costs  for
implementation can vary considerably.  Conservation measures include a
variety  of  steps  taken to reduce water use.  Use of automatic shut-
off s,  level  and  flow  control  valves  and  meters,   and   similar
modifications  to  existing equipment;and plumbing have been installed
economically in terms of water and energy savings at some mills.

Some process modifications have been implemented quite simply.  A  few
mills have found that they can utilize chemicals in operations such as
scouring  and  dyeing  (continuous  type)  for  longer periods without
dumping.  For example, one mill has recently extended the time between
scour dumps from once every 2 hours to once  every  24  hours  without
affecting  quality.  More extensive modifications that result in lower
water usage generally require capital investments.  Such modifications
are considered to be process changes and are discussed later  in  this
section.

Chemical Substitution

The objective of chemical substitution is to replace process chemicals
having  high  pollutant  strength or atoxic properties with others that
are less polluting or more amenable to wastewater treatment.  A number
of process chemical substitutions have1 been suggested or developed for
the textile industry, and it appears from the levels  and  numbers  of
toxic  pollutants  found  in  secondary  effluents  that  this area of
control  may  play  an  important  role  in  the  future.    For   any
substitution,   however,  a  careful  evaluation  should  be  made  to
ascertain that one pollution problem  is  not  being  substituted  for
another.  Some examples of process chemical substitution are discussed
below.
                                 198
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Foaming  problems  in  treatment facilities and receiving streams have
been solved by substituting biodegradable, low-foaming detergents  for
the  so-called  "hard" detergents.  In another area, potentially toxic
pollutants, especially certain organics and heavy  metals,  have  been
reduced  or eliminated by substitution.  One example is switching from
chromate oxidizers to hydrogen peroxide or iodates in  certain  dyeing
processes  to  eliminate  chromium.   The  replacement  of  soap  with
sulfuric acid in wool fulling operations  is  a  substitution  measure
that  has  resulted  in  lower  BOD loadings.  Mineral acids have been
substituted for high BOD acetic  acid  in  various  dyeing  processes,
offering  an  advantage in terms of wastewater treatability.   And, the
substitution of mineral oils with nonionic emulsifiers  for  the  more
traditional  olive  oil  for  carding  wool has also resulted in lower
pollutant levels.

Starch wastes from desizing have been the single  greatest  source  of
BOD  at  many  mills.  Consequently, low BOD substitutes, such as CMC,
PVA, and PAA, have become useful to reduce BOD loadings  on  treatment
plants.   However,  a secondary consideration should be the net effect
on  the  environment.   These  low-BOD,  high-COD   sizes   contribute
substantially  to  the ultimate oxygen demand of the receiving stream.
In view of this, the following from a report prepared for the American
Textile Manufacturers Institute (61) is pertinent.

"Substitution  should  assume  the  direction  of   easily   treatable
materials  in  terms  of  waste control technology and recoverability.
Chemists and environmental engineers must work together in considering
which process chemical is best handled by the means  or  unit  process
most  efficiently  suited  to  its recovery on removal.  Certainly, in
terms of conventional biological systems, low-BOD chemicals  will  not
lose  their  significance.   However, as physical-chemical methods are
adopted, other  characteristics   (COD,  ultimate  BOD,  solids,  toxic
pollutants,   etc.)   will   likely   become  increasingly  important.
Additional research is necessary to determine  the  viability  of  COD
versus  BOD  substitutions and the economic and treatability impact of
such cursory changes."

Thirty-six mills noted that they had instituted chemical  substitution
as  an  in-plant   control  measure.   Substitution  for dyes requiring
chromium mordants  and chromate oxidizers are the most  commonly  cited
such  control.  One Wool Finishing mill reported that savings in labor
and other processing costs more than offset the higher  cost  of  dyes
substituted  for   the  traditional  chrome  dyes.  BOD reductions were
achieved at some mills by the following substitutions:  synthetic warp
sizes for starch,  low BOD detergents for  those  with  high  BOD,  and
other  pH  adjusters  for  acetic acid.   In addition, nonbiodegradable
chemicals were replaced with substances that  are  biodegradable,  and
certain  undesirable  compounds  and  metals  eliminated  from process
operations at some mills.
                                 199
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A more general chemical substitution known as  solvent  processing  is
more  accurately classified as a process change and was not identified
as an in-plant control by mill respondents.

Material Reclamation

Material  reclamation  measures  are  often  implemented   to   reduce
processing  costs,  reduction  of pollutant loadings being a secondary
benefit.   As  has  been  noted  previously,  caustic  recovery  after
mercerizing is quite common, especially in large finishing operations.
Recovery  of  various  warp  sizes has been investigated at length and
shows promise.  Size recovery was identified at three facilities;  two
reclaim PVA and one reclaims WP-50.  While many Carpet Finishing mills
segregate  latex  waste  streams for treatment, only two segregate for
recycle.  Some mills reclaim scouring  detergent  or  dye  liquor  for
future  batches.   Reclamation  of  print  solvent is practiced at one
mill.  In all, some form of material reclamation was noted at some  22
mills.  It is anticipated that chemical and wastewater treatment costs
will  make  material  conservation  and recovery more important in the
future.

Process Changes and New Process Technology

Process changes comprise a group of related measures that may be  used
to  achieve  benefits  in  the  four  areas  noted.   They  result  in
reductions  of  hydraulic  and/or  pollutant  loadings  to   treatment
systems, and, in some cases, do so quite significantly.

Employment  of  process changes and new process technology holds great
promise for reducing hydraulic and pollutant loads from textile mills.
Technological advances in fibers,  process  chemicals  and  other  raw
materials, and fibers process equipment are constantly being made, and
in  general  these  changes  have  resulted  in  lower  hydraulic  and
conventional pollutant loadings (2).  It is expected that  this  trend
will  continue,  but  the  nature  of  future  textile  processing  is
difficult to predict with certainty.   Some  of  the  current  process
changes  and  trends  available  to the textile industry are discussed
below.

Solvent processing has been the most discussed of all the new  process
technologies.   In  general  it  has  not  yet  lived  up to its early
promise, except for certain specialized  processing  and  small  batch
operations.   Effective  applications include solvent scouring of wool
fabric and some  synthetic  knit  fabrics  and  solvent  finishing  of
upholstery,  drapery,  synthetic knits, and fabrics that are sensitive
to water.

There are a number of reasons for the limited application  of  solvent
processing  to  date.   The  most convincing has been the inability to
                                 200
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achieve the required levels of solvent recovery necessary to make  the
processes  economically  feasible.  In addition, only a limited number
of the thousands of different dyestuffs  and  chemicals  now  used  in
commercial  textile  processing can be transferred directly to solvent
use.  Another problem has been the emission of unrecovered solvent  to
the  work  place  or the atmosphere.  In spite of these problem areas,
some  textile  equipment  manufacturers  believe  that  research   and
development  will  overcome  the  problems and result in processes and
equipment for large, nonaqueous systems that can  be  substituted  for
the  various processes presently being used (62).  Thus, the potential
of solvent processing for reducing wastewater problems in the  textile
industry cannot be estimated at the present.

A more feasible method of reducing hydraulic and pollutant loadings in
the  industry  at the present time is to change processes and material
flow procedures.  It has been noted (63)  that  continuous  operations
generally  require  less  space,  water, and process chemicals than do
batch operations.  A second process change that  may  be  employed  to
reduce  water  use  is  to  substitute  standing  baths and rinses for
running ones.  Rope washers are reportedly more effective  than  open-
width washers in reducing water use.  Significant water use reductions
can  also  be  achieved  by  combining  separate  operations,  such as
scouring and dyeing in the  finishing  of  synthetic  fibers  and  the
desizing and scouring of cotton fibers, whenever possible.

Some  of the newer textile processing equipment results in lower water
and chemical usage.  For example, pressure dye machines  use  dyestuff
more   efficiently,   reduce  water  requirements,  and  perhaps  most
importantly reduce the level of toxic dye  carriers,  as  compared  to
atmospheric   dyeing.   Nevertheless,  technological  advancements  in
textile   machinery   should   be   continually   sought.     Chemical
manufacturers  must  be  urged  to provide chemical modifications that
assist in recovery or removal of chemicals by unit treatment  methods,
and  equipment  manufacturers  must be urged to cooperate in design of
equipment with an eye toward pollution  abatement.   It  is  with  the
textile  producer,  however, that the responsibility lies for defining
the problem areas and offering the specific  direction  for  equipment
manufacturers to follow.

END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

End-of-pipe  treatment  of  combined  waste  streams  is currently the
principal approach being taken by the textile industry  to  remove  or
reduce  the  pollutant  present  in  the  waste  from the various wet-
processing operations.  This  has  been,  and  seems  to  remain,  the
approach  because  of  the  difficulty of segregating waste streams at
existing  facilities.   However,  new  facilities  will  no  doubt  be
designed so that the more concentrated and more troublesome wastes can
be  segregated  and treated independently.  This will certainly be the
                                 201
-------
case  if  toxic  pollutants  are  to  be   controlled   and   chemical
substitutions are not available.

It is convenient to discuss the applicable end-of-pipe treatment tech-
nologies  as:  1) preliminary measures (screening, neutralization, and
equalization),  2) biological  processes  {aerated  lagoons,  activated
sludge,  biological beds, stabilization lagoons),  3) chemical processes
(coagulation,  precipitation,  and  oxidation), 4) physical separation
methods (filtration, hyperfiltration, ultrafiltration,  dissolved  air
flotation,  stripping,  and  electrodialysis), and 5) sorption systems
(activated carbon, and powdered activated carbon).  A summary  of  the
current  end-of-pipe  treatment practices by the mills surveyed during
this study, and discussions of the individual technologies noted above
follow.

Summary of Current Practices

The  information  developed  in  this  study  on  current  end-of-pipe
treatment practices by the wet-processing mills surveyed is summarized
in   Table   VI1-2.    The  table  illustrates  that  for  the  direct
dischargers, 20 percent provide no  wastewater  treatment,  7  percent
provide  only  preliminary treatment (i.e., neutralization, screening,
equalization,  heat  exchange,  disinfection,  primary  sedimentation,
and/or  flotation),  65  percent  provide  biological or an equivalent
level of treatment  (i.e., aerated  or  unaerated  lagoons,  biological
filtration,  activated  sludge,  and chemical coagulation/flocculation
without preceding biological treatment),  and  8  percent  provide  an
advanced   level   of  treatment  (i.e.,  activated  carbon,  chemical
coagulation following biological treatment, ozonation, filtration, ion
exchange, and membrane processes).  For the indirect  dischargers,  57
percent   provide   no   treatment,  33  percent  provide  preliminary
treatment, 9 percent provide biological  or  an  equivalent  level  of
treatment,  and  0.1  percent   (1  mill)  provide an advanced level of
treatment.  Approximately 21 percent of the mills surveyed (72 percent
of the direct dischargers and 9 percent of the  indirect  dischargers)
provide biological or an equivalent level of treatment as a minimum.

Specific  quantitative  information  about  the treatment technologies
employed by the mills surveyed  is presented in Table VII-3  for  mills
that  discharge  directly  to a receiving water and in Table VII-4 for
mills that discharge indirectly through POTW.

For both direct- and  indirect-discharge  mills  that  have  treatment
facilities,  well over half provide some form of screening, while less
than half have equalization and  only  about  20  percent  neutralize.
Nearly 68 percent of the direct dischargers employ activated sludge in
their  treatment  system.   For  estimating  the  costs  of additional
treatment technologies  for  the  direct  dischargers,  the  base  for
existing  treatment  comprised  a  sequence  of  screening,  activated
                                 202
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sludge, and secondary sedimentation  as  the  major  treatment  units.
Basically,, this is the recommended BPT.  For the indirect dischargers,
the  base for estimating costs assumed that no treatment was currently
provided.

A detailed study of the effectiveness of the recommended  BPT  in  the
textile  industry  was carried out using the questionnaire results and
supporting monitoring data reports.   The  extended-aeration  mode  of
operating  activated  sludge  systems  is  commonly  used  by  direct-
discharge mills.  An analysis of the available data indicated that the
two principal design variables affecting the quality  of  an  aeration
basin  effluent are detention time (hours) and aeration horsepower per
unit volume of the basin (hp/1000 cu ft).  An  analysis  of  treatment
plants  with the recommended BPT was carried out in order to determine
a minimum horsepower:detention time  value  for  biological  treatment
systems  that,  when  used,  would effect an effluent meeting the 1977
requirements.  It was found that a total of  69  treatment  plants  in
Subcategories  4,  5,  6,  and  7  employed  the  recommended  BPT.  A
graphical optimization procedure was applied to this list of 69 plants
with the results shown in Figure VII-1.  It was found that  40  of  42
(95  percent)  of those plants maintaining a minimum detention time of
40 hours, a minimum of 0.2 horsepower per 1,000 cubic  feet  of  basin
volume,  and a minimum of 30 horsepower-hours per 1,000 cubic feet met
the 1977 effluent requirements.

It may be noted from Figure VII-1 that a very long detention time  may
compensate for inadequate aeration horsepower, but that the reverse is
not true.  This emphasizes the importance of designing aeration basins
with sufficient detention time.  Factors such as spacing and number of
aerators  (proper mixing) and adequate recycle of activated sludge are
also important factors to achieve proper performance.

The relative merit of polishing ponds as an effective treatment  tech-
nology  was  examined in conjunction with the above investigation.  Of
the 69 treatment plants examined, 23 utilized polishing ponds.  Ten of
these are among the 42 plants having at least the minimum  recommended
detention  times and aeration values; only one failed to meet the 1977
effluent requirements.  The remaining 13 plants with  polishing  ponds
do  not  have  the  minimum  recommended  detention times and aeration
values; 5 meet the 1977 effluent requirements,  indicating  a  benefit
due  to the polishing ponds.  Closer inspection, however, reveals that
2 of these 5 plants treat very weak influent waste, 1 of the  other  3
plants almost meets the calculated minimum required detention time and
aeration  value,  and  the  remaining  2  plants  have  aeration basin
detention times in excess of 10 days.  It seems possible that these  5
plants  might  meet  the  effluent  requirements without the polishing
ponds.  The 8  plants  not  having  the  minimum  detention  time  and
aeration horsepower requirements were not benefited by their polishing
ponds.   In  addition,  as  noted  above,  1  plant having the minimum
                                 206
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required detention time and aeration horsepower requirement failed  to
meet  the  effluent  requirements, possibly due to the polishing pond.
On the basis of these findings, the effectiveness of  polishing  ponds
in upgrading textile mill treatment operations must be questioned.

1.  Preliminary Measures

a.  Screening

Screening is a physical  unit  operation  and  is  usually  the  first
operation employed in wastewater treatment.  Based on size of openings
(1/4 inch or greater or less than 1/4 inch), screens may be classified
as coarse or fine.  Coarse screens typically consist of parallel bars,
rods  or  wires,  grating, wire mesh or perforated plate.  The opening
may be of any shape, circular or  rectangular  slots  being  the  most
common.  They may be "hand cleaned" or "mechanically cleaned" and have
the  primary  function  of  removing  rags, sticks, and similar coarse
solids that may clog the pipes, pumps,  valves,  or  other  mechanical
equipment of the treatment system.  Fine screens serve a more definite
role in the removal of pollutant solids and may include inclined disks
or  drums,  static  plates  and  mesh units, and vibratory mesh units.
These may be cleaned by continuous water spray, by mechanically driven
brushes, or, in the case  of  the  vibratory  type,  automatically  by
nature  of  the  design.   They  serve  to remove floe, strings/short
fibers, vegetable matter, or other small solids that may also clog  or
damage equipment or may form a mat or scum layer over aeration basins.

Industry  Application.  Both coarse and fine screening is practiced in
the  textile  industry.   A  summary  of  the  application   by   each
subcategory  for  both  direct and indirect dischargers is provided in
Table VII-5.  The table represents those mills that returned  detailed
questionnaires  and  involves  the  same data base noted previously in
this section under  "Summary of Current Practices."  Only  the  highest
level of screening at each plant  is noted  in the tabulation.

Coarse  static  screening  predominates as the sole screening type for
both the direct and indirect dischargers.  Approximately 40 percent of
the  direct  dischargers  and  nearly  25  percent  of  the   indirect
dischargers  report  static  coarse screening as the only screening in
their  treatment  systems.   Fine   screening    (static,   mechanical,
hydrosieve,  vibrating)   is  practiced  by  34  percent  of the direct
dischargers and 31  percent  of   the  indirect  dischargers  providing
detailed survey information.

Nearly  all  of   the  mills  in the Wool Finishing and Carpet Finishing
subcategories provide some type of screening.  This  is believed to  be
because,  in both  subcategories, fibers are apt to be more plentiful in
the  wastewater.    Another   reason  that  may  explain the high use of
screens by carpet mills  is that   most  of   these  mills  are   indirect
                                  208
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dischargers  and  are  required  by  the municipalities treating their
waste to practice screening.

b.  Neutralization

Neutralization is the process of adjusting the pH so that the waste is
within  acceptable  limits  for  discharge  to  a  receiving  body  or
subsequent  treatment  plant operations.  Generally, a pH range of 6.0
to 9.0 is considered acceptable.  Neutralization of acidic  waste  may
be accomplished by:  1)  mixing with an on-site alkaline waste stream;
2)   passing through beds of limestone;  3)  mixing with lime slurries
or dolomite lime slurries; or 4)   adding  solution  of  caustic  soda
(NaOH)  or  soda  ash  {NaaC03).  Alkaline waste may be neutralized by:
1)  mixing with an on-site acidic waste  stream:   2)   blowing  waste
boiler  flue  gas  through the waste; 3)  adding compressed C02; or 4)
adding sulfuric acid (H2S04).  Mixing of various  streams  is  usually
insufficient  when  the  waste  is ultimately treated biologically and
supplemental chemical  addition generally is  required  for  proper  pH
control.   Sulfuric  acid is most commonly used to neutralize alkaline
waste and sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate are used to neutralize
acidic wastes.  Limestone is the cheapest reagent  for  acidic  wastes
but  is  not generally satisfactory for sulfate-bearing wastes because
it becomes coated and  inactive.   If  the  waste  stream   is  nutrient
deficient  in  either  nitrogen  or  phosphorus,  ammonia  or trisodium
phosphate  addition  serves  the  dual  purpose  of   providing   both
alkalinity and the deficient nutrient.

Industry  Application,   Current  wastewater  neutralization practices
reported by the textile mills surveyed  are summarized  in Table  VII-6.
Essentially  the same  percentage  (21 percent and 19 percent) of direct
and    indirect   dischargers   surveyed   practice    neutralization.
Neutralization  of  acidic  waste  by  indirect dischargers represent  the
greatest total, which  is  logical  for  several   reasons.    There   is   a
greater total number of  indirect  dischargers  (approximately  80 percent
of   industry);  textile discharges are  usually  on the  acidic side,  and
most   municipalities   are   apt  to   be  more  concerned  about  acidic
discharges than alkaline  dischargers.   Only a small percentage of both
direct and   indirect  dischargers   find   it necessary to  provide both
acidic and alkaline neutralizing  capability.

c.   Equalization

 Industrial discharges  that  result from  a  diversity   of   processes   can
often  be  treated more  effectively when  equalization is practiced  as an
 initial   treatment step.   This  is  so  because  subsequent physical  unit
operation  and   chemical   and   biological   unit processes  are   more
efficient   if   operated   at or   near   uniform  hydraulic,  organic,  and
solids loading  rates.
                                  210
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Equalization of a variable nature discharge  may  be  accomplished  by
holding the waste for a period of time corresponding to the repetitive
processes  of  the  manufacturing.   Thus, facilities that discharge a
variable waste over an eight-hour period need to provide up  to  eight
hours  of  storage.   Similar  facilities that operate on two or three
shifts may need to provide equalization up  to  a  corresponding  time
period.

The  holding  basins  may  be  earthen or fabricated from conventional
treatment  plant  construction  materials.   They  may  also   utilize
aerators to enhance mixing.

Industry  Application.  Current equalization practices reported by the
textile mills surveyed  are  summarized  in  Table  VII-7.   A  higher
percentage   of   indirect   dischargers   (46  percent)  than  direct
dischargers (37 percent) provide some form of equalization.   This  is
likely  a  result of two factors.  First, many of the direct discharge
mills have extended-aeration activated sludge treatment  systems  with
several   days   detention  time  and  do  not  require  equalization.
Secondly, many  of  the  indirect  dischargers  are  required  by  the
municipalities   that  treat  their  waste  to  equalize  their  flow.
However, a higher percentage of direct dischargers  (approximately  15
percent)  than  indirect dischargers (approximately 4 percent) provide
mixed equalization.  This is likely a result of the direct dischargers
wanting to create a more constant pollutant  and  hydraulic  load  for
their  treatment  system  and  to  provide some preliminary biological
oxidation.

2.  Biological Processes

Biological treatment of industrial wastewater has been  practiced  for
decades  on  a limited basis, but most activated sludge processes have
been constructed in the last 10 to 15  years.   It  is  based  on  the
ability  of microorganisms to utilize organic carbon as a food source.
The treatment is classified aerobic  or  anaerobic  depending  on  the
presence  of  free  dissolved oxygen.  Aerobic biological treatment is
accomplished by bacteria (aerobes) that utilize free dissolved  oxygen
in  breaking  down  (oxidizing)  organic carbon.  Anaerobic biological
treatment  is  accomplished  by  bacteria  (anaerobes)  that   utilize
"chemically bound" oxygen in breaking down (oxidizing) organic carbon.
The distinction is not so clear-cut in real life in that a third class
of  bacteria (facultative) is also usually active.  These bacteria can
act as aerobes or anaerobes as the situation dictates, but will always
act in a manner yielding the greatest energy.

Unlike municipal wastewater, industrial  wastes  frequently  lack  the
necessary  nutrients to sustain microbial growth.  This deficiency can
often be overcome by mixing sanitary waste from the  plant  site  with
                                 212
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the  process  waste,  or  by direct addition of chemicals (nitrogen or
phosphorus) containing the proper quantity of deficient nutrients.

A description and discussion of each biological  process  relevant  to
the treatment of textile mill wastewaters follows (64).

a*  Aerated Lagoons

An aerated lagoon is an aerobic biological process.   It is essentially
a stabilization basin to which air is added either through  mechanical
agitation  or  diffusion.   The  air  provides  the  necessary  oxygen
required for aerobic biodegradation of the organic waste.  If properly
designed, the air addition will provide sufficient mixing to  maintain
the  biological  solids  in  suspension  so  that  they can be removed
efficiently in a secondary sedimentation tank.  After settling, sludge
may be recycled to the head of the lagoon to insure the presence of  a
properly  acclimated  seed.  When operated in this manner, the aerated
lagoon  is  analogous  to  the  activated  sludge  process,  which  is
discussed  below.   The  viable  biological solids level in an aerated
lagoon is low when compared to that of an activated sludge unit.   The
aerated  lagoon  relies  primarily on detention time for the breakdown
and removal of organic matter and aeration periods of 3 to 8 days  are
common.

Industry Application.. Thirty-three direct dischargers and 23 indirect
dischargers  report  using  aerated lagoons as part of their treatment
systems.  Of the direct dischargers,  12  employ  aerated  lagoons  as
their  primary  means of treatment; 14 employ aerated lagoons followed
by unaerated aerobic lagoons as their primary means  of  treatment;  2
employ  aerated  lagoons as polishing ponds following activated sludge
biological treatment; and 6 employ aerated lagoons in combination with
advanced treatment (2 chemical coagulaton, 2  filtration,  1  chemical
coagulation plus filtration, and 1 activated carbon).  Of the indirect
dischargers,  21  employ aerated lagoons as their primary pretreatment
step, 1 employs an aerated lagoon followed  by  an  unaerated  aerobic
lagoon,   and  1  provides  multi-media filtration following an aerated
lagoon.

A close inspection of the operating  characteristics  of  the  lagoons
reported  in use reveals that many indirect dischargers may more real-
istically be providing only mixed equalization.  That this  is  likely
is demonstrated by the following tabulation:

               Number         hp/mil gal/day     Detention Time, hr
Discharge     of Mills       Min   Max    Med    Min   Max    Med

Direct          9            0.10  1000    38    0.5   2400    75

Indirect       20            5.0    200   600      4    132    24
                                 214
-------
The   9 direct discharge and 20 indirect  discharge  mills  are  those  that
reported the use of aerated lagoons as their  principal   treatment  or
pretreatment  component and for which data  were  available to calculate
horsepower application rate and  detention  time.    While the  median
direct  and  indirect  dischargers provide  similar hp/mil gal/day,  the
median direct dischargers provide more than three  times  the   detention
period  as  the  median indirect dischargers.  Since detention  time is
the primary factor in effective operation of  an  aerated lagoon,   it
would  appear  that many of the indirect dischargers are not operating
their lagoons as aerated biological lagoons in the true  sense.

The effectiveness of aerated  lagoons  In   the   treatment of  textile
wastewater  is  shown in the following tabulation  for those  mills  that
provide wastewater monitoring data.  The delta reported are the  average
values for each mill and generally represent that  available  for 1976.
Sub-
cateqorv

   4c
   4a
   4c
   5a
   7
   7
 Dis-
charge
hp/
mil gal
Direct   45.0
Indirect  400
Indirect  780
Indirect  150
Direct   25.0
Direct   1000
  Deten-
tion,  hrs

    60
    24
    86
    18
    75
   0.5
 BOD, mg/1
 jinf   eff

 366
  69
1742
 388
 108
 252
COD, mg/1
inf   eff
TSS, mg/1
inf   eff
                                 835
                                 644

                                1762

                                 556
      814
      581

     1215

      429
 54
556

 21
 89
 68
599

 12
110
The tabulation shows that mills providing  long  detention   times  are
able to effect good removals of BOD.  Data are insufficient  to project
the effectiveness on the removal of COD and TSS.

b.  Activated Sludge

The activated sludge process also is an  aerobic  biological  process.
The  basic  components  consist  of  an  aerated biological  reactor, a
clarifier for separation of  biomass,  and  a  piping  arrangement  to
return  separated  biomass  to  the  biological reactor.  The aeration
requirements are similar to those of the aerated la.goon in   that  they
provide  the necessary oxygen for aerobic biodegradation and mixing to
maintain the biological solids in suspension.

The activated sludge process is very flexible and cam  be  adapted  to
many  waste  treatment situations.   Factors that must be considered in
design include:  1) loading  criteria,   2)  reactor  type,   3}  sludge
production,    4)   oxygen   requirements  and  transfer,  5)  nutrient
requirements,   6)   environmental    requirements,    7)   solid-liquid
                                 215
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separation,  and,  8)  effluent  characteristics.   Depending on these
factors, and combinations of th;ese factors, the conventional activated
sludge process  or  standardize.-d  modifications  of  the  conventional
process  can be selected as most appropriate.  The available processes
that have relevance in the treatment of  textile  wastewaters   include
the   conventional,   complete-mix,  tapered-aeration,  step-aeration,
modified-aeration, contact-stabilization,  extended-aeration, oxidation
ditch, and pure oxygen.

In the conventional activated sludge process, both influent wastewater
and recycled sludge enter the re.-actor  at the  head end  and are   aerated
for  a  period of about 4 to 8 hours.  Aeration can be of the diffused
or mechanical type and is constant as  the  mixed liquor moves   through
the tank in a plug-flow fashion.  Oxygen demand decreases as the mixed
liquor  travels   the  tank  length.    The  mixed liquor is settled  in a
conventional clarifier, and the activated  sludge  is returned at a  rate
of approximately  25 to 50 percent of the influent flow rate.

In the  complete-mix activated  sludge process,  influent wastewater   and
recycled   sludge  enter tho  reactor from several points along a  central
channel running  the  length  of  the  reactor.   The   mixed   liquor  is
aerated  at  a   constant  rate  aฃ5  it passes from  the  central  channel to
effluent channels at bot'h sides of the reactor.   The  contents   of   the
reactor  are  completely/  mixed   and the oxygen demand remains  uniform
throughout.  The  aerati'on period   is   from  3  to  5   hours,   and   the
activated  sludge is   returned   at  a rate  of   25  to 100  percent of
influent flow rate.

The tapered-aeration jprocess  is a modification   of   the  conventional
process,   with   the   arrangement  of  the  aerators  and the amount of air
supplied the primary 'differences.  At  the  head of the  reactor,  where
wastewater and  returned activated sludge  come in contact,  more oxygen
is required so the aerators are  spaced close together.  As  the  mixed
liquor  traverses t/he  aeration   tank,  the oxygen demand decreases so
aeration  is decreased by spacing  the aerators  further  apart.    Since
the oxygen supply i,s decreased with  the oxygen demand, a lower overall
oxygen  requirement ;is a benefit  of the tapered-aeration process.

The   step-aeration : process also is a modification of the conventional
activated  sludge process.  In this  modification,  the  wastewater   is
introduced at   se.-veral  points in a compartmentized  reactor while  the
return  activated fsludge  is introduced at  the  head   of  the   reactor.
Each   compartment  of  the  reactor comprises a separate step, and  the
several steps  are linked together in series.  Aeration can be  of   the
diffused   or  mechamical  type and is constant as the mixed liquor moves
through the  tank in a plug-flow fashion.   The demand  is more uniformly
spread  over  the.  length  of  the  reactor  than  in   the  conventional
activated  sludge -process,  resulting  in  better  utilization of  the
oxygen  supply.    The aeration period   is   typically  between  3 and 5
                                   216
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 hours,   and   the  activated   sludge   is  returned at  a rate of  25  to 75
 percent  of  influent  flow  rate.

 The   modified-aeration  activated    sludge    process   is    like    the
 conventional   or  tapered-aeration   process,   except that  the  aeration
 period   is  shorter   (usually  1.5   to   3   hours)  and  the   food-to-
 microorganism ratio  higher.   Activated sludge is returned  at a rate of
 only  5 to  15  percent of influent flow rate.   The resulting BOD removal
 is  approximately  70 percent   (for typical  sanitary waste), so the
 process  is not suitable where a high-quality  effluent is desired.

 The contact-stabilization process takes  advantage of  the  absorptive
 properties of activated sludge  by operating the process in two stages.
 Tfte   first  is  the   absorptive phase, in which most of the colloidal
 tinely suspended,  and dissolved organics are  absorbed in the activated
 sludge in a contact  tank.  The  wastewater and return stabilized sludge
 enter at the  head  of the  contact tank, are  aerated for a period of  20
 to 40 minutes,  and settled in a conventional  clarifier.  The second is
 the   oxidation phase, in  which  the absorbed organics are metabolically
 assimulated providing energy  and producing  new cells.   In   this   stage
 the   settled   sludge from the absorptive stage is aerated  for  a period
 of from  3 to  6 hours in a stabilization  tank.   A portion of the sludge
 is wasted to  maintain a  constant   mixed   liquor volatile suspended
 solids   (MLVSS)  concentration  in   the  stabilization  tank.  Overall
 aeration requirements are approximately  50 percent   of  those  of   the
 conventional   or  tapered-aeration   plant.    However,   the  process is
 usually  not effective in treating   industrial   waste  in  which   the
 organic  matter is  predominantly soluble.

 The   extended-aeration  process is   a   complete-mix  activated sludge
 process  in which the aeration period is  relatively   long   (24  to  48
 hours)   and   the  organic loading   relatively  low.   Because  of  these
 conditions, the  process is very stable   and   can accept  intermittent
 loads  without   upset.    In  smaller  appli cat ions,   the   reactor and
 clarifier are generally a single-fabricated unit, and   all   sludge  is
 returned  to   the  reactor.  The mixed liquor  is  allowed  to increase in
 solids concentration over a period   of   several  months  and   then  is
 removed  directly from the aeration basin.  In  larger applications,  the
 reactor  and   clarifier   are  separated  and  some means  of  wasting and
 treating sludge  is usually necessary.  Reactors  can  be   concrete   with
 diffused  aeration   or  a  lined earth basin with mechanical aerators.
 The extended-aeration activated sludge process  is used by  the majority
 of direct dischargers in  the  textile  industry.

 The oxidation ditch  activated sludge process  is  an  extended-aeration
process  in which aeration and circulation are provided by  brush rotors
placed  across   a race track-shaped  basin.   The  waste enters the ditch
at one end,  is aerated by the rotors, and circulates at  about 1  to  2
tps.    Operation can be intermittent, in which case  purification takes
                                 217
-------
place in the ditch, or continuous, in which case a separate  clarifier
and piping for recycling settled sludge are provided.

The  pure  oxygen  activated  sludge  process is a modification of the
complete mix process in which high-purity oxygen, instead of  air,  is
introduced   directly   into  the  wastewater.   Wastewater,  returned
activated  sludge,  and  oxygen  gas  under  a  slight  pressure   are
introduced at the head of an aeration tank that is divided  into stages
by  a means of baffles and covered with a gas-tight enclosure.  Oxygen
may be mixed with the mixed liquor by recirculation through  a  hollow
shaft  with  a  rotating  sparger  device  or  by  surface  mechanical
aerators.  The mixed liquor passes from compartment to  compartment and
is discharged from the last compartment to a  clarifier.    Waste  gas,
which  is  a mixture of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and 10 to 20 percent
of the oxygen applied, is exhausted  in the last compartment.  Reported
advantages of the pure oxygen process are high  efficiency,  decreased
sludge  volume,  reduced  aeration   tank  volume,  and  improved sludge
settleability.

Industry Application.  Ninety-four direct dischargers and  11   indirect
dischargers  report  using activated sludge as part of  their treatment
systems.  Of the direct dischargers, 55  employ   activated sludge  as
their  primary means of treatment; 24 employ  activated  sludge  followed
by unaerated lagoons;  3 employ activated sludge  followed   by   chemical
coagulation;  4  employ activated sludge with chemical  addition  to  the
activated sludge effluent to  aid in  settling;   4   employ activated
sludge   followed   by filtration;  2 employ activated  sludge followed by
aerated  lagoons;  1  employs activated sludge  followed  by filtration  and
aeration  lagoons,   and  1  employs   activated  sludge  followed   by  a
trickling   filter.   Of   the   indirect dischargers,  9 employ  activated
sludge  as the primary  means   of   pretreatment,   while  2   other   mills
employ  activated  sludge  followed by  chemical  coagulation.

The   effectiveness  of activated sludge  in  treating  textile wastewater
 is demonstrated  in the following tabulation  for those mills that  have
reported historical   monitoring  data.    The  data   reported  are the
average values  for each  mill  and generally   represent  that  available
 for  the year  1976.
                                  218
-------
 Sub-     Dis-
 cateqorv charge
hp/      Deten-
mil/qal tion*, hrs
1
4C
4a
4c
4C
4c
4c
4a
4b
5b
5a
5a
5b
5b
6
7
7
7
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
160
120
60
41
58
250
80
60
90
60
74
40
75
160
44
80
500
80
99
106
24
75
131
97
78
120
80
48
82
417
110
76
130
33
44
50
BOD, mg/1
inf   eff
COD, mg/1
inf   eff
TSS, mg/1
inf   eff
1563
475
133
267
400
329
640
180
250
272
190
198
181
1100
207
150
1631
125
125
19
22
24
8
23
105
9
5
45
19
13
5
11
29
6
233
5
16250
—
472
840
-
2970
1240
468
—
694
342
745
-
-
614
496
4756
—
2600
-
307
336
252
594
664
159
-
354
164
226
124
262
227
124
1844
158
3971
-
34
—
80
-
173
26
218
28
97
49
18
281
93
36
136
46
1231
91
38
27
8
44
176
18
48
55
63
62
18
45
50
27
195
21
 * Calculated based on average  flow and basin volume.


 All  the  mills  listed are operating their activated sludge systems  in
 the extended-aeration mode and employ surface aerators  for mixing  and
 oxygenation.   Many  of  the   actual  detention periods noted are much
 longer than those used in design because they are calculated based   on
 present  average flow conditions and full basin volumes.  Also, solids
 may settle in aeration basins, resulting in shorter detention periods.
 Removals range from excellent  to somewhat poor for BOD  and  COD-  for
 TSS,  removals are generally poor or solids increase due to generation
 of biomass.  The effectiveness  of  the  extended-aeration  activated
 sludge process in treating priority pollutants is discussed in Section


 c-  Biological Beds

 Biological beds  are  fixed-growth  biological  systems  that  contact
 wastewater   with  microbial   growths  attached  to  the  surfaces   of
 supporting media.  Systems that are in common  use  include  trickling
 filters,  packed  towers,  and  rotating  biological disks.  While the
physical structures differ, the biological process is essentially  the
same in all of these systems.

As  wastewater   contacts  the supporting media,  a thin-film biological
slime develops and coats the surfaces.   The film consists primarily of
                                 219
-------
bacteria, protozoa,  and fungi that feed on the waste.  Organic  matter
and  dissolved oxygen are extracted and the metabolic end products are
released.  Although very thin, the biological slime layer is anaerobic
at the bottom so hydrogen sulfide,  methane,  and  organic  acids  are
generated.   These  materials cause the slime to periodically separate
(slough off) from the supporting media and it is carried  through  the
system  with the hydraulic flow.  The sloughed biomass must be removed
in a clarifier.

Trickling filters are classified by hydraulic or  organic  loading  as
low-or high-rate.  Low-rate filters generally have a hydraulic loading
rate  of  1  to  4 mil gal/acre/day, an organic loading rate of 300 to
1000  Ib  BOD5/acre^ft-day,  a  depth  of  6  to  10  feet,   and   no
recirculation.   High-rate filters have a hydraulic loading rate of 10
to 40 mil gal/acre/day, an organic loading rate of  1000  to  5000  Ib
BOD5/acre-ft-day, a depth of 3 to 10 feet, and a recirculation rate of
0.5  to  4.   High-rate filters can be single- or two-stage.  The most
suitable media in both the  low-  and  high-rate  filters  is  crushed
stone,  or  gravel, graded to a uniform size within the range of 1 to  3
inches.  The material must be strong and durable.

Biological  towers are much like   conventional  trickling  filters  but
with  manufactured media  instead  of crushed rock or gravel media.  The
manufactured media can be corrugated  plastic  packing  or  rough-sawn
redwood   slats,  both  of  which  are  very  effective   in  retaining
biological  films.  The advantages of this type of  media  are  a  high
specific  surface  (sq  ft/cu  ft),  a high percentage of void volume,
uniformity  for better  liquid  distribution,  light  weight  facilitating
construction   of  deeper  beds, chemical resistance,  and the ability to
handle high-strength and  unsettled wastewaters.  Biological towers can
be used  in  flow patterns  similar  to  normal  high-rate   natural-media
filter systems.  For strong waste,  two towers may be  set  in series and
settled   solids  from  the final clarifier can be returned to  the  first
tower  influent.  Because  of  the increased void space,  activated  sludge
will  build  up  in the flow and  the  system   will  perform  as  both   a
filter,   with  fixed   biological  growth, and as a mechanical  aeration
system.   Biological beds  generally  have a hydraulic  loading rate  of up
to 2  gpm/sq ft,  an organic  loading  rate of  from  25 to 150 Ib  BOD5/1000
cu ft/day,  and a depth of 20  feet.

The  rotating biological  disk   makes  use  of  the  advantages of  the
manufactured  plastic  media   used  in the packed tower to increase  the
contact  time between  the wastewater and  fixed   biological  growth.    A
series of disks  constructed  of corrugated plastic  plate and mounted on
a horizontal  shaft  are  placed in a contour-bottomed tank and immersed
to approximately 40  percent  of the  diameter.    The   disks  rotate   as
wastewater passes  through the tank  and a  fixed film  biological growth,
similar   to  that  on   trickling  filter  media,  adheres to the surface.
Alternating exposure to  the wastewater  and  the  oxygen  in   the  air
                                  220
-------
results  in  biological  oxidation  of  the  organics  in  the wastes.
Biomass sloughs off, as in  the  trickling  filter  and  packed  tower
systems,  and  is  carried out in the effluent for gravity separation.
Direct recirculation is not  generally  practiced  with  the  rotating
biological disks.

Industry  Application.   Currently, there are only there textile mills
that utilize biological beds in their  wastewater  treatment  systems.
Two  systems  are  trickling filters and both mills employing them are
direct discharge woven fabric finishers.  One of these  mills  uses  a
somewhat  modified  approach  to the standard filtration process.  The
beds  are  square,  14  to  16  feet  deep,  wastewater   is   applied
continuously,   and  forced  ventilation  insures  aerobic  conditions
throughout.  The system obtains  a  very  efficient  96  percent  BODS^
reduction.   The  other  mill  employs  a standard high-rate trickling
filter as a polishing process after activated sludge  treatment.   The
overall  system  performance  effects a 98 percent BODS^ and 93 percent
COD removal.  The third mill employs a rotating biological disk as  an
intermediate  step  between  filtration and biological aeration.  This
mill is a direct discharger and practices recovery of dyestuff.

d.  Stabilization Lagoons

Stabilization  lagoons  are  rather   popular   biological   treatment
processes.   They  are often called lagoons or oxidation ponds and are
classified aerobic, facultative, tertiary (polishing), and  anaerobic.
They are used extensively in the treatment of municipal waste in small
communities  and  in  the treatment of some industrial and industrial-
municipal wastes that are amendable to biological treatment.

Aerobic lagoons contain bacteria and algae in suspension, and  aerobic
conditions  prevail  throughout  the  depth.  Waste is stabilized as a
result of the symbiotic  relationship  between  aerobic  bacteria  and
algae.   Bacteria  break  down  waste  and generate carbon dioxide and
nutrients (primarily nitrogen and phosphorus).  Algae, in the presence
of sunlight, utilize the nutrients and inorganic carbon; they in  turn
supply  oxygen  that is utilized by aerobic bacteria.  Aerobic lagoons
are usually less than 18 inches deep (the depth of light  penetration)
and   must  be  periodically  mixed  to  maintain  aerobic  conditions
throughout.  In order  to  achieve  effective  removals  with  aerobic
lagoons,  some  means  of  removing  algae  (coagulation,  filtration,
multiple cell design) is necessary.   Algae  have  a  high  degree  of
mobility and do not settle well using conventional clarification.

In  facultative  lagoons, the bacterial reactions include both aerobic
and  anaerobic  decomposition.   The  symbiotic  relationship  between
aerobic bacteria and algae exist, as in aerobic lagoons, and anaerobic
decomposition  takes  place  by  bacteria that feed on settled solids.
Facultative lagoons are up to 5 feet in depth  and  require  the  same
                                 221
-------
types of provisions for removing algae if effective pollutant removals
are  to  be  realized.   Most  of  the  textile mills reporting use of
stabilization lagoons are operating facultative lagoons.

Tertiary lagoons serve as a polishing step following other  biological
treatment  processes.   They  are often called maturation or polishing
ponds and primarily serve the purpose of  reducing  suspended  solids.
Water  depth is generally limited to 2 or 3 feet and mixing is usually
provided by surface aeration at a low power-to-volume ratio.  Tertiary
lagoons are quite popular as a final treatment step for textile waste-
water treated with the extended-aeration activated sludge process.

Anaerobic lagoons are anaerobic throughout their depth  and  have  the
advantage  of  a  low  production  of  waste biological sludge and low
operating costs.  Stabilization is brought about by a   combination  of
precipitation  and  anaerobic  decomposition  of  organics  to  carbon
dioxide, methane, other gaseous end products, organic acids, and  cell
tissue.   Lagoons  are constructed with depths up to 20 feet and steep
side walls to minimize the surface  area  relative  to  total  volume.
This  allows  grease  to  form  a  natural  cover, which retains heat,
suppresses odors, and maintains anaerobic  conditions.   Wastes  enter
near the bottom and the discharge  is located on the opposite end below
the  grease  cover.   Sludge  recirculation  is  not necessary because
gasification and  the  inlet-outlet  flow  pattern  provides  adequate
mixing.   The  anaerobic  lagoon   is  not  particularly suitable  for
treating textile wastewaters, with  the  possible  exception  of  wool
scouring waste.

Industry Application.  Current  utilization of stabilization lagoons  by
the  textile  mills  surveyed  is summarized  in Table VII-8.   Forty-four
direct  dischargers   and  17    indirect   dischargers    report    using
stabilization   lagoons  as  part   of  their  treatment  system.   Of the
direct  dischargers,  3  employ   facultative   lagoons   as   their  primary
means   of   treatment;   15 employ facultative  lagoons  following aerated
lagoons;  25  employ  tertiary  lagoons  following   activated  sludge;  and
one  employs  a   tertiary  lagoon  after activated  sludge  and  prior  to
chemical   coagulation.    Of   the  indirect   dischargers,    15    employ
facultative  lagoons  as  their primary  means  of treatment;  1 employs a
facultative lagoon  following  an aerated  lagoon,   and  1  employs  two
parallel  anaerobic  lagoons  prior to activated  sludge.

Only  one mill  reported both  influent and effluent  monitoring  data for
 the  lagoon portion  of their  treatment system.   However, several  of the
mills  employing facultative lagoons as   their   primary  treatment,   or
pretreatment,   provided  effluent  data  that  can  be used to give an
 indication of the effectiveness.   These  data  are  presented  in  the
 following tabulation.
                                  222
-------





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Subcateqory
Discharge
Effluent Concentration, mg/1
BOD          COD         TSS
   4C
   4C
   4b
   5b
   5b
   5a
   5C
   7
   7
   8
   8
Direct
Direct
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Direct
Indirect
 53
 35
482
325
145
141
211
233
111
 17
 79
 175
 115
2186
 810

 862
 548
 634
 789
 14
 35
 18
 40
 59
945
 29
179
Literature/Research.   Although  a  number  of  textile  mills utilize
tertiary lagoons as a final treatment step (see Industry Application),
there  are  few  historical  data  available  that  can  be  used   to
demonstrate the effectiveness of the lagoons in treating conventional,
non-conventional, and toxic pollutants.  Sampling was conducted around
the polishing lagoons at two mills during this study.  The results are
summarized in the following cases.

Case 1

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  a  Subcategory 7 Stock & Yarn
Finishing facility  that  dyes  stock  (approximately  33  percent  of
production) and yarn (approximately 67 percent of production) of wool,
nylon,  and  acrylic fibers.  Production is reported to average 31,750
kg/day (70,000 Ib/day), with a water usage and wastewater discharge of
90 I/kg (10.7 gal/lb) and 2,840 cu m/day (0.75 mgd), respectively.

Wastewater treatment at  this  facility  consists  of  fine  screening
(stationary),  equalization  (mixed with a power-to-volume ratio of 50
hp/mil gal), aeration  (one  basin  with  a  volume  of  1  mil  gal),
secondary  clarification,  effluent  polishing  (parallel  primary and
secondary oxidation ponds with a total volume  of  15  mil  gal),  and
disinfection  (chlorine).  Aeration detention time is approximately 24
hours, and air is provided by surface aerators  at  a  power-to-volume
ratio of 150 hp/mil gal.

Samples were collected (see Appendix D for sampling procedures) over a
typical  24-hour  period  of operation at the influent to the aeration
basin, at the effluent of the secondary clarifier, and at the chlorine
contact  chamber.   The  results  presented  below   demonstrate   the
effectiveness  of  the  polishing ponds in treating conventional, non-
conventional, and toxic pollutants.
                                 224
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       Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability
                Influent and Effluent to Polishing Pond
Parameter

COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
Phenols, ug/1
Sulfide, ug/1
Color, ADMI
  Influent

     78
     37
     36
      2
    208
        Effluent

          142
           28
           51
           ND
          218
ND not detected
                    Toxic Pollutant Treatability
                Influent and Effluent to Polishing Pond
Toxic Pollutant
Trichlorofluoromethane
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Lead
Zinc
Influent,  uq/I

     48
     40
     36
    865
Effluent, uq/1

     ND
     11
     ND
    123
ND not detected
The following pollutants were detected at less than  10  ug/1  in  the
secondary   clarifier   effluent   and   the   final  effluent:   2,4-
Dichlorophenol;  Phenol;  Di-n-butyl  Phthalate;   Toluene;   Arsenic;
Chromium; Copper, Silver.


Case 2

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  a Subcategory 9 Felted Fabric
Processing facility that manufactures papermakers wet felts and  dryer
felts.   Processing operations include weaving, scouring, fulling, and
functional finishing.  Production at  this  facility  is  reported  to
average  2,100  kg/day  (approximately 4,600 Ib/day), and the facility
has a water usage and wastewater discharge of 116.6 I/kg  (14  gal/lb)
and 378.5 cu m/day (0.10 mgd), respectively.

Wastewater  treatment at this facility consists of equalization (mixed
with a power-to-volume ratio of 50 hp/mil gal),  aeration  (one  basin
with  a  volume  of  1  mil  gal),  secondary  clarification, effluent
polishing (one basin with a  volume  of  2.5  mil  gal),  disinfection
                                 225
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(chlorine),  and land application (spray).  Aeration detention time is
approximately 160 hours, and air is provided by surface aerators at  a
power-to-volume ratio of 60 hp/mil gal.

Samples were collected  (see Appendix D for sampling procedures) over a
typical   24-hour   period   of  operation  at  the  influent  to  the
equalization basin, after the secondary clarifier, and  following  the
polishing   pond.    The   results  presented  below  demonstrate  the
effectiveness of the polishing pond  in  treating  conventional,  non-
conventional, and toxic pollutants.

       Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability
                Influent and Effluent to Polishing Pond

Parameter                            Influent            Effluent

COD, mg/1                              552                  263
TSS, mg/1                               91                   22
Phenols, ug/1                           52                   28
Sulfide, ug/1                           ND                   ND
Color, ADMI                            283                  303
ND not detected


                    Toxic  Pollutant Treatability
                 Influent and Effluent  to  Polishing  Pond

Toxic Pollutant                    Influent,  uq/1            Effluent,  uq/1

Naphthalene                             56                  ND
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  Phthalate             18                  ND
Chromium                               35                  ND
Copper                                  ND                  18
Selenium                               32                  18
Zinc                                    45                 101
 ND not detected
 The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
 secondary clarifier effluent and the final effluent:   Phenol; Toluene.
                                  226
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3.  Chemical Processes

a.  Coagulation

Suspended solids are a significant constituent of  most  textile  mill
wastewaters.   The  larger solids are removed in preliminary treatment
steps but a  variety  of  colloidal  particulates  remain  even  after
secondary  treatment.   Besides  fiber,  these  solids  include  color
bodies, soaps, mineral fines, oil & grease, and microscopic organisms.
The wastewater from carpet mills,  other  adhesive-related  processing
mills,  and  nonwoven  processing facilities may, in addition, contain
considerable amounts of latex.   In excess, these  pollutants  are  not
suitable  for  discharge  to  receiving  waters and can upset tertiary
treatment processes  or  result  in  inefficient  operation  of  these
processes.    Coagulation  often  can  be  employed  to  remove  these
pollutants.

Coagulation  is  the  process  by  which  chemicals  are  employed  to
destabilize  suspended  material  such  that the particles contact and
agglomerate.  The forces that act to keep small  particles  apart  and
hence  lead  to  a  stable,  colloidal suspension are hydration, which
results in a protective shell of water  molecules,  and  electrostatic
charge.   Most  colloidal  particles  carry  a characteristic negative
charge and are thus unable  to   coalesce  due  to  this  electrostatic
repulsion.   Neutralization  of  these repulsive forces by the addition
of multivalent cations enables the particles to come together and thus
settle out (64).

The most effective inorganic coagulants for wastewater  treatment  are
alum  (aluminum  sulfate),  copperas  {ferrous sulfate), lime (calcium
hydroxide), ferric chloride,  and  ferric  sulfate.   The  multivalent
cations,  A1+3,  Fe+',  and  Fe+*  enter  into  a series of hydrolytic
reactions to form multivalent positively charged hydrous oxide species
that  are  adsorbed  onto  the   negatively  charged   colloid.    This
neutralizes   the   colloidal  system  and  allows  the  particles  to
agglomerate.

Since these chemical reactions are virtually  instantaneous,  a  rapid
mix  process  is  used to mix the coagulant with the wastewater.  This
brief  mixing  provides  a  complete  dispersion  of   the   coagulant
throughout  the wastewater but is not long enough for agglomeration to
take place.  The second stage of the process,  flocculation,  promotes
inter-particle  contact of the stabilized colloids to form a floe that
is, in turn, removed in the final stage of the process, sedimentation.

In addition to the coagulants noted,  polyelectrolytes  (polymers)  may
be  used  as coagulant aids or as the sole coagulant.  These compounds
contain repeating units of small molecular weight, combined to form  a
molecule  of  colloidal size.  Each of the repeating units carries one
                                 227
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or more electrical charges or  ionizable  groups.   Because  of  their
large  size,  the  major benefit of polyelectrolytes is an increase in
floe size.  It is generally agreed  that  a  "bridging"  mechanism  is
responsible  for  flocculation  enhancement.   One  end of the polymer
molecule attaches itself to the surface of a suspended particle at one
or more sites and the free end is able  to  adsorb  onto  yet  another
suspended  particle  forming  a  "bridge" between the two.  This union
increases the mass of the colloidal-polymer system and  increases  the
settling velocity.  As the particle settles, it entraps other colloids
and  polymers  and  thus  clarifies the wastewater with a "sweep floe"
effect.

Industry  Application.   Thirty-four  of  the   wet-processing   mills
surveyed  report  that chemical coagulation is employed in their waste
treatment systems.  Sixteen of these mills are direct dischargers,  15
are    indirect   dischargers,  2  practice  complete  recycle,  and   1
discharges to an evaporation lagoon after coagulation.  At  13  mills,
the  primary  or  only  portion  of the flow treated by coagulation is
latex  or print waste; all but 3 of these are indirect dischargers, and
this accounts for two-thirds of all the indirect discharge mills  that
identify coagulation as part of their treatment system.  Of the direct
dischargers  employing  coagulation  for treatment of wastewater other
than latex or  print  wastes,  2  employ  it  as  a  last  step  after
biological  treatment,  6 add polymer and/or alum to the effluent from
an aeration basin prior to secondary sedimentation, 2 coagulate as  an
intermediate  step  between  activated  sludge  and  filtration, and  2
coagulate   in  place  of  biological  treatment.   At   2  mills,   the
information was  insufficient to place the treatment accurately.

Based   on   the   above  breakdown,  there  are  only  2  mills  that are
presently  treating  integrated textile wastewater using  coagulation  as
their   principal  treatment  process and 6  mills  (4 direct dischargers
and  2   recycle)   that  employ   coagulation  as   a   tertiary   treatment
measure.    However,   because  of   the   nature  of   the  historical data
available from  these  mills,  i.e.,  influent  and effluent data   for  the
entire   treatment    systems,   the   effectiveness  of  the   chemical
coagulation process  alone   cannot  be   demonstrated.   The   following
tabulation does  demonstrate  the overall  effectiveness  of  the  treatment
systems  that   include  coagulation.  The data represent average values
for   those mills  that   provide   historical  monitoring   results  and
generally represent sampling  during  1976.
                                  228
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Subcat-
eqory
2
4b
4b*
4c
4c
4c*
4c*
5a
5a
5a

7
7
Coagulants
Alum,
Polymer
Alum
-
-
Polymer
Ferric
Chloride,
Lime
-
— •
Polymer
Polymer

Alum,
Polymer
Chlorinated
Copperas ,
Treatment
Step
(Direct
Secondary
Clarif ier
Secondary
Clarif ier
Flotation
Unit
Secondary
Clarif ier
Secondary
Clarif ier
Coag/Floc
Raw Waste
-
Coag/Floc
Secondary
Secondary
Clarifier
Injection
Pre-
Filtration
Secondary
Clarifier
Secondary
Clarifier
BOD,
Inf
mg/1
Eff
COD,
Inf
mg/1
Eff
TSS,
Inf
mg/1
Eff
Dischargers)
150
83
-
200
-
-
760
334
-
279

327
60
11
14
51
51
7
4
12
24
24
5

20
15
900
308
-
845
846
1400
1600
1265
-
934

1572
331
-
152
482
663
164
99
248
206
272
196

480
129
175
43
-
82
-
168
420
-
- •
41

26
31
64
35
188
142
54
30
99
40
65
7

23
11
Lime
            Flotation
            Post-
            Biological
14
                        229
-------
                        (Indirect  Dischargers)

 2        Lime         Coag/Floc      -             1328   556         -   560
                     Raw Waste

 4a*      Lime,  Alum   Flotation      -    250         -    400         -    30

 4c*      Ferric      Coag/Clarify   -    420         -    695         -   118
         Chloride    Print Waste

 4a**    Aluminum    Flotation      -341         -885         -   206
         Chloride    Print Waste

 4a*      Alum         Coag/Clarify  322  126       1985   263        460   72
                     Print Waste

                            (Recycle  Plant)

 4a*      Alum         Flotation     298   10         -  1550         -     5
 * Fabric printing is a significant portion of production.
** Latex and PVC coating operation.

Literature/Research.    Coagulation of textile wastewaters has received
considerable attention by the engineering  and  research  communities.
Much  of  the  work  is  general  and does not address adaptability to
textile dischargers.   Some of the studies are too specific  and  would
not  be  generally  applicable.   The  following  cases offer relevant
information on studies that appear to be both adaptable and  generally
applicable.

Case 1

This case presents the results of a laboratory study  (65) performed in
1974  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  coagulation   using alum in
removing color from a dyehouse effluent.   The  effluent  was  from   a
Woven Fabric Finishing mill that processes cotton-polyester broadwoven
fabrics.   The  types  of  processing  performed  and the types of dye
utilized were not provided by the author.

The mill's dyehouse wastewater, boiler blowdown, and  air  conditioning
condensate were being treated  in a two-stage  aerated  lagoon.  Approxi-
mately  50 percent removal of BOD was being achieved prior to discharge
to a small creek.

The  study  utilized  a   jar   test  apparatus to  conduct  a series of
coagulation investigations using various dosages of alum.  The results
                                  230
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are presented below and establish the feasibility of removing COD  and
color from the dyehouse wastewater prior to biological treatment.


Alum Dosage, mg/1       Total        Soluble
as A12(S04)3-18H20  COD,   mg/1    COD, mg/1  TSS, mg/1    Color,  APHA
	  inf*   eff**   inf  eff   inf  eff     inf     eff

        660          935    490    582  429   132   49    12,800   580
        660          903    471         -         -      10,200    288
        550        1,590    598    667  559   590   12    8,800    428
        440        1,030    525    730  335       -       7,700    450
        440          973    590         -         -      11,000    442
        440          954    573    740  519       -      12,200    340
        330          805    398         -         -      11,800    690
 * "inf" represents dyehouse effluent
** "eff" represents supernatant from jar test after 1 hr settling

Case 2

This case presents the results of a laboratory study  (66) performed to
evaluate  the  effectivness  of  coagulation  of textile mill printing
waste.  The waste studied was collected from the discharge line of the
printing department of a large Subcategory 4c Woven   Fabric  Finishing
facility.   The  facility  dyes  and/or  prints  sheets, and the waste
streams  resulting  from  the  dyeing  and  printing  operations   are
segregated.   At  the  time  of  the investigation, the waste from the
printing department contained printing pigment, adhesives, an  acrylic
latex  emulsion, and varsol  (print paste carrier).  These constituents
are typically suspended in the waste in particulate or colloidal  form
and  are  not  readily solubilized by microorganisms  when subjected to
biological treatment.

Samples of the waste stream were subjected to a  series  of  jar  test
experiments  using  the following coagulants:  ferric chloride, ferric
sulfate,  and  aluminum  sulfate.   The  experiments   reported   here
consisted  of  placing a one-liter sample into a standard flocculation
vessel and stirring  at  100  rpm,  adding  the  desired  quantity  of
coagulant  and  adjusting the pH with HC1 or NaOH, mixing for 1 minute
after pH adjustment at 100 rpm and flocculating for 2 minutes  at  10
rpm,  and  quiescent  settling  for  30  minutes followed by analysis.
Results are presented below and establish the feasibility of  removing
the suspended and colloidal materials.
                                 231
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                Dosage, mg/1           Turbidity, JTU    COD, mg/1
   Coagulant     of Metal+3      pH       inf   eff      inf   eff

Ferric Chloride      25          6.6      270    19     2,100  665
Ferric Sulfate       25          7.1      270    26     2,100  155
Aluminum Sulfate     25          6.6      270    14     2,100  235

Case 3

This case presents a summary of the results of a full scale  investiga-
tion  (24)  of  activated sludge and alum coagulation treatment of the
wastewater from a Subcategory 5a  Knit  Fabric  Finishing  mill.   The
investigations  were supported by an EPA Demonstration Grant, and were
conducted over a 1 year period.

At the time of the study, the mill was producing velour fabric for the
apparel  trade  (approximately  56  percent),  nylon  fabric  for  the
automotive    industry   (approximately   13   percent),   fabric   of
polyester/nylon  blends  for  the  uniform  trade  (approximately   13
percent),   and   various  other  fabrics  each  at  less  significant
production levels.

During the study period, the mill's daily production ranged  from a low
monthly average of approximately 14,790 kg  (34,000)  Ibs  to  a  high
monthly  average  of  approximately  24,800  kg  (57,000) Ibs.  Average
daily production  was  approximately  20,900  kg   (48,000  Ibs).   The
production   was   pressure   beam-dyed  (approximately  54  percent),
atmospheric  beck-dyed   (approximately  27   percent),   or   pad-dyed
(approximately  17 percent).  Approximately 30 percent of the dyestuff
utilized was of the disperse class and 20  percent  was  of  the  acid
class.   Besides  dyeing,  the  production  was  scoured  and  various
functional  finishes    (water   repellents,   softeners,   and   flame
retardants) were applied.

The   wastewater   treatment   system,   as   studied,  included  heat
reclamation,  equalization,  activated  sludge   (aerated  lagoon  plus
clarifier),  alum  coagulation,  chlorination,   and  mechanical sludge
processing  (horizontal scroll centrifuge).  The  performances of  each
component  of  the  treatment  system were studied and evaluated.  The
following tabulation presents the performance of the alum  coagulation
component  throughout  the  study period for the parameters  of primary
concern here.
                                  232
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                            Influent              Effluent
Parameter               (yearly median?*       (yearly median)*

BOD, mg/1                       122                  33
COD, mg/1                     1,056                 416
TOC, mg/1                       200                 105
TSS, mg/1                       368                 122
Dissolved Solids, mg/1          619                 600
Phenols, ug/1                    30                  40
Color, APHA                     804                 320
Chromium, ug/1                  360                 280
Copper, ug/1                     30                  ND
Lead, ug/1                       28**                23**
Nickel, ug/1                     10**                10**
Zinc, ug/1                      220                 110
Mercury, ug/1                   1.8**               1.7**
 * Samples were collected daily and daily analysis were performed
   for all parameters listed except phenolics and metals; the
   samples for these parameters were composited and analyzed once
   per month.
** average values
ND not detected

EPA/Industry Field Studies.  In a joint research  effort  between  EPA
and  the  textile  industry  (ATMI, NTA, and CRI), pilot plant studies
were conducted during 1977 and 1978 at 19 textile  mills  to  evaluate
the   effectiveness   of  alternative  advanced  wastewater  treatment
technologies.   The  studies  were  performed  on  the  effluent  from
treatment  systems  employing  the recommended BPT level of treatment.
One of the alternatives was chemical coagulation using a 1,650  gallon
reactor/clarifier.   Prior  to initiating the pilot plant studies, jar
testing was performed to determine the coagulant(s) and dosage(s) most
effective  for  removal  of  TSS  and  organic  material.   Among  the
coagulants  evaluated  were alum, ferric chloride, polymers, and lime,
both alone and  in  various  pairings.   These  jar  tests  determined
operating   conditions  for  the  reactor/clarifier  during  screening
(comparison) experiments against other tertiary process modes.   Based
on these comparisons, promising modes were selected to be studied more
extensively  in  candidate  process evaluations.  The effectiveness of
precoagulation on filtration effectiveness was also studied, but these
experiments are discussed under "Filtration."  The  available  results
of  the  coagulation  studies during the candidate process evaluations
are discussed in the following cases.
                                  233
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Case 1

This case discusses the results at Mill  D,  a  Subcategpry  4c  Woven
Fabric  Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

The experimental testing was performed on secondary clarifier effluent
prior to chlorination.  However, such high coagulant dosages (150 mg/1
as Al + 3 with lime at 200 mg/1) were required during jar  test  studies
to achieve even partial TSS reduction, that no pilot scale experiments
using the reactor/clarifier were run.

Case 2

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  B, a Subcategory 2 Wool
Finishing mill.  A description of  the  manufacturing  operations  and
wastewater treatment of this mill is provided in Appendix F.

Secondary  clarifier  effluent  prior  to chlorination was used in the
pilot plant tests at this mill.   The  experimental  runs  during  the
candidate  mode  operation  utilized  the  reactor/clarifier  unit for
coagulation as the first treatment process.  Data on the effectiveness
of the unit are presented below.

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
               Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*

                                  _Influent            _Effluent
Pollutant                         x_    SD   n          x    SD   n

BOD5, mg/1                       130   50   9             27    14   9
COD, mg/1                        827  447   9            229     5   9
TSS, mg/1                        122   67   9             33    36   9
TOC, mg/1                        236  103   6             76    28   6
 * Loading rate of 400 gpd/ft2 with 5 mg/1 alum  (as Al + 3) added as the
 _ coagulant (9/6   - 9/13/77, low underflow rate).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                 234
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*
Pollutant

BOD5,, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
                                  _Influent
                                  x    SD   n
                    _Effluent
                    x    SD   n
                                 212
                                1161
                                 352
                                 398
 58  9
192  9
118  9
 98  9
 39
194
  6
 68
 13
 68
  6
 29
                                                           added as the
 * Loading rate of 400 gpd/ft2 with 35 mg/1 alum (as A1+3
 _ coagulant (9/16 - 9/21/77, increased underflow rate).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

   Conventional and Non-Conventional Polltant Treatability at Mill B
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*
Pollutant

BOD5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
                                  _Influent
                                  x    SD   n
                    _Effluent
                    x    SD   n
                                 248
                                 769
                                 289
                                 260
  -  1
170  3
128  3
 50  3
 17
216
 82
 77
137
 86
 45
 * Loading rate of 520 gpd/ft2 with 27 mg/1 alum  (as A1+3) added as  the
 _ coagulant.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In addition to the regular  pilot  plant   studies  at  this   facility,
samples   were    collected   over  a  24-hr  period  to  evaluate  the
effectiveness of  the candidate mode in treating toxic pollutants.  The
candidate mode  tested   included  the  reactor/clarifier   followed   by
multi-media   filtration  followed   by   carbon   adsorption.    The
reaction/clarifier was loaded at a rate of 400 gpd/ft2  with   35  mg/1
alum as  (Al+3) added as  a coagulant, the multi-media filter was  loaded
at  a  rate of 5.4 gpm/ft2, and the carbon columns were operated at  an
empty  bed  retention  time  of  25  to  30  minutes.   Data   on   the
effectiveness of  the reactor/clarifier are presented below.
                                  235
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier
Toxic Pollutant

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Toluene
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent,  ug/1

     1580
       20
       32
       31
       22
       60
      116
       23
       30
       76
      140
     6400
Effluent, uq/1

     154
 not detected
      44
      14
      23
      62
      41
      16
      30
      57
     172
    5730
The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
influent and effluent:  Ethylbenzene, Phenol.

Case 3

This case discusses the results at  Mill  Q,  which  is  actually  two
separate Subcategory 5 Knit Fabric Finishing mills that discharge to a
common  waste  treatment  plant.   A  description of the manufacturing
operations and wastewater treatment at this  complex  is  provided  in
Appendix F.

Secondary  clarifier  effluent  prior  to chlorination was used in the
pilot plant tests at this mill.   The  experimental  runs  during  the
candidate mode of operation utilized the reactor/clarifier unit as the
first  treatment  process.   Data on the effectiveness of this process
for  treating  conventional  and   non-conventional   pollutants   are
presented below.
                                  236
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*
Pollutant

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
                    _Effluent
                    x    SD   n
7.4
254
 50

227
2.6
 39
 16

 44
5.4
195
 73

202
 1
78
14

19
 * Loading rate of 400 gpd/ft2 with 20 mg/1 alum (as A1+') and 0.75 mg/1
 _ anionic polymer added as the coagulants (Experiment 1).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*
BOD 5^, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
                                  _Influent
                                  x    SD   n
                          JSffluent
                          x    SD   n
 8.6
 278
  39
 1
15
 4
 2.9
 173
  57
1.5
 51
 34
 150  32
                    209  132  3
 * Loading rate of 320 gpd/ft2 with 30 mg/1 alum (as A1 + *) and 1.0 mg/1
 _ anionic polymer added as the coagulants (Experiment 2).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                 237
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*

                                  _Influent                _Effluent
Pollutant                         x    SD   n              x    SD   n

BODS, mg/1                        8.5  2.2  5              4.6  3.7  5
COD, mg/1                         283   19  5              182   77  5
TSS, mg/1                          45  7.2  5               66   58  5
TOC, mg/1                        30.3   14  4             21.5   10  4
 * Loading rate of 320 gpd/ft2 with 30 mg/1 alum (as A1+3) and 1.0 mg/1
 _ anionic polymer added as the coagulants (Experiment 2).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In  addition  to  the  regular  pilot  plant studies at this facility,
samples were  collected  on  two  consecutive  days  to  evaluate  the
effectiveness  of  the  pilot  plant  technologies  in  removing toxic
pollutants.  One mode of operation tested  was  the  reactor/clarifier
followed  by  the  multi-media  filters.   The  reactor/clarifier  was
operated at a surface loading rate  of  320  gpd/ft2,  with  coagulant
dosages of 30 mg/1 alum and 1.0 mg/1 anionic polymer.  The multi-media
filters were loaded at a rate of 3 gpm/ft2.  Data on the effectiveness
of this mode of treatment are presented below.  The data are presented
here  because it is expected that the coagulation process, rather than
the  multi-media  filtration  step,  is  most  responsible  for  toxic
pollutant removals.
                                  238
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
   Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier - Multi-Media Filter*

                             Influent**               Effluent**
Toxic Pollutant              Min  Max  n              Min  Max  n

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate    -   15  1#                    7  If
Antimony                     660  680  2              620  670  2
Chromium                      27   36  2               14   15  2
Copper                       100  110  2               90   92  2
Lead                           -   48  1               46   53  2
Selenium                      20   62  2               10  110  2
Silver                         -   13  1              9.4   12  2
Zinc                          47   50  2              130  190  2
 * Samples collected around candidate mode of operation; each sample
   represents 24-hour composite
** Concentrations in ug/1
 # Composite sample collected over 48-hour period
 n number of sample

The following were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the influent and
effluent:  2,4,6-Trichlorophenol; 2-Nitrophenol.


Case 4

This  case  discusses  the  results  at Mill V, a Subcategory 4c Woven
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

Secondary  clarifier  effluent  prior  to chlorination was used in the
pilot plant tests at this mill.   The  experimental  runs  during  the
candidate mode of operation utilized the reactor/clarifier unit as the
first  treatment  process.   Data on the effectiveness of this process
for  removing  conventional  and   Non-Conventional   pollutants   are
presented below.
                                 239
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill V
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier*
Pollutant

BOD5_, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
_Influent
x    SD   n
                                                           _Effluent
                                                           x    SD   n
9.3
393
47
76
247
8.5
110
89
11
43
14
14
14
14
13
                              3.6
                              352
                               51
                               72
                              274
           2
          35
          17
           9
          57
14
14
14
14
13
 * Loading rate of 400 gpd/ftz with 40 mg/1 alum  (as Al + 3) added as
 _ the coagulant.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In  addition  to  the  regular  pilot  plant studies at this  facility,
samples  were  collected  over  a  24-hour  period  to  evaluate   the
effectiveness of the candidate mode in removing toxic pollutants.  The
mode   included   the   reactor/clarifier,  multi-media   filters,  and
activated carbon columns.  The reactor/clarifier  was  operated  at   a
surface loading rate of 400 gpd/ft2 with a  coagulant dosage of 40 mg/1
alum   (as Al+3).  The multi-media filters were loaded at  a rate of 3.0
gpm/ft2, and the carbon columns were operated at  0.46 gpm  (empty  bed
retention  time  of  45  minutes).   Data   on the effectiveness of the
reactor/clarifier are presented below.

               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill V
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier
 Toxic  Pollutant

 1,2-Dichlorobenzene
 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  Phthalate
 Toluene
 Antimony
 Chromium
 Copper
 Lead
 Silver
 Zinc
 Influent,  uq/1

  not detected
        8
       15
       96
     trace
       57
       27
       80
      163
Effluent, uq/1

      13
      34
    trace
     123
      17
      10
      66
      72
     195
 The following were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the  influent  and
 effluent:    1,4-Dichlorobenzene;   Ethylbenzene;  Chlorodibromomethane;
 Pentachlorophenol; Phenol;  Di-n-butyl Phthalate; Anthracene;  Arsenic,
 Cadmium,  Nickel.
                                  240
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Case 5

This case discusses the results at Mill E, a Subcategory 5 Knit Fabric
Finishing  mill.   A  description  of the manufacturing operations and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode  treatment
technologies  at  this  mill,  samples  were collected to evaluate the
effectiveness of the technologies in removing toxic  pollutants.   The
reactor/clarifier  was  part of one mode of treatment, and testing was
such that the unit could be  evaluated  independently.   Data  on  the
effectiveness are presented below.

               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill E
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier
Toxic Pollutant

Benzene
Chloroform
Phenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
  Influent*
 Min  Max  n
ND
ND
ND
T
22
T
T
101
22#
66
T
15
210
T
110
600
100
36
lot
34
190
73
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
 Effluent*
Min  Max  n
155  5200
ND
9
ND
T
10
T
T
101
22#
43
T
145
3
73
670
18
43
T
12
lOt
22#
77
23
155
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
 * concentrations in ug/1
 T trace
 # reported as "less than" value
 n number of samples
ND not detected

The  following  were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the influent and
effluent:  1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene; 1,2-Dichlorobenzene;  Ethylbenzene;
Methylene Chloride; Naphthalene; N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine; Di-n-butyl
Phthalate; Diethyl Phthalate; Anthracene; Toluene; Beryllium; Cadmium;
Selenium.
                                 241
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Case 6

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  A, a Subcategory 1 Wool
Scouring mill.  A description  of  the  manufacturing  operations  and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During  the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode treatment
technologies at this mill, samples were collected over a  typical  24-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies in removing toxic pollutants.  The reactor/clarifier  was
part  of  one  mode  of  treatment, and testing was such that the unit
could be evaluated  independently.   Data  on  the  effectiveness  are
presented below.

               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill A
              Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier
Toxic Pollutant

Phenol*
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent,  uq/1

     16
     42
    540
     38
    130
    320
    200
   3500
   2000
    500
   1500
Effluent, uq/1

     17
     23
      T
     39
     ND
    110
    240
     ND
     ND
     ND
    190
 * represents total of all toxic pollutant phenols
 T trace
ND not detected

The  following  pollutants  were  detected at  less  than  10  ug/1  in  the
influent  and  effluent:    Ethylbenzene;   Fluoranthene;   Di-n-butyl
Phthalate;  Benzo{a)Anthracene;  Benzo{a)Pyrene; Benzo{k)Fluoranthane;
Anthracene; Toluene.

Case 7

This case discusses the results  at  Mill  0,   a  Subcategory   2 Wool
Finishing  mill.   A  description  of the manufacturing  operations  and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided  in Appendix F.
                                  242
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During the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode  treatment
technologies  at  this mill, samples were collected over a typical 72-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies  in  treating toxic pollutants.  One mode tested included
the reactor/clarifier followed  by  multi-media  filtration.   Samples
were  collected  around  this  mode  and data on the effectiveness are
presented below.

               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill 0
    Influent and Effluent to Reactor/Clarifier - Multi-Media Filter

                              Influent*           Effluent*
Toxic Pollutant             Min   Max   n        Min  Max   n

Methylene Chloride           46    46   3         28   28   1
Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate 230   760   3          T   31   3
Chromium                    158   206   3         30   47   3
Copper                        4**  14   3         82  130   3
Lead                         22**  22** 3         22** 22** 3
Nickel                       36**  36** 3         36** 36** 3
Thallium                     50**  50** 3         50** 50** 3
Zinc                        639  1280   3        347  440   3
 * concentrations  in ug/1
** reported as  "less than" value
 T trace

The following pollutants were detected  at  less  than   10   ug/1   in   the
influent   and  effluent:   Acrylonitrile;  Benzene;   1,2,4-TrichlorO-
benzene;  2,4,6-Trichlorophenol; Parachlorometacresol;  Chloroform;   2-
Chlorophenol;     1,2-Dichlorobenzene;    Ethylbenzene;    Fluoranthene;
Naphthalene; N-nitrosodi-propylamine; Pentachlorophenol;  Phenol; Di-n-
butyl  Phthalate;  piethyl Phthalate;  Dimethyl   Phthalate;   Anthracene;
Pyrene;   Tetrachloroethylene;  Toluene;  Trichloroethylene;  Antimony;
Arsenic;  Beryllium; Cadmium; Cyanide; Mercury;  Selenium;  Silver.

b.  Precipitation

Precipitation is  a chemical unit  process in which  undesirable   soluble
metallic  ions are removed  from water or wastewater by conversion to an
insoluble form.   It is  a commonly used  treatment technique  for  removal
of   hardness    (calcium,  magnesium,   strontium,  ferrous   iron,   and
manganous ions  and other metals),  phosphorus, and  the  heavy   metals.
The  procedure  involves alteration of the  ionic equilibrium to  produce
insoluble metallic  hydroxides   that   can be  easily  settled in  a
clarifier.   The   hydroxide  is   usually   supplied in the form  of  lime
(Ca(OH)2).
                                  243
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A typical precipitation reaction involving the  removal  of  magnesium
ions (Mg+z) is:

    Mg+2 + SO* -2  +  Ca(OH)2     Ca + *  +  S04 -a  +  Mg(OH)2

Metallic  hydroxides have an optimal pH where they are most insoluble.
For Mg(OH)?, noted in the equation above, 10.8 is considered  optimal.
When  precipitation  of several metals is required, a pH of about 9 is
often useful in practice.

Precipitation of chromium, a  frequent  constituent  of  some  textile
wastewaters,  sometimes  requires  an  additional  step  when chromium
exists in the hexavalent state (Cr+6) in wastewater it must be reduced
to the trivalent state (Cr+3) before precipitation  can  be  achieved.
The   reducing  agents  commonly  used  are  ferrous  sulfate,  sodium
metabisulfate, and sulfur dioxide.  If ferrous sulfate is  used,  acid
must be added for pH adjustment.

Industry  Application.   Precipitation was not reported as a treatment
method by any of the direct or indirect dischargers surveyed.   It  is
suspected,  however, that the distinction between coagulation and pre-
cipitation was not clearly established  by  at  least  some  of  those
reporting  coagulation  as  a  part  of their treatment system.  It is
probable that  some  of  these  mills  may,  in  fact,  be  practicing
precipitation  for  the  removal  of toxic metals.  One reason for the
limited application of precipitation may be that some of the auxiliary
chemicals used in dyeing can  act  as  complexing  agents  with  heavy
metals.   These  chemicals  act  as  chelants and make the metals less
susceptible to precipitation.

Literature/Research.  Literature directly related to the treatment  of
textile  wastewaters  by employing precipitation is generally limited.
The case presented below offers information on one investigation  that
is relevant.

Case 1

This  case presents the findings of a research study (67) conducted to
compare the effectiveness of chemical  precipitation  using  lime  and
that using sulfide.

The  sulfide  removes heavy metal from solution in the form of sulfide
precipitates and can be advantageous since metal sulfides are  several
orders   of  magnitude  less  soluble  than  the  corresponding  metal
hydroxides.   It  is  especially  advantageous  for  the  removal   of
hexavalent  chrome  because  the  process  does not require a separate
pretreatment step.
                                 244
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A wastewater sample from the aeration basin of a Subcategory  5b  Knit
Fabric  Finishing  mill  was used in the comparison studies.  The mill
dyes 95 percent of the production and uses acid (64  percent),  direct
(32  percent), sulfur {2 percent), dispersed {1 percent), and reactive
(1 percent) dyes.  Data on the effectiveness of each  precipitant  are
summarized below:

                           Concentration, mg/1
Metal        Raw Sample       Lime Effluent    Sulfide Effluent

Zinc            3.2               0.11               0.09
Nickel          0.05
Iron            2.3               0.17               0.19
Cadmium         0.01
Copper          0.50              0.03               0.01
Lead            0.10
Silver          0.05
Total Chromium  0.93              0.08               0.05

The  data  indicate  that  for  the most part, somewhat greater metals
reduction can be achieved with the sulfide precipitant.

c.  Oxidation

Oxidation of wastewater is a chemical unit process that can be used to
remove color, to  remove  ammonia,  to  reduce  the  concentration  of
organics,  and to reduce the bacterial and viral content.   It has been
used for some time in the form of chlorine  for  the  disinfection  of
effluents.   Other  available  and  tested oxidants include:  hydrogen
peroxide, potassium permanganate, chlorine dioxide, and ozone.

Chemical  oxidation  can  provide  the  more  powerful  action   often
necessary to break down highly resistant industrial wastes.  Potassium
permanganate,  chlorine,  and  ozone  also  have  been  used to reduce
organic loads prior to biological treatment.  In  advanced  wastewater
treatment  of  industrial  wastes,  oxidation with ozone has shown the
most promising application.

Ozone (03) is a faintly  blue,  pungent-smelling,  unstable  gas  that
exists  as  an allotropic form of oxygen.  Because of its instability,
ozone must be generated on-site.  Ozone generators  utilize  a  corona
discharge  that  occurs  when  a  high-voltage  alternating current is
imposed across a discharge gap.  The method is highly  inefficient  in
that  only  about  10  percent  of the applied energy goes  into ozone.
Improvement in efficiency can be achieved if pure oxygen  is  used  in
the generator in lieu of air.

Ozone reacts rapidly with the majority of organic compounds and micro-
organisms  present  in  industrial  wastewaters.   It  is   capable  of
                                 245
-------
removing color in textile wastewaters but, because of the high dosages
often required, is not suitable  for  reducing  the  concentration  of
organics.

Industry  Application.   Sixty of the direct dischargers and 11 of the
indirect dischargers surveyed report using oxidation as part of  their
treatment  systems.   All  but  one   of the direct dischargers simply
chlorinate for disinfection purposes.  The other mill  reports  adding
chlorine  in  a  rapid-mix  contact  tank  for  both  disinfection and
decoloring.  Four of the indirect dischargers also  simply  chlorinate
for  disinfection purposes.  Five add chlorine, usually in the form of
hypochlorite, to control color.  The other two mills recycle  part  of
the  discharge  and  are  most likely adding chlorine for disinfection
purposes.  There are no data available from the  survey  that  can  be
used  to  demonstrate  the  effectiveness  of  chlorine  oxidation for
decolorization.

Literature/Research.  Because of  the  desire  to  effectively  remove
color,  oxidation  of  textile  wastewaters  has received considerable
attention by the engineering and research communities.  Ozone has been
the primary oxidant studied.  The following cases present the findings
of those studies most relevant here.

Case 1

This  case  discusses  the  results  of   a  laboratory    investigation
conducted by Snyder and Porter  (68)  on the effect of pH on the ability
of  ozone to reduce organic content  and  color  from the dye wastes from
three textile  mills.  Ozone was produced from  compressed  air  by   a
commercial electric discharge ozone  generator  and fed at  a rate of 0.5
g/hr  through  an   experimental apparatus containing 500-ml samples of
the dye  wastes.  The  studies were conducted at  room  temperature  and
usual   contact  time  was one hour.   To check  the effect of pH on ozone
reactivity,  each dye  waste was  studied at near neutral, at acidic, and
at basic pH  values.   Adjustments  in  pH were made with  sulfuric  acid
and sodium hydroxide.

The  results   of the  investigation  indicate that there  is no  steadfast
rule concerning  the effects of  pH on the efficiency  of  the   ozonation
process   in   reducing  the  organic  content of textile  dye waste.  The
greater  removals occurred  in  the  acid pH samples,   but,   according   to
the  researchers,  this  is  in  contrast to the  results obtained by  other
researchers,  where greater  removals  occurred  in  high pH samples.   The
average removals of organic content, as  measured by  COD,  for  the  three
samples  were  8,   41,   and   55  percent.  This  indicates  that  a  low
concentration ozone stream (1  g/1)  is not feasible  for  the removal   of
the  majority  of   organics   in  textile  dye waste.   However,  in each
sample  tested, excellent color removal  was  observed.   The  researchers
                                  246
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attributed  the  effective decolorization to the susceptibility of the
amine function in the dye molecules to ozone attack.

Case 2

The case discusses the results of a laboratory investigation conducted
by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (69) on ozone treatment
and disinfection of tufted carpet dye wastewater.  The  investigations
were  performed  on effluent samples from the City of Dalton municipal
wastewater treatment plant.  Approximately 90 percent of  the  plant's
flow  originates  from  textile  mills  that are engaged in dyeing and
other carpet finishing operations.  The waste from these mills contain
significant levels of  unexhausted  color  bodies  and  auxiliary  dye
chemicals,  which  result  in  a  colored  and moderately high organic
content  waste  at  the  municipal  plant.   At  the   time   of   the
investigations,  the  plant  was  treating approximately 40 mgd by the
extended-aeration activated sludge process.

The studies investigated the effectiveness of various dosages of ozone
by monitoring color, COD, organic carbon, suspended solids  (SS), BODI5,
total and fecal coliform, anionic detergents,  dissolved  oxygen,  and
ozone residual before and after ozonation.

Grab  samples were collected from the treatment  plant effluent on five
occasions between April 4 and  June 21,  1973.  Portions of the  samples
were  placed  in  a  10-gallon capacity  plexiglas contact column and
ozonated gas  was  injected  at  a  fixed  feed  rate.   Samples  were
withdrawn  from  the  column at specified time  intervals for analysis.
Results of the investigations  are summarized  for   the  parameters   of
most  interest here in the following table.
                                  247
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Parameter

Color (filtered)
Color (filtered)
Color (filtered)
Color (filtered)
Color (filtered)
COD
COD
COD
COD
COD
SS
SS
SS
SS
BOD5
BOD5.
BOD5
BOD5.
BOD5
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
Biphenyl
                   Ozone
                Dosage,  mq/1

                      5
                     10
                     14
                     26
                     45
                      3
                      6
                     20
                     42
                     60
                      7
                     19
                     24
                     52
                      8
                     14
                     19
                     25
                     33
                      5
                     12
                     20
                     26
                     42
                     89
  Parameter Concentration, mg/1
Dalton Effluent   Ozonated Effluent
     300*
     300*
     300*
     300*
     300*
     130
     130
     130
     130
     130
      20
      20
      20
      20
      21
      21
      21
      21
      21
     2.0
     2.0
     2.0
     2.0
     2.0
     2.0
 125*
  95*
  60*
  32*
  18*
 125
 110
 100
  75
  75
  12
   8
   6
   2
  27
  53
  25
  20
  19
  98
  35
  62
  19
1.21
0.10
* APHA Units

Conclusions regarding these parameters were stated as follows:

1.  True color was reduced to less than 30  APHA  Units  at  an  ozone
    dosage   of  40  mg/1;  suspended  solids  reduction  reduced  the
    necessary ozone dosage to 26.5 mg/1.
2.



3.


4.

5.
COD reductions of 40 percent were achieved at ozone dosages of  45
mg/1;  suspended  solids removal did not significantly enhance COD
reduction.
Suspended solids were reduced by approximately 90 percent with
ozone dosage of 52 mg/1.

The BOD5_ was essentially unchanged at all ozone dosages.

Biphenyls were reduced from approximately 2 mg/1 to less than
mg/1 at an ozone dosage of 89 mg/1.
                                 an
                                0.1
EPA/Industry  Field  Studies.   In a joint research effort between EPA
and the textile industry  (ATMI, NTA, and  CRI),  pilot  plant  studies
were  conducted  during   1977 and 1978 at 19 textile mills to evaluate
the  effectiveness  of  alternative  advanced   wastewater   treatment
                                 248
-------
    e   to
                  ^
           ซdthTSe ฐffQarS W?Ce Samp^ed t0 dete^inf concentration
           and  thus  permit  calculation  of  ozone utilization   Th*
          cases'5 ฐf ^  O2Onation  -tudies  are  summari^d1Oin  III
 Case 1

  Conventional and  Non-Conventional Pollutant  Treatability at Mill D
               Influent and Effluent to Ozone  Contactor*
Pollutant

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color,  ADMI
                            _Influent
                            x    SD   n
                            13    7
                           422  142
                            23   13
                           101   40
                           825  239
21
22
21
14
14
 _Effluent
 x    SD   n

 47   12   18
 349 115   17
 16   13   18
106   31   13
149  149   14
 _* 427 mg/1  ozone  utilized {continuous operation)
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of  samples

Case 2

This case discusses the results at  Mill  Q, a
                                                       5  Kni f
                                Suฃl?'Sซ{st3-
                               249
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filtration and  ozonation.  The operating  characteristics and data on
the effectivness of ozonation during this mode are presented below.

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
             Influent and Effluent to Ozone Contactor*
Pollutant

BOD5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
                          Influent
                          :    SD   n
                 _Effluent
                 x    SD  n
4.2
206
4.5
22
179
1
16
3.3
1.4
109
8
8
8
2
3
                 4.9
                 17
                  3
                 15
                 51
2.8
6.5
1.4
7.1
  * 1130-1500 mg/1 ozone utilized
 x" mean
;batch operation)
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
               ซ    .
8
8
2
2
2
 ป ? J3SSS .
     t s"ฐi. ^"..'o^.s'.r.vss' uisss-^ ""
 SS/?'i  .nd  L. Sion. dowol (utlll.^1  b.twe.n 1130 to 1500 .ซ/! ซ•
 ซJllซl.  Sat. on tM ett.ซl..oซปป of  this  ปdซ  of  tr..t..nt  at.
 presented below.
                              250
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
  Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter - Ozone Contactor Mode
Toxic Pollutant

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
Antimony
Cadmium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
 Influent*
Min  Max  n


622
ND
102
ND

ND
20

47
15
17
684
ND
106
ND
48
ND
62
13
50
11
11
2
2
2
2
It
2
2
It
2
 Effluent*
Min  Max  n

      45  1#
      ND  It
     687  It
      17  It
      88  It
      20  It
      53  It
      44  It
      ND  It
      19  It
     180  1#
 * Concentrations in ug/1
 t Composite sample, Day 1 and Day 2
ND not detected
 n number of samples

The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
influent and effluent:  2-Nitrophenol; Arsenic.

Case 3

This case discusses the results  at  Mill  A,  a  Subcategory  1  Wool
Scouring  facility.  A description of the manufacturing operations and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode  treatment
technologies  at  this mill, samples were collected over a typical 24-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies  in  removing  toxic pollutants.  The ozone contactor was
part of one mode of treatment, and testing  was  such  that  the  unit
could  be  evaluated  independently.   Data  on  the effectiveness are
presented below.
                                 251
-------
               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill A
               Influent and Effluent to Ozone Contactor
Toxic Pollutant

Phenol*
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent, uq/1

     17
     14
     T
     83
     ND
    120
    260
     ND
     ND
     ND
    400
Effluent, uq/1

     13
    106
   1200
     43
    250
    590
     ND
     ND
     ND
   1300
    460
 * represents total of all toxic pollutant phenols
 T trace
ND not detected

The following pollutants were detected at less than   10  ug/1   in   the
influent   and   effluent:    Ethylbenzene;   Fluoranthene;   Di-n-butyl
Phthalate; Benzo(a)Anthracene;  Benzo(a)Pyrene?  Benzo(k)Fluoranthene;
Anthracene; Toluene.

4.  Physical Separation

a.  Filtration

Wastewater filtration  is a physical  unit operation   that  is  used  to
remove   suspended  materials.   It may be  employed to  polish an existing
biological effluent  to prepare wastewater   for  subsequent  advanced
treatment processes,  or  to   enable direct  reuse  of  a discharge.
Primary  applications that  are  discussed  in  this  section  include:    1)
direct   filtration  of secondary   biological  effluents  alone  or as
pretreatment   for   carbon  or   ozone,  2)   filtration  of    chemically
clarified   effluent,   and   3)  filtration  of   secondary  biological
effluents following  in-line  chemical injection (precoagulation).

The filtration process separates  suspended  material  from wastewater by
passing the  waste  through  porous  material.   The mechanisms responsible
 for removal  include:  straining,   sedimentation,  inertial  impaction,
 interception,   adhesion,   chemical  adsorption  (bonding  and chemical
 interaction),  physical adsorption (electrostatic,  electrokinetic,  and
Van  der  Waals  forces),   and two accessory actions within the filter
 bed-biological growth and  flocculation.   The  mechanisms  that  will
                                  252
-------
Filtration  systems are broadly classified as either "surface" or "in

                                253
-------
Subcate-
gory^ Filter Type
             Treatment
               Step
                                 BOD, mg/1
                                 Inf  Eff
                          COD,  mg/1
                          Inf  Eff
5a


5a


5a

5a


5a
 4a
Multi-media
In-depth

Dual-media
In-depth
Sand
In-depth

Multi-media
Pressure

Sand
In-depth

Multi-media
Pressure

Dual-media
In-depth
 Dual-media
 Pressure
                        (Direct Discharge)

                                       159
Polishing


Polishing


Polishing     334

Polishing     327


Polishing     279


Post
Flotation

Polishing     327


Polishing     218


          (Recycle)

 Polishing     298
33


24

43
1265

1261
                                                     188



                                                     206

                                                     427
                                                    TSS, mg/1
                                                    Inf  Eff
                                                           65
                                                           55
                                               934   196
                                                     119
                                                      41
                                                           40

                                                           88
                                         17
                                         20
                                         23
                                  10
                                               1572   480
                                        800   312
                                                  -   1550
                                                      26
                                                              12
                                                                   21
                                                                   23
                                                                   93
 Mature/Research.   Although  considerable attention has been given
 to filtration  of  textile  wastewaters,  very  little  historical  or
 research  daฃa  exist that demonstrate  the effectiveness of ^^ration
 Sterns   While there are a number of filters in place to  polish  the




 SSJ.u-ซE."'ffiซ01SttS;JTS" ffiSSS? S. SSiJS
 summarized  in the following cases.

 Case 1
 This case discusses the results at  two  Subcategory  5b  Knit   Fabric
 Finishing  mills  that  discharge  to  a common treatment plant.  This
 facility was part of the EPA/Industry pilot  plant field studies  (Mill
                                 254
-------
Q);  a  description  of  the  manufacturing  operations and wastewater
treatment is provided in Appendix F.

Samples were collected over a 48-hour period at the  influent  to  the
treatment   plant,  following  secondary  clarification,  and  at  the
effluent.  The results presented below demonstrate  the  effectiveness
of  the  biological  system  and  the  multi-media  pressure filter in
treating conventional, non-conventional, and toxic pollutants.

       Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability
Pollutant                Raw
Parameter               Waste*

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1                782
TSS, mg/1                  17
Oil & Grease, mg/1       324
Color, ADMI              288
Phenols, ug/1
Sulfide, ug/1              ND
Secondary
Effluent**
   312
    28
   303
   187
    59
    ND
 Final
Effluent**
   233
     6
   476
   192
    48
    ND
  *  48-hour  composite  sample
 **  average  of  two  24-hour  composite  samples
 ND  not  detected
                                  255
-------
Toxic Pollutant
Toxic Pollutant Treatability

                Concentration, ug/1
          Raw        Secondary
         Waste*       Effluent**
 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene        2700
 Ethylbenzene                    101
 Naphtalene                      45
 Phenol                          55
 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate     41
 Tetrachloroethylene             ND
 Trichloroethylene               840
 Antimony                        95
 Chromium                        14
 Copper                          44
 Cyanide                         10
 Lead                            36
 Nickel                          36
 Selenium                        15
 Silver                          12
 Zinc                            56
                          ND
                          ND
                          ND
                          ND
                          15
                          17
                          ND
                         670*
                          32*
                         104*
                          ND
                          48*
                          ND
                          41*
                          13*
                          48*
 Final
Effluent**

    ND
    ND
    ND
    ND
    12
    17
    ND
   700*
    32*
    79*
    10*
    33*
    ND
   102* .
     8*
    84*
 * average of two 24-hour grab samples
ND not detected

The following pollutants were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the raw
waste,   secondary   effluent,   and/or   final   effluent:     2,4,6-
Trichlorophenol; 2-Nitrophenol.

Case 2

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  a Subcategory 4a Woven Fabric
Finishing mill that performs flat bed and rotary  screen  printing  to
produce  sheets,  towels,  and  bedspreads.  Rotary screening printing
accounts for approximately 90 percent of  the  production,  which  was
reported   as   30,000  kg/day  (approximately  65,000  Ib/day).   The
processing operations result in  a  water  usage  of  19.2  I/kg  (2.3
gal/lb) and a wastewater discharge of 570 cu m/day (150,000 gpd).

Wastewater  treatment  at  this  mill  consists of equalization {small
holding tank), grit removal, coarse screening, chemical addition (alum
and caustic), fine  screening,  (SWECO  vibrating  screens),  chemical
addition  (cationic polymer) and flocculation, dissolved air flotation
(300 gpm), biological aeration (2  lagoons  in  series  with  a  total
volume   of   1.64   mil   gal),   disinfection  (chlorine),  secondary
clarification (reactor/clarifier in which alum, caustic,  and  anionic
polymer  are  added),  and  dual-media  gravity  filtration  (sand and
                                 256
-------
    nrmHri^   Kป   detention  time  is  approximately  170  hours,  and   air
   >roximately  18 h /toll^a!*6™^"'  **   *   power-to-voiume   catio   of
   recycled for reuse  in the  printing operations.
Samples were collected
typical 48-hour period
flotation unit, at the
the  chlorine  contact
from the dual-media fi
the  effectiveness  of
treating conventional,
     (see Appendix D for sampling procedures) over a
     of operation at the bar screen prior to the air
     Parshall flume prior to the aeration basins, at
     chamber following aeration, and at the effluent
    Iter.  The results presented  below  demonstrate
      the  reactor/clarifier  - dual-media filter in
     non-conventional, and toxic pollutants
       Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
Phenols, ug/1
Sulfide, ug/1
Biological
 Influent

   200**
   725
    32
    26
   200**
Biological
 Effluent

    67**
   577
    17
    18
   200**
 Filter
Effluent

   20**
  543
    4
   14
  200**
 * average of two 24-hour samples
** reported as "less than" value
                                257
-------
Toxic Pollutant
Toxic Pollutant Treatablity

                   Concentration, ug/1
        Biological     Biological
         Influent       Effluent
Benzene
Ethylbenzene
Methyl Chloride
4-Nitrophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Toluene
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
            19
           160
            56
            13
            34
            32
            45
           200
            81**
            NS
            32**
            14**
 5*
ND
 5*
10*
ND
24
ND
ND
52**
32**
32**
13**
 Filter
Effluent

    5*
   ND
    5*
   10*
   ND
   16
   ND
   ND
   27**
   NS
   NS
   NS
  * reported  as  "less  than"  value
 ** average of two  24-hour grab  samples
 ND not  detected
 NS no sample

 The  following pollutants were detected  at less than  10  ug/1  in  the
 biological   influent   biological   effluent,   and final effluent:   1,2-
 Dichloroethane;      1,1,1-Trichloroethane;        Tetrachloroethylene;
 Trichloroethylene; Beryllium;   Cadmium;   Chromium;  Cyanide; Mercury;
 Silver; Zinc.

 Case 3

 This case discusses the results  at  a  Subcategory  7  Stock  &  Varn
 Finishing  facility that performs package dyeing of polyester, cotton,
 an2 wool yarn.   Dispersed dye  is  the  primary  dye  class  employed
 although   some  acid  and  cationic  dyes  also  are  used    Avera.g*
 production  is  reported  as  22,680  kg/day   (50 000  l^?^'    ™e
 processing results in an average water usage of 154 I/kg  18.5 gal/lb)
 and a wastewater discharge of 3,500 cu m/day  (925,000 gpd).

 Wastewater  treatment  at  this  mill  consists  of   coarse  screening
 neutralization, biological aeration (one basin with a total  volume  of
 5 250,000 gal), secondary clarification, dual-media gravity  filtration
  (sand  and9 carbon),  and disinfection (chlorine)   Deration detention
 time is approximately 120 hours, and air is provided  by  eight  surface
 aerators  with a  total  power-to-volume  ratio   of  approximately  114
 hp/mil gal.  The  carbon in the filter has not  been changed within   the
 past two years and may  not be  functioning in  an adsorptive capacity.
                                   258
-------
Samples were collected (see Appendix D for sampling procedures) over a
72-hour  period  of  operation  of  the  raw wastewater, the secondary
clarifier effluent, and the filter effluent.   The  results  presented
below demonstrate the effectiveness of the activated sludge system and
the  dual-media filter in treating conventional, non-conventional, and
toxic pollutants.

       Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability
Pollutant
Parameter

COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
Phenols, ug/1
Sulfide, ug/1
Color, ADMI
Biological
 Influent

   226
    25
   810
    44
   131
Clarifier
 Effuent
Min  Max  n
                 Filter
                Effluent
               Min  Max
116
100
 12
  6
150
170
 21
  8
112  124
122
 38
 17
  9
105
148
115
 19
  9
113
                                 259
-------
                    Toxic Pollutant Treatability
Toxic
Pollutant

Acrylonitrile
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Bis(chloromethyl) Ether
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Parachlorometa Cresol
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
1,2-Dichloropropane
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Naphthalene
Pentachlorophenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
  Phthalate
Di-n-butyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Antimony
Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Biological
 Influent

    ND
   270
    59
    16
    29
    56*
    20
    56
   190
    18
    ND

   490
    24
    18
   310
    T
    10
   156
    19
    34
    49
    22**
    36**
     T
    50**
   493
Clarifier
 Effuent
Min  Max
n
ND 100** 3
19
ND
T
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
76
ND
ND
T
T
ND
141
T
68
110
22**
36**
T
ND
228
43 3
ND 3
T 3
T 3
T 3
ND 3
ND 3
ND 3
13 3
23 3
340 3
T 3
ND 3
T 3
38 3
ND 3
177 3
T 3
91 3
132 3
35 3
36** 3
T 3
50** 3
283 3
Filter
Effluent
Min
ND
T
ND
ND
ND
T
ND
ND
ND
T
ND
80
ND
ND
T
T
ND
150
T
12
20
Max
100**
21
ND
T
T
T
ND
ND
ND
T
13
170
T
ND
9
T
ND
162
T
57
84
22** 22**
42
11
ND
139
50
15
50**
436
n
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
  *  represent sum of concentrations of 1,2-Dichlorobenzene;  1,3-Dichloro-
    bene;  and 1,4-Dichlorobenzene
 **  reported as "less than"  value
 ND  not detected

 The following pollutants were detected at less than  10  ug/1  in  the
 biological influent, clarifier effluent,  or filter effluent:  Benzene;
 Hexachlorobenzene;   Chloroform;  Ethylbenzene; Fluoranthane; Methylene
 Chloride; N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine; Phenol; Butyl  Benzyl  Phthalate;
 Diethyl  Phthlate;   Anthracene;  Fluorene; Pyrene; Beryllium; Cadmium;
 Cyanide;  Mercury; Selenium.
                                  260
-------
?he  ,?L2lternative  ?dvanced  ^tewater  treatment
     studies  were  performed  on  the  effluent  from
               the recommended BPT level of treatment
                                                     s

              16 inches of gr.l (6 -
              of
       ฐ

               4-
            sV?tems  employing
 Case 1
Secondary clarifier effluent prior to chlorination
                                    was   used   in
                                                                    the
                                   lป                                 s


  Conventional and Non-Conventional  Pollutant  Treatability  at  Mill  D
              Influent and Effluent to  Multi-Media  Filter*
Pollutant

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
            __Inf luent
            ฃ    SD   n

            24   14   17
           814  284   19
           294  422   17
           179   65   14
          1007  696   12
                                                 _Effluent
                                                 x    SD   n
                                                 19     9
                                                630   177
                                                 85   100
                                                157    64
                                               1070
15
19
16
32
 2
           ฐperated at an av*rage surface loading rate of 4.4 gpm/ft*
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                 261
-------
Case 2
treatment at this facility is provided  in Appendix F.

Multi-media  filtration  was  part of both  candidate modes  at  Mill  DD.
However  the effectiveness of multi-media filtration alone   cannot   be
evaluated based on the available data.






 20  mg/1  as  A1+".   Data on  the effectiveness are presented below.

               Toxic  Pollutant Treatability at Mill DD
               Influent  and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter
                              Influent, uq/1

                                   58
                                   59
                                   37
                                   72
                                   25
                                  190
Effluent, uq/1

     110
      28
      31
      67
      28
     280
Toxic Pollutant

Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc

              pollutants were detected  at
innuer.L.  <ปป*   effluent  to  the  filter:         „,,-•„,
Diethyl Phthalate; Dimethyl  Phthalate;  Arsenic;  Cadmium

Case  3

Thic;  rac:e discusses  the  results  at  Mill   B,   a  Subcategory  2  Wool
Fin?sh?ng  mUl   A  description  of  the manufacturing operation and
wast!wa?Ir  treatment at  this mill is provided in Appendix F.

                              prior to chlorination  was  used  in  the
                                      --- •   modes utilized multi-media
  filtration during each mode are presented below.
                                   262
-------
 Pollutant
 Parameter

 BOD5, mg/1
 COD, mg/1
 TSS, mg/1
 TOC, mg/1
  x mean
 SD standard deviation
  n number of samples
 Pollutant
 Parameter

 BOD5, mg/1
 COD, mg/1
 TSS, mg/1
 TOC, mg/1
  ^Influent
  2L    SD   n
  39
 194
   6
  68
13
68
 6
29
                                  SUrfaCe
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
 17
216  137
 82   86
 77   45
                    _Effluent
                    x    SD   n
 31
174
  2
 65
1.4  9
 72  9
  3  9
 29  9
                                                       of 7.0 gpm/ft*
                   ^Effluent
                   x    SD   n
                   23
                  157
                   31
                   69
       -  1
     124  3
      29  3
      38  3
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                                      of 6.6 gpm/ft*
                                263
-------
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
  Influent
  ;    SD   n
 27
229
 33
 76
14
 5
36
28
9
9
9
6
                    Effluent
                    :     SD   n
 20
203
 15
 41
10
54
23
16
9
9
9
4
  * Filter operated at an average surface loading rate of 5.4 gpm/ftซ
    (9/13 - 9/21/77).
  x mean
 SD  standard deviation
  n  number of  samples
 in   addition   to   the   regular  pilot  plan, : studies .at this facility,
 samples  were  collected   over  a   24-hr  Pe^ฐฐ u  ^o    c pollutants.
 effectiveness  of  the  candidate   mode s ^treating t    f*llowed  by
 The candidate mode tested     l"^^"^^^   adsorption.     The
                                    .t,  <
                                                         SET'S
                                   264
-------
               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter
Toxic Pollutant

1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Toluene
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent/ uq/1

     154
      ND
      44
      14
      23
      62
      T
      41
      16
      30
      57
     172
    5730
Effluent ug/I

      94
      10
      14
      12
      12
     103
     105
      41
     118
     116
      73
     158
    5800
 T trace
ND not detected

The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
influent and effluent:   1,2-Dichlorobenzene;  2,4-Dimethylphenol,  N-
nitrosodiphenylamine; Benzo(a)Pryrene.

Case 4

This  case  discusses  the  results  at Mill P,  a Subcategory 4c Woven
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

Two  candidate  modes  utilized  multi-media  filtration  as the first
treatment operation at Mill P.   One  mode  included  filtration  with
precoagulation  and  the  other followed this treatment with activated
carbon adsorption.  Testing was performed on the  secondary  clarifier
effluent  prior  to  chlorination.   The operating characteristics and
data on the effectiveness of multi-media filtration during the testina
are presented below.
                                 265
-------
  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill P
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Pollutant
Parameter
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
                    _Effluent
                    x    SD   n
   ^, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
 11
122
 10
 20
138
 9
54
 4
 7
21
  9
 98
 21
 23
141
 6
15
15
 4
28
 * surface loading of 3 gpm/ft2 and a precoagulant alum dose of  1.5 mg/1
   (as Al+3>.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability  at  Mill P
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color,  ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n

  3
122
 25
 29
163
                    _Effluent
                    x     SD    n

                    38
                    130
                    10
                    25
                    162
  *  surface loading of 3 gpm/ft2 and a precoagulant alum dose of 1.5 mg/1
    (as A1+3).
  x  mean
 SD  standard deviation
  n  number of samples
                                  266
-------
   Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill P
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
 Pollutant
 Parameter

 BOD5, mg/1
 COD, mg/1
 TSS, mg/1
 TOC, mg/1
 Color, ADMI
  x mean
 SD standard deviation
  n number of samples
  _Influent
  2L    SD   n
  ^Effluent
  x    SD   n
  11
  85
 153
  36
 154
  11
 118
  17
  27
 161
                         ฐf 5 gpm/ft" and a P^coagulant alum dose of
Pollutant
Parameter
   ^, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/i
Color, ADMI
 _Influent
 i    SD   n

 26
109
 11
 29
149
 _Effluent
 x_    SD   n

  8
 83
 12
 27
150
                        ฐf 5 ^m/ft2 and - Precoaguiant alum dose of
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                 267
-------
   Conventional  and Non-Conventional Pollutant ^ability at Mill  P
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media niter
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
                             Influent
                             :    SD   n
_Effluent
x    SD   n
                            11
                            85
                           153
                            36
                           154
10
113
20
25
160
2
2
2
2
—
  * surface loading rate of 7 gpn/ff and a precoagulant  alum dose of
  _ 1.5 mg/1  (as Al+3).
  x mean
 SD standard  deviation
  n number of samples
Case 5

TM, cซ.di,cu,,.,
                        ซ,ซ.ซ  t  Mill
 at these mills is provided  in Appendix F.
                                  o           ปs
 consisted of multi-media f lltr^ฐ" ^ฐ  rlarif ier  effluent  prior  to
                                           EjS
 filtration during the testing are presented below.
                                   268
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   Conventional  and Non-Conventional  Pollutant Treatability at Mill 0
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
 Pollutant
 Parameter

 BOD5,  mg/1
 COD, mg/1
 TSS, mg/1
 TOC, mg/1
 Color, ADMI
     _Influent
     x    SD   n
                                                       _Effluent
                                                       x     SD   n
     10
    338
     77
     18
ฐf 2'5
                                   4.3   4
                                    36   4
                                    24   4
                                   0.6   3
  7
258
 28
 18
1.3  4
 26  4
 19  4
0.6  3
                                             Precoa<3ulant  alum  dose of
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill 0
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*

Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD,  mg/1
TSS,  mg/1
TOC,  mg/1
Color, ADMI
                             _Influent
                             x    SD   n
                            8.5
                            273
                             48

                            214
          1.4
           15
          6.8

           68
 _* surface loading rate of 2.0 gpm/ft2
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
 _Effluent
 2L    SD   n

  4   0.7  6
202    10  6
4.5   2.6  6
                                                     205
                                    45
                                 269
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5_, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
_Influent
x    SD   n
8
272
45
27
252
2
32
11
3.8
24
14
14
14
3
7
_Effluent
x    SD   n
4
208
4
22
250
1
17
1.5
1.7
14
14
14
14
3
6
 _* surface loading rate of 2.0 gpm/ft2.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

Case 6

This case discusses the results at  Mill  V,   a   Subcategory   4c   Woven
Fabric   Finishing mill.  A description of  the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater  treatment at this  mill  is provided in Appendix F.

The  candidate   mode   selected   for   Mill   V   consisted    of    the
reactor/clarifier   followed   by   multi-media filtration  followed  by
activated carbon adsorption.   Testing  was performed  on   secondary
clarifier    effluent    prior   to   chlorination.     The   ฐP^ating
characteristics  and   data  on the   effectiveness    of  multi-media
filtration  during the  testing are presented below.
                                   270
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    Conventional and NonConventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill V
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
 Pollutant
 Parameter

 BOD5.,  mg/1
 COD,  mg/1
 TSS,  mg/1
 TOC,  mg/1
 Color,  ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
                      _Effluent
                      x    SD   n
3.6
352
51
72
274
2
35
17
9
57
14
14
14
14
13
2.5
331
20
62
283
1.2
31
8
8
49
14
14
14
14
11
  _* surface loading rate of 3.0 qpm/ft*
  x mean
 SD standard deviation
  n number  of samples












               Toxic  Pollutant  Treatability at Mill V
              Influent and  Effluent to  Multi-Media Filter
Toxic Pollutant

1,2-Dichlorobenzene
Pentachlorophenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Silver
Zinc
Influent, ua/1
not
  13
detected
  34
 123
  17
  11
  66
  72
 195
Effluent uq/1

     trace
      12
     trace
     136
      14
      25
      64
      77
     234
                         Tre detected ^ less than  10  ug/1  in  the

                                                                   "
                                 271
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Case 7

This case discusses the results at  Mill  W,  a  Subcategory  5b  Knit
Fabric  Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

Multi-media filtration was part of the  treatment  in  both  candidate
modes  selected  for  Mill  W.   One  mode  consisted  of  multj-mซ™
filtration followed by activated carbon adsorption.  The  second  mode
tested   multi-media  filtration  with  precoagulation.   Testing  was
performed on secondary clarifier effluent prior to chlorination.   The
operating characteristics and data on the effectiveness of multi-media
filtration during the testing are presented below.

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill W
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5.,  mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
Influent
:    SD   n
4.6
73
26
14
140
1.6
9
9
4.5
57
17
17
17
16
16
  _* surface loading rate of 7 gpm/ft2.
  x mean
 SD standard deviation
  n number of samples
_Effluent
x    SD   n
3.4
55
9.5
11
118
1.2
7
4.7
3.3
42
17
17
17
16
16
                                   272
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Testability at Mill W
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
_Influent
x    SD   n
_Effluent
x    SD   n
4.6
73
26
14
140
1.6
9
9
4.5
57
17
17
17
16
16
2.4
48
13
10
83
1.2
7
6
4
30
17
17
17
16
15
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                            ""coagulant dosage of

                                273
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill W
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Toxic Pollutant

Benzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Chloroform
Bis{2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
 Influent**
 Min  Max  n
 ND   10
 ND   29
 ND 1020
 ND   34
560  888
 10*  10*
 18  323
  9   82
 36* 108
  51  30
 50#  50#
 34   90
7
6
7
7
7
1
7
7
7
7
1
7
 Effluent**
 Min  Max n

 ND    4   7
 ND    9   7
 ND  790   7
 ND   44   7
554  869   7
 11   11   1
 10   41   7
 10   85   7
 36* 1U   7
  5*  32#  7
 501  50#  1
 40   86   7
  *  multi-media  filtration/activated  carbon  mode
 **  concentrations  in  ug/1

 ND  not  detected
  f  reported as  "less  than"  valve
  n  number of samples

 The  following   pollutants   were  detected  at less than 10 ug/1 in the
 influent  and  effluent:    Acenaphthene;  Parachlorometacresol;   2,4-
 Dichlorophlnol; 2,4-Dimethylphenol;  Ethylbenzene;  Naphthalene; Phenol;
 Di-n-butyl  Phthaiate; Toluene;  Trichloroethylene; Beryllium; Cadmium;
 Chromium; Cyanide, Mercury; Selenium.
                                   274
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                Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill W
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
 Toxic Pollutant

 Benzene
 1,2,4-Tri chlorobenzene
 Chloroform
 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)
     Phthalate
 Antimony
 Copper
 Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
 Zinc
 Influent**
 Min  Max  n
 ND
 ND
 ND
 ND

560
 18
  9
 36#
  5t
 50#
 34
10
29
1020
34
867
323
82
108
30
50#
90
7
6
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
1
7
Effluent**
Min  Max  n
ND
ND
ND
11
 3  7
 6  7
 7  7
42  7
479
9
28
34
5*
50#
48
888
27
81
137
41
50#
93
7
7
7
7
7
1
7
  * multi-media  filtration  with precoagulation mode.
 ** concentrations  in  ug/1
  n number of  samples
 ND not detected
  # reported as  "less  than"  value

 The following pollutants were  detected  at  less than   10   uq/1   in  the
 Pnlnof^Di nnbutv?flph?Ht:i  * Acenf^hene;   Ethylbenzene;  Naphthalene?
 pnenol; Di-n-butyl  Phthalate;  Toluene;   Trichloroethylene-   Arsenic
 BerylUum; Cadmium; Chromium;  Cyanide;  Mercury;  Selenium       Arsenic,

 Case 8
                                     at  M111 E' a Subcategory  5a  Knit
a                         Ascription of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

        tlie    1    plant  testin
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               Priority Pollutant Treatability at Mill E
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
Toxic Pollutant

Benzene
Chloroform
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
Phenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
                            Influent**
                            Min  Max  n
ND
ND
ND
ND
T
22*
T
T
10*
22*
66
T
155
15
207
T
T
109
600
98
36
10*
34
187
73
5160
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
                                                 Effluent**
                                                 Min  Max  n
ND
ND
ND
ND
T
10*
T
T
10*
22*
36
T
155
T
10
26
2110
20
37
12
26
10*
27
188
68
204
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
  *  Multi-Media  Filter  -  Activated Carbon mode
 **  concentrations  in ug/1
  T  trace
  *  reported as  "less than"  value
  n  number of samples
 ND  not detected
                                                          influent  and
The following were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the      1K_orio
effluent?   1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene; 1,2-Dichlorobenzene; Ethylbenzene
Methylene Chloride; Naphthalene; N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine; D^-^tyl
Phthalate; Diethyl Phthalate; Anthracene; Toluene; Beryllium; Cadmium;
Selenium.
                                   276
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill E
             Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*

                             Influent**          Effluent**
Toxic Pollutant              Min  Max  n         Min  Max  n

Benzene                      ND    T   3         ND   144  10
Chloroform                   T     73  3         ND    ND  10
Phenol                       ND   669  3         ND    T    9
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate  T     18  3         T    200  10
Antimony                     10#   43  3         10#   48   8
Copper                        41   12  3          4#   20   8
Cyanide                      101   10# 5         10#   10# 10
Lead                         22|   22# 3         22#   27   8
Nickel                       43    77  3         36#  135   8
Silver                        5$   23  3          5#   59   8
                            145   155  3        144   160   8
 * Reactor/Clarifier - Multi-Media Filter mode
** concentrations in ug/1
 T trace
 # reported as "less than" value
 n number of samples
ND not detected

Case 9

This case discusses the results  at  Mill  A,  a  Subcategory  1  Wool
Scouring  facility.   A description of the manufacturing operations and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode  treatment
technologies  at  this mill, samples were collected over a typical 24-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies in treating toxic pollutants.  Multi-media filtration was
part  of  one  mode  of  treatment, and testing was such that the unit
could be evaluated  independently.   Data  on  the  effectiveness  are
presented below.
                                 277
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill A
               Influent and Effluent Multi-Media Filter

Toxic Pollutant              Influent, uq/1           Effluent, ug/1

Phenol*                           17                  17
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate       23                  14
Arsenic                           39                  83
Copper                           110                 120
Cyanide                          240                 260
Zinc                             190                 400
* represents total of all toxic pollutant phenolics

The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
influent  and  effluent:    Ethylbenzene;   Fluoranthene;   Di-n-butyl
Phthalate;  Benzo(a)Anthracene;  Benzo(a)Pyrene; Benzo(k)Fluoranthane;
Anthracene; Toluene; Antimony.

This case discusses the results  at  Mill  0,  a  Subcategory  2  Wool
Finishing  mill.   A  description  of the manufacturing operations and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode  treatment
technologies  at  this mill, samples were collected over a typical 72-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies in removing toxic pollutants.  Multi-media filtration was
part  of  two  modes  of treatment, and testing was such that one unit
could be evaluated  independently.   Data  on  the  effectiveness  are
presented below.
                                  278
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                Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill 0
              Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter*
 Toxic Pollutant

 Methylene Chloride
 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
 Chromium
 Copper
 Lead
 Nickel
 Thallium
 Zinc
Influent**
Min  Max  n
46
230
158
T
22*
36*
50*
639
46
760
206
14
22#
36*
50*
1280
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Effluent**
Min  Max  n

 47   47  1
 16   80  3
 78  101  3
105  130  3
 22*  22* 3
 36*  36* 3
 50*  50* 3
371  594  3
  * Unit 1
 ** concentrations in ug/1
  n number of samples
  T trace
  # reported as "less than"  value
  nfin            PQll"tants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1  in the
 influent    and    effluent:      Acrylonitrile;     Benzene-      124-
                    TV rh2'4'6-Tri^lorophenol;      Parachlorametacresot;
     h        ซ   2-Dichlorobenzene;     Ethylbenzene;      Fluoranthene
 n-butvf  neth?h^^ฐSฐdi;n-^ฐ?ylamihe;  Pentachlorophenol,  PhenSl;  Di-
 n-butyl    Phthalate;    Diethyl    Phthalate;    Phenanthrene-   Pvrene-
 Tetrachloroethylene;  Toluene;  Trichloroethylene;   Antimony'   Arsenic'
 Beryllium;  Cadmium; Cyanide; Mercury;  Selenium;  Silver.        Arsenic,

 b-  Hyperfiltration/Ultrafiltration
                                   is  a  P^ical   separation  process
            K              Pressure  (greater  than osmotic pressure)  to
            "!rou?h a femi-permeable membrane  (permeable  to  water  but
              mateFials of a specific molecular size).   The process  is
dnH    rem?vin^ suspended particles and substantial fractions  of
dissolved  impurities, including organic and inoganic  materials    The
?hfranr,-are1deS^gn?d Sฐ that water and specils smalTer I* size than
^rn^3     "   Vel ฐf the  Particular  membrane  pass   through  while
larger  species  are  rejected.  The process  results in  two effluents
                                                     theconcentrated
The  membrane  is  the  most  important  aspect of the reverse osmosis
systems.  Those most widely used are manufactured from T mixture  of
Nni ~??ei acetate'  Acetone,  formamide,  and  magnesium perchlorate
Non-cellulose synthetic polymer membranes have also been developed and
                                 279
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are commercially available; however, these are more  often
in  untrafiltration  systems.   The most common commercially available
hvperfiltration systems include the tubular, spiral wound, and  hollow
fine  fiber.   The tubular system has a typical membrane area per unit
volume of 20 ftVft* and the membrane is situated along the inner wall
of a 1/2-inch diameter tube.   The  spiral  wound  system  utilizes  a
number of flat membranes separated by porous spacers and rolled into a
spiral-  these  systems  typically provide 250 ftซ of membrane surface
per ft* of volume!   The  hollow  fiber  system  utilizes  microscopic
fibers  that  are  essentially  tiny, thick-walled tubes.  Pressure is
applied from the outside of  the tubes and the filtrate  <^ซ effluent)
flows  into the tubes.  The hollow fiber system can Provide  from  2000
to 5000 ft* of membrane surface per ftซ of volume.  The tubular system
is easiest to clean, or replace, and is usually employed  in wastewater
appli cat i ons.

Hvperfiltration  systems usually operate at a pressure  of 300  to  1,500
psi and have a flux  rate  on  the  order  of  10  gal/day/ft*.   They
generally   require   extensive pretreatment  (pH adjustment, filtration,
chemical precipitation,  activated-carbon   adsorption)  of  the   waste
stream to   prevent  rapid  fouling or  deterioration  of the  membrane
surface.

Ultrafiltration  is  similar to hyperfiltration  and  relies  on   a   semi-
permeable   membrane and  an applied  driving  force  to  separate  suspended
and dissolved  materials  from   wastewater.    The  membranes   used   in
Ultrafiltration   have  pores large  enough  to eliminate osmotic pressure
as a  factor and,  therefore,  allow  operation at pressures  as  low   as  5
to  10  psi   Sieving  is the predominant  mechanism of removal, and  tne
process is   usually  applicable  for  removal  of   materials   above  a
molecular   weight  of   500  that  have  very small osmotic  pressure at
moderate concentration.   Because of the larger pore sizes,  flux   rates
 for  Ultrafiltration  are  on  the order  of 20 to 50 gal/day/ft*.  The
 systems have been used for removal or concentration of  macromolecules
 such as proteins, enzymes, starches,  and other organic polymers.

 Industry  Application.  None of the textile mills surveyed during this
 study report the use of hyperfiltration or  Ultrafiltration  in  their
 end-of-pipe wastewater treatment systems.

 Literature/Research.   Both  hyperfiltration  and  ultrafiltration  of
 textile wastewater  has been studied by  EPA  and  others  for  several
 ytars    A  research project (71) funded by the EPA Office of Research
 and  Development  investigated  the  feasibility  of   hyperfiltration
 membranes for the renovation of composite textile dyeing and  finishing
 wastewater  from  a Subcategory   4a Woven Fabric Finishing mill.  The
 processing at the mill  included piece  dyeing  of  uphoIstery  fabrics
 made  of cotton, rayon, and  nylon.  The general conclusion of  the study
 is  that the product water  quality is satisfactory for direct reuse  in
                                   280
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 all  dyeing and finishing operations at the facility.   The  results  of
 the   study  are available for information on equipment performance and
 projected treatment cost.

 A second research project (72),  also  funded  by  the  EPA  Office  of
 Research  and Development,  investigated hyperfiltration for renovation
 of composite  wastewater  at  eight  textile  finishing  plants.    The
 objective  of  the study was to  obtain results that when combined with
 the  results obtained from the project noted above (71) would permit  a
 feasible   assessment   of   hyperfiltration  as  a  general  treatment
 technology  for  the  textile  industry.    The  study   involved    the
 measurement  of  membrane  performance  with minimum pretreatment,  the
 evaluation of reuse  of   both  the   purified  product  water  and  the
 concentrated residue,  and the determination of the treatability of the
 concentrate  by  conventional means.    The general conclusions of the
 study are  that  the  product water  is   satisfactory  for  reuse  in
 scouring,   bleaching,  dyeing,   and  finishing  and  that the residual
 concentrate is treatable by conventional  treatment equivalent to   that
 used  at  each  facility  for treating the composite wastewater.   The
 results   of  the  investigations are  available  for  information  on
 equipment performance and projected treatment cost.

 Based on  the  finding   of the  above hyperfiltration studies,  a  full-
 scale demonstration project has  been funded by EPA and is currently in
 the  design and construction phase.

 Research has been conducted,  and a  full-scale  ultrafiltration  system
 is in place,  for recovery of  synthetic sizes from scouring wastes.

 c.   Dissolved Air Flotation

 Dissolved  air flotation  is  a  physical   separation  operation that   is
 used  to  separate  solid   or liquid particles  from a liquid phase.   A
 portion  of  the flow is pressurized  to  40  to 50  psi  in the presence   of
 sufficient   air   to  approach saturation.   The pressurized air-liquid
 mixture  is  released in a flotation  unit through  which  the  remaining
 fh^6  4-f  uai?  !iows-    The  entrained air  is  released as fine  bubbles
 u uui     ch  to the Partlculate matter.  The buoyant force of the   gas
 bubbles  causes   the  particles  to  rise  to the surface  where they  are
 skimmed  off.                                                     J

 The performance of  a flotation   unit   is  related   to   the   air-solids
 ratio,   which  is  defined as pounds of  air released per pound of solids

 0?01  to1"  1     WaSte*  A typical range of  the  air  to  solids ratio   is


The  primary   variables  for  flotation design  are the quantity of  air
used, the  influent solids and/or oil concentration, and   the  overflow
rate.  When the flotation process is used primarily for  clarification
                                 281
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a  detention period of 20 to 30 minutes is adequate for separation and
concentration.  Rise rates of  1.5  to  5.0  gpm/sq  ft  are  commonly
employed.  (73)

The  principal  components  of  a dissolved air flotation system are a
pressurizing pump, air injection facilities, a retention tank, a  back
pressure  regulating  device,  and a flotation unit.  The pressurizing
pump creates an elevated pressure to increase the solubility  of  air.
Air  is  usually  added through an injector on the suction side of the
pump.  Of the total air induced, 30 to  45  percent  will  usually  be
dissolved.

Chemicals  such  as  aluminum  and iron salts and activated silica are
commonly used  in dissolved air flotation to  increase  the  flocculent
structure of  the floated particles and hence facilitate the capture of
qas  bubbles.   A  variety of organic chemicals  (polymers) may also be
employed to change the nature of either the  air-liquid   interface  or
the solid-liquid  interface,  or both.

Industry  Application.   Five  of  the  mills surveyed report that air
flotation is  employed  in  their  waste  treatment   systems.   Two  are
direct   dischargers,   two  are  indirect dischargers, and  one  practices
complete recycle.  One of   the  direct  dischargers   separates  print
pastes  from a segregated print department  discharge.   The other  direct
discharger  reclaims   indigo  dyestuff  for  reuse  from  a yarn  dyeing
operation.  One  indirect discharger  separates print pastes  from  Uie
discharge  of a sheet printing  operation,  and  the  other  removes latex
from a  coating operation.   The recycle plant separate  print paste  from
the  discharge of large woven fabric   printing   operation.   Historical
monitoring  data are  not  available to demonstrate  the  effectiveness  of
 the  air flotation units  alone.

 Literature/Research.   During this study,  sampling  was  conducted at one
 of the  mills  noted above to provide information on  the  effectiveness
 of air  flotation.   The results are discussed in the following case.

 Case 1

 This  case  discusses  the  results  at  a Subcategory 4a Woven Fabric
 Finishing mill that performs flat bed and rotary  screen  printing  to
 produce  sheets,  towels,   and  bedspreads.  Rotary screening printing
 accounts for approximately 90 percent of  the  production,  which  was
 reported   as   30,000  kg/day  (approximately  65,000   Ib/day).   The
 processing operations result in  a  water  usage  of  19-2   1/KQ  <2-3
 gal/lb) and a wastewater discharge of 570 cu m/day (150,000  gpd).

 Wastewater  treatment  at  this  mill  consists of equalization (small
 holding tank), grit removal, coarse screening, chemical  addition  (alum
 and caustic), fine  screening,  (SWECO  vibrating  screens),  chemical
                                  282
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addition   (cationic polymer) and flocculation, dissolved air flotation
(300 gpm), biological aeration  {2  lagoons  in  series  with  a  total
volume   of   1.64   mil   gal),  disinfection  (chlorine),  secondary
clarification (reactor/clarifier in which alum, caustic,  and  anionic
polymer  are  added),  and  dual-media  gravity  filtrations (sand and
carbon).  Aeration detention time is approximately 170 hours, and  air
is  provided  by  surface  aerators  at  a  power-to-volume  ratio  of
approximately 18 hp/mil gal.  The discharge from the  treatment  plant
is recycled for reuse in the printing operations.

Samples were collected (see Appendix D for sampling procedures) over a
typical 48-hour period of operation at the bar screen prior to the air
flotation unit,  at the Parshall flume prior to the aeration basins, at
the  chlorine  contact chamber following aeration, and at the effluent
from the dual-media filters.  The results presented below  demonstrate
the  effectiveness  of  the  dissolved  air flotation unit in treating
conventional, non-conventional, and toxic pollutants.

       Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability
        Influent and Effluent to Dissolved Air Flotation Unit*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
Phenols, ug/1
Sulfide, ug/1
Influent

   400
  1050
   195
    92
   200**
Effluent

  200**
  725
   32
   26
  200**
 * average of two 24-hour samples
** reported as "less than" value
                                 283
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                    Toxic Pollutant Treatability
        Influent and Effluent to Dissolved Air Flotation Unit*
Toxic Pollutant

Benzene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Ethylbenzene
Methyl Chloride
Naphthalene
Pentachlorophenol
Phenol
Influent,  uq/1

     18
     11
    460
     26
    250
     37
     94
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate 570
Di-n-butyl Phthalate         13
Toluene                     320
Copper                      323
Lead                         14
Nickel                       28
Thallium                     T
Zinc                         25
Effluent, uq/1

     12
     T
    160
     30
     ND
     30
     26
     45
     ND
    132
     81
     ND
     32
     14
     T
 * average of two 24-hour samples
ND not detected
 T trace

The following pollutants were detected  at  less  than   10   ug/1   in  the
influent  and  effluent:  1,2-Dichloroethane; Chloroform;  Tetrachloro-
ethylene; Beryllium;  Cadmium; Chromium;  Cyanide;  Mercury;  Selenium;
Silver; Thallium.

d.  Stripping

Stripping here refers to  the removal  of relatively volatile components
from  a wastewater by  the  passage of  air, steam, or other  gas   through
the liquid.  For example, ammonia-nitrogen has  been  removed from high-
pH  municipal  wastewater  by  air  stripping  in a limited number of
applications.  The  exhaust  gas  is vented  to  the atmosphere   without
treatment   in  most  cases.    Steam   stripping   of  ammonia-rich water
followed  by  recovery  of the ammonia  as   ammonium  salt  in  an  acidic
absorbing   liquid   is  a   newer  process  under  development.  (74, 75)
Stripping odorous substances from kraft pulp  mill  waste  streams  by
steam provides  another example (76).

 Stripping  of   certain  volatile  toxic  pollutants   from textile mill
wastewaters under  controlled conditions that prevent  release  to  the
 atmosphere   is   theoretically  a potential treatment process.   Serious
 questions about the economic feasibility must be  addressed,  however,
                                  284
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 this  timฃ   ฃฃ*     atlVSly low cฐnซntrations  typically present.  At
 this  time,   there  is   no   information    about    design    criteria
 ?hf ?tl?e?eSS', ฐl  COSts  for a"y  treatment systems, either  in ule in
 the textile industry or transferable  from   other  applications    that
 waltewa?ers  "  ^  Strippin*  volatile  Pollutants^rom texUle  mUl

 e.   Electrodialvsis

 fi!!ftr?dialySiS is a membrane separation process that is  employed to
 ofan indn^^fiCOr0nentS  fr?n a liquid phase'  Tne Processmakes use
 a nenaMv*  f^ fCtS1C cu"ent that  ""ses migration of cations toward
 ^rfr^l   e*ectrod?  and   migration  of  anions  toward  a  positive
 a^d an^n'^f^"^10"^ iS accomPlished by  alternately placing cat on-
 and anion-selective membranes across the current path.  Because of the
 alternate spacing,  cells of  concentrated  and  dilute  solutions  are
 formed.    Electrodialysis  shares the  same operating diff iculUes Is
 ฑซ" and "^"-filtration systems  in that   pretreatment   s  usualfy
 necessary to prevent rapid  fouling of the membranes.           usuany

 Industry  Application.   There are  currently no known  textile mills  that-

 IT^rthfnro^31^15 -?S -Part ฐf  th^ir  waste  treatment systems'
 Since the process  primarily is applicable to  the separation of solubl4
 inorganic ions   it has not  been given much consideration except ?„ thl
 case of wastewater renovation for reuse.

 5.   Sorption Systems

 a.   Activated Carbon Adsorption
          carbonv adsorption is a physical separation process in  which
parices   '"varioL31^61"0^ ?n,the SUrfaC6 ฐf hig"^ Pฐrous ca"bฐ"
parcicies.   various  raw  materials  are  used  in  the nroduri-inn ^f
K s.rs ss:ซJ!r                                             J
                    .
have surface areas of 500 to 1,400 square meters per gram.

Many  factors  have  been  identified  as  important in  describina  the
adsorption of materials on activated carbon.   It  is  not   appropritae
for  this: ^discussion  to  include  all of the factors relating  to  thl
nature of the carbon and its surface area, particle size?   pore   size
                                 285
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etc.   Instead, the focus is on the materials in the water that are to
be  adsorbed.   General  information  has  been  developed  about  the
molecular  structure  of  compounds,  in relation to adsorbability, in
terms of both polarity  and  degree  of  ionization  (78).   Molecular
structure,  of  course,  is  reflected  also  in the solubility of the
compound and materials that are less attracted to  water  tend  to  be
more attracted to activated carbon surfaces.

In   general,   molecules  are  more  readily  adsorbed   than  ionized
compounds.  The aromatic compounds tend to be  more  readily  adsorbed
than  the  aliphatics, and larger molecules more readily  adsorbed then
smaller ones,  although extremely high molecular weight  materials  can
be  too   large  to  penetrate  the  pores in the carbon.  Treatment of
wastes with carbon  is generally considered  for  organic  rather  than
inorganic  components,  although  metals  and  other inorganics may be
adsorbed  on carbon  surfaces or on organic solids that are removed  in
granular  carbon filters.

The concentration  level of the material is important  in several ways
including competition  for sites with other organic  materials   in  tne
water and also displacement of molecules already adsorbed by compounds
more  favored  by the  carbon.  A very  important consideration  relating
to  concentration  is that the behavior  of the toxic  pollutants  has  not
vet been widely studies to any degree  at  the  very low concentrations
that are  likely  in  most wastewaters.   The effects of  competition   with
other   organics  when   the  compounds  of  interest are  at extremely low
levels  is almost  totally speculative   at  this  time.    A  last,   very
important factor   in   adsorption  phenomena is  the  pH  of the solution.
Usually,  the lower  the PH of the  solution,  the  greater the   adsorption
of   many   materials  although,   again,   it   depends  upon  the type  of
material  being taken  up.

As  pointed out by Ford (79)   and  others,   adsorption  with  activated
 carbon   cannot  be regarded as a universal  panacea  capable of  removing
 all  types  of  organics  under  all   conditions.    The  process   has
 limitations    and   must   be   evaluated  for  particular  situations.
 Preliminary  treatment  of   the  wastewater,  such  as  pH  adjustment,
 coagulation,  or  chemical   oxidation may improve the adsorbability ot
 some pollutants.

 There are two forms of activated carbon in common  use,  granular  and
 powdered.   To  date,   the  granular  form has been preferred for most
 wastewater  applications  because  it  can  be  readily   regenerated.
 Regeneration  of powdered activated carbon by steam is currently under
 development.  Granular carbon is commonly employed in  columns operated
 in series.  The columns may be operated downflow  packed bed,  upflow
 packed  bed,  or upflow expanded bed.  Although the upflow expanded bed
 theoretically is the best alternative due to its  ability  to  process
 more  turbid  wastewaters  without  clogging, operational difficulties
                                   286
-------
                                                                        -
 have limited  its   development.   The  upflow  packed  bed  offers
 hK        is.commonly regenerated thermally at 1500ฐ? in a multiole
 hearth  furnace  in  the presence of steam.  Here, the adsorbed  Srqanics
 are  oxidized  to  gasses  in  the  form  of  either









 been  found to result from biodegradation rather than adsorption
           .
                                     the most common.    o  date   thl
                 flsfarded without regeneration  in most systems
                                                   SSL?

Literature/Research.    Activated   carbon   adsorption   has   received
SSch  of^ h/tte?ti0n.with  re^ard to Bating industrial waste^aters
Much  of  the  information   available  on textile waste has to rtn wif A
          ฐf^diVidUf\rSte  streams to allow wlterrluse?he  most
            data available on  end-of-pipe treatment are those
                              •tปซ-- •  ซป
                                287
-------
EPA/Industrv Field Studies.  In a joint research  effort  between  EPA
lid  the  texHIe^ industry  (ATMI, NTA, and CRI), pilot plant studies
were conducted during 1977 and 1978 at 19 textile  mills  to  evaluate
the   effectiveness   of  alternative  advanced  wastewater  treatment
technologies   The studies were  performed  with  secondary  clar if ler

                         ^

during backwashing.  Depanding on  the   results  of   isot herm   tes ting
either  Westvaco, ICI,  or Hydrodarco  granular  carbon  was utilized.   The
available  results of the activated carbon  studies during  the  candidate
process evaluations are discussed  in the following cases.

Case 1

This case  discusses the results  at Mill D,   a   Subcategory  4c Woven
Fabric  linilhing mill.  A description of  the manufacturing operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill  is provided  in Appendix F.

The experimental testing was performed on  secondary  ^arifier effluent
prior to  chlorination.  Two candidate   modes  were  tested   and  both
 utilized    activated    carbon.    One  mode  consisted  of
 filtration followed by activated carbon;  the other  mode
 included   ozonation.    The  operating   characteristics and data on the
 effectiveness of activated carbon adsorption are presented below.

   Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill D
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
 Pollutant Parameter
_Influent
x    SD   n
                                                   Effluent
                                                   i    SD   n
    ^, mg/1
 COD, mg/1
 TSS, mg/1
 TOC, mg/1
 Color, ADMI
19
630
85
157
1070
9
177
100
64
-
15
19
16
32
—
                    13    7
                   422  143
                    23   13
                   101   40
                   825  239
21
22
21
14
14
   *  Westvaco WV-L  activated  carbon  with  an  empty  bed retention time of
   _  45  minutes.
   x  mean
  SD  standard deviation
   n  number of  samples
                                   288
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Case 2

This case discusses the results at Mill  DD,  a  two-facility  complex
that  performs  woven fabric and stock & yarn finishing.  A Low-Water-
Use Processing operation (griege mill) also is  associated  with  this
complex.  A description of the manufacturing operations and wastewater
treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.

One  of two candidate modes tested at this facility included activated
carbon.  However, the effectiveness of activated carbon  alone  cannot
be evaluated based on the available data.

In  addition  to  the  regular  pilot  plant studies at this facility
samples were collected over  a  typical  8-hour  operating  period  to
evaluate the effectiveness of the pilot plant technologies in removinq
priority  pollutants.  One mode tested included multi-media filtration
followed by activated carbon.  The surface loading rate to the filters
ranged from 1 to 4 gpm/ftz and the carbon columns were operated at  an
empty bed retention time of 45 minutes.  Data on the effectiveness are
presented below.
                                 289
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              Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill DD
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns
Toxic Pollutant

Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Influent,  uq/1

     58
     59
     37
     72
     25
    190
         Effluent, uq/1

              130
               42
               35
               81
               32
              370
The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
influent and effluent to  the  filter:   Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  Phthalate;
Diethyl Phthalate; Dimethyl Phthalate; Toluene; Arsenic;  Cadmium.

Case 3

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  B, a Subcategory 2 Wool
Finishing mill.  A description of  the  manufacturing  operations  and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

Secondary  clarifier  effluent  prior  to chlorination was used in the
pilot plant tests at this mill.  One candidate mode included  activated
carbon  columns  and data on  the effectiveness are presented below.

  Conventional  and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
 Pollutant Parameter

 BOD5.,  mg/1
 COD,  mg/1
 TSS,  mg/1
 TOC,  mg/1
     _Influent
     x     SD    n
                                                  ^Effluent
                                                  x    SD   n
      31
     174
       2
      65
1.4  9
 72  9
  3  9
 29  9
16
26
 1
15
12
22
 1
 8
  * ICI Hydrodarco activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
    30 minutes (9/6 - 9/13/77).
  x mean
 SD standard deviation
  n number of samples
                                  290
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
 23
157
 31
 69
  -  1
124  3
 29  3
 38  3
               _Effluent
               x    SD   n
11
21
 5
17
 * ICI Hydrodarco activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
   28 minutes  (9/11 - 9/12/77).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
               _Effluent
               x    SD   n
 20
203
 15
 41
10
54
23
16
 8
40
 2
18
 7
12
 2
 2
 * ICI Hydrodarco activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 25 minutes (9/13 - 9/21/77).
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In addition to the regular  pilot  plant  studies  at  this  facility,
samples   were   collected   over  a  24-hr  period  to  evaluate  the
effectiveness of the candidate mode in removing toxic pollutants.  The
candidate mode  tested  included  the  reactor/clarifier  followed  by
multi-media   filtration   followed   by   carbon   adsorption.    The
reactor/clarifier was loaded at a rate of 400  gpd/ft2  with  35  mg/1
alum as (Al+ป) added as a coagulant, the multi-media filter was loaded
at  a  rate of 5.4 gpm/ft2, and the carbon columns were operated at an
empty  bed  retention  time  of  25  to  30  minutes.   Data  on   the
effectiveness of the activated carbon columns are presented below.
                                 291
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill B
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns
Toxic Pollutant
Influent,  uq/1
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene       94
Pentachlorophenol            10
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate  14
Toluene                      12
Antimony                     12
Arsenic                     103
Cadmium                     105
Chromium                     41
Copper                      118
Lead                        116
Nickel                       73
Silver                      156
Zinc                       5890
Effluent, uq/1

     ND
     ND
      5
     ND
      6
     ND
     13
     29
     51
     12
     82
    151
   5960
ND not detected

The  following  pollutants  were  detected at less than 10 ug/1  in the
influent and effluent:   1,2-Dichlorobenzene;  2,4-Dimethylphenol,  N-
nitrosodiphenylamine; Phenol; Benzo(a)Pyrene.

Case 4

This  case  discusses  the  results  at Mill P, a Subcategory  4c Woven
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix  F.

One  candidate  mode  tested  included  filtration with precoagulation
followed by activated carbon  adsorption.  Testing was  performed  on the
secondary clarifier effluent  prior   to  chlorination.   The  operating
characteristics  and  data  on  the effectiveness of the carbon columns
are presented below.
                                  292
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill P
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
 11
118
 17
 27
161
 _Effluent
 x    SD   n
 6
57
19
 7
39
 * Westvaco WL-L activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 45 minutes.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill P
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant "Parameter
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
 JEffluent
 x    SD   n
   ฃ, "mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color,  ADMI
 38
130
 10
 25
162
 15
 70

 11
 44
 * Westvaco WV-1 activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 23 minutes.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples
                                 293

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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill P
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
  9
 98
 21
 23
141
 6
15
15
 4
28
               ^Effluent
               x    SD   n
 8
93

12
56
 5
32

 3
 8
 * Westvaco WV-1 activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 23 minutes,
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

Case 5

This case discusses the results at  Mill  Q,  a  Subcategory  5b  Knit
Fabric  Finishing  mill.   This facility  is actually  two separate Knit
Fabric Finishing mills that discharge to  a common  treatment plant.   A
description  of  the manufacturint operations and  wastewater treatment
at these mills  is provided in Appendix F.

One candidate mode tested included the reactor/clarifier   followed   by
multi-media   filtration  followed  by  activated   carbon  adsorption.
Testing was performed on the secondary  clarifier   effluent  prior   to
chlorination,   with  and  without a precoagulant added.  The operating
characteristics and data on the effectiveness of the  activated   carbon
columns during  the testing are presented  below.
                                  294
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
  4    7
202   10
4.5  2.6
205
45
               _Effluent
               2L    SD   n

               1.7  0.5  6
                74    76
               2.3  0.8  6
137
26
 * Westvaco WV-L activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 22 minutes.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples


Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD 5., mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
 _Influent
 x    SD   n
               _Effluent
               x    SD   n
4.4
208
4
22
250
1
17
1.5
1.7
14
14
14
14
3
6
2.1
70
2.5
13.7
111
1.6
25
0.8
1.5
66
14
14
14
3
7
 * Westvaco WV-L activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 30 minutes.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In  addition  to  the  regular  pilot  plant studies at this facility,
samples were collected over a typical 48-hour period of  operation  to
evaluate the effectiveness of the pilot plant technologies in removing
toxic  pollutants.   One  mode  of  operation  tested  was multi-media
filtration followed by  activated  carbon  adsorption.   Samples  were
collected  before and after the mode only.  The filters were loaded at
a rate of 3 gpm/ft2 and the carbon columns were operated at  an  empty
bed  retention  time of 22 minutes.  Data on the effectiveness of this
mode are presented below.
                                 295
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill Q
Influent and Effluent to Multi-Media Filter - Activated Carbon Columns*
Toxic Pollutant

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
Antimony
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Influent**
Min  Max  n

      15  If
      17  1
662  684  2
 27   36  2
102  106  2
      48  1
      ND  2
      13  1
 47   50  2
Effluent**
Min  Max  n


655
18
42
52
44
18
65
58
ND
709
21
51
65
44
21
72
It
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
 * Samples collected around candidate mode of operation; each sample
   represents 24-hour period.
** concentrations in ug/1
 # composite sample collected over 48-hour period
 n number of samples
ND not detected

The following were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the influent and
effluent:  2-Nitrophenol; Cadmium; Mercury.

Case 6

This case discusses the results at Mill  V,  a  Subcategory  4c  Woven
Fabric  Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.
The  candidate  mode  selected
reactor/c1ar i f i er  followed  by
activated carbon  adsorption.
clarifier    effluent    prior
    for   Mill   V   consisted   of   the
    multi-media  filtration  followed  by
   Testing  was  performed  on  secondary
    to   chlorination.    The   operating
                                   carbon
characteristics and data on the effectiveness of the activated
columns during the testing are presented below.
                                  296
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  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill V
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*

                             _Influent           JEffluent
Pollutant Parameter          ฃ    SD   n         x_    งD   n

BOD5, mg/1                  2.5   1.2  14       1.2   0.3  14
COD, mg/1                   331    31  14       176    58  14
TSS, mg/1                    20     8  14        20     9  14
TOC, mg/1                    62     8  14        36    10  14
Color, ADMI                 283    49  11        85    20  12
 * Westvaco WV-L activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 __ 45 minutes.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In  addition  to  the  regular  pilot  plant studies at this facility,
samples  were  collected  over  a  24-hour  period  to  evaluate   the
effectiveness of the candidate mode in removing toxic pollutants.  The
mode   included   the   reactor/clarifier,  multi-media  filters,  and
activated carbon columns.  The reactor/clarifier  was  operated  at  a
surface loading rate of 400 gpd/ft2 with a coagulant dosage of 40 mg/1
alum  (A1+3).   The  multi-media  filters were loaded at a rate of 3.0
gpm/ft2, and the carbon columns were operated at 0.46 gpm  (empty  bed
retention  time  of  45  minutes).   Data  on the effectiveness of the
activated carbon columns are presented below.

               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill V
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns

Toxic Pollutant              Influent, ug/1      Effluent, uq/1

Pentachlorophenol                  12             not detected
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate      trace                11
Antimony                          136                116
Chromium                           14                 14
Copper                             25                 35
Lead                               64                 64
Silver                             77                 91
Zinc                              234                 83

The following pollutants were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the
influent and effluent:  1,2-Dichlorobenzene; Di-n-butyl Phthalate;
Anthracene; Cadmium; Nickel.
                                 297
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Case 7

This case discusses the results at  Mill  W,  a  Subcategory  5b  Knit
Fabric  Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided  in Appendix F.

One candidate mode tested included multi-media filtration followed  by
activated  carbon  adsorption.   Testing  was  performed  on secondary
clarifier   effluent   prior   to   chlorination.     The    operating
characteristics  and data on the effectiveness of  the activated carbon
columns are presented below.

  Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability at Mill W
          Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns*
Pollutant Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/1
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
_Influent
x    SD   n
3.4
55
9.5
11
118
1.2
7
4.7
3.3
42
17
17
17
16
16
_Effluent
x    SD   n
1.5
19
2
2.9
29
1
4
1
3.5
13
17
17
18
16
15
 * Westvaco WV-L activated carbon with an empty bed retention time of
 _ 45 minutes.
 x mean
SD standard deviation
 n number of samples

In addition to the regular  pilot  plant  studies  at  Mill  W,  daily
samples  were collected during the operation of each candidate mode to
evaluate the effectiveness of the modes in treating toxic  pollutants.
The  operating characteristics of the multi-media filtration/activated
carbon mode were a 7 gpm/ft2 loading rate through the filters  and  an
empty  bed  retention time of 45 minutes for the carbon columns.  Data
on the effectiveness of the activated  carbon  columns  are  presented
below.
                                 298
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill W
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns
Toxic Pollutant

Chloroform
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Antimony
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
  Influent*
Min  Max  n

 ND    7   7
 11   42   7
479  888   7
  9   27   7
 28   81   7
 34  137   7
  5** 41   7
 50** 50** 1
 48   93   7
  Effluent*
Min  Max  n

 ND    56   7
  2   407   7
588   848   6
  4**  24   7
 22**  87   7
 36** 120   7
  5**  38   7
 50**
 16
50** 1
88   7
 * concentrations in ug/1
** reported as "less than" value
 n number of samples
ND not detected

Case 8

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill E, a Subcategory 5b Knit
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During  the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode treatment
technologies at this mill, samples  were  collected  to  evaluate  the
effectiveness  of  the technologies in treating toxic pollutants.  One
mode tested included  multi-media  filtration  followed  by  activated
carbon  adsorption.  Data on the effectiveness of the activated carbon
columns are presented below.
                                 299
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill E
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns
Toxic Pollutant
 Influent*
Min  Max  n
 Effluent*
Min  Max  n
Chloroform                   ND    10  10
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine    ND    26  10
Phenol                       ND  2110  10
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate  T     20  10
Antimony                     10**  37   8
Cadmium                      T     T    8
Chromium                     T     128
Copper                       T     26   8
Lead                         22**  27   8
Nickel                       36   188   8
Selenium                     T     10   5
Silver                       T     68   8
Zinc                        155   204   8
ND ND
ND ND
ND ND
T 222
10** 36
T 22
T 11
T 25
22** 22**
50 164
T T
T 63
T 53
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
8
8
 * concentration in ug/1
 n number of samples
** reported as "less than" value
 T trace
ND not detected

The following were detected at less than 10 ug/1 in the  influent  and
effluent:   1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene; 1,2-Dichlorobenzene; Ethylbenzene;
Methylene Chloride;  Naphthalene;  Di-n-butyl  Phthalate;  Anthracene;
Toluene; Beryllium; Cyanide.

Case 9

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  A, a Subcategory 1 Wool
Scouring facility.  A description of the manufacturing operations  and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During  the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode treatment
technologies at this mill, samples were collected over a  typical  24-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies  in  removing   toxic   pollutants.    Activated   carbon
adsorption preceded by multi-media filtration and chemical coagulation
(reactor/clarifier)  was  one  mode of treatment, and testing was such
that the activated carbon columns could  be  evaluated  independently.
Data on the effectiveness are presented below.
                                 300
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill A
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns

Toxic Pollutant              Influent, uq/1      Effluent, ug/1

Phenol*                           17                  17
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate       14                  26
Arsenic                           83                  42
Copper                           120                  ND
Cyanide                          260                  40
Zinc                             400                 210
 * representa total of all toxic pollutant phenols
ND not detected

Case 10

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  0, a Subcategory 2 Wool
Finishing mill.  A description of  the  manufacturing  operations  and
wastewater treatment at this mill is provided in Appendix F.

During  the  pilot  plant  testing  of  the  candidate  mode treatment
technologies at this mill, samples were collected over a  typical  72-
hour  period  of  operation  to  evaluate  the  effectiveness  of  the
technologies in removing toxic pollutants.  One mode  tested   included
multi-media   filtration   followed   by   granular  activated carbon
adsorption.  Data on the effectiveness of the activated carbon columns
are presented below.
                                  301
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               Toxic Pollutant Treatability at Mill 0
           Influent and Effluent to Activated Carbon Columns
Toxic Pollutant

Acrylonitrile
Methylene Chloride
Bis(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
 Influent*
Min  Max   n
ND 100**
47 47
16 80
78 101
105 130
22** 22**
36** 36**
50** 50**
371 594
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
 Effluent*
Min  Max

 ND  100**
 27   27
  T   28
  T    T
  T   24
 22** 22**
 36** 36**
 50** 50**
331  434
n

3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
 * concentrations in ug/1
** reported as "less than" value
 n number of samples
 T trace
ND not detected

The following pollutants were detected at less than   10  ug/1   in  the
influent   and   effluent:   Benzene;  1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene;   2,4,6-
Trichorophenol; Parachlorometacresol; Chloroform; 1,2-Dichlorobenzene;
Ethylbenzene;  Fluoranthene;  Naphthalene;  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine;
Pentachlorophenol;  Phenol;  Di-n-butyl  Phthalate;  Diethyl Phthalate;
Anthracene;  Phenanthrene;   Pyrene;   Tetrachloroethylene;   Toluene;
Trichloroethylene,  Antimony;  Arsenic;  Beryllium;   Cadmium; Cyanide;
Mercury; Selenium; Silver.

b.  Powdered Activated Carbon Treatment  (PACT)
Powdered activated carbon treatment refers  to  the addition  of  powdered
carbon to the activated sludge process.   It is  a   recently developed
process  that  has  shown to significantly  upgrade  effluent quality  in
conventional  activated  sludge  plants.    A  discussion  of  powdered
activated  carbon,  in  general,   is  provided  above  under "Activated
Carbon."  In the PACT process, the carbon concentration  in   the  mixed
liquor  is  generally  equal  to   or greater than the  MLSS  level.  The
carbon and adsorbed substances are discarded as  part of  the biological
sludge.

Industry Application.  Three mills surveyed in this study  report the
use  of powdered activated carbon  in the  treatment of their  wastewater.
Two  mills  manually  add powdered carbon to their  aeration basins and
try  to maintain a specific  concentration of carbon  in  the  MLSS.   The
other  mill  operates  a  semi-continuous system in which raw  dyehouse
                                  302
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wastewater is pumped to a  tank  containing  a  designated  amount  of
Dicalite (powdered carbon), mixed to form a slurry, and pumped through
a  filter  press.   The  filter cake is discarded as solid waste.  The
operation and effectiveness of one continuous  system  and  the  semi-
continuous    system    are    discussed   as   case   studies   under
"Literature/Research."

Literature/Research.   Bench-scale  laboratory   studies   have   been
conducted  by  Engineering  Science  (80)  on  the wastewaters from 10
textile finishing mills and the results are presented  later  in  this
section.   The  treatment process at one of the textile mill reporting
full-scale use of powdered activated carbon addition to the  activated
sludge  process  (PACT)  and  the  semi-continous  system treating raw
textile wastewater were sampled during the verification program.   The
results of these studies are presented in the following cases.

Case 1

This case discusses the field sampling at a Subcategory 5a Knit Fabric
Finishing  mill  that  knits, scours, and dyes synthetic bolt cloth of
polyester and acetate fiber.  Pressure  piece  dyeing  with  dispersed
dyes  is  performed  on  the  total  production  and 20 percent of the
production is scoured.  During the  field  sampling,  wastewater  flow
rate averaged 984 cu in/day (260,000 gpd).

Wastewater   treatment   at  this  mill  consists  of  fine  screening
(vibratory), equalization {mixed with  nitrogen  added  as  nutrient),
biological  aeration  (two  basins  operated  in  series with powdered
activated carbon added to the first basin),  secondary  clarification,
sand  filtration,  disinfection  (chlorine), and post aeration.  Total
detention time in the aeration basins is approximately 48  hours,  and
air  is  provided  by  surface  aerators at a power-to-volume ratio of
approximately  80  hp/mil  gal.   The  results  below  demonstrate  te
effectiveness  of  the  PACT  process  in  treating conventional, non-
conventional, and toxic pollutants.
                                 303
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        Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutant Treatability
               Before and After Activated Sludge Process


Pollutant              Biological        Clarifier Effluent**
Parameter               Influent*        Min      Max     n

COD, mg/1                 1744           154      254     3
TSS, mg/1                  204            44       60     3
Phenol, ug/1                34             3       15     3
Sulfide, ug/1               50             8       20     3
Color, ADMI                158            75       89     3
 * 72-hour composite sample
** 24-hour composite samples


                    Toxic Pollutant Treatability
               Before and After Activated Sludge Process

                                              Secondary
                       Biological       Clarifier Effluent**
Toxic Pollutant         Influent*       Min      Max     n

Acrolein                  199           ND        87      3
Acrylonitrile              90           ND       lOOf     3
Chloroform                 ND           ND         5*     3
Methylene Chloride         30           ND        28      3
Bis<2-Ethylhexyl)
 Phthalate                430            8        50      3
Trichloroethylene           5           ND        41      3
Antimony                  186           81        87      3
Copper                     17            7         83
Lead                       99           36        44      3
Nickel                     69           54        65      3
Silver                     19           14        17      3
Thallium                   50#          501       501     3
Zinc                      343           48        69      3
  *  72-hour  composite  sample;  concentrations  expressed in ug/1
 **  24-hour  composite  camples;  concentrations expressed in ug/1
  I  reported as  "less  than"  value

 The following pollutants  were detected at  less than  10  ug/1   in  the
 biological  influent and secondary  clarifier  effluent:  Benzene;  1,2,4-
 Trichlorobenzene;  2,4,6-Trichlorophenol;  Parachlorometacresol;   1,2-
 Dichlorobenzene;  Ethylbenzene;  Naphthalene;  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine;
                                  304
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Pentachlorophenol; Phenol;  Anthracene;  Tetrachloroethylene;  Toluene;
Trichloroethylene;  Arsenic;  Beryllium;  Cadmium;  Chromium; Cyanide;
Mercury; Selenium.

Case 2

The case discusses the results at a  Subcategory  6  Carpet  Finishing
facility  that piece dyes and backs (jute using latex adhesive) carpet
made from polyester and nylon fibers.   Reported production is approxi-
mately  20,400  kg/day  (45,000  Ib/day)  of  finished  carpet.    The
processing  results  in  a water usage of 36.7 I/kg (4.4 gal/lb) and a
wastewater discharge of 757 cu m/day (0.20 mgd).

Wastewater treatment at this facility  consist  of  coarse  screening,
equalization (storage tank), mixing (wastewater and powdered activated
carbon),  and  solids  separation  (filter  press).  The results below
report the effectiveness of the system in treating toxic pollutants.

                    Toxic Pollutant Treatability
       Influent and Effluent to Powdered Activated Carbon System

                                                Effluent**
Toxic Pollutant              Influent*           Min  Max  n

Naphthalene                    240                 T    T  2
Phenol                          67                 T    T  2
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate    400                 T    T  2
Antimony                        I2f              140  160  2
Zinc                            20                40  120  2
 * composite and grab samples during a 24-hour period; concentrations
   expressed in ug/1
** two grab samples during 24-hour period; concentrations expressed in ug/1
 # reported as "less than" value

The following pollutants were detected at less than  10  ug/1  in  the
influent  and  effluent:   1,1,1-Trichloroethane;  Methylene Chloride;
Cadmium; Copper; Mercury.

EPA/Industry Field Studies.  As part  of  the  joint  research  effort
between EPA and the textile industry (ATMI, NTA, and CRI), bench-scale
laboratory  studies  were conducted on the raw wastewater (influent to
the biological aeration system) at 10 of the 19 pilot plant  locations
to  evaluate  the effectiveness of powdered activated carbon treatment
(PACT).  Each textile mill shipped wastewater to the study  laboratory
each  week  during  a  six-week  study  period.   A description of the
experimental procedures employed  on  the  waste  from  each  mill  is
summarized below:
                                 305
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1.   Three 10-liter plexiglas bioreactors were  seeded  with  activated
    sludge  from  the  study mill and a municipal/industrial treatment
    plant and acclimated to the textile waste.

2.   Following  acclimation,  the  residual  TOC  of   the   bioreactor
    effluents was established.

3.   Carbon adsorption  isotherms  were  performed  on  the  bioreactor
    effluent,  and  based  on  several  considerations (the effects on
    residual TOC, experience gained in past  studies,  flow  of  full-
    scale plant, sludge age, economics), a high and low carbon make-up
    dosage was selected.

4.   Two or three types of carbons were evaluated on an isotherm  level
    and the most effective was used in the experiments.

5.   The  three  bioreactors  were  designated   control    {no   carbon
    addition),  high  carbon,  and  low  carbon, and were operated for
    approximately three weeks with carbon addition and sludge  wastage
    each day.

6.   Following the initial three-week period of operation   (equilibrium
    period),   two   weeks   of  testing  was  performed   to  evaluate
    performance.

It should be stressed that the testing performed was for determination
of  technical  feasibility  and  to  provide  an  indication  of   the
achievable  effluent quality.  Long-term operating characteristics and
costs were not considered.  The results  of   the  studies  during  the
final two weeks of operation are summarized in the following cases.

Case 1

This  case  discusses   the  results  at Mill  D, a Subcategory 4c Woven
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the  manufacturing operations
and wastewater treatment at this facility  is  provided  in Appendix F.
                                  306
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                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill D*
Pollutant
Parameter
BODS , mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/l*t
TOC, mg/1
Influent**
Control
1169
2115
4121
624
High
#
t
8514
t
Low
#
#
5686
t
                                                Effluent**
                                            Control  High  Low
                                               46
                                              556
                                               15
                                              157
 24   24
447  390
 38   45
105  113
 * Westvaco "SA" was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 6,000 mg/1 and 3,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 210 mg/1 and
   105 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 t same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS

Case 2

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  B, a Subcategory 2 Wool
Finishing mill.  A description of  the  manufacturing  operations  and
wastewater treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.

                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill B*

                                                Effluent**
                                            Control  High  Low
Pollutant
Parameter
BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/l##
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
Influent**
Control
407
1919
2986
461
71
High
*
t
9774
#
t
Low
#
t
7012
t
#
                                               27
                                              148
                                               29
                                               41
                                              114
 18
 73
 23
 38
 64
 29
107
 33
 44
 81
 * Westvaco "SA" was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 8,000 mg/1 and 2,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 388 mg/1 and
   97 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 # same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS
                                 307
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Case 3

This  case  discusses  the  results  at Mill P, a Subcategory 4c Woven
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.


                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill P*

Pollutant              Influent**               Effluent**
Parameter          Control  High  Low       Control  High  Low

BOD5., mg/1           400     t     #            8     8.5    8
COD, mg/1            572.     t     #          119      82   96
TSS, mg/l#|         2310   4610   4052         30      10   18
TOC, mg/1            243     #     I           57      34   42
Color, ADMI           -                       324     236  293
 * Westvaco "SC" was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 5,000 mg/1 and 1,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 608 mg/1 and
   122 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 # same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS

Case 4

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill Q, a Subcategory 5b Knit
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.
                                 308
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                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill Q*

Pollutant              Influent**               Effluent**
Parameter          Control  High  Low       Control  High  Low

BOD5, mg/1            318     t     I           17       11    14
COD, mg/1             963     ft     |          215      119  175
TSS, mg/1ft         4687   6577  5435          24       24    17
TOC, mg/1             383     ft     ft           99       44    56
Color, ADMI           -                       387      242  325
 * Westvaco  SC  was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed  liquor
   carbon concentrations were 5,000 mg/1 and 1,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 173 mg/1 and
   3 5 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 # same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS

Case 5

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill E, a Subcategory 5a Knit
Fabric Finishing mill.  A description of the manufacturing  operations
and wastewater treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.

                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill E*

Pollutant              Influent**               Effluent**
Parameter          Control  High  Low       Control  High  Low

BOD5, mg/1           505     ft     ft           57      21   21
COD,  mg/1           1737     ft     f         1765      69  103
TSS,  mg/l##         6086   8818  5978          26      28   17
TOC,  mg/1            446     ft     ft           91      40   52
Color, ADMI           61     ft     ft           85      49   36
 * Westvaco  SC  was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 5,000 mg/1 and 2,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 540 mg/1 and
   216 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 t same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS
                                 309
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Case 6

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill  A, a Subcategory 1 Wool
Scouring facility.  A description of the manufacturing operations  and
wastewater treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.

                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill A*

Pollutant              Influent**               Effluent**
Parameter          Control  High  Low       Control  High  Low

BODS, mg/1          2580     #     f           69      51   54
COD, mg/1           5542     I     f          543     457  563
TSS, mg/ltl         2977  14837  5295         568     402  366
TOC, mg/1           1784     t     I          373     336  387
Color, ADMI          -                        705     253  629
 * Westvaco "SC" was the selected carbon; the high and  low mixed  liquor
   carbon concentrations were 10,000 mg/1 and 2,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 694 mg/1  and
   139 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 t same as control
it influent TSS  is MLSS

Case 7

This  case  discusses  the  results  at  Mill   0, a Subcategory 2 Wool
Finishing mill.  A description of  the  manufacturing   operations  and
wastewater treatment at this facility  is provided in Appendix F.
                                  310
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                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill 0*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5_, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/l##
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
    Influent**
Control  High  Low

  247     #     I
 1098     *     i
 3360   7792  4373
  344     f     f
    Effluent**
Control  High  Low
   16
  102
   30
   30
  105
6.5
 33
 11
 11
 43
 8
63
16
23
66
 * Westvaco "SC" was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 5,000 mg/1 and 1,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 125 mg/1 and
   25 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 I same as control
#1 influent TSS is MLSS

Case 8

This  case  discusses  the  results  at Mill F, a Subcategory 6 Carpet
Finishing facility.  A description of the manufacturing operations  and
wastewater treatment at this facility is provided in Appendix F.

                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill F*

                                                Effluent**
                                            Control  High  Low
Pollutant
Parameter
BOD5,, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/l##
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
Influent**
Control
471
1454
5128
390
1000
High Low
* ft
t #
8488 6318
f #
1 1
                                                11
                                               127
                                                43
                                                57
                                               236
                                      4
                                     40
                                     19
                                     18
                                     77
                  6
                 67
                 50
                 35
                125
  *  ICI-KB  was  the  selected  carbon;  the  high  and  low  mixed  liquor
    carbon  concentrations  were  5,000 mg/1  and 2,000 mg/1, respectively,
    with  corresponding  daily carbon  make-up dosages of  694  mg/1  and
    277 mg/1.
 **  mean  of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
  t  same  as control
 #*  influent TSS  is MLSS

 Case  9

 This  case  discusses the results  at  Mill S, a  Subcategory   7  Stock  &
 Yarn   Finishing   facility.     A  description  of   the manufacturing
 operations and wastewater treatment at  this  facility  is  provided  in
 Appendix F.
                                  311
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                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill S*
Pollutant
Parameter

BOD5, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/l##
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
    Influent**
Control  Hiqh  Low
95
956
3168
390
#
#
7183
i
#
I
4585
t
    Effluent**
Control  Hiqh  Low
                           8.5
                           143
                             4
                            57
                           512
 * Westvaco "SC" was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 5,000 mg/1 and 2,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 304 mg/1 and
   122 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 # same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS

Case 10

This  case  discusses  the  results  at Mill Y, a Subcategory 4c Woven
Fabric  Finishing  facility.   A  description  of  the   manufacturing
operations  and  wastewater  treatment at this facility is provided in
Appendix F.

                  PACT Treatability Studies - Mill Y*

                                                Effluent**
                                            Control  Hiqh  Low
Pollutant
Parameter
BODS, mg/1
COD, mg/1
TSS, mg/l##
TOC, mg/1
Color, ADMI
Influent**
Control
114
301
1538
91
268
Hiqh
i
f
4657
f
t
Low
t
t
2070
#
#
                                                6
                                               98
                                               29
                                               24
                                              198
                                          5
                                         60
                                         51
                                         12
                                         88
 * ICI-Hydrodarco was the selected carbon; the high and low mixed liquor
   carbon concentrations were 5,000 mg/1 and 2,000 mg/1, respectively,
   with corresponding daily carbon make-up dosages of 526 mg/1 and
   210 mg/1.
** mean of samples collected during two-week evaluation period
 I same as control
## influent TSS is MLSS
                                 312
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                             SECTION VIII

             COST, ENERGY, AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS

This section presents detailed information about the  estimated  costs
and  resulting  benefits  in  terms of pollutant reductions achievable
through the application of selected alternative control  technologies.
As  discussed  below,  cost  estimates  are  not provided for  in-plant
control measures, but detailed cost:benefit  information  for  end-of-
pipe  treatment  technologies  is given.  The bases used in developing
the costs for the  end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies  is  presented
first,   followed   by  the  estimated  costs  and  benefits   for  the
alternatives for representative model plants in each subcategory.

Existing mills that discharge directly to receiving waters are covered
first, followed by existing indirect-discharge mills, i.e., those that
discharge their wastewaters to publicly owned treatment works  (POTW).
The next subsections cover New Sources and address direct and  indirect
dischargers.  Energy, sludge management, air pollution, and other non-
water environmental quality considerations are also addressed.

EXISTING DIRECT DISCHARGE SOURCES

In-Plant Control Measures

The in-plant control measures that are generally available to  mills in
the  textile industry are described in Section VII.  Some of these in-
plant  control  measures  are  suitable  for  specific  subcategories,
depending  upon  product  and  processes  in  use.   In  developing  a
treatment program for a  given  mill,  in-depth  analyses  of  various
combinations   of   in-plant   measures   and   end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies should be carried out by a team that  includes  expertise
in   both   textile   processing   and   pollution   control.    Those
characteristics and constituents  of  the  wastewater  that  are  most
troublesome  and  costly  to  treat  should  be identified in  terms of
quantities and sources within the mill.  An evaluation should  be  made
of   alternative   in-plant  measures  to  eliminate,  reduce,  and/or
segregate these materials for separate treatment.  The  cost   analysis
should  include costs for management of sludges and other residues and
changes in air pollution control and energy requirements, as   well  as
the  more  obvious  items relating to plant and process modifications,
new construction, etc.

A recent report (25) listed good  housekeeping,   reporting  of  leaks,
countercurrent washing, and replacing of batch with continuous process
equipment as most important among steps to reduce water use in textile
finishing.   These steps are widely recognized and indicate the general
direction that the industry is moving.   However,  there are no  specific
                                 313
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control measures that are clearly needed in the industry as a whole or
in one or more particular subcategories.

While  no  specific  in-plant  control  measures  were  considered for
existing sources, it should not be inferred  that  such  measures  are
unimportant  or  should be eliminated from further consideration.  In-
plant measures can effect savings both in  manufacturing  and  in  the
costs  of  treatment.   In  the future, in-plant measures may assume a
much greater  role  in  treatment  and  may  be  instrumental  in  the
conservation of materials and energy.

Selected End-of-Pipe Technologies

The results of detailed analyses to evaluate the cost effectiveness of
various   end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies  for  existing  direct-
discharge textile mills are summarized here.  A model  plant  approach
was  used  to develop the costs.  Included are analyses of the several
most  appropriate  treatment   alternatives   for   BAT.    From   the
questionnaire  survey,  it  was  established  that the majority of the
existing  direct  dischargers   have   BPT   in   place.    For   most
subcategories,  BPT  includes  screening,  extended-aeration activated
sludge,  and  secondary  sedimentation  with  solids  recycle  to  the
aeration  basin.   This  level of treatment was used as the base, with
the  alternative  BAT  technologies  added  on.    Mechanical   sludge
dewatering  is  not provided at the majority of textile mill treatment
plants and is not included here as  part  of  BPT.   Reported  current
sludge  processing  and disposal practices are discussed  later in this
section under Sludge Management.

The alternatives for each level of control are given in   Table  VIII-1
(see  page  VII1-17).   Some  alternatives  are  based  on  individual
technologies  and  others  on  combinations  of  technologies.   These
technologies  include  chemical  coagulation,  filtration,  flotation,
activated  carbon  adsorption,   and    ozonation.    Each  of   these
technologies  is described below.

Chemical  Coagulation.  This technology utilizes alum as  the coagulant
and includes  sedimentation except for  wool scouring,  where  dissolved
air   flotation   is   included   in   the   treatment  sequence.    Sludge
dewatering by vacuum filter  is also  included for chemical coagulation.
Alum was selected because of its proven effectiveness  in  the industry.
It  is recognized that  lime,  iron  salts,  and  sulfides   may   be  more
appropriate   in  some  applications,  but  it  is believed that the costs
based on alum are representative of  costs that would be experienced  by
individual textile mills.  For the vacuum filter, the  filter area  was
determined  by   using  a dry solids  loading  rate of  19.5  kg/sq m/hr  (4
Ib/sq   ft/hr)  and   an  operating  period of  10   hr/day.     Specific
conditions given below under Sludge  Disposal for TSS removal were  also
factors  in sizing vacuum filters.
                                  314
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Multi-M.edia Filtration.  This technology utilizes a granular media bed
with  'polymeric  filter  aids  added  in  alternatives  without  prior
chemirjal coagulation.  Filter backwash  is  pumped  to  the  secondary
sedimentation  tank.   Existing  sludge  handling  practices  at  mill
treatment facilities are assumed to  be  capable  of  handling  filter
backwash  solids  without modification.  The hydraulic loading rate  is
9.78 cu m/hr/sq m (4 gpm/sq ft.)

Dissolved Air Flotation.  This technology is utilized in Subcategory 1
(VVool Scouring) to remove suspended solids  and  oil  &  grease.   The
Surface  hydraulic  loading  rate  is 163.2 cu m/day/sq m  (4000 gpd/sq
fc't).

Activated Carbon.  This technology utilizes  granular  carbon  columns
and  on-s'ite  carbon regeneration for wastewater flows of  greater than
450 cu m/day (0.12 mgd).  Carbon for smaller flows is to be  discarded
after  use.   An  exhaustion rate of 0.66 kg/cu m (5500 Ib/mil gal)  of
water treated was assumed (26).

Ozonation.  This technology utilizes on-site generation of ozone  from
air and is based on a generator producing 100 mg/1 of ozone.

The  above  treatment processes, alone or in combination,  are believed
to provide a  full  range  of  end-of-pipe  technologies   for  use   in
applying  the  best  available  technology economically achievable for
control of toxic pollutants.

Investment Costs

Investment costs include installed costs of treatment  components  and
monitoring   equipment   plus   allowances   for   contingencies   and
engineering.  For the  selected  technologies   (chemical   coagulation,
filtration, dissolved air flotation, activated carbon, and ozonation),
specific   cost  curves  were  developed  from  literature and  other
information (27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39).  The
cost information was updated by the EPA-STP and/or EPA-SCCT indexes  to
the 4th quarter of 1976.

Total installed costs  are  broken  into  equipment  and   construction
fractions as. follows:

                             Equipment           Construction
Chemical coagulation            20%                  80%
Filtration                      20                   80
Dissolved air flotation         35                   65
Activated carbon                50                   50
Ozonation                       50                   50
Vacuum filtration               35                   65
                                 315
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A  contingency  allowance of 15 percent of the installed cost WAS used
to cover unexpected costs due to local mill conditions and differences
between the actual systems and those used for the cost estl^teSi   .*ฐ,
allowance was made for mill shutdown during construction..  Engineering
costs  were  estimated  by  using a percentage of installed costs ,pins
contingencies.  For a total cost of $20,000 or less,  15  percent   was
used.  For larger projects a percentage to the nearest 0.5, from curve
A in "Consulting Engineering" (40), was used.

Monitoring  Equipment.   The  investment costs are based on collecting
samples of the influent and effluent streams of the  treatment  Plant.
The  sampling  schedule  comprises  24-hour composite samples taken at
each location twice weekly for direct dischargers and  once  per  week,
for  indirect dischargers.  For direct dischargers, grab samples are to
be taken once per week of the receiving water both up- and down-stream
of   the  discharge.   Continuous  monitoring  of  pH  and flow  is aiso
provided for the  influent and effluent of  all treatment plants.

The  equipment items  include two   flow  meters,  two  primary  and   one
backup  refrigerated  samplers, two PH meters, and refrigerated sample
storage containers.   The  costs were based  on  equipment  manufacturers
price  lists  (41,  42,  43).

 It   should be noted  that  the  equipment described  here  is  that required
 for  a  complete  monitoring  program   for  .major   direct   and   Direct
 dischargers.   Existing  facilities, especially  larger  Direct discharge
 mills,  generally  have most  of the equipment on  hand and  the  investment
 costs  incurred by them would  be  considerably less.

 Land Costs.   All  of  the   alternative   technologies   have  small  space
 Fe^UiFiiiHts  and  the   acquisition   of   additional land should not be
 necessary.

 Annual Costs

 Capital.   The cost of money was assumed to be 10 percent of the  total
 investment.

 Depreciation.   Estimated lives for the components of each alternative
 were established and related to the investment costs to determine  the
 estimated  design  life  for the alternative.  The installed cost  plus
 contingencies  was  depreciated  on  a  straight-line  basis  for  the
 calculated life of each alternative.

 Operation  Labor.   Estimates  of  the  annual  man-hours  required  to
 operate  the~virrious  component  systems  were  developed  from   tne
 literature  (30  44).   A  productive work value of 6.5 hr/day/man,  or
 1 500 hr/yr/man, was assumed (44).  A rate of $15/hr was used   as  the
                                   316
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total  cost  for  wages,  benefits,  and  payroll processing expenses.
Laboratory man-hours were developed for each model plant size and  the
associated  costs  were  included.   It  was assumed that supervisory,
administrative, and  clerical  costs  would  be  covered  by  existing
personnel.

Maintenance Labor.  Maintenance labor costs were developed in the same
manner  as  operating  labor costs.  The annual costs of materials and
parts needed to maintain  each  technology  were  developed  from  the
literature and equipment manufacturers (30, 37, 38).

Sludge  Disposal.   Sludge  disposal  costs  cover  hauling  dewatered
sludge, and exhausted activated carbon when applicable, to an approved
sanitary  landfill.  The hauling costs were obtained from the  industry
survey  questionnaires and were plotted as tons/yr of sludge hauled vs
dollars/ton.  The costs ranged from 18 to  1  dollars/ton,  decreasing
with  increasing tonnage.  The dewatered sludge was assumed to contain
20 percent solids by weight after vacuum filtration.

Sludge disposal costs associated with chemical coagulation and  multi-
media  filtration  were  developed  based on the quantity of suspended
solids in  the  waste  stream  and  the  desired  degree  of  removal.
Specific  conditions  were developed for both technologies by grouping
similar   influent  waste  streams.   For  chemical  coagulation,   the
following conditions are represented:
Coagulation
 Condition

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
TSS Removed
    mq/1

    3200
     630
     120
      60
      25
Effluent TSS
    mq/1

     70
     70
     30
     35
     25
Alum Added
   mq/1

   1000
   1000
    100
    100
    100
The cases developed for multi-media filtration represent the following
conditions:
Filtration
Condition

    1
    2
    3
          TSS Removed
             mq/1

               40
               20
                5
                    Effluent TSS
                        mg/1

                         10
                         10
                         10
Values  for  specific  conditions  were  used  for  each technology to
determine the weight  of  material  that  must  be  handled  for  each
alternative.
                                 317
-------
Costs  to  dispose of spent activated carbon are based on hauling to a
landfill.  The carbon would be wet during hauling, containing its  own
weight of water.

Information  on current sludge management practices in the industry is
presented at the end of this section.

Energy and Power.  Operation time for the equipment of each  component
of   all   treatment   alternatives,  with  the  exception  of  vacuum
filtration, was assumed to be  24  hr/day  and  300  days/yr.   Vacuum
filters were sized to operate 10 hr/day, 300 days/yr.

Annual   electrical   energy  consumption  values  for  the  component
equipment  items  were  developed   utilizing   applicable   technical
literature  (36,  41, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49) and equipment manufacturers'
specifications  (50).  In developing the  costs,  all  electric  motors
were assumed to have an efficiency of 88 percent  (51) and the cost for
electricity  was  assumed to be 2.4*/kwh.  The cost value is a typical
value taken from the  questionnaire  responses  for  the  southeastern
region of the U.S.  This region was chosen because the majority of the
country's textile mills are located there (Table  III-l).

Fuel  oil  and  natural  gas  costs  were developed from questionnaire
responses and applicable technical  literature  (35).   Costs  in  the
southeast  were  again used as a basis with 23^/therm for fuel oil and
19*/therm for natural gas established as typical  costs.

Vacuum filtration energy consumption varies  with  filter  area.   The
area, or size of the filter, was found to be dependent on the specific
condition,  treatment  alternative,  and  flow  rate  being evaluated.
Energy consumption   is  dependent  on  these  criteria  also.   Energy
consumption  for  activated  carbon  varies  depending on the flow and
whether  the exhausted carbon is regenerated  or   discarded.   For  the
other technologies,  consumption is based solely on flow.

Information  on  the  relative  additional  energy requirements of the
alternative   end-of-pipe   treatment   technologies   for    selected
subcategories is presented near the end of this section.

Chemicals.   Alum  was  the  coagulant  of  choice based on  its proven
effectiveness and reasonable cost, although other coagulants are  used
by   the   industry  and  may be more applicable  in specific cases.  The
costs of polymeric filter aids are  included whenever filtration  is not
preceded by chemical coagulation.

Chemical costs  are based on prices quoted  in   the Chemical  Marketing
Reporter  (52)   for  December  6 and  20,  1976.   The following estimated
delivered  costs are  used:
                                  318
-------
Alum  (technical)       - $174 to $185 per MT  ($158 to $168 per ton)
Polymer                - $2.20 per kg ($1 per Ib)
Carbon (granular)      - $1.25 per kg ($0.50 per Ib)

The assumed alum dosages were 1000 mg/1 for coagulation  conditions  1
and   2,  and 100 mg/1 for conditions 3, 4, and 5.  The assumed polymer
dosage was 1 mg/1 for all filtration conditions.

Monitoring.  Monitoring costs include  outside  laboratory  analytical
charges  and  time  for reporting results to regulatory agencies.  The
costs associated with collecting and delivering samples  are  included
under operation and maintenance labor.

Separate  monitoring  costs  were  developed  for  direct and indirect
dischargers.  Direct dischargers were assumed to sample  in  order  to
comply  with  a  discharge permit.  This entails sampling influent and
effluent waste streams plus the receiving  water  regularly.   Samples
for   the  conventional pollutants are collected twice weekly, and non-
conventional pollutants are analyzed once per week.  Samples for toxic
pollutants  are  collected  and  analyzed   semi-annually.    Indirect
dischargers  were  assumed to sample in order to comply with the local
sewer ordinances.  Conventional and  non-conventional  pollutants  are
measured weekly, and toxic pollutants semi-annually.

Laboratory  cost  estimates were based on current (January-June, 1978)
commercial laboratory price lists (43, 53, 54, 55, 56,  57,  58,  59).
Reporting  costs  were  based  on  $15/hr  and  allowed  1 hr/week for
compiling data plus 8 hr/month for preparing data reports.

Annual monitoring costs are based on  a  complete  program  for  major
direct  and  indirect  dischargers.   As  mentioned  under "Monitoring
Equipment," many of the larger facilities have existing programs  that
would  result  in  considerably less additional cost in this area.  In
addition, it would not generally be necessary for  smaller  facilities
to  institute such extensive programs.  The monitoring frequencies are
assumed for cost estimation purposes only  and  are  not  intended  to
provide a model for compliance monitoring.

Cost Curves

Cost  curves  for the individual treatment processes, including vacuum
filtration for processing sludge,   are  presented  in  Figures  VIII-1
through  VIII-7.  The curves, which represent 4th quarter 1976 dollars
(EPA-SCCT = 119), are plotted as flow (vacuum filtration is plotted as
sq ft of filter area)  vs  dollars  of  total  installed  cost.    They
provide  the  basis  for  estimating  the  investment  costs  for  the
alternative treatment technologies when allowances for  contingencies,
engineering,   and  land  are  added.    Figure  VIII-8  is  a curve for
                                 319
-------
dewatered sludge hauling costs and is used to estimate  annual  sludge
disposal expenses for each alternative.

Model Plant Costs

In  selecting  model  plants  sizes,  production  as  well as flow was
considered.  Survey responses were initially  grouped  by  subcategory
and  discharge  type,  i.e.,  direct and indirect.  The initial groups
were further broken down, generally into three groups, on the basis of
production size.   Average  percent  utilization  values,  which  were
determined from the survey responses for the mills in each group, were
applied to the average production values for each group to obtain full
capacity  production values for typical plants.  These capacities were
multiplied by the median water usage rates  for  each  subcategory  to
calculate  a flow rate for each production group.  The calculated flow
rates were subsequently compared to actual  reported  flow  rates  and
were found to accurately represent the mills in each subcategory.

As   presented   previously,   five   treatment   processes  (chemical
coagulation, filtration, dissolved air  flotation,  activated  carbon,
and  ozonation)  have  been combined in various systems to provide the
alternative end-of-pipe treatment  technologies.   These  alternatives
are  presented  in Table VIII-1 and are discussed in greater detail in
following parts of this section.

The textile mills included in the industry survey represent production
values ranging from 54 to 317,333 kg/day (120 to 700,000  Ib/day)  and
flow  rates  ranging from 3,784 to 29,894 cu m/day (0.001 to 7.9 mgd).
Based on these ranges,  eight  model  plant  sizes  were  selected  to
represent the industry.  The sizes, based on flow rate, are: 189, 416,
946,  2,271,  3,785,  5,678,  11,355, and 18,925 cu m/day (0.05, 0.11,
0.25, 0.6, 1.0, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0 mgd).  The sizes representing direct
and indirect dischargers for each subcategory are given in Table VIII-
2.

Cost estimates were developed for all  of  the  selected  model  plant
sizes shown in Table VIII-2 and forwarded to a separate contractor for
use in evaluating the economic impact of possible effluent regulations
on  the  industry.   Selected  model  plant sizes are included in this
document  to  illustrate  the  methodology  used  and   the   relative
differences between the alternative technologies.

Cost Effectiveness Summaries

Model  plant control cost summary sheets were developed for each model
plant to provide a synopsis of the cost analysis for each  alternative
technology.   Total  investment costs, including the installed cost of
each  component  of  a  given   alternative,   monitoring   equipment,
engineering,  and  contingencies  are  provided.   Also,  total annual
                                 320
-------
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                                                    328
-------
                              TABLE VIII-1
             ALTERNATIVE END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                            EXISTING SOURCES
Technology
                    Description
    A* Direct
       Indirect
    B

    C

    D


    E

    F


    G

    H

    J

    K
BPT - Screening, extended aeration activated sludge,
sedimentation, and solids recycle to aeration basin

No treatment

Chemical coagulation and sedimentation

Multi-media filtration

Chemical coagulation, sedimentation, and multi-media
filtration

Multi-media filtration and granular activated carbon

Chemical coagulation, sedimentation, multi-media
filtration, and granular activated carbon

Ozonation

Chemical coagulation^ sedimentation, and ozonation

Multi-media filtration and ozonation

Chemical coagulation, sedimentation, multi-media
filtration, and ozonation

Chemical coagulation and dissolved air  flotation

Chemical coagulation, dissolved  air flotation, multi-
media  filtration,  and granular activated carbon

Chemical coagulation, dissolved  air flotation, and
ozonation
    Alternative A is  considered in place.   All  other  alternatives  are
    added on to A and for indirect dischargers  include  screening and
    equalization.
    Alternatives M, N, & P apply to Subcategory 1 only.
                                  329
-------
                                      TABLE VIII-2
                               SELECTED MODEL PLANT SIZES
                                   EXISTING SOURCES
     Subcategory
                        Size, mgd
charge*  0.05  0.11  0.25  0.6  1.0  1.5   3.0  5.0
1.

2.

4.







5.






6.

7.

8.

9.

Wool Scouring

Wool Finishing

Woven Fabric Finishing
a. Simple Processing

b. Complex Processing

c. Complex Processing
Plus Desizing

Knit Fabric Finishing
a. Simple Processing

b. Complex Processing

c. Hosiery Products

Carpet Finishing

Stock & Yarn Finishing

Nonwoven Manufacturing

Felted Fabric Processing

D
I
D
I

D
I
D
I

D
I

-D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
X (X) X
X (X)

X

X
X (X)

X




X
X
X
X
X (X)
X (X)
(X)
X
X
X (X)
(X) X
X X
X (X)
(X)


X (X)
(X)

(X) X
X
X
(X)

X (X)
X (X)

(X)
(X) X
(X) X
(X) X


X X
(X) X
(X) X X
X

(X)

X


X
X



(X) X
X

X
X

X













  * D refers to direct and I to indirect.
( ) Represents model plant size for which Cost Effectiveness Summaries are
    included.
                                        330
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costs,  including  cost  of  capital,  depreciation,   operation   and
maintenance  labor,  maintenance  materials, sludge disposal, energy &
power, chemicals,  and  monitoring,  and  the  benefits  in  terms  of
effluent   quality  are  detailed  for  each  alternative.   For  each
subcategory/model plant  combination,  the  corresponding  annual  and
daily  production  capacity  is  noted.   The  summary  sheets for the
alternative end-of-pipe treatment technologies are provided in  Tables
VIII-3 through VIII-14.

EXISTING INDIRECT DISCHARGE SOURCES

Selected End-of-Pipe Technologies

The major processes selected for pretreatment for indirect dischargers
are   the   same  as   for  direct-discharge  mills,  namely;  chemical
coagulation, dissolved air  flotation,  filtration,  activated  carbon
adsorption,  and  ozonation.   The   treatment  goals,  i.e., removal of
toxic  pollutants,  are  the  same   for  both  direct   and   indirect
dischargers,   and  the  available   technologies  are  the  same.   In
addition,  screening   and  equalization  are  included in  the   cost
estimates  for pretreatment facilities.  Screening  is  included because
more  than half of  the  direct dischargers provide screening, and it  is
therefore  regarded  as  a  necessary  form  of preliminary treatment.
Equalization is  included because the five basic pretreatment processes
operate more effectively if fluctuations  in  loading  are  minimized.
For   the  direct-discharge  mills,   the activated sludge  aeration tank
provides equalization  prior  to   treatment  in  the   advanced  units.
Neutralization   is  not  included  as part of the preliminary treatment
sequence  because  few direct-discharge  mills  so provide.    Where
necessary,  neutralization  would  increase  investment  and annual costs
slightly.

As described previously, the  current  base  level  of treatment   for
directdischarge    mills  is  the   extended-aeration activated  sludge
process.  The  question  arises,   therefore,  as  to   whether  similar
biological   treatment  should    be  included   in   the alternative
pretreatment technologies.  Before evaluating the   pros   and  cons  of
such   inclusion,   it   is   appropriate  to  consider the  positioning of  a
biological  unit  in   the   sequence of   processes.    For all  except
Subcategory 1, the best position would be prior  to  any of the advanced
treatment  units.    It seems  doubtful that there  would  be  sufficient
organic  food material  to sustain the microorganisms in the   biological
treatment  unit   if   it followed chemical coagulation. There would be
little  benefit  in  filtering the wastewater  prior to biotreatment;   the
reverse   sequence  would  be  more  effective.    As with  chemical
coagulation, activated carbon adsorption  and/or  ozonation  prior  to
biological  treatment   would  be   counterproductive  in that all  three
processes are aimed  at organic material.   In the case  of Subcategory
1,   treatment  by   chemical coagulation and/or  dissolved  air flotation
                                  331
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prior to the activated sludge unit could be beneficial in reducing the
load on the biological system so that it could remove  organic  matter
more  completely.   In  conclusion, if biological treatment were to be
included, its most logical position is after preliminary treatment and
prior to any additional processes.  In other  words,  if  biotreatment
were  to  be  included,  the  pretreatment  systems would resemble the
systems used by direct dischargers.

The  benefits  that  would  result  from  biotreatment  as   part   of
pretreatment  follow.   Since  it duplicates the removal mechanisms of
secondary POTW, it might seem at first glance to  offer  no  benefits.
One  benefit  is  that  it  may  accomplish  removal  of certain toxic
pollutants, e.g., phenol, and  cyanides  that  require  an  acclimated
biomass.   The  continuous  presence  of  such compounds due to higher
concentrations  could  help  maintain  the   state   of   acclimation.
Acclimation  could,  at  times,  be  lost at the POTW.  Also, volatile
toxic pollutants may  be  removed  during  aeration  in  a  biological
pretreatment  process,  and  not  be  discharged  to  the  POTW.   The
biological process coupled with that at the POTW, in  effect,  provide
two  stages  of  treatment and may effect greater removals than either
alone.  It should be noted  that  the  above  applies  to  some  toxic
pollutants, but not to all.

A   second,   and   perhaps  more  important,  benefit  of  biological
pretreatment is that the level of dissolved organics would be  reduced
and  the  effectiveness  of  downstream  activated carbon or ozonation
units would be improved.  On the  other  hand,  chemical  coagulation,
with  or  without  filtration, is believed to be effective in reducing
the suspended and some of the dissolved  organic  content  of  textile
mill  wastewaters,  although  probably  not  as  effectively  as  does
activated sludge.  A third benefit of biotreatment is  that  it  would
provide  equalization  and  a  separate unit for this purpose could be
eliminated.

Among the disadvantages of including a biological process as  part  of
pretreatment  is that it duplicates the function of the POTW with only
marginal benefits, if any, in terms of toxic pollutant control; it  is
relatively  costly  in  terms  of  construction  and operation; it may
require much land, an unavailable commodity at many indirect-discharge
mills; and it is a more difficult process to operate efficiently  than
are  the  physicochemical  processes.   It  is  also  more affected by
changes in temperature, pH,  toxic  materials,  and  the  food  supply
balance.   It  also  is unlikely to be effective for some of the toxic
pollutants found in textile mill  wastewaters,  e.g.,  chloroform  and
trichloroethylene,  and  may,  in fact,  cause these and other volatile
toxic pollutants to escape to the atmosphere.

Based on the above factors, it was  concluded  that  the  benefits  of
inclusion  of  biological  treatment  in  the alternative pretreatment
                                 356
-------
technologies presented here were outweighed by the disadvantages.   It
is  believed  that  combinations of the five selected processes can be
made to accomplish the desired results without biotreatment.

The alternatives for each  level  of  control  include  screening  and
equalization  along  with  one  or  a  combination  of  the  following
technologies: chemical coagulation, multi-media filtration,  dissolved
air flotation, activated carbon adsorption, and ozonation.  These five
technologies  are  described previously in this section.  Descriptions
of screening and equalization are given below.

Screening.  This technology utilizes mechanical fine screens to remove
coarse suspended solids.  Screening facilities include intersection of
the existing sewer, pumping, and mecanical vibratory screens.

Equalization.  Twelve hours detention and mixing by  surface  aerators
are  provided  based on an analysis of the survey questionnaires.  The
cost estimates are based on lined earthen-wall basins with water depth
of 3 meters (10 feet), freeboard of 1.5  meters  (5  feet),  and  dike
surface slopes of 3:1.  The basins are square in plan.

Investment Costs and Annual Costs

The  same  bases were used for the investment and annual costs for the
model indirect dischargers as  previously  described  for  the  direct
dischargers.    As   noted,   the  indirect  dischargers  sample  less
frequently and at fewer locations in their monitoring  programs.   The
cost  curves  described previously and given in Figures VIII-1 through
VII1-8 apply for indirect discharge mills also.

Model Plant Costs

As noted in the discussion of direct dischargers,  model  plant  sizes
were  developed  for various production ranges, corrected to full mill
capacity, with the median water usage  rates  applied  to  derive  raw
wastewater flows.  As shown in Table VIII-2, the model treatment plant
sizes  used  for indirect dischargers are, in part, different from the
sizes for the direct-discharge mills.

Cost Effectiveness Summaries

As with the existing direct dischargers,  cost  effectiveness  summary
sheets  were  developed for each model plant in the indirect discharge
group to provide a synopsis of the cost analysis for each  alternative
end-of-pipe  treatment  technology.   The  summary sheets for indirect
dischargers comprise  Tables  VIII-15  through  VIII-26.   The  letter
designations  for  the  alternative  technologies are the same for the
direct and the indirect dischargers.  In other words, Alternative C is
multi-media filtration in both situations, etc.
                                 357
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^CATEGORY: Simple Processing CONTROL LEVEL: PSES MODEL FLO'
ANNUAL CAPACITY: 3,6Qฐ.kk8 DAILY CAPACITY: 12 kkg NUMBER OF
Treatment Alternative
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Cost, thousands of dollars
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Construction - - 77 77 82
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-------
Also shown on the summary sheets are the estimated effluent  qualities
resulting  from  each technology when applied in each textile industry
subcategory.  That the  values  of  some  of  the  effluent  pollutant
parameters  are  different  from  those  for  the  direct  dischargers
reflects the different  influent  concentrations  resulting  from  the
absence of biological treatment in the pretreatment alternatives.

NEW SOURCES

Before discussion, introductory comments that apply to both groups are
appropriate.  The term "new source" is defined in the Act to mean "any
source,  the  construction of which is commenced after the publication
of proposed regulations prescribing a standard  of  performance."   In
addition  to  the  control  measures  available  to  existing sources,
changes in manufacturing methods and equipment, more extensive use  of
in-plant  control  measures and water recycling, and different end-of-
pipe technologies may be available to new  sources.   Such  additional
opportunities   in  the  textile  industry  were  evaluated  based  on
available information.  Compliance dates differ for new  and  existing
sources.

Textile  industry  sources  indicate that very few new mills have been
constructed in the past few years.  Consequently, there are relatively
few sources of data  on  water  consumption  rates,  in-plant  control
measures, and alternative manufacturing methods in use in new mills.

Zero Discharge

One of the solutions that is economically available to some industrial
plants   is  complete  elimination  of  liquid  process-related  waste
discharges through in-plant measures, advanced waste treatment, and/or
complete water recycle programs.  There is no evidence available  that
such  a  solution is generally available to new sources in the Textile
Mill Point Source category.  While much research is under way aimed at
conservation and reuse of certain materials, recovery of heat  energy,
and  reduction of water usage in a few processes, there are no typical
textile dyeing and finishing mills that are presently able to approach
zero discharge of process-related  wastewaters.   Exceptions  to  this
statement  may  include  some  mills in Subcategory 3 that contain all
wastes for land disposal rather than discharge to  the  sewer.   There
may  also be a few mills in other subcategories that have been able to
eliminate discharges of process-related wastes because of some  unique
characteristics  of  their  operation,  but they do not represent most
mills in their subcategory.

In conclusion, the available information indicates that some  form  of
end-of-pipe treatment of textile mill wastewaters will be required for
the forseeable future, and that zero discharge cannot be included as  a
control measure that is technically or economically available.  Before
                                 382
-------
moving to consideration of end-of-pipe measures, the importance of in-
plant  measures  should  be  stressed  again  as  a  means of reducing
treatment costs.  Treatment for  relatively  small  concentrations  of
toxic pollutants in waste streams can often be very costly compared to
measures to eliminate their presence in the waste discharge initially.
In-plant  control  measures  should  be considered first in evaluating
solutions to waste control problems.

Water Usage Rates

In the past, the textile  industry  has  done  much  to  reduce  water
consumption in its manufacturing operations.  It is expected that this
trend  will  continue  in  the future, with water usage rates (I/kg or
gal/lb) gradually declining.  For the cost estimates for  new  sources
in  this  report, however, the water usage rates are the same as those
for existing sources.  There  were  no  data  available  by  which  to
estimate  what  future  usage rates may be for different subcategories
and it  was  determined  that  existing  usage  rates  would  be  most
appropriate.

Control Measures

An  opportunity  that  is  potentially available to new sources is the
separation of drainage piping in new mills so that waste streams  with
significant  amounts  of toxic pollutants can be segregated from those
without.  The former could then be subjected to  appropriate  advanced
waste  treatment  processes  with  possibly  improved efficiencies and
reduced costs due to the smaller volume of flow compared  to  treating
the entire volume of wastewater in the advanced processes.

A review of the principal sources of toxic pollutants in theoretically
typical  mills  in  each  subcategory  was  carried  out  based on the
available information about the chemicals used today in the  industry.
The  major  sources appear to be certain dyes, dye carriers, solvents,
preservatives, and finishing chemicals.  It  was  assumed  that  waste
streams  containing  significant  amounts  of  toxic  pollutants would
originate from dyeing and rinsing, application of functional finishes,
and  solvent  scouring  operations.   Waste  streams  from  bleaching,
mercerizing,  scouring, acid treatment, and fulling and the associated
rinses were assumed to be free of toxic  pollutants  except  as  tramp
impurities  in  some  chemicals.  It is recognized that some additives
presently used in these  last  listed  operations  may  include  toxic
pollutants.   It  was  assumed that chemicals without toxic pollutants
could be substituted for these additives and for other  preservatives,
disinfectants,   and   plant  sanitary  compounds  presently  in  use.
Laboratory wastes were assumed to be included in the  toxic  pollutant
drainage system.
                                 383
-------
Based  on  available  data,  it was estimated that the toxic pollutant
waste streams varied from about 10 percent to virtually 100 percent of
the total process-related waste flow among the "typical" mills in  the
various subcategories.  For the purposes of the cost estimates for new
sources,  it  was  assumed  that  about  two-thirds of the total waste
stream would contain significant levels of toxic  pollutants  for  all
subcategories.   The precise flow split used varies slightly depending
upon the total model plant flow volume used.

The above assumptions were introduced in order to  develop  reasonable
cost  estimates  for  new  sources  that  are  comparable to those for
existing sources.  It is  believed  that  further  refinement  of  the
assumptions  was  not  warranted  in  terms  of  the limited available
information about the sources of toxic pollutants in textile mills  or
in  terms  of  improved  accuracy  of  the estimated costs.  The basic
premise is that savings in treatment costs,  for  larger  systems,  at
least,  will  more  than  offset the costs of installing and operating
segregated drainage systems for most new sources in the industry.

End-of-Pipe Technologies

The alternative end-of-pipe control technologies  that  are  available
for  existing  sources  cover  the  spectrum  of  processes  that  are
presently available for new sources.  There is presently  insufficient
information  available  by  which  to evaluate the efficiency of steam
stripping  textile  mill  wastewaters  as  a  means  of  removing  low
concentrations  of  volatile  toxic  pollutants that are refractory to
other treatment processes.

Each of the alternative end-of-pipe technologies  described  prevously
for  existing sources was evaluated technically for application to new
sources.  It was  concluded  that  alternatives  comprising  treatment
trains  similar  to  alternatives  D,  E,  and  F  (Table VIII-1) were
suitable for use with new sources.  Alternatives like  B  and  C  were
judged  not  to  be  cost  effective  because they would require prior
treatment of the total waste flow by the equivalent of BPT  and  would
not provide complete treatment of pollutants.  Alternatives like G, H,
J,  and K were also rejected because of the requirement for prior BPT-
level treatment of the  whole  waste  stream  and  less  than  optimal
removal of organic toxic pollutants.

Alternatives  R,  S,  and  T  are  designated  for new sources and are
roughly equivalent to Alternatives D, E,  and  F,  respectively.   For
each  of  these three alternatives, comparisons at selected total flow
levels were made between the costs of treating segregated vs  combined
flow  streams,  based  on  the assumption that two-thirds of the total
flow required treatment to reduce toxic pollutants.  It was determined
that segregation was significantly cheaper for Alternatives  S  and  T
                                 384
-------
for  direct  dischargers  and  for all three alternatives for indirect
dischargers.

NEW DIRECT DISCHARGE SOURCES

In-Plant Control Measures

As indicated elsewhere in this section, in-plant control measures will
become increasingly important in reducing end-of-pipe treatment  costs
in  all textile mills and especially in new sources.  New mills should
be designed for pollution control in terms of manufacturing  processes
and  equipment  selection.   Design should include measures to contain
spills, require dry cleaning methods, and incorporate  instrumentation
and  other  measures  to  conserve  water.   The benefits and costs of
segregating drains should be carefully evaluated so  that  potentially
toxic waste streams can be handled specifically and at minimum cost.

As   with   the  existing  direct  discharge  sources,  the  treatment
alternatives do not include any in-plant control measures.

Selected End-of-Pipe Technologies

Three alternative end-of-pipe treatment technologies are available for
direct  discharging  new  sources  in  the  textile   mill   category.
Alternative  R  (equivalent  to  Alternative  D  for existing sources)
comprises BPT, or its equivalent, plus chemical coagulation,  sedimen-
tation,  and  multi-media filtration of the total  (unsegregated) waste
stream.   Segregation  is  not  cost-effective  for  this  alternative
because  the  entire  waste stream must receive BPT-level treatment to
reduce  the  concentrations   of   conventional    organic   pollutants
sufficiently   to  permit  discharge  to  a  receiving  water.   Prior
treatment by BPT should improve the efficiency and/or lower the  costs
of the advanced treatment processes.

Alternative    S   provides   screening,   equalization,   multi-media
filtration, and granular activated  carbon  adsorption  of  the  toxic
pollutant waste stream prior to discharge to the receiving water.  The
remaining  waste  streams,  without toxic pollutants, are subjected to
conventional, 8-hour aeration period activated sludge.  For total mill
flows of 946 cu m/day  (0.25 mgd) and less, the toxic  pollutant  waste
streams  are  not  segregated.  It was judged that the smaller savings
that would  result from segregated treatment would  not offset the costs
of separated drainage systems.  The total waste stream is  treated  by
24-hour activated sludge, filtration, and carbon adsorption.

Alternative  T  combines  the  processes  of  Alternatives R and S and
should provide effective pollutant removals for discharge to receiving
waters.  The segregated toxic pollutant waste stream  is treated  in   a
train  comprising  screening,  equalization,  chemical coagulation and
                                  385
-------
sedimentation, multi-media filtration, and granular  activated  carbon
adsorption  prior  to discharge to the receiving water.  The remaining
waste streams are treated by conventional 8-hour activated sludge with
prior screening and return of biomass from a secondary clarifier.  For
total mill flows of 946 cu  m/day  (0.25  mgd)  and  less,  the  toxic
pollutant  waste  streams  are  not  segregated, and the total flow is
treated by 24-hour activated sludge followed by chemical  coagulation,
sedimentation, multi-media filtration, and carbon adsorption.

The three alternatives are described in Table VIII-27.

For  all  alternatives,  thickened  s1udges  are  dewatered  by vacuum
filtration prior to removal to disposal in off-site sanitary landfill.
An additional benefit of segregating the toxic pollutant waste streams
is that the resulting sludges can be handled separately.

All  but  one  of  the  individual  processes  comprising  the   three
alternatives  are described previously in this section.  Screening and
equalization are described under existing indirect dischargers.

Activated Sludge.  Conventional  activated  sludge  providing  8-hours
detention  in the aeration basin is used for non-toxic pollutant waste
streams when waste segregation is  assumed  (Alternatives  S  and  T).
Extended-aeration  activated  sludge  (24-hours  aeration) is used for
unsegregated waste streams (Alternative R and smaller mill  flows  for
Alternatives S and T).

Investment Costs and Annual Costs

The  same  bases were used for the investment and annual costs for the
model direct new sources as previously described for  existing  direct
and  indirect  dischargers.   Screening  and  equalization are covered
under existing indirect dischargers.   Cost curves were also  presented
earlier in this section (Figures VIII-1 through VIII-8).

Total  installed  costs  are  broken  into  equipment and construction
fractions as follows:

    Process                  Equipment           Construction

    Activated Sludge            20%                   80%

Land Costs

Land requirements for waste treatment facilities will  vary  depending
upon  the  wastewater  flow  and  whether  or not segregation of waste
streams is instituted.  The activated sludge process will dictate  the
overall  land needs in the larger faclities and they could range up to
5 hectares (12.4 acres) or  more,   depending  upon  detention  period.
                                 386
-------
                              TABLE VIII-27

             ALTERNATIVE END-OF-PIPE-TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                     NEW SOURCES - DIRECT DISCHARGE
Technology                              Description
    A               No treatment

    R               Screening, 24-hour extended-aeration activated
                    sludge with solids recycle, chemical coagulation,
                    sedimentation, and multi-media filtration.

    S               Larger flows:  Priority pollutant stream - Screening,
                    equalization, multi-media filtration, and granular
                    activated carbon adsorption.  Other streams -
                    Screening and 8-hour activated sludge with solids
                    recycle.

                    Smaller flows:  Total mill waste flow - Screening,
                    24-hour extended-aeration activated sludge with
                    solids recycle, multi-media filtration and granular
                    activated carbon adsorption.

    T               Larger flows:  Priority pollutant stream - Screening,
                    equalization, chemical coagulation, sedimentation,
                    multi-media filtration, and granular activated
                    carbon adsorption.  Other streams - Screening and
                    8-hour activated sludge with solids recycle.

                    Smaller flows:  Total mill waste flow - Screening,
                    24-hour extended-aeration activated sludge with
                    solids recycle, chemical coagulation, sedimentation,
                    multi-media filtration, and granular activated
                    carbon adsorption.
                                   387
-------
water  depth,  and type of construction used for side walls.  The land
requirements for wastewater treatment facilities would be included  in
the planning for the new mill site.

Model Plant Costs

For  new direct discharge sources, one representative model plant size
was selected for each subcategory from among  the  model  plant  sizes
developed  for  existing sources  (Table VIII-2).  As noted earlier, no
adjustment was made for improvements in water  conservation  practices
in new mills.

It  was  determined  that  it was very unlikely that new Wool Scouring
mills will be constructed in  the  forseeable  future.   Consequently,
this subcategory is not included  in the model plant cost estimates.

The  selected model plant sizes,  expressed as wastewater flow rate are
presented in Table VIII-28.

Cost Effectiveness Summaries

Model plant control cost summary  sheets,  developed  for  each  model
plant  to  provide  a  synopsis   of  the  cost  analysis and resulting
benefits, are provided in Tables  VIII-29 through  VIII-39.   As  noted
previously,  Alternatives  R, S,  and T in Table VI11-27' are equivalent
to Alternatives D, E, and F in Table VIII-1 for existing sources.

NEW INDIRECT DISCHARGE SOURCES

The discussion presented previously for  existing  indirect  discharge
sources  applies  also to new sources.  Also, the discussion presented
previously about zero discharge,  water usage rates, and segregation of
waste streams containing toxic  pollutants  applies  equally  to  both
direct   and   indirect   discharge  new  sources.   The  benefits  of
segregation are more evident for  indirect sources because the need for
biological treatment is eliminated when discharging to a POTW.

In-plant control measures are  discussed  in  Section  VII  and  their
importance  is  emphasized previously in this section.  They should be
explored fully for new indirect sources to determine  whether  or  not
the  discharge  of  toxic  pollutants  can be controlled adequately to
eliminate the need for substantial end-of-pipe treatment facilities.

End-of-Pipe Technologies

Alternatives R, S, and T for new  direct discharge sources are modified
for new  indirect sources by eliminating the activated  sludge  process
and  providing  segregation of the toxic pollutant waste stream  in all
cases and for all model plant flows.  Screening is  provided  for  all
                                 388
-------
Subcategory
       TABLE VIII-28

SELECTED MODEL PLANT SIZES
        NEW SOURCES

                               Size, mgd
       Discharge*     Total Q    PPQ**     Q-PPQ
1.
2.
4.



5.



6.
7.
8.
9.
Wool Scouring
Wool Finishing
Woven Fabric Finishing
a. Simple Processing
b. Complex Processing
c. Complex Processing
Plus Desizing
Knit Fabric Finishing
a. Simple Processing
b. Complex Processing
c. Hosiery Products
Carpet Finishing
Stock & Yarn Finishing
Nonwoven Manufacturing
Felted Fabric Processing
D
I
D
I

D
I
D
I
D
I

D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
D
I
0.25
0.25
1.5
1.5

0.60
0.25
3.0
0.60
1.5
1.5

1.0
0.60
0.60
0.60
0.11
0.25
0.'25
0.60
0.60
0.25
0.25
0.60
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.15
1.0
1.0

0.40
0.15
1.8
0.40
1.0
1.0

0.60
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.11
0.15
0.25
0.40
0.40
0.15
0.25
0.40
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.50
0.50

0.20
0.10
1.2
0.20
0.50
0.50

0.40
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.20
0.10
0.20
0.10
 * D  refers  to  direct  and  I  to  indirect,
** PPQ  -  Priority pollutant  stream,  segregated  from other wastewaters
                                   389
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wastes  prior  to discharge and equalization is provided for the toxic
pollutant stream prior  to  any  advanced  treatment  processes.   The
alternatives are described briefly in Table VIII-40.

The  criteria used in sizing the various processes for Alternatives R,
S, and T are discussed under existing sources.

Investment Costs and Annual Costs

The bases used  for  estimating  investment  costs  for  new  indirect
discharge  sources were the same as those for existing sources and are
discussed previously in this section.   The  cost  curves  in  Figures
VIII-1 through VIII-8 apply for new indirect discharge sources.

Land Costs

Without  activated  sludge  facilities,  the land requirements for new
indirect discharge sources will be considerably smaller than  for  new
direct  discharge  sources,  i.e., less than 1 hectare (2.5 acres) for
the largest flows.

Model Plant Costs

The model plant sizes selected for new indirect discharge sources  are
given in Table VIII-28.

Cost Effectiveness Summaries

Tables VIII-41 through VIII-51 provide synopses of the elements in the
estimated  costs  and  the  expected  resultant benefits for the model
plants selected to represent new indirect discharge  sources  in  each
subcategory.

ENERGY ASPECTS

An analysis was carried out to estimate the energy requirements of the
end-of-pipe  treatment  alternatives  in  terms of reported total mill
energy  usage  for  selected   subcategories.    The   annual   energy
requirements  for  each treatment alternative were derived in order to
estimate the cost for  electrical  power  for  the  various  equipment
components.   For  each  of  the selected subcategories, the estimated
energy requirements were expressed in terms of annual  production  for
the model plant sizes.  From the detailed questionnaires, the reported
total  mill  energy  consumption  as  electric power, oil, and gas was
calculated  in  common  units  and  expressed  in  terms   of   annual
production.   The  median  value  for  the  mills in each subcategory,
combining both direct and indirect dischargers, was then used  as  the
base  value  for  that  subcategory.    The  median  total  mill energy
                                 412
-------
                              TABLE VIII-40

             ALTERNATIVE END-OF-PIPE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
                    NEW SOURCES - INDIRECT DISCHARGE
Technology                              Description
    A               No treatment

    R               Priority pollutant stream - Screening, equalization,
                    chemical coagulation, sedimentation,  and multi-media
                    filtration.  Other streams - Screening.

    S               Priority pollutant stream - Screening, equalization,
                    multi-media filtration, and granular  activated
                    carbon adsorption.  Other streams - Screening.

    T               Priority pollutant stream - Screening, equalization,
                    chemical coagulation, sedimentation,  multi-media
                    filtration, and granular activated carbon adsorption,
                    Other streams - Screening.
                                 413
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consumption  values  per  unit  of   production   for    the   selected
subcategories are as follows:

                               No.     Median Mill  Consumption
Subcateqory                  of Mills   qt/kkq*       Btu/lb
1. Wool Scouring                8         18.7          8,100
2. Wool Finishing              15         16.0         26,000
5. Knit Fabric Finishing**     75         40.9         18,000
6. Carpet Finishing            25         21.2          9,100
8. Nonwoven Manufacturing      10         19.6          8,400
 * gigJoules  (billions of Joules) per kkg of production
** excluding Hosiery Products manufacturing.

The   maximum   energy  requirement  for  each  end-of-pipe  treatment
alternative for each of the selected subcategories was expressed as  a
percentage  of  the  base  value  to  determine  the additional energy
requirements per unit of production.  The  results  are  presented  in
Table  VII1-52.   The  estimated  additional  energy  requirements for
Alternatives B, C, D, E, and F (Table VIII-1) are  all  well  under  2
percent.  For Alternatves G, H, J, and K, which involve ozonation, the
additional energy requirements range from 2.5 to 5.5 percent.  For the
New  Source Alternatives R, S, and T (Table VII1-27), the requirements
range from approximately 1 to 2  percent  of  the  total  mill  energy
consumption.

SLUDGE MANAGEMENT

Current Practices

Useful  questionnaire  information  on  wastewater  sludge  management
practices was received from  78  mills;  15  indirect  and  63  direct
dischargers.   In addition, some mills indicated that their systems do
not generate any significant  quantities  of  excess  sludge.   It  is
likely   that  the  very  long  detention  periods  employed  in  some
biological treatment systems in the industry result in very low sludge
production levels.  Also,  excess  sludge  may  settle  and  gradually
accumulate in some treatment basins.

Sixty-seven of the 78 mills had biological sludges to be processed and
disposed of.  Of the 11 remaining mills, one provides simple screening
and  flotation  of  its wastewaters prior to discharge to a POTW.  The
screenings and float are disposed of in a landfill without processing.
The remaining  10  mills  produce  a  sludge  through  coagulation  or
chemical  pH  adjustment.   The  effluent  from  8  of  these mills is
discharged to POTW.   In all cases, the sludge is removed to a landfill
                                 436
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for disposal.  Six of these mills dispose  of  the  sludge  in  a  wet
condition;  two  dewater  mechanically,  one with a centrifuge and the
other with a filter press; and three dry the sludge on sand beds prior
to disposal.

In evaluating  the  management  practices  of  the  67  reported  mill
treatment  facilities  that  produce biological sludges, consideration
was given to both the processing and  the  disposal  of  the  sludges.
Processing   usually   encompasses   two  aspects,  stabilization  and
dewatering.  Stabilization, or digestion, of the  putrescible  organic
materials  in  biological  sludges reduces the potential for odors and
other nuisance conditions and reduces pathogenic bacteria populations.
Dewatering   removes   excess   free   water   to   improve   handling
characteristics  and  reduce transportation costs.  Disposal refers to
the final disposition of the sludge.

Stabilizaton may  be  accomplished  internally  within  the  activated
sludge  or  other  biological  process  by  retaining  the  solids for
extended periods or externally in separate sludge digesters.  Eighteen
mills have sludge digesters, all aerobic except  one  anaerobic  unit.
The  rest  provide  some  degree  of internal stabilization within the
aeration basins.  For this study, internal aeration periods of greater
than 48 hours were regarded as providing full  stabilization;  shorter
periods, as partial or no stabilization.

Dewatering  usually  refers  to  mechanical  processes  that force the
excess water out of the sludge producing a mass that does not flow  or
drip  and  contains roughly 80 percent or less water by weight.  Eight
mills provide mechanical  dewatering  systems;  four  vacuum  filters,
three centrifuges, and one filter press.

A  more  complete form of water removal is provided by the use of sand
drying  beds.   Twenty-four  mills  use  sand  drying  beds  prior  to
disposal.

The  questionnaire  responses  about  sludge  disposal  practices were
classified as landfill, land application,  or  on-site  lagoons.   The
term  "landfill"  refers  to land disposal sites ranging from sanitary
landfills to dumps.  Three of the mills reported the  use  of  on-site
landfills.    Land  application  refers  to  spraying  wet  sludge  or
spreading dry sludge solids over land surfaces to reuse  some  of  the
organic components of the sludge.

The  reported  sludge processing and disposal practices are summarized
in Table VIII-53.  Most of the mills  provide  full  stabilization  of
biological  sludges  and  some  form of excess water removal.  Over 70
percent of the mills dispose of their sludge  in  landfills  with  the
remaining  split  about  evenly between land application and long-term
on-site storage in lagoons.
                                 438
-------
                              TABLE VIII-53
                   CURRENT SLUDGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Sludges Type
    Numbers of Mill Treatment Facilities

Landfill  Land Application   Lagoons   POTWs
Wet Biological

  Partial Stabilization      7
  Full Stabilization        10

Dewatered Biological

  Partial Stabilization
  Full Stabilization         8

Dry Biological

  Partial Stabilization      2
  Full Stabilization        19

Wet Chemical                 5

Dewatered Chemical           2

Dry Chemical                 3
Source:  Sverdrup & Parcel Textile Industry Survey, 1976-77.
                                    439
-------
Sludge Quantities

The questionnaire information on quantities of  excess  sludge  to  be
disposed  of and the associated costs of processing and removal varied
widely among the mills that provided data.  In most cases,  the  water
content  of  the  sludge was not reported, and the questionnaire data,
expressed in terms of either volume or weight, could not be correlated
with other information about the type of  treatment  provided  or  the
mill production level.

Fourteen  mills reported biological sludge volumes ranging from 0.8 to
182 liters/cu m (0.2 to 48 gal/1000 gal) of wastewater  treated.   The
median  value  for  these  mills  was  approximately 23 liters/cu m (6
gal/1000 gal).  The  wide  range  of  values  reflect  differences  in
aeration  detention periods, loading rates, ambient temperatures, etc.
For reference, typical sludge production rates  for  conventional  (8-
hour) activated sludge plants treating domestic sewage is 76 liters/cu
m  (20 gal/1000 gal).

The  estimated  quantities  of  excess sludge generated by the various
end-of-pipe treatment alternatives for the model plants are  presented
in Table VIII-54 for direct dischargers and Table VIII-55 for  indirect
dischargers.   The  values  are  expressed  in metric tons per year of
dewatered sludge containing 20 percent solids.

OTHER NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS

At this time, there  are  be  no  known  significant  other  non-water
quality  environmental  impacts  in  terms of air pollution, noise, or
radiation from application  of  any  of  the  alternative  end-of-pipe
treatment alternatives.

A  non-water  quality  aspect  relating  to   air  quality  that  is not
peculiar to the textile industry is  the possible stripping of  volatile
toxic and other  pollutants   in  treatment  systems,  particularly   in
activated  sludge  aeration   basins.  A preliminary  review of  the data
from  the field sampling program  indicates  that  some   of   the  Group   1
toxic  pollutants  that are generally regarded  as being  very resistant
to biodegradation  are  often removed  substantially  during passage   of
the   wastewater   through   secondary  treatment systems.   Release to  the
atmosphere  is .theoretically possible, but  has  not   been measured   at
this  time.  The possible  impact  on air quality  has not  been  evaluated.
                                  440

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                              SECTION IX

       EFFLUENT REDUCTION ATTAINABLE THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF
        THE BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
                   EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES

INTRODUCTION

The  effluent  limitations  that must be achieved by July 1, 1984, are
determined  by  identifying  the  very  best  control  and   treatment
technology  employed  by a specific point source within the industrial
category or subcategory  or  by  one  industry  where  it  is  readily
transferable  to  another.   A specific finding must be made as to the
availability of  control  measures  and  practices  to  eliminate  the
discharge  of  pollutants,  taking  into  account  the  cost  of  such
elimination.

Consideration was also given to:

o   The age of the equipment and facilities;

o   The processes employed;

o   The engineering aspects of the application of various types
    of control techniques;

o   Process changes; and

o   Non-water quality environmental impact  (including energy
    requirements).

The Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) emphasizes
in-process  controls  as  well  as  control  or  additional  treatment
techniques  employed  at  the  end  of  the  production  process.   It
considers those plant processes and control technologies which, at the
pilot plant semi-works,  and  other  levels,  have  demonstrated  both
technological   performances   and   economic  viability  at  a  level
sufficient to reasonably justify investing  in such facilities.  It  is
the highest degree of control technology that has been achieved or has
been  demonstrated  to  be  capable  of being designed for plant-scale
operation up to and including "no discharge" of pollutants.   Although
economic factors are considered in this development, the costs of this
level  of  control  are  intended to be the top-of-the-line of current
technology, subject to limitations imposed by economic and engineering
feasibility.  There may be some technical risk, however, with  respect
to  performance  and  certainty  of  costs.   Therefore,  some process
development and adaptation may  be  necessary  for  application  at  a
specific mill site.
                                 445
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IDENTIFICATION  OF  THE  BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
ACHIEVABLE

Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPT)  is  the
basis  for  the present level of control for direct dischargers in the
textile industry.  As defined in the earlier Development Document (1),
BPT includes preliminary screening, primary  settling  (Wool  Scouring
Subcategory  only), latex coagulation (Carpet Mills Subcategory only),
and secondary biological treatment.  Effluent  limitations  guidelines
representing  the  degree  of  effluent  reduction  attainable  by the
application of BPT are detailed in the Federal Register (40  CFR  410;
39 FR 24736, July 5, 1974; Amended by 39 FR 30134, August 20, 1974; 42
FR 26979, May 26, 1977).

IDENTIFICATION   OF   THE   BEST   AVAILABLE  TECHNOLOGY  ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE

BAT utilizes BPT as a basis for further improvements.  No special  in-
plant   modification  is  required.   In-plant  control  measures  and
additional end-of-pipe treatment technology available to  improve  BPT
are  listed below.  The control measures listed are fully discussed in
Section VII, and the  operating  characteristics  of  the  end-of-pipe
technologies are presented in Section VIII.

In-Plant Control Measures

- Water reuse
- Water reduction through conservation
- Chemical substitution
- Material reclamation for reuse
- Process changes
- Segregation of concentrated waste  streams for separate  treatment
- Production scheduling to distribute  loading

End-of-Pipe Treatment Technology

    LEVEL   1 -  CURRENT LEVEL OF TREATMENT  (BPT) - Biological  treatment
               (extended-aeration activated sludge)
    LEVEL 2 - Biological  treatment plus filtration
    LEVEL 3 - Biological  treatment plus chemical  coagulation
    LEVEL 4 -   Biological  treatment  plus  chemical   coagulation   and
              filtration

More   sophisticated  end-of-pipe   treatment  levels  involving activated
carbon or ozone added to  above  levels  were evaluated   technically   but
were   not   considered in  establishing  the  BAT level  of control  because
they  are too  costly relative  to  the  resulting benefits.
                                  446
-------
Based on analyses of these control options, the  Agency  has  selected
LEVEL  2  for  Woven  Fabric Finishing (all subdivisions), Knit Fabric
Finishing (except the Hosiery Products Subdivision), Carpet Finishing,
Stock & Yarn Finishing, and Nonwoven Manufacturing, LEVEL 4  for  Wool
Scouring, Wool Finishing, and the Hosiery Products Subdivision of Knit
Fabric  Finishing,  and  LEVEL  1  for Felted Fabric Processing as the
basis for BAT effluent limitations.  For Wool Scouring, the technology
includes dissolved air flotation in place of filtration because of the
nature of the solids.

The current level  of  treatment,  BPT,  properly  operated  and  with
appropriate  in-plant  control measures or preliminary treatment, will
permit some mills in the industry to  comply  with  the  BAT  effluent
limitations  without   instituting  additional  end-of-pipe  treatment.
Some mills, on the other hand, may find  it  necessary  or  more  cost
effective  to  go  to a higher treatment level in order to comply with
BAT effluent limitations.

BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

Subcateqory 1 - Wool Scouring

                      Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of raw grease wool

Pollutant or            Maximum for         Average of daily values
Pollutant Property      any one day         for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
36.3
10.9
0.002
0.01
0.01
0.02
2400
24.6
6.3
0.001
0.006
0.006
0.01
1500
                                 447
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Subcateqory 2 - Wool Finishing


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color


Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)
82.4
11.0
0.032
0.26
0.26
0.52
190
56.2
6.4
0.018
0.14
0.14
0.28
120
Subcateqory 3 - Low Water Use Processing

This subcategory is excluded from BAT effluent limitations.


Subcategorv 4a - Woven Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive  days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
33.1
3.4
0.005
0.07
0.07
0.14
340
22.6
2.0
0.003
0.04
0.04
0.08
220
                                  448
-------
Subcategory 4b - Woven Fabric Finishing. Complex Processinq
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
 38.1
  4.7
  0.013
  0.08
  0.08
  0.16
  340
          26.0
           2.7
           0.008
           0.04
           0.04
           0.08
           220
Subcategory 4c - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processinq Plus Desizinq
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color


Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)
49.9
6.2
0.012
0.10
0.10
0.20
340
34.0
3.6
0.007
0.06
0.06
0.11
220
                                 449
-------
Subcateqorv 5a - Knit Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color {ADMI units)
 64.6
  5.2
  0.018
  0.12
  0.12
  0.24
  340
          44.0
           3.0
           0.010
           0.07
           0.07
           0.14
           220
Subcateqorv 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing

                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
41.1
5.0
0.011
0.08
0.08
0.15
340
28.0
2.9
0.006
0.04
0.04
0.08
220
                                  450
-------
Subcateqory 5c - Knit Fabric Finishing, Hosiery Products


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


COD                           47.7                    32.5
TSS                            7.0                     4.0
Total Phenol                   0,006                   0.003
Total Chromium                 0.06                    0.03
Total Copper                   0.06                    0.03
Total Zinc                     0.12                    0.07
Color (ADMI units)             190                     120


Subcateqory 6 - Carpet Finishing


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color


Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)
23.8
3.0
0.010
0.04
0.04
0.08
340
16.3
1.8
0.006
0.02
0.02
0.05
220
                                 451
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Subcateqory 7 - Stock & Yarn Finishing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
 24.7
  2.7
  0.013
  0.09
  0.09
  0.18
  340
          16.8
           1.6
           0.008
           0.05
           0.05
           0.10
           220
Subcateqory 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color {ADMI units)
39.8
3.3
0.002
0.04
0.04
0.07
340
27.1
1.9
0.001
0.02
0.02
0.04
220
                                  452
-------
 Subcateoory  9  -  Felted  Fabric  Processing


                             Effluent Limitations,  kg/kkg  of product

    i      ฐr                Maximum for    Average of daily values
    lutant Property           any one day    for  30  consecutive days
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color


Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMX units)
143.0
62.0
0.05
0.19
0.19
0.38
380
97. 0
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0.03
0. 11
0. 11
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0.21
v * ** A-
240
METHODOLOGY USED TO DEVELOP BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The  rationale  and  method  used   in  developing  the  BAT   effluent
limitations are described below.

Rationale

The  current  wastewater  management practices of the textile industry
were investigated and the performances of existing  BPT  systems  were
evaluated  in detail,  it was found that many such systems are capable
of controlling conventional, non-conventional,  and  toxic  pollutants
when  properly  designed,  operated,  and maintained and when in-plant
controls are provided as necessary to prevent overload or other  abuse
of  the end-of-pipe treatment facilities.  The available data indicate
that many BPT systems are currently discharging effluent  levels  that
could not be significantly improved without resorting to sophisticated
a?u  VSSฃ costlv treatment technologies.  The data also show that some
other BPT systems in the textile industry either almost  achieve  such
effluent  quality  or  achieve  it  intermittently.  In light of these
findings,  the  Agency  has  concluded  that  BPT,  when   functioning
optimally  or  when  upgraded  by  the  application  of  filtration or
chemical coagulation, or both,  constitutes BAT.  In other words,   many
textile  mills  are  capable  of  meeting the BAT effluent limitations
without additional end-of-pipe technology.   Through  the  use  of  in-
plant  measures,  as described in Section VII, and through improvements
in the operation and/or design of the  BPT  systems,   such  mills  can
                                 453
-------
consistently  provide  control  of all conventional, non-conventional,
and toxic pollutants.

It is also recognized that a number  of  textile  mills  may  find  it
necessary  or cost-effective to implement additional treatment to meet
the BAT effluent  limitations.   Because  of  variations  among  mills
within  the  same  subcategory  of  the  textile industry, not all can
benefit equally from the application  of  the  same  in-plant  control
measures  and  end-of-pipe treatment technologies.  In order to permit
flexibility in meeting the BAT effluent  limitations,  more  than  one
alternative  is  considered  to  be  appropriate,  depending  upon the
requirements of individual  mills.   The  alternative  unit  treatment
processes,  filtration  and  chemical  coagulation,  provide different
methods of removing the same principal target pollutant; namely,  TSS.
Both  processes have been used in the industry to upgrade BPT systems,
and both have  been  demonstrated  at  full-scale  or  in  pilot-plant
studies, or both, in all subcategories of the industry except Nonwoven
Manufacturing   (Subcategory   8)   and   Felted   Fabric   Processing
(Subcategory 9).

Method

The Agency developed the effluent  limitations   in  a  building  block
fashion  by  engineering  analysis  using   full-scale  and pilot-scale
treatability data.   First, median BPT  effluent   concentration   levels
were  established for the conventional and  non-conventional pollutants
for each subcategory and internal subdivisions of subcategories  (Table
V-9).  Long-term data were  available  from NPDES  permit  monitoring
reports  and   the   industry   survey  questionnaires.   Second, separate
statistical analyses were carried out for BOD5,  COD, TSS,  color,  and
total  phenol  at   selected,  well-operated textile   waste   treatment
facilities  to  determine the normal and   seasonal  variability   of  the
data.   A   summary   of these  analyses  is provided in Table IX-1, which
presents  the median average month,  maximum month,  and maximum  day
long-term   monitoring values  for  the mills  reporting such data  and the
medians of  the calculated  maximum  month/average  month and  maximum
day/average day  ratios  for  these  mills.    The  median BPT effluent
concentration  values were  adjusted  by the   median   maximum   month/
average   month value  for  each  pollutant.    The  concentrations were
converted  to mass loadings  (kg/kkg of  finished   product) by  applying
the   median water   usage  values for  each subcategory (Table  V-l)  to
provide  the basis for the 30-day  average limitations.   The  basis   for
the   maximum   daily limitations was  application of  specific factors  to
the  30-day average  limitations  that  were determined  by  dividing   the
median    maximum  day/average  month   values  by  the   median  maximum
month/average  month values   in  Table   IX-1.     Finally,    effluent
limitations  based  on the BAT option  selected  were calculated for both
the  30-day average  and maximum day  by application of median   treatment
performance  values  established  from the  results of  the EPA/Industry
                                  454
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Pilot  Plant  Research  Project.    Statistical   summaries   of   the
performance   data   are  presented  in  Table  IX-2  for  multi-media
filtration and Table IX-3 for  chemical  coagulation  and  multi-media
filtration.

REGULATED POLLUTANTS

Non-conventional Pollutants

The  non-conventional pollutants limited by BAT are color, as measured
by  the  ADMI  procedure,  and  COD.   These  pollutants  can  produce
detrimental  effects  in  receiving  waters and are limited to prevent
such effects.  Color limitations are expressed in standard ADMI units.

High color levels in textile mill  discharges  result  primarily   from
dyes  and  printing  pastes,  except   in Subcategory 1, Wool Scouring.
Dyes comprise a wide variety of chemical structures and their behavior
is dependent upon environmental conditions.  Because of their variety,
there is no single treatment process that will control  color   in  all
textile mill wastewaters.  Limited data from the sampling program  show
activated  carbon  adsorption   to be most effective in reducing color.
Filtration is generally  ineffective, while  chemical  coagulation  has
been  found  to be effective, but not  in all applications.  Mills  with
severe color problems will have to develop  suitable control measures.

Toxic Pollutants

The  toxic  pollutants expressly  controlled for  direct  dischargers  in
each  subcategory  are   "total  phenol,"  and  the  following metallic
priority pollutants:  total  chromium,  total copper,  and   total   zinc.
These  pollutants  are   subject  to  numerical  limitations expressed  in
kilograms  per  thousand  kilograms  (kg/kkg) of product   (lbs/1000  Ibs).
Since  the  Agency   has  adopted   the   control of TSS  as  an  indicator
pollutant" as  the  basis for  controlling toxic  pollutants,  no  effluent
 limitations   are  recommended for  any toxic  pollutants  other than those
 listed here.

 "Total phenol"  is  measured by  the  4-aminoantipyrine   method  (4AAP).
 This method  measures   the  simple  phenol present,  plus fractions of
 other specific substituted  phenols,   such   as  2,4,6-trichlorophenoi.
 While  pentachlorophenol  does  not  respond  to this  test, the Agency
 concludes that when  both total phenol  and  TSS  are  controlled,   this
 compound and other compounds resistant to rapid biodegradation will be
 controlled as well.

 Total   chromium,   total  copper,   and total zinc are regulated because
 they were detected at relatively high concentrations in the raw wastes
 at some  textile mills.   Other metallic toxic  pollutants  detected  at
 lower  concentrations and generally less frequently included antimony.
                                  456
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                               TABLE  IX-2
             STATISTICAL  SUMMARY  - TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
                         MULTI-MEDIA  FILTRATION
                        No. of
Pollutant Parameter     Plants*    Minimum    Maximum    Average    Median
BOD5
Effluent, mg/1
Removal, %
COD
Effluent, mg/1
Removal , %
. T-SS
Effluent, mg/1
Removal, %
Color
Effluent, ADMI units
Removal, %
Total Phenol
Effluent, mg/1
Remova 1 , %

14
14

14
14

14
14

12
12

3
3

3
7

55
0

4
19

97
0

0.04
7

23
79

630
40

85
92

384
44

0.08
33

10
34

'210
20

18
59

208
10

0.058
24

8.5
27

109
23

11
67

188
5

0.053
33


(25)#


(20)//


(65)//


(10)#


(30)//
* Number of mills for which treatment performance data were obtained
  for the pollutant parameter.
# Removal values used in calculating effluent limitations.
                                  457
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                              TABLE IX-3
           STATISTICAL SUMMARY - TREATMENT PERFORMANCE DATA
           CHEMICAL COAGULATION PLUS MULTI-MEDIA FILTRATION
No. of
Pollutant Parameter Plants*
BODS
Effluent, mg/1
Removal, %
rirn
\j\JLt
Effluent, mg/1
Removal, %
TSS
Effluent, mg/1
Removal, %
Color
Effluent, ADMI units
Removal, %
Total Phenol
Effluent, mg/1
Removal, %

10
10

10
10

10
10
9
9
3
3
Minimum

2
45

67
16

2
24
55
0
0.03
50
Maximum

31
85

807
85

102
99
626
73
0.054
69
Average

10
66

208
46

23
70
199
43
0.041
58
Median
6c
.5
66

134
48

11
72
168
58
0.04
55

(65)#

(45)#

(75)#
(50)#
(55)#
* Number of mills for which treatment performance data were obtained
  for the pollutant parameter.
# Removal values used in calculating effluent limitations.
                                   458
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 arsenic,   cadmium,   lead,   mercury,   nickel,   selenium,   and   silver.
 Treatment  processes that  are effective for chromium,  copper,  and zinc
 may not be completely effective for  the other  metals   in  all  cases
 especially  when  present   at  high  concentrations.  Due to the varied
 nature of the textile industry and the necessarily limited  extent  of
 the  screening  and  verification sampling programs, these unregulated
 metallic  pollutants may be  a  problem  at  some  textile  mills,  and
 limitations at the local level may be required.
 Indicator  Pollutant
 The   ^^i^1!:165   of   toxic   Pollutant   analyses for other toxics has
 prompted  EPA to  propose a   new  method  of   regulating  certain  toxic
 pollutants.    For   certain  toxic pollutants,  for  which historical data
 are  limited  and  inexpensive analytical methods  are not well developed
 Soo  IS  P5ฐPฐsing numerical  limitations for  the  "indicator   pollutant,"
 "?ซ*-,.  I      ?K  avai!able  to   the   Agency revealed  that when this
  indicator pollutant"  is controlled,  the concentrations of  toxic   pol-
 lutants are  significantly lower  than  when the "indicator pollutant"  is
 present in high  concentrations.

 EPA 's  consideration   of "indicator"  limitations  was brought to the
 attention of Congress  during  the formative  stages of the Clean  Water
  11   -4.   II'   3Lthat time' EPA was examining  several techniques  to
 alleviate the   difficulties   of lengthy  and  expensive    analytical
 procedures.   The proposed alternate "indicator" limitations serve that
 purpose.   This  method of toxics regulation obviates the difficulties,
 nigh  costs,  and  delays of monitoring  and analyses  that would  result
 from  limitations solely on  the toxic  pollutants.
^lev S"?  in  the.  APPendix   is a  list of  toxic pollutants  that were
detected  in treated effluents  in concentrations greater  than  available
analytical  detection   limits.   The Agency concludes    that   these
pollutants  will  be  effectively  controlled  by   limitation of   the
 indicator pollutant" even though the toxics (other than total  phenol
and  the  above listed metals)  are not expressly regulated  by  numerical
limitations.

The toxic pollutants regulated by the   "indicator  pollutant"   include
all of the volatile (purgeable) organics, some of the acid extractable
organic compounds, the base-neutral extractable organic compounds, and
the inorganic compounds.

Effective control of suspended solids has been shown to provide reduc-
tions   of  toxic  inorganic  pollutants  and  certain  toxic  organic
compounds.  Control of TSS is, therefore,  an  indicator  for  certain
toxic  pollutants,  in  addition  to being a conventional pollutant of
major concern.
                                 459
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It should be noted that the "indicator pollutant" TSS is classified as
a "conventional" pollutant under  Section  304{a)(4)  of  the  Act  or
proposed  regulations.   Where  conventional  pollutants  are  used as
"indicator pollutants" for toxic pollutants, BAT limitations for these
pollutants  have  been  established   to   assure   installation   and
performance  of  waste  treatment  technology that is adequate for the
removal of toxic pollutants.

SIZE, AGE, PROCESSES EMPLOYED, LOCATION OF FACILITIES

The textile industry includes operations ranging in  size  from  small
shops   to   large   complexes   with  thousands  of  employees.   The
manufacturing processes employed are determined  by  the  fiber  types
(raw  materials), final products, and the type of finishing operations
used.   These  process-related  factors  have  been   considered   and
incorporated  into  the  subcategorization.  The processes employed in
different sized textile mills within each subcategory are  essentially
the  same.   The  industry  has generally modernized its equipment and
facilities as new methods that are economically attractive  have  been
introduced.  No relationship between size and age and the constitutive
characteristics  of  the wastewaters within each subcategory was found
to exist, as described in detail in Section IV.  Facilities located in
cold climates can employ the same control  technologies  as  those  in
warmer  climates  by   incorporating well established design principles
and operating procedures to  compensate  for  the   effects  of  winter
conditions on biological and physico-chemical treatment systems.

In  summary,  the  factor  of  processes  employed   is  included in the
subcategorization.   The  factors  of  size,  age,   and  location   of
facilities   do   not  affect  the  technology   that  can  be  applied
effectively  in each subcategory.

ENGINEERING  ASPECTS   OF  BEST   AVAILABLE   TECHNOLOGY   ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE

The  characteristics  of the wastewaters  from the various subcategories
of the  textile  industry are described  in Section V.  Because  there   is
diversity  in   raw materials, processing methods, process control, and
final products,  there are  variations  in  raw wastewater  characteristics
among   mills within   each  subcategory.    Despite   these   variations,
textile  mill   wastewaters  are  generally  susceptible  to treatment  by
biological  systems designed to  accommodate  the  characteristics of  the
particular  mill  where applied.

The  overall  approach  in developing  BAT was  to  use biological  treatment
 (BPT)   as  the   base.    Its performance would  be optimized  through in-
plant   control    measures,    additional    preliminary    treatment   as
 appropriate,  and  improved  control   and   operation  of   the existing
 biological   system   components.    Additional    end-of-pipe    treatment
                                  460
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technologies would be employed only as required.  Since filtration and
chemical  coagulation  overlap  in  terms  of target pollutants, it is
expected that relatively few mills will need to install both processes
to meet the BAT effluent limitations.

In-Plant Control Measures and Process Changes

In-plant control measures are described in detail in Section VII.  In-
plant  process  changes  that  reduced  the  wastewater  quantity   or
pollutant  loading  have  been  implemented  at  many mills for purely
economic  reasons,  with  the  side  benefit  of  improved  wastewater
quality.   Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) recovery and reuse is an example of
such  decision-making  within  the  industry.   Other   examples   are
countercurrent   flows   in   rinsing   operations,   substitution  of
alternatives for chromium-based dyes, and  pressurized  dyeing  baths,
all  of  which have been used successfully within the industry.  Other
measures, such as segregation of concentrated waste streams to  permit
separate  preliminary  treatment or reuse and scheduling of production
to distribute waste loadings, may find appropriate applications in the
industry.  Many textile mills  can  also  benefit  significantly  from
improved   housekeeping,   better   control   of   spills  and  dumps,
installation of preliminary flow equalization, and closer  control  of
treatment   facility   operation   by   providing  additional   trained
personnel.

Many textile mills have implemented one or more of the above  measures
beneficially, providing demonstrative evidence of their applicability.
However, not all mills can implement all such measures because  of dif-
ferences  in  production  methods  and  site-specific characteristics.
Also, there are no such in-plant measures that are  obviously   lacking
in  most  mills   in  the  industry  or  in  any subcategory.  There is
evidence, however, that there are many mills that could  benefit  more
from  implementing  such  measures  than  from  installing end-of-pipe
technologies that are larger or  more  sophisticated  than  necessary.
One  area  that   has not yet received much attention is elimination or
reduction of toxic pollutants in  the  mill  wastewaters  through  raw
material substitution.

Existing End-of-Pipe Treatment Facilities

Over  the  years,  the  industry  has carried out much research on the
application of biological treatment to textile finishing  wastewaters.
The  system in most common use today is a sequence comprising screens,
aeration  basin,  and  secondary  clarification.    Equalization   for
approximately  24  hours  and/or  neutralization  prior to aeration is
included in many  systems.  The systems are basically  aerated   lagoons
with suspended solids recycle to provide the extended-aeration  mode of
the  activated  sludge  process.   A  relatively  wide range of design
criteria have been used, as documented in  Section  VII.   Theoretical
                                 461
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aeration  basin detention periods range from 1 to 6 or more days, with
about 3 days being  typical.   It  is  likely  that  actual  detention
periods  are shorter in many installations because of accumulations of
bottom solids that decrease the effective depth of the  basin.   Mixed
liquor  suspended solids typically range from 1,500 to 6,000 mg/1 and,
with the long detention periods (large  aeration  basin  volume),  the
theoretical  F:M  ratios  and  excess sludge production rates are very
low.  As noted  in  Section  VIII,  some  mills  reported  that  their
treatment  facilities  required  no regular sludge removal and wasting
program because "no excess sludge is produced."

While these biological treatment systems are relatively rugged and  do
not  require constant attention, they are subject to neglect and abuse
through  overloading.   Field   observations   confirmed   that   many
facilities  are not properly designed, operated, or maintained, and it
is evident that better treatment results would accrue from improvement
of these aspects.  Upgrading of existing systems and the provision  of
closer  operating  controls and scheduled maintenance programs will be
both beneficial and  necessary  in  order  that  additional  treatment
components  function  effectively  and economically.  Simply appending
new treatment components to BPT facilities  that  are  not  performing
effectively  may not solve the problem.  It is likely that problems in
the new units will dictate that upstream  improvements  be  made.   In
essence,  it  is  important  that  existing facilities be brought into
optimal operational condition  before  designing  and  installing  new
components.

As  noted  above,  it is expected that many mills will be able to meet
the BAT effluent limitations without  providing  additional  treatment
technologies.   The  two treatment technologies that are available are
filtration and chemical coagulation.   There  is  evidence  that  some
mills cannot use filtration because the TSS levels  in the BPT effluent
are  too  high  for effective operation of the filters.  There is also
some limited evidence that the conventional chemical coagulants do not
always work effectively because of the chemical characteristics of the
wastewaters  from  some  mills.    Either   filtration   or   chemical
coagulation has been the choice to date among most  of the mills in the
industry  that  have  implemented  treatment levels beyond BPT.  These
technologies have also been demonstrated in several  other  industrial
point source categories.

Filtration

Filtration  is  a  unit process that has been used  for many decades in
the water supply field.   In  recent  years,  it  has  seen   increased
application  for polishing secondary municipal treatment effluents and
wastewaters from steel  mills,  grain  processing   plants,  and  other
industries.   Ten direct dischargers in the textile industry currently
include some form of filtration in their waste  treatment  facilities.
                                 462
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Filtration   functions  to reduce  suspended solids  (TSS).  Some fraction
of   the  BOD5  and  the  COD   comprises  suspended  solids  and  these
parameters   are also reduced by  filtration.  Certain dissolved organic
compounds may become associated  with  the  suspended  solids  and   be
removed  also,  further  reducing  the BOD5 and the COD.  At this time,
information  is generally lacking by which to document or  explain   the
removal of dissolved organic constituents by filtration.  Such factors
as   removal   mechanisms,  optimal  conditions,  and  the  nature   of
interferences make reliable predictions  impractical at this time.

Based  on  the   filtration    data  available,   generally   positive
correlations  were  found between  control of the  "indicator pollutant"
TSS  and control of the significant  organic  toxic  pollutants.    Two
exceptions  were  the  pollutants  chloroform  and  trichloroethylene.
Plain filtration was not found to  be effective for reducing relatively
low  concentrations of  metallic toxic pollutants.  Data from  municipal
wastewater  treatment  facilities indicate that high removals of metals
are  achieved when TSS  removals are very  high.  It  seems  likely  that
the  metals  in  textile mill  wastewaters that pass through filtration
are  largely  in dissolved forms and, therefore, beyond the capacity   of
the  filter.   Removal  of  these  metals  would require precipitation
followed by sedimentation and/or filtration.

Filtration systems  that  backwash automatically  are  common  today.
While  filters  are  somewhat  more  sophisticated  mechanically  than
aerated-lagoon activated  sludge  systems,  they  lend  themselves   to
relatively  routine  operations  schedules.  The addition of filtration
to existing well-operated biological  treatment  facilities  need   not
require a substantial  elevation  of operational skills.  With training.
existing  operators  in the industry should be able to operate filters
successfully.

Chemical Coagulation

Chemical coagulation has also  been used  for decades in  the "treatment
of   turbid  water  supplies  for   municipalities.  At.least six direct
dischargers in the textile industry are  currently employing some  form
of   chemical  coagulation.    Several  other  facilities add coagulants
ahead of or at the final  clarifiers  of  their  biological  treatment
systems  to increase solids removal.  The principal target of chemical
coagulation is the group of finely divided suspended solids  known  as
colloids.    The  added  chemicals  cause  these solids to aggregate into
larger particles that can be removed effectively by  sedimentation  or
filtration,   or  both.   The proper dosages of chemicals are determined
empirically   to   match   the   fluctuations   in   the    wastewater
characteristics.    The  proper  dosage is critical for success because
too  little or too much chemical will  result  in  failure  to  produce
coagulation.    With  polyelectrolytes,   the  critical  dosage range is
relatively  narrow,   compared  to  those  for  the  more   traditional
                                 463
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coagulants such as alum, iron salts, and lime.  Because of the complex
of  variables  that  influence  the  coagulation  phenomenon  and  the
required knowledge  of  chemistry,  this  treatment  process  is  more
sophisticated than filtration, and greater operator training and skill
are required.

Much  of  the  work  on  coagulation  of  textile mill wastewaters has
focused on the use of alum as the primary coagulant.  This chemical is
generally less effective than lime or iron  salts   in  removing  heavy
metals from wastewaters.  Where metals pose a more  significant problem
than  organic  toxic  pollutants,  consideration  should  be  given to
coagulants other than alum.  The  use  of  lime  as  a  coagulant  may
elevate  the  pH  to levels that will make subsequent treatment, e.g.,
recarbonation, necessary.  The use of polyelectrolytes,  or  polymers,
in coagulation and filtration is  increasing markedly.  These chemicals
offer  the  advantage  of  much  smaller dosages and smaller resulting
sludge volumes.  Today,  polymers  can  often  be   formulated  to  fit
specific applications.

Based  on  limited  coagulation  data  available,   generally  positive
correlations were found for the control of metallic toxic  pollutants
with  the control of TSS.  Correlations were  not as good for organ!cs,
especially chloroform and trichloroethylene.  Available data  for  the
combination  of  coagulation  plus  filtration show generally positive
correlations for the control of metallic and  organic toxic  pollutants
with the control of TSS.

NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPACT

Currently,   textile mills are classified as major sources of hazardous
wastes,  the  principal  component  being  sludges   from   wastewater
treatment  facilities.   Data   are  lacking   by which  to determine the
extent of the problem.   Implementation of BAT will, in  general,  result
in more  sludge  being   generated,  although  in  varying   amounts  at
different  mills.    In-plant  measures to eliminate or  segregate toxic
pollutants from  the major wastewater discharge may  be  feasible  at some
mills, thereby resulting in  a non-hazardous classification  for  most of
the wastewater treatment sludge at  these mills.

No  significant  change in   atmospheric  quality   in   terms   of  air
emissions, noise,  or  radiation  will result  from  implementation  of BAT.
It  is   suspected   that some existing BPT  facilities  release  volatile
organic  compounds  to  the atmosphere by air  stripping in  the   aeration
basin  of  biological   systems.   This phenomenon  has not  been  measured
directly and is  not  unique  to this  industrial point source  category.

The estimated energy  requirements in  implementing BAT  range from  0.02
to  0.03  percent  of  current mill usage  for filtration and  from 0.2  to
                                  464
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0.5 percent for chemical  coagulation  or  chemical  coagulation  plus
filtration.

Sludge Management

As  noted above and discussed in Section VIII, the production of waste
sludge in BPT treatment systems ranges widely.   Some  mills  have  no
recognized sludge generation while others use mechanical stabilization
and  dewatering  systems  to  process  large  quantities of sludge for
disposal.  There is no standard sludge management system in use  today
in the textile industry.

The  addition  of  filtration  will  impact  existing  sludge programs
differently.  For mills with very low  sludge  production  rates,  the
solids  in  the  filter backwash can be returned to the system via the
secondary clarifier with no  appreciable  change  required  in  sludge
management  practices.   It  is  likely  that  some mills periodically
discharge undetected excessive TSS levels in their BPT effluents.  The
installation of filters would tend to prevent  this,  and  such  mills
might  find  that  a  sludge management system would be required.  For
mills  with  existing  sludge  handling  systems,  the   addition   of
filtration  should  not  generally  result  in  significantly  greater
quantities of sludge to be handled.

The application of chemical coagulation to BPT systems  will  generate
significantly more sludge in almost all cases.  In addition to the TSS
removed,  the  added  chemicals and certain background constituents of
the water will be removed in the form  of  sludge.   Chemical  sludges
differ  from  those  from biological systems, and ,common processing of
both may not be feasible in all cases.   Chemical  sludges  are  often
difficult  to  dewater;  alum  sludge being generally more troublesome
than lime sludge.  The use of  chemical  coagulation  will  require  a
sludge management program in almost all cases.

In  Section  VIII,  model  plant  costs were developed on the basis of
using vacuum filtration  to  dewater  sludges  prior  to  disposal  in
sanitary  landfills.   Such  a  sludge  processing  system will not be
feasible either technically or economically for many textile mills.  A
major consideration that will influence the choice  of  sludge  system
will  be the flexibility of disposal allowed for sludges classified as
hazardous waste under  the  Resource  Conservation  and  Recovery  Act
(RCRA).   Even  without  this  aspect,  however,  there are many site-
specific factors that  must  be  considered  in  developing  a  sludge
management  program  for a particular textile mill.  The type and size
of the treatment facility will be of major importance.  Other  factors
include  the  availability  of  land  and  the proximity and nature of
disposal sites.  Some mills may be able to dispose of small quantities
of sludge without dewatering.  Other mills may be  able  to  use  sand
drying beds or storage lagoons effectively.   Others may use relatively
                                 465
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sophisticated  digestion  and  mechanical  dewatering  units  prior to
disposal.  Presently, only a few mills  dispose  of  their  sludge  on
agricultural  or  other lands, but this practice is becoming a popular
alternative.  In summary, sludge management problems  must  be  solved
individually at each mill location by selecting from among the variety
of alternatives that are available.

TOTAL COST OF APPLICATION

Based  on  the  cost information in Section VIII, the total investment
and associated total annualized costs for the  direct  dischargers  in
the  industry  to achieve the recommended BAT effluent limitations are
estimated to be $48 and $21 million, respectively.  EPA has determined
that  these  costs  will  most  likely  be  incurred  by  214   direct
dischargers.   The  remaining  25  mills  are currently achieving BAT.
This estimate is based on data which indicates that 18 mills have  BAT
technology  in-place  and  7  mills  are  currently achieving BAT with
biological treatment.

This investment would reduce the discharge of conventional pollutants,
non-conventional pollutants, and toxic pollutants that  are  found  in
the   wastewaters   of   textile   mills   to  the  required  effluent
concentrations with a high degree  of confidence.

GUIDANCE TO ENFORCEMENT  PERSONNEL

Chromium, copper, and zinc are metallic  toxic pollutants  specifically
regulated   by BAT.  Antimony, arsenic, cadmium,  lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, and silver are metallic  toxic  pollutants  that were typically
identified  at low concentrations  in  textile  plant   raw  and  treated
effluents   but,  because of  their  general nature,  common usage,  and
frequency of detection,  may be a  problem at some textile  mills.   It is
recommended that   EPA   regional,   state,  and   municipal enforcement
personnel investigate the presence of  these metals  and  determine  their
levels.   The   following tabulation provides the average BPT  effluent
cpncentrations  of these  pollutants based on the  results of  the   field
sampling program   and   offers   guidance  as  to recommended allowable
discharge levels.   These levels  should be used   to   determine  whether
additional   effluent limitations  are appropriate for  individual  direct
dischargers.

          Metal                Typical Concentration,  uq/1

          Antimony                         100
          Arsenic                          80
          Cadmium                          30
          Lead                              60
          Mercury                           0.4
          Nickel                           80
          Selenium                         40
          Silver                           40
                                  466
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                              SECTION X

                EFFLUENT REDUCTION ATTAINABLE BY BEST
              CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY

The  1977  amendments  added  Section   301(b)(2){E)   to   the   Act,
establishing  "best  conventional  pollutant control technology" (BCT)
for discharges of conventional  pollutants  from  existing  industrial
point  sources.   Conventional pollutants are those defined in Section
304(a>(4> - BOD, TSS, fecal coliform, and  pH  -  and  any  additional
pollutants defined by the Administrator as "conventional."

BCT  is not an additional limitation, but replaces BAT for the control
of  conventional  pollutants.   BCT  requires  that  limitations   for
conventional   pollutants  be  assessed  in  light  of  a  new  "cost-
reasonableness" test, which involves a  comparison  of  the  cost  and
level  of  reduction  of conventional pollutants from the discharge of
POTW to the cost and level of reduction  of  such  pollutants  from  a
class  or  category of industrial sources.  The Agency promulgated its
cost test methodology on August 29, 1979 (See 44 FR 50732).

The Agency is proposing that the conventional "indicator  pollutants,"
used  for control of toxic pollutants, be treated as toxic pollutants.
That is, effluent limitations will be  established  for  them  at  BAT
levels,  and those limitations will not have to pass the BCT cost test
normally required for conventional pollutants.  When a permittee in  a
specific  case  can show that the waste stream does not contain any of
the toxic pollutants that a BAT limitation  on  a  conventional  toxic
indicator  was designed to remove, then that limitation will no longer
be treated as a limitation on a  toxic  pollutant.   The  technologies
identified  as  BAT for control of toxic pllutants also afford removal
of conventional pollutants to BAT levels.   Whether  or  not  the  BAT
effluent  levels  are  reasonable  by  the BCT cost test, they are the
levels of conventional pollutants that will be  achieved  by  the  BAT
control technologies required for the reduction of toxic pollutants.

EPA  determined the cost of reduction of BOD5 and TSS for the selected
treatment alternatives for each model plant developed for the  textile
industry.   These  costs,  which  are presented in Table X-l, show the
estimated dollars required to remove one pound of BOD5. plus TSS  using
the  selected  treatment  alternatives.   The figures are based on the
total annual costs and  estimated  pollutant  removals  developed  and
shown  in the BATEA Model Plant Control Cost Summary Tables in Section
v j. j. j..

The  Agency  applied  the  BCT  methodology  and  concluded  that  BCT
limitations   based  on  multi-media  filtration  (BAT  LEVEL  2)  are
reasonable for larger  plants  in  the  Woven  Fabric  Finishing  (all
subdivisions),  Knit  Fabric  Finishing  (except  the Hosiery Products
                                 467
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                               TABLE X-l
COST OF REDUCTION OF BOD5 + TSS FOR THE SELECTED TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
Subcategory
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4a
4a
4a
4b
4b
4b
4c
4c
4c
5a
5a
5a
5b
5b
5b
5c
5c
Flow
(mgd)
0.05
0.11
0.25
0.6
1.5
3.0
0.11
0.25
0.11
0.6
1.5
0.6
3.0
5.0
0.6
1.5
3.0
0.25
1.0
3.0
0.25
0.6
1.0
0.05
0.11
Treatment Alternative
C B D
($/lb of BOD5 + TSS removed)
-
-
_
-
-
3.69
2.10
4.18
1.40
0.87
1.40
0.63
0.51
1.40
0.87
0.63
2.27
1.01
0.60
2.27
1.34
1.04
_

-
-
2.18
1.31
0.98
7.22
3.74
10.98
3.29
1.96
3.29
1.48
1.27
3.29
1.96
1.48
6.08
2.53
1.56
6.08
3.47
2.53
23.11
11.62
0.69
0.38
0.24
1.72
1.08
0.82
5.48
3.06
7.25
2.39
1.51
2.39
liI5 -
0,96
2.39
1.51
1.15
4.06
1.80
1.15
4.06
2.39
1.80
13.52
7.28
Alternative C = Multi-Media Filtration
Alternative B = Chemical Coagulation
Alternative D = Chemical Coagulation + Multi-Media Filtration
                (Chemical Coagulation + Dissolved Air Flotation for
                Subcategory 1)
                                   468
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TABLE X-l  (Cont.)
Flow
Subcategory (mgd)
6 0.25
6 0.6
6 1.5
7 0.25
7 0.6
7 1.0
7 1.5
Treatment Alternative
C B D
($/lb of BOD5 + TSS removed)
1.43
0.85
0.52
2.96
1.74
1.31
1.08
2.89
1.65
0.98
7.07
4.03
2.94
2.41
2.22
1.31
0.82
5.02
2.95
2.22
1.86
                    0.11

                    0.11
                    0.25
1.78
4.41
               3.87
               2.03
2.99

2.55
1.43
Alternative C = Multi-Media Filtration
Alternative B = Chemical Coagulation
Alternative D = Chemical Coagulation + Multi-Media Filtration
                (Chemical Coagulation -f Dissolved Air Flotation for
                Subcategory 1)
                                   469
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Subdivision), Carpet Finishing, Stock & Yarn Finishing,  and  Nonwoven
Manufacturing  subcategories.  For larger plants in the Wool Scouring,
Wool Finishing, Hosiery Products

Subdivision of Knit Fabric Finishing  subcategories,  BCT  limitations
based  on  chemical  coagulation plus multimedia filtration (dissolved
air flotation for Wool Scouring)  (BAT  LEVEL  4)  were  found  to  be
reasonable.   Using  a  POTW  cost  of $1.17 per pound of BOD5 and TSS
removed and curves plotted from the  data  in  Table  X-l,  wastewater
discharge  volumes  and  production  size equivalents of those volumes
were determined.  Plants with operating production sizes equal  to  or
greater  than  those  noted  in  the following tabulation pass the.BCT
"cost-reasonableness"   test.    Plants   having   smaller   operating
production sizes do not pass the test.

    Subcateqory                              Production Size, kkq/vr

Wool Scouring                                    3,300
Wool Finishing                                   5,800
Woven Fabric Finishing
  Simple Processing                             13,500
  Complex Processing                            12,200
  Complex Processing Plus Desizing               9,300
Knit Fabric Finishing
  Simple Processing                              7,200
  Complex Processing                            11,700
  Hosiery Products                              14,100
Carpet Finishing                                 9,500
Stock & Yarn Finishing                          16,400
Nonwoven Manufacturing                          28,300

The  Agency  is therefore proposing BCT effluent limitations at the BAT
LEVEL 2 and BAT LEVEL 4 technologies for plants with production  equal
to  or  greater  than these  values and at the existing BPT  limitations
for plants with production less than these values.  Since existing BPT
effluent limitations do not  exist  for  Nonwoven  Manufacturing,  the
limitations  for  production  sizes  less  than those  in the table are
based on the application of  extended-aeration  activated  sludge   (BAT
Level  1).   BCT  effluent limitations for plants  in the Low Water Use
Processing Subcategory are also based on BAT Level  1  technology  for
all production sizes and Felted Fabric Processing  Subcategory.
                                  470
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BCT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

Subcateqory 1 - Wool Scouring (less than 3,300 kkg/yr production)


                      Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of raw grease wool

Pollutant or            Maximum for         Average of daily values
Pollutant Property      any one day         for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                         10.6                     5.3
TSS                          32.2                    16.1
pH                         Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqorv 1 - Wool Scouring (3,300 kkg/yr production or greater)


                      Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of raw grease wool

Pollutant or            Maximum for         Average of daily values
Pollutant Property      any one day         for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          1.5                     0.9
TSS                          10.9                     6.3
pH                         Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqorv 2 - Wool Finishing  (less than 5,800 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                         22.4                   11.2
TSS                          35.2                   17.6
pH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
                                 471
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Subcateqorv 2 - Wool Finishing (5,800 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                         15.4                    8.9
TSS                          11.0                    6.4
pH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.


Subcateqorv 3 - Low Water Use Processing


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          1.4                    0.70
TSS                           1.4                    0.70
pH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqorv 4a - Woven Fabric Finishing/ Simple Processing
                (less than 13,500 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          6.6                     3.3
TSS                          17.8                     8.9
pH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0  at all  times
                                  472
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Subcateqory 4a - Woven Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing
                (13,500 kkg/yr production or greater)


      .;.;:••   ;                 Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          2.7                    1.6
TSS                           3.4                    2.0
pH  """"           Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqory 4b - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing
                (less than 12,200 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5     "                    6.6                     3.3
TSS                          17.8                     8.9
pH                          Within the  range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all  times
SubcateQory 4b - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing
                 (12,200 kkg/yr production or greater)
                             Effluent Limitations,  kg/kkg  of  product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily  values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for  30  consecutive  days


BODS     """"  ""                5.0                     2.0
TSS                            4.7                     2.7
pH                        Within the range  of  6.0 to 9.0 at all times
                                  473
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Subcateqory 4c - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing Plus Desizinq
                (less than 9,300 kkg/yr production)

                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          6.6                    3.3
TSS                          17.8                    8.9
pH                   Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqory 4c - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing Plus Desizinq

                (9,300 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD 5.                          6.6                    3.3
TSS                           6.2                    3.6
pH                           Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqory 5a - Knit Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing
                (less than 7,200 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          5.0                     2.5
TSS                          21.8                   10.9
pH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0  at all  times
                                  474
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Subcateqory 5a - Knit Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing
                (7,200 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          4.7                    2.5
TSS                           5.2                    3.0
PH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqory 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing
                (less than 11,700 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5.                          5.0                    2.5
TSS                          21.8                   10.9
PH                          Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcategory 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing
                (11,700 kkg/yr production or greater)

                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          3.9                    2.3
TSS                           5.0                    2.9
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
                                 475
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Subcateqory 5c - Knit Fabric Finishing, Hosiery Products
                (less than 14,100 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                         15.0                    8.7
TSS                          28.0                   16.0
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqorv 5c - Knit Fabric Finishing, Hosiery Products
                (14,100 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          5.3                    3.1
TSS                           7.0                    4.0
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqorv 6 - Carpet Finishing  (less than 9,500 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any  one day    for  30 consecutive days


BOD5                          7.8                    3.9
TSS                          11.0                    5.5
pH                        Within  the range of  6.0 to  9.0 at all  times
                                  476
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Subcateqory 6 - Carpet Finishing {9,500 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

                             Maximum for    Average of daily values
                             any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5.                          3.8                    2.2
TSS                           3.0                    1.8
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqory 7 - Stock & Yarn Finishing (less than 16,400 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          6.8                    3.4
TSS                          17.4                    8.7
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqory 7 - Stock & Yarn Finishing  (16,400 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                          2.3                    1.4
TSS                           2.7                    1.6
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
                                 477
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Subcateqorv 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing (less than 28,300 kkg/yr production)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BODS                    .      4.3                    2.5
TSS~                          9.3                    5.4
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqory 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing (28,300 kkg/yr production or greater)


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD 5.                          3.3                    1.9
TSS                           3.3                    1.9
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqorv 9 - Felted Fabric Processing


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or    '             Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5.                         23.1                   13.4
TSS                          62,0                   36.0
pH                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all  times
                                 478
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                              SECTION XI

                   NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

INTRODUCTION

The  basis  for  New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) under Section
306 of the Act is the best  available  demonstrated  technology.   New
plants  have  the  opportunity  to  design the best and most efficient
textile manufacturing processes and wastewater treatment technologies,
and,  therefore.  Congress  directed  EPA   to   consider   the   best
demonstrated   processes   and  operating  methods,  in-plant  control
measures, end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and  other  alternatives
that reduce pollution to the maximum extent feasible, including, where
practicable,  a  standard  permitting  no  discharge of pollutants.  A
major difference between NSPS and BAT is that the Act does not require
evaluation of NSPS in light of the BCT cost test.

IDENTIFICATION OF NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The technology for New Source Performance Standards utilizes secondary
biological treatment (BPT) as a basis for further  improvements.   BPT
is  defined  in  the earlier Development Document (1) and discussed in
Sections VII and IX of this report.  The in-plant control measures are
the same as those described in Section VII and noted in Section IX for
BAT.  In new sources, greater attention can be given to these  control
measures  in  conjunction with the design of processes, equipment, and
facility  and  in  operating  methods  and  schedules.    Technologies
available for NSPS include the following:

    LEVEL   1  -  Biological  treatment  (extended-aeration  activated
              sludge),

    LEVEL 2 -  Biological  treatment  plus  chemical  coagulation  and
              filtration,

    LEVEL  3  -  Segregate  toxic  pollutant  waste streams from other
              processrelated and non-process  related  waste  streams.
              Provide  chemical  coagulation,  filtration,  and carbon
              adsorption  for  toxic  pollutant  waste   streams   and
              biological treatment for other waste streams.

End-of-pipe  treatment  and  stream  segregation  involving biological
treatment  plus  filtration  and  activated   carbon   was   evaluated
technically  but  was not considered in establishing the NSPS level of
control because it did not provide adequate control  of  the  metallic
toxic pollutants.
                                 479
-------
Based  on  analyses  of these control options, the Agency has selected
LEVEL 2 for all subcategories.   For  Wool  Scouring,  the  technology
includes  dissolved air flotation in place of filtration becase of the
nature of the solids.

NSPS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

Subcateqorv 1 - Wool Scouring


                        Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of raw grease wool

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color
pH



Phenol
Chrom i urn
Copper
Zinc
-------
Subcategory 3 - Low Water Use Processing


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                             1.4                   0.7
COD                              2.8                   1.4
TSS                              1.4                   0.7
PH                      Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqory 4a - Woven Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color
PH



Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)

1.3
22.8
2.4
0.003
0.07
0.07
0.14
190
Within the range of
0.74
15.5
1.4
0.002
0.04
0.04
0.08
120
6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
                                 481
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Subcateqory 4b - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
     Maximum for
     any one day
Average of daily lvalues
for 30 consecutive days
BOD5
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
pH
        2.4
       26.2
        3.4
        0.008
        0.08
        0.08
        0.16
        190
          1.4
         17.9
          2.0
          0.005
          0.04
          0.04
          0.08
          120
Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqorv 4c - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing Plus Desizinq
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
     Maximum for
     any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units)
pH
3.1
34.3
4.4
0.008
0.10
0.10
0.20
190
Within the range of
1.8
23.4
2.6
0.005
0.06
0.06
0.11
120
6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
                                  482
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Subcateqory 5a - Knit Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color
pH



Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)

2.2
44.4
3.7
0.011
0.12
0.12
0.24
190
Within the range of
1.3
30.3
2.1
0.007
0.07
0.07
0.14
120
6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqory 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color



Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)
1.8
28.3
3.6
0.007
0.08
0.08
0.15
190
1.1
19.3
2.1
0.004
0.04
0.04
0.08
120
                        Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
                                 483
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Subcateqory 5c - Knit Fabric Finishing, Hosiery Products

                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


BOD5                            5.3                   3.1
COD                            47.7                  32.5
TSS                             7.0                   4.0
Total Phenol                    0.006                 0.003
Total Chromium                  0.06                  0.03
Total Copper                    0.06                  0.03
Total Zinc                      0.12                  0.07
Color (ADMI units)               190                  120
pH                      Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
Subcateqory 6 - Carpet Finishing


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for  30 consecutive days


BOD5.                            1.8                   1.0
COD                             16.4                   11.2
TSS                             2.2                   1.3
Total Phenol                    0.007                 0.004
Total Chromium                  0.04                  0.02
Total Copper                    0.04                  0.02
Total Zinc                      0.08                  0.05
Color (ADMI units)               190                  120
pH                      Within  the range of 6.0  to 9.0 at all times
                                  484
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Subcateqory 7 - Stock & Yarn Finishinq
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
     Maximum for
     any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color
PH



Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)

1.1
17.0
1.9
0.008
0.09
0.09
0.18
190
Within the range of
0.63
11.6
1.1
0.005
0.05
0.05
0.10
120
6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
Subcateqorv 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
     Maximum for
     any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total Phenol
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
Color (ADMI units
pH
        1.5
       27.3
        2.3
        0.001
        0.04
        0.04
        0.07
        190
          0.88
         18.6
          1.4
          0.0006
          0.02
          0.02
          0.04
          120
Within the range of 6.0 to 9.0 at all times
                                 485
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Subcateqory 9 - Felted Fabric Processing


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
BODS
COD
TSS
Total
Total
Total
Total
Color
pH



Phenol
Chromium
Copper
Zinc
(ADMI units)

8.1
78.5
15.7
0.024
0.19
0.19
0.38
190
Within the range of
4.7
53.5
9.1
0.014
0.11
0.11
0.21
120
6.0 to 9.0 at all times.
METHODOLOGY USED TO DEVELOP NSPS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The effluent limitations for NSPS were developed in a  building  block
fashion by engineering analysis similar to that used for BAT.  Because
of   the   variety   of   processes  and  equipment  available  within
subcategor i es, no speci f i c  in-plant  control  measures  or  operat ing
methods were included in establishing the limitations; although, waste
stream  segregation  was  considered  in LEVEL 3.  Both full-scale and
pilot-scale treatability data were used in developing the limitations.
Using  the  median  BPT  effluent   concentration   values   for   the
conventional  and  non-conventional pollutants (Methodology Section IX
and Table V-9) as a base, factors for  variability  (Table  IX-1)  and
treatment  performance  (Table  IX-3) were applied to arrive at 30-day
average and maximum day  concentrations  for  each  subcategory.   The
concentrations  were converted to mass loadings (kg/kkg of product) by
incorporating the median  water  usage  values  for  each  subcategory
(Table  V-l).   The  methodology  is  essentially  the  same  as  that
previously described in Section IX for the BAT limitations.

While it is recognized that improvements are available to new  sources
in  terms of both raw wastewater concentrations and water usage rates,
there  is  no  available  informat i on  by  wh i ch  to   quant i fy   such
improvements  for  typical new sources in general.  The use of median,
rather than average, values does, however,  reflect  generally  better
practices  by  reducing  the  influence  of  extremely high individual
values.
                                 486
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REGULATED POLLUTANTS

The non-toxic, non-conventional pollutants, the toxic pollutants,  and
the  "indicator  pollutant" regulated under NSPS are the same as those
regulated under BAT.  One exception is  pH,  which  is  not  regulated
under BAT.  These are discussed in Section IX of this report.


SIZE, AGE, PROCESSES EMPLOYED, LOCATION OF FACILITIES

The  aspects  of  size,  age, processes employed, and location for the
subcategories discussed for BAT apply to NSPS.  One aspect related  to
age  of  new  sources should be noted.  It is not unusual for existing
textile mills  to  incorporate  some  old  equipment  moved  from  old
facilities  into  newer  mills.   This  practice  can  be  expected to
continue to some degree and will tend to limit some new sources in the
incorporation of in-plant control measures to achieve NSPS.

ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

In designing new mills in the textile industry, the full  spectrum  of
available  in-plant  controls,  process  modifications,  and equipment
selections should be evaluated in  order  that  end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies   will   be   of   minimal   life-cycle   cost,   maximum
effectiveness, and  as  free  as  possible  of  operational  problems.
Measures   to   minimize   all  environmental  degradation  should  be
considered so that the impact of possible future  regulation  will  be
lessened.   A  careful  assessment  of  the in-plant controls, process
modifications, and operating methods together with  the  manufacturing
goals   for  the  new  facility  should  permit  planners  to  realize
substantial benefits.

At this time, there are many in-plant controls in use in  at  least  a
few mills that have not been applied across the industry.  As noted in
Section VII, the variety among mills makes complete utilization of all
such  measures  at an individual mill impossible.  There are also some
in-plant controls and new manufacturing  methods  that  are  currently
being  researched.   Some  of these involve new equipment developments
before they can be implemented at full-scale.  These steps are  not  a
new  trend  in  the  textile  industry  but  are  part  of  the normal
evolutionary process  that  is  common  to  most  industries.   It  is
expected  that these changes will continue and that more emphasis will
be  placed  on  changes  that  reduce  the  release  of  environmental
pollutants.   While  these improvements can be predicted generally, it
is not feasible to make accurate predictions  that  pinpoint  specific
gains in specific subcategories.

Since  the  NSPS  limitations apply immediately upon promulgation, the
benefits of possible future improvements cannot be included.  Instead,
                                 487
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best demonstrated technology that is currently available must be  used
as  the base.  The potential benefits of such manufacturing changes as
solvent (non-aqueous) processing or treatment  by  powdered  activated
carbon  or  steam  stripping  have  not  yet  been  demonstrated to be
generally available to the textile industry.

Zero Discharge

At this time, zero discharge of pollutants is not technically feasible
for the Textile Mills Point Source Category.  Many mills are moving to
conserve water through reuse, but there are  limitations  dictated  by
product  quality and production schedules.  Eventually, the water must
be discharged due to accumulation of dyes, dissolved salts, and  other
chemicals that would interfere with processing mechanisms if the water
were  used  again.   It is true that a limited number of textile mills
have been able to eliminate discharges  from  one  or  more  of  their
finishing  operations.   These  have been investigated and found to be
unique situations, and similar systems cannot be  implemented  by  all
other mills in the same subcategory.

For the foreseeable future, the textile industry will have to use end-
ofpipe  treatment,  rather than zero discharge, to control the release
of wastewater pollutants.

End-of-Pipe Treatment

The end-of-pipe treatment technologies that are currently available to
new sources include biological treatment,  chemical  coagulation,  and
filtration.   These  are  discussed in Section IX and that information
applies also to new sources.   The  discussion  of  sludge  management
programs  and  control of high levels of color presented in Section IX
applies here also.  Granular activated carbon is included in  LEVEL  3
as  an  alternative  that  reduced  the  potential for release of some
organic toxic pollutants to the atmosphere .by  air  stripping  in  the
biological  treatment  system.   The overall benefits of this level of
control are relatively small compared to the associated financial  and
energy  expenditures, and this level was not selected as the basis for
the NSPS effluent limitations.

Segregation of Waste Streams

Segregation of waste streams was included   in  the  model  new  source
plants   in  developing  estimated  costs   for  the  LEVEL  3  control
technology.  While the analyses indicated   that  segregation  was  not
cost-effective  for  other  levels  of  control, this in-plant measure
should be included in the evaluation of alternatives  carried  out  in
designing  new  sources.   The  cost  analyses  used  in  this  report
necessarily  included several assumptions about  relative  waste  flows
                                 488
-------
originating  from  various operations in textile manufacturing.  These
flows vary between and within subcategories.

Toxic pollutants are believed to be normally present at higher concen-
trations in wastes from such operations as  solvent  scouring,  dyeing
and  rinsing,  functional  finishing,  and  laboratory  testing.  Such
operations as bleaching, mercerizing,  scouring,  and  fulling  should
normally  generate  only  very limited quantities of toxic pollutants.
The presence  of  toxic  pollutants  in  some  waste  streams  may  be
controlled  by  substitutions for certain preservatives, coatings, and
additives.

If the toxic pollutants can be isolated into  one  relatively  smaller
and more concentrated waste stream, more effective treatment should be
possible  at  reduced costs compared to treating the entire mill waste
stream to the same level of control.  An additional benefit of  segre-
gation is that the toxic pollutants would be associated with only part
of  the sludge generated by the mill wastewater treatment systems.  If
this  sludge  is  classified  as   hazardous  waste,  the   associated
processing  and disposal costs would be reduced.  The reduction of the
air stripping potential, as  noted  previously  in  this  section,  is
another possible benefit of segregation.

Segregation  of  waste  streams  is  not  now  widely practiced in the
textile industry.  The technical  and  economic  feasibility  of  this
approach  for an individual new source will require a careful analysis
of all benefits and limitations,  including  some  potential  loss  of
manufacturing  flexibility  within the mill.  The preliminary analyses
used in this study do not provide  a  basis  for  a  decision  for  or
against  the  incorporation of segregated drains and treatment systems
in a new source.  Much site-specific data are  required  in  order  to
reach such decisions.

NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

The  nonwater  quality  environmental impacts associated with the NSPS
effluent limitations are the same as those  associated  with  the  BAT
effluent limitations, as discussed in Section IX.

TOTAL COST OF APPLICATION

Based  on  the  cost information in Section VIII, the Agency estimates
that investment costs for  a  new  source   to  comply  with  the  NSPS
limitations,  depending  on  subcategory,  will range between  3 and 11
percent of the book value of fixed assets of the facility.  Annualized
costs are estimated to range between 0.9  and  4.4  percent  of  total
sales.    Implementation   of   NSPS  will  reduce  the  discharge  of
conventional, non-conventional, and toxic pollutants expected   in  the
                                 489
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wastewaters of new sources to reasonably low levels with a high degree
of confidence.

GUIDANCE TO ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL

Chromium,  copper, and zinc are metallic toxic pollutants specifically
regulated by BAT.  Antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury,  nickel,
selenium, and silver are metallic toxic pollutants that were typically
identified  at  low  concentrations  in  textile plant raw and treated
effluents but, because of their  general  nature,  common  usage,  and
frequency of detection, may be a problem at some textile mills.  It is
recommended  that  EPA  regional,  state,  and  municipal  enforcement
personnel investigate the presence of these metals and determine their
levels.  The following tabulation provides the  average  BPT  effluent
concentrations  of  these pollutants based on the results of the field
sampling program and  offers  guidance  as  to  recommended  allowable
discharge  levels.   These  levels should be used to determine whether
additional effluent limitations are appropriate for individual  direct
dischargers.

         Metal               Typical Concentration, uq/1

         Antimony                        100
         Arsenic                          80
         Cadmium                          30
         Lead                             60
         Mercury                           0.4
         Nickel                           80
         Selenium                         40
         Silver                           40
                                  490
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                             SECTION XII

             PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES


INTRODUCTION                        ,,

The  effluent limitations that must be achieved by existing sources in
the textile industry that discharge into a  publicly  owned  treatment
works (POTW) are termed pretreatment standards.  Section 307(b) of the
Act  requires  EPA  to  promulgate pretreatment standards for existing
sources (PSES) to  prevent  the  discharge  of  pollutants  that  pass
through,  interfere  with,  or  are  otherwise  incompatible  with the
operation of POTW.  The Clean Water Act of 1977 adds a  new  dimension
by  requiring  pretreatment for pollutants, such as heavy metals, that
limit POTW sludge management alternatives,  including  the  beneficial
use  of sludges on agricultural lands.  The legislative history of the
1977 Act indicates that pretreatment standards are to  be  technology-
based, analagous to the best available  technology for removal of toxic
pollutants.   The  general pretreatment regulations  (40 CFR Part 403),
which  served  as  the  framework   for  these  proposed   pretreatment
regulations  for  the  textile  industry,  can  be found at 43 FR 27736-
27773 (June 26, 1978) .

Consideration was also given to the following  in establishing the pre-
treatment standards:

o   Plant size, age of equipment and facilities,  processes  employed,
    and process changes;

o   The  engineering  aspects  of   the  application   of   pretreatment
    technology and  its relationship to  POTW;

o   Nonwater  quality  environmental impact (including  energy   require-
    ments); and

o   The  total cost  of application  of  technology   in   relation   to   the
    effluent  reduction   and  other  benefits  to  be  achieved  from  such
    application.

Pretreatment  standards must  reflect effluent  reduction  achievable  by
the  application   of  the best  available pretreatment technology.   This
may include primary treatment  technology  as  used  in  the  industry   and
 in-plant  control   measures   when   such  are   considered  to  be normal
practice within  the industry.

A  final  consideration is the determination of  economic and engineering
 reliability in  the application of  the pretreatment   technology.    This
must   be  determined from the results of  demonstration projects,  pilot
                                  491
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plant  experiments,  and  most  preferably,  general  use  within  the
industry.

IDENTIFICATION OF PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

Most  existing indirect dischargers in the textile industry provide no
end-of-pipe treatment other than that  required  to  comply  with  the
prohibitive  discharge limitations, namely, to eliminate the discharge
of  gross  suspended  solids,  slug  loads,  extreme  pH  values,  and
explosive   wastes.    Some  mills,  however,  have  implemented  more
extensive  treatment  in  order  to  comply  with  local   sewer   use
ordinances.   As  with direct dischargers, the use of in-plant control
measures varies widely.  Until recently, the  implementation  of  such
measures  was  usually  prompted  more  by  economic  factors  than by
considerations of water pollution control.  In  the  future,  in-plant
control measures should be carefully evaluated by indirect dischargers
because  they will permit these mills to comply with the PSES effluent
limitations  without  the  installation   of   end-of-pipe   treatment
technologies.   No  specific  in-plant  measures  were  considered  in
establishing the  PSES  limitations,  however,  because  of  the  wide
diversity among textile mills.

End-of-Pipe Treatment Technology

    LEVEL  1  - CURRENT LEVEL OF PRETREATMENT - Preliminary treatment;
              screening,  equalization,   and/or   neutralization   as
              necessary  for  compliance  with  prohibitive  discharge
              provisions

    LEVEL 2 - Preliminary treatment plus chemicl coagulation

    LEVEL 3 - Preliminary  treatment  plus  chemical  coagulation  and
              filtration

More  sophisticated  treatment  levels  involving activated carbon and
ozone added to the above levels were evaluated  technically  but  were
not  considered  because they are too costly relative to the resulting
benefits.

Based on analyses of these control options, the  Agency  has  selected
LEVEL   2   as  the  basis  for  PSES  effluent  limitations  for  all
subcategories.   For  Wool  Scouring,  the   technology   additionally
includes dissolved air flotation.

The  current  level of pretreatment, with appropriate in-plant control
measures, will permit many mills to  comply  with  the  PSES  effluent
limitations without providing additional treatment levels.
                                 492
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PSES EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

Subcateqorv 1 - Wool Scouring
                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1
Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance:


                        Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of raw grease wool

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.01                 0.006
Total Copper                    0.01                 0.006
Total Zinc                      0.02                 0.012
                                 493
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Subcateqory 2 - Wool Finishing
                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1
Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent  limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are povided  as  guidance


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of  daily  values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.26
0.26
0.52
0.14
0.14
0.28
 Subcateqorv  3  -  Low  Water  Use Processing

 These plants are required  to comply with the general  pretreatment regula-
 tions found  at 43 FR 27736-27773 (June 26,  1978).
                                  494
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Subcateqory 4a - Woven Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
Total Zinc                      1.80                 1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                            Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.07
0.07
0.14
0.04
0.04
0.08
Subcateqory 4b - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
Total Zinc                      1.80                 1.00
                                 495
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In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.08
0.08
0.16
0.04
0.04
0.08
Subcateqorv 4c - Moven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing Plus Desizinq


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
Total Zinc                      1.80                 1.00
In cases when POTW find  it necessary  to  impose mass  effluent  limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass  limitations  are provided as  guidance
                                  496
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                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.06
0.06
0.11
Subcateqory 5a - Knit Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.12                 0.07
Total Copper                    0.12                 0.07
Total Zinc                      0.24                 0.14
                                 497
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Subcateqorv 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing/ Complex Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent  limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as  guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of  product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of  daily  values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.08                 0.04
Total Copper                    0.08                 0.04
Total Zinc                      0.15                 0.08
                                  498
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Subcateqory 5c - Knit Fabric Finishing, Hosiery Products


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.06                 0.03
Total Copper                    0.06                 0.03
Total Zinc                      0.12                 0.07
                                 499
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Subcateqorv 6 - Carpet Finishing
                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1
Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
Total Zinc                     .1-80                 1-00
 In cases when POTW find  it necessary to  impose mass effluent  limita-
 tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent  Limitations, kg/kkg  of  product

 Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of  daily  values
 Pollutant Property           any  one day    for  30 consecutive days


 Total  Chromium                  0.04                  0.02
 Total  Copper                    0.04                  0.02
 Total  Zinc                      0.08                  0.05
 Subcateqorv 7 - Stock & Yarn Finishing


                                   Effluent Limitations, mg/1

 Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
 Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


 Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
 Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
 Total Zinc                      1-80                 1-00
                                   500
-------
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose .mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of-daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.09                 0.05
Total Copper                    0.09                 0.05
Total Zinc                      0.18                 0.10
Subcateqory 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.04                 0.02
Total Copper                    0.04                 O.*02
Total Zinc                      0.07                 0.04
                                 501
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Subcateqorv 9 - Felted Fabric Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.19                 0.11
Total Copper                    0.19                 0.11
Total Zinc                      0.38                 0.21


METHODOLOGY USED  TO  DEVELOP  PSES EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The   rationale  and method used in  developing  the  PSES  effluent  limita-
tions are described  below.

Rationale

The  basic concept used in developing  the  PSES effluent limitations was
that the mill pretreatment system  plus  the treatment provided  by  the
POTW should  be   equivalent  to   BAT  in  terms   of protection of the
receiving waters.  In order words, indirect dischargers should not  be
permitted   to discharge toxic  pollutants  that pass through POTW to any
greater extent  than   that  permitted  mills  discharging  directly  to
 receiving waters.

 The  selected  technology level for BAT  in most of the  subcategories is
 biological  treatment  plus  filtration.   For  the  purposes  of  this
 development,   it   is  assumed  that the treatment provided by the POTW
                                  502
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provides  biological  treatment  or  its  equivalent.   The  level  of
pretreatment  should be equivalent to filtration in order that it plus
the  POTW  equal  BAT.   The  suspended  solids  levels  in  the   raw
wastewaters  from  most  textile  mills,  even with proper preliminary
treatment, are too high for effective direct treatment  by  filtration
and   an   alternative   technology   must  be  considered.   Chemical
coagulation provides such  an  alternative.   This  process  is  aimed
primarily  at  the  same  target  pollutants  as  filtration,  namely,
suspended  solids.   Chemical  coagulation  provides  the   additional
benefits  of  being  capable  of  effecting  higher  removals  of non-
biodegradable COD, metals, and color than is generally  achievable  by
filtration.

The  most  commonly  reported  problems  experienced by POTW receiving
textile mill discharges relate to gross solids  and  slug  discharges.
These  should  be  controlled  by enforcement of the prohibitive waste
discharge provisions of the  general  pretreatment  regulations.   Few
POTW  report  upsets or interferences associated with the constitutive
characteristics  of  textile  mill  wastes  beyond  those  caused   by
overloading and discharge fluctuations.  However, there are inadequate
data  available  by  which  to determine the extent of pass-through or
contamination of POTW sludges by textile mill waste constituents.   It
is suspected that this last area will be found to be the major area of
concern  for  those  POTW  that  are  impacted  by toxic pollutants in
textile mill wastes, and that the metals will be the most  significant
contaminants.   For  this reason, the three metals found in relatively
high concentrations in the raw wastes from some textile mills, namely,
chromium, copper,  and  zinc,  are  regulated  by  the  PSES  effluent
limitations.   As noted in Section IX, local authorities should assure
themselves that the levels of other metallic toxic pollutants are also
adequately controlled by the textile mills within their jurisdictions.

Method

The  Agency  established  the  effluent  limitations  by   engineering
analysis  of the degrees of control achieved in treating metal-bearing
wastewaters  by  chemical  coagulation  in  other   industries.    The
literature  clearly  indicates  that  well operated chemical treatment
systems can consistently achieve the specified  effluent  limitations.
A  separate factor that was also recognized is that the results of the
screening  and  verification  sampling  programs  indicated  that  the
average  raw  waste  concentrations of the three regulated metals were
below the effluent limitations.  This tends to support the  contention
that most indirect dischargers will not require additional end-of-pipe
treatment beyond the current level of pretreatment.
                                 503
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SIZE, AGE,  PROCESSES EMPLOYED,  LOCATION OF FACILITIES

As  discussed in Section IX, the factors of size, age, and location do
not affect the control technology that can be effectively  applied  to
direct discharging textile mills in each subcategory.  Process factors
are  already  included  in  the subcategorization.  Indirect discharge
textile mills are indistinguishable from direct dischargers  in  terms
of  age  and  processes  employed.   They  are distributed in the same
states as the direct discharge  mills  and,  except  for  their  being
within   POTW  service  areas,   location  does  not  play  a  role  in
determining the  availability  of  the  treatment  technologies.   The
average  size  of  the  indirect discharge mills  is approximately half
that of the average direct discharge mill in terms of daily  discharge
volume, although the range of sizes is the same for both groups.  Size
is  not  a  factor  in  determining the technology that can be applied
effectively.  Size relative to the size of the POTW may be of concern,
however, and more  stringent  local  control  may  be  required  where
textile  wastes  constitute  a  major  fraction of the influent  to the
POTW.

ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF  PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

As  noted previously, few existing  indirect dischargers in the   textile
industry  provide  any  significant end-of-pipe  treatment.  Those that
are unable to comply with the PSES effluent   limitations  through   in-
plant   control  measures will have to  develop new programs and  face an
array  of unfamiliar problems.   It  is  important that  adequate  planning
and evaluation  of  alternatives  be   carried out so that the  program
developed will be  truly effective, economic,  and free   of   avoidable
operating and maintenance problems.

The  treatment   system  should   be  the  result  of testing and  careful
analysis  of  several   alternative  approaches.    The  selection   for
 individual  mills  should  not be based solely on  the  findings  developed
 in this report.

For example,  some  mills may find  that  biological   treatment   and/or
filtration   provides  the  best  treatment  technology.    Some   of  the
advantages   and  limitations   of  these  processes  are  discussed  in
 Sections VII,  VIII,  and  IX.   Likewise,  decisions about the  components
 of the preliminary treatment  system should be based upon  analysis  of
 the  mill's  wastewater characteristics,  the site-specific conditions,
 and the  overall  goals  of  the  wastewater  treatment  program.    An
 important  element  in  the  planning  should be the sludge management
 program.   Sludges from chemical treatment are often more difficult  to
 dewater  than  those  from  biological  systems,  and if the sludge is
 classified  a  hazardous  waste,  the  requirements  of  the  Resource
 Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations regarding generation,
 storage, transportation,  and disposal will have to be considered.
                                  504
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 Little  work  has been done to date on the treatment of textile wastes
 by other than biological  processes.   Research should be carried out to
 investigate various processes and optimal  operating modes for  various
 ranges  of waste characteristics.   Chemical coagulation is a versatile
 process that has been widely  applied  to   a  spectrum  of  industrial
 wastes.    Despite this,  there is often a fine line between success and
 tailure of this  process and the optimal chemical   conditions  can  be
 determined  only  by  experimental  means.    Alum   has seen use in the
 textile industry for treating the effluents  from   biological  systems
 but is less effective than  lime and iron salts for controlling metals.
 inese  latter chemicals  tend  to precipitate the dissolved metals as
 well  as coagulate the suspended solids.

 In summary,  the  treatment system and waste control program  should  be
 designed and operated to  solve the problems peculiar to the individual
 mill  applied.

 NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

 The  discussion   of  nonwater  quality environmental impact for direct
 dischargers  presented  in   Section   IX also  applies   to   indirect
 dischargers.   The  implementation  of  PSES effluent  limitations  will
 result in improvement in  the quality of  some POTW  sludges,  but it  will
 also  create new  sources of  sludges  at  the  mill   that  will   require
 monitoring to insure that they are properly managed.

 TOTAL COST OF APPLICATION

 Based  on  the  cost information  in  Section VIII,  the  total  investment
 cost  tor all  indirect dischargers  is estimated  to  be $38  million   with
 associated  total   annualized  cost   of  $19 million.    The costs are
 relatively  low   because  only about   107   mills   of   the    indirect
 dischargers   may  have to  apply the full  level of end-of-pipe treatment
 control.   The  other  mills either have  sufficient treatment   technology
 in  place  (78) or  do not exceed the limitations due to elimination  of
 the regulated  pollutants  from raw  materials  (741).    The   number  of
 mills  which   can   meet PSES  through substitution  of raw  materials was
 estimated by  extrapolation   from  data  available  for  47   indirect
 Q.iscnargers *

 Implementation  of   PSES, along with the treatment provided  by  a POTW
 would  reduce the wastewater discharge of the conventional  pollutants
 non-conventional  pollutants,  and   toxic pollutants that are  found  in
 te*J;ile nun wastewaters  to levels equivalent to those  achieved by BAT
with a high degree of  confidence.
                                 505
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GUIDANCE TO ENFORCEMENT PERSONNEL

Chromium, copper, and zinc are metallic toxic pollutants  specifically
regulated by PSES.  Antimony, arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, and silver are metallic toxic pollutants that were typically
identified  at  low  concentrations  in  textile plant raw wastes but,
because of their  general  nature,  common  usage,  and  frequency  of
detection,  may be a problem at some textile mills.  It is recommended
that  EPA  regional,  state,  and  municipal   enforcement   personnel
investigate  the  presence of these metals and determine their levels.
The following tabulation provides the average raw waste concentrations
of these pollutants based on the results of the field sampling program
and offers guidance as  to  recommended  allowable  discharge  levels.
These  levels  should be used to determine whether additional effluent
limitations are appropriate for individual indirect dischargers.


              Metal               Typical Concentration, uq/1

              Antimony                      100
              Arsenic                         80
              Cadmium                         30
              Lead                          100
              Mercury                          1
              Nickel                        100
              Selenium                        40
              Silver                          50


While  national COD  standards  for  PSES have not been  determined   to   be
appropriate,  municipal   enforcement   personnel  should  be  cognizant of
the  high COD   levels   discharged   by   many  textile   mills.   The  COD
consists  of  a   biodegradable  fraction that  is  effectively treated in
POTW and a refractory  fraction  that  is not effectively  treated  in most
POTW.   The industry has  the capability of  substituting   for  materials
having high BOD  with materials  having relatively low BOD but high COD.
One  example is the  substitution of synthetic  sizing  agents such as  PVA
and  CMC  for starch.    It  is  recommended   that state and municipal
enforcement personnel  investigate the level of COD being discharged by
textile mills to POTW  and the removal effectiveness  of  the COD at  the
POTW.   The following  tabulation provides typical COD values in the  raw
untreated  wastewater   for  each   subcategory  of the industry and  the
recommended COD  effluent  levels   from  biological  treatment  systems
similar to POTW.   Enforcement personnel should use this information as
guidance  to   determine  whether  individual  pretreatment standards  for
COD are appropriate for textile  mills  discharging  to  a  particular
POTW.
                                  506
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                                        Concentration, mg/1
                                                  Typical Effluent After
Subcateqorv                  Typical Raw Waste     Biological Treatment

Wool Scouring                      7,000                   2,600
Wool Finishing                       600                     240
Low Water Use Processing             700                     220
Woven Fabric Finishing
  Simple Processing                  900                     240
  Complex Processing               1,100                     250
  Complex Plus Desizing            1,200                     250
Knit Fabric Finishing
  Simple Processing                  870                     270
  Complex Processing                 800                     280
  Hosiery Products                 1,370                     570
Carpet Finishing                   1,190                     290
Stock & Yarn Finishing               680                     140
Nonwoven Manufacturing               550                     560
Felted Fabric Processing           2,400                     300
                                 507
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                              SECTION  XIII

                 PRETREATMENT  STANDARDS  FOR NEW SOURCES

 INTRODUCTION

 Section   307 (c)   of   the  Act  requires EPA to promulgate  Pretreatment
 Standards for  New Sources  (PSNS)  at the same time  that  it   promulgates
 NSPS.  New indirect  dischargers,  like new  direct dischargers,  have  the
 opportunity   to  incorporate    the    best   available   demonstrated
 technologies including process  changes,  in-plant controls,  and end-of-
 pipe  treatment technologies,  and  to use plant site selection  to insure
 adequate  treatment system installation.

 IDENTIFICATION OF PRETREATMENT  STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

 The in-plant control  measures,  process  selections,  operating   methods,
 and   end-of-pipe  treatment   technologies   available  to   new  indirect
 discharge sources for complying with  PSNS  effluent limitations are  the
 same  as   those  for   new  direct  discharge  sources  in   the   textile
 industry.   While no specific  in-plant  control measures are required,
 the full  spectrum of  such measures should  be carefully  evaluated   for
 potential   application  during  the planning and design phases for  the
 new manufacturing facility in order to  reduce the  extent and costs  of
 end-of-pipe treatment  systems,  sludge  management programs, and sewer
 use charges.

 End-of-Pipe Treatment Technology

    LEVEL  1 -  CURRENT LEVEL OF  PRETREATMENT - Pretreatment  treatment ;
               screening,   equalization,    and/or   neutralization  as
               necessary  for  compliance  with  prohibitive  discharge
               provisions

    LEVEL  2 -  Preliminary treatment of all  wastes  plus  segregation  and
               chemical coagulation and filtration  of  toxic  pollutant
               waste streams

    LEVEL  3 -  Preliminary treatment of all  wastes plus  segregation  and
               chemical coagulation, filtration, and carbon  adsorption
               of  toxic pollutant waste streams

Treatment   levels  involving  ozone  in  place  of  activated  carbon
adsorption were evaluated technically but were not considered  because
they  are  too  costly  and energy-intensive  relative to the resulting
benefits.                                                             '
   ซ  on analyses of these control options, the  Agency  has  selected
LEVEL   2   as  the  basis  for  PSNS  effluent  limitations  for  all
subcategories.
                                 509
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PSNS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

Subcateqorv 1 - Wool Scouring
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
 In  cases when POTW  find  it  necessary  to  impose  mass  effluent  limita-
 tions,  the  following  equivalent  mass  limitations  are provided as guidance
                          Effluent Limitations,  kg/kkg of raw grease wool
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
any one  day
Average  of  daily  values
for  30 consecutive days
 Total Chromium
 Total Copper
 Total Zinc
    0.01
    0.01
    0.02
          0.006
          0.006
          0.012
 Subcateqorv 2 - Wool Finishing
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
      Effluent Limitations, mg/1
 Maximum for    Average of daily values
 any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
  In cases when POTW  find  it  necessary  to  impose  mass  effluent limita-
  tions,  the  following  equivalent  mass  limitations  are provided as guidance
                                   510
-------
                              Effluent  Limitations,  kg/kkg of product

 Pollutan   Prr,™^            Maximum for     Average of  daily values
 Pollutant  Property            any  one day     for  30  consecutive days
Total Chromium                   0.26                  0  14
Total Copper                     0.26                  n  14
Total Zinc                       0.52                  0.28
Subcateqorv  3 - Low Water Use Processing

Sretriafm-nJ^in1? ?Vbcatfoory afe required to comply with  the  general
pretreatment regulations found at 43 FR 27736-27773  (June 26, 1978).


Subcateqorv 4a - Woven Fabric Finishing. Simple Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

oJoiU^UJ 2r    ^            Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive  days


Total Chromium                  0 90                 n en
Total Copper                    0.'90                 0 50
      Zinc                      1.80                 i.nn
   nohi     find U necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance
                                 511
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                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.07                 0.04
Total Copper                    0.07                 0.04
Total Zinc                      0.14                 0.08
Subcateqorv 4b - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive  days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
 In  cases  when  POTW find  it  necessary  to impose  mass effluent  limita-
 tions,  the  following  equivalent  mass  limitations  are provided as guidance


                              Effluent Limitations,  kg/kkg of  product

 Pollutant or                 Maximum  for    Average of daily  values
 Pollutant Property           any one  day    for 30  consecutive days


 Total Chromium                  0.08                  0.04
 Total Copper                    0.08                  0.04
 Total Zinc                  '     0.16                  0.08
                                  512
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Subcateqory 4c - Woven Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing Plus Desizlnq


                                  Effluent Limitations,  mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
Total Zinc                      1.80                 1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.06
0.06
0.11
Subcateqory 5a - Knit Fabric Finishing, Simple Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.90                 0.50
Total Copper                    0.90                 0.50
Total Zinc                      1.80                 1.00
                                 513
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In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions,  the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.12
0.12
0.24
0.07
0.07
0.14
Subcateqory 5b - Knit Fabric Finishing, Complex Processing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.08                 0.04
Total Copper                    0.08                 0.04
Total Zinc                      0.15                 0.08
                                  514
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Subcateqory 5c - Knit Fabric Finishing, Hosiery Products


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.06                 0.03
Total Copper                    0.06                 0*03
Total Zinc                      0.12                 0*07
                                 515
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Subcateqorv 6 - Carpet Finishing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
   0,90
   0.90
   1.80
         0.50
         0.50
         1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to  impose mass effluent  limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg  of  product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for  30 consecutive  days
 Total  Chromium
 Total  Copper
 Total  Zinc
   0.04
   0.04
   0.08
          0.02
          0.02
          0.05
 Subcateqorv 7  - Stock & Yarn Processing
                                   Effluent Limitations,  mg/1
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 any one day
 Average of daily values
 for 30 consecutive days
 Total Chromium
 Total Copper
 Total Zinc
    0.90
    0.90
    1.80
          0.50
          0.50
          1.00
                                  516
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 In cases when POTW find it necessary to  impose mass effluent  limita-
 tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of  product

 Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily  values
 Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


 Total Chromium                  0.09                 0 05
 Total Copper                    0.09                 o!o5
 Total Zinc                      0.18                 0.10
Subcateqory 8 - Nonwoven Manufacturing


                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
0.90
0.90
1.80
0.50
0.50
1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance


                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product

Pollutant or                 Maximum for    Average of daily values
Pollutant Property           any one day    for 30 consecutive days


Total Chromium                  0.04                 0 02
Total Copper                    0.04                 o!o2
Total Zinc                      0.07                 0.04
                                 517
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Subcateqorv 9 - Felted Fabric Processing
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Effluent Limitations, mg/1
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
   0.90
   0.90
   1.80
         0.50
         0.50
         1.00
In cases when POTW find it necessary to impose mass effluent limita-
tions, the following equivalent mass limitations are provided as guidance
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Effluent Limitations, kg/kkg of product
Maximum for
any one day
Average of daily values
for 30 consecutive days
Total Chromium
Total Copper
Total Zinc
   0.19
   0.19
   0.38
          0.11
          0.11
          0.21
METHODOLOGY  USED  TO DEVELOP  PSWS EFFLUENT  LIMITATIONS

The   rationale  and  method   used   in   developing   the  PSNS  effluent
limitations  are described  below.

Rationale

The   basic   rationale  used in developing the PSES  effluent limitations
also applies to the PSNS limitations.   However,  with the  greater  use
of  in-plant  control   measures and the segregated stream concept,  the
concentrations of conventional, non-conventional,  and toxic pollutants
in the toxic pollutant waste stream will be significantly higher  than
in  the  combined waste  stream  at  an existing  source.  In order to
insure the  control of  these  higher  levels  of   toxic  pollutants  as
completely   as  possible  and thereby  prevent pass-through at POTW and
minimize  contamination  of  POTW  sludges  and   other  residues,  new
 indirect  dischargers   are  required to perform  an additional level of
                                  518
-------
control in the for, of ""ration.        ..
better  insure  the  removal  of th? ^ulated a        nal   and   non.


             poflutantslo'feve^ safellr Soling  at POTV,
Method






                                                     immediately   upon
 promulgation.
 ซT7.g.  AGE. PROOFS EMPLOYED. TOPATTON OF FACILITIES
 effluent  limitations.
 ^-TKP,PTNr,  ASPECT*  ™  ^TPEATMENT T^pl* FOR NEW SOURCES
                                                                     a
                                                 establishing  the  PSNS
inausy
Sections    ,     ,
discharge sources in  the  textile
streams  offers  advantages  in
that should be ซซPlฐre?^"ydl    cted  proces
If non-process wastewaters and selected  proc
can be discharged to the POTW with only  Pซ^
will obviously accrue compared to pr etr eatment


                         '
                                                         tlon

                                                              management

                                                   of new textile mills.
                                                  related waste  streams
                                                      treatment, savings
                                                         total min  waste

                                                            technical  and
  play an  important role  in most  cases.



  !„ summary, ซ-"•
   PmlanimiZCeฐfheฐcok anf impact             effluent limitations.
   MUPmAiarv uuซ^* j. -^ ***- •	 ——•   	

   The areas,  of  nonwater  quality  environmental  impact  discussed   in

   Sections IX, XI, and XII apply to PSNS.
                                     519
-------
            ,   depending  on  subcat-^nn™
 percent of the book value of fixed IIset4
 costs are estimated to range between 0

 SJTwi?' S^d^cbe I"
 toxic  pollutants   expected tfbS
                                                 1' the Agency estates
                                                 comply  with  the  PSNS
                                                   ฃa"?e between > "d 8
                                                   *acility-  Annualized
    U
bec.us.  of  tteir  g.n.r.l
                                               pl*nt   r"  "•"ซซ   ปut"
                                                                     of

               U_ J. _ 1
             Metal

             Antimony
             Arsenic
             Cadmium
             Lead
             Mercury
             Nickel
             Selenium
             Silver
                                      ical Concentration
                                             100
                                              80
                                              30
                                             100
                                               1
                                             100
                                              40
                                              50
*nn™  ?atiฐnal  COD standards for
the  h[oh  ron^i10^?1 enfฐrcement pe^son^I should™ k^*™™** to be
tne  nign  COD  levels  discharaed  hu  ซ=ซ  snould  be  cognizant  of
                                520
-------
enforcement personnel investigate the level of COD being discharged by
textile  mills to POTW and the removal effectiveness of the COD at the
POTW.   The following tabulation provides typical COD values in the raw
untreated wastewater for each subcategory  of  the  industry  and  the
recommended  COD  effluent  levels  from  biological treatment systems
similar to POTW.  Enforcement personnel should use this information as
guidance to determine whether individual  pretreatment  standards  for
COD  are  appropriate  for  textile  mills discharging to a particular
POTW.

                                        Concentration, mg/1
                                                  Typical Effluent After
Subcateqory                  Typical Raw Waste     Biological Treatment

Wool Scouring                      7,000                   2,600
Wool Finishing                       600                     240
Low Water Use Processing             700                     220
Woven Fabric Finishing
  Simple Processing                  900                     240
  Complex Processing               1,100                     250
  Complex Plus Desizing            1,200                     250
Knit Fabric Finishing
  Simple Processing                  870                     270
  Complex Processing                 800                     280
  Hosiery Products                 1,370                     570
Carpet Finishing                   1,190                     290
Stock & Yarn Finishing               680                     140
Nonwoven Manufacturing               550                     560
Felted Fabric Processing           2,400                     300
                                 521
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                             SECTION XIV

                           ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Hundreds of people have contributed to the development of this  report
during  the past months and years.  They have included representatives
of several EPA Offices and Regions, State and  municipal  governments,
the  textile and related industries, and other contractors.  It is not
possible to recognize all of them by name,  but  some  who  have  been
expecially helpful are noted below.

Dr   James  Gallup,  Mr.  James Berlow, and Mr. John Riley of the Wood
Products and Fibers Branch of the  Effluent  Guidelines  Division  who
provided  overall  project  direction  as  well  as  guidance and much
valuable counsel throughout all  phases  of  the  study.   Dr.  Gallup
served  as  Project Officer throughout most of the project and was the
major force in developing the information presented herein.

All members of the Textile Working Group; especially Lee  DeHihns  and
Lee  Schroer  of the Office of General Counsel, Tony Montrone and Jean
Norioan of  the Office  of Analysis  and  Economics, and Murray  Strier   ol
the Effluent Guidelines Division.

Dr.  Max  Samfield  of  the  Industrial  Environmental  Research Laboratory,
Research  Triangle  Park.

Ed Struzeski,  Jr.,  of  the  National Enforcement  Investigations   Center
 in Denver.

Robert  A.   Carter  of  the  North  Carolina Division of Environmental
Management.

 Charles R.  Jeter of  the  South  Carolina  Department  of  Health  and
 Environmental Control.

 Bill  Jernigan of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources.

 Erlina L. Patron of the Virginia State Water Control Board.

 Charles R. Horn of the Alabama Water Improvement Commission.

 Frank  D'Ascensio  of  the  Passiac Valley Sewerage Commissioners, New
 Jersey.
 O'Jay  Niles,  Maggie  Dean,  and  others  at  the  American
 Manufacturers  Institute,  Inc.
Textile
                                   523
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 Wailace   Storey   and   al1
 Preservation  Committee.
the  members  of  ATMI's  Environmental
 William  Sullivan  and Karl  Spilhaus of  the Northern Textile Association
 and  the  members of  NTA's Water  Pollution  Control  Advtsory Co^Utee

 Barry  Torrence of the Carpet  and  Rug  Institute.

 Dr.  Roderick Horning,  William Allen and the  other members of  the Water
 Subcommittee of the Dyes Environmental  and   Toxicology   Organilatton"



 SSS^nS^S  industry!  **" ^^ ฐf INฐA ~ A—iation  of  the
Richard Seltzer of Development Planning and Research Associates, Inc.

Dr. Roger Holm and Dr. Gary Rawlings of Monsanto Research Corp.

A  special  note  of  appreciation  goes  to all the many textile mill
operating personnel who completed questionnaires, proved information
w^h^ fP^"e' and assisted "S during inspection and  sampling  vTsitl
Without their cooperation, our task could not have been completed
             *   iS extended to the Effluent Guidlines staff for their
             doucment'  Specifically Kaye Starr, Nancy  Zrubekฐ  Pearl
       Carol Swann, Maureen Treacy, and Vicky Wilson are recognized
                                524
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                             SECTION XV

                             REFERENCES


1.  "Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and  New
Source  Performance  Standards  for  the  Textile  Mills  Point Source
Category/1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,  Ref.
No. EPA 440/1-74-022-a.

2.  "In-Plant Control of Pollution - Upgrading Textile  Operations  to
Reduce  Pollution,"  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, Ref. No. EPA 625/3-74-004.

3.  "Draft Development Document:  Pretreatment Standards  for  Textile
Mills   (Addendum  to the Development Document for Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the Textile  Mills
Point  Source  Category)," Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates, Inc., St.
Louis, MO  (November, 1976).

4.  "Textile Industry Technology and  Costs  of  Wastewater  Control,"
Lockwood-Greene, New York, NV   (June, 1975).

5.  "Cost of Clean Water - Volume III, Industrial Waste Profiles - No.
4, Textile  Mill  Products,  The,"  Federal  Water  Pollution  Control
Administration, Washington, DC  (September, 1967).

6.  "Census of Manufactures, 1972,"  Social  and  Economic  Statistics
Administration,  Bureau  of  the  Census,  U.S. Department of Commerce
Publication (1975).

7.  "County Business Patterns,  1975," County Business Patterns, Bureau
of the Census, Ref. No. CBP-75-1.

8.  Davison's Textile Blue Book,  lllth  Edition,  Davison  Publishing
Company, Ridgewood, NJ (1977).

9.  Wachter, R. A., Archer, S.  R.,  and  Blackwood,  T.  R.,  "Source
Assessment:   Overview  and  Priorization  of  Emissions  from Textile
Manufacturing," Ref. No. EPA 600/2-77-107h (September, 1977),  pp.  1-
131.

10. Trotman, E. R., Dyeing and  Chemical Technology of Textile  Fibers,
Fifth Edition, Chas. Griffin &  Co., Ltd., London, GB (1975).

11. "Textiles - U.S. Industrial Outlook," U.S. Department of Commerce,
Domestic and International  Business  Administration,  Washington,  DC
(1978), pp. 239-244.
                                 525
-------
12. "Sources and Strengths of  Textile  Wastewaters,"  Lockwood-Greene
Engineers  (Technology Transfer Report on Raw Waste Loads, Chapter 4),
pp. 4-1 to 4-65.

13. "Standard Industrial Classification,"  Office  of  Management  and
Budget, Statistical Policy Division (1972).

14. Masselli, J. W., Masselli, N. W., and Burford, M. G., "A Simplifi-
cation of Textile Waste Survey and Treatment," New England  Interstate
Water Pollution Control Commission, Boston, MA  (1959).

15. "Industrial Waste Studies Program:  Textile Mill Products," Arthur
D. Little, Inc., Draft Report  for  the  Water  Quality  Office,  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (May 28, 1971).

16. "Recommendations  and  Comments  for  the  Establishment  of  Best
Practicable  Wastewater Control Technology Currently Available for the
Textile Industry," Institute of Textile  Technology,  Charlottesville,
VA and Hydroscience, Inc., Westwood, NJ (January, 1973).

17. Walpole, R. F., and Myers, R. H., Probability and  Statistics  for
Engineers and Scientists (1972).

18. Miller, I., and Freund, Jป  E.,  Probability  and  Statistics  for
Engineers (1965).

19. Snedecor, G. W., and Cochran, W. G., Statistical Methods,, 6th ed.
(1967).

20. "Quality  Criteria  for  Water,"  U.S.  Environmental   Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, Ref. No. EPA 440/9-76-023.

21. "State of the Art Textile Waste  Treatment,"  Clemson  University,
Department  of  Textiles,  US  EPA  Water  Pollution  Control Research
Series, 12090 ECS 02/71 (1971), pp. 1-347.

22. Davis, G. M., Koon, J. H., and Adams, C.  E.,   "Treatment  of  Two
Textile  Dye  House  Wastewaters,"  Proceedings of  the  32nd Industrial
Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN   (1977),  pp.   981-
997.

23. Rachel, W.  M.,  and  Keinath,  T,  M.,   "Reclamation  of  Textile
Printing   Wastewaters   for  Direct  Recycle,"  Proceedings  of   27th
Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN   (1972),
pp. 406-419.

24. Rinker, T.  L.,  "Treatment  of  Textile   Wastewater  by  Activated
Sludge and Alum Coagulation," Ref. No. EPA 600/2-75-055.
                                  526
-------
              D   A    "Water  Conservation   in  Textile  Finishing,"
25.  Rennison,  P.  A.,   w  „„,  ซ  NO  11  (1977).
American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol. 66,  No.
 ar        ,.,-
AIChE-CSChE, Vancouver, BC
 Inc., Atlanta, GA (June,  1976).
                                     /q   nf  Textile  Industry  BATEA
                                    fterials),"  Engineering  Science,
                 r arisss'as
40,
           (September
                                      of  Pollution  Control  Equipment
33. Monti,  R.   P.;   and   Silberman,
                                        0   T      "wastewater   System
                                        P.   ^          Water & Waste
                                         ป. ซ• -
  75-003a.
   1977).
   37.  "Ozone  System Capital Cost Quotation,"   Inf ilco-Degremont  (C.   B.

   Smith Company)  (October, 1977).

   38  "Feasibility and Economics of Ozone Treatment, "Emery  Industr.es,

   Inc., Data  Sheet 789.
                                    527
-------
                            pc.lซ

  ซ.  Fi,h.r  Scientific Co.,  c.t.loo  77.

                                                      ซ"fflsr

                                       ,
 45. Maggiolo  A   anH
 Plant for Removal  of
                                        -.  Clark, Veiss.an,
    No.  9 (September, 1977)
pp.
                                                         -  ASCE, Vol.
                                                            An-erican
(October,' 19565; p
   ฐf Drin^ng Water with  Ozone, -
                                                               JAWWA
                                           fฐr
                                                          Wastewater
                               ''   Schnell  Publishing  Company,  New
53.  NUS/Rice Moratory, Sampling  Prices, Pittsburgh,  PA (1978), p. ,

 '                                 instruments,   Inc.,  Madison,  „
                               528
-------
55. Service Brochure and Fee Schedule 116, Orlando Laboratories, Inc.,
Orlando, FL (January 1, 1978).
56. Water & Wastewater Analysis
(August, 1976).
Fee Schedule, St. Louis Testing  Lab


                 Analysis,   Ecology
57. Laboratory  Services,  Individual  Component
Audits, Inc., Dallas, TX  (August, 1976).

58. Laboratory Pricing Schedule, Laclede Gas  Company,   Lab   Division,
St. Louis  (August,  1977).

59. Price  List,  Industrial Testing  Lab,  Inc., St.  Louis (1975).

*n  Farn   R   C    Kartiaaner,  H.  L.,  Schneider,  A., and Albano,  D.   J.,
"Pretreatment Provide!   Constant  'Effluent  Quality,"  Water t Wastes
Engineering  (October,  1974),  pp.  52-55.

61  Stone, R.,  "Carpet Mill  Industrial Waste System," Journal  of  the
Water  Pollution Control Federation, Vol.  44,  No.  3 (March,  1972), pp.
470-478.

 62.  Throop,   W.   M.,   "Why   Industrial   Wastewater   Pretreatment?"
 Industrial Wastes  (July/August, 1976), pp. 32-33.

 63.  Frye,  W. H., and DiGiano, F. A., "Adsorptive Behavior of Dispersed
 and Basic Textile Dyes on Activated Carbon," Proceedings of  the  29th
 Industrial  Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette,  IN  11974;,
 pp.  21-28.

 64.  Metcalf  and   Eddy,  Inc.,  Wastewater  Enqineerinqt   Coj^ction,
 Treatment, Disposal, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY  (1972).

 65. Mahloch, J. L., Shindala, A., McGriff, E.  C., and Harriett,  W.   A.,
 "Treatability   Studies   and   Design  Considerations  for  a  Dyeing
 Operation,"  Proceedings  of  the   29th  Industrial   Waste  Conference,
 Purdue University,  Lafayette,  IN  (1974),  pp. 44-50

 66. Rinker,  T.  L.,  and  Sargent, T.   N.,   "Activated   Sludge  and   Alum
 Coagulation  Treatment of Textile Wastewaters," feedings of  the 29th
 Industrial   Waste  Conference,  Purdue University,  Lafayette,  IN (1974),
 pp.  456-471.

 67.  Feigenbaum,  H. N.,   "Removing   Heavy   Metals   In  Textile   Waste,"
 Industrial  Wastes  (March/April,  1972),  pp. 32-34.

 68.  Snider,  E.  H., and  Porter,  J.  J.,  "Ozone Treatment of  Dye  Waste,"
 Journal   of  the  Water  Pollution  Control Federation, Vol. 46,  No. 5
  (May,  1974), pp.  886-894.
                                   529
-------
Carpft^e
ConferencI, Purdue
                               ?ndD--fection   of   Tufted
vork/NY iff!!) — WaSteW3ter T*C""ฐlฐqY, John Wiley & Sons,
                                     ^
                                 ^
                         ^
                                     '"  U"S'  EPA  Technology

                           ****"ซ>. " O.S. EPA Technology
                                            Water   Quality
                     530
-------
                            BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.  Abrams, E. F., Guinan, D. K.,  and  Derkics,  D.,  "Assessment  of
Industrial  Hazardous  Waste  Practices,"  (NTIS  Reproduction)  U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency,  Office  of  Solid  Waste  Management
Programs, Washington, DC, Report No. SW-125c (June, 1976).

2,  Abrams, E. F., Guinan, D. K., and Parker, C.  L.,  "Identification
of   the   Potentially  Hazardous  Wastes  Generated  by  the  Textile
Industry,"  Clemson  University's  Textile  Wastewater  Treatment  and
Pollution  Control  Conference, Hilton Head Island, SC (January 21-23,
1976).

3.  Allen, W., Altherr, E., Horning, R. H.,  and  King,  J.  C.,   "The
Contribution  of Dyes to the Metal Content of Textile Mill Effluents,"
Journal  of   the  American  Association  of   Textile   Chemists   and
Colorists," Vol. 4, No. 12 (December, 1972).

4.  Argo, D.  G.,  and  Wesner,  G.  M.,  "AWT  Energy  Needs  a  Prime
Concern," Water & Wastes Engineering  (May, 1976), p. 24.

5.  Aurich, C.  et.  al.,  "Treatment  of  Textile  Dyeing  Wastes  by
Dynamically   Formed Membranes/'  Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 44, No. 8 (August, 1972), pp. 1545-1551.

6.  Baird, R., Carmona, L., and  Jenkins, R. L.,  "Behavior of Benzidine
and Other Aromatic Amines in Aerobic Wastewater  Treatment," Journal of
the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 49, No. 7   (July,  1977),
pp. 1609-1615.

7.  Banerji,  S. K,, and  O'Conner,  J.  T.,  "Designing  More  Energy-
Efficient Wastewater Treatment Plants," Civil Engineering - ASCE,  Vol.
47, No. 9  (September, 1977), pp. 76-81.

8.  Blecker,  H. G. and Cadman, T. W., "Capital and  Operating Costs  of
Pollution  Control Equipment Modules  - Vol. I -  User Guide," Ref.  No.
EPA R5-73-023a.

9.  Blecker,  H. G. and Cadman, T. W., "Capital and  Operating Costs  of
Pollution Control Equipment Modules - Vol. II -  Data Manual," Ref. No.
EPA R5-73-023b.

10. Boudreau, J. J., "Water Quality and the Textile Industry," Journal
American Water Works Association  (February, 1975),  pp. 59-60.

11. Brandon,  C. A., and Porter,  J. J.,  "Hyperfiltration  for Renovation
of Textile Finishing Plant Wastewater," Ref. No. EPA 600/2-76-060.
                                 531
-------
12. Bryan, C. E.,  "Water  Pollution  Reduction  Through  Recovery  of
Desizing Wastes," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC
Water Pollution Control Research Series-12090 EOE (January, 1972).

13. Bryan, C. E., and Harrison, P. S., "Treatment  of  Synthetic  Warp
Sizes in Activated Sludge Systems," Proceedings of the 28th Industrial
Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN (1973) pp. 252-258;

14. "Carpet and Rug Institute Directory and Report,  1974-1975,  The,"
The Carpet and Rug Institute, Dalton, GA (September, 1975).

15. "Carpet Specifiers Handbook, Second Edition," The Carpet  and  Rug
Institute, Dalton, GA (1976).

16. Carrique, C. S., and Jaurequi, L. U., "Sodium  Hydroxide  Recovery
in  the  Textile  Industry,"  Proceedings  of  21st  Industrial  Waste
Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN (1966), pp. 861-^868.

17. Case, F. N., and Ketchen, E.  E.,  "Study  of  Gamma  Induced  Low
Temperature Oxidation of Textile Effluents," Ref. No. EPA R2-73-260.

18. "Census of Manufactures, 1972,"  Social  and  Economic  Statistics
Administration,  Bureau  of  the  Census, U. S. Department of Commerce
Publication (1975).

19. "Chemical Research and Services Department  Newsletter,"  Vol.  V,
No. 2, Institute of Textile Technology, Charlottesville, VA (December,
1976).

20. "Chemical Research and Services Department  Newsletter,  Vol.  VI,
No.  1,  Institute  of Textile Technology, Charlottesville, VA  (April,
1977).

21. Chiagouris, G. L., "Analyzing the Cost of Solid  Waste  Disposal,"
Plant Engineering (March 23, 1972), pp. 82-85.

22. Chian, E. S. K., Bruce, W. N., and Fang, H.  H.  P.,  "Removal  of
Pesticides  by Reverse Osmosis," Environmental Science and Technology,
Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1975), pp. 52-59.

23. Christoe, J.  R.,  "Treatment  of  Wool  Scouring  Effluents  with
Inorganic   Chemicals,"   Journal   of  the  Water  Pollution   Control
Federation, Vol. 49, No. 5 (1977), pp. 848-854.

24. Cole, C., Carr,  S., and Albert, J., "Sludge Dewatering in   Textile
Plants," Industrial Wastes (January/February, 1977), pp. 14-16.

25. "Compilation of Toxic Rejection Data for Membranes," Carre,  Inc.,
Pendleton, SC (December 9, 1977).
                                 532
-------
EPA 430/9-77-013, MCD-37
si,
                                                                  c'nlt
Administration, Washington,  DC  (September,
                                        --
 (1969).
               .
 P^due University, Lafayette, IN (1977), pp. 655-662
    .
 Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette,  IN   (1977),
 997.
            -
 Water  and  Air Resources  Engineers,  Inc.,  Nashville,
 35.  Davison's Textile Blue Book,   110th  Edition,   Davison  Publishing
 Company, Ridgewood,  NJ (1976).
 36.  Davison^ Textile Blue Book,   lllth  Edition,   Davison  Publishing
 Company, Ridgewood,  NJ (1977).
  37.  "Development Document for Effluent Limitations

  raUtrerory!ปru0ImaEnvirfnmfnfaf Profectfon ฃnly] Washington, DC,  Kef.

  NO.  EPA 440/1-74-022-a.
  Division, Washington, DC  (1974)
                                    533
-------

                     !  Pretreatinent Standards  for  Textile

Agency, Cincinnati, OH
                                 Int— ^ional   Wool   Secre-
                    ^
                      534
-------
51.  Feigenbaum, H. N.,  "Removing  Heavy  Metals  In  Textile  Waste,"
Industrial Wastes (March/April, 1972), pp. 32-34.

52.  "Final  Engineering  Report,  Modifications  to  Waste   Treatment
Facility  -  Wool Scouring Pretreatment, Clarksville.Finishing Plant,"
Corporate Engineering Dept., Burlington Industries, Inc.,  Greensboro,
NC (January, 1976),

53.  Frey, J. W.,  "H-W-D  Introduces  Equipment  to  Process  Dyehouse
Effluence," Knitting Times (January 21, 1974).

54.  Frye, W. H., and DiGiano, F. A.,  "Adsorptive Behavior of Dispersed
and Basic Textile Dyes on Activated Carbon," Proceedings of  the  29th
Industrial  Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN (1974),
pp.  21-28.

55.  Gaddis, L., "Rejection of Chemical Species by Membranes,"  Clemson
University, Clemson, SC (1977).

56.  Gaffney,   P.  E.,  "Carpet  and  Rug  Industry  Case   Study    II:
Biological Effects," Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation
(1976), pp. 2731-2737.

57.  Ghosh, M.  M., Woodard, F, E., and  Sproul,  0.  J.,  "Treatability
Studies  and   Design  Considerations  for  a Textile Mill Wastewater,"
Proceedings  of  the  32nd   Industrial   Waste   Conference,   Purdue
University, Vol. 1  (1977), pp.  663-673.

58.  Goodson, L. A., "Are We Legislating Ourselves  Out  of  Business?"
Industrial Wastes  {January/February,  1976), pp. 34-35.

59.  Guertin, P. D., and Knowlton, P. B.,  "Textile Wastewater Treatment
Case Studies," New England Water Pollution Control Association Journal
(October, 1976).

60.  Gutmanis,  I., and Keahey, S., "Water  Use and Pollution in  Textile
Industries,"   International-    Research   and  Technology  Corporation,
Washington, DC (April, 1971).

61.  Hagen, R.  M., and Roberts,  E. B., "Energy Requirements for  Waste-
water  Treatment,  Part 2," Water & Sewage Works (December, 1972),  pp.
52-57.

62.  Hager, D.  G.,  "A Survey  of Industrial  Wastewater  Treatment   by
Granular Activated Carbon," 4th Joint Chemical Engineering Conference,
AIChE-CSChE, Vancouver, BC  (September 10, 1973).

63.  Hager, D.  G., Rizzo, J. L., and Zanitsch, R. H., "Experience  with
Granular   Activated   Carbon   in    Treatment   of  Textile   Industry
                                 535
-------
Wastewaters," Prepared for EPA Technology Transfer  Seminar,  Atlanta,
GA (September 25-26, 1973).

64. Hall, D. M., "Solvent and Hot Melt Slashing,"  Textile  Industries
(January, 1973), pp. 30-32.

65. Hannah, S. A., Jelus, M., and Cohen, J. M., "Removal  of  Uncommon
Trace Metals by Physical and Chemical Treatment Processes," Journal of
the  Water  Pollution  Control  Federation (November, 1977), pp. 2297-
2309.

66. Hatch, L. T., Sharpin, R. E., Wirtanen, W. T.r and Sargent, T. N.,
"Chemical/Physical  and  Biological  Treatment  of   Wool   Processing
Wastes," Ref. No. EPA 660/2-73-036.

67. Hentschel,  R.  A.  A.,  "Spunbonded  Sheet  Products,"   Chemtech
(January, 1974), pp. 32-41.

68. Holliday, T. M., "Spunbonded Fabrics," Modern Textiles  (November,
1974), pp. 40-46.

69. Huibers, D. A., McNabney, R., and Halfon, A., "Ozone Treatment  of
Secondary  Effluents  From  Wastewater Treatment Plants," Contract No.
14-12-114, (1969), Federal  Water  Pollution  Control  Administration,
Cincinnati, OH (April, 1969).

70. "Industrial Waste Studies Program:  Textile Mill Products," Arthur
D. Little, Inc., Draft Report  for  the  Water  Quality  Office,  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,  DC (May 28, 1971).

71. "In-Plant Control of Pollution - Upgrading Textile  Operations  to
Reduce  Pollution,"  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, Ref. No. EPA 625/3-74-004.

72. Jones, H. R., Pollution Control in  the  Textile  Industry,  Noyes
Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ (1973).

73. Jones, J. L., Bomberger, D. C., and Lewis, F.  M.,  "Energy  Usage
and  Recovery  in  Sludge Disposal, Parts 1 & 2f" Water & Sewage Works
(July/August, 1977), pp. 42-47.

74. Jorder, H.,  "Spunlaced  Nonwovens,  Production,  Properties,  and
Fields of Use," Melliand Textilberichte (English Edition), Vol. 5, No.
8 (1976), pp. 642-643.

75. Junk, G. A., Svec, H. J., Ray, D., and Avery, M.  J.,  "Contamina-
tion  of  Water by Synthetic Polymer Tubes," Environmental Science and
Technology, Vol. 8, No. 13 (December, 1974),  pp. 1100-1106.
                                 536
-------
76.  Kace, J. S., and Linford, H. B., "Reduced Cost Flocculation  of  a
Textile  Dyeing  Wastewater,"  Journal  of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 47, No. 7 (July, 1975), pp. 1971-1977.

77.  Rachel, W.  M.,  and  Keinath,  T.  M.,  "Reclamation  of  Textile
Printing   Wastewaters   for  Direct  Recycle,"  Proceedings  of  27th
Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN  (1972),
pp.  406-419.

78.  Kennedy, D. C., Rock, S. L., and Kerner, J. W.,  "A New Adsorption/
Ion-Exchange Process for Treating Dye Waste Effluents," Rohm and  Haas
Co., Philadelphia, PA.

79.  Koon,  J. H., Adams, C. E.,  and  Eckenfelder, W.   W.,   "Analysis   of
National   Industrial  Water  Pollution Control  Costs," Associated Water
and Air  Resource Engineers,  Inc., Nashville, TN  (May,  1973).

80. Kreye,  W.  C.,  King, P. H.,  and  Randall, C. W.,  "Polymer Aided Alum
Coagulation of Textile  Dyeing  and Finishing  Wastes,"  Proceedings   of
the 27th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University,  Lafayette,  IN
(1972),  pp. 447-457.

81. Leatherland, L. C.,  "Treatment  of Textile  Wastes," Water  &   Sewage
Works, Reference Number (1969), pp. R210-R214.

82. Lehmann,  E. J., and Cavagnaro,  D. M.,  "Textile  Processing   Wastes
and    Their  Control   (Citations  from   the  NTIS  Data   Base),'   U.S.
Department of Commerce,  NTIS,  NTIS/PS-76/0962  (1976).

83. Little, L. W., and Ericson, J.   W.,  "Biological  Treatability  of
Wastewaters  from Textile and Carpet Dyeing Processes,"  Proceedings of
the   8th  Mid-Atlantic  Industrial   Waste  Conference,   University  of
Delaware, Newark,  DE  (January 12-13, 1976),  pp.  201-216.

84. Loven,  A.  W.,  and  Pintenich,  J.   L,,   "Industrial  Wastewater
Recirculation  System:  Preliminary Engineering," Ref.  No.  EPA-600/2-
 77-043.

 85. Maggiolo, A.,  and Sayles, J. H., "Application of  Exchange  Resins
 for Treatment of Textile Dye Wastes," Ref. No. EPA  660/2-75-016.

 86. Maggiolo, A.,  and Sayles, J. H., "Automatic Exchange  Resin  Pilot
 Plant for Removal of  Textile Dye Wastes," Ref. No.  EPA 600/2-77-136.

 87.  Mahloch,  J. L., Shindala, A., McGriff, E. C., and Barnett, W.   A.,
 "Treatability   Studies   and   Design  Considerations  for  a  Dyeing
 Operation," Proceedings  of  the   29th  Industrial  Waste  Conference,
 Purdue University, Lafayette,  IN (1974), pp. 44-50.
                                  537
-------
 88.  Mansfield,  R.  G. ,  "Spunbonded Nonwovens Eye Roadbuildinq, " Textile
 World,  Vol.  127,  No.  9 {September, 1977), pp. 81-84. U11QinQ'  lextlle
           Thn           o         '  S' M" Chemical Aftertreatment of
         ,  John Wiley and Sons,  Inc.,  New York, NY { 197TT --
               TAฃ Hann?h-  s'  A"  a"d Cohen, J.  M., "Metal  Removal  by
 twn   •       *. Cl?em,1(:al  Treatment  Processes,"  Journal  of the Water
 Pollution  Control Federation,  Vol.  47,  No.  5 (May, 1975), pp. 962-975.

 91. Masselli   J.  W.,  Masselli,  N.  W. ,  and Burford, M.  G. ,  "A  Simpli-
 Tifซซ?ป^ 2  i.  Tซtlle  Waste  Survey  and  Treatment,"  New  England
 Interstate Water Pollution Control  Commission,  Boston,  MA (1959).
 92  Wilier,  E,,  Textiles,.  Properties,  and Behavior.   B.   T.   Batsford
 Ltd., London,  England  (1968).          --              ^^LU,
               i           Silberman'    P.    T.,    "Wastewater   System
               What   are   they   ...   And   What   Cost?"    Water & Waste
Engineering  (March,  1974  et.  seg.), pp. 32,  et.  seg.

94  Netzer   A., and  Beszedits,   S.,   "Physical-Chemical   Treatment  of
Exhausted Dyebath Effluents," Proceedings  of the 6th  Annual  Industrial
Pollution Conference, St.  Louis, MO  (1978),  pp.  225-240.

95. "New Technology  for Textile  Water Reuse  is Available   and  Can  Be
Very Profitable/'  U.S. Ozonair  Corp.,  South San Francisco,  CA.

96  Newlin,  K. D. ,   "The   Economic  Feasibility   of   Treating  Textile
Wastes  in   Municipal Systems/1  Journal of the Water  Pollution Control
Federation,  Vol. 43, No.  11  (November,  1971), pp.  21952199.     ^ontro1

97  O'Donovan, D. C., "Treatment with Ozone," Journal of  the  Ameriran
Water Works Association (September, 1965), pp. 1167-1194.      American

ซ8'^   /ฐEgani?  Characterization   Study   -  Coosa  River   Basin   -
Northwest  Georgia ป  Surveillance  and  Analysis  Division,  Region IV,
U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta,  GA (1974).

99. "Organic Characterization Study - Phase  II - Coosa River  Basin   -
Northwest  Georgia,"  Surveillance  a.nd  Analysis  Division,  Region IV,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Atlanta, GA  (1976).

100.  Patterson,   J.   w.,   "Technology  and  Economics  of   Industrial

                                                *-ironmental  Quality,
                                 538
-------
101. Perkins, W. S., Hall, D. M., Slaten, B. L., Walker,  R.  P.,  and
Farrow,  J.  C.,  "Use  of  Organic  Solvents  in  Textile  Sizing and
Desizing," Ref. No. EPA-600/2-77-126.

102. Phipps, W. H., "Activated Carbon Reclaims Water for Carpet Mill,"
Water & Wastes Engineering (May 1970), pp. C-22 to C-23.

103. "Pilot Plant and Engineering  Study  of  Textile   Industry  BATEA
Effluent  Standards  (Presentation  Materials),"  Engineering Science,
Inc., Atlanta, GA (June, 1976).

104. Pollock, M. J., and  Froneberger,  C.  R.,  "Treatment  of  Denim
Textile  Mill  Wastewaters:   Neutralization  and  Color Removal" EPA
600/2-76-139.

105. Poon, C. P. C., "Biodegradability and  Treatability  of  Combined
Nylon  and  Municipal  Wastes," Journal of the Water Pollution Control
Federation, Vol. 42, No. 1 (January, 1970), pp. 100105.

106. Poon, C. P. C., and Virgadamo, P. P., "Anaerobic - Aerobic Treat-
ment of Textile Wastes with Activated Carbon," Ref. No. EPA R273-248.

107. Porter, J. J., "A Study of  the  Photodegradation  of  Commercial
Dyes," Ref. No. EPA R2-73-058.

108.  Porter,  J.  J.,  "Stability and Removal of Commercial Dyes from
Process Wastewater," Pollution Engineering (October, 1973), pp. 27-28.

109. Porter, J. J. "State of the Art of Textile Waste Treatment," U.S.
Environmental  Protection  Agency,  Washington,  DC,  Water  Pollution
Control Research Series - 12090 DWM (January, 1971).

110.  Porter, J. J., and Snider, E. H., "Long-Term Biodegradability of
Textile Chemicals," Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation,
Vol. 48, No. 9 (September, 1976), pp. 2198-2210.

111. "Preliminary Engineering Report, Pretreatment Facilities,  Dyers-
burg Fabrics, Inc.," J. E. Sirrine Co., Greenville, SC  (May 30, 1974).

112. "Process Design Manual for Carbon Adsorption," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Ref. No, EPA 625/l-71-002a (1973).

113.  "Process  Design  Manual  for Removal of Suspended Solids," U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Ref. No.  EPA  625/1-
75-003a.

114.  "Process  Design Manual for Sludge Treatment and Disposal," U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Ref. No.  EPA  625/1-
74-006.
                                 539
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115.  Purvis,  M.  R.,  "Aerobic Treatment of Textile Waste," American
Dyestuff Reporter (reprint), {August, 1974).

116. "PVA Reclamation Solves Textile  Mill  Waste  Treatment  Problem;
Yields  Substantial Savings," Union Carbide Corporation, Tarrytown, NY
(1975).

117. Qasim, S.  R.,  and  Shah,  A.  K.,  "Cost  Analysis  of  Package
Wastewater Treatment Plants," Water and Sewage Works (February, 1975),
pp. 67-69.

118,  "Quality  Criteria  for  Water,"  U.S.  Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, Ref. No. EPA 440/9-76-023.

119.  Rebhun,  M.,  Weinberg,  A.,  and  Narkis,  N.,   "Treatment   of
Wastewater   from  Cotton  Dyeing  and  Finishing  Works  for  Reuse,"
Proceedings  of  the  25th   Industrial   Waste   Conference,   Purdue
University, Lafayette, IN (1970), pp. 626-637.

120.  "Recommendations  and  Comments  for  the  Establishment of Best
Practicable Wastewater Control Technology Currently Available for  the
Textile  Industry,"  Institute of Textile Technology, Charlottesville,
VA and Hydroscience, Inc., Westwood, NJ (January, 1973).

121. Rennison, P.  A.,  "Water  Conservation  in  Textile  Finishing,"
American Dyestuff Reporter, Vol. 66, No. 11 (1977).

122. "Report to Charlton Woolen Company, Charlton City, Massachusetts,
on  Process  Revisons  -  Pilot Plant Study of the Proposed Wastewater
Treatment  Facility,"  Cullinan  Engineering  Co.,  Inc.  Auburn,   MA
(August, 1973).

123.  "Revised  Executive  Summary  to  Economic  Analysis of Proposed
Effluent Guidelines:  Textile  Industry," U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, Ref. No. EPA 230/1-73-028 (1974).

124. Rhame, G. A., "Treatment  of Textile Finishing Wastes  by  Surface
Aeration," Proceedings of the  26th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Lafayette, IN (1971), pp. 702-712.

125.  Richardson,  M. B., and  Stepp, J. M., "Costs of Treating Textile
Wastes  in   Industrial  and  Municipal  Treatment  Plants:   Six   Case
Studies,"  Water  Resources  Research  Institute,  Clemson University,
Clemson, SC  (March, 1972).

126. Rinker, T. L., "Treatment  of  Textile  Wastewater by  Activated
Sludge and Alum Coagulation,"  Ref. No. EPA  600/2-75-055.
                                  540
-------
127   Rinker,   T.   L. ,   and Sargent,  T.  N. ,  "Activated  Sludge  and Alum
Coagulation Treatment' of Textile Wastewaters "  P"ซedings  of  the 29th
Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University,  Lafayette,  IN   (1974),
pp. 456-471.



12090 DWM  (January, 1971).
129  Sercu, C., "National Committee  on  Water  Quality  Report/'   Dow
Chemical Co., Midland, MI  (March,  1977).



federation Vol.  48, No.  4  (April,  1976), pp.  753-761.
                                     t
 Waste  Conference,   Purdue  University,  Lafayette,  IN  (1978),
 592.
 1*1  CTn^h  1  F   "inventory  of  Energy  Use  in  Wastewater   Sludge
 Treatment"' and ^isposa!?"  Industrial Water Engineering  (July/August,
 1977).
 133  Smith  R., "Cost of Conventional  and Advanced Treatment of Waste-
 ia^r?" Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation Vol.  40,  No.
 9  (September, 1968), pp. 1546-1574.
 134  smith R.,  "Electrical Power Consumption for Municipal  Wastewater
 Treatment," Ref. No. EPA R2-73-281.
 iซ  c^^r  F  H   and Porter, J.  J.,  "Ozone Treatment of Dye Waste,"
 Journal   of' ^'wa^er Pollution  Control Federation, Vol. 46, No. 5
  (May,  1974), pp. 886-894.
  660/2-74-039.
  Manufacturers Institute,  Inc.,  Charlotte,  NC (1976)
                                               sssur
                                   541
-------
"'"on
                                  , sc
            ^^
542
-------
Fisheries   and   Marine   Service,  Freshwater  Institute,  Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada (1974).

152.  Throop,  W.  M.,  "Why  Industrial   Wastewater   Pretreatment?"
Industrial Wastes (July/August, 1976), pp. 32-33.

153.  Tincher,  W.   C., "Chemical Use and Discharge in Carpet Dyeing,"
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA (September, 1975).

154. Trotman, E. R., Dyeing and Chemical Technology of Textile Fibers,
Fifth Edition, Chas.  Griffin  &  Co.,  Ltd.,  London,  Great  Britain
(1975).

155.  "U.S. Industrial Outlook," U.S. Department of Commerce, Domestic
and International Business Administration, Washington, DC  (1978),  pp.
239-244.

156.  Van  Note,  R. H., Herbert, P. V., Patel, R. M., Chupek, C., and
Feldman, L.,  "A Guide to the Selection  of  Cost-Effective  Wastewater
Teatment Systems," Ref. No. EPA 430/9-75-002.

157.  Van  Winkle,  T. L., Edeleanu, J., Prosser, E. A., and Walker, C.
A., "Cotton versus Polyester," American Scientist, Vol. 66  {1978}, pp.
280-289.

158. Wachter, R. A., Archer, S. R.,  and  Blackwood,  T.  R.,  "Source
Assessment:   Overview  and  Priorization  of  Emissions  from Textile
Manufacturing," Ref. No. EPA 600/2-77-107h (September, 1977),  pp.  1-
131.

159. "Wastewater Treatment Systems:  Additional Case  Studies," Metcalf
& Eddy, Inc., Boston, MA (January, 1975).

160.  "Wastewater  Treatment Systems - Upgrading Textile Operations to
Reduce Pollution," U.S. Environmental Protection  Agency,  Washington,
DC, Ref. No.  EPA 625/3-74-004.

161.   Weeter,   D.  W.,  and  Hodgson,  A.  G.,  "Dye  Wastewaters   -
Alternatives  for Biological Waste Treatment," Proceedings of the   32nd
Industrial  Waste  Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, IN  (1978)
pp. 1-9.

162. Whittaker, C.  B., "ITT Publications:   1944-1976,"  Institute of
Textile Technology, Charlottesville, VA (April, Z977).

163.  Whittaker,  C.  B.,  "The  Textile  Library:  A Selected List of
Books," Institute of Textile Technology, Charlottesville, VA (January,
1977).
                                 543
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164.  Wight, J. L., "Biological Treatment  System  Measures  Up  During
High  Solids  Load  Condition," Pollution Engineering (October, 1977),
pp. 52-55.

165.  Williamson, R., "Handling Dye Waste in a Municipal Plant," Public
Works, Vol. 102, No. 1 (January, 1971), pp. 58-59.

166.  Wynn, C. S., Kirk, B. S., and  McNabney,  R.,   "Pilot  Plant   for
Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater with Ozone," Ref No. EPA R2-73-146.

167.   Zwerdling,  D.,  "Spraying  Dangers in the  Air," Washington Post
(January 25,  1976), Section F.
                                  544
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                            SECTION XVI
                             GLOSSARY
Animal Hair Fibers
       obtained fro. ani.als for purposes  of   weaving
                                                         •-•   """
Anti-static Agents
Functional  finishes . appliec i tc > fabric to
                                  C     PAA, and polyvinyl acetate.
 Batch Processing
 Operations  which  retire  loading   of   discrete
 running the process to completion,  ^  ™en    wh.ch  material  in  rope
 This is in contrast to Continuous processing     n thrQugh  Qne  or  more
                  fฐmtheUnnSeedWfor loading and unloading.
      Available
                           Econnnn rally Arhlovable (BATj
 Level of  technology appli cabljJ tc.effluent: 11.1 t.t i™^ ____
 by   July   1,   ^0*'30f (b)1^) of the Federal Water Pollution  Control
 Act,  As Amended.
       rr1-t<,.K,^ r.n.ro! Technnlnnv Currently Available (BPT).
  The  level  of  technology  applicable   to   effluent  limitations^o^e
                                     "
  Control Act, As Amended.
  Complex Processing
        or Knit fabric
                                                               of
   o
   ;?odSction:  bleaching, dyeing, or printing
                                    545
-------
  Consent
                                                             JSS
performance standards
Conventional  Pollutant
                              i
                              mitations  guidelines  and
                                                          new  sourc
 Direct Discharger
 Effluent Limitation
from an existing point source
End-of-PiPe  Technologies
                                                       unit> ฐf
                                                      to  limitation
EnvironmentaT  Protection
                                                       (EPA-J
                                     cost  index originating  in   1957

              gr0teCti0"  ^ncn  - Small Citv Conventional Treatment
                               546
-------
legislation referred to as The Clean Water Act.

Functional Finish Chemicals
Substances  applied  to fabric to provide desirable properties such as
wrink?e--resist!nce, water-repellency, flame-resistance, etc.

Greiqe Mills
                                              or
generated,  it  is  usually  small  in  quantity.

Indirect  Discharger
An industrial  discharger  that introduces  wastewater  to  a  publicly-
owned collection  system.
 In-olant  Control  Technologies
 Controls   or  measures  applied  within  the  manufacturing proc— to


 process changes.
 Internal Subcategorization



 processes  employed.
 Low-Water-Use Processing Mills

 Establishments
                                                  is  he  primary  water
  use or process water requirements are small.
  National Pollt.fr.ant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
                                   547
-------
 New  Source
Non-Conventional Pollutants







Non-Water Quality Envirnnn.0ปj-3l
 energy usage

 Physical-Chemical
                                           solid waste generation, and
                    ize  physical  (
                                            sedimentation,  filtration,
                                            -e  osmosis,  etc.)  and/or
                                             , precipitation, etc.)  to
Processes  that
centrifugation,
chemical means  {i.
treat wastewaters.

Point Source Category


established"1 g SectionlJe^rT?)^^ 'fti**.*?"*1™   ฐr   ^oduct,
Control Act, As  Amended  for  the  ourooL  of  f=f=i1Wa^r  Pollutiฐn
standards for the disposal of wasfewater         establishing  Federal

Pollutant Loading
pollutant)/(kkg wet production)

Pretreatment Standard
                                        .
                                        "pressed   in   terms   of   (kg
                                                                to
                                548
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Product Line

Goods  which  are  similar :  in  terms  of  raw  -terials ,

                                                    ,  felt., etc
Pabliclv-Qwned Treatment Works (POTW)
           .  ss.
or other public agency.
Raw Waste Characteristics
A  description  of  the  constituents  and
before treatment.
Simple Processing
      or Icnlt  fabric
bleaching, dyeing, or printing.

Standard industrial Classification (SIC)

A  numerical  categorization  scheme  used
Commerce to denote segments of industry.

Standard nf Performance

A  -naximun,  weight.  Discharged  per .unit
                                             properties  of  a  wastewater
                                                              Blowing
                                                 of  total  production:
                                             by  the U.S. Department of
                                            of
    e
  are subject to effluent limitations

  Synthetics

  As  used  in  this  report
                                                             performance
                                                existing  sources   which
     g
  that are made by chemical synthesis

     ir Pollutants
                                              synthetic  ibers are those
                                    549
-------



Water Usage
fr   * manufacturing operation to
                         of
                                                             the   total
Wet Processing Mills









Wet Production
                                550
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                             APPENDIX A

               SURVEY FORMS USED IN 308 DATA REQUESTS
FIGURE A-l - TELEPHONE SURVEY FORM
FIGURE A-2 - EPA INDUSTRY SURVEY - TEXTILE PLANTS:  BAT - NSPS
            PRETREATMENT (WET PROCESSING)


FIGURE A-3 - EPA INDUSTRY SURVEY - TEXTILE PLANTS:  BAT - NSPS
            PRETREATMENT (LOW WATER USE PROCESSING)
                                  551
-------
                                    FIGURE A-l
                               TELEPHONE SURVEY FORM
 Company Name
 Plant Name
                                       State
Contact
                                 Tele
                                                 Plant Code No.
                                                 Letter Date 	
                                                 Telecon Date _
                                                 Time
A.  Plant Classification (circle one or more numbers
             Subcategory             Approx. Percent
    0.  Dry Operation
        (no process-related wastewater)
    1.  Wool Scouring	
    2.  Wool Finishing                   	
    3.  Dry Processing
            a.  Greige                   	
            b.  Adhesive related         	
    4.  Woven Fabric Finishing           _____
0.
    5.
    6.
    7.
    8.
    Q
    Knit Fabric Finishing
    Carpet Mill
    Stock & Yarn
    Nonwovens
        Miscellaneous (describe reverse side)
    Approximate Plant Capacity
           or small,  etc.)
                             (Ib per day;  no.  of employees;  large, medium,
Wastewater Discharge
 	  Direct
   '        Indirect   POTW Name
               Other (describe reverse side)
     1.   Is treatment (pretreatment)  provided?  (circle)  Yes   No
         Type of Treatment (describe  units  in sequence reverse side)
     2.   Discharge volume	 GPD
     3.   Is -wastewater and/or treatment  data available .(circle)  Yes  No
     4.   General Quality of Data 	____.	
     5.   Who has data?	
    Follow-up Questionnaire?  Yes    No
    Check if additional information on reverse  side of form.
                                        552
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                            FIGURE  A-2
                          EPA INDUSTRY SURVEY
               TEXTILE PLANTS:  BAT-NSPS-PRETREATMENT
Please complete as many of the questionnaire items as possible.
most helpful if questionnaire is returned by __	„
                Dr. James C. Buzzell
                Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates, Inc.
                800 N. 12th Blvd.
                St. Louis, MO  63101
                Tel:   (3H) 436-7600 Ext. 243 or 347
                         It would be
                             to:
                                              Plant
Company    	_	—	—
Plant  Location _	_	—	—
Part I -  GENERAL  PLANT  INFORMATION
A.  Please indicate method used  to  dispose  of  process-related wastewaters.
    	 Direct  Discharge -  Discharge of treated  or untreated process-
           related wastewaters directly to a receiving body  of water.
           Indirect  Discharge  - Discharge of partially treated or untreated
    	 process-related wastewaters directly to  a Publicly Owned Treatment
           Works (POTW)  via municipal sewer  system.
    	 Other Discharge such as septic tank, evaporation  lagoon, irrigation
           system, etc.   Please explain briefly below.
 B   If your plant is a Direct or Other Discharger do you have firm plans to
     discharge process-related wastewater to a POTW in the future? 	
 C   If vour plant is an Indirect Discharger please provide as much of the
  "  following information as possible. Please contact POTW if necessary.
     POTW name and location		.	—	
     POTW type (e.g. primary clarification, activated sludge, trickling
     filter, aerated lagoon, oxidation ditch, etc.)
     POTW design  flow	
POTW present average flow
      If  POTW has biological  treatment  indicate year of completion. 	
      Is  POTW designed  specifically  to  treat  textile wastewaters? 	_
      Did your  plant participate  directly in  construction of POTW? 	
      Does your plant participate directly in operation of  POTW? 	„
      Does your plant provide pretreatment? 	 Is  it required by POTW?
      Does POTW currently meet EPA secondary  treatment requirements?
                   (  ) Yes    (   )  No   (  )  Don't Know
-------
                                        Company
                                          Plant
 Part II - MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
 '-'   EPA Subcategorization.   Please indicate average pounds production per day
     Do not include redyes;  they are covered separately below.
     Subcategorv
     1
                               Ib/dav
Wool Scouring
(Raw Grease Wool)
Wool Dye/Finish
Dry Processing
  Woven Greige Goods
  Knit Greige Goods
  Adhesive Products
  Carpet Backing
  Other
     4-.  Woven Fabric Dye/Finish
     5.  Knit Fabric Dye/Finish
     6.  Carpet Dye/Finish
     7.  Stock & Yarn Dye/Finish
    3.  Nonwovens
          Mechanical Entanglement
          Wet Lay Process
          Spun Bond Process
          Dry Processed
    9.  Other	
        Other 	
                             Total
    Final manufactured product(s)
    etc.)	
Fiber Content
Wool
Cotton
Polyester
Rayon
Nylon
Acetate
Acrylic
Modacrylic
Other 	
Other 	
Other
It/day
                                                     Total	
                                        Fiber Blends (e.g.  65%
                                        cotton/35^  polyester  )
                           (e.g.  sheeting, hosiery, carpet, thread,
    Average Pounds RE-DYES per day
B-  Process Wastewater.  Please indicate the average gallons of process-
    related wastewater discharged per day.	 gpd.
                               554
-------
Schematic.  Please provide, by attachment or by sketch in the space below
a simple block diagram of your wet manufacturing processes.
                                555
-------
                                       Company
                                         Plant
D.  Production Process Information.  Please indicate approximate percent of
    production through the following processes.  Please do not include Re-dyes.
 Percent  Process
	  Wool Scouring
	_  Slashing:	;
	  Weaving
	  Desizing:
	  Scouring:
-	  Bleaching:
Starch;
                                         PVA;
                                     CMC;
other
                         Type of  size 	
                         	% Open width;
                         Bleach is	
                               % Rope Range
            Mercerizing: Is caustic  recovered?   (   ) Yes   (   ) No
            Carbonizi pg
            Stock Dyeing: 	%  package  (-200ฐF); 	%  package  (250ฐF); 	
            Yarn Dyeing:  	%  package  (200ฐF); 	%  package  (250ฐF)
            Fabric  Dyeing:	%  atmospheric (200ฐF); 	% pressure (250ฐF)
                Dye  machines are	^Continuous 	%  Jet
                                 	% Beam      	%  Jig
                                 	% Beck      	%  Other	
                                     % automated 	
                                                             % skein
                                        manual
Dye machines are _
Dye usage.  Please indicate average pounds per day or percent
            per day for each dye class used.
                     Ib/day
                                 Ib/day
                                    Acid
                                    Cationic
                                    Developed
                                    Direct
                                    Dispersed
                                                Naphthol
                                                Reactive
                                                Sulfur
                                                Vat
             Printing:  Type(s)       .	_	
             Functional Finishes:  Please identify types  of finishes applied.
                     	 Crease-resistant     	 Moth-proof
                                                .   -     Mildew-resistant
                                                 	 Other     '	
                                                        Other    '    	.
             Water-repellant
             Flame-resistant
             Bacteriostatic
      Please  indicate  the method(G)  of disposal  of  concentrated  dye  and/or  print
      paste wastes		__	—	
                                      556
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                                      Compaq
                                         Plant
P,rt in- Basins mamt w
A
     water 'sampling locations.
              roposed
Screening:  Type
Equalization:
                                                       Spacing
                                                 Volume
                     Neutralization:.
                 _Mixed
                 _Unmixed   Volume
                    Acid feed
                    Tank volume
Primary Sedimentation:
  No. of units	- Depth
  Dimensions
Aeration:
  No.  of units	Volume under  aeraUon
   Total aeration HP	Detention
   Aerators are __Surface
      .  -  1ITQe
   Typical Mlob	^	
 Secondary Sedimentation:
   No.  of units.	 Depth
   Dimensions	
   Is  sludge returned to aeration basins.
  Unaerated Ponds:
    M   nf nmts	.  Total volume
    No. OI  um.Tjb,_ ,    —
  Other: (If using  other
                                                                           hr
                                                                 e, flotation,
                                                           w-ieซซ addition,  dis-
                                                             please describe.)
     Is sludge treated?
                      —
            descr^Tultimate  sludge disposal method..
-------
         III (Cont. )
       Use this
treatment system
                                              Company

                                               Plant
                               to Provide
                                                        of
                                                           abatanent
      In-Plant Control

     of the net cost  or eao
                                                       ; lf PฐSSlble
                                                                          an
Control
Year        Approx.
Installed   cost
                                     Flow
                                                                      COD
                                              Reductiฐl   Auction   Reduction
                                  558
-------
                                          Company

                                            Plant
 Part  IV  - WASTEWATER  DATA
      Please  provide  representative monitoring data  that characterize the raw
      (untreated)  and treated wastewater discharged.   Parameters of interest are
      flow rate, EOD5,  COD,  TSS,  sulfide, phenol,  chromium and any other priority
      pollutant listed  in  Part VI, for which  data  are  available.  Subnit data
      sheets  as illustrated  on the following  page  or submit copies of
      monitoring reports.  Data for 1976 is most desirable.  Please indicate
      approximate  production levels that correspond  to data provided; also
      indicate sampling technique  (grab, 24-hour composite, flow-proportional
      composite, time composite,  etc.).

      Who is  responsible for wastewater monitoring?	
      Where are wastewater samples analyzed?	
Part V - .ECONOMIC DATA
     Parent Organization   Please indicate:
C.
     	 Public corporation

     	 Private    "

     	, Partnership

     Plant Capacity - 1976
                                    Propri etor ship

                                    Cooperative
                                    Other
     1.
       Length of shift
hours
     2.

     3.
     5.
     6.
         Number of Weeks at 0 shifts

                         at 1 shift

                         at 2 shifts

                         at 3 shifts
       Plant capacity 	
                                                       (shutdown)
       Annual operating rate:  1975

                               19.76

       Average Number of Employees (1976) 	

       Maximum Number of Bnployees (1976) 	

       Age  (Year of initial construction) of major
       production facility	
           of plant capacity

           of plant capacity
       Average age of manufacturing equipment

Water Pollution Costs:  Edrect Dischargers
                                  Before
                                   1975   1975
                                                      Projected
                                            1976   1977   1978 - 83
     Annual Operating Costs   $

     Capital Expenditures     $
                                       559
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                                     Company_
                                       Plant
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                                     560
-------
                                         Company
                                           Plant
Part V (Cont.)
D-   Water Pollution Costs:  Indirect Dischargers
     Sewer use charges are based on:
     	  Water usage     .	 Wastewater concentration
     	  Wastewater volume             BOD __^_^_  COD
            Other Basis
            (Please describe)
                                     Suspended Solids
E.
Annual User Charges
Annual Capital Cost
  Recovery Charge
                                   Before                   Projected
                                    1975   1975   1976   1977   1978 - 83
                               $
Pretreatment
  Capital Cost            $   _  _  _  _   _
  Annual Operating Cost   $   _  _  _  _   _
Other Regulatory Costs
Describe other regulatory controls (e.g. air, solid wastes, OSHA, etc.)
that have resulted in significant costs impact.
     Estimate combined investment and annual operating costs for other
     regulatory considerations over next 4 years.
     Total investment cost per year $ 	
     Annual operating cost $ 	
F.   Energy Usage
     Electric power usage for 1976
     Fuel Oil usage for 1976 	
                                         kwh
Cost;
                                  JLOOO gallons   Cost;  i_
     Gas (natural, propane, etc.)
       usage for 1976 	
                                   1000 cu ft
Cost:
/kwh
/cu ft
     Approximate percentage of total energy usage attributable to water
     pollution controls	-f0
     Approximate percentage of total energy usage attributable to other
     regulatory controls 	%
                                      561
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                                        Company

                                          Plant
Part VI -  PRIORITY  POLLUXA.NXS

Please complete the following Priority Pollutant listing.  For each pollutant
please check whether it is Known To Be Present, Suspected To Be Present,
Suspected To Be Absent, or Known To Be Absent.  Suitable responses should be
based on the following descriptions:

Known To Be Present:  The compound has been detected by reasonable analytical
procedures in the discharge or by reference is known to be present in the
raw waste load.

Suspected To Be Present:  The compound is a raw material in the processes
employed, a product, a by-product,  catalyst, etc.  Its presence in the raw
waste load and discharge is a reasonable technical judgment.

Suspected To Be Absent:  No known reason to predict that the compound is
present in the discharge.

Known To Be Absent:  The application of reasonable analytical procedures
designed to detect  the material have yielded negative results.
 Priority  Pollutant

 1.     acenaphthene
 2.     acrolein
 3.     acrylonitrile
 4.     benzene
 5.     benzidine
 6.     carbon tetrachloride
       (tetra chloromethane)

 7.     chlorobenezene
 8.     1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
 9.     hexachlorobenzene

 10.    1,2-dichloroethane
 11.    1,1,1-trichlorethane
 12.    hexachloroethane
 13.    1,1-dichloroethane
 14.    1,1,2-trichloroethane
 15.    1,1,2,3-tetrachloroethane
 16.    chloroethane

 17.    bis(chloromethyl) ether
 IS.    bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
 19.    ' 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
       (mixed)

 20.    2-chloronaphthalene
                                Known     Suspected Suspected Known
                                Present   Present   Absent    Absent
 21,
 22,
 23.
 24
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
parachlorometa cresol
chloroform (trichloromethane)
2-chlorophenol
                                       562
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                                         Company-
                                           Plant
 Part VI  (Cont.)
                                      Known      Suspected Suspected Known
 Priority Pollutant                    Present     Present    Absent     Absent
 25.    1,2-dichlorobenzene
 26.    1,3-dichlorobenzene             ~~                	    	"
 27.    1,4-dichlorobenzene                                  	    	
 28.    3,3-dichloroben2idine

 29.    1,1-dichloroethylene
 30.    1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
 31,    2j4-dichlorophenol

 32.    1,2-dichloropropane
 33-    1,3-dichloropropylene
       (1,3-dichloropropene)
 34•    2,4-dimethylphenol

 35.    2,4-dinitrotoluene
 36.    2,6-dinitrotoluene

 37.    1,2-diphenylhydrazine

 38.    ethylbenzene

 39.    fluoranthene

 40.    4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
 41.    4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
 42. .   bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
 43.    bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane

 44.    methylene chloride
       (dichloromethane)
 45.    methyl chloride
       (chloromethane)
 46.    methyl bromide (bromomethane)
 47.    bromoform (tribromomethane)
 48.    dichlorobromomethane
 49.    trichlorofluoromethane
 50.    dichlorodifluoromethane
 51.    chlorodibromome thane

 52.    hexachlorobutadiene

 53.   hexachlorocyclopentadiene

54.   ispphorone

55.   napthalene

56.   nitrobenzene
                                      563
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                                        Company

                                          Plant
Part VI (Cont.)

Priority Pollutant

57.   2-nitrophenol
58.   4-nitrophenol
59.   2,4-dinitrophenol
60.   4,6-dinitro-o-cresol

61.   N-nitrosodimethylamine
62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63.   N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine

64.   pentaehlorophenol

65.   phenol

66.   bis( 2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67.   butyl benzyl phthalate
68.   dl-n-butyl phthalate
69.   diethyl phthalate
70.   dimethyl phthalate

71.   1,2-benzathracene
72.   benzo (a)pyrene  (3,4-benzo
      pyrene)
73.    3 >4-benzof luoranthene
74.    11,12-benzof luoranthene
75.    chrysene
76.    acenaphthylene
77.    anthracene
78.    1,12-benzoperylene
79.    fluorene
80.    phenanthrene
 81.    1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene
 82.    indeno(l,2,3-C,D) pyrene
 83.    pyrene

 84.    2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
       p-dioxtn (TCDD)
 85.    tetrachloroethylene

 86.    toluene

 87.   trichloroethylene

 88.   vinyl chlorine (chloroethylene)
Known      Suspected Suspected Known
Present    Present   Absent    Absent
       Pesticides and Metabolites

  89.   aldrin
  90.   dieldrin
  91.   chlordane (technical mixture
       and metabolites)
                                       564
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                                        Company

                                          Plant
Part VI (Cent.)

Priority Pollutant
92.   4,4'-DDT
93.   4,4'-DDE (p,p'-DDX)
94;   4,4'-DDD (p,p'-TDE)

95.   a-endosulfan
96.   B-endosulfan
97.   endosulfan sulfate

98.   endrin
99.   endrin aldehyde

100.  heptachlor
101.  heptachlor epoxide

102.  a-BHC
103.  B-BHC
104-  r-BHC (lindane)
105.  d-BHC

106.  PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
107.  PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)

108.  Toxaphene

      Metals

109.  Antimony (Total)
110.  Arsenic (Total)
111.  Asbestos (Fibrow)
112.  Beryllium (Total)
113.  Cadmium (Total)
114.  Chromium (Total)
115.  Copper- (Total)
116.  Cyanide (Total)
117.  Lead (Total)
118.  Mercury (Total)
119.  Nickel (Total)
120.  Selenium (Total)
121.  Silver (Total)
122.  Thallium (Total)
123.  Zinc (Total)
Known      Suspected Suspected Known
Present    Present   Absent    Absent
                                  565
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                                       Company	

                                         Plant	

Part VI (Cont.)

For those Priority Pollutants which are Imown to be present, please
indicate to the "best of your knowledge the prime source of the material.

Specific Pollutant                      Source (Raw Material/Process Line)
QUESTIONNAIRE  COMPILATION

Please provide the  following information regarding  completion of  questionnaire,

Compiler           	_____	___	_Title_	

Office Location	Telephone	

Date  Completed	___	

If you have questions,  please contact Dr. James Buzzell or Larry Oliver at
(3K) 436-7600, Ext.  347 or 243.
                                   566
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                               FIGURE A-3

                            EPA INDUSTRY SURVEY
                               TEXTILE PLANTS
                           HAT-NSPS-PRETREA1MENT   "

Please complete as raaDy of the questionnaire items as possible arid return
to:
                      Larry J. Oliver
                      Sverdrup & Parcel and Associates, Inc.
                      800 N. 12th Blvd.
                      St. Louis, MO 63101
                      Tel:  (314) 436-7600 Ext. 243 or 347

Company _	  Plant	
Plant Location	.      	

PART I - MANUFACTURING INFORMATION
A.  Plant Classification (Please indicate average .1976 production per day
    for the appropriate subcategory(ies).)
Subcategory                Ib/day       Sub category                   Ib/day
1.  Wool Scouring        	       4.  Woven Fabric Finishing  	
2.  Wool Finishing	5.  Knit Fabric Finishing   	
3.  Dry Processing                      6.  Carpet Mill             	
      Woven Greige Goods	7,  Stock & Yarn            	
      Knit Greige Goods	3.  Nonwovens               	
      Other              	9.  Miscellaneous (describe on
                                            reverse side)            .
B.  Please indicate principal manufactured product(s) (e.g.  knit fabric,
    v;oven fabric, hosiery, carpet, thread, etc.)
C.  Raw Materials (Please indicate average pounds fiber use per day.)
    Fiber Content          Ib/day       Fiber Blends                  Ib/day
                                        (e.g. 65^ cotton/35# polyester)
    Wool	       	  	
    Cotton	  	
    Polyester            		  	
    Rayon                	       	
    Nylon                	       Other Fibers  (identify)
    Acetate              	       	
    Acrylic              	       	
    Modacrylic           	       	
                                   567
-------
D.  Production Process Information (Please indicate approximate percent of
    production through the following processes.)
    Percent  Process
    	  Slashing: 	<&  Starch; 	% PVA; 	%  CMC; 	% other
    	  Weaving: Type of machinery		
    	  Knitting: Type of machinery 	
             Other (Deslzing, Scouring, Bleaching, Mercerising, Dyeing,
             Printing, etc.)  Please describe:     .	__	
PART IT - V/ASTEWATER INFORMATION
A.  Approximately how many gallons of wastewater are discharged, on the
    average, per day.
B.  Please indicate the approximate percentage of the total flow from
    each source:
    _ % Process-related wastewater (slasher cleanup, contact cooling
               water, equipment washdcwn, other sources)
    _ ___ % Boiler Slowdown •
    __ % Non-contact cooling water
    __ % Sanitary sewage
    _ % Cafeteria
    _ % Air pollution' control  equipment
    _ f % Other  (describe): _ ___ _____ _ —
C.  Process-related wastev/ater  is discharged: (please check or indicate.)
    __ __ Continuously
    _ Times per day
    _ Times per week
    __ Intermittently  (describe): _ „ _ , _ ; - : -
     	Other (describe):
 0.  Is wastewater treated? (e.g.,  screening,  holding tank,  aeration, etc.)
     	Yes  	No (If yes, please attach a  simple block diagram of the
                      treatment system.)
                                    568
-------
 E.   Please indicate method used to dispose of -process^related wastewaters.
     	 Direct Discharge - Discharge of treated or untreated process-
          related wastev/aters directly to .a receiving body  of water.
     	 Indirect Discharge - Discharge of partially treated or untreated
          process-related wastewaters directly to a  Publicly  Owned Treatment
          Works (POTW)  via municipal sewer system.
     	 Other Discharge such as septic tank,  evaporation  lagoon, irrigation
          system, etc.   Please explain briefly below.
F.  Are  monitoring data available  for process-related wastewater discharge?
    	No -  Ho monitoring  is  done,
    	Yes - Monitored by  municipal water pollution control agency
    	Yes - Monitored and reported \znder NPDES permit
    	Yes - Other  reason
    Jฃ ygg*  P^ase attach copies of reports for 1976 and 1977 monitoring.
G.  In-Plant Control  Information:  Has your plant instituted in-plant
    controls to  reduce  water pollution?  	Yes  	No  (Please check
    those applicable.}
                      	Water reuse
                      	 Water recycle
                      	 Chemical substitution
                      	 Material reclamation
                      	 Other:
PART III - PLANT INFOPMA.TIQN
A.  Plant Capacity - 1976
    1.  1976 production was approximately
        production capacity.
        J6 of plant's full
    2.  1976 operating experience:
               Length of shifts - _
hours
               Average number of shifts - 	
               Plant shut down -	weeks
    3.  Average number of employees:
               1st shift 	
               2nd shift 	
               3rd shift 	
         per week
                                      569
-------
     Plant Age:

            Approximate age of major production facilities - 	
            Average age of manufacturing equipment	years
                                                                       years
            Date of latest major remodeling or expansion -
Value of Production - (Please indicate the approximate value of principal
manufactured products or principal production services for 1976.;
	Less than ฃ million $/year      	5 to 10 million $/year
	J to 1 million $/year           	M) to 25 million $/year
    1 to 5 million $/year           	Greater than 25 million $/year
                                 	Icwh/month  Cost - $_
                                 1000 gal/month   Cost - $_
                                                  Cost - $.
C.  Energy Usage - 1976
    Average electric power usage -

    Average fuel oil usage - 	
    Average gas usage - 	1000 eu ft/month.


PART IV - PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

A   Please circle the reference number for each pollutant or^pollutant
  "  class listed below that you knew or suspect are present in your raw
    wastewater discharge.
                       _/month
                       _/mon-bh

                        /month.
 1.  acenaphthene
 2.  acrolein
 3.  acrylonitrile
 4.  benzene
 5.  bensidine

 6.  carbon tetrachloride
         (tetrachlorome thane)
 7.  chlorinated beneaenes
 8.  chlorinated ethanes
 9.  chloroalkyl ethers
1G.  chlorinated naphthalene

11.  chlorinated phenols
12.  chloroform
      (trIchloromethane)
13.  2-chlorophenol
1/t.  dichlorobenaenes
15.  dichlorobenaidine

 16.   dichloroethylenes
 17.   2,4-dichlcrophenol
 18.   dichlcropropane and
      dichloropropone
 19.   2,4-dimethylphenol
 20 f   dinitrotoluene
                                        21.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
                                        22.  ethylbenzene
                                        23.  fluroanthene
                                        24.  halcethers
                                        25.  halomethane

                                        26.  hexachlorobutadiene
                                        27.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
                                        28.  isophorone
                                        2 9.  naphthale ne
                                        30.  nitrobenzene

                                         31.   nitrophenols
                                         32.   nitosamines
                                         33,   pentacholorphenol
                                         34,   phenol
                                         35,   phthalate esters
                                         36,
                                         37

                                         33
                                         39
                                         40
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
(TCDD)
tetrachloroettiylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
                                         41*.  vinyl  chloride  (chloroethylene)
                                  570
-------
     Pesticides and Metabolites            Metals

     42.  aldrin/dieldrin                  51.   antimony  (total)
     43.  chlordane                        52,   arsenic (total)
     44.  DDT                              53.   asbestos  (Fibrow)
     45.  endosulfan                       54.   beryllium (total)
                                           55.   cadium (total)
     46.  endrin
     47.  heptaehlor                       56.   chromium  (total)
     48.  hexachlorocyclohexane            57.   copper (total)
     49,  polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) 58.   cyanide (total)
     50.  toxaphene                        59.   lead (total)
                                           60.   mercury (total)

                                           61.   nickel (total)
                                           62.   selenium  (total)
                                           63.   silver (total)
                                           64.   thallium  (total)
                                           65.   zinc (total)

B.  For those Priority Pollutants that are known or suspected  present, please
    indicate to the best of your knowledge the prime source of the  material.

    Specific Pollutant                   Source  (Raw Material/Process Line)
QUESTIONNAIRE COMPILATION

Please provide the following information regarding completion of questionnaire,
Compiler	Title 	
Office Location	 Telephone	

Date Completed 	

If you have questions, please contact Dr. James Buzszel! or Larry Oliver
at (314) 436-7600, Ext. 347 or 243.

Additional comments
                                     571
-------
-------
                                  A-l
                              APPENDIX B

                   WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION DATA
TABLE B-l - RAW WASTE CHARACTERISTICS - SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DATA


TABLE B-2 - BPT EFFLUENT CHARACTERISTICS - SUMMARY OF HISTORICAL DATA
                                 573
-------

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                              APPENDIX C

                         PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

TABLE C-l  -  LIST OF 129 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

TABLE C-2  -  TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN TREATED EFFLUENT ABOVE
              THE NOMINAL DETECTION LIMITS
                                605
-------
                              APPENDIX C-l

                        TOXIC POLLUTANTS
1.   acenaphthene
2.   acrolein
3.   acrylonitrile
4.   benzene
5.   benzidine
    carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
7.  chlorobenzene
8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
9.  hexachlorobenzene
10. 1f 2-dichloroethane    	
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
12. hexachloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane	
16. chloroethane
17. bis(chloromethyl) ether
18. bis{2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether  (mixed)
20. 2-chloronaphthalene	_
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22. parachlorometa  cresol
23. chloroform  (trichloromethane)
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1, 2-dichlorobenzene	__
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichiorobenzene
28. 3,3-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethvlene	
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
32.  1,2-dichloropropahe
33.  1,3-dichloropropylene
34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
 35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene	__
 36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
 37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
 38.  ethylbenzene
 39.  fluoranthene
 40.  4-chlorophenvl  phenvl  ether	
 41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl  ether
 42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl)  ether
 43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy)  methane
 44.  methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
 45.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)	
                                  606
-------
 46.  methyl bromide (bromomethane)
 47.  bromoform (tribromomethane)
 48.  dichlorobromomethane
 49.  trichlorofluoromethane
 50.  dlchlorodifluoromethane	
 51.  chlorodibromomethane
 52.  hexachlorobutadiene
 53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 54.  isophorone
 55.  naphthalene
 56.  nitrobenzene
 57.  2-nitrophenol
 58.  4-nitrophenol
 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
 60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol	
 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
 64.  pentachlorophenol
 65.  phenol  (4APP)	
 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate
 67.  butyl  benzyl  phthalate
 68.  di-n-butyl  phthalate
 69.  di-n-octyl  phthalate
 70.  diethvl phthalate	
 71.  dimethyl phthalate            ~~	
 72.  benzo(a)anthracene  (1,2 benzanthracene)
 73.  benzo(a)pyrene  (3,4-benzopyrene)
 74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane(11,12-benzofluoranthene)
 76.  chrysene	
 77.  acenaphthylene
 78.  anthracene
 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene  (1,12-benzoperylene)
 80.  fluorene	
 81.  phenanthrene	
 82.  1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene
 83.  indeno (1,2,3-cd) pyrene
 84.  pyrene
 85.  tetrachloroethvlene	^	
 86.  toluene            ~          ~~	
 87.  trichloroethylene
 88.  vinyl chloride  (chloroethylene)
 89.  aldrin
 90. dieldrin	
 91. chlordane (tech. mixture & metabolites)
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4,4'-DDE (p,p'-DDX)
94. 4,4'-DpD {p,p'-TDE>
                                 607
-------
95.  alpha-endosulfan
96.  beta-endosulfan
97.  endosulfan sulfate
98.  endrin
99.  endrin aldehyde
IQO.heptachlor	
lOl.heptachlor epoxide
102.alpha-BHC
103.beta-BHC
104.gamma-BBC (lindane)
105.delta-BHC	
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
PCB-1242
PCB-1254
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
(Arochlor 1242)
(Arochlor 1254)
(Arochlor 1221)
(Arochlor 1232)
(Arcohlor 1248)
lll.PCB-1260 (Arochlor
112.PCB-1016 (Arochlor
llS.Toxaphene
114.Antimony (Total)
115.Arsenic  (Total)
                   1260)
                   1016)
 116.Asbestos  (Fibrous)
 117.Beryllium (Total)
 118.Cadmium  (Total)
 119.Chromium  (Total)
 120.Copper  (Total)
 121.Cyanide  (Total)
 122.Lead  (Total)
 123.Mercury  (Total)
 124.Nickel  (Total)
 125.  Selenium (Total)
 126
 127
 128
 129
 Silver  (Total)
 Thallium  (Total)
 Zinc  (Total)
, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                                  608
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                               TABLE C-2.

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN TREATED
              EFFLUENT ABOVE THE NOMINAL DETECTION LIMIT
acrylonitrile
benzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
parachlorometacresol
chloroform
1,2-dichlorobenzene
ethylbenzene
trichlorofluoromethane
naphthalene
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
pentachlorophenol
phenol
bis{2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
tetrachlproethylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
antimony
arsenic
cadmium
chromium
copper
cyanide
lead
mercury
nickel
selenium
silver
zinc
                                 609
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                              APPENDIX D

         TOXIC POLLUTANT SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES


The  screening sampling, verification sampling, and analyses performed
in connection with  the review of the effluent  limitations  guidelines,
new  source  performance standards, and pretreatment standards  for  the
Textile Mills  Point  Source  Category,  were  according   to  the   EPA
protocol,    "Sampling   and   Analysis  Procedures  for  Screening  of
Industrial Effluents for Priority Pollutants," dated March, 1977.   The
procedures employed are described below.

SAMPLING PROCEDURES

Collection Technique

Wastewater samples  were  collected  by  composite  and  grab  sampling
techniques.  Composite samplers  (Isco Model  1680) were used to  collect
raw  waste   and secondary effluent samples for analysis of nonvolatile
organics and metals.

Tygon sample tubing used was washed with detergent, rinsed thoroughly
and given a  final washing with organic-free  water.  A  1-liter  sample
blank was then collected and analyzed for organic leachates.  Organic-
free  water  was prepared by passing water, distilled in glass,  through
a 0.6-meter-long activated cargon column.  The blank was collected  in
glass,  sealed with a Teflon-lined cap, and  stored in ice at 4ฐC until
analyzed.

Grab sampling techniques were used to collect raw  waste  samples   for
other  analyses,  and  for  secondary  effluent samples at some mills.
Eight individual grap samples were collected at  equally  spaced  time
intervals  during   the normal working day.   To insure that each of  the
eight laboratories  received a sufficient portion of the  same   sample
grab  samples  were collected  in  a Teflon-lined, 10-liter stainless
steel bucket.  A specified aliquot was  transferred  to  each   of   the
sample bottles from this container.  Care was taken to insure that  the
sample  remained  homogeneous  throughout  each  of the 10-min  pouring
sessions.  Containers for volatile organics  analysis  were  collected
and sealed first to minimize possible evaporation losses.

Sample Container Preparation

All  glass   containers  were  thoroughly cleaned with strong acid {50%
sulfuric acid + 50% nitric  acid),   rinsed,  and  heated  in  a  glass
annealing  oven  at  400<>C  for  at least 30 minutes.   The rest of  the
glass containers were rinsed with methylene  chloride and dried  in   the
oven at 100<>C.   All glass bottles had Teflon-lined caps.
                                 611
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Plastic  sample  containers  were thoroughly cleaned before use.  Each
bottle was washed with detergent and tap water, then rinsed  with  1:1
nitric  acid/tap water, 1:1 hydrochloric acid/tap water, and, finally,
deionized distilled water.

Sampling Logistics

The type and volume of  sample  container  varied,  depending  on  the
analysis  to  be made.  Some samples required the addition of chemical
preservatives in the field to prevent deterioration during shipment to
the laboratory.  A field sampling instructional worksheet was designed
to facilitate the arduous task of filling bottles of  different  sizes
requiring different sample volumes and preservatives at each location.
Each  sampling day, before sampling, bottle labels were filled out and
affixed to the appropriate sample bottles.

Sample Shipping Procedure

Each bottle was capped and sealed with tape to prevent leakage.  Glass
bottles were individually wrapped to prevent breakage.  Sample bottles
were then packed in one-piece, molded, styrene foam  shipping  cartons
with  3.8-cm walls and fitted tops.  Each such unit was then placed in
a corrugated cardboard box.  Each carton was half-filled  with  sample
bottles,  filled  with ice, sealed with celophane tape, and reinforced
with 0.05-meter duct tape.  Address labels were affixed  to  box  tops
and  warning  labels—"This  Carton  Contains Glass and Ice"—"Hold at
airport and call 	" messages were also put on the box tops.

All samples were shipped by conventional air freight on the  day  that
they  were  collected.   The airlines selected offered the most direct
route without carrier changes.

WASTEWATER CHEMICAL ANALYSES

Effluent Guidelines Conventional and Non-Conventional Pollutants

Parameters  determined  under  the  category  of  effluent  guidelines
conventional  and non-conventional pollutants were:  5-day biochemical
oxygen demand  (BOD5.),  chemical oxygen demand (COD),  color,  sulfides,
total  suspended  solids   (TSS),  pH,  and  total  phenol.   As sample
shipments arrived at the  lab, they were logged in and  distributed  to
the designated technicians for analysis.

Conventional  and  non-conventional  pollutants were determined on  the
raw waste and secondary effluent streams  from  each  of  the  treatment
plants  samples  by  employing  the  procedures   outline   in "Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and  Wastewater,  14th  Edition."
                                  612
-------
.Effluent  values obtained from wastewater treatment facilities in  some
plants  were  greater  than  those  of   the  influent raw waste.  This
occurred,  in part,  because the wastewater entered the treatment system
1  day to  5 days prior to leaving  the treatment  plant.   The  hydraulic
retention   time  in  textile wastewater  treatment plants ranged from 1
day  to  30  days,  with  an average value of 5 days.

Most of the textile mills samples had a  secondary wastewater treatment
facility   that  included  a  lagoon   with  several  surface  aerators,
followed  by a cl.arifier.   Several mills  used equalization basins prior
to  the  aerated lagoons.   Effluent  samples were  collected between the
clarifier  and the polishing pond  in  treatment plants  that  had  both.
There were two exceptions to this procedure however.   At one mill,  the
effluent   sample was  taken  after  the  polishing pond,  and at another
mill the  effluent  sample  was inadvertently  collected  between  the
aerated  lagoon  and   the  settling  basin.   All other effluent samples
were collected after  the clarifiers.

Analysis Protocol For The 129 Consent Decree Toxic Pollutants

Recommended  analytical   procedures   developed  by   EPA   were   used
throughout  this project.    It  is   important  to  realize that these
procedures  were, still   under   development   and   require   further
verification .and  validation..   Therefore,   the   data  generated as a
result  of  the utilization of these procedures only serve  to  identify
which   of   the  129   chemical  species are present and to indicate the
general concentration ranges within  an order of magnitude.

Adaptations  of   these   procedures   to   accommodate   the   special
requirements   of  textile  wastewaters  and/or   any ambiguities   in
analytical  techniques are discussed   below.   Three  chemical   species
were not   determined  in   this  project:    endrin  aldehyde,  2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-q-dioxin (TCDD),  and   asbestos.    EPA-Environmental
Monitoring   and  Support  Laboratory (EMSL)  recommended that  TCDD should
be omitted  because of its  extreme toxicity,  and the  potential   health
hazard   involved  in preparing   standard   solutions from   the pure
compound.    Pure  endrin aldehyde could  not   be  obtained   in  time   to
ureiSPTJ^aฃ2ard solutions.   Asbestos  was  eliminated,  as  recommended
by EPA-IERL-RTP  and EPA-EGD,  due to   the presence of   other   fibrous
materials  in  textile  wastewaters.

The  analytical   protocol   divides the 129 chemical species  into three
basic  categories:    volatile   organics,  nonvolatile  organics,   and
metals.    ฃhe  following sections outline the  analytical procedures and
modifications,  for each category.

Volatile C)r panics.  The recommended analytical  method was designed   to
determine those chemical species that are amenable  to the Bellar purge
and  trap method.  Eight 40-ml,  hermetically sealed  glass vials,  stored
                                 613
-------
in  ice,   were  sent  to  the laboratory from each sampling site.  The
vials were composited within 1 day of receipt at the laboratory.   Two
vials of  composite solution were sealed and retained at 4ฐC as reserve
samples.    Volatiles  from  5-ml  samples  of  composite solution were
sparged with helium onto  two  Tenax  GC-silica-packed  sample  tubes.
(Internal standards were added to the solutions in the later stages of
the  program.  The majority of the samples had been sparged and stored
before the protocol was received  and  appropriate  internal  standard
could  be  obtained.)   The  second  Tenax  tube  was used as a backup
sample.  Tenax tubes were sealed under a nitrogen atmosphere in  glass
tubes and stored in a freezer at -18ฐC until analyzed.

Analyses  were  carried  out  using  a  Hewlett  Packard  5981 GC-Mass
Spectrometer with 5934 Data System.  Sample tubes were heated to 180<>C
over a 1-min period and held at that temperature for 4 min  to  desorb
the  compounds  onto  a Carbowax 1500 column held at -40ฐC.  Cryogenic
trapping   at   -40ฐC   (liquid   nitrogen   cooling)   gave    better
reproducibility of retention time than using the suggested temperature
of  30ฐC,  for  compounds  with boiling points below room temperature.
After desorption, the GC column  temperature  was  raised  3ฐC/min  to
170ฐC.

The  mass  spectrometric  analysis  method   involves  fragmentation of
molecules using electron bombardment  (70  eV).   Masses  and  relative
intensities  of  the  most characteristic molecular fragments for each
compound are listed  in  the protocol.  The population of  ion  fragments
covering  the  mass  range from  35 atomic mass units to  500 atomic mass
units was measured every 6 sec, and  the data were stored  on  magnetic
tape.

These data allow the operator  to  reconstruct  chromatograms of observed
intensity  for  an   individual  mass  during  the  course  of the scanning.
Specific molecules may  be detected  in  the presence  of  other  compounds
by  examining   the reconstructed   intensity   time   plots  of  their
characteristic masses.

Qualitative  identification  of  a compound  was  made  using   the  three
criteria  listed  in  the  protocol:   1)  retention  time must coincide with
known  retention   times,  2)  the three characteristic  masses  must elute
simultaneously,  and  3)  intensities of the  characteristic  masses  must
stand  in  the known proper  proportions.

Quantitation  of   volatile organics was initially made using peak area
 counts and  concentration calibration curves.   Later  in  the  program,
 response  ratios  using  the 1,4-dichlorobutane internal standard were
 used in  quantifying the concentrations.   Base/neutral and acid organic
 compounds were quantified using  deuterated  anthracene  and  response
 ratios as prescribed in the protocol.
                                  614
-------
Nonvolatile Orqanics.  This method determined the nonvolatile solvent-
extractable  organic compounds that could be analyzed by gas chromato-
graphic methods.  The 129 concent decree toxic pollutants  contain  81
organic compounds classified as nonvolatile organics.

Nonvolatile  organics  are  divided  into  three groups:  base/neutral
fraction, acid fraction (phenols), and pesticides and  polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCB).

The  sample solution, 2 liters, was made alkaline (pH greater than 11)
with sodium hydroxide, and then extracted three times  with  methylene
chloride.   Textile  raw  waste  and  effluent  samples  formed strong
emulsions upon extraction with methylene chloride.   The  problem  was
resolved by drawing off small amounts of separated solvent and pouring
the  extract  through the sample in the separatory funnel.  Separation
was also enhanced by slowly dripping the emulsion onto the wall  of  a
slightly  tilted  flask.   This  approach  gives  better separation by
providing a greated surface area for the solvent and water  fractions.
Some  samples  required  centrifugation at 1,500 rpm for 1 hr to break
the emulsion.

Extracts  were  dried  on  a  column  of  anhydrous  sodium   sulfate,
concentrated to 1 milliliter in a Kuderna-Danish (K-D) evaporator with
a  Snyder  column  spiked with deuterated anthracene, sealed in septum
capped vials,  and  stored  at  4ฐC  until  analyzed.   Analyses  were
preformed  on  the GC/MS system using SP-2250 and Tenax GC columns for
base/neutral and acid samples, respectively.

A separate 1 liter sample was used for analysis of the pesticides  and
PCB  (Aroclor  fluids).   These  compounds  were  extracted  with a 15
percent methylene chloride and 85 percent hexane solvent mixture.  The
aqueous phase was discarded, and the organic phase was analyzed by  GC
with  an  electron  capture  detector.   Where necessary, acetonitrile
partitioning and  a  Florisil  chromatography  column  were  used  for
further  cleanup  of  the  sample.   In  85  percent  of  the samples,
additional cleanup was not required.

Confirmation  of  identity  and  quantitation  were  made  using   two
different  GC  columns:  SP-2550 and Dexil 410.  Compound verification
was made with the MS when the concentration was greater than 10  ug/1.
Concentrations  of  pesticides  ranged  from  0.1  ug/1  to  10  ug/1;
therefore, MS verification was not possible in this study.

Metals.  In addition to the volatile and nonvolatile organics, the 129
chemical species include 13 metals, asbestos, and cyanide.  Each metal
is measured as the total metal.  Asbestos was not determined  in  this
study;   cyanide  was measured by conventional wet chemistry techniques
outline  in  "Standard  Methods  for  the  Examination  of  Water  and
Wastewater,  14th Edition."
                                 615
-------
Eight  metals  were  analyzed  by the inductively coupled argon plasma
(ICAP) excitation technique:   antimony,  cadmium,  chromium,  copper,
lead,  nickel,  silver,  and  zinc.   Five  metals  were  measured  by
conventional  atmoic  absorption  techniques:    arsenic,   beryllium,
mercury, selenium, and thallium.

ICAP   forms  an  analytical  system  for  simultaneous  multi-element
determinations of trace metals at the sub-ppm level in solutions.  The
basis of this  method  is  atomic  emission.   Exicitation  energy  is
supplied  by  coupling ;a nebulized sample with high temperature argon
gas which has been passed through a  powerful  radio-frequency  field.
Emitted   light   is   simultaneously   monitored  at  22  wavelengths
corresponding to  22 different elements.

All samples for metals analysis were acidified in the field by  adding
5  ml  of redistilled nitric acid to each 10 liters of sample.  Nitric
acid blanks were  also analyzed for metals.
                                  616
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                             APPENDIX E
SUPPORTING INFORMATION ON THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS

IN TEXTILE MILL WASTEWATERS AND TEXTILE DYES FROM THE AMERICAN TEXTILE

MANUFACTURERS  INSTITUTE  (ATMI)  AND  THE  DYES   ENVIRONMENTAL   AND
TOXICOLOGY

ORGANIZATION (DETO).
                                 617
-------
AMERICAN  TEXTILE MANUFACTURERS  INSTITUTE, INC.
CHARLOTTE'    -   '^V^'^B   '    " '•   :  ''  : "' '"  ' WACHOVIA CENTER 4QO S. THYDN ST.. CHARLOTTE, N. C. 2B2B5

WASHINGTON,     ^KVC^Nl           '   :        '-  r   -•••."••      TELEPHONE (7D4> 334-4734
NEW YOBK
                                              May 15, 1978
      Dr. James C. Buzzell, Jr.   :
      Sverdrup & Parcel & Associates,  Inc.
      800 North Twelfth Blvd.                               :            .
      St. Louis, Missouri   63101                    '...<'.

      Dear Jim:

      Our special Task Group on Priority Pollutants recently completed a
      further assessment of your findings on the presence or absence of
      priority pollutants in textile plant waste waters identified under list
      C -- presence in textile water not yet defined.  Their preliminary
      findings were included in my  Letter to you dated December 29, 1977.

      Following that preliminary review,  the task group further classified
      the pollutants in Text C as Probable,  Possible or Not Likely to be found
      in textile Affluent.  Their ljฃ *is te- tfe*ซ elaaaifieati'>t*
      Probable -- definitely established as present in a product or process.
              Pollutant levels have been  established in only a few cases but
              the evidence is sound.

      Possible -- known or suspected as an intermediate or contaminant of
              products and processes being used.  Many in this category could
              be entering in an auxiliary manner such as maintenance products
              and agricultural contaminants in process water.

      Not Likely --  unable to find data to  support the presence of these chemicals.

      Using this  rationale,  the task group considered each of the compounds on
      your List C, classified it  according to the above definitions and attempted
      to identify the source and  relative amount of the compound.  This information
      is included in the attached table.
                                         618
-------
AMERICAN TEXTILE MANUFACTURERS INSTITUTE,INC.
     We feel this is our best assessment of these chemicals in textile waste
     waters and that further investigation would be somewhat meaningless until
     we have some indication of the tolerance levels and/or parameters that
     may or may not be acceptable.  We hope that this information will be of
     some significant use to you in preparation of your final report which we
     understand is due in June.
                                             Sincacely,
     dgb
     cc: Dr.  Jim Gallup
         Mr.  Wallace Storey
                                       619
-------

                ATKI PRIORITY POLLUTAKT TASK GROUP
No
9 .

 40
 45
 49
 50
 52
Hexachlorobenzene
1 3 9 - dichloroathane
1 , 1- dichlo roe thane
I; I, 2-trichloroethane
bis (chloromethyl) ether
2, ^S-trichlorophenol
parachloronetacresol
2- chlorophenol
1 , ^--dichlorobenzene
3 3 3 - dichloro'oenzidine
 ^ >6-uInitrotolu&7ie
 1 , 2-diphenylhydrazine
 *i~chlorophenyl phenyl  ether
 me^liylene  chloride

 rr.3tr.yl chloride
 methyl bromide
 tricjilor'of luorome thane
 aichlorodif luoromethane
 hexacAlorobutadiene
PRESENCE
Possible

Probable
Not Likely
Possible
Not Likely
Possible
Possible
Not Likely
Possible

Probable

Possible
Possible
Possible
Possible
Possible

Possible
Not Likely
Possible
Possible
Npt Likely
SOURCE AND AMOUNT
Industrial cleaner or
preservative
Spot cleaners
Chemically unstable
Cleaning produces
Chemically unstable
Preservative
Industrial cleaner
Contaminant of Dyes or
Agricultural use
0.75 ppm--5 ppm in pigment
being used for printing
applications
Lye Carriers
Manufacture of Sulpher Dye
Laboratory chemical
Industral cleaning
Solvent formulations--
small amounts
 Contaminant

 Refrigerant
 Refrigerant
                                                                     Ippb
                            620
-------
isoohoroa*
                             PKSSEKCE
                             Possible
                             Possible
N-nitrosodimethylamine       Possible
N-nitrosodiphenylamine       Possible
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine    Possible
bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Probable
di-n-VJfyl phthalate

diethyl phthalate

fluorene
1,2:5, 6-dibenzanthracene
pyrene
chlcrdane
^' .-DDT
 ,4' -3E2 (p,pt-DDX)
^4' -DDD (p^pi -TDE)
a-end'osulfan'
b-endosulfan
e'ndrin
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
     (lindane)
-EHC
                             Probable

                             Prob^le

                             Probable
                             Not Likely
                             Not Likely
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
                             Possible
SOURCE AND AMOUNT
Contaminant
Agricultural use
Contaminant
Contaminant
Contaminant
Common Plasticizer-likely
present 10-50$ in some coat-
ing formulations
Coaraon Plc-sticizcr-likely
present 10-50$ in some coat-
ing formulations
Common Plasticizer-likely
present 10-50$ in some coat-
ing formulations
Sanitary Cleaners L.T. 0.1$
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural us?
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
Agricultural use
                                  621
-------
110.   arsenic


111.   asbestos


112ป   beryllium


116.   cyanide


118.   mercury



120.   selenium



121.   silver



122.   thallium
PRESENCE


Probable


Possible


Probable


Probable


Probable



Probable



Probable



Possible
                                                     SOURCE AKD AMOUNT
Fungicides-Dyes-Specialt
Chemicals- up to 4 ppm

Filters, Pipe Wrappers a
Heat Shields

Specialty Chemicals up t
3
Laboratory and Specialty
Chemicals up to 3$

Dyes up to 2 ppm
Specialty Chemicals up t
50 ppm
Dyes up to 5
Specialty Chemicals up
10 ppm
Dyes up to 5
Specialty Chemicals up 1
10 ppm

Contaminant
                                   622
-------
AMERICAN  TEXTILE  MANUFACTURERS  INSTITUTE. INC.
CHARLOTTE

WASHINGTON

NEW YORK
WACHOVIA CENTER 40O S.THYON ST.. CHARLQTTE.N.C. EBS0S
                     TELEPHONE (704) 334-4734


                     December 29, 1977
       Dr.  James C.  Buz&ell,  Jr.
       Sverdrup & Parcel & Associates, Inc.
       800 North 12th Boulevard
       St. Louis, Missouri  63101

       Dear Jim:

       Back in September you wrote Wallace Storey with results of your findings on
       the presence or absence of priority pollutants in textile plant wastewaters.
       You asked for our review and comments on your assignment of those pollu-
       tants in three lists, especially List C.

       Such an assessment is beyond the expertise  of our Environmental Preser-
       vation Committee and a special Task Group  on Priority Pollutants was
       organized to  review List C and to develop appropriate comments.  They
       have completed a preliminary assessment and we are pleased to enclose
       a summary of their comments.

       The task group is doing some additional work in trying to answer more  of
       the specific questions you posed in your letter to Wallace and we will pass
       that information on to you as it is developed; hopefully this will be about
       mid January.

       We appreciate the opportunity to give you our views on this important work
       and hope to maintain close liaison as you move forward with your investi-
       gations.  We're sorry this has taken a bit longer than we expected but the
       issues are so important that we want to do a thorough job and it's neces-
       sary to work with others outside the Environmental Preservation  Com-
       mittee.
                                      Best wishes for the New Year,
       OJN/lhb

       CC:  Wallace Storey
                                        623
-------
PRELIMINARY  REVIEW OF S & P's CLASSIFICATION OF PRIORITY
POLLUTANTS - LIST C, PRESENCE IN TEXTILE WASTEWATER
NOT YET DEFINED
Submitted by American Textile Manufacturers Institute
GENERAL COMMENTS:

     1.   The characteristics of incoming water must be identified;
         this seems to be a potential source of more than half of
         the items on List C, also the persistency of environmental
         contaminants, especially in agricultural areas, can be of
         indefinite terms.

     2.   None of the materials on List C are primary processing
         chemicals in textile finishing.

     3.   Some materials could be present as contaminants  of pri-
         mary processing products, such as dyestuffs and aux-
         iliaries.

     4.   Some materials on List C could be present as contaminants
         of raw materials, such as fibers.

     5.   Some materials on List C could be from maintenance and
         housekeeping practices within the plant, directly,  or as
         contaminants of products used.
                                624
-------
     6.
There is some question as to the accuracy of the most up-
to-date analytical procedures in the very small quantities
being considered, which is just what we  talked about at the
table.   That's the analytical chemists not being willing to
say there is nothing there.   They are not even willing to
say there is something there.
SPECIFIC COMMENTS:
Item No.        Priority Pollutant

 9.             hexachlorobenzene
 10,
       1,2 - dichloroethane
 13
       1,1 - dichloroetkane
 14,
 17,
 21
       1,1,2 - trichloroethane
       bis(chloromethyl)
         ether
       2, 4, 6 - trichloro-
         phenol
         Comments

A fungicide and not a direct proces-
sing chemical, but may be  used in
industrial cleaning compounds; pos-
sibility of trace amounts  of specialty
chemicals.

A solvent for fats, oils and waxes,
commonly used with epoxy  formu-
lations, might be  in spot  removers
and remain in trace amounts on
fabric.

Chemically unstable with hydrolyzing
water to acid aldehyde and  hydro-
chloric acid.  No  specific use  in
textile processing.

Solvent for fats, waxes and alcoloids,
may be present in scouring products
or spot removers.

Hydrolyzes  rapidly in water, it has
been studied by NIOSH and  not shown
to be present in processing or waste
streams.

A fungicide,  bactericide and preserva
ti.ve.  Dowcido 2F.  Possible contami-
nant in specialty chemicals.
                                    625
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Item No.
 22.
 24.
 27.
 28.
 34.
 36.
 37.
 40.
 44.
 45.
  46.
Priority Pollutant

parachlorometacresol


2 - chlorophenol



1,4 - dichlorobenzene
3, 3 - dichlorobcnzidine
2, 4 - dimethylphenol
2,6  - dinitrotolucnc
 1,2 - diphcnylhydrazine
 4 - chlorophenyl phenyl
   ether

 methylene chloride
 methyl chloride


 methyl bromide
         Comments

Antiseptic and disinfectant, possibly
in industrial cleaning agents.

Bactericide, possible fungicide,
might be used in the  manufacture
of dyes.

An insecticide used in mothballs,
suggest possibility of contamination
of incoming water  from agricultural
use, possibly found in carriers.

May be used in azo dyes: trace con-
taminants at a very low level.

An insecticide, fungicide, plasticizer,
additive  to lubricants and gasoline.
Suggest non-process use in contami-
nation.  Had been used in dye carriers

Possible uso in dyestuff manufacture,
mild oxidizing agent in dye testing
operations?.

Impurity in azo dyestuff,  limited use
in textile laboratories.

Fungicide, bactericide  and lysol,
or an  ingredient of lysol.

Solvent in binders, cleaning  and
degreasing products, machine oils
and spot removers.

 Extremely volatile,  possibly in the
aerosol propellants.

 Soil fumigant, using flammabilHy
 control  of methyl  chloride, so it
 is also possible in the aerosol
 propellant.
                                      626
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Item No.

 49.



 50.

 52.

 54.



 60.


 61.


 62.



 63.

 66.
 68.
 69.

 79.
Priority Pollutant

trichlorofluoromethane



dichlorodifluoromethane

hexachlorobutadiene

isophorone



4, 6 - dinitro-o-cresol


N - nitrosodimethylamine


N - nitrosodiphenylamine
           Comments

Common refrigerant,  Freon, possible
aerosol propellant, non-processing
use in textile plants.

Same as No.  49.

Rubber solvent.

Solvent for vinyl resins and other
synthetic resins, possible conden-
sation product  is applicable.

Insecticide, herbicide used on peach
trees.

Relatively unstable compound and
possible dyestuff constituent.

An accelerator in vulcanizing rubber,
possible contaminant from equipment
and/or dyestuff.
N  - nitrosodi-n-propylamine  Possibly a dyestuff contaminant.
bis (2  - othylhexyl)
  phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
die thy phthalate

fluorene
A common plasticizer for vinyls,
cellulose and acrylic rosins. Pos-
sibly a product of a reaction between
trimer anrl polyester and ethylhexyl-
alcohol which is a common antifoam.

A plasticizer, possibly found in
speciality machine oils and lubri-
cants or in dye carriers, also in
insecticides.

Same as No. 68.

An insecticide which is present in coal
tar products up to 2% and possible in
some sanitary cleaning agents.
                                    627
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Item No.
Priority Pollutant
            Comments
 81.


 83.

 91.

 92.

 93.

 94.

 95.

 96.

 98.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

110.
111.
1,2,5,6  - dibenzanthra-
  cene

pyrene

chlordane

4,4' - DDT

4,4' - DDE (p, p1 - DDX)

4, 4' - DDD (p,p? - TDK)

a - endosulfan

b - endosulfan

endrin

heptachlor

heptachlor epoxide

- IU-IC

- BUG

- BHD (lindane)

- BUG

arsenic
 asbestos
Unknown.
Present in fire extinguishers.

Nos. 91 through 105 are insecticides.
Plant entry with raw materials or
process water possible.  Could be
used as insect control.  They could
be contamination from groxind water
or possible insect control in factories,

No. 100 is a fungicide and it is listed
as control of boll weevil in cotton.
 An impurity in pigments, it could be
 a trace in polyester due to a catalyst
 in synthesis. It is  a rodcnticicle and
 is used in the manufacture of glass.

 The presence of this might be from
 a final product rather than a proces-
 sing material in plants  where they
 use asbestos and fibers  and they
 make  an asboptos fabric, or from
 filters,  insulation,  internal or exter-
 nal pipe wrapping,  or heat shields.
                                      628
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Item No.     Priority Pollutant

112.         beryllium
116.
118.
120.
121.
              cyanide
             mercury
             selenium
             silver
122.
             thallium
            Comments

An ingredient of ceramics and fiber
glass.  That's all we found on that
one.

The most likely place for contami-
nation, if any, would be laboratory
waste.

Coxild bo an impurity in azb dyestuff
or residue front catalyst in synthe-
sis  of various chemicals, or  as a fungi-
cide.   It is an ingredient of some older
fungicides.

Used  in rubber processing, photography
baths, pigments used for coloring glass
and also in laboratory work.

Could be a trace from silver  nitrate
either used in processing or in lab-
oratory work,  or  it could be a residue
of catalyst again front previous organic
synthesis.

Could be residue from  catalyst or
rodcnticidt*.
Following pollutants were not classified by S
three 'lists is requested as soon as possible:

       No.     69  dUn-octyl phthalate

              108  PCB-1221

              109  PCB-123Z

              1 10  FOB- 12'J8

              1 1 1   PC13-12i'>0

              112   PCB-1016
                                              P: assignment to one of the
                                      629
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   deto
DYES ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGY ORGANIZATION, INC.

1075 CENTRAL PARK AVENUE, SCARSDALE, N.Y. 10583 • (914) 725-1492
                                   April 19, 1978
Dr. James D.  Gallup
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Effluent Guidelines Division (WH-552)
401 M Street, SW
Washington, D. C.   20460

Dear Dr. Gallup:

Since our recent attempts to communicate by telephone were unsuccessful,  I
have elected to write concerning  the DETO study of "Priority Pollutants"
believed to be present in large volume commercial dye products.  We believe
the report will be useful in your development of guidelines for the textile
industry.  A copy of the report is enclosed.

We would welcome the opportunity  to meet with you to discuss the report and
to answer questions which you or  your contractor may raise.  Such a meeting,
which would include several members of the DETO Ecology Committee, could  be
scheduled during the latter part  of May.  Please suggest two dates as early
as May 18, 1978.

                                   Very, truly yours,
                                    William Allen, Chairman
                                    Ecology Committee of DETO
WA/pmk
Enclosure

cc:  Mr. Richard Hinds
     Dr. Roderick H. Horning
     Mr. Mark Thorn
     Dr. Harshad Vyas
                                  630
    AFFIIIATED WITH SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
-------
   ^*J ^4- X"\     DYES ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGY ORGANIZATION, INC.
   VJ CJ I W     1075 CENTRAL PARK AVENUE, SCARSDALE, N.Y. 10583* (914) 725-1492
                                   October 17, 1978
 Mr.  James Buzzell
 Sverdrup & Parcel And Associates, Inc.
 800  North 12th Boulevard
 St.  Louis, MI   63101

 Dear Jim:

 My apologies for taking so long to write.   The delay was, at least in
 part,  caused by the fact that I have not located a spare copy of the
 AATCC  Buyer's Guide.

 I should also have thought of it earlier;  however, the Buyer's Guide
 is available at $10.00 each from AATCC, Box 12215, Research Triangle
 Park,  NC   27709.

 Concerning the report provided to you earlier by DETO, I should like
 to ask that an additional statement be included at the end of the
 report.   The report indicates concentrations of priority pollutants
 that may be found in dyes.  Any one of these priority pollutants is,
 however,  likely to be present in only a relatively few of the total
 number of dyes available.   For example, there is a group of so-called
 coppered dyes that may contain up to 3-4%  of copper,  a substantial
 portion of which is exhausted onto the fabric.  These are generally
 well known.

 There  is another group,  also limited in number for which copper is
 used in the preparation and which may contain between 50 and 100 ppm
 copper.   And finally,  the remaining dyes (which I would guess to be
 as much as 85$ or more of the total)  that  contain only tramp copper in
 the  1-2  ppm range.   The data available at  the present time does not
 permit  us  to be more  specific concerning how many dyes of those reviewed
 fall into  which class.

 I trust  that this additional information will be of value and that it
will be  incorporated  into your final report.   If I can provide additional
 information,  please let me know.

                                         ;uly yours,



                                          V "    v^\
                                       Lick H.  HofminV
                                   Chairman,  Techn!real_--^ommittee
                                   DETO

RHH/cw

cc:   W. Allen                        goi
     S. Boyd
     R. Hinds,  S. Kasprzak
   AFFILIA TED WITH SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
-------
REPORT ON SURVEY OF "PRIORITY POLLUTANTS"
     BELIEVED TO BE PRESENT IN LARGE
      VOLUME COMMERCIAL DYE PRODUCTS
             APRIL 6, 1978
                632
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 I.      Introduction
            At  the request of the  Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA)
                                                              !/
 the  Dyes  Environmental  and Toxicology Association,  Inc.  (DETO)   agreed to
 assist  EPA  in its efforts to evaluate the role of commercial dye products
 and  certain "priority pollutants"  therein, if any,  in textile mill effluent.
 This report is  the result of that  effort.

 II.     Summary
            This report and the underlying survey demonstrate that relatively
 few  "priority pollutants" are likely to be present  in large volume commercial
 dye  products.   Those that are likely to be present  are likely to be present in
 small amounts which will not add significantly to the raw effluent wasteload
 of textile  mills.

 III.    Background and Methodology
            In  early December 1977, shortly after having met with EPA
 representatives, DETO's Ecology Committee assembled to review how best to
 assist  the  EPA.  After extended discussion, the Committee concluded that a
 survey  of priority pollutants which might be present in large volume commercial
 dye  products was the best means to accomplish the necessary objectives.  Be-
 cause of EPA's  short regulatory timetable and the necessity for a quick response
 from DETO,  the  Committee decided to limit its survey to large volume commercial
dye products and to eliminate from its survey those priority pollutants which it
believed could  not possibly be present in commercial dye products.
            The Committee carefully reviewed each of EPA's priority pollutants
and eliminated from the list those which it believed were not present in or
    A short description of DETO, whose members account for over ninety percent
    of the dyes produced in the United States, is attached hereto as Appendix A.
                                     633
-------
formed during tne manufacturing process.   Where the Committee was  in doubt,
the pollutant was not eliminated.   This review resulted in 40 priority pollu-
tants which the Committee believed could possibly be present in commercial dye
         I/
products.
            Once the pollutants to be surveyed were ascertained, the Committee
excerpted from the International Trade Commission (ITC) report of 1976, dyes
listed therein.  The dyes selected from the ITC report are those for which domes-
tic sales exceed 200,000 pounds per year and for which there are generally more
                   !/                               !/
than two producers.   This list of dyes numbered 70.
            A questionnaire was then prepared by the Ecology Committee
(Appendix B) which asked member companies to indicate for which of the 70 ITC-
list'ed commercial dye products any of the listed 40 priority pollutants were
believed to be present and whether the amounts present were believed to be
                              i/
greater than or less than 0.1%.  The questionnaire also solicited the same
information for commercial dye products for which domestic sales exceeded
200,000 but which were produced by two or fewer producers or not otherwise
listed in the  ITC report.

IV.    Responses
            Responses were received  by DETO from all eighteen  member  companies.
In  addition to the  requested  responses for the 70  dyes  listed  in the  question-
                                                           _*
naire, additional responses were  received on  81 other  dyes.    The total
 \]   See  the  attached  DETO  questionnaire  (Appendix  B)  for the  list  of the 40
     priority pollutants  surveyed.
 2/   The  ITC  does  not  compile  statistics  on  other producers  or dyes because of
     confidentiality problems.
 3/   See  the  attached  DETO  questionnaire  (Appendix  B)  for the  list  of 70 dyes
     surveyed.
 4/   No analytical laboratory  work  was requested of member companies.
 5/   These dyes are not listed in the ITC report for confidentiality reasons.
                                     634
-------
 survey thus covered 151 dyes which represent total sales of approximately
 138.3 million pounds or 55.3  percent of the 250 million pounds  sold in  1976.
             Many of the dyes are produced by several companies and processes may
 differ.  Therefore, independent evaluations were made for many dyes.
 V.     Results and their Significance
             The survey demonstrates that relatively few priority pollutants are
 likely to be present in large volume commercial dye products.   Those that are
 likely to be present are likely to be present in small amounts which will not add
 significantly to the raw effluent wasteload of textile mills.
             The results of the survey indicate that only 25 priority pollutants
 were thought likely to be present in the 151 dyes surveyed. The majority of them,
 19, were thought likely to be present below 0.1%.  Only six were thought likely
 to be present in quantities greater than 0.13S."  These six priority pollutants
 consist of three metals (copper,  chromium and zinc) and three  biocides  (phenol,
 pentachlorophenol  and  parachlorometacresol).  It should be emphasized that only
 a  few of the many dyes surveyed were thought to contain any priority pollutants,
 and then only in these very small  amounts.
             Application of a dilution factor to the amount of  pollutant  thought
 likely to be present in the commercial dye  product to  reflect  the  dilution which
 might be  expected  in the effluent  makes  clear that the amount  likely to  be present
 in  the raw effluent  for any of  the 25 pollutants  is not likely to  add significantly
 to  the raw effluent  wasteload.  Wastewater  treatment of effluent will, of course,
 reduce this  amount even further.

                                  A.  Metals
            The significance of metals in dyes  has  been  the subject  of a  recent
paper  by Horning, Allen et aJL for the American Dye Manufacturers  Institute en-
titled "The Contribution of Dyes to the Metal Content  of Textile Mill Effluent"
I/  The 25 pollutants are listed in Table I,
                                         635
-------
published in Journal  of the  American  Association pf Textile Chemists and
Vol. 4, p.  275 (December 1972)  (Appendix C).   This  paper was  based on actual analyi*
of dyes and their contribution  to effluent wasteload.   The results of the  DETO sum
confirm many of the conclusions reached in this paper.  The following discussion
draws heavily from this paper.
            Copper and chromium are believed to be  present in premetallized and
coppered dyes frequently in the vicinity of 3 to 4%.  These metals are  an  intergral
part of certain dye molecules.   Because these metals are  a basic part of the dye,
they exhaust onto the textile fiber with the dye.   Approximately 95% is believed
                             I/
to so exhaust onto the fiber.   The potential for exhaustion  into the effluent is
thus not likely to be more than 5% of the metal in the dye (i.e., 4%) or a total
of  .02%.
            Zinc is believed to be present because a number of basic dyes are
prepared as a double salt containing zinc.  Jhe zinc content of these dyes is
frequently  in the  3% range and is generally not exhausted onto the textile
fiber with  the dye.
                                  B.  Biocides
            The  amount of phenol, pentachlorophenol and parachlorometacresol in
commercial  dye products is  believed  to be in  the approximate  range of  less than
             y
0.1% to 0.5%.    Fiber  retention  is not believed likely.
                            C.   Dilution in Effluent
            The  considerable quantity  of water generally used in the processing
of textiles reduces  the concentration  of waste products, including  pollutants
 \l  Bird, C.L., Theory and Practice of Wool  Dying, 4th Edition,  1972,  Society of
     Dyers and Colortsts, p.104.
     Kranrisch, B., "Methods  of Assessing the Dying Properties of Wool Dyes"
     Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colorists, 7ฃ, p.242 (1959)
     U.S. Patent 3,043,648, assigned to Sandoz
 2/  Member company information         636
-------
found-In commercial dye products considerably.  The above-referenced paper
concludes that a dilution factor of 10,000 is a good approximation.
            For those few pollutants believed to be present in quantities below
O.-lfc, the suggested dilution factor would result in a concentration of no more
than 0.1 ppm in the untreated effluent.
            For those six pollutants believed to be present in quantities of
greater than 0.1%, the approximate range of concentration in the untreated
effluent of selected dyes, based on the above figures, would appear to be as
follbws:  copper, .02 ppm; chromium, .02 ppm; zinc, 3 ppm; biocides, .1 to 1 ppm,
            Wastewater treatment would, of course, reduce these amounts even
further.
                                      637
-------
                                 TABLE  I


  PRIORITY POLLUTANTS  BELIEVED  PRESENT IN  COMMERCIAL  DYES  AT  LESS  THAN  0.1%
     acenaphthene                            mercury
     acrylonitrile                           methyl  bromide
     anthracene                              monochlorobenzene
     arsenic                                 naphthalene
     benzidine                               nickel
     cadmium                                 4-nitrophenol
     1,2-di chlorobenzene                     N-ni trosodimethylami ne
     2,4-dinitrophenol                        phenanthrene
     ethyl benzene                            toluene
     lead
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS BELIEVED PRESENT IN COMMERCIAL DYES AT GREATER THAN 0.1%
     chromi urn                               pentachlorophenol
     copper                                 phenol
     parachlorometacresol                   zi nc
                                638
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                                Appendix A
     DETO was formally organized on May 11, 1977, to represent dyes

producers in matters relating to the health and environmental impact

of dyes manufacture, distribution, use and disposal.  DETO's eighteen

member companies account for over ninety percent of the dyes produced in

the United States.

     The following are DETO member companies:

                 American Color & Chemical Corporation
                 American Cyanamid Company
                 American Hoechst Corporation
                 Atlantic Chemical Corporation
                 BASF Wyandotte Corporation
                 Berncolors-Poughkeepsie,  Inc.
                 Ciba-Geigy Corporation
                 Crompton & Knowles Corporation
                 E. I.  du Pont de Nemours  & Company
                 Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.
                 Fabricolor, Inc.
                 GAP Corporation
                 Harshaw Chemical Company
                 ICI Americas, Inc.
                 Otto B. May, Inc.
                 Martin Marietta Chemicals
                 Mobay Chemical  Corporation
                 Sandoz Colors & Chemicals
                                639
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   deto
                                APPENDIX  B


DYES ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGY ORGANIZATION, INC.

1075 CENTRAL PARK AVENUE, SCARSDALE, N.Y. 10583 • (914) 725-1492
                            December 27, 1977
TO:  OFFICIAL REPRESENTATIVES
     ALTERNATES

              EPA REGULATION  OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS

          We need your assistance on a project of considerable
importance.

          As many of you know, the Environmental Protection
Agency  (EPA) is in the process of developing effluent limita-
tion regulations for the textile industry.  Representatives
from DETO's Water Subcommittee, of which I am chairman, have
met with EPA to discuss the status of  this project and, more
specifically, the role that commercial dye products play in
textile effluent.  EPA has requested,  and we have agreed,  to
attempt to obtain from DETO member companies information which
will assist EPA in properly characterizing the dye-related
pollutants in textile effluent.  It is the view of the  Sub-
committee that this information will  most likely demonstrate
that there are few, if any, dyes which create problems  in
textile effluent.  We believe that the dye industry by  cooper-
ating with the EPA and providing them with the requested in-
formation can better ensure reasonable regulation.

          Enclosed is a questionnaire which we would  like  your
company to complete and mail  to Mark  Thorn, DETO's Manager^for
Environmental Affairs, on  or  before January 16,  1978.  ^EPA's
schedule is  such that responses  from  your company within  this
time  frame or shortly thereafter  are  necessary.

          The questionnaire  is  relatively simple to  complete.
Listed  on the questionnaire  are  the major dyes  domestically
produced and sold, defined for  purposes  of  this  survey as  those
dyes  reported in the  1976  International  Trade  Commission   (ITC)
Report  for  which-annual  sales exceed  200,000  pounds.V  Attach-
ed to the questionnaire  is a list of  40  numbered pollutants
that  the Subcommittee has  determined  could possibly be present
in commercial dye  products.   The list was narrowed by the Sub-
committee  from  a  list of 129 pollutants  designated by EPA as
"priority  pollutants"  for regulatory  purposes.
 ^J  No distinction has at this juncture,been made between  ,
     dyes used in textile industries and those used in_non-
     textile industries, primarily because of the scheduling
     constraints placed on us by EPA.
                           640

    AFFILIATED WITH SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION JNC.
-------
CONFIDENTIAL                      CONFIDENTIAL                     CONFIDENTIAL


                       DETO SURVEY OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
                    BELIEVED TO BE PRESENT IN COMMERCIAL DYES


     All responses will be treated confidentially.   If you  are  concerned about
the proprietary nature of any information you intend to submit, you may submit
it to DETO counsel Eric Schwartz or Richard Hinds  at deary, Gottlieb, Steen &
Hamilton, 1250 Connecticut Avenue, N. W., Washington,  D. C. 20036.

Directions

     1.   Complete company and company contact identification information.

     2.   Determine for each of your dyes listed below whether the  pollutants
         listed on Attachment A hereto are believed to be  present  in  commercial
         dye product (including adjuvants therein).^

     3.   If one or more pollutants are believed to be present,  please note
         below the pollutant number{s) designated  for that  pollutant  in
         Attachment A and the quantity of pollutant believed to be present  in
         the commercial product (more or less than one-tenth of one percent
         (0.1#).   No analytical laboratory work is expected or required.
         You may attach additional sheets if necessary.

     4.   If there are commercial dyes of which you are aware which are sold
         in quantities in excess of 200,000 pounds per year that are  not
         listed below^/ and which you manufacture, please  determine  whether
         any of the pollutants listed in Attachment A are  present  therein
         and, if so, in what quantities.   Such information  should  be  added
         to the end of the questionnaire using the same format  as  described
         earlier.

     5.   Complete questionnaires should be returned to Mark Thorn,  DETO's
         Environmental Manager, at the DETO  address.   Questions about com-
         pleting the questionnaire should be directed  to Mark Thorn.
    The dyes listed on  the questionnaire  are  those  for which  the  1976
    International  Trade Commission  (ITC)  Report  reported  sales  in excess
    of 200,000 pounds annually.

    These would be dyes not listed  in  the ITC Report  but  for  which sales
    nonetheless exceed  200,000  pounds  per year.
                                   641
-------
          Your company should review the dyes listed on the
questionnaire to determine whether any of the numbered pollu-
tants in the attached list appear in its commercial dye prod-
ucts (including adjuvants).  If it is determined that one or
more pollutants may be present in your company's^dyes, you
should indicate whether you believe the amount present in the
commercial dye product is more or less than one-tenth of a
percent (0.1%), i.e., 1000 ppm.  In responding to this ques-
tionnaire no analytical laboratory work is requested or re-
quired.

          If there are other dyes which your company manufac-
tures for which total domestic sales (of all companies) ex-
ceeds 200,000 pounds per year that are not listed on the ques-
tionnaire because they are not included in the 1976 ITC Report,
you should also examine whether any of the numbered pollutants
appear in those commercial dye products.

          All information submitted will be treated in con-
fidence by DETO.  No information related to a particular
company will be disclosed, directly or indirectly, without
that company's prior authorization.  Further, if there is any
information which you believe is proprietary in nature, you
should feel free to submit such information to counsel Eric
Schwartz or Richard Hinds at Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamil-
ton.

          Any questions on completing the questionnaire should
be directed to Mark Thorn.

          We will keep you apprised of the status of this
project and will, of course, provide you with a copy of the
submission to EPA which will be based on the data you have
provided.

          Your cooperation in this important project is very
much appreciated.

                               Sincerely,
                               William Allen
                               Chairman, Water Subcommittee
Enclosure
                              642
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Questionnaire

         Company Name:

      Company Contact:

                 Name:

              Address:

                Phone :




         Commercial Dye




Acid Yellow 23


Acid Yellow 151


Acid Yellow 159
     Orange 7


     Orange 8


=Vcid Orange 10


teid Orange 24


icid Orange 60


Vcid Orange 116


icid Red 1
Priority Pollutants
Believed to be Present
in Commercial Dye*
     Estimated
     Quantity**

Less than  More thai
  0.1%       0.1%
/    Insert pollutant numbers from Attachment A,

'^J   Check appropriate column.


                                     643
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         Commercial Dye
Priority Pollutants
Believed to be Present
in Commercial Dye
Acid Red 114


Acid Red 151


Acid Red 337


Acid Blue 9


Acid Blue 25


Acid Blue 40


Acid Blue 113


Acid Black  52


Acid Black  107


Direct  Yellow 106


Direct  Orange 15


Direct  Orange 72


Direct  Orange 102


Direct  Red 24


Direct  Red 72
     Estimated
     Quantity

Less than  More th
  0.1%       0.1%
                                      644
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          Commercial Dye
Priority Pollutants
Believed to be Present
in Commercial Dye
 Direct Red 80


 Direct Red 81


 Direct Blue 1


 Direct Blue 2


 Direct Blue 80


 Direct Blue 86


 Direct Blue 218


 Direct Brown 95


 Direct Black 22


 Direct Black  38


 Disperse Yellow 3


 Disperse Yellow 23


 Disperse Yellow 42


Disperse Yellow  54


Disperse Orange  25
     Estimated
     Quantity

Less than  More thai
  0.1%       0.1%
                                      645
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         CoTKine r c i a 1 Dye
Priority Pollutant
Believed to be Present
in Commercial Dye	
Disperse Red 1
Disperse Red 17
Disperse Red 60
Disperse Red 177
Disperse Blue 3
Disperse Blue 64
Acid Black 1
Azoic Diazo  Component  9,  salt
Azoic  Diazo  Component 13,  salt
 Basic Yellow 11
 Basic Yellow 13
 Basic Orange 2
 Basic Orange 21
 Basic Red 14
 Basic Red 18
 Basic Violet 1
     Estimated
     Quantity

Less than  More th.
  0.1%       0.1%
                                        646
-------
           Commercial Dye
Priority Pollutant
Believed to be Present
in Commercial Dye	
  iasic Violet 16
  )irect Yellow 4
  Jirect Yellow 6
 )irect Yellow 11
 direct Yellow 44
 Direct Yellow 50
 direct Yellow 84
 Disperse Blue 79
 /at  Yellow 2,  8-1/2%
 Vat Orange  2,  12%
Vat Green  3,  10%
Vat Black  25, 12-1/2%
Vat Black 27, 12-1/2%
Flourescent Brightening Agent 28
      Estimated
      Quantity

Less Than    More tha
  0-1%         0.1%
                                        647
-------
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
                                                    CONFIDENTIAL
                         ATTACHMENT  A
                  LIST OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
            APPLICABLE TO DYE  MANUFACTURE AND USE:
              DETO SURVEY OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
           BELIEVED TO BE PRESENT IN COMMERCIAL DYES
  ;i)  acrylonitrile
  (2;  anthracene
  (3)  arsenic
  (4)  benzidine
  (5)  bis  (chloromethyl)  ether
  (6)  cadmium
  (7J  chloroethane
  (8)  2-chlorophenol
  (9)  chromium
 (10?  copper
 (11)  cyanide  (inorganic)
 (12)  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
 (13)  2,4-dichlorophenol
 (14)  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
 (15)  2,4-dinitrophenol
 (16)   2,4-dinitrotoluene
 (17)   2,6-dinitrotoluene
 (18)   1,2-diphenylhydrazine
 (19)   lead
 (20)   mercury
             (21)  methyl  bromide
             (22)  methyl  chloride
             (23)  napthalene
             (24)  nickel
             (25)  nitrobenzene
             (26)  2-nitrophenol
             (27!  4-nitrophenol
             (28V  N-nitrosodimethylamine
             (29)  N-nitrosodiphenylainine
             (30?  parachlorometa cresol
             (31)  PCB-1016
             (32)  PCB-1221
             (33)  PCB-1232
             (34)   PCB-12<3
             (35)   PCB-1242
             (36)   PCB-1254
             (37)   PCB-1260
             (38)   phenol
             (39)   2,4,6-trichlorophenol
             (401   zinc
                                 648
-------
                                                                                 APPENDIX  C
 The  Contribution  of  Dyes  to  the

 fylsill  Content  of  Textile  Mill  Effluents
ABSTRACT

Heavy metal ions in dyehouse effluent
streams come from a variety of dyeing
end dyeing-related operations as well
as from some' nondysing operations.
The primary objective of this paper is a
realistic appraisal of the concentration
of eight important metal ions in  textile
mill effluents which may be produced
as a result of the presence of normally
small amounts of metals in commercial
dyes. This is done by correlating a
tabulation  of typical concentrations of
each of thesi eight metals in each of
the mor^ important dye classes with
several typical dyeing operations. A
simple graphical method for relating
metal concentrations in the- dye, pro-
cessing volumes of water  per pound_
of fabric and metal concentrations in
the effluent stream is presented.
Tne appraisal is extended to show that
the same Kind of evaluation can be
made for the higher metal concentra-
tion; encountered in operations making
deliberate use of metals such as in
aftertreat*ents.  oxidations or the us*
of metallised dyes.


KEY  TERMS

  Catalysts
  Dyes'
  Metal -Content of Dyes
  Tramp Metals
  Waste  Treatment
  Water  Consumption
    HEAVY metals find their way into
    textile mills in  many \va>s.  Vir-
tually no product used in a mill is total-
ly free  of  them. But this discussion is
concerned only  with the  usualK small
amounts oi tramp metal  that get into
dyes. Some are from  the  water  in
which the dye is prepared and some
from, raw  materials—i.e., acids, alka-
lis, organic intermcdiaies and materi-
als of construction.  Heavy metals are
also sometimes used as catalysts in the
synthesis of dyes and  dye intermedi-
ates,, and  all traces  of these catalysts
are not always removed.
   The  study on which this report is
based was concerned with eight  met-
als: arsenic,'  cadmium, chromium,'
cobalt,  copper^ leadT  mercury  and
zinc. They include those most likely to
be present and some that are cited for
special concern.
   Table I is a composite of data from
1,298 dyes produced by eight manu-
facturers.  Tt is  doubtful that the re-
sults would be  significantly  different
if  a larger number of  dyes  from  a
greater  number of  manufacturers had
been used. Limited  data (not shown)
indicate that  the average metal con-
tent of nine fluorescent brightening
agents   and 18  solvent  dyes  is  not
greater than  the average metal con-
tent of any other class tabulated. Simi-
larly the data in Table I indicate that
there are relatively few significant dif-
ferences in the heavy  metal content
of the  various dye  classes. Except for
the average chromium content  of the
vat dyes and the averuuc zinc content
of the  basic dyes, the JiiTcrences are
less than ten-fold.
   Most of the data presented in Table
1 have  been obtained by X-ray fluores-
cence,  emission  sptx'troyraphic  and
atomic absorption techniques.  Many
of  the anenic  measurements were
made by the Gutzeit method, dithiior.e
extraction wai used to determine lead
content at low  levels, and in some
cases colorimetric methods  were used
to provide improved sensitivity.  Where
emission spectrographic data arc used
and the metals are present in levels be-
low the: usual 10-20 ppm sensitivity of
the technique, the result must be re-
ported as "not detected." For numeri-
cal calculations the result  must be
considered as  only  less than the ap-
plicable  sensitivity,  not  zero. .The
available data suggest strongly that the
actual  metal content frequently was
well below the  sensitivity of the mea-
surement made. For this reason some
of the metal concentrations presented
in Table I are  somewhat higher than
 the true value.
   It must also be noted mat there are
 infrequent but important exceptions to
 the average  or typical  heavy metal
content reported in Table I. In many
 cases  the realization that  some dyes
 contain appreciably  high meta! con-
 tent has prompted the manufacturers,
 where possible, to  change their pro-
   TH1S REPORT WAS PREPARED BY the American Dye Manufacturers Institute.
   an organization comprised of most of the major U.S. dye manufacturers. The
   report was  authored by William Allen of American Cyartamtd Co.,  Enc Al-
   therr of Sandoz Colors and Chemicals. Roderick H. Horning of the Dyes and
   Chemicals Division of Crompton &  Knowles Corp., Joseph  C.  King of the
   Verona Division of Baychem Corp., John M. Murphy of 1C! America  Inc.. Wil-
   liam E. Newby of The Du Pont Co. and Max Saltzman of Allied Chemical Co.
   The report was presented at AATCC's 1972 national technical conference, held
   September 23-30  at Philadelphia. Pa.,  by its principal author. Roderick H.
   Horning.
                                                     649
                                                                                                         275/29
-------
Hstal Content 0} Dyes
        so as to  reduce the amount of  i
  contaminant present in the dye or es-
  tablish  more stringent  specifications
  for the intermediates used to prepare
  the dyes. The occurrences of these ex-
  ceptional cases is significantly random.'
  and it would be misleading  to try to
  generalize concerning which dyes have
  unusual amounts of which metals..
   To avoid a possible misunderstand-
  ing it should  be  acknowledged  that
  there are specific dyes ir. use  that con-
  tain  appreciable amounts of  heavy
  metals as an integral part of the dye
 structure. Thus the so-called coppered
 dyes  in the direct  and fiber  reactive
 dye classes contain copper complexed
 into the organic structure. Similarly
 the neutral premetallized dyes contain
 chromium or, less  frequently,  cobalt,
 as an integral part of the dye mole-
 cule.  The metal content of  the cop-
 pered and neutral premeiallized dyes
 f requendy runs in the vicinity of 3-4 %.
 Because the  metal is pan of the dye, it
 exhausts onto the  fiber with the  dye
 during  dyeing.  Thus  this  metal is
 found in the effluent only to the ex-
 tent that the dye is not exhausted from
 the  bath. There are also  a number of
 basic dyes in use that are prepared as
 a double salt containing zinc. The zinc
 content  of these dyes is frequently in
 the range of 3 % and is not exhausted
 with the dye.

 Heavy Matals From  Hor.Ajt Sources

   Heavy metals  jre u>ed intentionally
 for a  wide varierv of -ippiicauons re-
 lated to dyeing and finishing. Oxida-
 tions incident to some dyeing  opera-
 tions are conveniently performed with
 dichromates,  and top  chroming  uti-
 lizes compounds of chromium. A va-
 riety of heavy  metal  compounds  are
 used to improve washfastne** or light-
 fastness on certain fabric, dye combi-
 nations.   Many  wash-wear,  durable
 press  and   water   repellent   finishes
 require  the  use   of  heavy   metal
 compounds as catalysts  during their
 application. Aluminum and antimony
 compounds are  used  in  some  flame
 retardant finishes. Fibers and fabrics
 entering  a  mill  sometimes.  contain
 appreciable quantities of heavy mclais.
   Again it should be noted th*l many
 of these metals become attached to the
 fabric, at least in part. .*nd to this ex-
 tent are not found in the mill effluent
stream. The nature and concerttr.iiปซ>n
 of   effluent   metals  from   nonjve
 sources varies greatly  from  mill 10
 mill.  It  is  mentioned  here  only to
 avoid giving  the impression that since
 most dyes do not appear to be seriou* •
offenders regarding metals in typical
 textile mill  effluents  that  the  mills
 have no problems with heavy metalv
The dyer and finisher may wish to de-
 termine the metal content of all of ihc
 materials he  is  using  so  thai  he can


 30/276
                                                     Table 1—Avers2* Metal Concentration of Selซct-d Dyss
                                               Ualat
                                                                                                  Arerifi M*Lil
                                                                                                     M.liien)
Arsenic





Cadmium





" Chromium





Cobalt





Copper





Lead





Mercury





Zinc





Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vปt
Acid
Basic • -
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vat
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vat
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vat
Acid
Basic
Direct .
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vat
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vat
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
Vat
Acid
Basic
Direct
Disperse
Fiber Reactive
vat .
413
137
313
177 .
*•
SB
417
137
313
177
46
SB
404
137
303
117
40
59
300
135
.271
IS*
46
53
3ป
13E
285
1S3
46
S9
40S
135
315
161
46
SB
460
132
350
19*
46
94
421
122
311
166
46
59
< 1
< 1
< 1

1.4
^
^
^
'^
^
^
^
9
2J
3jf
3ฃ
24
S3
3^
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
< 1
79
33
35 -
*5
71
110
37
C
23
37
52
6
^ 1
03
05
^ 1
95
LO
e classes do not, of thei
                                                                                                      Vf.1
-------
                DYES ENVIRONMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGY ORGANIZATION, INC.

                1075CENTRAL PARK AVENUE, SCARSDALE, N.Y. 10583 • (914) 725-1492


                              November 8,  1978
                        An Addendum
                            To
            DETO's "Report on Survey of  'Priority
       Pollutants1 Believed to Be Present  in  Large Volume
                    Commercial Dye Products^

 I.   Introduction

        At a meeting on June 16, 1978, Dr.  Gallup of the En-

 vironmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Dr.  Buzell of

 Sverdrup, Parcel and Associates (EPA's contractor)  request-

 ed  the Dyes Environmental and Toxicology Organization,  Inc.

 (DETO)  to provide additional information about  its "Report

 on  Survey of 'Priority Pollutants* Believed  to  Be Present

 in  Large  Volume Commercial Dye Products"  (Report).

        In response to this request, DETO agreed to provide

 further explanations about:   (1) the rationale  for the  selec-

 tion of the 40  priority pollutants used in the  survey;  (2)  the

 rationale for the selection  of large volume  commercial  dyes

 with domestic sales  exceeding 200,000 pounds per  year used

 in  the  survey;  and (3)  the results with emphasis  on  the sig-

 nificance of individual priority pollutants  found in  these

 large volume commercial dyes.   To provide these explanations,

 the DETO  Ecology  Committee (Committee)  thoroughly re-evaluated

 the original responses  to the  survey and received answers to

an additional question  from  all  its member companies.
                           651


 AFFILIATED WITH SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION, INC.
-------
       This addendum addresses the above items.



II.   Purpose and Methodology of the Report and Survey



       The Report and underlying survey were voluntarily




prepared by DETO at the request of EPA.  The purpose of



the Report and survey was to assist EPA, given EPA's time




constraints, in determining whether dyes in general are



likely to be significant sources of priority pollutants




that may be found in textile mill effluent.  The Report



was not intended to be a definitive sourcebook on the pre-



sence of priority pollutants in dyes utilizing time-consuming




and expensive analytical testing.  Rather  it was intended



to provide EPA with the best information available at the




time of the survey without  requiring analytical testing.



       To  accommodate  this  purpose and to  facilitate a  quick




response  necessary  for EPA's  short timetable,  the Committee




decided  to limit the  survey on a  reasonable basis.   As  de-




tailed below,  the Committee utilized  scientific  and prac-



tical  considerations  in  selecting only high volume  commercial




 dyes and priority pollutants which were likely to be present




 in dyes  for the survey.   A questionnaire was sent



 to each DETO member company asking which of the listed




 priority pollutants were likely to be present in the listed



 dyes and whether the amounts present were believed to be




 greater than or less than  0.1%.  The questionnaire also re-




 quested the member companies to  report on other large



 volume commercial dyes not listed in  the  questionnaire.





                        652
-------
 111•   Selection of the Priority Pollutants



        From EPA's list of 129  priority pollutants,  the



 Committee utilized its extensive expertise  and  experience



 in  selecting those priority pollutants,  a total of  40,



 which the Committee deemed likely to be  present in  dyes.



 The Committee used the following criteria in carefully re-



 viewing each,of EPA's  priority pollutants and then  elimi-



 nating from the list those which it believed were not



 likely to be present in or formed during the manufacturing



 process of dyes.   When the Committee was in doubt,  the



 pollutant was not eliminated.



        A.   Criteria for Selection



 Process Considerations.    The Committee considered each



 priority  pollutant first with  respect to its probable use



 as  a  raw  material or an intermediate in  the synthesis of



 dyes.   It then considered  each priority  pollutant with re-



 spect to  the likely process chemistry and unit  operations



 including isolation steps  such as precipitation, salting out,



 and filtration and washing of  filter presscakes in which



water-soluble  unreacted raw materials are removed.  The



Committee  judged  that  starting raw materials going  through



a series  of  chemical process steps or water-soluble inter-



mediates are not  likely to be  present,  even in  trace quanti-



ties,  in a finished  dye.   Thus  the Committee eliminated those
                            653
-------
priority pollutants that are starting raw materials or
reasonably water-soluble intermediates used in dyes.
Heavy Metals.    The Committee noted that several metals
are used in the manufacture of dyes.  Some metals such as
chromium and copper are used to form complexes with the
organic molecule and become an integral part of dyes.  Others
such as zinc may be used to form suitable salts of dyes.
Several are present primarily as tramp contaminants in
trace quantities including arsenic, nickel, cadmium,lead
and mercury.   Thus the Committee selected these metals from
the priority pollutant list for inclusion in the  survey.
Solvents,    Several  priority pollutants are used in  the
manufacture of dyes as solvents  for chemical reactions.
After completion of reactions,  these solvents  generally  are
 removed from the products by  distillation,  steam stripping
 and drying steps.   The Committee believed that finished
 dyes were not likely to contain priority pollutants used
 as solvents, and therefore decided not to include such sol-
 vents in the survey questionnaire.
 Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).    Based on preliminary
 data available about  the production of phthalocyanine
 organic pigments, the Committee decided that, under  appro-
 priate reaction conditions, PCBs  conceivably  could be gene-
 rated in trace quantities during  chemical processes  using
 chlorinated benzenes as  solvents.  For this reason,  PCBs
                           654
-------
were included in the questionnaire.  The responding member

companies, however, did not think the possibility of in-

situ formation of PCBs was very likely and did not report

any PCBs.

Adjuvants.    During the formulation of commercial dyes,

certain chemicals are added to impart desirable properties

to the product.  Among such chemicals are biocides and

fungicides.  The Committee selected those priority pollu-

tants that were likely to be used as biocides.-

       B.  Responses

       The responses by the member companies indicate that

the Committee used a very broad and widely inclusive approach

in selecting the priority pollutants used in the survey.  Of

the 40 priority pollutants listed in the questionnaire, the

member companies reported that only 18 of them were likely to

be present.  An additional seven priority pollutants not list-

ed in the survey were reported so that the Committee received

evaluations on a total of 25 priority pollutants thought
I/
   After preparation of the Report, it came to the attention
   of the Committee that certain alkyl phthalates, which are
   priority pollutants, are sometimes individually used in
   quantities of 1-2% as antidusting oils in dyes.  These
   phthalates typically are octyl, di-n-butyl or diethyl
   phthalates.  Because of inadequate information, this adden-
   dum and attached Table 1 do not analyze the significance
   of alkyl phthalates in large volume commercial dyes.  It
   should be noted, however, that mineral oils, which are not
   priority pollutants, are more generally used as an anti-
   dusting oil than alkyl phthalates.
                             655
-------
likely to be present in large volume commercial dyes.—/

It should be reemphasized that none of the member companies

reported that PCBs were likely to be present in large

volume commercial dyes.

       Of the seven additional priority pollutants listed,

it was reported that:  (1) toluene, ethylbenzene, mono-

chlorobenzene, and 1,2, - dichlorobenzene are used as solvents;

(2) acenaphthene and phenanthrene are starting raw materials;

and (3) pentachlorophenol, which the Committee originally

thought was no longer used in dye manufacturing, is added as a

biocide adjuvant.  As explained in Part V, the Committee does not

believe that these additional priority pollutants in dyes are

likely to be a significant source of such pollutants in textile
              2/
mill effluent.—

IV.  Selection of Large Volume Commercial Dyes

       To meet the time constraints imposed by EPA, the

Committee selected only large volume commercial dyes.
~~  The  40 priority pollutants  listed  in the  survey and the
   additional  seven priority pollutants reported are  listed
   in Table  1.   This  table  also  includes  the reported con-
   centration  ranges  and  comments  about these priority pollu-
   tants with  respect to  large volume commercial dyes.
 2/
 —  See  page  9.
                            656
-------
 a total of 70, defined as those dyes having domestic sales


 exceeding 200,000 pounds per year as:reported by the Interna-


 tional Trade Commission (ITC)  in 1976.   To insure complete-


 ness,  the survey questionnaire also asked the member companies


 to include in their responses  those commercial dyes  upon


 which  domestic sales exceeded  200,000 pounds but were not

 otherwise listed in the ITC report.-^


        A.   Responses


        In addition to the 70 dyes listed in the questionnaire,


 the Committee received data from the member companies on  an


 additional 81 dyes for a total evaluation of 151 products.


 In response to EPA's request for this addendum,  the  Committ-


 ee also asked its member companies to determine how  many  of


 the products reported were distinct dyes.   Because some


 of the  additional products reported were  generic in  nature,


 144 out of the 151 products evaluated were  distinct  dyes.


        As  stated  in the original  DETO report,  the total


 sales volume of those dyes reported represents  55.3%  of all


 domestic sales of dyes  in  1976.   Thus the survey cover-


 ed a majority of  dyes used in  the United States.

 V.  Results  and Discussion


        In response  to EPA's  request  for an additional expla-


 nation  regarding  the  significance of priority pollutants
I/
   The ITC does not compile statistics on all dyes because
   of confidentiality problems.
                            657
-------
found in large volume commercial dyes, the Committee felt




it would be helpful to determine the number of distinct




dyes which contain each priority pollutant.  To obtain



this information, the Committee thoroughly re-evaluated




the data submitted by the member companies.



       This re-evaluation revealed that of the 144 dyes




reported in the survey, 38 dyes were reported as not likely



to contain any of the priority pollutants.  The remaining 106




dyes were reported as likely to contain some priority pollu-




tants.  Only 31 of these dyes were reported as likely to



contain any of the priority pollutants in  amounts exceed-




ing  0.1%.—   The priority pollutants  contained in these




dyes were restricted  to three metals  and three intentionally




added biocides.



       An analysis of the 106 dyes reported as likely  to




contain priority pollutants  show  that most of  these dyes



cannot be considered  significant  sources  for  priority  pollu-




tants found  in  textile mill  effluent.  Many of the  priority




pollutants  likely  to  be present in  these  dyes were  reported



in trace  amounts far  below  0.1%.  For example,  while 40  dyes




were thought likely to  contain  only metals as priority pollu-



tants,  many of  these  metals are tramp contaminants  in amounts




 lower than 0.001%.   Sixty of the 106 dyes were thought likely




 to contain organic priority pollutants not intentionally




 added as biocides and all in amounts of less than 0.1%.
 V Table 2 contains a summary of the survey




                         658
-------
        Of  the  six priority pollutants estimated to be

present in concentrations exceeding 0.1%, chromium, copper

and zinc are metals that are integral parts of those dyes

in  which they  occur.  Two of these metals, chromium and

copper,  are exhausted onto the fiber with the dye.  The

other three priority pollutants, p-chloro-m-cresol, penta-

chlorophenol and phenol, are phenolic chemicals intentionally

added as bactericides and/or fungicides.-/

        In  responding to the original survey, DETO member

companies  selected 18 of the 40 priority pollutants listed

as  likely  to be present in dyes and included an additional

seven priority pollutants not listed.  It should be noted

that the seven additional priority pollutants reported are

all intimately tied to a specific process chemistry or are

added as adjuvants to the commercial products.  Four of

these pollutants, toluene, ethylbenzene, monochlorobenzene,

and 1-2-dichlorobenzene, are solvents which the Committee

judged  as  being completely removed during drying steps.  Two

others, acenaphthene and phenanthrene, are basic starting

raw materials which the Committee concluded would not pass

through the multiple chemical processes and unit operations

required to produce a finished dye.   The last one, penta-

chlorophenol, is added after preparation of the dye as a

biocide adjuvant.
   After the preparation of the Report,  it came to the atten-
   tion of the Committee that certain alkyl phthalates may be
   present in concentrations exceeding 0.1%.   See p.5 n.l.
                            659
-------
VI.  Conclusions

       The DETO priority pollutant survey has succeeded in

its stated objective.  It has provided a guideline assess-

ing the likely presence of dyes in priority pollutants that

may be found in textile mill effluents.   Given this objec-

tive and the time constraints imposed by EPA, DETO devised

a valid questionnaire requiring a reasonable and conscien-

tious response by its members to obtain the necessary data.

Furthermore, DETO conscientiously responded to EPA's further

request for additional information about the number of dyes

containing priority pollutants.

       As detailed in the original report and this addendum,

the survey clearly demonstrates that, with the possible

exceptions of chromium, copper, zinc, p-chloro-m-cresol,

pentachlorophenol and phenol,—' large volume commercial

dyes are not likely to be significant sources of priority

pollutants in textile mill waters.

                               Respectfully  submitted,


                                      ^ I  /4'*jA*rt'V
                               Stephen J. Kasprzak
                               Executive Secretary
 ~ Certain alkyl phthalates also may be possible exceptions
   See p.5 n.l.
                          660
-------
                                         TABLE 1
                             EVALUATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
                                 V TO BE PRESENT  IN MAJOR DYES


ority
lutant
iber Substance
1 i acenaphthene

3 acrylonltrile
5 benzidine
Number of Dyes Reported as Likely
to Contain Priority Pollutants
Less Than Wore Than
o.w -•*• o.u
V
1 none

7 ;none
3 none


,Cownents of OETO
:Scrcen1n9 Coiwjittee

Reported in questipnnai
Possible early inter*

Can be used to .iwke
couplers. '
Used in manufacture of
benzidine dyes, which
16

17
 n

 22

 24
 ZS

  Z8
  31
  35

  36
             wonochlorobenzene
chloroethane
                                             none
bis (chloroinethyl) ether       no.ne
                                                          none
                                                          none
             •none
 2,4,6-trichlorophenol

 parachlororoetacresol

 2-chlorophenot  .
 1,2-dichlorobenzene
  3t3-d1chlorobenzldine
  2ป4-dichlorophenol
  2,4-dinitrotoluene

  2,6-dinitrotoloene
none

none

none
V

 none
 none.
- none

 none
   661
.none
7

none
none

 none
 none
 none
    i
 none
are being rapidly phase
out.
Reported in questionnaii
Kay be used as process
solvent.
,Can be used as ethytatic
agent.,
Do not believe  present;
;if soป as  unintentional
by-product or for •;  •
chloroethylation (being
 phased out), i
 Kay be present as ; ..
 bacteriostat/fungicide.
 Possible intermediate.
 Also may be ttsed;ซs
 biotide.
 Possible intetwediate.
 Reported in questionnaii
 Kay  be used as process
 solvent.
 Possible inteirwediate.
  Possible Intenne4iate.
  Possible early
  Intermediate.
  Possible early
  intermediate*
-------
                                           TABLE 1

                                           ฐF WORHV POLLUTANTS
                                       TO BE PRESENT 1H MAJOR
                                    Huraber of Qyes Reported as Likely
Priority
Pollutant,
Number /

n
80


86


106


Substance
anthracene
phenanthrene


toluene


PC8-1242
,.., i ~ ~ .^f T y * 9 ^frlp^JTT V-^

Less than More Than
o.ซ o.ix
' none
* none


__
25 none

nnnp M*ป*A.


Conments of DETO
Screen inQ CamnArtt$
Possible very earlj
intermediate.
Reported in quest i<
Possible very earli
Intermediate.

Reported in quest i-
Kay be used as sol

107
PCB-1254
                                         none
                                                         none
110
113
t [
.;m;
.V*
116
117
118
iN1
123
;1?5-129
arsenic
cadraiura

chromium
copper
cyanide (inorganic)
lead
uwrcury
nickel
zfnc
additional PCB's
1
3

29
38
none
28
39
26
27
none
none
none

6
10
none
none
none
none
4
none
 Unlikely to be pre
 but  may be  formed
 trace by-product.

 Unlikely to be pre
 but  may be  formed
 trace by-product.;

 Hay  be present  as
 impori ty.

Kay be present as
in^urity. :
                                                                          be a part of <
                                                                      structures i

                                                                      Kay be a part of (
                                     662
                                                       May be present is
                                                       impurity.  ;

                                                       May be present as
                                                       impurity.

                                                       Kay be present as
                                                       inpurfty.;'

                                                       May ^>e present as
                                                       impurity.

                                                       Kay be a part of

                                                       Unlikely to be pi
                                                       but may be  forroei
                                                       trace by-product
-------
                                       TABLE 1
                           EVALUATION OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
                          LIKELY TO BE PRESENT  IN MAJOR DYES
                               Number of Dyes Reported as Likely
                                 to Contain Priority Pollutants
city.
rtant
>er
                           Less Than
Substance                  0.1%

1,2-diphenylhydrazine      none




ethylbenzene                25


methyl chloride             none


methyl bromide              5


naphthalene                2


nitrobenzene               none


2-nitrophenol               none


4-nitrophenol               4


2,4-dinitrophenol           2

4,6-dinitro-o-cresol        none

 N-ni trosodimethyl amine      1



 N-ni trosodi phenyl amine      none



 pentachlorophenol           2
More Than
0.1%

none
                                                     none


                                                     none


                                                     none


                                                     none


                                                     none


                                                      none


                                                      none


                                                      none

                                                      none

                                                      none



                                                      none
            phenol
                             20            1

                                     663
Comments of DETO
Screening Committee

Possible early inter-  .;
mediate in benzidine dy
which are being rapidly
phased out.

Reported in questionnaire
Kay be used as solvent.J

Can be used as
methylating agent.

Can be used as
methylating agent.

Possible very early
intermediate.

Possible very early in-
mediate or solvent.

 Possible very early
 intermediate-

 Possible very early
 intermediate.

 Possible intermediate.

 Possible intermediate.

 Do not believe present;
 if so, only  as uninten-
 tional by-product.

 Do not  believe present;
 if so,  only  as uninten-
 tional  by-product.

 Reported in  questionnaire
 Kay  be used  as biocide.

  Possible intermediate,
  process solvent* or
  biocide*
-------
                                 TABLE 2
                           SUMMARY OF RESULTS
                     DETO PRIORITY POLLUTANT
TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL

TOTAL
  -; .
TOTAL
 . .

:OTAL
 number of different major dyes  reported:  144

 number of different major '•-. * -••*!•.-.

 nunjaer'of additional different major-dyes reporting both mefafi and1.'
 ;  . .phenolic bacten'ostats as only priority pollutants:  6   .*'"•:! .'";.•- v

 hunger ;bf different -major dyes reporting organic  Inon-bacteriostat)
              pollutants- (all ;le$s.;tban  ,l;t:^ 60   ;  ;  ;       *
       ; ^^riority pollutants- (all ;le$s.;tban p,l;t):^ 60

                                  entachlprpphenol
                                 Phenol;          '
      After' preparation  of the'Report,/ some^DgTO'.members repof'ted'
      +-Ka> ' >*ซtป4-a$.ซ. o 1 Trwl  fiVi+^'Ha 1 a4*eie T^AT-A .-ซ^vc'e-i K3.A  T%T-ir^T"iI+-v nrปl "Lii—
            /Acrylonitrile
            .": Anthracene-.
            'Arsenic"/
            : Benzidine
            '.2 ป4-Dini trophenol
                         .
            /Msrcury   :'  •""•";
            .Methyl bromide;
                                     trace quantities
                               .•i:.'. *.\ "
                               Rickel;
                               4-Kitrbphenol
                               •Toluene    .
                               ! Ethylbenzene
                               ;Acenaphthene/'.
                               .Monochlorobenzene
                               1,2-Dichl orobenzene
                               Phenantbrene "',
                                    664
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MILL A



MILL B



MILL D



MILL DD



MILL E



MILL F



MILL 0



MILL P



MILL Q



MILL S



MILL V



MILL W



MILL Y
                              APPENDIX F



            DESCRIPTIONS OF EPA/INDUSTRY FIELD STUDY MILLS
                                 665
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                                 MILL A
Mill  A  is  a  Subcategory 1 Wool Scouring facility that performs raw
grease wool scouring.  Reported average production  is  23,600  kg/day
(52,000 lb/day).  The processing results in a water usage of 10.0 I/kg
(1.2  gal/lb)  and  a  wastewater discharge of 1,380 cu m/day (364,000
gal/day).

Wastewater treatment at Mill A consists of primary sedimentation (grit
removal),  biological aeration (1 basin with  a  total  volume  of  1.5
mgd),   secondary   clarification   scum   removal,  and  disinfection
(chlorine).  Aeration detention time is approximately  72  hours,  and
air  is provided by surface aerators at a power-to-volume ratio of 160
hp/mil gal.
                                  666
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                                MILL B
Mill B is a Subcategory 2 Wool Finishing  mill  that  is  involved  in
manufacturing  and  finishing  wool  and  blended  wool  fabrics.  The
primary fibers finished are wool and cotton.  An important feature  of
this mill it that a large percentage of the wool used is from recycled
woolen goods.  The principal manufacturing operations are scouring and
both  stock  and  fabric  dyeing.  Production during the field studies
averaged 30,380 kg/day (approximately  67,000  Ib/day)  with  a  water
usage of 122 I/kg (14.6 gal/lb) and an average wastewater discharge of
3,700 cti m/day (0.98 mgd) (less than 1 percent sanitary waste).

Wastewater treatment at Mill B consists of fine screening (vibratory),
equalization (mixed), biological aeration (total volume under aeration
of 1.2 mil gal),  secondary clarification, and disinfection (chlorine).
Aeration  basin  detention  time is approximately 24 hours, and air is
provided by surface aerators at a power-to-volume ratio of 133  hp/mil
gal.   However, this treatment fails to meet BPT guideline limitations
for BOD5.  Although more than 99 percent of the flow treated  at  this
plant  is  process  wastewater from the mill, it is technically a POTW
since the system is run by the  municipality  in  which  the  mill  is
located.
                                 667
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                             MILL D
Mill  D  is a Subcategory 4c Woven Fabric Finishing mill  that performs
desizing (PVA), bleaching, dyeing, and functional  finishing.   During
tne   field   studies,   the   production   averaged   31,900   kq/dav
{approximately 70,300 Ib/day) and  included  fabrics  of   100  percent
cotton,  cotton/polyester blends, cotton/rayon blends, and 100 percent
polyester.  The processing resulted in an average water usage of  48.4
I/kg (approximately 5.8 gal/lb) and a wastewater discharge of 1,550 cu
m/day (0.41 mgd), a very small portion of which was sanitary waste.

Wastewater   treatment   at  Mill  D  consists  of  coarse screening,
neutralization (addition  of  acid),  fine  screening,  aeration  (two
basins  in  series  with  a  total  volume  of 2.4 mil gal), secondary
clarification, and disinfection (chlorine).  Aeration  detention  time
is  approximately 48 hours,  and oxygen is provided by surface aerators
at a power-to-volume ratio of 125 hp/mil gal.
                                 668
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                               MILL DD
Mill DD is actually two facilities  that  share  a  common  wastewater
treatment  plant.   One  facility  is  a  Subcategory  4c Woven Fabric
Finishing mill that performs desizing  (starch)  scouring,  bleaching,
mercerizing, dyeing (continuous), and functional finishing.  The other
facility  includes a Subcategory 3 Low Water Use Processing mill and a
Subcategory 7 Stock & Yarn Finishing mill  that  perform  weaving  and
package  dyeing  of  yarns,  respectively.   During the field studies,
63,500 kg/day (approximately 140,000 Ib/day) of 100 percent cotton (17
percent),    cotton/polyester     blends     (79     percent),     and
cotton/polyester/nyloh  blends   (4 percent) were being finished by the
two facility complex.  Approximately 26 percent of the fabric is woven
with yarn that is package dyed.  The processing resulted  in an average
water usage of 250 I/kg  (approximately   30  gal/lb)  and  an  average
wastewater discharge of 20,400 cu m/day (5.4 mgd).

Wastewater   treatment  at  Mill  DD  consists  of  coarse  screening,
neutralization (addition of acid), aeration (one basin  with  a  total
volume  of  12  mil  gal),  secondary  clarification, and disinfection
(chlorine).  Aeration detention  time is approximately 48  hours and air
is provided by surface aerators  at a  power-to-volume  ratio  of  87.5
hp/mil gal.
                                  669
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                                MILL E
Mill  E  is  a Subcategory 5a Knit Fabric Finishing mill that performs
scouring, dyeing, and functional finishing  (crease-resistant,  water-
repellent,    and    flame-resistant    chemicals).    Production   is
approximately 19,000 kg/day (42,000 Ib/day) of  nylon  apparel  fabric
and 680 kg/day (1,500 Ib/day) of Nomex fabric.  The processing results
in a water usage of 133 I/kg (16 gal/lb) and a wastewater discharge of
2,650 cu in/day (0.70 mgd).

Wastewater  treatment at Mill E consists of coarse screening, aeration
(one  basin  with  a  total  volume  of  3.7   mi 1   gal},   secondary
clarification,  and  disinfection (chlorine).   Aeration detention time
is approximately 48 hours, and air is provided by surface aerators  at
a power-to-volume ratio of 240 hp/mil gal.
                                 670
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                               MILL F
Mill F is a Subcategory 6 Carpet Finishing facility that is engaged in
dyeing  tufted  carpet made from polyester and nylon yarn.  Production
during the field  studies  was  reported  to  average  113,375  kg/day
(250,000 Ib/day).  The processing results in an average water usage of
46.7 I/kg (5.6 gal/lb) and an average wastewater discharge of 5,300 cu
m/day (1.4 mgd).

Wastewater  treatment at Mill F consists of aeration (one basin with a
total  volume  of  10  mil  gal),  secondary  clarification,  effluent
polishing   (one   18  mil  gal  tertiary  lagoon),  and  disinfection
(chlorine).  Aeration detention time is approximately 190  hours,  and
air  is  provided by surface aerators at a power-to-volume ratio of 40
hp/mil gal.
                                 671
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                               MILL 0
Mill 0 is a Subcategory 2 Wool Finishing mill that converts  wool  and
nylon   fiber   into   finished   apparel   and   upholstery  fabrics.
Occasionally,  woolen  blankets  are  manufactured.   The   processing
includes  spinning,  weaving, stock dyeing, piece dyeing, carbonizing,
fulling, and functional finishing.  Average production is reported  to
be  7,700  kg/day  (17,000  Ib/day)  and wastewater discharge averages
3,785 cu m/day (1 mgd).  The mill has an average water  usage  of  475
I/kg (57 gal/lb).

Wastewater  treatment  at  Mill  0  consists of neutralization (alkali
feed), fine screening  (vibratory), biological aeration (1 basin with a
total volume of 1.5 mil gal), and secondary clarification.  Phosphoric
acid is added as nutrient.  Aeration detention time  is  approximately
36 hours, and air  is provided by surface aerators at a power-to-volume
ratio of 66 hp/mil gal.
                                  672
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                               MILL P
Mill  P is an integrated facility that includes a Subcategory 4c Woven
Fabric Finishing mill and a Subcategory 7 Stock & Yarn Finishing mill.
Woven fabric finishing operations consist of desizing  (PVA,  starch),
scouring  (caustic),  bleaching  (peroxide  and chlorine), mercerizing
(caustic recovery practiced), dyeing, and functional finishing.   Yarn
is  dyed  for  the  manufacture  of  denim  fabric.   During the field
studies, the production of woven fabric averaged approximately  77,000
kg/day  (170,000 Ib/day); yarn dyeing is generally less than 8 percent
of  the  total  production.   Production  included  sheeting,   denim,
shirting,  and  broadcloth  of 100 percent cotton and cotton/polyester
blends.  The processing resulted in an average water usage of  100 I/kg
(11.9 gal/lb) and a wastewater discharge of 7,570 cu m/day  (2.0  mgd);
approximately 7.5 percent of which was sanitary waste.

Wastewater   treatment   at  Mill  P  consists  of  coarse  screening,
neutralization   (addition  of  acid),  equalization,   aeration    (two
parallel  basins  with  a  total  volume  of   14  mil  gal), secondary
clarification, and  disinfection  (chlorine).  Aeration  detention  time
is  approximately 72 hours and air is provided  by surface  aerators at  a
power-to-volume ratio of 57  hp/mil gal.
                                  673
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                               MILL Q
Mill  Q  ls actually two Subcategory 5 Knit Fabric Finishing mills  that
discharge to a common treatment plant.  During the field studies,   the
?5"?AUSซlon   Of  knit  fabric  averaged  approximately  72,560  kg/day
(160,000  lb/  day).   Production  included  fabrics  of  100  percent
polyamide,  100  percent  polyester,  100  percent acetate, 80 percent
acetate/20 percent nylon, 95 percent polyester/5 percent nylon, and 80
percent triacetate/20 percent nylon.  The processing  resulted  in  an
overall  water  usage  of  130  I/kg  (15.6  gal/lb)  and a wastewater
discharge of 9,460 cu m/day (2.5 mgd), approximately  one  percent  of
which was sanitary waste.

Wastewater  treatment  at Mill Q consists of coarse screening (bar  and
basket), equalization (aerated), aeration (two 3.2  mil  gal  basins),
secondary    clarification,   disinfection   (chlorine),   multi-media
nitration (3.5  gpm/ft* design  with  precoagulant  and/or  activated
carbon   injected  into  the  filter  influent),  and  post  aeration.
Aeration detention time is approximately 15 hours, and air is provided
by surface aerators at a power-to-volume ratio of 148 hp/mil gal
                                 674
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                               MILL S
Mill S  is a Subcategory  7 Stock & Yarn Finishing  facility  that  dyes
and   finishes   industrial  sewing  thread  and  hand  knitting  yarn.
                      bleปchi"fl'  mercerizing,  package  dyeing, * and
ka/da   m nnniK/       AXrage dailY ^^uctlon is reported as 32,200
kg/day  {71 000 Ib/day) .  The processing results is  an  average  water

                                and an
Wastewater  treatment  at  Mill  S  consists  of equalization  (mixed)
aeration  (one basin with a total volume of  3.9  mil  gal)   secondary

             / u?ff^ue?t  Pฐlishin9 ^ne 3.8 mil gal tertiary  lagoon),
             (chlorine), and post aeration.  Aeration basin  detention
•rfซซ  approximately  62  hours,  and  air  is  provided by surface
aerators at a power-to-volume ratio of 46 hp/mil gal.
                                 675
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                               MILL V
Mill V is a Subcategory 4c Woven Fabric Finishing mill  that  performs
desizing  (PVA,  CMC,  and  starch), scouring, bleaching, mercerizing,
dyeing (continuous), and functional finishing (mildew,  soil  &  wajฎr
repellents,  and  hand  improvers).   During  the  field  studies, the
production averaged approximately 95,200 kg/day  (210,000  Ib/day)  and
included   fabrics   of   65   percent   polyester/35  percent  cotton
(approximately 56 percent), 50  percent  polyester/50  percent  cotton
(approximately  26  percent),  20  percent polyester/80 percent cotton
(approximately 7 percent),  18  percent  polyester/82  percent- cotton
{approximately  9 percent), and 15 percent polyester/85 percent cotton
(approximately 2 percent).  The  processing   resulted  in   an  average
water  usage  of  122  I/kg  (14.6 gal/lb) and  a wastewater discharge of
11,350 cu m/day (approximately 3.0 mgd); less than one percent of  the
flow is sanitary waste.

Wastewater   treatment  at  Mill  V  consists   of   coarse   screening,
neutralization  (addition of acid>,  aeration   (2 basins  operated   in
series  with  a  total volume of 10 mil  gal), secondary  clarification,
and disinfection  (chlorine).  Aeration detention time  is  approximately
60  hours,  and air is provided by surface aerators at a power-to^volume
ratio of  41 hp/mil  gal.
                                  676
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                              MILL W
Mill W is a Subcategory 5b Knit Fabric  Finishing  mill
knitting?   bleaching,   scouring,   dyeing,   printing,
finishing.  The primary fibers utilized are


      '
cotton,
                                                       that  Performs
                                                      and  functional
                                                     polyester   SEF,

                  555
average wastewater discharge of  3,570  cu  m/day  (0.94 mgd).

Wastewater from the printing operation Passes through^  air  flotation
tank that at the  time  of  sampling  was  being   used as  a  gravity
separator.   It  then  combines  with the  wastewater  from  the  bleaching
and dveing  operations  for  complete  biological  treatment.   As   an
tlternlte  route, the wastewater from the air flotation tank  can go to
a distillation column for solvent recovery.  This  mode  of  treatment
was not in ule a? the time of the sampling.  Treatment of the combined
ปMtซ  stream  consists  of  coarse  screening, equalization  (nitrogen
adled as a nutrient), fine  screening  (not  in  service   at   time   of
semolina)  biological  aeration  (one basin with a total  volume ot  2./
m?f gal  ,  secondary  clarification,  and  disinfection    (chlorine)
Aeration detention time  is approximately "hours, and air is provided
by surface aerators at a power-to- volume ratio of 37 hp/mil gal.
                                  677
-------
                        MILL Y
                       'c
                                    """?"•ซป Acuity tut
discharge of 7,950 cu m/day (2.1 ingd)
                                           and an average
 addition before secondary clar if ?cat?;n>  L2  >' Cฐa9ulatiซ5n (polymer
 ssus b-K- tsss? i     -  ^"^"-"fer'sfe1^
 approximately 58 hp/mi! gal             power-to-volume  ratio  of
*U.S, GOVERNMEM PRINTING OFFICE, 1979-303-538/6574
                        678
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United Slates
Environmental Protection
Agency
Washington DC 20460
 WH-552
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use $300
Pottage end Few Paid
Environmental Protection Agency
EPA-335
                             Special
                             Fourth-Class
                             Rate
                             Book
-------