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SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of the BAT review of the paint industry is to evaluate the
occurrence and impact of toxic pollutants,in the untreated and treated
wastewater and sludge streams generated within paint plants. The list
of toxic pollutants, which represents the focus of the program, was
developed as a result of the Settlement Agreement. Appendix A of the
Settlement Agreement lists 65 classes of pollutants to be considered
in the BAT revision for 21 industries, which EPA later expanded to 129
particular compounds. Appendix E presents the 129 pollutants which
represent the toxic, or "priority", pollutants addressed in this
study.
The BAT review also included the evaluation of conventional and
selected nonconventional pollutant parameters. The conventional
parameters included in the study were pH, BOD, oil and grease, and
total suspended solids (TSS). Nonconventional parameters included
COD, and TOC.
In addition, a number of other nonconventional parameters were
evaluated on an incidental basis either because their analysis had
been included in ICP (Inductively Coupled Argon Plasma) multiple metal
analysis (see Appendix D for a detailed explanation of this method) or
because the parameter is an important element in paint manufacture or
physical-chemical treatment of paint wastewater. These additional
pollutants included aluminum, barium, boron, calcium, cobalt, iron,
magnesium, .manganese, molybdenum, sodium, tin, titanium, vanadium, and
yttrium.
This section presents the techniques used to identify toxic pollutants
in the paint industry.
METHODOLOGY
Prior to the various EPA studies of the paint industry, relatively
little historical data had been developed for toxic pollutants. Some
limited analyses of inorganic toxic pollutants had been completed, but
for the most part historical data focused on conventional and
nonconventional pollutants.. The Agency established a three-step
methodology to develop toxic pollutant data:
1. raw materials evaluation;
2. industry-wide raw materials survey; and
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3. screening sampling.
Raw Materials Evaluation
By studying the raw materials of the industry. EPA was able to
establish the distribution of toxic pollutants in paint waste streams.
This is a consequence of the way paint products are produced and paint
wastewater is generated.
Paint typically is generally manufactured by blending raw materials;
consequently, no thermodynamic changes occur (except for occasional
heat of solution) and no by-products are formed. Instead, paint is
made according to predetermined formulae or recipes without chemical
reaction or change. Production of paint plant wastewater is similarly
straightforward. When required, production tanks and other
manufacturing vessels are washed clean of residue or clingage using
water, caustic, or solvent. The spent cleaning material thus becomes
laden with the material cleaned put of the tank, which, in turn, is
composed of the raw materials making up the paint product.
Determining the possible toxic pollutants in the waste stream is thus
a matter of pinpointing the raw materials and toxic pollutants used in
manufacturing paint.
There are three primary source
information:
of paint industry raw materials
1. The NPCA Raw Materials Index (8,9,10);
2. Information supplied by raw materials vendors; and
3. The Colour Index (11) .
The Agency identified 37 toxic pollutants as constituents of raw
materials used in paint manufacture. Table VI- 1 lists those toxic
pollutants that were identified, and their occurrence in paint raw
materials.
Raw Materials Survey
The next step in ascertaining the extent of toxic pollutants in the
paint industry was a survey of the industry to determine the use of
specific raw materials associated with specific toxic pollutants.
Section G, Raw Materials, of the Data Collection Portfolio (DCP) was
designed to obtain this information and was organized according to the
four broad areas of raw materials used in paint manufacture:
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TABLE VX-1
OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS
IN PAINT RAW MATERIALS
Occurrence in Raw Materials
Toxic Pollutant
Pigments Chemical
s Dyes Specialties Resins Solvents
Antimony
Cadmium
Copper
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Mercury
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Asbestos
Phenols
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene,
Isophorone
Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate
Di-N-Butyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Diethyl Phtheilate
3-3' Dichlorobenzidine
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Methyl Chloride
Methylene Chloride
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidine Chloride
1,2,4-Tri chlorobenzene
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2 -Tri ch.lproe thane
Chlorobenzene
1,3-Dichlorppropylene
Pentachlorophenol
1,2-Dichloroibenzene
Di(2-Chloroethyl) Ether
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Sources: 8, 9, 10, 11
105
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Pigments and Dyes;
Chemical Specialties;
Resins; and
- Solvents.
Paw materials within these areas were grouped according to the
occurrence of toxic pollutants.. For example, all plasticizers
containing diethyl phthalate, or all green aqueous dispersions
containing chromium used in paint were grouped. Within each generic
raw material designation, EPA listed the major manufacturers' trade
names as an aid to respondents who might not be familiar with the
chemical constituents of the raw materials in their products. Space
also was provided so that respondents could indicate additional trade
names for toxic pollutant-bearing raw materials used in their
products.
The criteria for including raw materials in the DCP were:
1. The raw material itself is a toxic pollutant, i.e., solvents
such as benzene, toluene, or chemical specialties such as di-
n-butyl phthalate or asbestos.
2. The raw material is known to contain toxic pollutants, i.e.,
white lead, zinc oxide, chrome orange, etc.
3. The raw material is commonly thinned with, or contains, toxic
pollutants that are solvents, i.e., polyamids soluble in, or
containing, toluene.
H. The raw material is synthesized from other raw materials that
are toxic pollutants, i.e., dichlorobenzidine- derived
aqueous dispersions.
Although for the last item listed above (raw materials synthesized
from toxic pollutants) there is no firm evidence that the toxic
pollutant is present in the raw material, these raw materials were
included because of the possible carry over of residues of the toxic
pollutant.
Responses to the DCP indicated that all 37 toxic pollutants identified
in the literature review (8,9,10,11) are used at one time or another
in the paint industry. Since many of the raw materials included in
the DCP can contain more than one toxic pollutant, the Agency was
unable to obtain unambiguous counts for the occurrence of particular
toxic pollutants. A conservative approach was taken because of this.
When the DCP response did not indicate clearly which toxic pollutant
was in use, the Agency made two counts - one including neither, one
including both. This gave a maximum and minimum count for toxic
pollutants. Twenty-eight plants did not check any boxes in the
106
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survey- It is not clear whether these respondents use none of the
listed raw materials or whether they did not fill out the
questionnaire completely. Finally, within the group of responders to
the raw materials survey, it was found that each raw materials
question was answered positively at least once. This indicates that
the raw materials questions represented appropriate paint raw
materials. The range of plants using raw materials containing
particular toxic pollutants appears in Table VI-2. The most common
toxic pollutants found in paint raw materials are chromium, zinc,
toluene, and lead. Eight of the raw materials containing toxic
pollutants were used by more than 400 plants (based on minimum usage),
and 23 raw materials were used by at least 140 plants.
Sampling Program
EPA designed the sampling program to generate information that could
characterize the nature, distribution, and concentration of toxic
pollutants in paint wastewater and sludges. Further, the sampling
program aimed to gather information about the efficiency of common
end-of-pipe treatment systems not only to remove toxic pollutants, but
to reduce the concentration of classical pollutants.. Detailed
information on sampling and analytical procedures used and specific
data on samples collected are included in Appendix F.
In selecting sites for sampling, the Agenct looked for paint
manufacturing plants that were representative not only of industry
production methods and product lines, but also of wastewater genera-
tion and treatment techniques^ The following criteria were used in
the selection process:
Plant Location
The logistics and costs of the anticipated sampling program required
EPA to arrange multiple sampling visits within concentrated industrial
zones.. Table VI-3 summarizes the distribution of paint plants in
major metropolitan areas. Paint plants located within these areas
were given preference in the selection process.
Plant Size
Although very small plants outnumber others in the paint industry, the
Agency decided not to sample at plants with less than ten production
workers. The rationale for this decision rested on the fact that
small paint plant operations do not differ significantly from the
paint industry as a whole. Because paint manufacture is a batch
process, using relatively small mixing vessels, small plants duplicate
large plant operations precisely, differing only in scale. Plant
inspection visits confirmed this.
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TABLE VI-2
RAW MATERIALS CONTAINING TOXIC POLLUTANTS
USED BY THE PAINT INDUSTRY
Responders Indicating Usage of Raw Materials Containing
Pollutants
Toxic
Pollutant No.
Antimony
Cadmium
Copper
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
Asbestos
Phenol
Mercury
Pentachlorophenol
Vinyl Chloride
Vinylidene Chloride
3,3- Dichlorobenzidene
Di-2 Ethylhexyi
Phthalate
Di-N-butyl Phthalate
Dimethyl Phthalate
Diethyl Phthalate
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene
Isophorone
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
1,2,4 Trichlorobenzene
1,2 Dichloroethane
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
1,1,2 Trichloroethane
Di-2 Chloroethyl ether
Chloroform
1,2 Dichlorobenzene
1,3 Dichloropropylene
Methylene Chloride
Trichloroethylene
Methyl Chloride
Minimum
. of Plants
166
260
173
1042
833
156
37
250
1020
218
665
627
190
550
*
409
338
354
51
22
66
961
189
175
8
9
3
5
140
10
1
3
8
6
305
77
*
Percent
12.1
18.9
12.6
75.8
60.6
11.4
2.7
18.2
74.2
15.9
48.4
45.6
13.8
40.0
*
29.8
24.6
25.8
3.7
1.6
4.8
69.9
13.8
12.5
0.6
0.7
0.2
0.4
10.2
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.4
22.2
5.6
A
Maximum
No. of Plants
243
312
894
1083
1016
395
37
440
1046
218
765
627
190
563
A A
44
412
338
354
51
22
C.C.
66
998
506
175
9
3
5
140
10
1
3
8
6
305
*n
77
•3 i a
31b
Percent
17.7
22.7
65.1
78.8
73.9
28.7
2.7
32.0
76.1
15.9
55.7
45.6
13.8
41.0
3O
• ^
30.0
24.6
25*8
3*7
. /
1C
. O
4p
• O
*7<*t ^
72.6
36.8
12.5
Ofi
• O
0*7
.7
0.2
0.4
10.2
0*"}
.7
0<*
.1
0*y
• «6
0£L
• O
Oil
.4
22.2
5 C.
. O
23 0
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TABLE VI-3
DISTRIBUTION OF PAINT PLANTS
IN MAJOR METROPOLITAN AREAS
Metropolitan
Area
Los Angeles
New York/New Jersey
Chicago
Cleveland
Miami
San Francisco
Detroit
St. Louis
Atlanta
Dallas
Louisville
Houston
Number of
Paint Plants
127
101
88
61
49
48
34
28
27
20
20
18'
Source:
DCP
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Wastewater Treatment
Candidate plants that operated end-of-pipe wastewater treatment
systems were given preference in the selection process. The selection
effort was aimed at choosing plants that encompassed all existing
wastewater treatment types. Raw wastewater loads at these plants were
comparable to untreated wastewater loads at similar plants without
treatment.
Wastewater Generation
A significant proportion (40 percent) of the DCP respondents indicated
that they did not discharge any wastewater. These plants fit into
several categories, including plants using only solvent-wash, complete
wastewater reuse, and contract hauling of all wastewater or spent
caustic. Other plants indicated that they produced or discharged very
little wastewater. As a result, minimum wastewater flow was a
sampling plant selection criterion. Rather than picking a specific
minimum wastewater volume, it was decided to limit the candidate
sampling plant list to plants that generated enough wastewater within
a one-week period to permit treatment of at least one batch,. This
criterion for selecting sampling plants assured collection of a
minimum of one sample during a visit of several days duration.
Historical Data
Some plants indicated that they had taken wastwater samples over a
period of time. The data developed therefore could supply some
background or history of wastewater quality. Because this historical
data could supply important substantiation, an effort was made to
sample at plants that reported that they had previously sampled and
analyzed their wastewaters.
Toxic Pollutants
As previously stated, a goal of the raw materials survey was to
provide information about the distribution of toxic pollutants in
paint wastewaters. The survey established that 37 of the 129 toxic
pollutants could be expected to occur at one time or another in paint
wastewater. Consequently, in choosing sampling plants the Agency
tried to select operations that utilized raw materials containing a
maximum number of toxic pollutants.
Direct Dischargers
EPA knew from the outset that practically no paint plants discharged
process wastewaters to navigable waters; nevertheless, the Agency
hoped to sample at least a few direct dischargers. Unfortunately,
only a handful of plants, discharging a combined wastewater containing
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only a very small fraction of paint process wastewater were located.
These combined dischargers were judged to be inappropriate for
sampling.
SELECTION OF SAMPLING PLANTS
The sampled plants were chosen in a step fashion. Initially, plants
were selected if they had indicated on their questionnaires that they
treat or condition their wastewater in some way before disposal. This
selection yielded a preliminary list containing 153 paint plants. A
supplementary selection of plants treating their wastewater before
reuse yielded an additional 88 preliminary sampling site candidates.
Successive selections on the basis of location, size, wastewater
volume and treatment, historical data, and toxic pollutants resulted
in the final selection of 22 paint plants located in eight major
metropolitan areas. See Section V for detailed information on the
plants selected for the sampling program.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS
The toxic pollutants covered in this study may be divided into groups
to facilitate discussion:
Pesticides
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's)
Phenolic Compounds
Volatile Organic Compounds
Semi-volatile Organic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds
The basis for this breakdown is chemical similarities and methods of
analysis within each group. Each group's impact on paint wastewater
is discussed in the following sections,
Pesticides and Metabolites
aldrin
dieldrin
chlorodane (technical mixture and metabolites)
U,4« - DDT
4,4« - DDE (p,p» DDK)
1,U' - ODD (p,p« TDE)
a-endosulfan
b-endosulfan
endosulfan sulfate
endrin
endrin aldehyde
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
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alpha-BHC (hexachlorocylohexane)
beta-BHC (hexachlorocylohexane)
gamma-BHC (hexachlorocylohexane)
delta-BBC (hexachlorocylohexane)
toxaphene
Pesticides are not part of any raw materials used in paint
manufacture. Occasional use of these materials in some paint plants
for fumigation purposes has been reported. All occurrences of
pesticides in paint wastewater samples were at less than 10 pg/l. out
of 31 untreated paint wastewater samples analyzed, the following
pesticides occurred once at less than 10 pg/1: eildrin, dieldrin,
14f4'-DDE, 4,4'-ODD, endrin aldehyde, beta-BHC, gamma-BHC, delta-BHC.
Two pesticides, beta-endosulfan and alpha-BHC occurred twice each at
less than 10 pg/1 in untreated paint wastewater samples. Of 27
effluent analyses for these 18 pesticides, only three individual
occurrences at less than 10 /jg/1 were detected. These three
pesticides were 4,4'-DDE, endrin aldehyde and beta-BHC In sludge
samples, aldrin, beta-endosulfan and delta-BHC each occurred in one of
nine samples at less than 10 pg/1- Similarly, in tap water samples,
alpha-BHC, beta-BHC and delta-BHC occurred in only one of 29 samples,
all at less than 10 ng/l» Endrin aldehyde was found in two of 29 tap
water samples, but both times at less than 10 M9/1-
PCB's
None of the PCB mixtures included in the toxic pollutant listings were
detected in any sample analyzed during this study. The raw materials
evaluation similarly did not uncover any use of these materials in
paint manufacture. However, it should be noted that specific PCB
compounds may nevertheless be present in paint wastewaters.
The PCB's on the toxic pollutant list are actually mixtures of various
PCB compounds ranging from monochlorobiphenyl to octochlorobiphenyl.
As such, a positive identification of a PCB would require observation
of a predetermined set of gas chromatogram peaks with appropriate
relative intensities. However, various PCB's are formed during the
synthesis of two types of pigments commonly used in paint manufacture:
diarylide and phthalocyanine pigments. In Appendix E of the Dry Color
Manufacturers Association comments regarding proposed rules for their
industry (46), the following evaluation of PCB compounds in diarylide
and phthalocyanine pigments was presented:
"For diarylide pigments, the source of the PCB's is 3,3'-
dichlorobenzidine, or its reaction product, which may undergo cleavage
at the (biphenyl) carbon-to-nitrogen linkage to yield 3,3'
.•iichlorobiphenyl. Indeed,, this has been identified as the PCB present
in diarylide pigments. In the case of phthalocyanine the source of
PCB is the trichlorobenzene (TCB) which has for many years been used
112
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as the solvent in the synthesis of the crude. TCB is not the only
solvent which may be used, but it is the solvent which has been most
widely used historically. It is believed that PCB's form by the
elimination of hydrogen chloride, in the presence of copper, between
two molecules of TCB. In the case of phthalocyanine blue, many
different PCB's are present, since TCB is not a chemically pure
material, and contains some amounts of dichloro and tetrachloro as
well as trichlorobenzenes, and isomers of each in addition."
Phenolic Compounds
phenol
2-chlorophenol
2,4-dichlorophenol
p-chlorometacresol
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
2-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
pentachlorophenol (PCP)
total phenols
Only one phenolic toxic pollutant is used directly as a raw material
in paint manufacture. That compound is pentachlorophenol (PCP) which
is used as a preservative in some paint formulations. Nearly 14
percent of the respondents to the Data collection Portfolio indicated
that they used PCP. other phenolic toxic pollutant compounds are not
directly used in paint manufacture, but some occurrence of these
materials was expected by virtue of the approximately 50 percent of
the industry using phenolic resins.
PCP occurred in about 20 percent of all paint untreated and treated
wastewaters analyzed for phenolic compounds. In influent samples PCP
ranged from less than 10 pg/1 to 27,000 pg/1 with a median value of
750 jjg/1. In treated wastewater samples, PCP concentrations ranged
from less than 10 pg/1 to 485 pg/1. Four of nine sludge samples were
found to contain PCP. The median PCP concentration for the sludge
samples was 12.5 pg/1- One of 29 tap water samples contained PCP at
less than 10 pg/1.
Phenol also occurred in 11 of 31 paint wastewater samples. Untreated
wastewater levels ranged from less than 10 pg/1 to 3800 jjg/1 with a
median of 96 pg/1. Treated effluent phenol ranged from 10 pg/1 to
1240 pg/1, with a median of 36 pg/1. The median value in sludge was
150
2, 4-dinitr ophenol was found to occur in about 10 percent of the
untreated paint wastewaters collected during the sampling program.
Concentrations of 2, 4-dinitr ophenol in untreated wastewater ranged
between 110 and 250 Mg/1- This toxic pollutant was not found in any
effluent sample, but it did occur in two of nine sludge samples.
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4 6-dinitro-o-cresol occurred in one untreated wastewater sample at
less than 10 \iq/~L, but in no other samples.
,4,6-trichlorophenol was found in *wo of 31 untreated wa8t««ter
pg/l] I - It was also found in two of 29 tap water samples both
less than 10 pg/1-
at
, -
Smplf iontainea 2 , 4-aichlorophenol , but one of 29 tap water samples
contained it at less than 10 pg/1.-
Finally, 2,U-dimethylphenol occurred in one of nine sludge samples at
less than 10 Mg/l» but not in any other sample-
Total phenols occurred frequently in all waste samples analyzed during
Jne screening program. Untreated wastewater total P*6™1*^6*^™
less than 1 Sg/1 to 1,900 Mg/l with an average of 260 jjg/L. Treated
er?Lent?otal phenol ran from 1 Mg/l to 1,900 pg/1 with an average of
193 pg/1. The average sludge level for total phenol was 552 Mg/l.
Volatile Organic Toxic Pollutants
Halomethanes
bromoform (tribromomethane)
carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
chloroform (trichloromethane)
chlorodibromomethane
dichlorodifluoromethane
dichlorobromomethane
methyl bromide (bromomethane)
methyl chloride (chloromethane)
methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
trichlorofluoromethane
Halomethanes, consisting of methane molecules with one or more carbon
replaced by a halogen (chlorine, bromine, etc..) are used as solvents,
a1?osol propellants or for medicinal purposes. In the paint industry
only three of these pollutants, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform and
methylSnTchloride werS found to be raw materials (used as solvents)
Srprelent in wastewater at any significant concentration or frequency
of occurrence. Bromoform and chlorodibromomethane were detected in
?he Sp wa?er at several plants but not in the Created or treated
wastewater s. Dichlorobromomethane was found in about half of tne tap
wa^rJamples, but occurred in only one of 27 untreated wastewater
samples (27 pg/1) and in no other sample.
-------
Less than one percent of the respondents to the Data Collection
Portfolio indicated that carbon tetrachloride was used in their paint
manufacturing operation. However in nearly one-third of. the untreated
wastewater samples analyzed for volatile organic pollutants carbon
tetrachloride was found to be present at concentrations ranging from
less than 10 pg/1 to a high of 30,000 pg/1 with a median value of 14
jjg/1- About 10 percent of the treated wastewater samples contained
carbon tetrachloride in concentrations ranging from less than 10 to
1800 jjg/1.
Similarly for chloroform, whereas only 0.2 percent of the DCP
respondents indicated usage of the solvent, about half of the volatile
organic analyses indicated chloroform in untreated and treated paint
wastewaters. For chloroform, untreated wastewater values ranged
between 16 and 900 pg/1, with a median value of 92 pg/1-
Treated wastewater chloroform values were sometimes higher than
corresponding untreated wastewater values. The median value was 30
jjg/1. Chloroform occurred at least as frequently in the tap water
supplied to the sampled plants as in the wastewater, but not on a
consistent enough basis to be subtracted as a background value. The
median chloroform level in tap water was 43 M9/1-
Data Collection Portfolio results indicated that over 22 percent of
the respondents use methylene chlori.de .in their operations. About
two-thirds of all untreated wastewater volatile organic analyses
revealed the presence of methylene chloride with a median value of 620
pg/1. Contamination of samples with methylene chloride has been
reported as being a common problem, and in the paint wastewater data,
contamination appears to have occurred. For example, the median value
for methylene chloride in treated effluent was 1700 M5/l» considerably
higher than untreated wastewater levels. Average values were
similarly inconsistent. A median of 67 pg/1 methylene chloride in tap
water was also detected.
Chlorinated Ethanes
1,1-dichloroethane
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
chloroethane
Three of the six chlorinated ethanes which are primarily used as
solvents were identified as being used in paint manufacture. The
responses to the Data Collection Portfolio indicated that 1,1,1
trichloroethane, 1,2 dichloroethane and 1,1,2 trichloroethane are used
at 10.2 percent, 0.4 percent and 0.7 percent of all paint
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manufacturing sites, respectively, occurrence of chlorinated ethanes
in analyzed samples roughly followed this trend. 1/1/1
trichloroethane was detected in more than half of all untreated and
treated waste samples. Untreated waste levels ranged from less than
10 pg/1 to 930 pg/1 with a median value of 76 pg/1- Similarly,
treated effluent levels ran from less than 10 pg/1 to 560 pg/1, with
16 pg/1 for the median. Seven of nine sludge samples also contained
1,1,1 trichloroethane at concentrations ranging from less than 10 to
3200 pg/1, as did eleven of 29 tap water samples (median 17 pg/1)-
1,2-dichloroethane was detected in five of the 31 untreated wastewater
samples analyzed for volatile organics. concentrations ranged from
less than 10 pg/1 to 420 pg/1- The median untreated waste value was
33 pg/1. Treated wastewater was found to contain this solvent in four
of 27 samples analyzed. The treated wastewater levels ranged between
less than 10 pg/1 to 170 pg/1- This solvent was also detected in one
sludge sample out of nine analyzed at 17 pg/1-
Analyses for 1,1,2-trichloroethane were also positive in five of 31
untreated wastewater samples analyzed for volatile organic toxic
pollutants. Only two of these analyses yielded values above 10 jig/1
with the maximum at 2,800 pg/1. Four of 27 treated effluent samples
were found to contain 1,1,2-trichloroethane at levels ranging from
less than 10 pg/1 to 2100 pg/1- This solvent was not detected in any
of the nine sludge samples that were analyzed for it, but it was found
in two of 29 tap water samples.
1,1-dichloroethane was found in two of 31 untreated paint
(median 11 pg/1) and in two of 27 effluent samples, but
analyzed samples-
wastewaters
in no other
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane also occurred at low levels in two of 31
untreated wastewater samples and two of nine sludge samples but not in
any effluent samples. It did occur in one of 29 tap water samples at
less than 10 pg/1.
Chloroethane was found once in an effluent sample at less than 10
pg/1.
Aromatic Solvents
benzene
toluene (methylbenzene)
ethylbenzene
The three aromatic solvents designated as toxic pollutants are common
raw materials used throughout the paint industry, although some are
used more extensively than others. These materials are not only used
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in paint formulations and as cutting solvents
paint, but also as solvents for clean up.
for resins used in
Roughly 70 percent of all Data Collection Portfolio respondents
indicated on the raw materials survey that they use toluene or toluene
containing raw materials in their plants. The median toluene
concentration in untreated wastes analyzed for aromatic solvents was
2500 jig/1.. Twenty- seven, out of 31 untreated wastewater samples were
found to contain toluene. Similarly, 21 out of 27 treated effluent
samples were found to contain toluene with a median value of 990 ng/1
and eight out of nine sludge samples contained the solvent. Ten of 29
tap water samples contained toluene at low levels (median less than 10
Ethylbenzene, although less common as a raw material, was found almost
as frequently as toluene in paint wastewaters. Ethylbenzene was
detected in 25 of 31 untreated wastewater samples analyzed. The
maximum concentration in these samples was 112,800 pg/1 with a median
of 1300 pg/1. The median concentration in 18 of 27 treated effluent
samples was 520 pg/l and eight out of nine sludge samples were found
to contain the solvent. Ethylbenzene was also measured in about ten
percent of the tap water samples.
Benzene is the least frequently utilized aromatic solvent with only
4.8 percent of the DCP respondents indicating it on the raw materials
survey. Nevertheless, 18 of 31 untreated wastewater samples were
found to contain the solvent. The median untreated wastewater level
was 370 Mg/1- Half of the treated effluents contained benzene with a
median of 307 ».ig/l- Five of nine sludges contained the solvent, as
did about one-third of the analyzed tap water samples.
Chloroalkyl Ethers
di (chloromethyl) ether
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
These two materials which are used in pharmaceutical manufacture are
not used in the paint industry, nor were they detected in any analyzed
sample.
Dichloropropane and Dichloropropylene
1, 2-dichloropropane
1, 3-dichloropropylene
Neither of these two solvents which are used as dry cleaning agents or
soil fumigants were identified as raw materials used in the paint
industry. However, 1, 2-dichloropropane was found in about 10 percent
of the untreated and treated wastewaters analyzed for volatile
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organics. 1,3-dichloropropylene was found in one untreated and one
treated waste sample at 100 and 44 ng/1, respectively.
Chlorinated Ethylenes
vinyl chloride
1,1-dichloroethylene
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
Tetrachloroethylene is a common solvent used as a degreaser or dry
cleaning fluid. Although not identified as a raw material used in
paint manufacture, 18 of 31 untreated wastewater samples were found to
contain tetrachloroethylene. The range of concentrations in untreated
wastewater was from less than 10 jig/I to 4900 pg/1 with a median value
of 175 Mg/1- Tetrachloroethylene was found in about one-third of the
treated effluent samples (maximum: 700 /jg/1;, median: 35 jjg/1) , five
of nine sludge samples, and five of 29 tap water samples.
More than five percent of the Data collection Portfolio respondents
indicated that trichloroethylene is used in their operations, and more
than half of the untreated wastewater samples analyzed for volatile
organics were found to contain this solvent (range: less than 10 pg/1
to 250 Mg/1; median: 23 pg/1).. Eight of 27 treated samples contain
the solvent (median: 14 pg/1)/ as did six of nine sludge samples and
five of 29 tap water samples-
Two other chlorinated ethylenes, 1,1-dichloroethylene and 1,2-trans-
dichloroethylene were found in paint wastewater although not
identified in the raw materials desktop evaluation. Median values for
1,1-dichloroethylene in untreated and treated paint wastewaters were
23 and 11 pg/1, respectively. About 15 percent of the samples
contained this material. Median values for 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
in untreated and treated paint wastewaters were 135 and 27 pg/l,
respectively. This material was found in less than 10 percent of the
untreated wastewater samples and in about 20 percent of the treated
wastewater samples. Neither of these materials occurred in any sludge
samples analyzed for volatiles, but 1,1-dichloroethylene did occur at
low concentrations in about one-third of the tap water samples.
Vinyl chloride was expected to occur in paint wastewater by virtue of
the fact that about 40 percent of the DCP respondents indicated that
they use polyvinylchloride (PVC) resins. Although vinyl chloride is
the monomer used in polymerization of PVC, no paint wastewater samples
were found to contain this toxic pollutant. .
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Miscellaneous Volatile Organics
acrolein
acrylonitrile
chlorobenzerie
Acrolein was riot identified as a raw material used in paint
manufacture. A single untreated waste sample was found to contain
less than 10 pg/1 of this toxic pollutant.
Chlorobenzene is a chemical intermediate used in production of phenol,
aniline and DDT. It is also a solvent indicated by 0. 7 percent of the
respondents to the Data Collection Portfolio as being used in their
paint plants. Four out of 31 untreated wastewater samples were found
to contain chlorobenzene (median 56 jjg/1) . Two of nine sludge samples
were found to contain chlorobenzene (12 and 340 jjg/1) , but it was only
detected once in either effluent or tap water samples, both times at
less than 10
No incidence of the use of acrylonitrile in paint manufacture or in
paint wastewatezr was uncovered.
Semi-Volatile Organic Toxic Pollutants
Polynuclear Aroma-tics (PNA*s)
acenaphthene
acenaphthylene
anthracene
1, 2-benzanthracene
3, 4 -benz of luoranthene
11, 12-benzof luoranthene
benzo (a) pyrene
1, 12-benzoperylene
crysene
1, 2 , 5, 6-dibenzanthracene
fluorene
f luoranthene
indeno- (1,2,3 -cd) pyrene
naphthalene
phenanthrene
pyrene
With the exception of naphthalene, little significant incidence of
polynuclear aromatics was found in paint wastewater, nor are any of
these materials used as raw materials in the industry.
Naphthalene was detected in nine of 31 untreated wastewater samples
(range: -less than 10 pg/1 to 18,000 pg/1, median: 54 Mg/1.)
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Similarly, eight of 27 treated effluent samples contained naphthalene.
(Range: less than 10 pg/1 to 1830 jjg/1; median 13 pg/1) - Four of nine
sludge samples also contained naphthalene (median: 202 pg/1).
Fluoranthene, benzo (a) pyrene and anthracene were found once each in
untreated paint wastewaters at less than 10 jjg/1. Similarly,
acenaphthene, anthracene and phenanthrene occurred once each in
treated effluent samples at less than 10 pg/1- Anthracene was found
twice in sludge samples (less than 10 and 410 H9/1) and low levels of
3,4-benzofluoranthene, 11,12-benzofluoranthene, anthracene and
fluoranthene were detected in several tap water samples.
Chlorobenzenes
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
hexachlorobenz ene
With the exception of a single occurrence of hexachlorobenzene in one
of 31 untreated wastewater samples (92 pg/1) no chlorobenzene was
detected in any sample obtained during the screening sampling program.
As a result of the raw materials' survey, two of these compounds were
found to be used as solvents in the paint industry- These toxic
pollutants are 1,2-dichlorobenzene which 0.. 6 percent of the DCP
respondents said they use and 1,2,4-trichloroebenzene which 0.2
percent of the respondents indicated as in use at their plants,
Phthalate Esters
di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
butyl benzyl phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
di-n-octyl phthalate
diethyl phthalate
dimethyl phthalate
Phthalate esters are synthetic compounds used primarily as
p.lasticizers.. In the paint industry, several phthalate esters were
indicated as in use by varying percentages of DCP respondents: di (2-
ethylhexyl) phthalate, 24.6 percent; di-n-butyl phthalate, 25.8
percent; dimethyl phthalate, 3-7 percent; diethyl phthalate, 1.6
percent. All of the phthalate ester toxic pollutants were detected at
least once during the screening sampling program. As indicated by the
DCP responses, di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and di-n-butyl phthalate
occurred most frequently in paint wastewater. The first of these, di
(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was found in eleven of 31 untreated waste
samples (range: less than 10 pg/1 to 2810 pg/1; median: 140 jjg/1) -
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In ten of 27 treated wastewater samples the range was less than 10
)jg/l to 160 pg/l with a median of 10 pg/l. Eight of nine sludge
samples contained di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (range: less than 10
jjg/1 to 1,940 pg/l; median: 215 pg/l).
Di-n-butyl phthalate was found in 19 of 31 untreated wastewater
samples. The concentration range in these samples was between less
than 10 fjg/1 to 69,000 pg/l with a median of 259 pg/l. Twelve of 27
treated wastewater samples contained di-n-butyl phthalate. The range
was less than 10 pg/l to 1,300 pg/l with a median of less than 10
pg/l. Similarly, five of nine sludge samples contained di-n-butyl
phthalate (range: less than 10 pg/l to 17,750 pg/l; median: 70 pg/l)•
Butyl benzyl phthalate also occurred fairly often in paint wastewater
samples. This pollutant was found in about 10 percent of all
untreated wastewater samples (range: less than 10 to 1800 pg/l;
median: 44 pg/l) » in about one fifth of the treated effluent samples
and in nearly half of the sludge samples (median: 1412 pg/l).
Diethyl phthalate also occurred in about one-tenth of the untreated
wastewater (range: less than 10 to 680 pg/l) and treated effluent
samples. One-third of the analyzed sludge samples contained diethyl
phthalate.
Since all but two of the plants covered by the screen sampling program
were samples using grab sampling techniques, the impact of phthalate
ester contamination due to contact with sampler tubing was minimized.
Haloethers
di (2-chloroethyl) ether
di (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
di (2-chloroethyoxy) methane
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
The haloethers are synthetically produced chemical intermediates that
are sometimes used as solvents. Only one of the haloethers was
identified as being used in the paint industry, di (2-chloroethyl)
ether. However, only 0.1 percent of the DCP respondents indicated
that they used this material.
Of the 31 untreated paint wastewaters analyzed there were only three
single occurrences of haloethers: 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether (266
jjg/1) , di (2-chloroisopropyl) ether (3200 pg/l) and di (2-
chloroethyoxy) methane (less than 10 pg/l). A single occurrence of di
(2-chloroethyoxy) methane in an effluent sample (16 pg/l) was also
found.
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materials
screening
Nitrosamines
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
No incidence of nitrosamine toxic pollutants in paint raw
has been found in the literature. Additionally, the
sampling program did not detect any of these materia1s-
Nitro-Substituted Aromatics Other than Phenols
nitrobenzene
2,4-dinitrotoluene
2,6-dinitrotoluene
Dinitrotoluenes are chemical intermediates used in the production of
TNT. No evidence of the use of these compounds in paint manufacture
was found during the raw materials evaluations.
Although not identified as a paint raw material, nitrobenzene was
measured in three of 31 untreated wastewater samples, concentrations
ranged from less than 10 *ig/l to 180 Mg/l with a median of 110 pg/1.
A single treated wastewater sample was found to contain 35 \iq/± ot
nitrobenzene.
Benzidine Compounds
benzidine
3,3«-dichlorobenzidine
Benzidine compounds are used primarily in the manufacture of dyes.
Benzidine itself was not identified as a paint raw material,nor was
it detected in any samples. However, 3,3«-dichlorobenzidine was
identified as a raw material used in the manufacture of many pigments
and dyes used in paint. Additionally, about 30 percent of the DCP
respondents said they use dichlorobenzidine derived dyes or pigments.
Although it was suspected that this material might carry over as a
contaminant in pigments or dyes used in paint, it was found in only
one of 31 untreated paint wastewaters at less than 10 pg/1-
Miscellaneous Semi-Volatile Organic Toxic Pollutants
1,2 diphenylhydrazine
hexachloroethane
hexachlorobutadiene
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
2-chloronaphthalene
isophorone
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2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibcnzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
These materials are used primarily as solvents or chemical
intermediates. TCDD is a by-product produced during the synthesis of
the pesticide 2,1,5-T. Of the miscellaneous semi-volatile organics,
only one, isophorone, was identified as in use in paint manufacturing
operations. Used as a solvent, 12.5 percent of the DCP respondents
indicated isophorone on the raw materials survey. Although not found
in any untreated wastewater sample, isophorone was found in two
treated wastewater samples (median: 113 pg/1)- Additionally, 2-
chloronaphthalene was found in one untreated wastewater sample at less
than 10 pg/1, as did 1,2 diphenylhydrazine occur once in a treated
effluent at less than 10 pg/1-
Inorganic Toxic Pollutants
antimony lead
arsenic mercury
asbestos nickel
beryllium selenium
cadmium silver
chromium thallium
copper zinc
cyanide
Although 15.9 percent of the DCP respondents indicated that they use
asbestos or asbestos-containing raw materials, no analyses for this
toxic pollutant were run. It is probable that asbestos would be found
in paint wastewater but, because of the absence of an appropriate
analytical method at the time of the sampling program, no samples were
collected for asbestos analysis.
Six inorganic toxic pollutants, chromium, copper, mercuryf nickel,
lead and zinc were both found to be contained in commonly used raw
materials and to occur at relatively high concentrations in paint
wastewater. For each of these toxic pollutants, average untreated
wastewater concentrations were above 1,000 ng/1- Average treated
effluent values were above 600 jjg/1..
Some of the remaining inorganic toxic pollutants are contained in
common paint raw materials, but none of the untreated wastewater
samples were found to contain average concentrations greater than 525
Mg/1 for any of these pollutants. No treated effluent sample
concentrations were above 200 pg/1.
Average concentrations of cyanide in paint untreated and treated
wastewaters and sludges were 73, 51, and 1,261 pg/1, respectively.
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Conventional Pollutant Parameters
Four conventional pollutant parameters (BOD, TSS, oil
pH) were measured in paint wastewaters and sludges
?he sampling program. BOD concentrations averaged 9,900
untreated paint wastewaters, 5,300 mg/1 in treated wastewaters and
25 000 mg/1 in sludge samples. For TSS, average untreated
wastewaters. Seated wastewater and sludge sample concentrations were
SESoo, 2,000 and 101,000, respectively. For oil and *:««? «£
average raw wastewater level was 1,200 mg/1 with the treated effluent
averaging 230 mg/1 and the resulting sludge averaging 7,600 mg/1. The
median pH value in untreated paint wastewater samples was 8.
Nonconventional Pollutant Parameters
Among the nonconventional pollutant parameters analyzed during the
screening program, a number of materials and reagents used in paint
manufacture and paint wastewater treatment were measured. ?lemen^
foSnd in paint wastewater treatment that were measured included
aluminum, calcium, iron and sodium. Average ™fe*^ ^ewater
concentrations for these elements ranged between 391 and 271,000
SncStrations of these materials often increased across Ph
chemical treatment systems. Other inorganic ™nconven^°nal
oollutant average influent concentrations ranged between 107.Mg/1 to a
high of nearly 17 mg/1 for titanium. The most significant
nonconventional pollutant parameter observed was COD. COD was
measured in influent, effluent, and sludge samples, at average level of
56,000 mg/1, 21,000 mg/1 and 187,000 mg/1 respectively.
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SECTION VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
The vast majority of paint plants that discharge wastewater discharge
to municipal sewage systems. Consequently, the degree of
sophistication of wastewater control and treatment often depends on
the restrictions applied by the municipal system. Paint plants thus
vary widely in the amount, characteristics, handling, and treatment of
their process wastewater. The following paragraphs discuss some of
these factors, as well as the practice of various wastewater
management and treatment alternatives.
IN-PLANT WASTEWATER CONTROL STRATEGIES
There are two widely used general strategies for reducing the amount
of wastewater that all paint plants discharge to the environment. The
first is to reduce the amount of wastewater, and the second is to
reuse as much wastewater as possible within plant processes. The
amount of wastewater generated is influenced by the water pressure
used for tank and equipment cleaning, the degree of cleaning required,
the use of dry cleaning techniques, etc. Some of these factors have
been discussed in Section V (see Table V-2).
Wastewater Reduction
Some paint plants already utilize methods to reduce overall water
usage. The amount of water required to clean a paint tank can be
reduced by cleaning the tank walls with a squeegee or rag, prior to
rinsing with water. The quantity of wastewater from tank cleaning
also can be reduced by the use of high-pressure water. There are
several commercial systems available which consist of booster pumps,
flow regulators, and nozzles; these supply low volume, high-pressure
water sprays which clean tanks as well or better than hand-held hoses
using city water pressure, in a shorter time, with less water.
A typical tank cleaning method may consist of using a garden hose with
40 to 60 psi water for a ten minute rinse of a 15,000 liter (4,000
gallon) mixing tank. This procedure can generate up to 1,100 liters
(300 gallons) of wastewater. The use of a high-pressure (1200 to 1500
psi), low volume (19 liters per minute) spray system on the same tank
after it has been scraped clean of excess paints, will generate only
110 to 190 liters (30 to 50 gallons) of water. The lower volume of
wastewater also will have a higher solids content, which can
facilitate its recycle into subsequent batches of paint. The basic
equipment for a high-pressure, low volume wash system includes: a 19
liter per minute (5 gal/m) pump, high-pressure hoses, nozzles, one
inch piping, and the necessary fittings and connectors. The cost of
125
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such a system for various size paint plants is detailed in Section
VIII. A spray pressure of 1200 to 1500 psi achieves the maximum
cleaning efficiency while still maintaining a margin of safety for
plant personnel- Hand-held wand nozzles, as well as large fixed
whirling nozzles, are both available for tank cleaning. The wand
nozzles also can be adapted for other cleaning operations within a
paint plant, such as filling equipment clean up. A permanent high-
pressure wash system with enough outlets to service the whole
production area can be installed at larger paint plants. Smaller
plants can use portable high-pressure pumps with flexible hoses that
can be moved from spot to spot.
As discussed in Section V, the DCP responses indicate some correlation
between water pressure and the amount of water required for tank
cleaning. This cross tabulation is shown in Appendix C.
Another in-plant control measure used by paint plants to reduce
wastewater is the sealing or elimination of floor drains and trenches.
Plants that have no drains must collect all tank and filling area
rinse water (unless it is piped to the treatment system or disposal
point) which may encourage them to reduce the volume of water used for
each purpose. Spills must be picked up with shovels or squeegees;
floors usually are mopped, vacuumed, or cleaned by machine. Where
floor trenches exist, there is a greater tendency to hose down
equipment and floors, leading to greater water consumption and
wastewater generation.
Good housekeeping procedures can significantly affect total wastewater
volume. According to the SRI report, about one-third of the plants
surveyed in 1972 reduced wastewater either by recycling or by
conservation through the use of high-pressure nozzles, self-contained
tank washers, or other methods. In several small plants (less than 50
employees), clean up wastewater ranged from 0.02 to 0.23 liters/liter
(gal/gal) of paint. These plants, production equipment and cleaning
facilities were nearly identical. The ten-fold difference in
wastewater volume shows the effect of water conservation practices. A
comparison of two large plants of nearly equal capacity showed that
one discharged 0,. 86 liters of waste per liter (gal/gal) of product and
the second discharged 0.08 liters of waste per liter (gal/gal) of
product.
Data presented in Table V-8 confirms the still wide range of
wastewater generation from plant to plant. These data were confirmed
by recent paint plant inspections, as evidenced in Table V-18. Many
plants clean tanks by allowing a worker to hold a free-running hose
for an indeterminate length of time, while other plants ration clean
up water by either volume or time. It was also observed that several
paint plants have negated the need for occasional caustic rinsing of
126
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their water-base paint tanks by the use of very high-pressure (1000 to
2000 psi) water or steam cleaning on a periodic basis.
Wastewater Recycle
Although most paint plants produce a wide variety of paint colors and
finishes, many plants' production consists of predominantly white and
off-white batches. Good practice, already in use at some plants, is
to segregate white paint production as much as possible, and to reuse
the wastes from each batch in the subsequent batch. Use of the same
tank for the subsequent batch makes the wash-down operation
unnecessary and precludes the production of wastewater. Plants with a
high ratio of white to color paint production, and with sufficient
production equipment can segregate white paint production; and reuse
the residue in the subsequent batch. This also is possible in
isolated cases where a plant makes a large amount of any given paint
color in a short period of time;.
Even where plants cannot dedicate tanks to a single product, the same
recycle opportunities arise from scheduling batches of the same or
similar products back to back in the same tank. The rinse water from
the first batch remains in the tank and is used in the next batch as
part of the formulation, reducing raw material requirements and
avoiding disposal costs.
When paint plants cannot immediately reuse paint rinse water, several
recycling methods are available.. Some plants collect all paint
wastewater in drums or tanks, label it by color and base, and reuse it
in the next compatible batch (similar or darker color) . This
wastewater may need treatment with a biocide, and is usually used as
soon as possible. Paint companies have had different experiences with
spoilage, some plants will not use wastewater more than a few days
old, while others claim to have used biocide-treated wastewater with
satisfactory results several months or more after collection. Several
paint companies are reluctant to reuse wastewater at all, pointing out
that the economic losses from a spoiled. 6,000 or 10,000 gallon paint
batch are very large, compared with the disposal costs of a few
hundred gallons of wastewater. A recall of spoiled paint from
retailers could make economic losses even more severe,
A flow diagram of one simple wastewater recycle system is presented in
Figure VII-1. This system consists of three holding tanks for three
types of paint. Wastewater from a mix tank is pumped through a
manifold to the appropriate holding tank. Each time a batch of paint
is manufactured, as much wastewater as possible from the appropriate
holding tank is pumped back. The costs for such a system will be
discussed in Section VIII. Plants with large product lines will have
difficulty recycling some of their infrequently manufactured products
that are not compatible with other paints. Experience has shown that
127
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a: /:
MHO
WHO.
o
128
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even plants with "complete" recycle may at times contract haul 10 to
50 percent of their wastewater once it spoils or is otherwise
unsuitable for reuse.
Paint plants that practice caustic rinsing of tanks also can recycle
some of their rinse water. As discussed in Section v, most caustic
rinse systems recycle the caustic cleaning solution. The subsequent
water rinse should be reused to the greatest extent possible to make
up caustic solution lost by evaporation. Package caustic cleaning
systems that incorporate complete or potential recycle of rinse water
are available from various venders. High-pressure rinses following
caustic cleaning reduce wastewater generation.
Another technique for reusing paint wastewater is to treat the
wastewater by physical-chemical precipitation or some other method and
reuse the rinse water for subsequent paint batches or as rinse water.
The effluent from good physical-chemical treatment systems usually is
colorless and low in suspended solids and oil and grease. Treating
rinse waters prior to reuse does, however, remove economically
valuable solids. . *
The^DCP data representative of 1977 operations show an increase in the
incidence of reuse or recycle. Eight hundred fifty-one respondents
indicated that they used a water rinse, and an analysis ' of the tank
cleaning and wastewater recycle procedures used by these plants is
presented in Table VII-1. of this group, 76 percent of the plants
usually clean their tanks between batches, and 13 percent of the
plants always reuse their wastewater in subsequent batches of paints.
Over 57 percent of the plants reuse wastewater in subsequent batches
at least occasionally. The number of plants always reusing their
wastewater is greatest among plants whose production is concentrated
in few products. Twenty-two percent of the plants which produce 90
percent or more of white or tint-base paint always recycle rinse water
into product, while 25 percent of plants producing 90 percent or more
water-base paints always recycle. Of the small group (76 plants)
which concentrate both in white or tint-base paint and water-base
paints (90 percent or more of both) 29 percent always recycle their
rinse water. In contrast, of plants producing 90 percent or more of
color paint, who may be expected to have a broader product mix, only 8
percent always recycle their rinse water into subsequent paint
batches. ^
Small paint plants are far more likely than large plants to reuse
their wastewater as part of product formulation, of the plants with
under 20 employees, 38 percent reuse the rinse water in product always
or most of the time, whereas only 17 percent of plants with over 100
employees use spent wash water in subsequent paint batches. Only 1 1
percent of the large plants indicated reusing wastewater in product
129
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130
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all of the time versus 16 percent of small plants and 13
all plants that use a water rinse.
percent of
Plants that reuse wastewater to rinse tanks and equipment follow the
same general trends as those that reuse it in the product. Small
plants are more likely to practice recycle than large plants, and
plants producing water-base paints recycle more often than the
industry-wide average. Plants which produce 90 percent or more white
paint, as expected, reuse their wastewater for rinsing more than
plants producing various pigmented products. These data also are
presented in Table VII-1.
There is a trend in the paint industry, in part prompted by air
pollution regulations, to replace some solvent-base paint applications
with water-base products. This will lead to an overall increase in
wastewater from the paint industry, and may complicate recycle
programs, since industrial water-base coatings may not be fully
compatible with trade sales products. However, the paint industry has
demonstrated that management attention to water use within the plant
can reduce wastewater volume and find potential uses for this
wastewater.
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
Almost all paint plants that discharge process wastewater are indirect
dischargers. The disposal methods utilized by paint plants were
indicated on the DCP responses, and are presented in Table VII-2.. The
most common methods are discharge to a sewer, contract hauling,
evaporation, and landfill or impoundment. Only 13 plants indicated
discharging paint process wastewater directly to a receiving stream.
Follow-up with these plants, however, showed that most actually were
not direct dischargers. Several respondents had misinterpreted the
question, others discharged only noncontact cooling water, and several
were part of a multi-industry plant complex that discharged directly.
In the last case, paint process waste was always less than 10 percent
of the total plant wastewater volume, and was less than 1 percent at
several plants.
Sixty-eight plants indicated the discharge of wastewater to a storm
sewer, which can be considered a form of direct discharge. However,
of the 68 plants, 26 discharge to both sanitary and storm sewers,
making it probable that process wastewater is restricted to the
sanitary sewer. Ten plants utilize contract hauling of process
wastewater along with discharge to the storm sewer, and it is likely
that only cooling water is discharged to the storm sewer. About half
of the plants that indicated their only disposal method was discharge
to the storm sewer were surveyed by telephone. Among this group,
several plants discharge only noncontact cooling water or stormwater
runoff to the storm sewer, and only two plants dispose of process
131
-------
TABLE VII-2
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL METHODS
All Plants
Plants Using Waterwash
Number of
Disposal Method
Complete Pause
Partial Reuse
Evaporation
Discharge to City Sewer
Discharge to Storm Sewer
Discharge to Receiving Stream
Impoundment on Plant Property
Incineration
Contract Hauling
Landfilled
Well or Septic Tank
Spray Irrigation
Plants*
88
262
125
475
68
13
87
5
271
107
13
8
Percent of
Total
6.4
19.1
9fl
34.6
4.9
0,9
6.3
0.4
19.7
7.8
0.9
0.6
Number of
Plants
82
242
105
363
51
13
82
2
239
97
10
7
Percent of
Total
9.6
28.4
12.3
42.7
6.0
1.5
9.6
0.2
28.1
11.4
1.2
0.8
* Some plants indicated multiple disposal methods.
Source: DCP
132
-------
wastewater in this manner. The majority of plants misinterpreted the
question and actually discharge to the sanitary sewer. In summary,
there are six known manufacturing sites that can be considered as
exclusively or primarily engaged in paint manufacture that discharge
process waste on a regular basis directly to a receiving stream.
Plants with wastewater treatment often generate a sludge which
requires disposal by contract hauling- Other plants dispose of some
or all of their untreated process wastewater by contract hauling.
Other common disposal methods included trucking to landfill by the
plant, and storage on plant property. Incineration, reclamation, and
other disposal methods were mentioned by just a few plants,
Most contract haulers used by paint plants dispose of the sludge in a
landfill, although a small number incinerate or reclaim it. Nineteen
percent of all paint plants did not know what the contract hauler does
with their waste.
Another potential source of waste from the paint industry is off-
specification paint batches, or other nonsuitable or returned product.
Most plants attempt to rework this paint into other products to save
as much of the raw materials as possible. Other plants sell or give
the material to scavengers for reclaiming, or sell the paint as a
lower quality material at reduced prices. The methods, used by paint
plants for handling off-spec batches of paint are presented in Table
VII-3. This waste source usually is not discharged as a wastewater..
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
The methods used by paint plants for treating or pretreating
wastewater prior to disposal are shown in Table VII-4. Some type of
wastewater treatment is used by 355 plants. The most common treatment
methods are settling and clarification, gravity separation (with or
without chemical addition), and neutralization. Few plants employ
biological treatment for paint wastes, and those that do usually have
a combined treatment plant for wastes from other plant operations. No
paint plants use advanced wastewater treatment methods such as
activated carbon or ultra filtration.. Of the plants that discharge
their wastewater to a municipal sewer, approximately 40 percent
pretreat their waste prior to disposal. Only 208 plants indicated
that the local municipality or sewage authority limited their
discharges by an industrial waste ordinance, but 413 plants said that
the municipality required sewer use charges or surcharges. Two-
hundred six plants indicated that the municipality sampled their
wastewater and 105 plants were required to sample their own waste-
water. To discharge to the city sewer, 137 plants need a permit.
Although most municipalities prohibit the discharge of solvents to the
sewers, 13 paint plants indicated that they discharge their spent
solvents to the sewer- Ninety-one plants discharge spent caustic
133
-------
TABLE VII-3
HANDLING OF OFF-SPECIFICATION PAINT
Method
Reworked into Other Products
Sold to Scavenger
Given to Scavenger
Pay Scavenger to Remove
Sold at Reduced Price
Landfilled
Discharged with Wastewater
Reclaimed by Plant for Solvent
Incinerated
*
Number of Plants
1074
192
182
34
29
26
17
t 8
5
Percent of
Industry
78.2
14.0
13.2
2.5
2.1
1.9
1.2
0.6
0.4
* Some Plants Indicated Multiple Answers.
Source: DCP
134
-------
TABLE VII-4
WASTEWATER TREATMENT METHODS
Treatment .Method
Neutralization
Filtration
Evaporation
Flotation
Activated Sludge
Trickling Filtration
Lagoon
Gravity Separation
Carbon Adsorption
Equalization
Settling or Clarification
Chemical Treatment
Alum
Lime
Polymer
Other
Plants indicating at least
one type of treatment
Number of Plants*
53
28
87
23
5
3
24 '
132
0
10
158
28
19
42
24
Percent of Total
3.9
2.0
6.3
1.7
0.4
0.2
1.7
9.6
0
0.7
11.5
2.0
1.4
3.1
1.7
355
25.8%
* Many plants use multiple treatment methods
Source: DCP
135
-------
solutions to the sewer, either with or without neutralization.. Two-
thirds of the plants discharging to the sewer indicate that their
discharge is batch, while the remaining plants discharge continuously.
Preliminary Treatment Systems
Many paint plants use physical treatment systems such as equalization
or settling. Gravity settling of paint wastewater removes many of the
suspended solids, but still leaves a supernatant layer high in solids
and other pollutants. The 1977/1978 sampling program did not collect
effluent samples from plants which treated only by settling.
Therefore, no discussion of this type of treatment is included. The
use of flocculating chemicals with gravity settling enhances treatment
of paint wastewater.
Physical-Chemical Treatment
Physical-chemical (P-C) treatment systems in the paint industry are
basically enhancements of gravity settling systems. Most plants
utilizing P-C systems operate them on a batch basis. The plant's
caustic or water-wash wastewater flow collects in a holding tank until
a sufficient quantity warrants treatment. If necessary, the pH is
adjusted to an optimum level, a coagulant {often lime, alum, ferric
chloride, or iron salts) and/or a coagulant aid (polymer) is added and
mixed, and the batch is allowed to settle (from 1 to 48 hours). The
supernatant is discharged,, and the sludge is generally disposed of as
a solid waste. Often the sludge remains in the treatment tank for one
or more subsequent batches, to reduce the overall sludge volume.
Solvents, oils, and skins may float to the surface where they are
removed manually. A. flow diagram of a typical batch P-C treatment
system is presented in Figure VII-2..
Some plants operate continuous P-C treatment systems which operate on
the same principal. Other plants operate semi-continuous P-C
treatment systems, where the wastewater is collected, batch treated,
and released into a continuous flow settling tank. Most P-C systems
in the paint industry are batch, however, which seems best suited to
the batch nature of wastewater generation by the industry.
The 1977-1978 sampling program sampled many plants with batch P-C
treatment systems. Forty-eight batches from 16 plants were analyzed
for conventional pollutants and metals, and 23 batches were analyzed
for toxic pollutants. The influent and effluent characteristics, and
average percentage of removals for selected conventional,
nonconventional, and toxic pollutants are presented in Table VII-5.
The Agency adjusted the data base used in Table VII-5 for purposes of
median percent removal computations. Batches where both the influent
and effluent were reported as less than 10 ug/1 (or other detection
limit in the case of inorganic and nonconventional pollutants) were
136
-------
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137
-------
TABLE VII-5
POLLUTANT REMOVAL 'EFFICIENCY OF BATCH PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
TREATMENT SYSTEMS
NO. PARAMETER
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
BOD(MG-L)
TOTAL SUSP. SOLIDS(MG-L)
OIL 8 GREASE(MG-L)
NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
COD
-------
TABLE VII-5
(CON'T)
POLLUTANT REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF BATCH PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
TREATMENT SYSTEMS e
NO. PARAMETER
ORGANIC TOXIC POLLUTANTS :
4 BENZENE
6 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
10 lf2-ni,CHLOROETHANE
11 Iflrl-TRICHLOROETHANE
14 1»1»2-TRICHLOROETHANE
23 CHLOROFORM
29 l>l-niCHLOROETHYLENE
38 ETHYLBENZENE
44 METHYLENE CHLORIDE '
55 NAPHTHALENE ,. / . ' 1
65 PHENOL
TOTAL PHENOLS
66 DK2-ETHYLHEXYU F'HTHALATE'
67 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE '
68 DI-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE
85 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE •?
86 TOLUENE
87 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
AVERAGEd)—— NO. OF MEDIAN
INFLUENT EFFLUENT PCN'T BATCHES PERCENT
REDUCTION (2) REMOVAL<2)
1190
19'
-"81 '
1 104
355
' "144
.9
2387 ..
19874 . t
3278
448
274
34^6
380
6474
545.
'6165 .
59
563,
16
20
• 70
-* 20*3-
283
' 13
•i .4342
..;.4480 .
v . 335
8rO -'
210
• :26 '•
•• 695'
'90
'90
1438
50
.52
.15
75
32"
.42
0
' 0 >
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,77 ,
• 89
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76 -•
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5
5
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IS
4
21.
2-i.
'5'
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4
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65
100
69
30
50
68
50
80
62
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28
97
O
99
•98
74
9
NOTES
<1)AVERAGE ONLY OF PLANTS WITH BATCH PHYSI-CAL-CHEttXCAL 'TREATMENT •
SYSTEMS. BATCHES WHERE BOTH INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT WERE NOT
DETECTED'ARE NOT INCLUDED IN CALCULATION OF AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS.
(2)INDIVIDUAL PERCENT REMOVALS WERE CALCULATE!*^ ONLY WHERE BOTH
INFLUENT AND .EFFLUENT--VALUES WERE DETERMINE!* .AND WHERE ONE OR
BOTH VALUES WERE ABOVE .10 UG/L (OR OTHER,DETECTION LIMIT IN THE
CASE OF METALS OR NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS).'
TOXIC POLLUTANTS WITH LESS THAN FOUR CALCULATED REMOVALS
ARE NOT LISTED ••••.-- T
INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT AVERAGES ARE IN UG/L UNLESS^OTHERWISE NOTED
139
-------
not included in the calculations. This adjustment is explained in the
notes below Table VII-5.
overall P-C treatment removed many conventional, nonconventional and
toxic pollutants, although the level of many in the effluent remained
high. Six toxic pollutants (lead, zinc, carbon tetraehloride, di (2-
ethvihexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate and tetrachloroethylene)
had median removals of 90 percent or greater. Twenty other toxic
polluSmts had median removals between 50 and 90 percent.. The
conventional and nonconventional pollutant parameters best removed by
P-C treatment were oil and grease (97 percent median), total suspended
solids (99 percent), total volatile suspended solxds (98 percent),
aluminum (99 percent), and titanium (97 percent).
The Agency searched the data base utilized in preparing Table VII-5
for surrogate pollutants; that is, easily measured conventional or
nonconven?ional pollutants whose removal or effluent levels would
predict the removal or effluent level of toxic pollutants.
Unfortunately, no statistically meaningful correlations could be
found? This is due in part to some of the problems with the
fnalyiical data explained in Sections V and VI . ^"^J."^
instances where toxic pollutants were measured in the treated effluent
from one batch but not in the influent from that batch.
In the case of analyses which are at or near the detection limit for
tL Pollutant, the sensitivity of the analytical tests may be so poor
that apparent discrepancies appear.. The data for several of the
frequently occurring toxic pollutants were screened and questionable
appoints rljected? These reduced data were correlated against
several conventional pollutants.. The correlation values were much
improved, but statistically .Insignificant. It is likely that the data
base is too small and heterogeneous for statistical analysis, but
several broad conclusions can be supported by the data. These are:
1 Removals of total solids, suspended solids, oil and grease,
COD and TOC by P-C treatment are all good (over 70 percent median
removal for each). The BOD5 removals were lower, possibly because of
difficulty in measuring the BOD of untreated paint wastewater and
effluent.
2 Removals of most of the frequently occurring inorganic toxic
pollutants also were good. Arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, lead,
nickel, and zinc had median removals of 69 percent or greater.
Removals of chromium were lower. Where they occurred, chromium,
copper, lead, nickel, and zinc averaged over 1 mg/1 10 the effluent.
Zinc averaged almost 7 mg/1. The remaining toxic pollutant metals
were not present frequently enough to draw any firm conclusions.
140
-------
3« F.emovcil of most commonly used solvents was very good.
Benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethylbenzene, tetrachloroethylene,
methylene chloride, and toluene all had median removals above 60
percent. However, all except carbon tetrachloride and tetra-
chloroethylene were present in effluents at an average concentration
of over 500 vig/1. Trichloroethylene was poorly removed, although it
only occurred in low average concentrations.
4. Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate removals
were excellent,, with median removals of 97 percent and 99 percent,
respectively. Butyl benzyl phthalate, however, was poorly removed
(based on only four batches).
Various paint plants have adopted several operating procedures to
improve the performance of their P-C treatment systems. Some of these
are:
1. Selection of proper pH and flocculating chemicals,. Plants
that have experimented with different inorganic salts and/or polymers
have often upgraded their treatment efficiency.
2. Jar testing for optimum dosage. Each batch of paint
wastewater has different characteristics and requires varying chemical
dosages. Testing each batch in several jars with different pH's
and/or chemical doses requires little time and can lead to enhanced
performance. Too much polymer, in addition to wasting money, results
in worse treatment than the proper dose.
3. Selection of proper mixers and/or flocculators. Some plants
have improved performance by using higher speed mixers and/or
optimizing mixing time and blade shape.
Biological Treatment
Biological treatment has been mentioned in the literature (HO, 41) as
being applicable to latex-containing wastewaters.. Several paint
plants that are part of large chemical production complexes treat
their wastewater in this manner. These plants generally pretreat the
paint wastewater and combine it with other, more dilute plant
wastewater. Because of the exceptionally high solids and metals
concentrations in paint wastewater, biological treatment must almost
always follow some kind of preliminary treatment (such as physical-
chemical) . The most common types of biological treatment systems
include activated sludge, aerated lagoons, and trickling filters. In
the paint industry, aerated lagoons predominate. The shorter
detention times of activated sludge and trickling filter plants may
make these units more prone to failure from interferences and shock
loading.
-------
One plant sampled during 1978 has an aerated lagoon that treats
primarily paint effluent (after batch P-C treatment). Data from this
plant are presented in Table VII-6- Toxic pollutant parameters which
were not detected in any of the three sample points are not listed.
The data indicate that the aerated lagoon successfully reduces
conventional, inorganic, and organic pollutants to low levels. Of the
toxic pollutants, only methylene chloride was present in the lagoon
effluent at over 200 ug/1, and this was probably due in part to
contamination from bottle preparation techniques..
In general, aerated lagoons with very long detention periods can
reduce organic loadings by 90 percent or more, and can reduce volatile
compounds through the process of air stripping.. Aerated lagoons may
be practical for paint plants in rural areas that wish to further
treat effluent from P-C treatment, for both conventional and toxic
pollutants.
A flow diagram of a typical aerated lagoon system, preceded by P-C
treatment, is shown in Figure VII-3. Depending upon the composition
of the wastewater to be treated, nitrogen and phosphorus supplement
may be necessary to maintain the biomass. pH control also may be
required.
Aerated lagoons may not be feasible in very cold climates or in urban
areas where land is not available. Because there is very limited
operating experience of biological treatment of paint wastewater,
performance characteristics and effluent quality cannot be specified.
Other Wastewater Treatment Systems
Other wastewater treatment processes such as ultrafiltration and
activated carbon are used commonly on industrial wastewaters and have
been mentioned for potential application to the paint industry. No
paint plants according to DCP responses, currently use these systems.
Ultrafiltration (UF) is a membrane process that reduces the solids
content of a feed stream by pressurizing the feed while it is in
contact with a semi-permeable membrane. Water molecules pass through
the membrane while solids are left behind. The automotive industry
commonly uses UF for purification of electrolytic paint solutions by
removing some water and impurities while "rejecting" valuable paint
solids. Two companies contacted during this study had conducted tests
of UF for paint wastewater treatment. Both tests were unsuccessful.
The problems encountered included rapid fouling of the membranes, lack
of sufficient throughput, and insufficient membrane life. Ultra-
filtration also produces a concentrate stream consisting of rejected
solids and some water, which requires disposal by contract hauling.
No data is available on the effluent quality that can be expected from
UF treatment of paint wastewater.
142
-------
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Activated carbon is a tertiary treatment process capable of removing
some organic toxic pollutants by adsorption. It generally is applied
after biological treatment has reduced a wastewater's strength to low
BOD and TSS levels. Carbon is rapidly plugged by high solids
loadings, and does not appear applicable to untreated paint wastewater
or to effluent from batch physical-chemical treatment systems (based
on data from Tables V-22 and VII-5). For carbon to treat paint
wastewater effectively, extensive pretreatment is required.
EFFECT OF PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS ON EFFLUENT QUALITY
In Section IV it was indicated that tank cleaning procedures form a
rational basis for paint industry subcategorization. Data presented
in the 1976 Burns and Roe draft document indicated some differences in
wastewater characteristics (for conventionals, nonconventionals and
metals only) between plants that manufacture only water-base paint and
plants that manufacture both water and solvent-base paint. Analytical
data collected from this study were grouped by production
characteristics of paint plants- The three groupings chosen included:
plants producing exclusively water-base paint (4 plants), plants
producing 51 percent to 99 percent water-base paints (13 plants), and
plants producing under 50 percent water-base paint (5 plants).
Untreated wastewater characteristics for selected conventional and
toxic pollutants are indicated in Table VII-7.. While individual
pollutants show large variations between groups, the trend is not
always in the same direction. overall, it .appears that the
variability in incidence and loading of toxic pollutants from the
various groups of plants cannot be directly associated with the
manufacture of water-versus solvent-base paint. Both types of paint
manufacture result in the generation of wastewater
concentrations of both organic and inorganic toxic
MASS BALANCE FOR THE PAINT INDUSTRY
with
compounds.
high
This section presents mass loadings for conventional, nonconventional,
and toxic pollutants in untreated and treated wastewater and sludges.
The average concentration of each stream was multiplied by the
estimated total industry flow, assuming that all plants treated their
wastewater by batch physical-chemical treatment. In an effort to make
the data base as consistent as possible, EPA made the following
adjustments to the data:
1. Plants without batch physical-chemical treatment were
excluded. This reduced the data base from 22 plants to 17 plants.
2. If a particular pollutant parameter was not analyzed for one
batch, the influent and effluent values from that batch were both
146
-------
TABLE VII-7
UNTREATED WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
FROM PLANTS WITH DIFFERENT PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS
Conventional Pollutants
BOD
TSS
100%
Water Base
50-99%
Water Base
Less Than 50%
Water Base
(Average Concentration in mg/1)
6970 6288
15,000 26,340
Selected Metal Priority Pollutants
(Average Concentration in ug/1)
Cadmium ', 1750 95
Chromium 2370 1090
Copper 2090 3380
Lead 1930 6510
Mercury 46 5720
Nickel 1900 1560
Zinc 111,300 70,900
21,800
9,700
37
9544
573
11,560
10,154
65
36,240
Selected Organic Priority Pollutants
(Percent Occurrence at 10
Benzene
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1,1 Trichloroethane
1-1 Dichloroethylene
Ethylbenzene
Methylene Chloride
Naphthalene
Pentachlorophenol
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate,
Di-N-butyl phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene 44 67
Toluene 89 100
Trichloroethylene 22 40
44 73
22 20
56 47
11 0
89 80
89 40
22 13
0 13
11 , 27
44 40
ug/1 or Greater)
43
14
43
29
71
:• 43
- • 57
43
57
43
29
57
43
e
147
-------
excluded. This exclusion primarily affected metals analyzed by
flameless atomic absorption and some nonconventional pollutants.
The untreated paint wastewater mass loadings were based on an assumed
industry flow of 2.8 million liters per day (750,000 gpd). The Agency
estimated treated wastewater at 85 percent of that flow (2.4 million
liters per day) and sludge at 15 percent of that flow (0.4 million
liters/day). The total quantity of conventional, nonconventional, and
toxic pollutants is indicated in Tablie VII-8. Organic toxic
pollutants balanced well, but conventional, nonconventional, and
inorganic toxic pollutants were all computed at higher levels in the
influent than in the effluent and sludge combined- Part of this
problem may have been caused by the difficulty experienced by
analytical laboratories analyzing paint sludges.
EPA derived the following conclusions:
1. Several volatile organic toxic pollutants (benzene, 1-1-2
trichloroethane, and naphthalene) that were removed from the
influent appeared in the sludge at relatively lo>w concentrations.
Methylene chloride and toluene did not exhibit this tendency.
2. Di-n-butyl phthalate and pentachlorophenol both appeared in the
influent at more than ten times their combined sludge and effluent
quantity.
3. All metals except beryllium and cadmium balanced within a factor
of 2.5. Zinc accounted for over 80 percent of the influent and
sludge inorganic toxic pollutant loading.
4. Over 98 percent of the inorganic toxic pollutant loading from
untreated wastewater _is from chromium, copper, lead, mercury,
nickel, and zinc. These six metals account for 94 percent of the
treated wastewater toxic pollutant loading and over 98 percent of
the sludge toxic pollutant loading (from data in Table Vll-8).
148
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TABLE VII-8
MASS BALANCE FOR THE PAINT INDUSTRY THROUGH BATCH
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
NO,
PARAMETER
WASTEUATER SOURCE
UNTREATED TREATED
KG/DAY
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
BOD(MG-L)
TOTAL SUSP* SOLIDS(MG-L)
OIL 8 GREASE(MG-L)
TOTAL CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
30540
67533
3282
13347
3131
282
16478
SLUDGE
10833
40072
3463
50905"
NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
COD(MG-L)
TOC(MG-L)
TOTAL DISS. SOLIDS
-------
MASS BALANCE FOR THE PAINT INDUSTRY THROUGH BATCH
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL TREATMENT
NO. PARAMETER
ORGANIC TOXIC POLLUTANTS
4 BENZENE
6 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
7 CHLOROBENZENE
9 HEXACHLOROBENZENE
10 lr2-DICHLOROETHANE
11 1»1»1-TRICHLOROETHANE
13 1,1-DICHLOROETHANE
14 l,lr2-TRICHLOROETHANE
15 1,1,2*2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
23 CHLOROFORM
29 1»1-DICHLOROETHYLENE
30 1»2-TRANS-DICHLOROETHYLENE
32 1»2-DICHLOROPROPANE
33 1»3-DICHLOROPROPYLENE
38 ETHYLBENZENE
40 4-CHLOROPHENYL PHENYL ETHER
42 DIC2-CHLOROISOPROPYL) ETHER
44 METHYLENE CHLORIDE
54 ISOPHORONE
55 NAPHTHALENE
56 NITROBENZENE
59 2»4-DINITROPHENOL
64 PENTACHLOROPHENOL
65 PHENOL
TOTAL PHENOLS
66 DK2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE
67 BUTYL BENZYL PHTHALATE
68 DI-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE
70 DIETHYL PHTHALATE
71 DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
78 ANTHRACENE
85 TETRACHLOROETHYLENE .,
86 TOLUENE
87 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
TOTAL ORGANIC TOXIC POLLUTANTS
NOTES
Wflb 1 twfl 1 ti\ SUUKUC.
UNTREATED TREATED
2.49 1.002
0.017
0.014
0.011
0.060
0.204
0.003
0,349
0.003
0,320
0.006
N-D
0.128
0.011
6.175
0.031
0.394
51.420
N-D
3.23
0.034
0.062
3.38
0.825
0.776
, 0.544
0.232
12.8
0.085
N-D
N-D
1.142
16.7
0.113
0.012
N-D
N-D
0.012
0.116
N-D
0 . i'69
N-D
0,532
0.007
0,007
0,043
0,002
9,548
N-D
N-D
9«852
0 ,, 022
0 » 279
0*002
N-D
0.026
0,123
0.502
0.034
0.364
0.149
0.193
0.024
N-D
0.159
3.31
0.082
SLUDGE
0.110
0,001
0*019
N-D
0.001
0.321
N-D
N-D
0.001
0.098
N-D
N-D
N-D
N-D
6.058
N-D
N-D
51.057
N-D
0.071
N-D
0.002
0.015
0.027
0,238
0.159
2.21
0.962
0.059
0,000
0.022
0.560
19.0
0.012
101
26.1
80.8
UNTREATED MASS LOADING BASED ON AVERAGE INFLUENT.CONENTRATION FROM PLANTS WITH
BATCH P-C TREATMENT AND INDUSTRY FLOW OF 2.8 MILLION LITERS PER DAY.
TREATED MASS LOADINGS BASED ON EFFLUENT AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS FROM PLANTS
WITH BATCH P-C TREATMENT AND INDUSTRY FLOW OF 2.4 MILLION LITERS PER DAY,
SLUDGE MASS LOADING BASED ON'AVERAGE SLUDGE CONCENTRATION FROM BATCH P-C
TREATMENT SYSTEMS* AND AN INDUSTRY FLOW OF 0.4 MILLION LITERS PER DAY.
INDIVIDUAL VALUES WERE INCLUDED ONLY IF A PARAMETER WAS ANALYZED FOR
IN BOTH THE INFLUENT AND EFFLUENT OF THAT BATCH.
N-D: NOT DETECTED
150
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SECTION VIII
COST, ENERGY, AND OTHER NONWATER ASPECTS
COSTS
Historical Cost Information
The DCP asked plants with installed wastewater treatment systems to
report on their capital and operating costs and the year of
installation. Most wastewater treatment systems have been installed
since 1970, although 80 systems were installed prior to that year..
This information is presented in Table VIII-1- Table VIII-2 presents
the capital costs of the various treatment systems.- The majority of
the plants spent less than $7,000 in 1977 dollars.. However, many of
these lower costs represent only gravity settling equipment. There
was not enough capital cost data from plants with batch
physical-chemical treatment systems (the second most common system) to
help predict what these costs would be for new installations.
Operating cost data provided from DCP responses are indicated in Table
VIII-3. The median operating cost was between $1,000 and $2,000 in
1977, compared to a median capital cost of $5,000 to $10,000 (1977
dollars). Of plants that utilize contract hauling of either their
wastewater or sludges, 511 reported unit cost information for hauling
and disposal. These costs are presented in Table VJII-4. The cost
per unit volume is affected by such factors as transportation
distance, disposal method used by the contractor, variation in
landfill policy from state to state, etc. The reported median cost of
contract hauling (transportation and disposal combined) was 3.70 per
liter (14£ per gallon), and the average cost was 5.32 per liter (200
per gallon). EPA expects these costs to rise as the states and
federal government adopt more stringent solid and hazardous waste
disposal requirements.
Cost Development
The following discussion presents the capital and operating costs for
various wastewater treatment unit operations currently practiced by
the paint industry. All costs have a 1978 basis unless otherwise
noted. Costs have been developed for six model plant sizes ranging
from 190 liters per day (50 gpd) to 38,000 liters per day (10,000
gpd). Because the size range for all paint plants is very narrow, and
flows are relatively small compared to the entire wastewater treatment
industry, little error will result from linear interpolation to
determine intermediate costs between adjacent model treatment plant
151
-------
TABLE VIII-1
Source: DCP
PAINT INDUSTRY
DATES OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM
INSTALLATIONS
Year
1900
1951
1956
1961
1966
1969
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
- 1950
- 1955
- 1960
- 1965
- 1968
- 1970
(through Midyear)
Number of
Installations
6
5
9
21
20
19
8
29
20
30
26
19
13
152
-------
TABLE VIII-2
PAINT INDUSTRY
CAPITAL COSTS OF INSTALLED
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
IN 1977 DOLLARS
Cost ($)
$50 1,000
1,001 2,000
2,001 3,000
3,001 5,000
5,001 10,000
10,001 20,000
20,001 50,000
50,001 100,000
100,001 500,000
Over 500,000
Number of
Plants
18
17
17
22
36
19
20
16
19
Source: DCP responses adjusted by ENR Cost Index
153
-------
TABLE VIII-3
PAINT INDUSTRY
ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS (1977.) OF
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Cost ($)
$50
501
1,001
2,001
500
1,000
2,000
3,000
Number of
Plants
50
29
21
14
3,001
5,001
20,001 -
5,000
10,000
10,001 - 20,000
50,000
Over 50,000
16
16
12
11
Source: DCP
154
-------
TABLE VIII-4
COST (1977) OF SLUDGE OR WASTEWATER REMOVAL
BY CONTRACT HAULER
Cost
(Vgallon)
1-5
6-10
11 - 15
16 - 20
21 - 30
31 - 40
41 - 50
so
Cost
(fr/liter)
Less than 1.3
1.6 - 3
3 - 4
4-5
5-8
8 - 11
11 - 13
Over 13
Number of
Plants
84
133
82
56
63
35
29
• 29
Source: DCP
155
-------
sizes. Below 190 liters/day, costs will decrease only slightly as
«flow decreases, since most equipment is already at a minimum size.
The Agency expects the minimal costs presented to vary widely between
plants, depending on geographical location, possible use of existing
equipment, "off-the-shelf" components versus designed units, and other
factors. An effort was made to cost all processes conservatively.
Therefore, most plants should be able to purchase and operate the
treatment systems covered at near or below the cost estimates
presented.
EPA made the following assumptions throughout its cost evaluation:
Plant Operations. Plants were assumed to operate 250 days
annually, one shift per day. Treatment equipment is sized to treat all
wastewater in one shift. Treatment of wastewater over two or three
shifts can significantly reduce capital costs.
Depreciation. Annual depreciation was assumed at 17,7
percent of capital costs, which equals a capital recovery over ten
years at 12 percent interest.
- Contingency. A contingency of 15 percent was assumed..
Labor. A rate of $16,000 per man year, including labor taxes
and fringe benefits, for a plant operator was assumed. Indirect labor
was taken at 20 percent of operator costs, to account for occasional
laboratory, management, and accounting involvement in wastewater
treatment.
Power, Heat, and Light
$0.. 01 per kwh. The Agency
mixing and pumping as follows
Electricity costs were assumed to be
calculated the annual power costs for
(Total horsepower)
kWh/hp) x $0.04/kWh.
x (hours per year of operation) x (0.746
Based on engineering visits, the Agency also assumed that most
wastewater treatment or modification systems will be installed in
existing buildings. Consequently, no increase in heating and lighting
costs were assumed.
Piping and Valvinq. Where required, piping and
assumed to cost 50 percent of basic equipment costs.
valves were
The Agency
Buildings, Yard, and Service Facilities..
anticipates that most plants will construct required facilities in
existing buildings.. However, the installed cost of an outdoor steel
156
-------
utility building of appropriate
without available space.
size has been developed for plants
Land. Land costs were not included in cost calculations, but
the total area required for each system is shown.
Electrical and Instrumentation.. Where required, these items
were assumed to be 10 percent of total equipment costs.
Engineering,, Freight, and Installation. These costs were
assumed to be 50 percent of total equipment costs. Package units from
a single manufacturer may significantly reduce these costs.
Operation and Ma intenance.
of capital costs per year.
Contract Hauling Costs.
These were assumed at 3 percent
Most
plants
contract their
wastewater or sludge hauling to outside firms, and pay a single cost
for transportation and disposal.. These costs range from less than 1.3
cents per liter (50/gal) to over 13 cents per liter (502/gal):. The
higher costs prevail in states which have restricted industrial wastes
to designated landfills only. Therefore, an "average" or median cost
has little meaning to plants that are forced to pay the higher fees.
To be conservative, the Agency assumed a contract hauling cost of 7.0
cents per liter (302/gal) including transportation to be
characteristic of 1978 prices for the majority of all plants. As
previously discussed, the cost of contract hauling may rise in the
future because oif more stringent state and federal regulations.
- POTW Charges. POTW user charges are also highly variable,
and often are computed as a percentage of the plant's water bill, or
according to wastewater strength and volume, or by some combination of
these and other factors, A use charge of $5 per 3750 liters (1000
gallons) of wastewater was assumed, which allows for significant
surcharges for high BOD and TSS loadings.
Monitoring Costs. The cost of monitoring effluent to meet
any new regulations was assumed to be $1,200 per year per plant
regardless of size. This assumes that each plant will sample its
wastewater once monthly, and pay a commercial laboratory to analyze
chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, .lead, zinc,, BOD, and TSS, The
exact monitoring cost will depend on the regulations adopted.
Physical-Chemical Precipitation
Physical-chemical (P-C) wastewater treatment was discussed in Section
VII. The treatment design is based on a batch system, and design
information is presented in Table VIII-5. P-C capital costs are
presented in Table VIII-6, and include four tanks, a collection sump.
157
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158
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159
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mixers, and pumps. The polymer feed system consists of two plastic
tanks, two portable mixers, and two small feed pumps.
P-C operating costs are presented in Table VIII-7. For design and
cost purposes, the Agency assumed the use of alum, polymer, and
sulfuric acid as flocculating and neutralizing agents.. Historical
data indicate that sludge volume will average 15 percent of original
wastewater volume. Sludge was assumed to be contract hauled.
Physical-Chemical
lagoon)
Pretreatment with Biological Treatment (aerated
Biological treatment of paint wastewater following physical-chemcial
treatment was described in Section VII.. For design purposes, the
Agency chose an aerated lagoon of 30 days detention and 8 feet in
depth. The main unit costs include excavation, grading, seeding of
slopes, and floating aerators. Table VIII-8 lists the capital costs
for a P-C pretreatment/biological treatment system,. Operating costs
(including assumed nutrient addition) are presented in Table VIII-9.
Land costs for this system are not included, and sludge clean-out
costs (expected only once every several years) also are excluded.
Wastewater Recycle System
As discussed in Section VII, there are many potential methods and
management practices to reduce or recycle wastewater. The recycle
system selected for the design and cost model is.one used by several
plants, and is not intended to imply that it applies best to any other
plant. This system includes three holding tanks for different
categories of paint (e,.g., whites, pastels, and dark colors) with
associated pumping, piping, and mixing to prevent settling.
Wastewater is pumped to the appropriate tank and withdrawn as required
into batches of compatible paint. Pertinent design data is in Table
VIII-10-
The Agency assumes that plants practicing recycle will generate a
"residual" wastewater equal to 20 percent of the total wastewater
volume that cannot be recycled or further reduced. (See Section VII.)
Disposal options for this wastewater are contract hauling or P-C
treatment (with or without subsequent biological treatment) with
discharge of the supernatant and contract hauling of the sludge. The
capital costs for these three options are presented in Tables VIII-11,
VIII-12 and VIII-13,. Operating costs are presented in Tables VIII-11,
VIII-15, and VIII-16.
160
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Wastewater Disposal by Contract Hauling
This alternative holds the total wastewater flow for periodic removal
by a contract hauler. The capital costs for this option are presented
in Table VIII-17.
Costs include a holding tank equal to either ten days flow or 91,000
liters (2U,000 gallons), whichever is smaller, with associated piping
and installation. Small plants may prefer to hold wastewater in drums
to avoid capital expenditures. Plants with excess tankage can convert
a spare tank to a wastewater holding tank at minimum expense.
Operating costs are indicated in Table VIII-18, The four smallest
model plants are assumed to require one hour of labor daily to service
the collection system. The two larger model plants will require two
hours of labor daily. No costs for routine monitoring have been
included because the wastewater will not be discharged to a waterway
or sewer.
Manual Physical-Chemical Treatment System
A simpler P-C system than that presented in Table VIII-5 is available
to small plants which wish to avoid large capital expenditures. Such
an alternative system can consist of plastic treatment tanks (or
drums) and portable mixers and pumps. The system manually carries
wastewater to the treatment tanks (via pails) and manually adds the
chemicals. The capital costs for such a system are presented in Table
VIII-19 for 190 liter per day (50 gpd) and 380 liter per day (100 gpd)
wastewater flows. Operating costs are indicated in Table VIII-20.
Labor costs are assumed to be slightly higher than standard P-C
systems and were given as two hours per day for the small system and
three hours per day for the larger system. The other design
assumptions are the same as those in Table VIII-5.
Wastewater Reduction System
As discussed in Section VII, one option for reducing wastewater volume
is to replace standard tank rinsing operations with a high-pressure
low volume rinse system. The approximate capital costs for such a
system are presented in Table VIII-21. The model system consists of 2
pumps to pressurize water to 1200-1500 psi, one-inch piping to
selected points in the process area, and flexible hoses with
connectors to reach individual tanks and filling equipment.. Operating
costs are not presented, but are expected to compare to standard
cleaning procedures.
172
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174
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TABLE VIII-19
MANUALLY OPERATED PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT SYSTEMS
CAPITAL COSTS
Wastewater Generated
liters/day
(gallons/day)
Tanks (plastic)
Mixers (portable)
Pumps
Piping, Valving
Material Handling Equipment
Subtotal
Electrical
Freight & Installation
Contingency
190
(50)
$ 110
700
600
700
300
2,410
240
1,325
600
380
(100)
$ 455
700
600
900
300
2,955
300
1,625
730
Total
$4,575
$5,610
175
-------
TABLE VIII-20
MANUALLY OPERATED PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PRETREATMENT SYSTEMS
OPERATING COSTS
Wastewater Generated
liters/day
(gallons/day)
190
"(5T3)
380
(100)
Depreciation
Labor-direct .
Labor-indirect
Chemicals
Polymers
Acid ..
Inorganic Salt
Power
Maintenance
Sludge Disposal
(including transportation)
POTW User Charge
Monitoring
$ 810
4,000
800
$ 1,000
6,.000
1,200
Total
$7,800
$11,100
176
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177
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Cost Summary
Table VIII-22 summarizes the capital and operating costs for each
treatment alternative presented in this section. From the viewpoint
of economics alone, different options are most economical for
different model plant sizes. Changes or variations in the assumed
depreciation rate, labor compensation rate, contract hauling costs, or
other of the listed assumptions could change the relative costs of
various options.
NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
Energy
The energy usage for the preceding wastewater management and treatment
schemes on an industry-wide basis is presented in Table VIII-23.
These figures convey the various orders of magnitude, and the
differences between treatment alternatives.. The assumptions used in
this calculation were as follows:
Plants that currently discharge no wastewater will
to do so, and will not implement any treatment alternative.
continue
All remaining plants will implement the selectedtreatment
scheme, and no credit was allowed for systems already in place.
The industry-wide approximations were computed by calculating the
energy use of each model plant size with an estimate of the number of
plants in that size range.
Physical-chemical treatment and recycle require the lowest inputs of
energy when applied to all plants. Systems that include aerated
lagoons require the highest,
Sludge Quantity and Character!stisties
A study by EPA's Office of Solid Waste Management (1976) estimated
that the paint manufacturing industry generated 436,000 metric tons of
solid waste (wet basis) in 1974, of which 105,000 tons were
potentially hazardous. Almost all of the potentially hazardous wastes
were from process cleaning operations, spoiled batches, and spills.
Most of the nonhazardous wastes were composed of raw materials
packaging. The EPA study also found that most of these wastes were
disposed in off-site landfills by private contractors.
If the entire volume of wastewater currently discharged by the paint
industry (approximately 2,800,000 liters/day) were treated by P-C
precipitation and settling, it would produce a sludge volume of
420,000 liters per day (110,000 gpd), industry wide- This is based on
178
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179
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TABLE VIII-23
APPROXIMATE ENERGY USAGE FOR VARIOUS!
WASTEWATER TREATMENT ALTERNATIVES
Treatment Alternative
Approximate Annual Energy Use
When Applied to all Paint Plants
(millions of kwh/yr)
Physical - Chemical
Physical - Chemical with biological
Recycle system with contract hauling of
unreused wastewater
Recycle system with Physical - Chemical
Recycle system with Physical - Chemical
and biological
50
12
15
60
180
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an . average of 15% of the total wastewater per batch ending in the
sludge fraction. Based on the average sludge characteristics (see
Table V-24), the Agency expects that 72 kg/day (159 Ib/day) of organic
toxic pollutants and 122 kg/day (270 Ib/day) of inorganic toxic
pollutants would be included in this total industry sludge flow. The
major constituents of the organic toxic pollutant loading are
methylene chloride (6358), toluene (2355), and ethylbenzene (7%).= Zinc
accounts for approximately 80% of the inorganic toxic pollutant
loading.
Use of the in-plant controls recommended in Section VII will reduce
sludge generation proportionately. Therefore, reduction of wastewater
discharges by 8055 also would reduce sludge generation being reduced to
3?5 of the wastewater volume generated. Plants which implement these
controls may then elect to contract haul the nonrecyclable fraction of
the waste without any further treatment. The hazardous waste haulM
would amount to up to 2055 of the wastewater generated. Based on the
data collected from the DCP and economic analysis, the total hazardous
waste generation would be between 150,000 and 300,000 metric tons
annually.
If the entire wastewater volume of the paint industry were contract
hauled, the toxic pollutant loading would equal that presented in
Table y-26 (140 kg/day of organic toxic pollutants and 268 kg/day of
inorganic toxic pollutants). The recycle option (back into product)
would reduce wastewater and sludge volumes (and corresponding mass
loadings) by the same percentage that was reused. Reduction of
wastewater volume by high pressure rinse alone, without any other dry
cleanup procedures, will not affect the amount of pollutants dis-
charged from the paint industry, but it can significantly reduce the
wastewater volume and disposal costs for plants that contract haul any
of their wastewater.
Solvent-Wash Subcategory
Existing source solvent-wash subcategory indirect dischargers are the
only unregulated segment of the paint industry. A key point in favor
of the no discharge regulation for the remaining segment of this
subcategory was the proven economic benefits of solvent reclamation
versus the outside"*purchase of reclaimed solvent.
The July 1975 Development Document stated that the in-house cost of
reclaiming solvents was 1.0 to 3,80/1 (3.6 to 14.22/gal), while the
selling price of reclaimed solvents was 10 to 300/1 ($.UO to $l/gal).
These costs compared favorably with the cost of purchasing new
solvent.
The Agency updated these data with a telephone survey of paint
using recovered solvent for tank cleaning.
plants
181
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Considering the rising costs of labor, energy and sludge disposal, in
1979 solvents can be reclaimed for 5.4 to S.ltf/l {$..20 to .30/gal)
while reclaimed solvents are selling for $.11/1 ($.45/gal) to well
over $.30/1 ($l/gal). New solvents generally cost over $.30/1
($l/gal) .
182
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SECTION IX
EFFLUENT REDUCTION ATTAINABLE THROUGH THE APPLICATION OF
THE BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES
INTRODUCTION
EPA determines the effluent limitations that must be achieved by July
1, 1984* by identifying the very best control and treatment technology
employed by a specific point source within the industrial category or
subcategory or by one industry where it is readily transferable to
another. The Agency must specifically determine the availability of
control measures and practices to eliminate the discharge of
pollutants,'taking into account the cost of such elimination.
Consideration also was given tos
o
o
o
The age of the equipment and facilities;
The processes employed|
The engineering aspects of the application of various types
of control techniques?
- o Process changes-; and
o Nonwater quality environmental impact (including eneray
requirements).
The Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BAT) emphasizes
in-process controls as well as control or additional treatment
techniques employed at the end of the production process. It
considers those plant processes and control technologies which, at the
pilot plant, semi-works, and other levels, have demonstrated
sufficient technological performances and economic viability to
justify investing in such facilities, BAT represents the highest
degree of demonstrated control technology for plant-scale operation up
to and including «»no discharge" of pollutants. The costs of thii
level of control are defined by the top-of-the-line current
technology, subject to limitations imposed by economic and engineering
feasibility. There may be some technical risk, however, with respect
to performance and certainty of costs. Therefore, some process
development and adaptation may be necessary for application at a
specific plant site.
183
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The statutory assessment of BAT "considers" costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against effluent reduction benefits (see
Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, supra)- In developing the proposed BAT,
however, EPA has given substantial weight to the reasonableness of
costs. The Agency has considered the volume and nature of discharges,
the volume and nature of discharges expected after application of BAT,
the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the costs and
economic impacts of the required pollution control levels.
Despite this expanded consideration of costs, the primary determinant
of BAT is effluent reduction capability.. As a result of the Clean
Water Act of 1977, the achievement of BAT has become the principal
national means of controlling toxic water pollution. EPA has selected
BAT technology which will significantly reduce this toxic pollution.
IDENTIFICATION OF BAT TECHNOLOGY
Both in-plant and end-of-pipe modification are necessary for most
plants to achieve BAT. Control technologies are discussed in detail
in Section VII while costs and operating parameters for model plants
are given in Section VIII.
The Agency considered the following technologies:
In-Plant Controls
wastewater reduction through high-pressure water-washing of
equipment, dry floor clean up and sealing of floor drains,
and use of squeegees prior to tank cleaning..
wastewater reuse through recycle of caustic rinses back into
caustic tank as make-up and water rinses back into the
product or rinse water.
End-of-Pipe Controls
Physical-chemical treatment including coagulation/precipitation
and sedimentation
Biological treatment by aerated lagoons
Contract hauling
- Evaporation
Ultrafiltration
Reverse osmosis
- Activated carbon adsorption
Technology Options Available
Option One - Physical-chemical treatment
and sedimentation)
^coagulation/precipitation
184
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Option Two - Physical-chemical
with aerated lagoons
treatment plus biological treatment
Option Three - Reduction of wastewater volume generated to 0=04 liter
per liter of caustic or water-washed paint through the use of in-plant
controls such as recycle or water conservation followed by Option Two
treatment of the remaining wastewater prior to discharge
Option Four - No discharge of pollutants through the use of Option
Three technologies and contract hauling of nonrecyclable wastes
Other evaluated technologies were unacceptable due to a lack of
demonstrated effectiveness on paint wastewater or severe economic or
nonwater quality impacts.
RATIONALE USED TO DEVELOP BAT EFFLUENT GUIDELINES
Based on analysis of available control options, the Agency selected
Option Four for the Caustic and/or Water-Wash Subcategory. Strict
control of water use through in-plant controls such as high-pressure
rinses and recycle of water and caustic-washes can reduce wastewater
discharges from paint plants to at least 0..04 liter of wastewater per
liter of caustic or water-washed paint produced.
The remaining wastewater should be sufficiently small in volume to
_make contract hauling practical and eliminate any need for discharge.
The Agency rejected options One* Two, and Three because they fail to
provide consistent removal of toxic pollutants to the level attained
by Option Four. High concentrations of toxic pollutants have been
measured in the effluents from plants using the best end-of-pipe
technologies- Due to the toxic nature of paint manufacturing
wastewater, the Agency has determined that disposal of these wastes to
properly designed hazardous waste disposal sites is preferable to
discharge to surface waters.
SIZE, AGE, PRODUCTION METHODS,
CLEANING TECHNIQUES
RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS, TANK
Paint production uses process equipment which has not changed
appreciably for many years. This equipment produces paint in batches
of varying sizes. Therefore the age of a plant has little bearing on
its waste characteristics. Size of a plant affects only the volume of
wastewater produced. Raw materials used and products produced affect
wastewater characteristics only to the extent that they affect
equipment cleaning techniques. These techniques are the basis of
subcategorization of the industry.
185
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In summary, the factors of size, age, prpduction methods, raw
materials, and products are not significant to effective application
of the control technology. Detailed discussion of £he wastewater
characteristics for the paint industry is available in Section V.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE
The effectiveness of in-plant controls has been described in detail in
Section VII. Use of in-p.larit controls has enab;ied an estimated 101
plants to reduce the amount of wastewater generated to less than 0.04
liters per liter of water-rinsed paint manufactured. This group
includes 63 plants which have attained no discharge. Of the plants
using a water-rinse, 13% report 100% recycle of the rinse back to
product: an additional 24.3% report that reuse in the product is
accomplished most of the time.
High-pressure washing generally can reduce wastewater generation by
90%. Elimination of floor drains and subsequent dry clean up of
spills, and use of squeegees or rags for precleaning of equipment can
further reduce wastewater generation.
Simple volume reduction does not also reduce pollutant mass. It does
concentrate pollutants in manageable volumes of water which then can*
be recycled back into product or contract hauled to hazardous waste
disposal facilities. If wastewater can be recycled,, valuable raw
materials are reclaimed.
The most significant conventional pollutants and pollutant parameters
controlled are BOD, TSS, oil and grease, and pH. The most significant
nonconventional pollutants and pollutant parameter controlled is COD.
NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
EPA anticipates that the Implementation of BAT at a plant will
generate of up to 0.-04 liters of hazardous waste per liter of water or
caustic-washed (water-rinsed) paint produced. Paint plants currently,
are classified as major sources of hazardous wastes, the principal
components being off-specification batches, sludges from physical-
chemical treatment, and untreated wastewater.. BAT will increase the
wastewater component of the generation of hazardous wastes and may
reduce the sludge component as facilities adopt in-plant control
alternatives to physical-chemical treatment. No significant change in
consumptive water use or atmospheric quality in terms of air
emissions, noise, or radiation will result from implementation of BAT.
Negligible amounts of energy will be used for pumping, mixing, and
contract hauling of these wastes.
186
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COST OF APPLICATION IN RELATION TO KFFLUENT REDUCTION BENEFITS
Based on the cost information in Section VIIIff EPA estimates all six
direct dischargers will have to incur additional costs to comply with
BAT. EPA estimates that total capital investment will be $0.18
million and that annual costs will be $0=12 million including interest
and depreciation. The Agency expects no unemployment, plant closures,
or changes in industry production capacity as a result of BAT.
BAT EFFLUENT GUIDELINES
There shall be no discharge of pollutants in process wastewaters from
the Caustic and/or Water-Wash Subcategory of the Paint Formulating
Point Source Category, The prohibition of discharge of pollutants
from the Solvent-Wash Subcategory promulgated in 40 CFR 446 on July
28 g 1975^ remains unchanged-
REGULATED POLLUTANTS
Issuance of this regulation will prevent discharges of all pollutants
from affected paint plants. The significant toxic pollutants
controlled ares
Chromium (Total)
Copper (Total)
Lead (Total)
Mercury(Total)
Nickel(Total)
Zinc fTotal)
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Ethylbenzene
Napthalene
Di (2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate
Di-n-butyl Phthalate
Tetrachlorethylene
Toluene
187
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SECTION X
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
INTRODUCTION
The basis for New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) under Section
306 of the Act is the best available demonstrated technology. New
plants have the opportunity to design the best and most efficient
paint manufacturing processes and wastewater treatment technologies,
and Congress therefore directed EPA to consider the best demonstrated
processes and operating methods, in-plant control measures, end-of-
pipe treatment technologies, and other alternatives that reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible, including, where
practicable, a standard permitting no discharge of pollutants.
IDENTIFICATION OF NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
New Source Performance Standards rest on the technology options
considered for BAT in Section IX. Since BAT represents the current
state-of-the-art technology, no further improvement for new sources is
possible. Based on analyses of the technology options EPA selected
BAT Option Four for NSPS for the Caustic and/or Water Wash
Subcategory. This option completely removes all pollutants from paint
plant discharges. Selection of BAT Options One, Two, or Three would
provide less stringent requirements for NSPS than BAT. This would be
inconsistent with the basis for NSPS.
RATIONALE USED TO DEVELOP NSPS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS !
The rationale used to select NSPS was identical to that used to select
BAT in Section IX. No justification could be found for selecting a
technology option for NSPS less stringent than BAT.
SIZE, PRODUCTION METHODS, RAW MATERIALSf AND PRODUCTS, TANK CLEANING
TECHNIQUES !
The aspects of size, production methods, raw materials, and products,
and tank cleaning techniques for the paint industry discussed for BAT
in Section IX also apply to NSPS.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
In addition to the engineering aspects discussed in Section IX for
BAT, it should be noted that the design of new plants offers the
opportunity to optimize performance of in-plant controls. This
optimization should enable new plants to attain NSPS with reduced
hazardous waste generation in comparison with many existing plants
meeting BAT.
189
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NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The nonwater quality environmental impacts associated with NSPS
effluent limitations are the same as those associated with BAT
effluent limitations, as discussed in Section IX. The energy
requirements to meet this standard should represent a small fraction
of the plants' consumption.
TOTM, COST OF APPLICATION IN RELATION TO EFFLUENT REDUCTION BENEFITS
At the present time there are only six paint plants throughout the
country that practice direct discharge. The majority of new firms
that enter the industry are expected to be indirect dischargers. NSPS
is not expected to have significant impact on the paint industry.
NSPS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
There shall be no discharge of pollutants in process wastewaters from
the caustic and/or Water-Wash Subcategory of the Paint Formulating
Point Source category.
The prohibition of discharge of pollutants from the Solvent-Wash
Subcategory promulgated in HO CFR 446 on July 28, 1975, remains
unchanged.
REGULATED POLLUTANTS
The pollutants controlled are identical to those controlled by BAT and
discussed in Section IX.
190
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SECTION XI
PKETRE&TMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
INTRODUCTION
The effluent limitations that must be achieved by existing sources in
the paint industry that discharge into a publicly owned treatment
works (POTW) are termed pretreatment standards. Section 307 (b) of the
Act requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment standards for existing
sources (PSES) to prevent the discharge of pollutants that pass
through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with the
operation of POTW. The Clean Water Act of 1977 adds a new dimension
by requiring pretreatment for pollutants, such as heavy metals, that
limit POTW sludge management alternatives, including the beneficial
use of sludges on agricultural lands. The legislative history of the
1977 Act indicates that pretreatment standards are to be technology-
based, analagous to the best available technology for removal of toxic
pollutants. The general pretreatment regulations (HO CFR Part 403),
which served as the framework for 'these proposed pretreatment
regulations for the paint industry, can be found at 43 FR 27736-27773
(June 26, 1978).
Consideration was also
pretreatment standards:
given to the following in establishing the
o Plant size, age of equipment and facilities, production
methods, raw materials and products, tank cleaning
techniques;
o The engineering aspects of the application of pretreatment
technology and its relationship to POTW;
o Nonwater quality environmental impact (including energy
requirements); and
o The total cost of application of technology in relation to
the effluent reduction and other benefits to be achieved from
such application..
Pretreatment standards must reflect effluent reduction achievable by
the application of the best available pretreatment technology. This
may include primary treatment technology as used in the industry and
in-plant control measures when such are considered to be normal
practice within the industry.
A final consideration is the determination of economic and engineering
reliability in the application of the pretreatment technology. This
191
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must be determined from the results of demonstration projects, pilot
plant experiments, and most preferably, general use within the
industry.
IDENTIFICATION OF PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Paint plants discharge almost exclusively to POTW. Forty percent of
these plants report using some pretreatment technologies. Many also
practice in-plant controls to reduce wastewater generation. The
technologies considered for pretreatment are identical to those
considered for BAT in Section IX, with the exception of solvenj
reclamation which was considered for solvent-wash paints. Analyszs ot
the technologies resulted in the development of three options for
pretreatment standards for existing sources.
Technology Options Available:
Option One - Physical-chemical treatment by coagulation/flocculation
and sedimentation (BAT Option One)
Option Two - Reduction in wastewater volume generated to 0.04 liter
per liter of water-rinsed (water or caustic-washed)
paint manufactured through the use of in-plant controls
such as recycle and/or water conservation followed by
Option One treatment of nonrecyclable wastes
Option Three - No discharge of pollutants through the use of Option Two
technologies, solvent reclamation, or contract
hauling of nonrecyclable wastes (BAT Option Four)
Other evaluated technologies were unacceptable due to a lack of
demonstrated effectiveness on paint wastewater, or severe economic or
nonwater quality impacts.
RATIONALE USED TO DEVELOP PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
The elimination of pollutant discharge for solvent-wash paint is based
on the hazardous and toxic nature of these wastes and the economic
advantage in reclaiming the solvents- Since no water is used in the
cleaning solvent-wash equipment, the solvents and off-specification
batches comprise the entire discharge of this subcategory. Most
plants in the subcategory currently do not discharge wastes. The
Agency is requiring that the remainder of the industry meet this level
of good practice.
Caustic and/or water-wash subcategory standards are based on strict
control of water use. This control is achieved through in-plant
controls such as high-pressure rinses, recycle of water and caustic-
washes, and contract hauling of nonrecyclable wastes.. The Agency
192
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rejected Options One and Two because they fail to provide consistent
removal of toxic pollutants to the level attained by Option Three.
Due to the toxic nature of paint wastewater, EPA has determined that
the disposal of these wastes to properly designed hazardous waste
disposal sites is preferable to discharge to POTW.
SIZE, AGE, PRODUCTION METHODS, RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS, TANK
CLEANING TECHNIQUES
As previously noted in Section IX for BAT, paint is produced with
methods and equipment which are relatively uniform from plant to
plant. As a result, the factors of size, age, production methods, raw
materials, and products do not affect wastewater characteristics
significantly. Tank cleaning techniques are the fundamental factors
which control these characteristics. Therefore, the subcategorization
of the paint industry is based on use of solvent, caustic, or water
for tank cleaning.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF PRETREATMENT FOR EXISTING SOURCES
Waste solvents produced by tank and equipment cleaning can be
regenerated easily through distillation. Not surprisingly, many
plants recover their solvents and distill them on site. Other plants
sell waste solvents to scavengers who regenerate and market them.. Few
plants therefore, have any reason to discharge waste solvents to the
POTW.
As noted in Section IX for BAT, the use of in-plant controls
significantly reduces the wastewater from caustic and/or water-washed
paint formulation which must be eliminated.
Recycle, high-pressure rinses, dry clean up of floors, and precleaning
of tanks with squeegees or rags are all techniques to reduce
wastewater for disposal to 0.04 liter/liter or less. The removal of
the nonrecyclable wastes by contract hauler to a hazardous waste
disposal site should provide an acceptably safe method of disposal for
these toxic materials. Recycle of wastewater to the product also
conserves raw materials in addition to saving water.
NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
EPA estimates that the implementation of PSES will generate an
additional 150,000 to 300,000 metric tons (wet) of hazardous wastes.
It should be noted that PSES also will commensurately reduce
concentrations and quantities of toxic pollutants in POTW sludges.
These sludges will become more amenable to a wider range of disposal
alternatives, possibly including beneficial use on agricultural lands.
Moreover, disposal of adulterated POTW sludges is significantly more
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difficult and costly than disposal of smaller quantities of wastes
from individual plant sites.
No significant change in consumptive water use or atmospheric quality
in terms of air emissions, noise, or radiation will result from
implementation of PSES.
TOTAL COST OF APPLICATION IN RELATION TO EFFLUENT REDUCTION BENEFITS
Based on the cost information presented in Section VIII, elimination
of pollutant discharges by paint plants to POTW is possible with a
total capital investment of 10.8 million dollars. The annualized cost
for the industry will be 11 million dollars.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
There shall be no discharge of pollutants in process wastewaters from
the Solvent-Wash Subcategory and the Caustic and/or Water-Wash
Subcategory of the Paint Formulating Point Source Category.
REGULATED POLLUTANTS
Issuance of this regulation will prevent the discharges of all
pollutants from affected indirect dischargers. The significant toxic
pollutants controlled are:
Chromium (Total)
Copper (Total)
Lead (Total)
Mercury (Total)
Nickel (Total)
Zinc (Total)
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Ethylbenzene
Naphthalene
Di (2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate
Di-n-butyl Phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
If the Agency had selected Pretreatment Option Two for the Caustic
and/or water-Wash Subcategory, numerical mass limitations would-be
used. Concentration values are not appropriate due to the ease with
which dilution can occur by indiscriminate water use in equipment
cleaning.
The mass limitations are based on the median percent removal
calculated in Table VII-6, average observed pollutant concentration in
untreated wastewater reported in Table V-22, and wastewater discharge
of 0.04 liter per liter of water-rinsed paint produced.
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The resulting concentration and mass limitations would be:
Pollutant
Chromium (Total)
Copper (Total)
Lead (Total)
Mercury (Total)
Nickel (Total)
Zinc (Total)
Benzene
Carbon Tetrachloride
Ethylbenzene
Naphthalene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate
Di-n-butyl Phthalate
Tetrachloroethylene
Toluene
mg/1000 liters
water-rinsed
paint
57.4
30.7
25.2
24.7
12.4
299.0
27.0
No Discharge
59.8
35.4
0.5
2.2
0,4
186.9
lb/1000 gallons
water-rinsed
paint
0.0005
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0025
0.0002
No Discharge
0.0005
0.0003
0-0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0016
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SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES
INTRODUCTION •—•'•. •
Section 307(c) of the Act requires the EPA to promulgate Pretreatment
Standards for New Sources (PSNS) at the same time that it promulgates
NSPS. New indirect dischargers, like new direct dischargers, have the
opportunity to incorporate the best available demonstrated
technologies including process changes, in-plant controls, and end-of-
pipe treatment technologies, and to use plant site selection to insure
adequate treatment system installation.
IDENTIFICATION OF NEW SOURCE PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
New Source Pretreatment Standards were based on the options considered
for PSES in Section XI. Since PSES represents the current state-of-
the-art technology, no further improvement for new sources is
possible.
Based on analyses of the technology options, EPA chose PSES Option
Three for PSNS for the caustic and/or water-wash' subcategory. This
option completely eliminates pollutant discharges from paint plants to
POTW,. Selection of PSES Options One or Two would provide less
stringent requirements for PSNS than PSES and would be inconsistent
with the basis for PSNS limitations.
RATIONALE USED TO DEVELOP PSNS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The rationale used to select PSNS was identical to that used to select
PSES in Section XI. No justification could be found for selecting a
technology option for PSNS less stringent than PSES.
SIZE, PRODUCTION METHODS, RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS,
TECHNIQUES
TANK CLEANING
The aspects of size, production methods and products, and tank
cleaning techniques for the paint industry discussed for PSES in
Section XI also apply to PSNS.
ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
In addition to the engineering aspects discussed in Section XI for
PSES, it should be noted that the design of new plants offers the
opportunity to optimize performance of in-plant controls. This
optimization should enable new plants to attain PSNS with reduced
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hazardous waste generation in comparison to many existing plants
meeting BAT.
NONWATER QUALITY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
The nonwater quality environmental impacts associated with NSPS
effluent limitations are the same as those associated with PSES, as
discussed in Section IX. Energy consumption in order to attain new
source performance should represent a negligible fraction of total
plant consumption.
TOTAL COST OF APPLICATION IN RELATION TO EFFLUENT REDUCTION BENEFITS
EPA estimates that production costs for new source indirect
dischargers may increase by 3.1 cents per gallon.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES
There shall be no discharge of pollutants in process wastewaters from
the Caustic and/or Water-Wash Subcategory of the Paint Formulating
Point Source Category..
The prohibition of discharge of
Subcategory promulgated in 40 CFR
unchanged.
REGULATED POLLUTANTS
pollutants from the Solvent-Wash
446 on July 28, 1975 remains
The pollutants controlled are identical to those controlled by PSES
and discussed in Section XI. If the Agency had selected pretreatment
Option Two for the Caustic and/or Water-Wash Subcategory, numerical
mass limitations equal to those calculated for this option in Section
XI would have been used.
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SECTION XIII
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgment is made to all Environmental Protection Agency
personnel contributing to the overall project effort. Specifically,
the development of this report was under the direction of the
following EPA personnel:
Pobert B. Schaffer
John E. Riley
James R. Berlow
Lisa Friedman
Barry Malter
Louis DuPuis
John Kukulka
Chris Ehret
Director, Effluent Guidelines Division
Chief, Wood Products and Fibers Branch
Project Officer, Paint and Ink Industries
Office of the General Counsel
Office of the General Counsel
Office of Analysis and Evaluation
Office of Analysis and Evaluation
Monitoring and Data Support Division
Acknowledgment is also made for the .helpful cooperation of the
following paint and ink industry Working Group Members:
Michael Flaherty
Samuel Napolitano
Richard Raines
Fanny Knox
Roman Kuchkuda
Benjamin Lim
Matthew Straus
Ronald Turner
Special thanks go to David Alexander, the EPA Project Officer for the
first two years of the project, and to the Document Preparation Staff
of Kaye Starr, Pearl Smith, Carol Swann, Vicky Wilson, and Nancy
Zrubek. Micki Treacy is especially noted for her valuable secretarial
assistance.
Appreciation is extended to the National Paint and Coatings
Association, especially Executive Director Robert Nelson, and the
Water Quality Task Force for their assistance and cooperation
throughout this project.
Appreciation is also extended
participation in the study:
to the following companies for their
Ameritone Paint Div, Grow Chemical
Benjamin Moore and Co.
Binney and Smith, Inc.
Cook Paint arid Varnish Inc.
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DeSoto Inc.
DeVoe and Raynolds Co.
E.I. DuPont de Nemours Inc.
Enterprise Paint corporation
Farwest Paint Co.
P. O. Pierce, Inc.
General Paint Co.
Glidden Division of SCM Inc.
McCloskey Varnish Corp.
Major Paints Div. Standard Brands Paint
Mobil Chemical Corp.
Mobile Paint Manufacturing Co.
National Paint and Varnish Co.
Norris Paint Co.
Norton and Son Inc.
O'Brien Corporation
PPG Industries Inc.
Parker Paint Co.
Patterson Sargent Inc.
PurAll Paint Inc.
Reliance Universal, Inc.
Sherwin Williams Inc.
Standard T. Chemical Co.
Whiteline Paint Co.
The following members of the
significant contributions to
report:
Arnold S. Vernick, P.E.
Howard D. Feiler, P..E.
Paul J. Storch, P.E.
Mark V. sadowski
Richard Hergenroeder
Roy E. Ehlenberg
Burns and Roe Technical Staff made
the project and the. development of the
Manager, Environmental Engineering
Project Manager
Project Engineer ,
Assistant Project Engineer
Civil Engineer
Systems Engineer
The assistance of Mrs. S. Frances Thompson and Miss Emilie Carl
Burns and Roe in the typing of this report is specifically noted.
of
The efforts of Edward H, Richardson Associates, Inc. in regard to
sampling and analysis is greatly appreciated. Specifically, the
efforts of Mr. Albert Merena are acknowledged.
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SECTION XIV
REFERENCES
1, Barrett, W.J. , Go A, Mooneau, and J.J.» Rodig, Waterborne Wastes of
the Paint and Inorganic Pigments Industries, Southern Research
Institute, Birmingham, Alabama, July, 1973, EPA 670/2-74-030.,
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Development Document for Effluent
Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards for the
Oil Base Solvent Wash Subcategories of the Paint and the ink
Formulating Point Source Category, Washington, DC, July 1975..
3. Burns and Roe industrial Services Corporation, Draft Development
Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines, Pretreatment Standards
New Source Performance Standards for the Paint and Ink Formulating
Point Source Categories - Water- Base, Water- Wash, and Caustic- Wash
Subcategorie s g Paramus, NJ, September, 1976,
4. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment of Industrial Waste
Practices ; Paint and Allied Products Industry, Contract Solvent
Reclaiming Operations,, and Factory Application of Coatings,
Washington, DC, 1976. -
5. Marketing Guide to the Paint Industry, 4th Edition, Charles H..
Kline and Company, Fairfield* NJ, 1975..
6. Paint Red Book, 8th edition, Palmerton Publishing Company, Inc. ,
New York, NY, 1976..
7. "Census of Manufactures". Bureau of the Census, U,.S,. Department of
Commerce, 1972.
8- Raw Materials Index - Pigments and Solvents, National Paint and
Coatings Association, Washington, DC, 1975,=
9- Raw Materials Index - Resins, National Paint and Coatings
Association, Washington, DC, 1972..
10. Raw Materials Index - Drying Oils, National Paint and Coatings
Association, Washington, DC, 1973..
11. Colour Index., 3rd Edition, Society of Dyers and Colourists with
acknowledgement to the American Association of Textile Chemists and
Colorists, 1971,
12. Arthur D. Little, Inc. "Economic Analysis of Proposed Effluent
Guidelines: Paint and Allied Products and Printing Ink Industries",
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Draft Document for the Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, August, 1974.
13. Nie, N. , C. Hull, J. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner, and D. Bent,
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences$5, 2nd Edition, McGraw--
Hill Book Company, 1975.
14. Shreeve, R., "Surface-Coating Industries", Chemical Process
Industries, 3rd Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company,' New York, NY, 1967..
15. Environmental Protection Agency, "Field Notes and Chemical
Analyses - Survey of Paint and Ink Manufacturers in Oakland,
California," collected by National Field Investigations Center,
Denver, Colorado, October, 1973..
16. Hine, W.R., "Disposal of Waste Solvents," Journal of Paint
Technology, 43 (588):75-78, July, 1971.
17. Williams, Rodney, "Latex Wastes and Treatment," Paper presented at
the meeting of the Golden Gate Section, National Paint and Coatings
Association, San Francisco, California, June, 1972.
18. Environmental Protection Agency, Development Document for Proposed
Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source Performance Standards
for the Synthetic Resins Segment of the Plastics and Synthetic
Materials Manufacturing Paint Source Category, Washington, DC, August,
1973.
19. Bruhns, F., "The paint industry vs. Water Pollution," Paint and
Varnish Production, May, 1971, pp. 35-39.
20. Lederer, S..J. and M. Goll, "The Mercury Problem,"
Varnish Production, March, 1971, pp.. 26-35..
Paint and
21. Mann, A., "Mercury Biocides: Paint's Problem Material," Paint and
Varnish Production, March, 1971, pp. 26-35.
22. Yazujian, D., "Chemicals in Coatings," Chemical Week, October,
1971, pp.. 35-51.
23. Mann, A., "1972 Review-1973 Forecast,"
Production, July, 1973, pp. 23-36..
Paint and Varnish
24. Larsen, D., K. Kunel, "COD Solids Removal Exceeds 90ft in Effluent
from Coatings Plant," Chemical Processing, January, 1971, pp. 16-17.
25. Maas, W., "Solid Waste Disposal and Organic Finishing," Metal
Finishing, March, 1972, pp. 44, 45, 49.
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26. Desoto Corporation, Desoto Waste Treatment System for Latex Paint
Wastes. Chicago,, Illinois, ~~ —±ii£
27. Reid,, L.C., "Memorandum to Record," (Specifying Plants Attaining
No Discharge of Process Wastewater to Surface Waters),. National Field
Investigations Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver
Colorado, December, 1973-January, 1974.-
28. Reid, L-C..,, and A. Masse, "Trip Reports," (Paint and Ink Plants in
Chicago, Illinois and Oakland, California Areas), National Field
Investigations Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Denver
Colorado, December, 1973-January, 1974-
29,. _ "Water Quality Criteria, 1972," National Academy of Sciences and
National Academy of Engineering for the Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, DC, 1973 (U.S. Government Printing office Stock
No. 5501—00520),.
30. Pashman, Howard, Paper presented to the Water Quality Task Force
of the National Paint and Coatings Association, December 9, 1976.
31. Environmental Protection Agency, Handbook for
Industrial Wastewater. Washington, DC, August, 1973.. ~~
Monitoring
32. Environmental Protection Agency, Methods for Chemical Analysis of
Water and Wastes, Cincinnati, OH, 1974^~~ • ~
33. Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Guidelines; State and
Local Pretreatment Programs,, Washington, DC, January, 1977.
IJ- Environmental Protection Agency, Rationale for the Development of
BAT Priority Pollutant Parameters. Washington, 5c7 June, 1977.7 —
35. Environmental Protection Agency, Sampling and Analysis Procedures
Effluents for Priority, Pollutants,
36, Environmental Protection Agency, General Reference Materials
Relating to the Measurement of Priority Pollutants, Washington. nnr
June, 1977,. ~~~~~~~~~———
37. Coppa-Zuccari, I.G., "Wastewater Treatment in Paint Works."
Polymers, Paint,, and Colour Journal, May 11, 1976, pp 114 - 115..,
38. Tackett, -Raymond, "State-of-the-Art of Waste Disposal in the
^o^inff *ndusfcrY Cas of June 1973)» Journal of Paint Technology. 46
(590) 63-68, March 1974.. ai
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39. Chin-Pao, H, M. Ghadirian, "Physical-Chemical Treatment of .paint
industry Wastewater," Journal Water Pollution Control Federation 46
(10) 2340-2346, October 1974.
40. Williams, Rodney, "Regulating Latex Paint Wastes, Part I,"
Industrial Wastes, July/August 1974, pp 15-17.
41. Williams, Rodney, "Regulating Latex paint Waste, Part II,"
Industrial Wastes, September/October 1974.
42. Hine, Willard, "Disposal of Waste Solvents," Journal of Paint
Technoloav$5, 43 (558), July 1971.
43. Broadbent, David, "Energy Conservation and ; Pollution Control in
•the Paint Finishing Industry," Product Finishing, July 1974, pp 8-11.
44. Sethuraman, V.V., and B..C. Raymahashay, "Color Removal by Clays-
Kinetic Study of Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Dyes,"
Environmental Science and Technology, 9 (13) pp 11391140, December
1975,
45, Spring, Samuel, "Disposal of Paint, Overspray," Metal Finishing,
July 1965, pp 63-66..
46. Dry Color Manufacturers Association, Appendix E of the comments
made to the proposed rules on the "Manufacturing, Processing,
Distribution in commerce, and Use Bans of Polychlorincited Biphenyls"
as appeared in the Federal Register on June 7, 1978.
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SECTION XV
GLOSSARY
Acrylic Resin. A synthetic resin made from derivatives of acrylic
acid.
Activated Carbon. A highly absorbent form of carbon, used to remove
dissolved organic matter from wastewater.
Additive. One of a number of materials added to coatings in small
amounts to alter one or more of its properties. They include anti-
skinning agents, anti-settling agents, anti-sagging agents, leveling
agents, etc. Almost always the total concentration of these additives
will be less than one percent. Driers are not generally defined as
additives.
Aerated Lagoon.. A pond or lagoon of wastewater artificially supplied
or impregnated with air. The aeration is used to foster biological
and chemical purification.
Alkyd Resin. A synthetic resin made from polyhydric alcohols and
polybasic acids.
Allied Products. Products other than paint which are included in SIC
2851 such as" putty, caulking compounds, stains, shellacs, varnish,
paint remover, wood sealers, etc.
*.
Background Level. The amounts of toxic pollutants present in process
intake waters (tap water),
Ball Mill. A horizontally mounted cylindrical tank containing steel
or ceramic balls that reduce particle size of materials when the tank
is rotated.
Batch. Any manufacturing or treatment process which accumulates a
fixed volume of material (i..e- wastewater) for processing, treatment
or discharge. Compare to Continuous,.
BATEA. Limitations for point sources which are based on the
application of the Best Available Technology Economically Achievable.
These limitations must be achieved by July 1, 1985.
Binder. The film forming ingredient in paint that binds the pigment
particles together.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). The amount of oxygen required by
microorganisms while stabilizing decomposable organic matter under
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aerobic conditions. The xevei ot BOD5 is usually measured as the
demand for oxygen over a standard five-day period. Generally
expressed as mg/1.
Biocide. Chemical used to inhibit biological life.
Biological Treatment.
to treat wastewaters.
The use of aerobic and/or anaerobic organisms
Blowdown. Water intentionally discharged from a cooling or heating
system to maintain the dissolved solids concentration of the
circulating water below a specific critical level. The removal of a
portion of any process flow to maintain the constituents of the flow
within desired levels. Process may be intermittent or continuous.
BOD. Biochemical Oxygen Demand.
Capital Costs. Expenditures which result in the acquisition of, or
the addition to, capital or fixed assets.. Costs associated with the
installation of such assets are included in capital costs.
Captive Manufacturing Site. A plant which only manufactures paint for
internal use or use by other divisions of a parent organization.
Caulking Compound. A soft plastic material, consisting of pigment and
vehicle, used for sealing joints in buildings and other structures
where normal structural movement may occur.
Caustic Rinse. The cleaning of residue from paint tanks with "a"
caustic solution. See closed loop caustic system, open caustic system
and partial recycle caustic system.
Caustic Soda. In its hydrated form it is called sodium hydroxide.
Chemical Oxygen Demand {COD).. A measure of the amount of organic
matter which can be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a strong
oxidizing agent under acidic conditions. Generally expressed as mg/1.
Chemical Treatment. A process involving the addition of chemicals to
wastewater to induce the settling of solid matter and remove dissolved
materials. Materials commonly used in chemical treatment include
polyelectrolytes, lime and alum- (See also Physical-Chemical
Treatment.)
Clarification. Any process or combination of processes, the primary
purpose of which is to reduce the concentration of suspended matter in
a liguid.
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Clean Water Act..
PL 92-500.
The Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments 1977.
Closed Loop Caustic System. A tank cleaning system which .recyles a
primary caustic rinse and uses all of a secondary water rinse as make-
up water for the caustic. Compare to Open Caustic System and Partial
Recycle Caustic System.
Coating. A paint, varnish, lacquer, or other finish used to create a
protective and/or decorative layer.
COD. Chemical Oxygen Demand
Colorant. A concentrated coloring agent which is added to a base
paint to produce the desired final color. Colorants are usually added
to the paint by the retailer for the customer.
Continuous. Any manufacturing process which produces a continuous
flow of product or wastewater and treats or discharges wastewater at
the same rate at which it is generated. Compare to Batch.
Contract Hauling. The collection of wastewater or sludge by a private
disposal service, scavenger, or purveyor in tank trucks or by other
means for transportation from the site.
Cost Center. A business whose objective it
within cost or expense parameters. A
mission
income.
is to accomplish its
cost center realizes no
Discharge of Wastewater. Th release of treated or -untreated
wastewater to a receiving water, POTW, or any other location that is
off-site. Examples of instances where wastewater is generated but not
discharged are total recycling, total on-site containment, contract
hauling of wastewater, and total evaporation.
Disperser. Mixing
paint or ink.
machine that acts to distribute the components of
Dispersing Agent. A reagent that is compatible with the
holds finely divided matter dispersed in the solvent.
solvent and
Drier. A composition which accelerates the drying of oil, paint,
printing ink, or varnish. Driers are available in both solid and
liquid forms.
Drying Oil. An oil which readily takes oxygen from the air and
changes it to a relatively hard, tough, elastic substance when exposed
to form a thin, dry film. Drying oils also act as binders for
pigments used in coatings.
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Enamel. A pigmented coating which is characterized by an ability to
form an especially smooth film which is free from brush or other tool
marks. Although most enamels are glossy, flat enamels are also
available. They are usually considered to be relatively hard
coatings.
Equalization. Any process for averaging variations in flow and/or
composition of wastewater so as to effect a more uniform discharge.
Evaporation of Wastewater. A disposal method in which natural or
induced heat causes evaporation of wastewater.
Extender. A pigment which is usually inexpensive and inert in nature,
USed to give opacity and extend or increase the bulk of a paint, thus
reducing its unit cost, and modifying its consistency.
Exterior Paint. A coating for the outside surfaces of a structure.
Film. Layer or coat of paint or other material applied to a surface.
Flocculants. Those water-soluble organic polyelectrolytes that ^
used alone or in conjunction with inorganic coagulants such as lime,
alum or ferric chloride or coagulant aids to agglomerate solids
suspended in aqueous systems or both. The large dense floes resulting
from this process permit more rapid and more efficient sol ids- liquids
separations.
Flotation. Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) or dispersed air flotation,
are processes that inject air into wastewater causing dissolved and
suspended material to float to the surface for removal.
Fungicide. An agent that helps prevent mold or mildew growth on a
painted surface.
Generation of Wastewater. The process whereby wastewater results from
the manufacturing process,, Wastewater may be generated but not
discharged. See Discharge of Wastewater-
Gravity Separation. Any process in which oil, grease, skins or other
floating solids are allowed to rise to the surface, where they are
skimmed off, while heavier solids are allowed to settle out..
Industrial Sales Paint. Paint which is primarily sold to other
manufacturers for factory application to such porducts as aircraft,
appliances, furniture, machinery, etc.
Interior Paint. A coating for the inside surfaces of a structure.
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Lacquer. A solution in an organic solvent of a natural or synthetic
resin, a cellulose ester or a cellulose ester together with modifying
agents, such as plasticizers, resins, waxes, and pigments. Lacquers
may be clear or pigmented, and dry by solvent evaporation only, other
types of coatings by comparison, dry by a combination of evaporation,
oxzdation, and polymerization of portions of their constituents.
Lagoon. A shallow body of water, such as a pond or lake, which can be
used for impoundment for purposes of storage, treatment or disposal.
Landfill. A solid waste land disposal technique in which waste is
placed in an excavation and covered with earth. Wastewaters and
sludges may occasionally be disposed of in landfills..
Latex. Aqueous colloidal dispersion of rubber or rubber-like
substances. J-J-R.C
A P^int containing a stable aqueous dispersion of
synthetic resin, produced by emulsion polymerization, as the principal
constituent of the binder. Modifying resins may also be used.
Marine Paint. A varnish specially designed to withstand immersion in
water and exposure to marine atmosphere.
Mildewcide. See Fungicide.
Mineral Spirits. A petroleum derivative used as a thinner for paints
and varnishes. It usually boils in the range of 1U9 to 204°c (300 to
40 0<>F) and has a flash point just about 27»C (100°F),.
Mixing. The incorporation of ingredients into a coating with the use
or little or no shearing energy.
NPDE? (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) Permit A
P^rmvta • 1Sf UGd by EPA or an aPProved state program to point sources
which discharge to public waters allowing the discharge of wastewater
unaer certain stated conditions,
Neutralization. Addition of acid or alkali until the PH is
approximately neutral (i.e,, pH = 7).
Noncontact Cooling Water.. Water which is used for cooling purposes
•Jv iS 2° dlrect contact with and is in no way contaminated by
either the manufacturing process or contaminated wastewaters, in the
cooling process, however, it may experience a change in temperature.
OSHA. The Occupational Safety and Health Act.
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Oil-Base Paint. A paint that contains drying oil and oil varnish as
the basic vehicle ingredient.
Open Caustic System. Any tank or tub cleaning system that does not
reuse any part of a secondary water rinse following caustic washing.
Operating Costs. Expenses necessary for the maintenance and operation
of capital assets, including depreciation, interest, labor, materials,
etc.
pja. The reciprocal logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration in
wastewater expressed as a standard unit.
POTW (Publicly Owned Treatment Works). Wastewater collection and
treatment—facilities owned and operated by a public authority such as
a municipality or county.
Paint.
combination of a pigment, ejctender and vehicle, and
additives, in a liquid composition, which is
frequently other
converted to an opaque solid film after application..
Partial Recycle Caustic System. A tank or tub cleaning operation
which recycles a primary caustic rinse and uses only a portion of
secondary water rinse as make-up water for the caustic. Compare to
Closed Loop caustic System and Open Caustic System-
Physical-Chemical. The method of treating wastewaters using com-
binations of the processes of coagulation, flocculation, sedimen-
tation, carbon adsorption, electrodialysis or reverse osmosis. As
used in this study, a physical-chemical treatment system involves the
addition of chemicals to wastewater to induce the settling of solids
and removal • of dissolved materials, followed by mixing and
sedimentation.
Pioment. A general term used to describe any of a wide variety of
organic inorganic, natural, or synthetic insoluble material which are
added to coatings to produce a desired color, viscosity, solids level
or gloss.
Plasticizer. A substance added to paint, varnish, or lacquer to
impart flexibility.
Powder Coating. A coating prepared as a dry powder, which is placed
on a surface and fused into a cohesive film.
Preservative. Material added to water-thinned paints to prevent the
growth of bacteria or yeast in the can during paint storage.
210
-------
Primer. The first of two or more coats of paint, varnish, or lacquer
system.
Process Wastewater. Any used water which results from or has had
contact with the manufacturing process, including any water for which
there is a reasonable possibility of contamination from the paint
manufacturing process or from raw material-intermediate product-final
product storage, transportation, handling processing or cleaning.
Examples of process wastewater include wastewater generated by tank
washing, filling machine washing equipment, or floor cleaning, etc.
Cooling water, sanitary wastewater, storm water and boiler blowdown
are not considered process wastewater if they have no contact with the
process.
Profit Center. A business or portion of a business whose objective it
is to contribute income over and above its expenditures and allocated
charges.
Public Waters. All navigable waters of the United States and the
tributaries thereof; all interstate waters and tributaries thereof;
and all intrastate lakes, rivers, streams and tributaries thereof not
privately owned.
Purveyor. See Contract Hauling.
Putty. A dough-like material consisting of pigment and vehicle, used
for sealing glass in frames, and for filling imperfections in wood or
metal surfaces.
Reclaimed.
use.
Water, or solvent which has been treated and restored for
Recycle of Wastewater. The piping of wastewater, whether treated
not, from its points of final collection to a prior process step.
or
Resin. A natural or synthetic material that is the main ingredient of
paint which binds the various other ingredients together. It also
aids adhesion to the surface.
Reuse of Wastewater.
wastewater for the
manufacturing process.
The collection of either
purpose of utilization
treated or untreated
in a prior step of the
Scavenger. See Contract Hauling
Screening. Samples taken of untreated wastewater only to determine
the absence or presence of toxic pollutants (see also Verification).
211
-------
Settlement Agreement:. A court approved agreement between the National
Resources Defense Council (NRDC) and EPA covering 21 industrial
categories, one of which is paint and ink manufacturing and printing,
for review of BATEA, including a study of toxic pollutant levels..
Settling. The process of disposition of suspended matter carried by a
liquid by gravity. It is usually accomplished by reducing the
velocity of the liquid below the point at which it can transport the
suspended material, as opposed to gravity separation in which
floatables are also removed.
Shellac. A type of varnish made by dissolving shellac resin in
alcohol. Shellac is the form of lac resin obtained in thin curled
sheets (shells).
Sludge Conditioning. Treatment of liquid sludge by chemical addition,
dewatering, filtration, drying or other methods.
Spray Irrigation. Transport of sludge or wastewater to a distribution
system from which it is sprayed over an area of land. The liquid
percolates into the soil and/or evaporates. None of the sludge or
wastewater runs off the irrigated area.
Solvent. The volatile part of a paint composition that evaporates
during drying.
Solvent-Base Paint. Paints in which the
soluble or dispersed in an organic solvent.
resin or film former is
Stain. A solution or suspension of coloring matter in a vehicle
designed primarily to be applied to create color effects rather than
to form a protective coating. A transparent or semi-opaque coating
that colors without completely obscuring the grain of the surface,.
Thinner. The portion of a paint, varnish, lacquer, or related product
that volatilizes during the drying process. The solvents and
dilutents which act as thinners are used to reduce coating viscosity,
and prevent oxidation, polymerization, and drying prior to coating
application.
Tint. A color produced by the mixture of white pigment or paint in
predominating amounts with a colored pigment or paint which is not
white.
Tint-Base Paint. A noncolored paint shipped to
colorants are added to customer specifications.
TOC. Total Organic Carbon
the retailer where
212
-------
Totaj- Organic Carbon £T-x^ . A ,,*.^ure of the amount of carbon in a
sample originating from organic .mat "en only. The test is run by
burning the sample and measuring the carbon dioxide produced.
Total Suspended Solids (TSSi, Solids that either float on the surface
of, or are in suspension in, water and which are largely removable bv
filtering or sedimentation.
Tote-Bin. A shipping container that may be used to make paints.
Toxic Pollutant. One of the elements or compounds on a list of 129
derived from the Settlement Agreement (See Appendix E of this
document) .
Trade Sales Painto Paints which are sold to the do-it-yourself
market, i..e.,, the over-the-counter retail segment of the coatings
market. Trade sales paint does not include paint which is sold to
painting contractors or similar professionals.
Treatment. Any process of conditioning water, wastewater or sludae
prior to use, reuse, or discharge. -
Ultrafiltration. A process similar to reverse osmosis that reduces
the . solids content of a'feed stream by pressurizing the feed while it
is in contact with a semi-permeable membrane. Water molecules pass
through the membrane while the solids are left behind*
Varnish. The volatile and nonvolatile liquid portion of a paint or
coating which disperses and suspends the pigment whenever the latter
is used.
Vehicle. The volatile and nonvolatile liquid portion of a paint or
coating which disperses and suspends the pigment.whenever the latter
is used.
Verification. A sampling program including samples of untreated and
treated wastewater and sludge to determine the levels of classical
Pollutant and toxic pollutants known to be present, as well as removal
efficiencies by various wastewater treatment processes. (See also
Screening.)
Volatile Fraction. That portion of a coating
the film during the drying process.
which evaporates from
Water-Base—Paint. Paints which use water as the primary vehicle for
all other raw materials. Water-base paints may contain some semi-
drying oils, such as soybean oil for desired drying characteristics.
213
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS
O
i/
215
-------
-------
A.
1.
2.
PAINT MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY SURVEY
General Information (Hoc*: For Multiple Plane Companies, couplet* on*
Name of Fira
Companies
quentionnaire for'each manufacturing' site'.)
Plant Location and Hailing Address_
(including Zip cod*)
Telephone Number
4. Name and Title of B««pondont_
S. Address and Telephone Number of Respondent (if different)_
6. Indicate your type of business organization: (Multiplant Companies indicate status of parent company).
Incorporated, Publicly Hold |~~] Incorporated, Privately Held f~] Partnership ["]
Proprietorship P"! Cooperative | |
7. Indicate the status of this site:
a. The Company's only aanufacturing location | | b. A branch of a multiple plant company j I
d. A captive manufacturing site [ [
tr. A division (or subsidiary) of a parent or|™~|
affiliated coapany > I—I
8. If b, c or d is chicked for Question 7, this facility is ai Cost Center [""] Profit Center [~~| (See definitions)
B. General Plant Ooarations (Paint Manufacturing only)
1.
7.
Indicate nuober of estployees at this site:
More Than
Le«S Than 10 10-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100 101-150 ISO
Average (1976) [~j
Maximum (1976)
Q D D D D D D D Q D D
a n n a a a a a n n a
2. Does your monthly production ever vary by more than 25% (excluding shutdown for maintenance or vacation)
3. Age of Paint Manufacturing operation (years):
Less than 3 fl 3-51 1 6-101 1 11-20 T
4. Total 1976 annual production volu
More than 30 |~|
SO, 001-200,000 [~~]
21-301 I
—• *_«j L_J
(gallons): Less than 50,000
200,001-1 million Q] 1 million-S million Q Greater than S million Q
S. Indicate the percent of naxinuB production capacity your plant achieved in 1976:
6. Average annual production over the last S years (gallons): Less than 50,000 P"] 50,001-200,000 ("")
ZOO ,001-1 million |~] 1 million-5 nillion Q Greater than S million | |
Approximate marknt value of products manufactured at this plant ($) : Less than 250,000 (""[ 250,001-500,000 ["""]
505,001-1.5 million Q l.S to 3 millionQ 3-5 million Q 5-10millionQ Over 10 million [""]
8. Indicate the number of the various size fixed and portable paint manufacturing tanks (tubs) at your plant that
require cleaning (use closest tank size shown). Do not include any dedicated storage tanks (i.e., solvent,
resin, etc.) that: are rarely or never cleaned.
Number of Tanks
Tank Size (Gallons) 0
Less than 250
251 - 500
501 - 1000
1001 - 1500
1501 - 2500
2501 - 6000
More than 6000
Average number
•a
a
a
n
a
Q
a
of. production
1-5
a
a
a
a
D
a
a
shifts per
6 -10
Q
n
a
a
a
. a .
a
day: 1 Q
11-20
n"
Q
n
a
n
...a
E ...
] 2D
21-50
rj
D
a
a
a
'a
a
•a
More than
n
:a
a
.a
a
;D
a
-1-
217
-------
10. Length of shifts (Hours): T\ | a[~] 10 Q 12 [
11. dumber of days of production per week under average production:
Other
12. Indicate the. number of days per year the paint plant operates:
150-200Q 201-250 Q. 251-300 Q] . 301-36S Q] Exact, (if known)_
"• SSS5 S-iSrErW"*" "ZSSSff '" """.oor^oooQ "' '"££36.000
100,000-500,000 Q over 500,OOP[I
manufacturing
°D
actual (if known)_
_gpd.
14. Indicate the percent of water used for each of the following:
Percent of Total Water Usage
.Used in Product
Cooling Water
toiler Feed
Tub t Equipment Cleaning
Sanitary
Air Pollution Control
Other
0 1-10
DD
D D
i^__i i j
DD
DD
D D
DD
n n
11-20
D
D
D
D
D
D
n
21-30
D
D
D
D
D
D
n
31-40
D
D
D
D
D
n
n
41-50
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
51-60
n
D
n
n
a
D
a
61-70
D
D
a
a
a
a
D
71-80
D
a
a
D
a
a
a
81-90
D
D
a
n
a
a
n
91-99
D
a
D
D
a
a
a
100
a
D
D
D
D
D
D
C. Production Breakdown
Indicate the appropriate percent of production for the four categories listed below: ^
Percent of Total Callonaoe of Paints and Coatings Produced
31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90
1-10 11-20 21-30
General Production
1. Trade Sales
2. Industrial Sales
3. Other Formulated
Products
Vehicles
4. Water Thinned
5. Solvent Thinned
6. Other
Color Formulations
7. White and Tint Base
8. Colors
Moments Osed
(excluding titanlusO
9. Organic
10. Inorganic
XI. Do you manufacture
D
D
n
D
D
Q
Q
D
Q
D
resins
D
D
n
n
D
n
n
n
n
n
at this
D
n
D
n
n
n
n
D
n.
D
site?
D
D
D
D
D
n
n
D
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
D
D
D
Y»,Q
n D D a a
a a a a D
a D a D' D
a D D n a
D a ana
a a a D : a
a a a n a
a a a a a
91-100 100
D D
D D
D. D
D D
D D
a a
a a
a a
D a a a D a D
D D D D D D ; a DD
Y«,Q NOQ
12. Indicate which allied products you manufacture at this plant site: Varnish, clear or-unpigmented coatings Q
ShellacQ Caulking CcopoundQ Putty Q Gravure InksQ Powder Coatings Q
Paint and Varnish Reaiovers Q Wood fillers or sealants Q other .
D. Tank (Tub) and Equipaent Cleaning Operations and Housekeeping
1. Indicate the nethodts) used to clean tanks, tubs, filling macW—- etc. (check as »any as applicable):
Hater Rinse Q Caustic WashQ Solvent WashQ Dry Clean Up Techniques Q Periodic Caustic SoakQ
2. If you use a caustic system, indicate which type:
Closed Loop (Complete Recycle) Q Open (Mo Recycle) Q Partial Recycle Q
3. 11 you use a water rinse, indicate the water pressure used:
Less than SO psiQ 51-100 psiQ 101-150 psi Q Greater than 150 psi Q
4. Do you pick up spills using dry clean-up methods? YasQ ""I ] , : . .
218
-------
S. , Indicate the appropriate frequency for each of the following equigaent cleaning or housekeeping operationst
Clean tanks between each batch
Reuse spent rinse water in
subsequent batches
Reuse spent rinse water to
wash tanks, equipment, cite.
6. Are any floor draiiui or sumpn connected to the stont sewer? Yes | [ No [ |
7. Are any floor drainn or suapi connected to the sanitary sewer? Yes | [ No [ |
8. Indicate approximately how such water is used to clean the tank sizes listed (if .water rinse is used at this site)*.
All The Tine
n
a
a
Host of the Tim
a
a
a
Occasionally „ /
D
D
n
Hevei
D
n
D
Tank Size
(Gallons)
Less than 250
2SO - SOO
SOi - 1000
1001 - 1500
1501 - 2SOO
2501 - 6000
More than 6000
If you uaa solvent uast
Volume of Water. Used to Clean a
0-60
n
D
.D
., V.Q
D
D
n
ling is your
61-100
d
n
D
n
D
n
D
spent solvent
101-200
n
a
a
a
• a
a
a
redistilled?
•Tnnk (Gallons)
More than 201
a
a
a
a'
a
a
a
Y..Q ,
9.
. 10. Do you redistill solvent at this site? Yes [~~| Ho [""]
If yes, do you lisa steam injection distillation? Yes I
HO
a
No
D
If steaa injection distillation is used, what is the disposition of the contact steam condensate
Discharged to titora sever r*1 Discharged to sanitary s»ier[~] Mixed with cooling water (""]
Mixed with othitr process wastewater | \ other I' I '. • "\ •. ' '
11. If caustic is used for tank cleaning,, is spent caustic discharged Ka the sanitary sewer? Yes[ [ No) [
12. If solvent is used for tank cleaning, are spent solvents discharged to the sanitary sewer? Yesj | "o| |
E. 'Other Wastewater Sources • , . . • ' . , , . ; . . ' .
Do you operate spray booths (water curtain- type) in the paine plant? Yes [ [ So [ [
Do you use wet scrubbers In the paint plant for air pollution ooncrol? , Yes [ J Mo | |
Which of the followilng other air pollution control devices do you utilize? (paint atnufacturing operations only)
Afterburners [ | .Electrostatic Praeipitators \\ Baghouse Collectors [• j Cyclones ( ] Filters [~*|
1.
2.
3.
4. Indicate which of the following wastewaters are contained with tank cleaning wastewaeer .before disposal i
Wet Scrubber | ) Spray Booth [~] Boiler Blowdo»n[~] [toiler Cleaning Q Sanitary f] .
Non-Contact CoolingjP] Laboratory r"~| steaa Condensate [""], Other (indicate) '
P. Wastewater Handling and Disposal '• •. • : ' . • ,•'..] •
1. Total volume of raw wastewatar generated' daily (gallons): .-. - ..
0 1-100 101-500 . SO1-1000 1001-6000 6001-12,000 Over 12,000
Average
Q Q. Q Q
D D CD
. a .a-, .a : ' -..'•,•--•
2. Of this wastewater, indicate the method (s) of disposal practiced: Complete Reuse or Recycle ["*"[
Evaporation^"] Partial Reuse or Recycle]^ Discharge to City Sewer f^ Discharge to Storm Sewer f~1
Discharge to Receiving water P~l mpoundnent and storage r~\ Incineration f""] ' Ocean Quaping!"""!
Scavenger, Outside Contractor or Purveyor [ | Landfillj [ Deep Well Injection ] [ Spray Irrigation | [ .
219
-------
3. Total Voltsae of paint waatawatar di.ehargad from plant dailyi
0 1-100 101-500 501-1000 1001-6000 6001-12,000 Ov«r 12.000
7.
Average
Peak
on n n o n,." n
oo'O o n no
4. If proce.a waatewatar i« diacharged to public watara, do you have an HPDES peroit? *».Q No f~|
5. Hire you made an application for an NPOES parnit for proceaa waatawatar? V««O No LJ
6. Hare you applied for -and/or received an nTDgS permit for cooling water or atorawater runoff? Yea J~J No j
If yea to 4, S or 6, indicata the name ol! atream or water body receiving your waatewatar _
8. If procaaa waatewatar ia diacharged to city aewer, indicate the name and addrea. of the sewer authority or
municipality: '
10
». Indicata If the municipality or aewaga authority utilize, any of the
Induatrial Waata Ordinance Q Sewer U». Charge, or Surehargee Q Waatewatar .ampling at your plant Q
local permit ayatam to diacbarge to the aewerQ Require* you to .ample and analyze your own waatewater Q
i. I. tha plant vaatewater treated or conditioned in any way before diapoaal? *««O Ho LJ
Uaatawater Source.
Prociia Haatawatar
Raaia Hanufacturing
Waatewatara
•oiler Slowdown
Air follution Control
Sanitary
Cooling watar
other
0%
d
o
D
•D
D
a
a
ioftf;
int prior
breataent
.'Lfthe
"eltent"*
ch waatewater ..Cream, are
ontribution to Idle waatewatar ;
tit of Total Waatewater Stream -OnderuoingTreatment
1-20
D
D
D
0
0
.n.
n
21-40
o
o
n
o
o
o
n
41-«0
O
0
D
0
n
D
D
61-80
D
O
D
0
•D
O
D
81-99
"d
n
o
D :
0
D
0
100
D
D
D
D
Q
D
O
U. mdieata «thod{») of vaatawatar traaownt or conditioning uaad at your aita, MautralizationQ Filtration
E»«»r.tiooQ FlotationQ Activate Slu^.D -*"*1*** '"t«Q ^««Q Gravity Sapar.tion
Carbon AdsorptionQ Z__;
formulating plant'.
If you are required to pay a .ewer bill, M«er uaa charge or aurcharg. for the
waatewatar discharge, indicate the annual amount! $ _
If waatewatar i. treated at your .it., what i. th. diapoaition of .ludg. produced,
Stored on plant prop«*yQ IncineratedQ SoldQ Contract Di.po.alQ
Trucked to appropriate landfill by plant Q Other
18. I. aludga conditioned in any way befora di.po»al? 1am [_J Mo [_)
220
-------
19. If wastewater, spent solvent or sludge is hauled away by outside contractors, indicate their name(s), address
and phone number:
20. Indicate hew the outside contractor* or scavenger disposes of the wastewater of sludgei
City Landfill or Quag ["") Private Landfill or DuopJ^] Incineration I"""] Reclaim or Reuse | |
Don't knowQ] other (indicate)
21. What is the approximate cost per gallon of transportation and contract disposal: Cents Per gallon
22. If you have In-plant wastewater treatment, what percent of the wastawater flow ends up as sludge:
0-5% Q 6-10% Q] 11-15% Q 16-20% Q 21-25% Q] Over 25% | |
23. Indicate how you handle off-spec or other spoiled batches: Discharge with Waatewater| [
Sell to Scavengers |~ | Give to Scavengers | | Blend into or utilize in another product | [
Other (indicate)
24. Indicate which of tha following analyses have been done on your wastewater or sludge:
pH Q suspended Solids Q Oil and Grease Q BOD Q Total Solids Q Turbidity
COO \\ Heavy Metals ^^ Trace Organics |~"| OUher (indicate)
25. If you responded positively for any of the analyse* listed above, please attach data sheets sunurifing the
analytical inforaaticn you have collected for the la*t four years. Indicate whether the analyse* are for
untreated or treated wastewater, and whether the process wastewatar strew wa* coabined with other waste
•tre»«s at the point of sampling.
26. Estimate the combined new investment and total operating costs that will be required during the next four
year* to meet existing water pollution control regulation* on the local, state and Federal level*.
Total Hew Investment required S Annual Operating Costs S
27. Indicate which of tha following miscellaneous regulatory areas you expect will require significant investment
over tha next four (4) yearst
Odor[j Thermal [*"] Solid Haste ^^ OSH&["~1 Air Pollution Control |~~|
Toxic Substance* Act f~| Safe Drinking Water |~]
28. Estimate the anticipated new investment and annual operating costs to neat the current requirements of these
other regulatory considerations over the next four (4) years:
Total Hew Inveitment Required 5 Annual Operating Costs S
G. «AK MATERIAL!!
Please check the appropriate box for each class of raw materiel which is used at this site (regardless
of quantity used). If you are not positive about the heading used, check the list of tradenames and
numbers and ch«ek the box If you use one of the material* listed. If you use an unlisted material
which is described exactly by the heading, check the box; listing the other material is optional. If
there i* no oither" lilted for any category, cheek the box only if one of the specific listed materials
i* u*ed. Abbreviation u«ed for company name* are listed at the end of thi* section.
[ | WHITE "*\o tteuuna HP DYES
E f~l ZI»C OXIDE FRENCH
Cyastab series '—'
Hammond: "Halcarb* Serie* AJARCO -AZO 66. 77 77s
Eagle^Picher: "£-P»202". "e-f-303-.'t-t 41* H.J. zinc: Flo'renc'e Green Seal - ir "WUXW 25,515
Oncor 45x gt> Jo. Hin^a!., -st. jo.. . 91l
Other: Other:
f~~] AMTIMONY. OXIP« . j~~|
ZINC ttUJM
Chemtron: tn 6200 Series r.». Davis: SOSW, 505HJ, J1345, 533W, 533WJ, J1310
Harshaw, KR, KR-ra Dupont: Y-539-O
ML Ind.: Regular (IHS)i Rod Star; Grade 10> Ftt-li Other:
Oncor -23A> 75RA> 7SRAZ
Oth"! [^] ZIMC DUST AND FLAKES
I ] ZINC SULFIDE PIGMENTS H.j. zinc: "Standard Zinc Dust" - 22, 44, 422, 444, 64>
"High Purify Zinc Dust" - 122,222
U.S. Bronxe: 751, 752
wal«r! Otheir:
^F!g!ifff^55.55U>.55CT D .SrSS ^^^>^^^^^^'
x^j££ — ^mjs-^sis- •»
Ozide 30-P oth.lr,
St. Joe Minerals: "ST JOB" - 17,20,40
other:
-------
n
CADMIUM RED
fetro Corp.: V-806O, V-8560, V-8840, V-8830, V-8530,
V-B82O, V-8521, V-8835, V-8825, V-884S,
V-8540
General Colon 800, 805, 813, 824, 827, 1000, 1010,
1020, 1024, 1027, 2000, 2O12, 2020,
2024, 2027, 3015, 3020, 3022, 3027, 1005
Clidden: "Cadsolith" 200 Series; 2000 Series
Kaishav: "Lithopone Red* Serins; CP 1400 Series;
cr 1500 series
Kerculast X-2327, X-3327, X-2328, X-3328, X-2329, X-3329,
X-2330, X-2947, X-2948, X-2949, X-2950X
Other Cadaiua Reds:
n
n
CASMIUH-HEaCUlCf REO, MAHOOH, ORAMGE
Series
Karshawi 18060, 18120, 18210, 18290, 18370, 18410
CT Cadaiua Series
Karcadlua Red Series
Othtri
n
CADMIUM YELLOW Am ORAMCE
FtlTOt V-9820, V-9S20, V-9810, V-9S10, V-8810, V-881S
Central Cgloci 920, 950, 970, 620, 640, 660
Cadsolitli Siriai
CUddaai 3050, 3150, 3250, 3350, 3450, 355O
Haribav Chea.i 14OO Series;, 1500 Scries; Priarosa -. 2P> 391U..
23, 1400 Series,) Leaon 30, 306, 32, 33,
Yellow 4.0, 406, 42, 43, 45, 456, tight
Orange SO
Herculesi X-2272, X-2273, X-2283, X-2315, X-2821, X-2825,
X-2823, X-2824, X-2825, X-2826, X-3201, X-3203,
X-320S, X-2320, X-2326. X-2945, X-2946
Other Cadaiua Vellow and Oranget
n
_ CHEQUE GREEK
A*. Cyanaaidt "Horvood Green" 10-8000 Series
tfaxculast A-4400 C.P. Series
Othert
I I
HYDRATSD CHROMIUM OXIDE
Herculesi X-1010. X-1483, X-2944
•fizert ca-9869
Other:
riciaCMIUM OXIDE
r.B. Davist 3020, J 5310, J 5351
Herculest X-1134 C.P., X-1861 C.P.
•Clzer: G 4099, G 5099, G 6099, G 6199, G 7099
Other
D
CHIICHE YELUH
An. Cyaiuaid - Yellow 40 Series, Prinrose 40 1450, 1460
r.». Davis - 31200 Series _
Duponc - Y-7S8-D;' Y-433-O; 434 D, 469 D, Krolor K£ Snries
ttarshawi "Yellow 2000" Series; "Grellow" 3950, 3951,
"Prinrose" Series, Softex Series
Herculest X-1937, X-3148, X-1945, X-2558, X-1899, X-:!S48,
X-33SS, X-1809, X-2S41, X-3356, X-2891, X-2774,
X-3215, X-2777, X-2778, X-3218, X-3480, X-1.810
X-203S, X-3431, X-3459 Rampart: HR Hed.
Oncor11 Y47-A
Michaat 1561E, 1590, 1610E, 1610, 3105E, 3105, S777E,
1678PD, 1677PD, 1605PD, 1640, 1670
Xelchholdi Yellow 45-100 Series, 45-200 Series
Other Chroeve Yellows:
n
CMaOMS ORAHCE
Karshaui 2201, 2204, 2213, 2205, 2209, 2203
Herculesi X-819 CP Light
Other:
I IHOtYBPATE ORANGE COMTAINIHS CHROMIPH AND/OR LEAD
Asi. Cyanaaid: Orange 4OO-8000 Series
Dupont: Holy. Orange YE Series; Krolor Or.Y. KO-789-D;
Xrolor Cz.Y. XO-786-D; Xrolor Red, Kr-980-D
Harshawi "King Orange" Series
Herculesi Itsx ™ Orange Series, "Chili Red" X-3170,
Raapart Or - X-3386, X-3390; Raapart
Michtsil Holy. Or. 1720, 1730, 1740
Xeichholdi Orange 45-365, 45-366, 45-370, 45-382
Other Holybdate Oranges i
HR Or X-3047
RED LEAD, LITHARGE, BLUE LEAD, ETC.
Eagle-Picher: Eagle 97 Red Lead; Eagle 29 Litharge;
Eagle 33 Litharge; Eagle Sublimed Blue
Lead
Hamond: "Litharge" lOOYj Red Lead - 85%, 95%, 97%
98%, Orange Mineral
HL Ind: Red Lead 95%,. 97%, 98%; "Fuse" Litharge;
•Color Makers" Litharge
Other:
lluJMIHESCEMT PIGMENTS COMIAININS LEAD
Hostanol" 13-3397, 3398, 3399, 11-5100
Other:
n
ULTRAMARINE BLUE COMTAIMING SILVER
Davis Co.! 410B, 448, 449, 458B, 4156M, 4S32B
fohnstam: A4S7S, A9S29
Landers-Segal: 53017, 5303F, S183F, S400F
Uittaker, Clark, Daniels: 500 Series
Other:
D
IBOH BLUB CONTAINING CTMIIDE3
Km. Cyanaaid: 50-0000 Series, "AlJcaloric", "Milori",
•Blacks toner
F.B.Davis: "Milori" Blue 4049, 4215
Barshaw: "Milori" Blue AR 4028, 4050
Hercules: X-640 "C.P., X-2274 C.P., X-i316J C.P.",
X-2285-C.P., X-1835-C.P., X-712.C.P.
A-984 C.P., X-3434, X-3340
Other:
D BROWN AND GRAY PIGMEKTS CONTAINING ZIHC
AND/OR CHROHIUM •
Ferroi. V-9117, V-9119, V-9121, V-5101, V-S102,
F-6109, F-6111, F-6112, F-6113, V-9128
Harshaw: 7733, 7739, 7751, 7760, 7776,
Hercules: 10393, 10352, 10369, 10392, 10327, 10391,
10378, 10328, 10363, 10394
Other Browns and Grays Containing Zinc And/Or ChnMd.ua ,
llpHTHALOCYAHIHg BLUE
An. Cyanaaid: "Cyan" 55-3000 Series
HostapermT 15-1000 Serias
BASF: "Paliofast* Blue - 6000 Series, 7000 Series
Chantroni BT-4510, BL-4521, BT-4S59, M-4S61.
BT-4S64. BT-4614, BT-4651
Irgazin Blue 3GT
Irgalite Blue LGLD
Dupont: Monstral Blue BT Series, BL Series,
•Ramapo" Blue - BP Series
Haraon Colors: B-4714, 8-4769, B-4773, B-4804
Harshaw: "Zulu" Blue 4800 Series
Hercules: X-2925, X-3374, X-3048, X-2303, X-3414,
X-3228, X-2371, X-2810, X-3367, X-34S3,
X-2658, X-2372, X-3241, A-4434,JJ-3485,
X-3527, x-9120, X-9220, Monarch Blue, Series
Hilton-Davis: 30-0286, 30-0291, 30-0344)
SUP-R-CONC 6-68-C-301
Kohnstam: A5712 "Honafasf Blue
Nichesi: "Phthalo* Blue SOOO Series, 1140j
Sandoz: "Graphthal" Blue BHK
Sun Chen: Sunfast Blue and Peach Blue Series
Other Phthalocyanina Blue:
n
PHTHALOCYAHIHE GREED
Am. Cyanamid: Cyan Green Y1S-3040) B1S-3100
Hostaperm 16-2000 Series
BASF: Paliorast Green 8600, 8680, 8720, 9140, 9360
Chaatron: GT 4800 Series
Dupont: Monstral Green GT Series
•Ranapo" Green B, GT-S01-D
Haraon Colors: G-5000 Series
Harahaw: "Zulu" Green - 3800 Series
Herculesi X-3166, X-3167, A-4433, A-4436 R
Hilton-Davis: 30-0315, 30-325; SUP-R-CONC
6-68-C-401 B.S.
Kohnstam: B 1581, A 5776
Hicham: Phthalo Green 4000 Series
Sandoz: "Sandorin" Green 3GLS
Sun Chea: Sunfast Green 264-0000 Seriem Sunfast" 464
Series; "Emerald vista" Green 264-444
Other Phthalocyanine Greens:
222
-------
Q
CORROSION INHIBITING PIGMENTS CONTAINING CHROMIUM
r.B. Davist Strontium Chrooate J-136S
Calcium dwomate J-1376
Herculesi X-2865, X-2974 Strontium Chromate
Other:
n
CORROSION IHHIBITIHG PIGMENTS CONTAINING ZIHC
FB. Davis: Zinc Molybdnto 0830, Zinc Phosphate 0852
"HALOX" ZX-111
NL Ind.: Nalzin SC-1. "Holy-white" 101, 212
Other:
[CORROSION INHIBITING PIGMEKTS CONTAINING LEAD
Eagle Picher: "Permox" 1-4-3, "Permox" EC
Hammond: P-7, C-9
NL Ind.: "Dyphos", Oncor F-31, Oncor M-SO
Other: •
I IDIARYLIDE YELLOW TONER (DICHLOROBEMZIDENE-DERIVEO)
Am. Cyanamid: 45-2555, 4S-26SO
Jot. Hoechst: 11-1101, 1103, 1006, 1O03, 1200, 1300, 1216,
1300, 1216, 1012, 1013, 1305, 1125
1012, 1013, 1305, 1125
Chemtroiu YT-8073, YT-8047, YT-8093
Irgallte Yellow LBAW
Harmon Colors: 518-5700 Saries
Harshaw: Yellow 1200 Sttd.es
Hercules: X-248S, X-1940, X-247S,' X-2600, X-2882, X-333S,
X-2838, X-2EI64, X-3446, X-3S35, X-9340
Hilton-Davis: Diarylidn Yel 30-0535, Sup-R-Conc Series
Kohnstans: A9145, A9744, B3503, 83577, B361S
Hicham: "Benezidin* 111." 3000 Scries
Sandoz: 4233-0, 4335-0,, 4534-0) "Graphtol Yellow" BCL
Sun Chea: "Rangoon Y*l" 273-0000 Seriest "Radiant y«l"
274-0000 Sari.eiii "Lason Metallic* - 275-0003,
275-5129; "Diasylide Val" 275-0049; "TransPerB
YHR" 275-2233
Other Diarylide yellow Voners (Diohlorobontidane Derived) >
a
OIM1YLIDE ORANGE TONER (DICHLOBPBENZIDESE-DERIVED)
An. Cyanamid: "Diarylide Or. "4S-285O, 4S-288O Series
Am. Hoochoc: -Peru, or." 12-100O Series
Cheatron: OT*5661
Harmon: OP-5833
Hercules: X-206S, X-30EI2
Sandoz: 3272-0
Sun Chaa: 276-2384 ' ,
Other Diarylida Orange Toners (Dichlorobenzidene Derived):
IIPYRAZOLONE REDS AtSI HAROONS (DICHLOROBEM2IDENE DERIVED)
D MISCELLANEOUS YELLOW AND ORANGE TOWSRS AMD LAKES
CONTAINING NICKEL ,
BASF: "Paliotol Yellow" 0830
DuPont: "Green Gold- YT-714-D, YT-562-D
Barshaw: "Sun-Yellow-S", N8310, C8320, "Sun-Buff"
8380
Hercules: X-3247 "Empress Green Yellow". 10401
Othar:
D MISCELLANEOUS BLUE, PURPLE AND VIOLET PIGMENTS
CONTAINING CHROMIUM
Farro: V-S200 Blue; V-S272 Blue-Green, V-S274
Mad. Blue
Harshm: "Meteor Cobalt* - BLK-7536
"Meteor Cobalt" - BL 7550, 75S6
"Meteor Turquoise-Cobalt" 7579
Othar:
D MISCELLANEOUS BLUE, PURPLE AND VIOLET PIGMENTS
CONTAINING CADMIUM .'
Hercules i 10312 'Cerulean Blue"
Othar:
D
MISCEUAMEOUS BUCK PIGMEMTS COMTMinMS COPPO
Perro: V-3O2, V-717, F-2302, F-6331,
Harshaw: 7890 "Meteor ak"
Othar:
D
MISCELLANEOUS BLACK PIGMENtS- CONTMITOC CHIMtHM
Pezro: V-6730
Harcules: 10335 Slack
Othar:
I 1 MISCELLANEOUS YELLOW PIGMENTS COHTAIHIHG
I IAMTIMOHY, LEAP, AHO/OR zmc
Hercules: 10315 Lanon Yellow, 10324 Aaber,
10401 Yellow
Othar:
D
AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - WHITE COHTMHPIG AHTIMOCT
Auraspers* Antimony Oxide H-320 HI LTS
Other:
| 1 AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - RED (DICHLOROBCMZIODENB
I I DERIVED) .
Podoll: W-SO31 "Pyrazolona Red"
Other:
Am. Hoechst: 13-1000 "Perm Red" VB
Harmon Colors: R-6200 Series
Harshaw: "Pyrazolone Reel" 1153
Sun Chen: "Anisco Red" 236-5025
Other:
I 1 MISCELLANEOUS REDS, MAROONS TONERS AMD LAKES
I I CONTAINING ZINC, CHROMIUM, AND/OR LEAD
Am. Hoechst: 13-4305 "I'eirm Pink* R-D
Chemtron: RTr5310; RT-S34O; RT-S39O
Other:
D
MISCELLANEOUS YELLOW AND ORANGE TONERS AND
LAKES CONTAINING ANTIMONY AMD/OR CHROMIUM
BASF: "Paliotol Yellow" -1690, 177O, 2330;
Harshaw: "Meteor Buff* 7370, 7376
"Meteor Orangu" 7383 ' '
"Meteor Tan" 7729
Other:
D MISCELLANEOUS YELLOW AND ORANGE TONERS AND
LAKES CONTAINING COPPER AND/OR DICHLOROBENZIDENE
(DERIVED)
BASF: "Paliotol Yellow'.' 1070
Harshaw: "Pyrazalone Orange" 2912
Other:
,—•i AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - YELLOW (DICHLOROBENZIDE
I J DERIVED)' ' "•'
Col«nylR Yellow OT 11-1109
Aurxsperse H-1041 •
Hercules: X-2413, X-2453, X-3611
Sandoz: "Graphtol Yellow* 4534-2
Podell: W-3827
Oth«r:
D
MISCELLANEOUS GREEK PIGMENTS COMTAXMIMS
COPPER OR CHBOMIOM
Ferxo: F 5686. 5687, 7687, 7610, 11633, 11649,
11655, 11656 -.--...-•
Harxhaw: Sun Green L 8420, Meteor 7416, 7459
Hercules: 10342,* 10329. 10307', 10402 '
Othor:
i—i AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - YELLOW COSTAIHIHG LEAD
I J AND/OR CHROMIUM " - ' ':
HydrotintRRD 512, D536 T
Aurasperse w-1031 *' - .:
'Harahaw B-1133
Inaont: 991 B022 chrome Lemon Yellow, 991 038
Chrome Medium Yellow
Podoll: H3013, W3507, IW3499, W39O3, W3904
Aqunaperse^ 877-000-2065
Colortrend GP8865 G
Othnr Aqueous Dispersions - Yellow Containing Lead
and/or Chromium:
223
-------
I - lAQOEOOS DISPERSIONS - YELLOW CONTAINING NIOCEL
I ImD/OR CADMIUM
Auxalperae W10S1, W1068
Berculeii X-3291 • '
»odelll H3941, W3946
Otheri •
I I AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - ORANGE COSTAIMING LEAD
Daniel) DL 20-69 Molybdate Or.
llydrotint * 0-5022
Auraiperse H-2013 .
Inaontt 991-B-01S Holy Orange
Fodell: H54017, IW4596
D
AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - BLUE CONTAINING SILVER
Aquatperse
Othiri
877-000-0941 ,
I - i AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - ORANGE (DICHLOROIENSIDENZ
| _ | DERIVED) _ '
Aura»p«5»eR H-2090
* X-24S7, X-3346
3272-2, 3333-2
Kodi* N-54. AIHS4
Podolll W-4124
Sandozt -Graphtol" OR,
Otheri
n
AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - GREEN COWIAIHIUC COPPER
_ AMD/OR CYANIDES
ColanylR Green 16-2005, 16-2O01, 16-2010
OiUMtront HDG-55,
Oanleli TO2744, UL20-77, DCS 10-70O, AC 66-7», OL 20-79
Hydrotint* D-36S8 . '
Aurasperie U-6013 , '
"»qul»" Hoo««tr»l Gr«n - B.GH-749-P
Uarahawz "dalo" Gr««n KC-D
IXf»t*m CT««n - X-2346, X-24S4, X-2689, X-3244, X-3288,
Hilton-oavisi 6-ll-»-462i 6-ll-B-432i 6-33-T-410
Inaonti 991-B-041 "Phthmlo" Gr««n B/Si 991-OO6 "G»enr
L»nd«r»-S«g»li 3336O "Rith»lo" Gr««n W.D.
Pod.ll. H-2603A, IW-2429
Sindon Gr«pht«l Gr««n 5869-2
Aqu«p«s« 077-000-5511
Cal-Tint UC-3022, 3046, 3011
Colortr«ndK GJ-8811D
Tu>n«coi 'B>«lo" Cr««n 897-OOO-5501
Othtr Aquioiu Di»p«r»lon» - Gra*n containing
utd/or cyanldui
I I AQUEOUS DISPERSIOHS - GRECT cbtmaHIMG
Oaalcli DCS 10-72X.
HydrotintR D-310
nurupus* u 6017
ilir«h«Wi OizoKlua Oxid. KC-K
IKP.n. Grwn X2722, X3289
W-2035, W2607A, W2817
877-000-4205
C«l-TintR OC-300S
Colortr«nd GS-8805K
Cth«r Aqu«ou» Di«per»ions - Gr««n Containing
AQOEOOS DISPERSIONS - BLUE COWtAlNIHG COPPER MO/OR
n
ColanyAlue 15-1006
Chematron WCB56
Hlcrciol Brilliant Blue 4S Past*
Danielt &C 66-27, WD 222i, UL 20-26, UCS 10-20E
HydrotineR D4S46 . • >
"Aqul»" Kon»strarTBH-372-P, BW-431-P
Auzaiperie W412J
Harihawi "Phthalo" Blue HC-E, B-4011
IKPerseR Blue X-2345, X-2446, X-2687, X-2688, X-2663, X-3221
X-3496
Biltoo-Daviis 6-11-B-325 "Phthalo" Blue» 6-33-T-31S "Phthalo"
Blue (G.S.)
Inaontl 991 037, 9918-0401
KodiB Blue N-21
Podelll W-6402, W-6307R, IW-62934, IW-6942
Sandoc: "Graphtol" Blue 6812-2, 6825-2
Tenneco: 895-000-7202 "Thalo" Blue
Aqua-Speria'-Thalo" gj.u, - 877-000-7026, 877-000-7214
Cal-Tint" Blue UC-3014; Colortrend Blue - GP 8814E
Other Aqueous Dispersions -Blue containing Copper And/or Cyanide
, Hydrotint D4051
Jtodil Blue AD-23
Landers-Segal: S494-D Ultramarine Blue, WD
Podell: H-6032, IW-6940
Aquasperae 817-000-7504 Ultra Blue
Cal-Tint Blue - UC-3074
Others , .
| | NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - BU3E CONTAINING SILVER
Alkytint* 5448
Daniel: AL 221
Innont: , 6297
Tenneco s .7504 ' .
Other:
I I NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - RED CONTAINING LEAD
Daniels AL62S "Quinacridone" Red
Alkytint 3-5022 Lt. Molybdate Orange
Hilton-Davis s 5-42-A-123 Toluidine Red, Dark
other:
I 1 NOM-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - RED CONTAINING
I I CADMIUM AMD SELENIUM '
Inaonts Cadniua Red - 5419, 5420
Chroaa-Cal Cadaiua Red 850-000-0601, 850-000-0801
Other:
i 1 NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS.- YELLOW CONTAINING
| I LEAP AND/OR CHROMIUM •
Daniel i Chrome Yellow - AL 405, AL 409
Alkytint - Chrome Yellow - S-536, S-5S07
Hilton-Davis: Chrome Yellow - S-24-A-200)
S-24-A-203; 5-24-A-206) 5-42-A-201;
_ S-42-A-206; 5-83-P-353! 5-21-P-212
Auracote Chrone Yellow 5-50-P-365
Inaoht: Chrone Yellow 3,6; Medina Chrome Yellow
, 2347, 2612, 4904, 5413, 5414, 6258
Uni-Cal 66 - 6604M, 666SX
Chroea-Cal - 8507000-2006
Tanneeo: Chrome Yellow -.GPD 2006: GPD 2510
Other:
• 1 NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - YELLOW
| I (DICHLOROBgNZIOENE DERIVED) .
Inaont: Diarylida Yellow 1178, Mansparent Yellow 1198
Other: '
I NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - ORANGE CONTAINING
| | LEAD AND/OR CHROMIUM
Daniel: Molybdate Orange: AL 615, UL 2069
Hilton-Davis: Chrome orange 5-2
-------
r—I MOM-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - GREEN CONTAINING
I I COPPER AND/OR CYANIDES
HostaprintR Green 16-2008
Chemetron: "Phthalo" Green FS-784,- FS-958;
FS-1192, PS 1794
Microlith Green G--A, G-T, G-K
Alkytint Green S-317
Daniel: "Phthalo" Green - AL 703, UL 20-77,
UCS 10-7013, AC 66-78, UF 75-74, £P 30-71,
PF 4750, AL 745, UL 20-79,
Hilton-Davis: "Phthalo" Green - 5-24=A-400,
5-24-A-40S, 5-42-A-407, 5-42-A-411, 5-24-A-43S
S-83-P-401, 5-42-A-400, 5-83-P-401, 5-21-P-441,
5-21-P-444, Chroma Gr. 5-24-A-406
Auracote Phthalo 3-65-A-427
Innsont: chrome -Gruan l,'809t "Phthalo" Green
1083, 1168, 1199, 1245, 2330, 2610, 3035,
5412, 5447, 5412
Podall: 2000 Serins prafix AL, AM, AME, AV, C, CS, CD,
OU, LA, LC, S, VT, Y
Tenneco^ GPD-5503, GPD-4508-LF, AD-S503
Uni-Cal 66 - 6611R
Chroma-Cal Green 850-000-5001
Other Non-Aqueous Dispersions - araan containing
Copper and/or Cyanides:
[•J ASBESTOS
i 1 NON-AQUEOUS DISPERSION - BLUE CONTAINING COPPER
I j AND/OR CYANIDES
Microlith Blue 4G-K, 4G-T, A3R-K
Alkytint" 54215, 54557, S-182
Daniel: AL 201A, AL 281A, AL 296B, AC 66-27, UF 75-28,
EP 30-23, PF 4260, AL 297R, AL 298, UL 20-26,
UCS 10-20E
Hilton-Davis: "Chinese Blue" 5-24-A-304, 302; "Phthalo
Blue - 5-24-A-306, 304, 308, 309, 311,
5-21-P-335, 337, 5-42-A-312,' 305,
R S-83-P-300,301
Auracote Blue 5-65-A-39S
Inmont: 1190, 1202, 1211, 2609, 5444, 5475, 3034,
4914, 1077, 4916, 9024, 2327, 5498, 6150,
Podell: 6000 Series prefix AL, AM, AME, AV, C, CS, DU,
LC, S, SR, SK, VT, Y
Tenneco: GPD-7308, 7209,
Oni-CalK66 - 66O8P, 6614O
Chroma-Cal - 850-000-7202
Other Non-Aqueous Dispersions - Blue Containing Copper
and/or Cyanides:
D
BON-AQUEOUS DISPERSIONS - BLUE COHTAINING SILVER
AlJsytint 5448
Daniel: At. 221
Inmont: 6297
Tanneco: GPD 7504
Other:
CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES
I I DRIERS CONTAINING LEAD
Shepherd - La ad Tallates, Load Linoleates,
"HaxogenT, "Advasol", "Catalox", "Oetasol", "Qctoate",
Troychem , Troymax . Troykyd , Witco , Witcon ,
"Hex-Gem", "Tep-':e«", "Tallate", "Nuolata", "linorssinata",
"Lin-All", "Cem-All", "Interoar", "cyclodex", "Koury-Dry",
"BED", "Mao-Nap", "NuXtra"
Other Driers Containing Laad:
n
DRIERS CONTAIHmS ZINC
Shepherd - zinc Aeatate, Zinc Tallates,
"Hexooen", "Catalos", "Octasol", "Octoate", Troytax
Witco , Witcon , "E!ax-Cem", "Linorasinate", "Lin-All"
"Cam-All", "Noury-Dry", "HED", "Neo-Nap", "NuXtra",
Other zinc Containing Driers:
n
MISCELLANEOUS DRIERS
Shepherd - Copper Linoleataa: "Hexogen" - Copper Octoate;
"Advasol" - Copper; "Drytain-24"; "Saodecanoate" ,-
"Hex-Cem" - Nickel; "tinoraoinata" - Copper; "Huact"
n
DRIERS - NAPHTHENATE TYPE
Interstab Series, Fecro Sarios, "Nap-All" Series,
"UversoJ? Series, "Nuodsjs" Sarias, Shephord Series,
Troykyd Series, Troyaan Series, Hi too Series
Other:
D
METALLIC SOAPS MSO FLATTIMG AGENTS CONTAINING ZIKC
Aero No. 4S B.S.P.; Diamond "Zinc St. H", "Zinc St. USP",
"Zinc St. USP 603", "Zinc St. 639C"; Nuodait USP, DLB-1O, DLG-20.
Technical; Plymouth, XXX-H,- SI-36, SI-50, So. 21;
Witco Regular, Lacquer Grado No. 3, NB-60; NB-70;
"Zinc PalBitate"
Other:
I IPLASTICI2ERS COHTAimMG DI-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE
Allied "Dibutyl Phthalate",
ABSCO Dibutyl Phthalate
CSC - Dibutyl Phthalate
Xodaflex DBP
Santicizer 213 •
Buoplaz DBP
Sherwin Williams CP-907
Phthalic Acid; Dibutyl Ester; Ortho-Benzene-Carboxylic
Acid; Dibutyl Ester; Benzene-O-Dicarboxylic Acid DI-N-
Butyl Eater; DI-N-Butyl Phthalate, "Celluflex DBP";
"DBP", "Elaol", "Haxaplas H/B; "Palatinolc"; "Polycizer
DBP"; "PX-104"; "Staflex DBP"; "Witcizer 300"
Other Plasticizers containing DI-N-Butyl Phthalate:
I IPLASTICIZERS COMTAIHIKG DIMETHYL PHTHALATE
KodaflexR DOT
Others:
I IPLASTICIZEBS coBTAiiima DIETHYI. PHTHALATE
AESCO Oisthyl Phthalata
Kodaf lex DEP
Santicizer 885; Honsaato DEP
Formic Acid; Ethyl Eater; 1,2-Benzona Dicarbexylic
Acid; Diethyl Ester; Ethyl Formic Ester; Phthalic Acid;
Diothyl Ester; Ethyl Mathanoata; Ethyl Phthalate; Formic
Ether; "Anozol", "Areginal", "Haantine"; "Palatinol A";
"Phthalol"; "Plaeidola"; "Solvanol"
Other:
D
J METALLIC SOAPS AND FLAITIKG AGBMTS CONTAIHIBS ZSKD
Diamond - Lead Stearate
.Nuodex v-1 Precipitated, V2 Fused
Witco 30
Other:
225
n
PLASTICIZERS COHVAININS DI-2-ETHTLHEXYL PHTHALATE
R
Jayf lax OOP
Kodaflex OOP
Santicizar 215
Othar:
I I STABILIZERS COMTAIHIKG LEAD
All Halstab Lead
All NL Lead
"Laad Stearate"
Other:
-------
CHEMICAL SPECIALTIES (Cont.)
J STABILIZERS CONTAINING ZINC AMP/OR CADMIUM I I PRESERVATIVES CONTAINING COPPER
Inter»tab - EC-100S, EC-103, BC-103A, BC-103L,
BC-109, EC-110, BC-202, 761-28, 943-38, R-4023,
R-402S. 778-45, CZ-11, C2-11D, CZ-19A, CZ-10, ABC-1
ABO-7.
Ferro - 651I 1238, 703; 1241, 707X; 1701, 763, 1720, 760X,
1212A) 1776, 1237; 1777, 1827,, 5019, 184O, 5373,
2020; 5444, 2O3S; 5473, XV4s 5918, 2V4; 5919, 6V2;
S930, 6V6A, 19V1, 5002, S9V11
"Nuostabe" - VI; V1218, V2; V12SO, V12; V1255,
V133; V1277, V134; V1298, V152; V1399, V1026;
V1420. V1048; V1S03. V1204; V1S55, V1216; V1S72
Other Stabilizers Containing Zinc and/or Cadmium:
D
STABILIZERS CONTAINING LEAD OR PHENOL
Inters Cab LC—24
Troykydr Anti-Skin Special Hod.
Anti-Skin Odorless
Other:
I 1 WETTING AGENTS CONTAINING PHENOL
Diasond: "Hyonic" Series
Hitco "936, 960, 980
Other:
I [MISCELLANEOUS WETTING AGENTS
Aerosol* OS
Troysan zinc 8
r—t VISCOSITY SUSPENSION £ FLOW CONTROL AGENTS
I I CONTAINING TOLUEHE
PlioliteR AC-3
Otheri
I I MiTI-SKINNING AGENTS CONTAINING PHENOLS
•Cuaiacol Special^:"; TroykydR Anttiskin Special
Xodizied, Troykyd Antiskin Odorloss Liquid,
Troykyn Antiskin S; NeviUac 10, TS
Other;
Intorstab "Copper Naphthenate" 6», 8%
"Intercide" Copper 10%
Insotral CQ-A, CQ-WR, CN8
"Map-All" Copper Naphthenate
"UversoJ" Copper Naphthenate
Troysgn Copper 8
Hitco Copper Naphthenate
Nuodex Copper Naphthenate
"Quindex" ,
Other Preservatives Containing Copper:
I I PRESERVATIVES CONTAINING MERCURY
"Intercide" PMO 11», PMA 18», 60
Nuodex PMA-18, PMO-10
"Troyaan" CMP Acetate, PMA10 SEP, CMP 10 SEP, PMO 30,
PM8, Mercuric Oxide, PMA 30, PMA 100
"Super AD-It"
Other Preservatives Containing Mercury
D
PRESERVATIVES CONTAINING PENTACHLOROPHENOL (PCP)
Dowicide G, EC-7
"Santobrite"
"Penta"
"Santophen-20"
"PCP";
Other PCP Preservatives
I I PRESERVATIVES CONTAINING ZINC
"Interstab" zinc Naphthenate 8%
"Troysan" Zinc 8
"Vancide" 51Z
-Nap-All" Zinc Naphthenate
"Uversol" Zinc Naphthenate
Witco Zinc Naphthenate
Other Zinc Preservatives:
I I OTHER PRESERVATIVES
Dowacide A
I 1 DRYING OIL MODIFIED ALKYD SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING
! [NAPHTHALENE
AroplaiR 310-V-50; "Coroc" L-26-84, S-47-H4, S-.4700-H4;
Reliance ALJ43i3-HA-50, AL-3617-HA-50, AL-4409-HA-60,
AL-4313-HA-50,
Other:
i 1 DRYING OIL MODIFIED ALKYD .SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING
I I TOLUENE OR ETHYLB'ENZEHE . ,
Hopperst 1530-27, 7365-ES-70 :
Reliance!• AL 431O-T-50, AL 4323-T-60
"synrasate" D-3O36O-T, W-7170-T
Othert
D
NOK-ORYING C SEHI OXIDIZIHG OIL MODIFIED ALKYD SOLUBLE
IN OR COHTAIHIHC ETHYLBENZEHE OR TOLUENE
Conchencn 323-010
Xoppers 99-4, 99-ES-70; "Mitasol" 123-6-T, 131, 902,
RCI-12-010, 12-021; Reliance AL-2107-TX-60, AL-2313-TIBr6Q,
AL-41O6-TX-75,, AL-4129-T-60;. "Symresate" W-7170-T
Other:
D RESIN MODIFIED ALKYDS' SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE
OR NAPHTHALENE
AroplazR 1031-T-70; "Mirasol" 214, 202-A; HCI 10-010;
Reliance AL-3321-HA-50 Varkyd 310-SOHS
Other:
DCOPOLYMER ALKYDS-SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUEHE OR
NAPHTHALENE
"Cheapsl" 13-2444) "Synresate" D-9850-S, TP-134-DA;
Reliance SY-2003-VT-50; "Kelpol" D718-60E
Other:
D POLYESTER ALKYDS SOLUBLE- IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE OR
NAPHTHALENE ,
AroplazR 6022-S-65, 6025-S-70, 6029-S-60; Cargill
6619/6619-70, 6620/6620-60; "Synrtaate" W83270EX03,
W8760S
Other:
J IEPOXY SOLUTIOMS SOLUBLE in OR CONTAINING TOLUENE
"EPI-REZ" - 2047; AralditeR S71-T-7S, 597-ET-55, ft
597-EX-5S, 597-KT-S5! Dow D.'E.R. 671-T7SS. GenEpoxy
S26T-I5; EpotufR 38-508, 38-507, 38"-519
Bpon B Resin 1001 BT 70, 1001 CX-7S, 1001 PT-75, 1001 T-'/S
1007-CT-S5, 1007-KT-55; Vanoxy •201-Tr75, 201-BT-70i
201-PT-75, 207-KT-5S, 207-CT-55 •
Other^Epoxy Solutions Soluble in or Containing Toluene:
D
POLYAMIDES SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUEHE
"CIBA Polyaraide" 800IT60, 815T-70) "Cropolamid" L-100 IT;
Emery'"Bnerez" 1500; Versanid 400; Epotuf 37-621, 37-648;
VanAmid 300 ET-60
Other:
226
-------
I I UREA RESINS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE
elianca AM-.1008-IT-55, AM-1012-IT-SS
ther;
I 1 MELAHINB RESINS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING NAPHTHALENE
BESZNS (Cent.)
Melmac 243-3
Othar:
D
VINYL SOLIDS, PVD (SYNTHESIZED FROM VINYL CHLORIDE)
APCI "PVC" Sur.iai; Goo-spar "Pliovic" Saries;
UCC - VYKH; Irene, VYHD; QYHV. VYLP; OYKV. VYNS; VLFV,
VYNW; OVJV, VAGH; QYOH, VAGO; QYNL. VMCH; QYNJ,
VMCC; E-2000J VMCAl VYDS, VROH< VYDS-66, VBRR;
"Saran Resin" F310
Other Vinyl Solids, PVC:
LJ POLYVINYL ACETATE (SYNTHESI-ED
Vinac" 87, BUS, BIS, 9100. BSOO, ASB516
Other:
aPOLYVINVL ALCOHOL, FORMAL £ BUTYRAL SOLUBLE IN
OR CONTOIHING PHENOL OR TOLUENE
FormvarR Series) OCC XYHL, XYSG, EDBC, EOBH
Other:
FROM VINYL CHLORIDE)
I I VINYL OiiLORIDE t VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE
"Poly<
Other:
Dj
"Polyco" Series; "S»L-an Latex" 143; PolideneR Series
Other:
J ACRYLIC SOLIDS SOLOBLE IN OR COKTAItllMG TOLUENE
AcryloidR B48N, B50, 066, B67, B72, 882
Other:
I 1 ACRYLIC SOLUTIONS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAIHIHG TOLOENE
Conchemco 311-40S, 311-120; ElvaciteR 6011, 6012, 6013,
6014, 6016, 6024; G Cure 867 RNF 60, 868 RWP 60,
869 RHP SO; Acryloid A-21, A-21LV, 8-44, B-48N,
B-50, B-66, B-72, 8-82, 8-84, 8-99, C-10LV
Other:
I ISTYRENE S VINYL TOLUENE SOLUBLE IH TOLUENE
PicolastioR ft. Bronze Vehicle
other:
| 1 OLEORESINOUS VARNISHES SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING
I I PHENOL OR ETHYLBENZEN&
Conchenco 385-003; Tenneco 2-128; McCloakey
1282S-S4 END, 10424-55E, 11233-S5END, 11325-60 END,
73S-41E, 10917-S4END, 1633-58E, 1625-60N; Syncon GS-2-60,
3024-65END, 1335-56E, UlSOjSlND, 10731-46E, 10931-28E,
2211-46E, 820-50END; Kelvar G-638-40E, G-681-50M
Chempol 15-2509, 15-2518; Maxvar" 2516, 2598; Syncon"
Series, F-247, F-12L, Flora, RLC
Other Oleoresinous Varnishes Soluble in or Containing
Phenol or Ethylbenzene
i 1 SILICONES SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE OR
| 1 NAPHTHALENE
UCC-R-12; Cargill 6106-60
Other:
I IHALEIC SOLUTIONS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE
ArocheraR S20T; Syncon MA560T
Other:
a
PHENOLIC RESIMS
teofene Saries; Anberol* ST-137, Super Beckacite
Seriesi Beichold (V) 29-000, 100, 400 Series:
OCC CJC-1282, CK-1634,
BLS-2700,
. -„- —' Series. CKSB-2001;
Pentalyn Series; NewilUe Series; "Synresol* Series;
"Shinco" Saries
Other Phenolic Resins:
| 1 CBI.mMSE RESINS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINIHG MEIHYL
I I CHLORIOE OR TOLUENE
Eastman "CA" Series, CAB 381-0.1, CAB 381-O.5,
CAB 381-20, CAB 4S1-1, CAP 482-0.5
Othar:
D
URETHANE RESINS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE
"Spenfcel" F78-50T, Spencer XP 1857; "Synrasate" H83270
EX03; Spenlite L61-301; Spencer DV "2OOO" Series
Other:
1 1 MISCELLANEOUS SOLUBLE IN OR CONTAINING TOLUENE,
I I METHYL CHLORIDE. OR TRICHLOROETHYLENE
ElvaxR 40; "Vitez" PE207, PE207F, PE222, PE222F, PE307,
PE307F, VPE5545A, VPE 5571A,; RCI 10-714
Other:
SOLVENTS
D
BENZENE
Espesol Benzene; Benzene (Nitration Grade)
"Benzol", "Cyclohexattiene"
Other:
D
BENZENE AND TOLUEHB MIXTURES I
Ansco "Sglv'A, "Solvf A-8Q, -Solv* A-81, "Solv* A-100;
Cyclosol 27. 28; EsposolK 7200-A; Skally SK-69
Other:
a
TOLUENE
EspesolR 1° Toluene, 7200
Toluol; Methyl-Benzenoi Mathacide Phenylaathue; Toluonol
Other:
I [TOLUENE « ETHYLBEBZENE MIXTURES
ftmsco Solv 8; Circlosol1* 37
Other:
D
ETHYLBENiiENE
Espasol EthyJionzene; Ansco "Super Hi-Flash Naphtha";
Shell TS-288
Phenylethane
Other:
227
lIlSOPHORONE
3-S-5-Tri-ethyl-2-Cyclohexen-l-One
D
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Dow "Dowclane" EC; Methane Tetrachloride;
Tetrachloroonthana) Perchloro-ethane; Maeatorina;
Benzinofom; "Necatorina"; "Benzlnofora"
a
Monoehloro-Benzene; Benzene-Chloride; Phenyl Chloride
Ashland Monochloro Benzene; Dow Monochloro Benzene
Other:
I I 1,2,4 - TRICHLOROBENZENE
I I 1,2 - OICHLOROETHaNB
Ashland Ethylene Dichloride; Dow Ethylene Oichloride;
Olin Ethylene Dichloride
Other:
Di.i.1-
TRICHLOROETHANE
Methylchloroform; 1-1-1-iCE; Chlorothena; Vinyl
Trichloride; 1-1-1-Trichloroethane; 1-1-2 Trichloroethane
Dow "Chlorothene" NCL
"Triethone"; "Genklene"
n
1,1,2 - TRICHLOROETHANE
-------
SOLVBrtS (Cent.)
I bi« (i-oaonQgnKL) EIHZR
Dichloroathyl Eth«r
fl
D
HETHYLEHE CHLORIDE
TrichlorCTMthjne
I Ilr2 - DICHLOHOBIHZPIE
O-Dichlorob«nienej P-Dichlorolwnrene
DOM' Orthodlchloro Bensan*
I I 1.3 DIOn<»OgKOPVL£llE
Fropylen* Olchlorid*
Methane Oichloride; Dichloronuithanej Methylene
Bichloride) Mothylcno Dichloride
Ashland Perchloroethylenei Oovr Perchloroethylene
"Solaesthih"
D
TRICHLOROETOTLEHE
Trichloroethene; Sthinyl-Trichloride; Tri-Clene;
'Trielener Trilenei Trichloran; Trichloren; Algylen;
Trinarj Triline, Tri; Trethylont Trethylenei
Westrosol; Chlorylen; Gemalgene; Germalgen
Company Abbreviations Used
Alcan - Aluminum Co. of Canada
ABICO - Am«co oiv. - union Oil of California
APCI - Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
CSC - Coanercial Solvents Corp.
RCI - Reichhold Chemicals Inc.
Reichhold (V) - Varcua Chemical Division of
Itoichhold Chemicals
DCC - Onion Carbide Corp.
228
-------
APPENDIX B
CROSS TABULATION
AGE OP PAINT MANUFACTURING FACILITIES
By
NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES
229
-------
-------
NO fi.-t \\_ i_ Ouh'SfiOi-i
Paint t.C*ErATluN i.'Alh ='
tttt^irtt^tttt-frtttftttttr
...j.. ;-CT i
Number of V^ "^ ! 'Oyar' 3°
Employees ' ' " (- ' J *"
• , 1 3-f
! 1 *<*.<:.
Over 150 I 8 . i
T 2.V
. 1 CV»
101 to 150 1 jV.t
,,-
1
I
1
I
I
I
, I
C K 0 S
S T A"« U L
AGE OE MAaOFACTURIMG FACUJCTIES
(Years)
20-30 10-20 5-10
t
/
13.2
2.6
0.5
l'?
i-3.^
1
1
I
I
1
1
I
L
7
1..1.2
<*.2
U.b
10
14.6
1
T
I
I
I
1
1
C ,
2
3.8
1.2
0.1
4
7.H
1
I
I
I
1
1
I
ATI
3-5
r}
?.
3.8
2.0
0.1
?
3.V
ON 0
PLANTAGE
-Under 3
I
I
T
I
1
1
I
A
1
1.9
1.5
•l.l
3
f
ftftftft
TOTAL
I
I
I
I
I
I ....
b.3
4.0
bl
3.1
90 to JOO
81 to 90
71 to 80
61 to 70
1.4
19
1.1
.in
51 to 60
.t_u >••
(CM-.
.'I i
267
19.^
J17
lt>7
12.S
102
».<•<
3.7
1339
loO.O
231 -
-------
FOK ALL QUESTIONS
= 12/28/771
****»*#.»* .»••»•* *
«»»•*»*.****
CROSSTAB^ L ,A. T, I 0 N OF
_8Y PLANTAGE
•»«•<}
PI
" COUNT I
HOW PCT I
Number of COL PCT I
Employees TUT HCT I
e- I
I
41 to 50 I
'„ I
-I-
I
I
c -i
1
21 to 30 I
I
-I-
rt I
I
10 to 20 I
-I-
A I
I
Less than 10 I
COLUMN
TOTAL
.ANT ARE
Over 30
F
23
35. A
S.5
1.7
40.6
6.2
1.9
51
38. J
12.1
3,8
84
29.5
20.0
6.0,
130
23.4
31.0
9.7
420
31.4
AGE OF
MANI
rparrtTPT
(Years)
l 20 to 30 10 to 20
I
T
I
I
I
-!<"
1
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
-1-
I •
T
I
1
E
17
26.2
6.4
1.3
17
26.6
6.4
1.3
19
14.3
7.1
1.4
47
16.5
17.6
3.5
116
20.9
43.4
B.7
267
19.9
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
1
I
I .
1
1
1
1
I
I
0
10
15.4
3.2
0.7
11
17.2
3.5
0.8
36
27.1
11.4
2.7
79
27.7
24. y
5.9
137
24.6
43.2
10.2
317
23.7
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•T-
I
I
I
I
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
T7IK-TT.TT
5 to 10
C
8
12.3
4.8
0.6
6
9.4
3.6
0.4
16
12.0
9.6
1.2
36
12.6
21.6
82
..14.7
49.1
6.1
167
12.5
TBS
3
to 5
I 8 .
I
I
I
1
-I —
I
1
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_!
I
'I
I
1
3
4.6
2.9
0.2
2.
3.1
2.0
0.1
8
6.0
7.8
0.6
28
9.8
27.5
.2.1
53
9.5
52.0
4.0
102
7.6
Under 3
I
I
t
I
I
I
I
. I
I
I
I
I
1
I
i
I
1
I
I
1
I
A
4
6.2
6.1
0.3
2
3.1
.0
0.1
3
2.3
4.5
mC.
11
3.9
16.7
o.a
38
6.8
57.6
2.8
66
4.9
1
T'
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
— 1
I
I
1
" "I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
— 1
ROM
TOTAL
65
4.9
64
4.8
1J3
9.9
285
"21.3
556
41.5
1339
100.0
NU.-VEK OF MISSING OBSERVATIONS
232
-------
APPENDIX C
CROSS TABULATION
AMOUNT OF WATER USED TO
RINSE A PAINT TANK
BY
WATER PRESSURE OP RINSE WATER
233
-------
-------
BREAKDOWN
- w w-m • — *— #—
WATRPRES
i
Rl
Cl
Tl
WATRPRES
0
OVER 150
C
101 TO 150
»"-»—» — »-
WATER
*> * ^..^^t^^..^^^. -c-f^ e-S- STAB
PRESSURE USED FOR TANK RINSING
TNKSIZEl TANKS UNDER 250 Gfl
COUNT I WATER USED PER TAH
DW -PC-T- I OVER- 2 00- H-i -T-G-2- 61 TO--
DL PCT I GALS 00 GALS 0 Gi
3T PCT I . D 1C 18
PSI
PSI
8
50 TO 100 -PSI
4.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-T
*
I
I
I
I
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
— -0
0.0
0.0
0,0
0
— 0-.0
0.0
0,0
I
I
~l
I
I
I
I
-I
I
I
I — «•—• . -^.j .
A
LESS THAN
50 P
-e0L-UMN
I
I
I
I
-T
JL
TOTAL
COUNT
ROW PC?
1
0.2
100»0
0.1
1
0.1
I
I
- -I
I
•4»^»-«-K>-^^'
0
0.0
0-*0
0.0
0.0
0.0
•-•e-rO---
0
0-,0--
0.0
0.0
I
I
I
I
i .
*
I
I
I
I
I -
I
I
0
0.0
0.4
0.0
--2
11.1
16.7
- 0.3
5
2.-S-
41.7
0.7
iLLOI
K RJ
to (
*L C
I
_I-
I
I
IS
ENS ING
)-TO-60
5ALS
A
22
100.0
I 3.1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
3.1
l-A
trO
88.9
2.3
2.2
175
9-7.2
24.9
24.3
•— —- — .^i— — _«^_. | .......
3
0.6
100.0-
0.4
3
0.4
I
I
-I
I
5
1.0
41. -7
0.7
1-2
1.7
I
I
I
I
491
98,2
•••69 .-7
68.2
704
97.8
-tt-
I
Ht
T
A
I
-I
I
I
I
-I
I
I
I
I
^_T
I
I
-I
I
TNKSIZE2 TANKS 251 - 500 GALLONS
1 WATER USED PER TANK RINSING
IOVER 200 1:01 TO-£ 61 TO -10 0 TO 60
COL PCT I GALS
TOT PCT I D
WATRPRES -— I
0
OVER 150
PSI
I
I
I
I
-T.
C
101 TO 150
A
I
PSI I
i
8
50 -TO- 100-PS-fr
I
I
I
I
I
I
— T.
A
LESS THAN
•»
I
50 P I
T
L
I
0
0.0
0*0
0.0
.. ...... 0
0.0
0.0
0-.-0
2
5o!o
0.4
2
0.7
—50 -.0-
0.4
00 GALS
I C
I
r
T
I
I
I
- -I-
I
-*
I
I
i
4 »-4 t-t
1
T
"i
I
0
0.0
0.0-
0.0
0
I
E~T *mtm
I
I
-I
I
- o — i
0.0 I
0.0
0.0-
4
-2.6--
44.4
0.9
5
1.9
•^^ ft
33 uO
1.1
I
!-..
I
I
GAL GALS
B I A I
0
0.0
0*0
0.0
20.0
9.4
0,7-
12
7^9-
I 37.5
I
I
2.6
17
6*3
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
T
I
I
17
100.0
4-,-2
3.7
80.0
2.9
2.4
134
S8-.-2--
32.8
29.5
246
91.1
I
I
I
I
-I
I
I
I
I
I
I
•I
I
I
*-5-3-Hr- I 60-,-i §
I
3.7
I
54.2
I
t--*-.iF- ION -e fc
ROW
TOTAL
22
C. b
3.1
1 Q
18
2.5
180
25.0
500
69.4
720
100,0
ROW
TOTAL
17
3.7
15
3.3
152
3-3*5
270
59.5
-I— — - — I- . — !„ ..._! ...j
TOTAL
0.9
9
2.0
7.0
^0-9
90.1
454
100.0.
-------
BREAKDOWN
C R 0-9- S--T-*-fl-U-tr-A
WATRPRES WATER PRESSURE USED FOR TANK RINSING
»*******»»*»»»»**»*»»*»«
-e~F-
COUNT
ROW -PCT
COL PCT
TNKSIZE3
I
-IOVER Z&Q-
I GALS
. TANKS 501 •
WATER USED
1-0-1 *0~2
00 GALS 0
• 1000 GALLONS
PER TANK RINSING
TO --i 0 0~-Ta 60
GAL GALS
WATRPRES
0
TOT PCT I
PSI
0 PSI
PSI
50
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
^
0
4
26.7
33.3
1.3
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
C
0
0.0
0.-0
0.0
&
0.0
0.0
0.-0
I
-I-
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
B
4
26.7
9.3
1.3
5
38.5
11.6
1.6
I 51 2 I 17
I 4.1 I 1.6 I 13.*
I 41,7 I 22.2 I 39.5
I 1.6 I a.6 I 5.5
I 3 'I 71 17
P I 1.9 I 4.3 I 10.6
I 25.0 I 77^8 I 39.5
I 1.0 I 2.3 I 5.5
I A
1 7
I 46.7
I 2.8
I 2.3
I
I
I
8-
61.5
3.2
I 98
I 80.3
I 39.7
I 31.5
-I
I 134
I 83.2
I S4.-3
I 43.1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-I
I
I
I
I
COLUMN
TOTAL
12
3.9
9
2.9
43
13.8
247
79.4
ROW-
TOTAL
15
4.8
13
4.2
122
39.2
161
51.8
3H
100.0
COUNT
I
TNKSIZE4
ROW PCT iOVER 200-
COL PCT I
TOT PCT I
WATRPRES
OVER
101
0
150
C
PSI
TO 150 HSI
B
50 TO- 100
PS*
i
i
i
i
-i
i
i
i
i
«T
1
I
I
I
I
GALS
0
2
25.0
25.0
1.2
--___..._
1-
14.3
12.5
-0.6
4
4.7
50.0
2.3
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
TANKS 1000
WATER USED
101 TO
00 GALS
C
w« «
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
—«•—•»•»
2
28.6
11.8
1^2
7
8-» 1
41.2
4.1
I---— --—I— »->•»---
LESS
A
THAN
50 P
I
I
f-
1
1
1.4
-t2-55
0.6
I
I
I
I
8
11.3
4-7H
4.7
- 1500 GALLONS
PER TANK RINSING
2 61 TO 10
0
I
-I-
I
I
I
I
— I —
I
I
I
I
I
3
I
I
-I-
I
I
A
I
GAL:
B
2
25.0
5.1
1.2
.•>._._
j.
14.3
2.6
0-.6-
19
22-* i
48.7
11.0
—
17
23.9
-4-3-* 6
9.9
- 1 1 ... x
/^rtt t IM*.»
CJUUUNri
TOTAL
8
4.7
t?
9i9
236
39-
'2.7
I
-I
I
I
I
I
•—I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
T
i
0 TO 60
GALS
A
4
50.0
3.7
2.3
_______
3
42.9
2.8
1.-7
56
$5»i
51.9
32.6
45
63.4
4-1,-?
26.2
I
-I
I
I
I
I
-I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
-i 1
1-frB
62.8
ROW
TOTAL
8
4.7
7
4.1
86
50.0
71
172
100.0
-------
BREAKDOWN
WATRPRES WATER PRESSURE USED FOR
1
WATRPRES
n
OVER 150
C
TNKSIZE6
COUNT
ROW- PG-T-
COL PCT
TOT PCT
I
-CROSS "T -A B 'U-i
TANK RINSING
b-ft T I 0-N- — fh-F
TANKS 2501 - 6000 GALLONS
WATER USED PER
IOVER
I
1
GALS
D
-_-.__ «..j.»
PSI
•101 TO 150 PSI
I
I
I
I
I
I
*
\2.
6.
1.
16.
200
—
1
5
3
0
1
7
4-01 TS--2
00 GALS
I C
I 2
I 25.0
I 10,5
I 2.0
I t
I 16.7
TANK RINSING
61r TO 40-
I
-I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
B
37
-11
. 3
GAL
I
3 I
.5 I
.1- I
.0 I
0--TO £0
GALS
A .
T
ROW
TOTAL
^ A
•""•—" "* ~~I
2
25.0
5.3
2.0
.4- -L ..-&
66
.7 I
0.0
T
J>
I
I
I
I
I
8
8.0
_£
6.0
H
50- TO 100 PSI
A
LESS THAN 50 P
. TOTAL
COUNT
ROW -PET
COL PCT
TOT PCT
WATRPRES •*•- —
i)
OVER 150 PSI
•
C
101 TO 150 PSI
m
B
50- TO 100--PS4
•
A
LESS THAN 50 P
COLUMN
TOTAL
I 10
I 17-. 2-
I 62.5
I 10.0
I 4
I 14.3
-I -25*0-
I 4.0
I 12
I 29-«7
I 63.2
I 12.0
I 4.
I 14.3
I 2K1
I 4.0
1* 19
16.0 19.0
TNKSIZE5 TANKS
I WATER
IOVER 20 0 1-04 TO-
I GALS 00 GALS
ID 1C
I 11 I 25
I 19.0- I *-3.1
I 40.7 I 65.8
I 11.0 I 25.0
I 9 I 11
I 32.1 I 39.3
I -33.3 -I S8.9
I 9.0 I 11.0
27 3&
27.0 38.0
1501 - 2500 GALLONS
USED PER TANK RINSING
2- 61 TO 4-0 4 -TO 60
0 GAL GALS
IB I A
I 31 11 31 4
I 27.3 I 9.1 I 27.3 I 36.4
I 16.7 I S.-9 I 8.6 I 4.7
_I 1.9 I 0.6 I 1.9 I 2.6
4 11 01 6- .j. i"~
I 12.5 I 0.0 I 75.0 I 12.5
I 5.6 I 0.0 I 17.1 I 1.2
-4 -0,-6- I OrO I 3.9- I- 0.6
I 61 9 I 15 I 45
I B-.0 I 42r& -I 30.-0- -I -60. &
1 33.3 I 52.9 I 42.9 I 52.9
1 3.9 I 5.8 I 9.7 I 29.0
* 81 71 11 I 35
I 13.1 I 11.5 I 18.0 I 57.4
I 44,4 I -4W2 I 3-1.4-1 -4t.2
I 5.2 I 4.5 I 7.1 I 22.6
. j 1 ... , j j
i8 17 35 85
11.6 11.0 22.6 54.8
237
I
I
I
I
•I
r
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
58
58.0
28
28.0
100
.100.0
ROW
TOTAL
11
7.1
8
5.2
75
61
39.4
155
100.0
-------
-*
»-
-*-
R 0 5 4-f-A-B-
WATRPRES WATER PRESSURE USED FOR TANK RINSING
#»»»#»»*»»»***»*»***»»».<
*- *
A ••.•» * * * *
TNKSIZE7 TANKS OVER 6000 GALLONS
COUNT I WATER USED PER TANK RINSING
ROW POT fOVER 2-00- 1-0-1 TO 2 61 -TO -10 0 TO- 60
COL PCT I GALS 00 GALS 0 GAL. GALS
TOT PCT ID 1C 18 IA I
D I
OVER 150 PSI I
I
I
-I-
c- i
101 TO 150 PSI I
I
I
B I
50 TO 100 PSI I
I
I
-I-
A I
LESS THAN 50 P I
I
I
ml"
COLUMN
TOTAL
50
50
6
0
0
0
13
50
6
0
0
0
12
2 I
.0 I
.0 I
.3 I
0
.0
.0
.0
2
.3
.0
.3
0
.0
.0
.0
A
.5
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
r
i
i
0.
0.
o.
50.
25.
3.
20.
75.
9.
0.
0.
0.
12.
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
3
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
4
5
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2
40.0
6.3
3
27.3
60-, 0
9.4
5-
15.6
I,
I ,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
50.0
10,5
6.3
1
50.0
5.3
3.1
8
53^3
42.1
25.0
8
72.7
42 .-1
25.0
19
59.4
I
I ,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
ROW
TOTAL
4
12.5
2
6.3
15
46.9
n
34.4
32
100.0
238
-------
APPENDIX D
PROCEDURES FOR METALS ANALYSIS
BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED ARGON PLASMA
239
-------
-------
Determination of Total Metals in Water
and Wastewaters by Plasma Spectrometry
CRL Method Nos. 504-570
Scope and Application
This procedure is applicable to the determination of-calcium, magnesium,
sodium/ potassium^ aluminum, barium, berylium, boron, cadmium, chromium,
cobalt , copper, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silver, thallium,
tin, titanium., vanadium, ytrium and" zinc in water and industrial municipal
wastewaters.
Summary of Method
The sample is digested with 8 N nitric acid to near dryness followed by
additional heating with HC1 to solubilize transition and noble metals.
The sample is cooled, diluted to 50 ml and analyzed using Inductively
Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICAP). The alkali
metals concentrations are expressed in milligrams per liter, whereas
concentrations for other metals are expressed in micrograms per liter.
Twenty-two metals are routinely analyzed.
Scruipment
Jarrell Ash Atomcomp 750. Inductively coupled argon plasma emission
spectrometer consisting of:
a. RF generator
b. Plasma housing
1. Water-cooled induction coil
2. Quartz torch
3. Cross-flow nebulizer
4. Spray chamber
c« Direct reading spectrometer
1. Entrance slit
2. Refractor plate at entrance slit
3. Grating
4* Iix.it slits
5• Phototubes.
d. Computer for instrument control
e. Data output device.
300 ml tall form beakers
Mattler PR 700 Balance
Corning Hot Plates
241
-------
Reagents, Water, Glassware and Standards
Redistilled Nitric Acid (1:1-8 Normal).
Hydrochloric Acid (1:1), Reagent Grade.
Glassware; Beakers for digestion, after being run through diswasher, are
rinsed with distilled water and placed in an aqua regia bath for at least two
hours. They are then rinsed thoroughly and allowed !to air dry. The chemist
performing the digestion will select his or her beakers and give each a hot
acid wash by following then with 1:1 KCl and placing on the hot plate for at
least one half hour.
The laboratory distilled water is passed through an ultrapure mixed-bed resin
coluran before use. All water used unless otherwise stated,-has been passed
through the mixed-bed resin (Super Q Water).
Standards; All standards are diluted from Fisher 1000 pp-a Atomic Absorption
standards with the exception of silver and beryllium (varianj and Yytrium
(made from ytrium nitrate (Y(N03)3).
Standards used for the ICAP Calibration Procedure
SOOO: Mixed-bed resin water (super Q water)
SO01: One ppm in all elements except silver and
calcium
AGCA: 1 ppa silver and 10 ppm calcium, made fresh
daily.
1000: 1000 ppm calcium (Fisher)
XXXX: 1000 ppm iron (Fisher), FFFA matrix only.
Procedure
1. A designated aliquot (usually 50 ml) of well-shaken and preserved
sample (pH<2) is poured off into a 300 ml tall-form beaker. Normal
procedure is to place the beaker on an automatic-tare balance and
deliver 50 g - drawing off excess with a disposable pipet. (This
procedure assumes the sample is of sufficiently low concentration that
the specific gravity is not appreciably greater than one.. The purpose of a
mass determination rather than a volume one is to eliminate cross-contamina-
tion) . After the addition of 6 ml of 8N redistilled ENO3, to the
sample a ribbed beaker cover is placed on the beaker and the sample
is heated to near dryness. (The sample is not .taken to complete
dryness to avoid the loss of boron) . If the residue is dark colored
after cooling, an additional 6 ml of 8N HK03 is added and the sample
is reheated. This process is continued until no color change is
detected.
2. Following the digestion, 5 ml of 1:1 HCl is added and the residue is
dissolved and/or placed in suspension by warming on a hot plate.
After cooling, the sample is transferred to a pre—tared 2 ounce
polyethylene bottle and diluted up to 50 g. If some solids remain
undissolved, the sample is filtered into a 50 ml volxanetric and then
transferred to a polyethylene bottle for subsequent analysis.
242
-------
3. Operating Conditions
a.
b.
c,
d.
e.
f.
Incident RF power .1.1 kw
Reflected RF gower mimimized «10 w)
Plasma observation height 15 nun above load coil
Horizontal observation position...center
Aspiration Argon flow rate 0.6 L/min
Plasma Argon flow rate 22 L/min
4. ICAP Standardization Procedure and Sample Analysis.
Following startup, the instrument is profiled with the merczzry monitor.
The micrometer reading is recorded on the sheet with the interelement
correction values for the day.
The matrix is brooight-onto core and time and date established. The
available matrices are: '
CCAS: correction for calcium
FSAS: correction for calcium and iron
K1AS: correction for calcium and iron and
outputs potassium.
The Q-string QEGGGAB is set for standization. This string of-commands
will erase the burn buffers, execute three burns, average'them, and
. print the average on the teletype.
(It has been found that examining the standards in background mode allows
a better judgement of the noise in a given channel).
5. The standards cited above are run. Once it has been verified that the
standards check, the values for interelement correction for iron and
calcium are recorded and entered via the data base manager. In actual
operation it is possible that these may vary only slightly (5%) from day
to day, in which case they need not be entered.
Upon return to the operating system, the matrix is recalled and the
blank and 1 ppm standard are checked. If these remain with in standard-
zation, an instrument AQC solution is measured. *This AQC solution
is simply the waste from the drain of the nebulizer, collected and
held until it is deemed stable. The values for this solution are
recorded in a log book and compared with previous values. This is
a check for gross operator error during standardzation.
6. Once these criteria have been satisfied, the instrument is reacy
to run samples. The blank and 1 ppm standard should be checked
every 30-45 min £o establish that the instrument has not drifted.
The blank should also be checked if values above detection limits
are found for the field blanks or digested laboratory blanks.
243
-------
7.
8.
Samples are aspir-ited for 45 seconds before executing the Q string
QEGC Which perform a single burn followed by output in concentration
mode which includes interelement corrections. Longer flush times,
may be desired for ^samples which follow high (>500 ppm) iron samples
or high (>1000 ppm) sodium samples. No other elements have been
encountered in sufficient quantities in real samples to result in
noticeable memory effects.
Duplicates and spikes should be checked against the corresponding
sanoles before continuing. This is to establish whether deviations
occur in the digestion or measurement of samples on the ICAP. If
it is found that the digestion is not at fault, restandardization
on the 1C A? is recommended.
3« Samples at high 1-evels are routinely diluted 10 -fold to determine
if results for all elements are valid or the result of intererence
not accounted for by the matrix ISCC's.
The paper tape from the teletype is read into the DG KOVX and the
report plus QC check is performed by programs written in. BASIC.
Quality Control :
Four types of quality control' samples are put through the digestion
process" at the same time as the samples. In a1 typical run of forty
samples there are in addition, four blanks, 4 AQC solutions, 2 dupli-
cates* 2 spikes.
1. Blanks: These are simply the laboratory super Q water carried
through the same digestion process as the samples. 13ie blank
data is summarized periodically and is used to determine detec-
tion XiEiits for the method (average and 2 standard deviations).
2.
3.
AQC Solutions: A series of solutions were made to cover the
ranges measured for each parameter. These were arranged in
Youden pairs approximately as follows: 10 ppm - 8 ppaj 1 ppm -
800 ppb; 100 ppb - 80 ppb. Two 'pairs of these solutions are
digested as part of the run. This is separate from the instru-
ment AQC and calibration procedure mentioned earlier.
Duplicates: Two samples are chosen to be analyzed as duplicate? are
carried through the digestion process. The results for these are
expected tc be within 10% of each other for each element, for concen
trations in the working range (blank one + 10 standard deviations).
Soikes: Two samples are chosen, to be analyzed as spikes. A table
of sp'ike concentrations in terms of final concentrations is formulated
Spike recoveries are determined if the sample is less than 200% of
the added spike.,
244
-------
Routine Maintaiaance
Following four days of operation the torch and nebulization spray chamber
should be acid washed. Before the torch is removed and after"it*is replaced,
statistical programs are run to determine the standard deviation of all the
lines when aspirating blank water. Dark currents are also examined in this
manner. A reading of the profile meter is taken for each element both before
and after cleaning while aspirating both blank water and the 1 ppm standard."
When the torch is replaced, coarse alignment is made using a 1000 pixn yttrium
standard to center.the image on the slit. Fine adjustment of the mirror is
made by maximizing the signal to noise ratio on the lead line.
Once a month, statistical programs are run to maintain an historical record of
intensities obtained on each line for the series of standards.
Calculations
These are done by the computer program (written in basic) including
insertion of dilution factors to give results in mg/1 for calcium,
magnesium and sodium and ug/1 for the other metals.
1.
2.
Reference
Manual of "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes",
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Technology Transfer,
1974, Washington, DC, pp 78-155.
"Simultaneous Multielement Analysis of Liquid Samples, by Inductively
Coupled Argon Plasma Atomic - Emission spectroscopy", U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency.. Region V, Central Regional Laboratory, Chicago,
Illinois, (unpublished).
245
-------
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Ca(l)
Ca(2)
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
— i
Name \ in nm
Silver 328.1
Aluminum 396 ,.2
Boron 249,7
Barium 233.5
Calcium 393.4
Calcium 364 ,.4
Cadmium 226.5
Cobalt 238.9
Chromium 267.7
Copper' 324.8
Iron 259.5
Mg
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Sn
Ti
V
Y .
Zn
Name x in nm
Magnesium 279.6
Manganese 257.6
Molybdenum 203.8
Nickel 341.5
Lead', 220.3
Tin : 190.0 .
Titanium 334.7
Vanadium 309.3
Yttrium 417.8
Zinc ; 213.9
ELEMENT LIST AND ANALYTICAL LINES
TABLE I
A list of the elements currently analyzed by the CRL ICAP-AES instrument and
the emission line chosen for each element. :
246
-------
Ag
Al
B
Ba
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
D.L. LQD
yg/1 yg/1
4 20
7 35
3 15
1 5
<0.5 l
2 10
4 20
1 5
1 5
2 10
Mg
Mn
Mo
Ni
Pb
Sn
Ti
V
y
Zn
D.L. LQD
ug/1 wg/1
<0.5 1
1 5
5 25
15 75
12 60
12 60
1 5
1 5
-1 5
1 5 '•
*Five Runs over Three Months
MEAN*DETECTION LIMITS
AND LOWEST QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINABLE CONCENTRATIONS (LCD)
TABLE 2
The detection limit (D.L.) is the amount of material that will produce
a signal ;that is twice as large as the standard deviation of the noise.
The lowest quantitative detemiinable concentration (LQD) is 5 tines the
D.L. and is the lowest concentration one can expect to report.
247
-------
-------
APPENDIX E
LIST OF PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
249
-------
r
-------
APPENDIX E
List of 129 Priority Pollutants
Compound Name
1. *acenaphthene
2. *acrolein
3. *acry1on1trils
4. *benzene
5. *benzidine
6. *carbon tetrachloride (tatraehloromethane)
^Chlorinated benezenes (other than
dTChlorobenzenes}
7. ehlorobenezene
8. Is2,4-triehlorobenzena
9. hexachlorobenzene
*Ch1orinated ethanes (including 1,2-
dichloroethane, 181,1-tri chloro»
ethane and hexachloroethane)
10^ 1,2-dichloroethane
11. 18.18l-trichloroethane
12.. hexachloroethane
13. T,1I-dichloroethane.
H. 7,1,2-trichloroethane
15. T,1S2,2~tetraehloroethane
16. chloroethant
*ChloroaTkyl ethers (chloromethyl,
cfTforoethyl and mixed ethers)
17. bis(chloromethyl) ether
*Specific compounds and chemical classes as listed
in the consent degree.
251
-------
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25,
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
3K
32.
"33..
"34.
bis(2-chloroethly) ether
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed;
*Chl ori na ted naphtal ene
2-chloronaphthalene
*Chlorinated phenols (other than: those,
listed elsewhere; includes trichloro-
phenols and chlorinated cresols)
2,4,6-trichlorophenol
.parachlorometa cresol
*ch1oroform (trichloromethane) ;
*2-chlorophenol :
*DichTorobenzenes
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
*DichlorQbenzidine ;
3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
*Dichloroethylenes (1 ,1-dichloroethylene
and 1 ,2-di chloroethyl ene)
1,1-di chloroethyl ene
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
*Dichloropropane ind dichloropropene
1,2-dichiorL.^ropane
1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-di.chloropropene)
^2,4-dimethyl phenol
252
-------
*D1nitrotoluene
35. 2»4<-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6,-dinitrotolueric
37. *l,2»diphenylhydrazine
38. *ethylbenzene
39.. *fluoranthene
*HaToethers (other than those listed
"elsewhere)
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43- bis(2"-chloroethoxy) methane
*Halpmethanes (other than those listed
elsewhere)
44. methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46. methyl bromide (bromomethane)
47. broraoform (tribromomethane)
48. dichlorobromomethane
49. trichlorofluoromethane
50. dichlorodifluoromethane
57» chlorodibromomethane
5Z. *hexachlorobutadiene
53. *hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54. *isophorone
253
-------
55. *naphthalene
56. *nitrobenzene
*Nitrophenols (including 2,4-dinitrophenol
and cnnTtrocresol)
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitraphenol
59. *2',4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
*Nitrosannnes>
61. N-ni trosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosqdi-n-propylamine
64. *pentachlorophenol
65. *pheno!
*Phthalate esters
66. bis(2L-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
68. di-n-butyl phthalate
69.. dl-n-octyl phthalate t ;
70. diethyl phthalate
71. dimethyl phthalate
*Polvnuclear aromatic hvdracarbons:
72. benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
254
-------
73. benzo (a) pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
75. benzo(k)f!uoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
76. chrysene
77. acenaphthylene
78 anthracene
79.. benzo(ghi)perylene (1,12-benzoperylene)
80. fluroene 1 .,
81.. phenathrene
82. dibenzo (a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
83.. . indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
84. pyrene
85. *tetrach1oroethylen&
8ff.. *toluene
87. *trich1oroethylene
88. *vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
Pesticides and Metabolites
89. *aldrin
90. *dieldrin
9T. *chlordane (technical mixture & metabolites)
*ODT and metabolites
9Z. 4,4'-DDT
9J. 4,4'-DDE (p,p'-DDX)
94. 4,4'-DDD (p,p'-TDE)
255
-------
*endpsu1fan and metabolites
95. a-endosul fan-Alpha
96. b-endosul fan-Beta
97. endosulfan sulfate
*endrin and metabolites
98. endrin
99-.. endrin aldehyde
*heptachlor and metabolites
TOO. heptachlor
TOT. heptachlor epoxide
*hexachlorocyclohexane (all Isomers)
T02~ a-BHC-Alpha
T03- b-BHC-Beta
104-'.. r-BHC (lindane)-Gamma
T05r g-BHC-Delta
*polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)
106. ' PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254}
PCB-T221 (Arochlor 1221)
PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)
PCB-1260 (Arochlqr 1260)
TCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
113. "*Toxaphene
114. *Antirtony (Total
115. *Arsenic (Total)
108.
109>.
111.
112.
256
-------
115.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122V
123.
124.
125.
126.
127,
128,,
129.
*Asbestcs (Flbrcvs)
"Beryllium (Total)
*Cadmium (Total)
*Chromium (Total)
*Copper (Total)
*Cyan1de (Total)
*Lead (Total)
*Mercury (Total)
*N1ckel (Total)
*Selenium (Total)
'Silver (Total)
*Thallium (Total)
*Zinc (Total)
**2,3,7,8'- tetracnlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*Specffic compounds and chemical classes as listed
1rr the consent degree.
**This compound was specifically listed in the consent
degree.. Because of the extreme toxicity (TCOD). We are reconmending
that laboratories not acquire analytical standard for
this compound.
257
-------
-------
APPENDIX F
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
259
-------
-------
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Following the selection of sampling sites, final prepa-
rations were made for the field activities. The sampling
protocol developed by EPA (Draft EPA Sampling Protocol for
Measurement of Toxics, October 1976)" was used as a basii~Tor
sample collection. However, due to the nature of wastewater
treatment at the sites selected, some modifications to the
EPA protocol were required. These modifications, which were
approved by the Project Officer, are described below.
Additionally, all samples analyzed for toxic substances were
run in accordance with EPA Draft Analytical Protocol for
the Measurement of Toxic Substances, October 1976.
Protocol Modifications
The protocol developed for priority pollutant sampling
recommends the collection of composite samples. Since most
paint process wastewater is collected over a period o'f time
for batch treatment, the recommended composite sampling
method was not necessary. Consequently, grab samples were
taken at the majority of the sampling plants. At the remain-
ing plants, composite samples were taken since the wastewater
streams were either continuous or semicontinuous.
Beside the collection of grab samples,, some modifications
of the protocol's sample preservation methods were required.
In order to correlate the data between this sampling program
and the one conducted during the 1976 study, the preservation
method recommended in the protocol for the phenol fraction
was changed. The protocol shows phosphoric or sulfuric acid
alone being used for phenol sample preservation. For the
1976 study, samples were preserved in accordance with the
guidelines established under section 304g of the Act (Methods
for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, U.S. EPA, Monitoring
and Support Laboratory, 1974). Specifically, the phenol
fractions were preserved with copper sulfate plus phosphoric
acid. To maintain uniformity, copper sulfate and phosphoric
acid were also used to preserve phenol samples collected
during the 1977 sampling program.
An additional variation related to the protocol required
precautions against the presence of residual chlorine in
samples. Sample fractions collected during the 1977 sampling
program were riot checked for residual chlorine in the field.
This procedure was deemed unnecessary because all of the
plants sampled discharge to publicly owned treatment works
precluding the need for effluent chlorination. This fact
was verified in the field by the sampling teams.
261
-------
Sample Collection , . . •
Table F-l summarizes the samples taken during the 1977
sampling program. The.five possible sampling points at each
plant were as followss
(1) Intake Water or Plant water supply: These samples were
collected and analyzed to obtain background measurements.
(2) Untreated wastewater: Process wastewater (tank and
equipment cleaning wastewater) collected before treatment. In the
batch treatment operations, the wastewater collected in the
treatment tank was mixed to insure a representative sample for the
collection period. The length of the collection period ranged
from a few hours to over a week, depending upon each plant's
production schedule. At the two plants that did not have batch
treatment, composite samples were taken of the untreated waste-
water as it flowed into the treatment system.
(3) Treated wastewater: Sampled at the end of the plant's
normal treatment and settling period, usually the following day.
The samples were taken immediately before or, as the supernatant
was being discharged to the sewer-
(4) Sludge: Sampled, if available, and if the consistancy
was sufficiently fluid to allow analysis.;
(5) Sampler Blanks: Deionized water was run through the
automatic samplers used when taking composite samples 4 This was
done to ascertain the amount of hydrocarbon contamination intro-
duced by the sampler tubing. :
At a majority of plants, more than one treatment batch was
sampled to account for possible variability in wastewater com-
position. After the samples were taken, they were properly
labeled, packed in ice, and shipped to the appropriate labora-
tories for analyses. The samples were shipped by air freight and
received at the labs within 24 hours after sampling. A chain of
custody form, signed by the samplers, accompanied each set of
samples back to the labs.
Sampling Teams
For each sampling, plant, a two-man team collected the appro-
priate samples. During the initial visit to a plant, the engineer
would determine the location of sampling points and set up the
sampling schedule with the plant representative.
Inventory of Sampling Points
Table F-2 presents pertinent information regarding each
sample taken during the 1977 study.
262
-------
2
01
Q'
a |
I s
§
M
.
O 4J 4J
•H fl -H
m
>i c
-------
TABLE F-2
1977-1978 Inwantory of Saspla Point*
Paint/Ink Industry :
Part At Burni. «nd Ro«/Richard«on Acsociates Sanpling Program
simolina Airbill to Parmonnal Prasant Ship Oat«/ABf Data R«c'd
.(•ut^'.a. i ir-j ....a* at** S4 s*K*Vi4*nn . Rafaft
1-1-R
1-1-1
1-1-T
1-2-R
1-2-T
1-3-R
1-3-T
2-l-R
2-i-t
2-1-T
2-1-S
2-2-R
2-3-R
2-3-T
2-3-S
2-4-R
2-4-S
3-1-R
3-L-T
3-1-1
3-1-S
3-2-R
3-2-*
3-2-S
3-3-R
3-3-T
3-3-3
4-1-R
4-1-1
4-1-t
4-1-S
4-2-R
4-2-T
4-2-3
4-3-R.
4-3-T
4-3-5
S-l-R
S-JL-I
S-l-T
3-1-S
S-2-R
S-3-R
S-3-T
S-3-S
S-3-R*
S-3-T'
S-3-S*
6-1-R
6-1-1
6-1-T
6-1-S
6-2-R,
6-2-T
6-2-S
6-3-R
6-3-T
6-3-3
7-1-R
7-2-R
7-2-1
S-l-R
8-1-T
8-1-S
8-2-R
8-2-1
8-2-T
8-2-3
8-3-R
8-3-T
8-3-S
. 9-1-R
9-1-T
9-1-S
9-1-1
9-2-R
9-1-t
S-A-002
S-A-001
5-B-016
S.-L-OOl
S-L-002
S-L-004
S-K-008
S-C-016
S-G-017
5-0-021
5-0-022
5-O-023
S-F-024
5-F-02S
S-F-026
•S-F-067
S-F-068
S-F-O69
5-F-001
5-F-002
S-F-003
5-F-004
5-0-018
5-0-019
5-0020
S-F-027
S-F-028
S-F-029
S-F-005
S-F-006
S-0-008
S-G-007
5-F-030
S-F-031
5-F-032
S-F-036
S-F-037
S-F-038
S-F-009
5-F-010
S-F-011
S-F-012
5-F-013
S-F-033
5-F-034
S-F-035
S-F-O60
s-r-063
S-F-064
S-C-04O
5-0039
S-G-041
5-0-042
5-0-043
5-0-044
5-0045
S-O-046
5-0-047
5-0048
5-0049
5-F-061
S-F-062
S-C-037
5-C-038
5-C-039
5-H-003
S-B-004
S-H-006
S-B-005
5-C-049
5-C-050
S-C-051
S-C-042
5-C-C43
5-C-044
S-C-045
S-C-046
5-B-fl07
9/14/77
10/25/77
10/26/77
9/21/77 <
9/21/77 <
9/22/77 t
9/22/77 <
9/23/77
9/26/77
9/27/77
9/27/77
1V9/77
U/10/77
U/10/77
9/19/77
9/19/77
9/19/77
9/19/77
9/21/77
9/21/77
9/21/77
9/27/77
9/27/77
9/27/77
9/20/77
9/20/77
9/21/77
9/21/77
9/27/77
9/28/77
9/28/77
9/28/77
9/29/77
9/20/77
9/21/77
9/21/77
9/22/77
9/22/77
9/22/77
9/27/77
9/28/77
9/28/77
1 1 /fl /TJ
11/a/ / /
11/9/77
11/9/77
9/27/77
9/27/77
9/27/77
9/27/77
9/28/77
9/29/77
9/29/77
9/29/77
9/29/77
9/29/77
9/29/77
11/8/77
11/9/77
10/11/77
10/11/77
10/11/77
10/13/77
10/13/77
10/13/77
10/13/77
10/18/77
10/18/77
10/18/77
10/12/77
10/13/77
10/13/77
10/13/77
10/13/77
10/14/77
1
1
1
1
IRQ 4472043 1
3RD 4472043 i
3RD 4486391
3RD 4486391
ORO 4472043
MKE 2647099
MKE 2647099
MXE 2650103
ORD 4474418
ORO 4474419
ORD 4474413
HKE 2661714
KKE 2661714
LAX 3960383
LAX 3960383
LAX 3960383
LAX 3960303
LAX 396031)3
LAX 3962036
! Hand Carriad Hotat ,u]
TO AC " S^'to^
*.S. L.W. Band Carriad ?ollutant
1.3. L.W. Band Carriad Hatala Oal
U.S. L.H. Hand Carriad Racaivad 1
f.S. A.C. Band Carriad 11/1/78
M.S. B.E. ORD 4472044
H.S. B.E. ORO 4472044
M.S. B.E. ORD 88212913
M.S. B.K.. ORD 88212913 ,
M.S.
P 3 ,M.3. ORD 89328245
„ 3 ORO 88213753
M.3. ORD 88213753
H 3. ORO 89256204 '
E.K. ORO 46765121
E.K. ORD 46765121
P. 3., M.S. E.K. , B.E.
P. 3., M.S. E.K..8.E.
P. 3., M.S. E.K. .B.E.
P. 3., M.S. E.K. , B.E.
M.3. B.E. ORD 4472044
M.S. B.E. ORD 4472044
M.S. B.E. ORD 4472044
M.S. ORD 88213753 :
H s. ORD 88213753
H.S. ORD 88213753
P.S..M.S. E.K. , B.E.
P.S. , M.S. E.K. ,B.E.
P.S..M.S. B.E. ORD 4472044
P.S..M.S. B.E. ORD 4472044
H s. °R° 88213753
H.3. ORD 89328282
H.S. ORD 89328282
M.3. E.K. ORO S821391S
H S E.K. ORO 48304255
M.3. E.K. ORD 48304255
E.K. MKE 2647098
E.K. MKE 2647098
E.K. MKE 41466972
E.X. MKE 41466972
E.K. MKE 2650103
E.K. MKE 45183526
P.S. S.K. MKE 45163366
p.3. E.K. MKB 45163366
H.S..T.F. E.K. MKE 48913410
T F. E.K. ORD 89256204 -
T.F. E.K. ORO 39256204
t.a. B.E. ORD 88213720
P.S. B.E. ORD 88213720
P.S. B.E. ORD 88213720
g S B.E. ORD 88213720
F.3. B.E. ORO 88213915 ,
P.S. B.E. ORO 48304255
P.S. B.E. ORD 48304255
P.S. B.S. " ORO 48304255
B.E. , S.K. ORO 48304255 :
B.S. , E.K. ORD 43304255
P.S.,H.S. MKE 86856011
T.-..M.S. E.K. MKE 48913410
T.F..M.S. E.K. MKE 48913410 '
P.S..M.S. G.A. , A.C. LAX 43290730 .
P. 3., M.S. G.A. , A.C. LAX 43290730
P.S..M.S. O.A..A.C. LAX 43290730
p s. A.C. LAX 43291614
P.S. A.C. LAX 43291614 ;
P.S..M.S. G.A..A.C.. LAX 43291614
P.S..M.S. G.A. , A.C. LAX 43291614
M.S. A.C. LAX 43291625
M.S. A.C. , G.A. LAX 43291625 ;
M S. ' A.C. ,G.A. LAX 43291625
P.S. , M.S. LAX 43291010 '
H.S. G.A. LAX 43291614
H.S. G.A. LAX 43291614 •
H.3. G.A. LAX 43291614
P.S. , M.S. G.A. , A.C. LAX 43291614
S.S. A.C. ' LAX 43292476
&fill Co^Q note jL*si9*WM^
i
and
Oi
»y
ralaaaad baton MBpUng
Vraataant didn't work,
calaaicd a* aludga
"Fraction* should b*
aasignad 5-4-R,T,S,
not S-3-R,T,S
Traatvnnt don* twioa
Tot. metal not procusad-
takan tzom axtra aaBpla
fraction
264
-------
Pare \ (Cone.)
9-2-S
9-3-R
9-3-T
9-3-S
10-1-R
10-1-1
10-2-R
10-3-R
11-1-R
11-1-1
12-1-R
12-1-1
13-1-R
13-1-1
13-1-T
13-1-S
13-2-R
13-2-T
13-2-3
13-3-R
13-3-1
13-3-S
14-1-R
14-1-1
14-1-T
14-1-S
14-2-R
14-2-T
14-2-3
1S-1-I
15-1-R
1S-1-T
1S-2-R
1S-2-T
1S-3-R
15-3-T
16-1-R
16-1-1
17-1-R
17-1-1
17-1-T
17-2-R
17-2-T
17-3-R
17-3-T
18-1-R
18-1-1
18-1-T
18-2-R
18-2-T
18-3-R
18-3-T
18-3-3
19-1-R
19-1-1
20-1-R
20-1-1
20-1-T
20-1-S
20-2-R
20-2-T
20-2-S
20-3-R
20-3-T
21-1-R
21-1-1
22-1-R
22-1-1
22-1-T
23-1-R
23-1-1
5-8-008
5-C-043
5-C-052
S^-C-053
5-C-040
S-C-041
5-C-047
5-C-054
5-F-06S
5-F-066
S-F-070
S-ff-071
5-H-010
5-K-011
S-H-012
5-H-013
5-C-055
S-C-056
5-C-OS7
S-C-058
5-C-059
5-C-060
S-H-014
5-H-015
5-H-O16
S-H-017
3-H-013
S-H-019 ;
5-B-020
5-H-021
5-H-022
S-ft-023
5-8-024
5-H-02S
5-H-026
S-H-027
S-U-028A
5-B-029A
S-B-028B
S-H-029B
5-H-030
S-H-031
5-H-032
5-C-064
S-C-06S
S-H-033
S-H-034
S-C-063
5-C-073
5-H-037
S-J-001
S-J-002
5-J-003
S-C-061
S-C-062
5-C-066
S-C-067
5-C-068
5-C-069
S-C-070
S-C-071
5-C-072
S-H-038
5-8-039
S-H-03S
5-H-036
S-E-001
S-E-002
S-E-003
5-J-006
5-J-007
10/14/77
' i n nt /ll
" 10/17/77
10/18/77
10/18/77
10/12/77
10/12/77
10/14/77
10/20/77
11/10/77
11/10/77
11/10/77
11/10/77
11/14/77
11/14/77
11/15/77
11/15/77
11/17/77
11A8/77
11/18/77
11/21/77
11/22/77
11/22/77
11/15/77
11/15/77
11/16/77
11/16/77
11/15/77
11/16/77
1V16/77
11/16/77
11/16/77
11/16/77
11/17/77
11/17/77
11/18/77
11/18/77
11/17/77
11/17/77
11/30/77
11/30/77
11/30/77
12/1/77
12/1/77
12/6/77
12/6/77
12/2/77
12/2/77
12/5/77
12/9/77
12/12/77
12/16/77
12/19/77
12/19/77
12/7/77
12/7/77
12/7/77
12/7/77
12/8/77
12/8/77
12/8/77
12/9/77
12/9/77
12/12/77
12/13/77
12/9/77
12/9/77
1/10/78
1/10/78
1/10/78
1/31/78
1/31/78
Airbill to
LAX 3960333
LAX 3960333
ORD 4509943
OBO 4509943
ORD 4509943
ORD 4509943
SEA 5476736
SEA 5476736
SEA 5476740
SBA 5476740
SEA 5476740
SBA S47S741
POX 5366344
PDX 5366966
PDX 5366966
PDX 5366997
PDX 5366997
JFK 5454956
JFK 5454956
JFK 5454956
JFK 5454591
JFK 5454591
EWR 6022816
EWR 6022839
EWR 6022839
EHR 6022839
EWR 6022839
EWR 6022855
EWR 6047003
EWR 6047003
Personnel
P.S.
M.S.
P.S. ,M.S.
P.S. ,M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S., T.F.
M.S., T.F.
T.F.
T.F.
P. 3., M.S.
P.S.,M.S.
P. 3., M.S.
P.S..H.S.
P.S.
P.S.
P.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
p. a., M.S.
P.S.,M.S.
M.S.
K.3.
P.S..M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
P.S. .M.S.
P. 3., M.S.
P. 3., M.S.
P.S.,M.S.
P. 3., M.S.
M.S.
P. 3., M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
M.S.
11.3.
M.S.
P.S.
P.S.
M.S.
M.S.
Present Ship Data/As* Data 8
EHRA to Richardson Date
A.C. LAX 43292476
G.A. , A.C.
S.A. LAX 43291625
S.A. LAX 43291625
A.C..G.A. LAX 43291010
A.C. , G.A. LAX 43291010
S.A. LAX 43292476
G.A. , A.C.
ORD 46765121
ORD 46765121
E.K. OBO 46765121
E.K. ORD 46765121
G.A. , A.C. SEA 5476738
G.A. , A.C. SEA 5476738
G.A. , A.C. SEA 62486410
G.A. ,A,C. SEA 62486410
G.A. SEA 35533562
S.A. SEA 26397276
S.A. SEA 26397276
G.A. , A.C. SEA 62466082
S.A. ,A.C. SEA 46286903
S.A. ,A.C. SEA 46286903
G.A. , A.C. SEA 62486410
G.A. , A.C. SEA 62486410
S.A. SEA 35520612
S.A. SBA 35520612
G.A. , A.C. SEA 62486410
S.A. SEA 35502612
O.A. SEA 35502612
A.C. POX 2676S185-
A.C. POX 267631BS
A.C. POX 2676S13S
A.C. POX 26896645
A.C. POX 26896645
A.C. PDX 26896756
A.C. POX 26896756
S.A. PDX 26896645
S.A. PDX 2689664S
S.A. ,A.C. EWR 09965244
G.A..A.C. EWR 09965244
G.A. , A.C. EWR 09965244
S.A. ,A.C. EHR 09965362
Q.A. ,A.C. EWR 09965362
G.A. ,J,.C. EWR 14921255
G.A. , l.C. EHR 14921255
G.A. , A.C. Hand Carried
G. A., A.C. Hand Carried
EWR 09965804
G.A. Rand Carried
EWR 15449210
EWR 15449534
6. A., A.C.
A.C.
G.A.
S.A.
G.A. , A.C. EWR 15449022
G.A. . A.C. EWR 15449022
S.A..A.C. EWR 15449022
S.A. Band Carried
G.A. Rand Carrieil
A.C. EWR 15449210
A.C. Hand Carried
A.C. Hand Carried
A.C. Band Carried
A.M.
A.M.
A.M.
«c'd
Raaarks
Composite
Coaposit*
Coaposite
Composite
Cooposite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Composite
Cooposita
No preservative in
Cyanide
COD not preserved,
UTUL hlank sent to
Carborundtai.
PESSONHBL
Burns and Roe
Henry Celestino
To» Fieldsend
Mark Sadowaki
Paul storch
265
B.H. Richardson
Garret Area
Angelo Conte
Toa Dean
Bill Elliott
Eric Hoffe
Earl Kunkle
Albert Kerena
Larry willay
-------
TABLE F-2
PASS BI EPA FZGIONAI, OFFICES SAMPLIRG PBOGMM
Personnel Preeant
BUI
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
s
5
6
s
6
6
7
7
O2
12
12
12
22
22
22
22
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
ESJ-SCC*
Cod«
0021S
00214
00216
00217
00129
00128
00130
00131
00119
00118
00120
00121
00062
00061^
00063 *
00064
00113
00112
00114
00115
00069
00067
00123
00122
00124
00125
Regional Sanpla •
OS-05-CM19S02
08-O5-CM19S01
08-OS-QU9S03
08-05-CM19S04
08-OS-CM29S02
08-05-CH29S01
08-OS-CM29S03
OS-05-CH29S04
CB30S02
CB30S01
C330S03
CB30S04
CB01302
CSOlSOl
CB01303
CB01S04
C331S02
CB31S01
CB31S03
CB31S04
08-05-161502
08-05-E619503
08-05-E619S04
SOI
SO4
309
S02
SOS
S03
S06
S07
132D
1521
152?
1524
1525
1519
1518
1344
1545
080SEG18S02
0805EG18S01
030SEG18S04
080SEG18S03
0805EG18S06
P3-1
7S-4
SaBple
I
T
S
R
I
T
S'
R
I
I
S
R
I
•S
S
R
I
1
S
R
I
R
I
T
• 3
R
I
I
S
X
T
I
R
t
R
T
S
R
t
R
S
I
R
I
T
S
R
1
*
S
I.
R
I
Simple Points
it - n»u Uutawater
Stapling
Date
10/2/78
10/3/78
10/4/78
10/4/78
10/3/78
10/3/78
10/3/78
10/3/78
10/5/78
10/5/78
10/6/78
10/6/78
9/19/78
9/19/78
9/20/78
9/20/78
10/4/78
10/4/78
10/4/78
10/4/78
9/19/78
9/19/78
10/5/78
10/5/78
10/6/78
10/6/78
10/11/78
10/11/78
10/11/78
10/11/78
6/26/78
6/27/78
6/27/78
6/27/78
6/27/78
6/27/78
6/27/78 .
6/27/78
7/11/78
7/11/78
7/12/78
7/12/78
7/12/78
7/11/78
7/11/78
7/14/78
7/14/78
8/16/78
3/16/78
3/21/78
8/18/78
3/16/78
1/2S/78
1/25/78
Born* and too
BCR
MS
MS
MS, PS
MS. PS
MS, PS
MS, PS
MS, PS
MS. PS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS, PS
MS, PS
MS, PS
MS, PS
MS
MS
MS, PS
MS, PS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
MS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
PS
MS
KS
MS
MS
Of
•et
Par«om
Regional, Data Rac'd
EPA Date Remark*
EM of th«
EM organic data
EH ' r«c«iv«d by
CM 12/18/78
EM . '
EM . '
EH
S3
SB
SB
SB
me
we
WK
WK
SB
SB
SB
SB
:wc
'me
' SB . '
SB
SB
SB
CB
a
'CB
CB
pa
PG
• PC
PC
!PQ
PC
PG
PG - On* iludga aamj
1 GO • repr«*«nta all 3
; GO batch** of ww.
GO
GD
SO
' KC
KC
MS
KC
JG
JG
JG - 3
-------
APPENDIX G
ANALYTICAL DATA FROM
INDIVIDUAL PLANT SITES
267
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