DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                   for          .

     EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES

                 for  the

  ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
          POINT SOURCE  CATEGORY
                 PHASE  2

             Anne M.  Gorsuch
              Administrator

             Steven Schatzow
                Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
              I
              £
\
 U)
                        if
      Jeffery  Denit,        Director
       Effluent Guidelines Division

         G.  Edward  Stigall, Chief
        Inorganic Chemicals Branch

              John  Newbrough
             Project Officer

                        ins
   U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
             Office of Water
Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
       Effluent Guidelines  Division
          Washington,  D.C.  20460

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION                   TITLE

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

CONCLUSIONS

PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
PAGE

   1

   1

   2
1.0  INTRODUCTION                                           1-1

     1.1  ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT         1-1

     1.2  SOURCES OF INDUSTRY DATA                          1-1

2.0  LEGAL BACKGROUND                                       2-1

     2.1  PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY                             2-1

     2.2  GENERAL CRITERIA FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS         2-2
          2.2.1     BPT Effluent Limitations                2-3
          2.2.2     BAT Effluent Limitations                2-3
          2.2.3     BCT Effluent Limitaations               2-4
          2.2.4     New Source Performance Standards        2-4
          2.2.5     Pretreatment Standards for Existing     2-5
                    Sources
          2.2.6     Pretreatment Standards for New Sources  2-5

3.0  INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION                             3-1

     3.1  RATIONALE FOR SUBCATEGORIZATION                   3-1

     3.2  SUBCATEGORIZATION REVIEW                          3-1

     3.3  CONCLUSIONS                                       3-1

4.0  DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY                            4-1

     4.1  CATHODE RAY TUBES                    .             4-1
          4.1.1     Number of Plants  and Production
                    Capacity                                4-1
          4.1.2     Product Description                     4-1
          4.2.3     Manufacturing Processes  and  Materials  4-7

     4.2  RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING  TUBE                   4-10
          4.2.1     Number of Plants                        4-10
          4.2.2     Product Description                     4-10
          4.2.3     Manufacturing Processes  and  Materials  4-12
      4.3   LUMINESCENT MATERIALS
  4-15

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          4.3.1     Number of Plants                        4-16
          4.3.2     Product Description                     4-16
          4.3.3     Manufacturing Processes and Materials   4-16

5.0  WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS                             5-1

     5.1  SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROGRAM                   5-1
          5.1.1     Pollutants Analyzed                     5-1
          5.1.2     Sampling Methodology                    5-1
          5.1.3     Analytical Methods                      5-4

     5.2  CATHODE RAY TUBES                                 5-5
          5.2.1     Wastewater Flow                         5-5
          5.2.2     Wastewater Sources                      5-6
          5.2.3     Pollutants Found and the Sources        5-6
                    of These Pollutants

     5.3  LUMINESCENT MATERIALS                             5-23
          5.3.1     Wastewater Flow                         5-24
          5.3.2     Wastewater Sources                      5-24
          5.3.3     Pollutants Found and the Sources        5-24
                    of These Pollutants

     5.4  RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING TUBES                  5-26

6.0  SUBCATEGORIES AND POLLUTANTS TO BE REGULATED,          6-1
     EXCLUDED OR DEFERRED

     6.1  SUBCATEGORIES TO BE REGULATED                     6-1
          6.1.1     Pollutants to be Regulated              6-2

     6.2  TOXIC POLLUTANTS AND SUBCATEGORIES NOT            6-5
          REGULATED
          6.2.1     Exclusion of Pollutants                 6-5
          6.2.2     Exclusion of Subcategories              6-5

     6.3  CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS NOT REGULATED             6-7

7.0  CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY                       7-1
     7.1  CURRENT TREATMENT AND CONTROL PRACTICES
          7.1.1     Cathode Ray Tube Subcategory
          7.1.2     Luminescent Materials Subcategory

     7.2  APPLICABLE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
          7.2.1     pH Control
          7.2.2     Fluoride Treatment
          7.2.3     Toxic Metals Treatment
          7.2.4     Total Toxic Organics Control

     7.3  RECOMMENDED TREATMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
          7.3.1     Cathode Ray Tube Subcategory
7-1
7-1
7-2

7-2
7-2
7-2
7-4
7-6

7-6
7-6
                                   n

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          7.3.2
               Luminescent Materials Subcategory
8.0
9.0
7.4  ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE DATA
     7.4.1     Cathode Ray Tube Subcategory
     7.4.2     Luminescent Materials Subcategory
     7.4.3     Statistical Methodology

SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE CONTROL AND TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIES AND BASES FOR LIMITATIONS
 7-7

 7-7
 7-7
 7-8
 7-8

8-1
8.1  CATHODE RAY TUBE SUBCATEGORY                      8-1
     8.1.1     Pretreatment Standards for Existing
               Sources (PSES)                          8-1
     8.1.1 a    Alternate Pretreatment Standards for
               Existing Sources (PSES)
     8.1.2     New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 8-3
     8.1.3     Pretreatment Standards for New Sources  8-4
               (PSNS)

8.2  LUMINESCENT MATERIALS SUBCATEGORY                 8-4
     8.2.1     New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) 8-4
     8.2.2     Pretreatment Standards for New Sources  8-5
               (PSNS)

COST OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL               9-1

9.1  COST ESTIMATING METHODOLOGY                       9-1
     9.1.1     Direct Investment Costs for Land and    9-2
               Facilities
     9.1.2     Annual Costs                            9-4
     9.1.3     Items Not Included in Cost Estimate     9-6

9.2  COST ESTIMATES FOR TREATMENT AND CONTROL OPTIONS  9-6
     9.2.1     Cathode Ray Tube Subcategory            9-6
     9.2.2     Luminescent Materials Subcategory       9-7

9.3  ENERGY AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS              9-7

10.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                  10-1

11.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY                                      11-1

12.0 GLOSSARY                                          12-1
                                   m

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                         LIST OF FIGURES
NUMBER
TITLE
4-1  Color Television Picture Tube
4-2  Television Picture Tube Manufacture
4-3  CRT Manufacture
4-4  Receiving Tube
4-5  Transmitting Tube
4-6  Receiving Tube Manufacture
4-7  Transmitting Tube Manufacture
4-8  Lamp Phosphor Process
4-9  Blue Phosphor Process
5-1  Plant 30172 Sampling Locations
5-2  Plant 11114 Sampling Locations
5-3  Plant 99796 Sampling Locations
5-4  Plant 101 Sampling Locations
7-1  Theoretical Solubilities of Toxic Metal
     Hydroxides
7-2  Recommended Treatment—Cathode Ray Tube
     Subcategory
7-3  Recommended Treatment—Luminescent
     Materials Subcategory
7-4  Ln Cadmium Concentration vs. Cumulative
     Frequency—Plant 30172
7-5  Ln Chromium Concentration vs. Cumulative
     Frequency—Plant 30172
7-6  Ln Lead Concentration vs. Cumulative
     Frequency—Plant 99797
7-7  Ln Zinc Concentration vs. Cumulative
     Frequency—Plant 99797
PAGE

 4-3
 4-5
 4-6
 4-7
 4-12
 4-13
 4-14
 4-18
 4-19
 5-1
 5-8
 5-9
 5-27
 7-5

 7-9

 7-10

 7-17

 7-18

 7-19

 7-20

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7-8  Fluoride Concentration vs. Cumulative
     Frequency — Plant 30172
7-1

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                         LIST OF  TABLES
NUMBER

1

2

3

4
5-1

5-2

5-3

5-4

5-5

5-6


5-7

5-8

5-9

6-1

6-2

7-1

7-2


7-3


9-1

9-2
                  TITLE                             PAGE

 PSES  Proposed Regulations  for  Cathode  Ray  Tubes       2
                                             *'" *•" -  . .  L ,.,,.,„
 NSPS  Proposed Regulations  for  Cathode  Ray  Tubes       2

 PSNS  Proposed Regulations  for  Cathode  Ray  Tubes       2

 NSPS  Proposed Regulations  for  Luminescent             3
 Materials

 PSNS  Proposed Regulations  for  Luminescent             3
 Materials

 Toxic Pollutants                                   5-2

 Cathode Ray Tubes Summary  of Raw Waste Data        5-6

 Wastewater Sampling Data Plant  30172               5-10

 Wastewater Sampling Data Plant  11114               5-13

 Wastewater Sampling Data Plant  99796               5-21

 Luminescent Materials Summary  of Raw Waste         5-25
 Data

 Wastewater Sampling Data Plant  101                 5-29

 Wastewater Sampling Data Plant  102                 5-33

 Wastewater Sampling Data Plant  103                 5-34

 Pollutants Comprising Total Toxic Organics         6-2

 Toxic Pollutants Not Detected                      6-6

 Performance of In-Place Treatment                  7-11

 Statistical Parameters for Long-Term Effluent      7-12
 Data

 Performance of In-Place Treatment Plants 101       7-13
 and 102

Option 2 Treatment Costs                           9-8

Option 3 Treatment Costs                           9-11

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                        EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
                           CONCLUSIONS
A study of the Electrical and  Electronic  Components  Industrial
Point  Source  Category  Phase  II  was  undertaken  to establish
discharge limitations guidelines and standards.  The industry was
subcategorized into segments based on product type.  Of the three
subcategories, one has been excluded under  Paragraph  8  of  the
NRDC  Consent  Decree, and for two subcategories, regulations are
being proposed.  The two subcategories are Cathode Ray Tubes  and
Luminescent  Materials.   The Agency is proposing not to regulate
existing direct dischargers for the reasons described in  Section
VI  of  this  document.   Therefore,  BPT,  BAT, and BCT effluent
limitations are not being proposed.

In the Cathode Ray Tube subcategory  the  pollutants  of  concern
include  cadmium, chromium, lead, zinc, toxic organics, fluoride,
and total suspended solids.  Cadmium and Zinc are the major toxic
metals found  in phosphors in cathode ray tubes.  Sources of these
metals  are   manufacture,   salvage,   and   phosphor   recovery
operations.   Chromium  occurs  .as  dichromate,  in photosensitive
materials and is found in wastewater from manufacture and salvage
operations.   Lead is  found  in  the  wastewater  from  the  tube
salvage  operation  where  the  lead  frit is dissolved in nitric
acid.  Toxic  organics occur from the use of solvents in  cleaning
and  degreasing  operations.  The major source  of fluoride is the
use of hydrofluoric acid  for  cleaning  and   conditioning  glass
surfaces.   Finally,  total suspended solids result primarily from
the use of graphite emulsions used  to coat the  tubes.

For the  Luminescent  Materials  subcategory   the  pollutants   of
concern  include  cadmium,  antimony,  zinc,   fluoride, and total
suspended solids.  Cadmium and zinc are  major constituents   of
blue  and  green  phosphors, and are found in  the wastewater from
washing  and  filtering  operations.   Antimony is  used  as   an
activator   and  found   in  the  wastewater  from  lamp  phosphor
manufacture.   Fluoride  results   from  the  manufacture  of    an
intermediate   lamp  phosphor,  calcium fluoride.   Total suspended
solids occur  in wastes from washing and filtration operations.

Several  treatment  control  technologies   applicable   to    the
reduction  of pollutants  generated by the manufacture of cathode
ray tubes  and luminescent  materials were  evaluated,  and the  costs
of these technologies were estimated.   Pollutant  concentrations
achievable   through the  implementation of  these technologies were
based  on  industry data.   These concentrations  are  presented  below
as proposed  standards for  the Cathode Ray  Tubes and  Luminescent
Materials  subcategories.

PROPOSED EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

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 Tables  1   through  5 present proposed regulations for New Source
 Performance Standards (NSPS), and Pretreatment Standards for  New
 and   Existing  Sources  (PSNS  and  PSES).    All  standards  are
 expressed  as milligrams per liter.


     TABLE  1:  PSES PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR  CATHODE RAY TUBES
 Pollutant
                     Daily Maximum
 Monthly  Average
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride
0.046
0.91
1 .13
2.06
0.15
32.6
0.022
0. 26
0. 36
0.49

22.3
    TABLE  2:  NSPS PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR CATHODE RAY  TUBES
Pollutant
                  Daily Maximum
Monthly Average
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride
TSS
PH
0.046
0.77
0.73
1.18
0.15
32.6
42.9

0.022
0. 22
0. 23
0.28

22.3
16. 1
6-<
TABLE 3:  PSNS PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR CATHODE RAY TUBES
Pollutant
                    Daily Maximum
Monthly Average
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride
0.046
0.77
0.73
1 .18
0.15
32.6
0. 022
0.22
0. 23
0. 28

22.3

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  TABLE 4:  NSPS PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR LUMINESCENT MATERIALS
Pollutant
Daily Maximum
    (mg/1)
Monthly Average
     (mg/1)
pH Range
Cadmium
Antimony
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.48
0.18
2.84
32.6
61 .0

0.23
'• 0.044
,. 0.68
22.3
22.9

- , - . . . ..




6-9
  TABLE 5:  PSNS PROPOSED REGULATIONS FOR LUMINESCENT MATERIALS
Pollutant
Daily Maximum
    (mg/1)
Monthly Average
     (mq/1.)
Cadmium
Antimony
Zinc
Fluoride
    0.48
    0.18
    2.84
   32.6
      0.23
      0.044
      0.'68
     22.3

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                            SECTION 1

                          INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this document is to present the  findings  of  the
EPA  Phase  2  study  of the Electrical and Electronic Components
(E&EC) Point Source Category.  The Phase  2  study  examines  the
Electron   Tubes   and   Luminescent   Materials  (Phosphorescent
Coatings) subcategories of E&EC, the two subcategories which were
previously deferred from regulatory analysis.  EPA  440/1-82/075b
July   1982.*   The   document  (1)  explains  subcategories  and
pollutants are regulated and which are  not;  (2)  discusses  the
reasons;  and  (3)  explains  how  the  actual .limitations  were
developed.  Section 1 describes the organization of the  document
and  reviews  the  sources  of  industry  data  that were used to
provide technical background for the limitations.

Ill  ORGANIZATION AND CONTENT OF THIS DOCUMENT

Data provided by industry are  used  throughout  this  report  in
support  of  regulating  subcategories or excluding subcategories
from regulation under Paragraph 8 of  the  NRDC  Consent  Decree.
Telephone contacts, the literature, and plant visits provided the
information  used  to  subcategorize  the  industry in Section 3.
These data were also considered in characterizing the industry in
Section 4, Description of the Industry.

Water use and wastewater characteristics in  each subcategory  are
described    in   Section    5  in  terms  of  flow  and  pollutant
concentration.  Subcategories to be  regulated  or  excluded  are
found   in  Section  6.  The discussion in that section identifies
and describes the pollutants to be  regulated  and  presents  the
rationale  for  subcategory and  pollutant  exclusion.  Section  7
describes the  appropriate   treatment  and   control  technologies
available.   The  regulatory  limits  and  the  bases  for  these
limitations  are presented in Section 8.  Section 9 estimates  the
capital   and operating costs for the treatment technologies used
as the  basis for  limitations.

1.2   SOURCES OF  INDUSTRY DATA

Data  on the  two  subcategories  were  gathered  from   literature
studies,  contacts  with EPA regional offices, from plant  surveys
and evaluations,  and  through contacting  waste  treatment  equipment
manufacturers.   These data  sources  are discussed below.

*For  reasons outlined in section  3.2, EPA  has  determined that  the
Electron Tube subcategory should   be  divided   into  Cathode   Ray
Tubes   (CRT),    and   Receiving   and  Transmitting  Tubes  (RTT)
subcategories.   RTT operations  do  not  discharge  wastewaters,  thus
this   document   proposes  effluent   limits  only   for    CRT   and
Luminescent  Materials subcategories.
                                    1-1

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Published  literature  in   the   form  of  books,   reports,  papers,
periodicals,  promotional materials, Dunn  and Bradstreet  surveys,
and  Department  of   Commerce  Statistics  was   examined.    The
researched  material   included product  descriptions   and  uses,
manufacturing processes,  raw materials consumed, waste  treatment
technology,  and the  general characteristics of  plants  in the two
subcategories including number of plants,  employment levels,  and
production levels when available.

All  10  EPA  regional  offices were telephoned  for assistance  in
identifying plants in their respective regions.

Three types of data collection were used to supplement  available
information  pertaining   to  facilities  in  the E&EC  category.
First, more than 150 plants were contacted by phone or  letter   to
obtain   basic   information   regarding  products,  manufacturing
processes, wastewater generation, and waste  treatment.   Second,
based  on  this  information,  eleven plants were visited to view
their  operations  and  discuss  their  products,   manufacturing
processes,  water  use,  and   wastewater   treatment.    Third, six
plants  were  selected  for  sampling  visits  to  determine  the
pollutant characteristics of their wastewater.

The  sampling program at each  plant consisted of up to  three days
of sampling.  Prior to any sampling visit,  all  available  data,
such  as  layouts and diagrams of the selected plant's  production
processes and waste treatment  facilities, were reviewed.  In most
cases, a visit to the plant was made prior to the actual  sampling
visit to finalize the sampling approach.

Representative sample points were then selected.  Finally, before
the visit was conducted, a detailed  sampling  plan  showing  the
selected  sample  points  and  all  pertinent  sample   data to be
obtained was presented and reviewed.

Various manufacturers  of  wastewater  treatment  equipment  were
contacted by phone or were visited to obtain cost and performance
data  on  specific technologies.   Information collected was based
both on manufacturers' research and on actual operation.
                                   1-2

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                            SECTION 2

                        LEGAL BACKGROUND
2.1  PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY

The Federal  Water  Pollution  Control  Act  Amendments  of  1972
established  a comprehensive program to "restore and maintain the
chemical, physical, and  biological  integrity  of  the  Nation's
waters,"  Section 101(a).  Section 301(b)(l)(A) set a deadline of
July 1, 1977, for  existing  industrial  dischargers-  to  achieve
"effluent  limitations  requiring  the  application  of  the best
practicable  control  technology  currently   available"   (BPT).
Section  301(b)(2)(A)  set  a deadline of July 1, 1983, for these
dischargers  to  achieve  "effluent  limitations  requiring   the
application   of   the  best  available  technology  economically
achievable   (BAT),  which  will  result  in  reasonable   further
progress toward the national goal of eliminating the discharge of
all pollutants."

Section  306  required  that  new  industrial  direct dischargers
comply with  new source performance  standards  (NSPS),  based  on
best  available demonstrated technology.  Sections 307{b) and  (c)
of the Act required pretreatment standards for new  and  existing
dischargers  to publicly owned treatment works (POTW).  While the
requirements for direct dischargers were to  be incorporated  into
National  Pollutants Discharge Elimination System  (NPDES) permits
issued under Section 402, the  Act  made  pretreatment  standards
enforceable  directly  against  dischargers  to  POTWs   (indirect
dischargers).

Section  402(a)(l)  of the  1972 Act does  allow requirements  to  be
set    case-by-case.      However,   Congress  intended   control
requirements to be based,   for  the   most  part,   on   regulations
promulgated  by the Administrator of EPA.  Section  304(b) required
regulations  for   NSPS.   Sections  304(f),  307(b),   and  307(c)
required regulations for  pretreatment standards.   In  addition  to
these  regulations  for   designated   industry  categories, Section
307(a)   required   the  Administrator    to    promulgate  effluent
standards  applicable to  all dischargers of  toxic pollutants.

Finally, Section  501(a)  authorized  the  Administrator  to  prescribe
any  additional  regulations  "necessary to carry out his functions"
under  the  Act.

The  EPA was unable to  promulgate  many of these regulations  by  the
deadlines  contained in the  Act,  and as  a result, in 1976,  EPA  was
sued  by several  environmental  groups.   In settling this lawsuit,
EPA  and the plaintiffs executed a  "Settlement  Agreement"   which
was   approved  by  the  Court.    This  agreement  required EPA to
develop  a  program  and  meet  a  schedule  for  controlling   65
 "priority" pollutants  and classes of  pollutants.  In carrying  out
                                    2-1

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 this  program,   EPA  must  promulgate  BAT  effluent  limitations
 guidelines,  pretreatment standards,  and  new  source  performance
 standards  for   21   major  industries.    (See  Natural  Resources
 Defense Council,   Inc.   v.   Train,   8  ERG  2120  (D.D.C.   1976)
 modified, 12 ERC 1833 (D.D.C.  1979)).

 Several of the  basic elements  of the Settlement Agreement  program
 were  incorporated   into  the   Clean Water Act of 1977.  This law
 made several important  changes in  the   Federal  Water  pollution
 control  program.    Sections 301(b)(2)(A)  and 301(b)(2)(C)  of the
 Act  now set  July 1,  1984,   as   the   deadline  for  industries  to
 achieve  effluent   limitations  requiring   application of  BAT for
 "toxic" pollutants.   "Toxic"  pollutants  here  included  the  65
 "priority"  pollutants   and classes of pollutants that Congress
 declared "toxic" under  Section 307(a) of the Act.

 EPA's  programs for new  source   performance   standards   and
 pretreatment standards  are now aimed  principally at  controlling
 toxic pollutants.   To  strengthen  the   toxics  control  program,
 Section  304(e)  of   the Act   authorizes   the  Administrator  to
 prescribe "best management  practices" (BMPs).   These BMPs  are  to
 prevent  the release of toxic and  hazardous pollutants  from:  (1)
 plant site runoff,  (2)  spillage or  leaks,   (3)   sludge  or  waste
 disposal,  and   (4)   drainage  from  raw  material storage  if  any of
 these  events   are   associated  with,   or    ancillary    to,    the
 manufacturing or treatment  process.

 In keeping with its  emphasis on toxic pollutants,  the  Clean Water
 Act   of  1977   also   revises  the  control   program for  non-toxic
 pollutants.   For   "conventional"  pollutants   identified   under
 Section 304(a)(4) (including biochemical oxygen demand,  suspended
 solids,   fecal  coliform,   and pH),  the new Section 301(b)(2)(E)
 requires  "effluent  limitations requiring the application  of   the
 best  conventional pollutant  control  technology"  (BCT)—instead of
 BAT—to  be  achieved by July  1,  1984.   The  factors considered in
 assessing  BCT for an  industry  include  the   relationship  between
 the   cost  of attaining  a reduction  in  effluents and the effluent
 reduction  benefits attained, and  a comparison   of   the   cost   and
 level  of  reduction of such pollutants by publicly  owned  treatment
 works   and   industrial   sources.   For   those  pollutants that  are
 neither   "toxic"  pollutants    nor    "conventional"   pollutants,
 Sections   301(b)(2)(A)   and  (b)(2)(F)  require  achievement  of  BAT
 effluent  limitations  within  three years after  their establishment
 or July  1, 1984, whichever  is  later,  but not  later  than  July   1,
 1987.

 The purpose of  this proposed regulation  is to  establish BPT, BAT,
 and  BCT  effluent   limitations  and  NSPS, PSES, and PSNS for  the
Electrical and Electronic Components  Point Source Category.

 2.2  GENERAL CRITERIA FOR EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

 2.2.1  BPT Effluent Limitations
                                   2-2

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The factors  considered  in  defining  best  practicable  control
technology  currently available (BPT) include: (1) the total cost
of applying the technology relative to  the  effluent  reductions
that  result,  (2)  the age of equipment and facilities involved,
(3) the processes used, (4) engineering aspects  of  the  control
technology,   (5)   process   changes,   (6)   non-water  quality
environmental impacts  (including energy  requirements),   (7)  and
other  factors  as  the  Administrator considers appropriate.  In
general, the  BPT  level  represents  the  average  of  the  best
existing  performances  of  plants within the industry of various
ages, sizes, processes, or other  common  characteristics.   When
existing   performance   is  uniformly  inadequate,  BPT  may  be
transferred  from  a  different  subcategory  or  category.   BPT
focuses  on  end-of-process treatment rather than process changes
or internal controls, except when these technologies  are  common
industry practice.

The   cost/benefit  inquiry  for  BPT  is  a  limited  balancing,
committed to EPA's discretion, which does not require the  Agency
to quantify benefits  in monetary terms.  See, e.g., American  Iron
and  Steel   Institute v. EPA, 526 F.2d 1027  (3rd Cir.  1975).  In
balancing costs  against the benefits of effluent  reduction,  EPA
considers  the   volume  and  nature  of  existing discharges, the
volume  and nature of  discharges  expected  after  application  of
BPT, the general  environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost  and  economic   impacts  of  the required  level of pollution
control.  The Act does not require   or  permit  consideration  of
water   quality   problems attributable to particular point sources
or water quality improvements  in  particular   bodies  of water.
Therefore,   EPA  has  not   considered    these   factors.   See
Weyerhaeuser Company  v.  Costle, 590 F.2d  1011  (D.C. Cir.   1978);
Applachian   Power Company  et al.  v.  U.S.E.P.A.-  (D.C. Cir.,  Feb.
8,  1972).

2.2.2   BAT  Effluent  Limitations

The  factors  considered  in  defining best   available   technology
economically  achievable   (BAT)   include  the age  of equipment and
facilities involved,  the  processes   used,   process   changes,   and
engineering aspects of  the  technology  process  changes,  non-water
quality environmental impacts  (including  energy requirements)  and
the costs of applying such technology JJ(Section   304(b)(2)(B)KK.
At  a  minimum,   the  BAT  level represents the best economically
achievable  performance  of   plants  of  various    ages,    sizes,
processes,    or  other  shared  characteristics.    As   with  BPT,
 uniformly inadequate performance within a category or  subcategory
may require transfer of  BAT  from  a  different   subcategory  or
 category.    Unlike  BPT,  however,  BAT may include process changes
 or internal controls, even when these technologies are not common
 industry practice.

 The statutory assessment of BAT "considers" costs,  but  does  not
 require  a balancing of costs against effluent reduction benefits
                                     2-3

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 (see Weyerhaeuser v. Costle, supra).  In developing the  proposed
 BAT,   however,   EPA   has   given  substantial  weight  to  the
 reasonableness of costs.  The Agency has  considered  the  volume
 and  nature  of  discharges,  the volume and nature of discharges
 expected after application  of  BAT,  the  general  environmental
 effects  of the pollutants, and the costs and economic impacts of
 the required pollution control  levels.    Despite  this  expanded
 consideration of costs,  the primary factor for determining BAT is
 the effluent reduction capability of the control technology.   The
 Clean Water Act of 1977  establishes the achievement of BAT as the
 principal  national  means  of  controlling toxic water pollution
 from direct discharging  plants.

 2.2.3  BCT Effluent Limitations
 The  1977  Amendments  added  Section  301(b)(2)(E)   to  the  Act
 establishing  "best  conventional   pollutant  control technology"
 (BCT)  for discharges of  conventional  pollutants  from  existing
 industrial  point  sources.    Conventional   pollutants
 defined  in  Section  304(a)(4)  JJbiological   oxygen
are those
demanding
 pollutants   (BOD),   total  suspended solids (TSS),  fecal  coliform,"
 and   pHKK,   and   any  additional   pollutants    defined   by   the
 Administrator  as  "conventional"   JJoil  and  grease,  44  FR 44501
 July  30,  1979KK.                                                 '

 BCT is  not  an  additional limitation  but   replaces BAT   for   the
 control of  conventional pollutants.   In addition  to other factors
 specified  in  Section 304(b)(4)(B),  the Act requires that  BCT
 limitations be   assessed   in   light   of   a    two-part   "cost
 reasonableness"   test.  American Paper Institute  v. EPA,  660 F.2d
 954 (4th  Cir.  1981).   The   first   test  compares   thecosts   for
 private   industry  to  reduce its conventional pollutants with  the
 costs to  publicly owned treatment  works   for  similar levels  of
 reduction  in  their   discharge  of  these pollutants.  The second
 test examines  the  cost-effectiveness  of  additional  industrial
 treatment  beyond  BPT.    EPA  must  find  that  limitations   are
 reasonable' under  both tests before establishing  them   as  BCT.
 In no case  may BCT  be  less stringent than BPT.

 2.2.4  New  Source Performance Standards

 The  basis  for   new   source  performance  standards  (NSPS) under
 Section 306  of   the   Act   is  the   best   available   demonstrated
 technology.    New  plants  have the opportunity  to  design  the best
 and   most   efficient   processes   and    wastewater  .  treatment
 technologies.   Therefore,   Congress directed EPA  to  consider  the
 best demonstrated process  changes, in-plant controls,   and  end-of-
process treatment   technologies  that  reduce   pollution   to   the
maximum extent feasible.

 2.2.5   Pretreatment Standards for Existing  Sources
                                   2-4

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Section 307(b) of the Act requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment
standards for existing sources (PSES) which industry must achieve
within three years ot promulgation.  PSES are designed to prevent
the discharge of pollutants that pass through, interfere with, or
are otherwise incompatible with the operation of POTWs.

The   legislative   history   of  the  1977  Act  indicates  that
pretreatment standards are to be technology-based,  analogous  to
the  best  available  technology for removal of toxic pollutants.
The General Pretreatment Regulations which serve as the framework
for the proposed pretreatment standards are in 40 CRF  Part  403,
46 FR 9404 (January 28, 1981).

EPA  has  generally  determined  that  there  is  passthrough  of
pollutants if.the percent of pollutants removed by a welloperated
POTW achieving secondary  treatment  is  less  than  the  percent
removed  by  the BAT model treatment system.  A study of 40 well-
operated POTWs with biological treatment  and  meeting  secondary
treatment  criteria  showed  that metals are typically removed at
rates varying from 20 percent to 70  percent.   POTWs  with  only
primary treatment have even lower rates of removal.  In contrast,
BAT  level  treatment  by  the  industrial  facility  can achieve
removal in the area of 97 percent or more.  Thus, it   is  evident
that  metals  do pass through POTWs.  As for toxic organics, data
from the same POTWs illustrate a wide range of removal, from 0 to
greater than  99 percent.  Overall, POTWs have  removal  rates  of
toxic organics which are  less effective than BAT.

2.2.6  Pretreatment Standards for  New Sources

Section 307(c) of the Act requires EPA to-promulgate pretreatment
standards  for  new  sources   (PSNS)  at  the  same  time that  it
promulgates NSPS.  These  standards are intended   to  prevent   the
discharge  of  pollutants which pass through,  interfere with, or
are  otherwise   incompatible   with   a   POTW.    New    indirect
dischargers,  like new direct  dischargers, have  the opportunity  to
incorporate   the   best  available  demonstrated technologies--
including  process changes,  in-plant  controls,  and end-of-process
treatment  technologies—and  to select plant  sites that ensure the
treatment  system  will   be  adequately  installed.  Therefore,  the
Agency  sets  PSNS  after  considering the same   criteria   considered
for  NSPS.  PSNS  will  have environmental  benefits similar  to those
from NSPS.
                                    2-5

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                            SECTION 3

                   INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION
3.1  RATIONALE FOR SUBCATEGORIZATION

The  primary  purpose  of industrial categorization is to provide
groupings within an industry so that each group has a uniform set
of  discharge  limitations.   After  the  Agency   has   obtained
wastewater data and process information from facilities within an
industry   or   industrial  segment,  a  number  of  factors  are
considered to  determine  if  subcategorization  is  appropriate.
These    factors   include   raw   materials,   final   products,
manufacturing processes, geographical location,  plant  size  and
age,  wastewater characteristics, non-water quality environmental
impacts,  treatment  costs,  energy  costs,   and   solid   waste
generation.

3.2  SUBCATEGORIZATION REVIEW

A  preliminary  review  of  each  of  these factors revealed that
product type is the principal  factor  affecting  the  wastewater
characteristics  in  the  Electrical  and  Electronic  Components
industrial category.  This  is demonstrated  by  a  comparison  of
pollutants  found  in  plant  effluent  with the products made at
those plants.  Luminescent  Materials  (Phosphorescent  Coatings)
and  Electron Tubes were  identified as two of the twenty-one (21)
subcategories comprising  the E&EC category.

Under this study,  further review of  the  same  factors  revealed
that  the  Electron Tube  subcategory is comprised of two distinct
product types employing different raw materials and manufacturing
processes.   The   products  included   in   the   Electron   Tube
subcategory   are   cathode  ray   tubes,  receiving  tubes  and
transmitting tubes.  The  production of receiving and transmitting
tubes uses similar raw materials and manufacturing processes  and
thus    similar  wastewaters  are  generated.   Cathode  ray  tube
manufacture, however, employs unique raw  materials  and  process
operations  which  generate  wastes  greatly different from those
encountered  in  the manufacture  of  receiving  and  transmitting
tubes.

3.3  CONCLUSIONS

Based   on   the  review of  subcategorization  factors,  the following
subcategories were established  under this  study and  are addressed
as such in  this document.

     Cathode Ray  Tubes

     Receiving  and Transmitting  Tubes
                                    3-1

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Luminescent Materials
                             3-2

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                            SECTION 4

                   DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY
This section provides a general description of the  subcategories
presented  in  the previous section.  It includes a discussion of
the number of plants and production capacity, product lines,  and
manufacturing processes including raw materials used.

4.1  CATHODE RAY TUBES

The  Cathode Ray Tube subcategory includes plants which discharge
wastewater from the production of  electronic  devices  in  which
high  velocity electrons are focused through a vacuum to generate
an image on a luminescent (or phosphorescent) surface.   Products
are classified under the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
3671  the  Cathode  Ray  Tube  (CRT)  subcategory's  products are
comprised of two CRT types:

     o    Aperture Mask Tubes which are cathode ray tubes that
          contain multiple color phosphors and use an aperture
          (shadow) mask.  This type of tube will be referred to
          as a color television picture tube.

     o    Cathode ray tubes  that contain a single phosphor and
          no aperture mask.  This type of tube will be referred
          to as a single phosphor tube.

4.1.1  Number of_ Plants and Production Capacity

Results of an extensive telephone survey to companies  classified
under  SIC  Code  3671  indicated that an estimated 22 plants are
involved in the manufacturing of cathode ray tubes.

Seven plants produce color television picture tubes with a  total
production  of  approximately  12.5 million tubes per year  and an
average plant production of 1.78 million tubes per year.    It  is
estimated  that  12,000 production  employees are  engaged in color
television picture tube manufacturing.  Only  one  of  the  seven
manufacturers  is  a  direct  discharger.    In  addition, several
rebuilders of color television picture tubes exist,  but  because
there  is  no  phosphor  removal or reapplication, the rebuilding
process is of little concern under  this study.

Fifteen  plants  manufacture  single  phosphor  tubes   with   -an
estimated  3,000  employees  engaged  in  production.   No  single
phosphor tube manufacturers are known to be direct dischargers.

4.1.2  Product Description

Cathode ray tubes are devices  in which  electrons are  conducted
between  electrodes  through  a  vacuum  within a gas tight glass
                                   4-1

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envelope.  Cathode ray tubes depend upon  three  basic  phenomena
for  their  operation.  The first is the emission of electrons by
certain elements and compounds when the  energy  of  the  surface
atoms  is  raised.   The  second phenomenon is the control of the
movement of these electrons by the force  exerted  upon  them  by
electrostatic  and  electrodynamic  forces.   The  third  is  the
luminescent  properties  of  the  phosphors   when   excited   by
electrons.   The  two  types of cathode ray tubes which are to be
discussed in this section are described below:

     o    Color television picture tubes function by the
          horizontal scanning of high velocity electrons striking
          a luminescent surface.  The number of electrons in the
          stream at any instant of time is varied by electrical
          impulses corresponding to the transmitteed signal.  A
          typical color television picture tube is shown in
          Figure 4-1.

          The tube is a large glass envelope.   A special
          composition of glass is used to minimize optical
          defects and to provide electrical insulation for high
          voltages.  The structural design of the glass bulb is
          made to withstand 3 to 6 times the force of atmospheric
          pressure.  The light-emitting screen is made up of
          small elemental areas, each capable of emitting light
          in one of the three primary colors (red, green, blue).
          An electron gun for each color produces a stream of
          high..velocity electrons which is aimed and focused by
          static and dynamic convergence mechanisms and an
          electro-magnetic deflection yoke.  An aperture mask
          behind the face of the screen allows phosphor
          excitation according to incident beam direction.
          Commercially available color television tubes are
          manufactured in a number of sizes.  These tubes are
          used in color television sets, arcade games,  and
          computer display terminals.

     o    Single phosphor tubes are similar to color television
          picture tubes in most respects.   They generate images
          by focusing  electrons onto a luminescent screen in a
          pattern controlled by the electrostatic and
          electrodynamic forces applied to the tube.   The major
          difference is that the light emitting screen is
          composed of  a single phosphor, and a single beam
          electron gun is used for phosphor excitation.  In
          addition, the tube does not contain an aperture mask
          for electron beam control.

          Single phosphor tubes are manufactured in a variety of
      • "  sizes but are generally smaller  in size than color
          television picture tubes.   They  usually range from 2 to
          12 inches in diameter.   Single phosphor tubes are
          manufactured for usage in display systems such as word
                                   4-2

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                                                   phosphor dots
                                                    on screen
                  blue beam    \
      ..three electron beams


         special glass bulb

          static and dynamic
          convergence of
           three electron
          beams (magnetic)
   base
connections
            three
          electron
            guns
          .  electromagnetic
             deflection yoke
  high-voltage contact '
                  fluorescent light-emitting
                      three-color screen
                       (with aluminum
                       mirror backing)
                       FIGURE 4- 1

            'COLOR TELEVISION PICTURE TUBE
                         4-3

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          processors,  computer  systems,  arcade  video  games,
          specialized  military  units, medical and other
          electronic testing  and monitoring  equipment such as
          oscilloscopes.

4.1.3  Manufacturing Processes  and Materials

The manufacturing processes and materials  used   for   cathode  ray
tube  production are described  in the following paragraphs.  Each
type of  cathode  ray  tube   with  its   associated  manufacturing
operations   is  discussed separately because production processes
differ.

Color Television Picture Tubes  —  The  manufacture   of  a  color
television   picture  tube  is   a  highly complex, often automated
process as depicted in Figure 4-2.  The  tubes   are   composed  of
four  major  components:   the  glass panel, steel aperture mask,
glass funnel, and the  electron  gun  mount  assembly.   The  glass
panel  is the front of the picture tube  through which the picture
is  viewed.   The  steel  aperture  (shadow)  mask  is  used   to
selectively  shadow  the  phosphor  from the electron beam as the
beam horizontally scans the  phosphor-coated glass   panel.   The
glass  funnel  is  the casing  which extends back from the glass
panel and is the largest component  of   the  picture   tube.   The
mount  assembly  is  attached   to  the   funnel   and   contains the
electron gun and the electrical base connections.

Manufacture  of a color television picture  tube begins  with  an
aperture  mask  degrease.   The aperture masks,  often produced at
other  facilities,  are  received  by  the   color  picture   tube
manufacturer,  formed  to  size, solvent degreased, and oxidized.
Common  degreasing  solvents    used   are    methylene  chloride,
trichloroethylene,   methanol,  acetone,  and   isopropanol.   The
aperture masks are inserted  within  the glass panel  which  is
commonly then referred to as a panel-mask  "mate".  The panel-mask
mate is annealed and the mask is removed.

The  glass  panels  proceed  to  panel wash.  Panel wash includes
several hydrofluoric-sulfuric acid glass washes  and subsequent
water   rinses.    The  panels  are  then   sent  to  photoresist
application.  The photoresist commonly   contains  dichromate,  an
alcohol,  and  other materials  considered proprietary.  The glass
panels are coated with a photoresist and the masks are  mated  to
the  panel.  The panel is then exposed to light through the mask.
The mask is removed and the panel is developed,  graphite-coated,
re-developed   and  cleaned  with  a  hydrofluoric-sulfuric  acid
solution.   The panel at this point has a multitude of clear  dots
onto  which  the phosphors will be deposited.   Presently, several
manufacturers are using vertical lines as an alternative to dots.
The panels then proceed to phosphor application.

Many proprietary processes have been  observed   in  applying  the
phosphors.     Generally,    the   panels   first  undergo  another
                                   4-4

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                                                   Aperture Masks
PANEL WASH
Glass Panels
4 !:
Panel and
Mask Mate
X
Mask
Degrease
\
"^
/
                                                   Mask
Rejected
 Panels
PHOTO-RESISTANT
APPLICATION
                                                                                   PICTURE TUBE RECLAIM
                                                                                           Spent
                                                                                       Picture Tubes
                                                                                     ;  Panel-Funnel
                                                                                     i     Def rit

Light
Exposure
panels N!' \/

APPLICATION ~^

-*

Phosphor
Application
\l/
Panel and
Mask Mate
\l^
Light
Exposure
w
Lacquer
Coat
\k
Aluminize
Mask^ V \1/
\


\l/
Panel and
Mask Mate
• *
Panel
Clean
*
Shield
Attachment
\

Panel-Mask \ Funnel _
Separation ^ Clean
Np 	 	 ^
	 ^ Panel ^ y^l Mask ^
•? Clean ^ ^' Clean ~
/ \/ \' \'
Return to
Picture Tube Manufacture
, Glass Funnels
K i . -
Electron Shields — ^ J^sh " ^
--> \]/
Degrease
s \k
^
j Electron Gun
V j
Graphite • \[.-
\L Assemble
\|/ .^f3 Frit V
Panel-Funnel
Fusion
n^^iiv-ai-j.^- Mount
^ 	 — 	 J •;? Clean '
                                                                                                     \y
Attach Mount
Assembly
_,
c
Mount
Age
                                                                               Figure 4-2
                                                                   TELEVISION PICTURE TUBE MANUFACTURE
                                                                       --  . = Denotes water Flow Path
                                               4-5

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         Glass Bulb
           Wash
                                   Spent CRT
                                         Electron Gun
                                            Removal
	 \
 Phosphor
Application
                                Electron Gun
                               Parts  Recycle
                                                           V
Glass Bulb
   Wash
          Lacquer
           Coat
           V
                                               Glass Bulb
                                                Disposal
                                    Electron Gun
         Aluminize
           V
       Attach Mount
         Assembly
           V
          Exhaust
          s Seal
           V
          Age S
           Test
            V
                                            = Denotes Water
                                                 Flow Path
        External
           Coat
            V
          Test S
           Ship
                                          Figure  4-3
                                CRT MANUFACTURE
                          4-6

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                      Exhaust tip
                   Get
    Screen grid






Suppressor grid
Glass-met-al seal
                                          Mica spacer
                                          Control grid
                                           Cathode
Anode'
                                      Base pin
                      FIGURE 4-4





                    RECEIVING TUBE
                        4-7

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photoresist application.  Each of  the three  color  phosphors   is
then  applied similarly.  The phosphor  is applied to the panel  as
a slurry or as a powder, the mask  is attached,  the  phosphor   is
exposed  to  light  through the mask, the mask  is removed and the
unexposed phosphor  is washed  away.   After  application  of  the
three  phosphors, toluene-based lacquer and silicate coatings may
be applied to seal  the phosphors,  aluminum is vacuum-deposited  to
enhance reflection, the mask is mated with  the  panel,  and  the
panel is cleaned.

Glass  funnels  are  cleaned  and  coated with graphite to prevent
reflection within the tube.  Electron shields are  degreased  and
attached  to  the panel.  Panel-mask assemblies and glass funnels
are then joined together using a heat-fused lead  frit,  followed
by  annealing.  The electron gun mount  is cleaned, aged, and heat
sealed to the base of the funnel.  At this  stage  the  assembled
panel,  funnel,  and  mount  are   termed  a  "bulb."  The bulb  is
exhausted, sealed, and aged by applying current to  the  cathode.
The  tube is tested, an external graphite coating is applied, and
an implosion band is secured to the tube.  The tube  is  retested
before shipment to facilities that assemble television sets.

Panels  may  be rejected upon inspection at many points along the
manufacturing process.  If rejected, panels may be sent  back   to
the panel wash at the beginning of the manufacturing sequence.

In addition, there  is a picture tube salvage operation to reclaim
spent  or  rejected  picture  tubes.  Salvage operation processes
include a panel-funnel acid defrit, acid cleaning of  panels  and
funnels,   and  cleaning  of  aperture  masks.   These  reclaimed
components are returned to the process for reuse.  Electron  guns
are usually discarded.

Wastewater  producing  operations  for  manufacture of television
picture  tubes  are  unique  and  sizeable.   Process  wastewater
sources include both bath dumps and' subsequent rinsing associated
with:   glass  panel  wash,  aperture  mask degrease, photoresist
application,  phosphor  application,  glass  funnel   and   mount
cleaning, and tube salvage.

Single  Phosphor  Tubes  —  Single  phosphor  tubes have several
manufacturing processes that differ from color television picture
tube manufacturing  (Figure 4-3).  The tube is usually composed  of
a single glass  bulb;  only  a  small , percentage  of  the  tubes
manufactured have a separate panel and funnel connected by a heat
fused lead frit.

The  one  piece  tube  manufacturing  requires  no  mask  and   no
photoresist application.  The single phosphor is contained within
an aqueous settling solution that is poured into the  glass  bulb
and  allowed  to  settle  onto  the  face  of  the bulb.  After a
sufficient time the remaining settling solution is  decanted  off
and a toluene-based lacquer is applied to seal the phosphor.
                                   4-8

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In  some  cases  where the bulb face needs a special application,
such as reference lines for an oscilloscope, a separate panel and
funnel are used.  A photoresist and mask are  used  for  applying
the  reference lines on the panel and then the single phosphor is
applied in the same method as a one piece bulb using  a  settling
solution   that   contains  potassium  silicate  and  usually  an
electrolyte.

In addition, there may or may not be a cathode ray  tube  salvage
operation.   The tube salvage is usually comprised of the removal
of the electron gun by cutting the tube  at  the  gun  mount  and
recycling  parts  of  the  gun.  The remaining glass tube is then
discarded.  At some facilities the tube is washed to  remove  the
phosphor before disposal.

The  decant from the settling solution and the wash from phosphor
removal are usually the main  sources  of  wastewater  in  single
phosphor tube manufacturing.

4.2  RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING TUBES

The   Receiving   and   Transmitting  Tube  subcategory  includes
electronic devices in which conduction of electrons  takes  place
through  a  vacuum  or  a  gaseous  medium within a sealed glass,
quartz, metal or ceramic casing.  Products are  classified  under
the Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) 3671, 3673.

4.2.1  Number of Plants and Production Capacity

Results  of an extensive telephone survey to companies classified
under the above SIC Codes indicated that an  estimated  23  major
plants  are  involved  in  the  manufacturing  of  receiving  and
transmitting tubes with an estimated 10,000 employees engaged  in
production.    Several  small  receiving  and  transmitting  tube
manufacturers probably exist.

4.2.2  Product Description

Receiving  and  transmitting  tubes  conduct  electrons  or  ions
between  electrodes through a vacuum or ionized gas such as neon,
argon or krypton, which  is within a gas-tight  casing  of  glass,
quartz,  ceramic,  or  metal.   Their  operation  is based on the
emission of electrons by certain elements and compounds when  the
energy  of  the  surface atoms is raised by the addition of heat,
light  protons,  kinetic  energy  of  bombarding  particles,   or
potential  energy.   The operation also depends on the control of
the movement of these electrons by the force exerted upon them by
electric and magnetic fields.

     o    Receiving tubes are tnultiterminal devices that conduct
          electricity more easily in one direction than  in the
          other and are  noted for their low voltage and  low power
          applications  (Figure 4-4).  They are used to control or
                                   4-9

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          amplify electrical signals in radio and television
   ,       receivers, computers, and sensitive control and
          measuring equipment.

          Structurally, electron tubes are classified according
          to the number of electrodes they contain.  The
          electrodes are usually made of-nickel mounted on a base
          penetrated by electrical connections and are
          encapsulated in a glass or metal envelope which is
          normally evacuated.

          Voltage is impressed on the tube normally between the
          plate (anode) and the cathode.  Because large plate
          currents are not required for electron emission,
          oxide-coated cathodes are used extensively.  A separate
          filament heats the cathode which usually consists of a
          nickel sleeve coated with oxides such as strontium
          oxide or barium oxide.  There is no electrical
          connection between the cathode and filament causing the
          cathode to be heated indirectly.

     o    Transmitting type electron tubes are characterized by
          the use of electrostatic and electromagnetic fields
          applied externally to a stream of electrons to amplify
          a radio frequency signal.  There are several different
          types of transmitting tubes such as klystrons,
          magnetrons and traveling wave tubes.  They generally
          are high powered devices operating over a wide
          frequency range.  They are larger and structurally more
          rugged than receiving tubes, and are completely
          evacuated.  Figure 4-5 is a diagram of a klystron tube,
          which is typical of a transmitting type tube.  In a
          klystron tube, a stream of electrons from a concave
          thermionic cathode is focused into a small cylindrical
          beam by the converging electrostatic fields between the
          anode, cathode, and focusing electrode.  The beam
          passes through a hole in the anode and enters a
          magnetic field parallel to the beam axis.  The magnetic
          field holds the beam together, overcoming the
          electro-static repulsion between electrons.  The
          electron beam goes through the cavities of the
          klystron, emerges from the magnetic field, spreads out
          and is stopped in a hollow collector where the
          remaining kinetic energy of the electrons is dissipated
          as heat.

4.2.3  Manufacturing Processes and Materials

The manufacture of a receiving tube  is  similar  to  that  of  a
transmitting  tube  and  is depicted schematically in Figure 4-6.
Raw materials required for  receiving  tube  manufacture  include
glass envelopes, kovar and other specialty metals, tungsten wire,
and  copper  wire.   The  metal  parts  are  punched  and formed,
                                    4-10

-------
chemically  cleaned,  and  electroplated  with  copper,   nickel,
chromium,  gold, or silver.  The iron or nickel cathode is coated
with a getter solution which will be used to absorb  gases.   The
metal.parts are hand assembled into a tube mount assembly.  Glass
parts  for  the  tube  base  are  cut  and  heat treated.  Copper
connector pins are sealed in  the  "glass  mount"  machine.   The
glass mount piece is then heat treated by baking in an oven.  The
metal  tube mount assembly is then hand welded to the glass mount
piece.  The upper glass bulb is rinsed.  On a  "sealex"  machine,
the  bulb  is  evacuated to 10ZQ-3 mm of mercury, sealed, and the
glass  extensions  are  cut  off.   A  getter  material   (usually
magnesium,  calcium, sodium, or phosphorus) previously introduced
in  the  evacuated  envelope  is  flashed.   Flashing  occurs  by
applying  an  electric  current to the electrodes of the tube for
several seconds or by indirect Infrared  radiation.   The  getter
material  condenses  on  the  inside  surface and absorbs  (reacts
with) any gas molecules.  The result is that  the  vacuum  within
the  tube  becomes  progressively  stronger  until an equilibrium
value of 10ZQ-6 mm is reached.  The glass exterior is rinsed  and
the completed tube is aged, tested, and packaged.

The  manufacture  of  a  typical  transmitting  tube is presented
schematically in Figure 4-7.   Intricately  shaped  and  machined
copper, steel, and ceramic parts are cleaned and rinsed.  Some of
these  parts  are  then  electroplated  using  materials  such as
copper, gold, and silver.   Assembly  of  the  electron   tube  is
generally  a  manual  operation.   The  electron  tube components
consist of the above-described  parts,  a  tungsten  filament,   a
glass  window, and a glass tube.  The components undergo  a number
of soldering, brazing',  welding,  heat  treating,  and  polishing
operations.   A significant energy user is the heat treating area
with  associated  non-contact  cooling  water.    The   assembled
electron  tube " undergoes  an  extensive series of electrical and
mechanical testing procedures and an aging process  before  final
shipment.   There  are  specialized  types  of  transmitting type
electron tubes, such as image intensifiers, that are produced  in
a manner similar to that described above.  However, there  are two
wet processes utilized  in addition to those depicted in Figure 4-
7.     These    additional   wet   processes   include    alkaline
cleaning/rinsing and alcohol dipping/rinsing of ceramic or  glass
envelopes  brazed  to  metal;  and  acid  cleaning  of glass tube
bodies.  Because these processes are known to exist at  only  one
facility, they are not  included  in Figure 4-7 as processes common
to most  transmitting type electron tube manufacture.

Process  water  is  used   in solutions and rinses associated with
electroplating of anodes, cathodes, and  grids.   Water   is  also
used  to wash glass and ceramic  tube bodies both before and after
seating  to the base, or at  the conclusion  of  the  manufacturing
process.

Receiving  and  transmitting electron tube manufacturing processes
produce  wastewater discharges primarily through  metal  finishing
                                4-11

-------
operations  which are  covered under the Metal Finishing Category.
A  number  of  ancillary  operations  such  as  deionized   water
backwash,  cooling  tower blowdown, and boiler blowdown contribute
sizeable  wastewater   discharges   compared  to  metal   finishing
operations.

In   addition,  there  are  some   isolated  instances  of  plants
manufacturing specialized transmitting type electron  tubes  such
as  image  intensifiers and photomultipliers that require process
water.  Alkaline cleaning and acid etching  of  glass-metal  and
ceramic  tube components discharge process wastewater as a result
of alkaline and  acid  bath  dumps and  their  associated  water
rinses.   These  wet   processes  are  similar to several found  in
color television picture tube manufacture.  There is also a glass
tube  rinse  (or-  rinses)  which   concludes  the  manufacture   of
receiving  tubes.   Such  rinses   are  intended to remove surface
particulates and dust  deposited  on  the  tube  body  during  the
manufacturing process.

4.3 LUMINESCENT MATERIALS

Luminescent   materials   (phosphors)   are   those   that   emit
electromagnetic radiation (light)  upon excitation by such  energy
sources   as   photons,   electrons,  applied  voltage,  chemical
reactions, or mechanical energy.   These luminescent materials are
used for a variety  of  applications, including fluorescent  lamps,
high-pressure mercury  vapor lamps, color television picture tubes
and  single  phosphor  tubes,  lasers, instrument panels, postage
stamps, laundry whiteners, and specialty paints.

This study is restricted to those  materials which are  applicable
to  the  E&EC category, specifically to those used as coatings  in
fluorescent lamps and  color television picture tubes  and  single
phosphor tubes.

4.3.1   Number of Plants

A  telephone  survey   of  the  industry determined that only five
facilities manufacture luminescent materials,  and  according   to
industry  personnel,   two  of  these  facilities  are  the  major
producers.

Of the five luminescent materials  manufacturers, one manufactures
TV phosphors only;  three manufacture both lamp and TV  phosphors;
and  one  manufacture  only  lamp  phosphors.  At three facilities
wastewater flow from the phosphor  operations amount to less  than
twenty  percent of  the total plant flow.   Of the five facilities,
one has no discharge,  two discharge to a POTW and  the  remaining
two discharge to surface water.

4.3.2  Product Description
                                    4-12

-------
    collector
fully bunched
   electrons
     input
    coaxial
 transmission
     line
       high
     voltage
     supply
    spreading
    electron beam
      magnetic.polepiece .

          output catcher .
          cavity    :    •
            output
            .waveguide
            output
            coupling iris

            antibunch

            electron bunch
            forming

            intermediate,,
            cascade 
-------
                               Metal Components
                                     Metal
                                     Form
    Glass Tubes
        Glass
         Cut
Lead
Wires

 V
         Cathode
             I
                              Parts
                              Clean
 Anneal
Getter
 Coat
Glass
Mount
Machine
 V
Electroplate
 Tube Mount
  Assembly
                                     Weld
                                   Components
                                   Glass Tube
                                     Rinse
                                  Exhaust &
                                    Seal
                                  Glass Tube
                                     Rinse
                                     Age &
                                      Test
                                     Ship
        Denotes Water
           Flow Path
                                  FIGURE 4-6

                         RECEIVING TUBE MANUFACTURE
                            4-14

-------
                              Metal Components
Glass
Tube

 V
Glass
Window
Filament
                                 " Metal
                                   Form
                                   Parts
                                   Clean
                                    V
              Electroplate
                            \/
                                 •Solder'
                                   •v
                                   Braze
                                   V
                                   Weld
                                    V
                                  Anneal
                                 Evacuate
                                  s Seal
                                  Polish
                                Age & Test
                                   Ship
       Denotes Water
         Flow Path
                                Figure 4-7

                       TRANSMITTING TUBE MANUFACTURE
                                4-15

-------
 The   most   important   fluorescent  lamp  phosphor  is  calcium
 halophosphate.   There are at least 50 types of" phosphors used for
 cathode  ray  tubes  (television  and  other   video   displays).
 However,    all   are  similar to or mixes of the three major color
 television powders:  red,  blue, and green.   The red  phosphor  is
 yttrium  oxide  activated with europium;  the blue phosphor is zinc
 sulfide activated with silver,  and the green  phosphor  is  zinc-
 cadmium  sulfide  activated with copper.  The major process steps
 in  producing luminescent materials  are  reacting,   milling,   and
 firing  the  raw  material;   recrystallizing  raw  materials,   if
 necessary;  and  washing,  filter-ing,  and drying  the  intermediate
 and  final   products.    The products are then sold  and shipped as
 powders.

 4.3.3   Manufacturing  Processes  and Materials

 Lamp   phosphors  and    TV   phosphors   with   their   associated
 manufacturing   operations   are   discussed  separately  because
 production  processes  and raw materials differ.   The processes  and
 materials described were taken  from  a  typical   plant;   however,
 some    variations  occur    between  manufacturers.    Proprietary
 compounds used  in process  operations are not identified.

 Lamp   Phosphors  —    Preparation  of   calcium   halophosphate,
 Ca5(F,Cl)(P04)3  involves   the   production   of   two  intermediate
 powders and the  firing   of   the  combined   intermediate  powders
 (Figure 4-8).

 Calcium phosphate intermediate  powder  is produced  by reacting
 calcium salts   with   anions.    These raw   materials   are  first
 purified and  filter pressed  separately.   The two streams are then
 combined  to  precipitate   the   soluble   calcium.   This  resultant
 material,   CaCQS   ZQ.  CaHP04,   is  subsequently   filtered    and
 recrystallized   in heated   deionized water  for  particle  size
 assurance.  The material  is   then   filtered   and dried.   Liquid
 waste   originates   from  washing,  filtration (precipitation),  wet
 scrubber blowdown,  and filtration  of  the recrystallized  process
 stream.

 Calcium  fluoride   (CaF2)   intermediate   powder   is  produced  by
 reacting calcium  hydroxide   with   nitric acid   to   make   calcium
 nitrate   solution.   This   is  mixed  with   ammonium  bifluoride
 crystals dissolved  in water,  to   precipitate  calcium   fluoride.
 Calcium  fluoride   is  washed by decantation, filtered and dried.
 Liquid wastes originate  from  washing,   filtering   and   scrubber
 blowdown.

 The  intermediate   powders   are  milled  together, blended, fired,
washed, filtered and dried   to  produce   calcium  halo  phosphate
phosphor.

TV  Phosphors  —   There are three primary TV phosphors currently
being manufactured:  red, blue and green.  The  manufacturing  of
                                   4-16

-------
both  blue  and green phosphors requires a two-stage process that
involves the production of an intermediate material and then  its
activation  and  firing.   The manufacturing of red phosphor is a
solid state reaction.

Figure 4-9 is a process flow diagram for the production  of  blue
phosphor,  which  is  primarily a zinc sulfide phosphor activated
with silver (ZnS:Ag).  The intermediate material is  produced  by
dissolving  zinc  oxide  in  sulfuric  acid.   The  zinc  sulfate
solution is reacted with hydrogen sulfide gas to precipitate zinc
sulfide out of solution.  The product is washed, vacuum  filtered
and dried.  The intermediate powder is blended with the activator
(usually  silver),  fired,  washed,  filtered  and dried. . Liquid
wastes originate from  precipitation,  washing,  filtration,  and
scrubber blowdown.

The  green phosphor  is produced from zinc-cadmium sulfide that  is
activated with copper  (Zn(Cd)S:Cu).  The  intermediate  material  is
produced  by  dissolving  cadmium  oxide   in  sulfuric acid  and
deionized  water  to produce a cadmium sulfate solution.  Sulfide
gas and zinc  sulfide that 'was produced   in  the  same  method   as
described  in the blue phosphor, are introduced to the solution.
The precipitate  is washed several times  and then dried to produce
the cadmium-zinc sullfide intermediate powder.  The   intermediate
powder   is  mixed  with   the  activator   copper,   and  fired.  The
material  is washed,  vacuum  filtered, and  dried  to  produce, the
final  product   zinc-cadmium  phosphor.    Liquid wastes originate
from precipitation,  washing, filtration,  and  scrubber  blowdown.

The red  phosphor  is  a  rare   earth  phosphor manufactured  from
yttrium   oxide   that  is  activated with europium  (Y.20?:'Eu(III)).
The production  is  a  solid state  reaction in which  yttrium  oxide,
europium  oxide  arid  certain salts  are  blended,  fired,  washed,  and
dried  to produce the final  red phosphor.   Liquid waste originates
from washing  and scrubber blowdown.
                                  4-17

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  Recrystallization
Wet
Scrubber
Calcium Carbonate and
Calcium Phosphate
                             T
                             \K
                                      V
                               Milling & Blending
                                     Firing
                                      V
                                    Washing
           Wet Scrubber
                                      V
Filtration
                                      V
                                     Drying
                                      V
                             Screening & Blending
                                      V
                                    Product
        Denotes Water
          Flow Path
                                  FIGURE 4-8

                            LAMP PHOSPHOR PROCESS
                                 4-1)3

-------
              Zinc  Oxide
                             •V
 Hydrogen  ••
,Sulfide gas '
                                   Sulfuric Acid
                     Zinc Sulfate solution
                          Zinc Sulfide
                          Precipitation
                            Washed
                       , Vacuum, Filtered
                              V
                             Drying
Activator
                              V
                      Zinc' Sulfide
                     Intermediate Powder
                              V
                             Fired
                              ^
                             Washed'
                     ->
                            \/
                       Filtration
                             Drying
                              V
                            Product
\
/
, Wet
Scrubber
\^
                                                  V
                                                    Wet
                                                 Scrubber
                                                      '
  Denotes Water
    Flow Path
                             FIGURE 4-9

                        BLUE PHOSPHOR PROCESS
                              4-19

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                            SECTION 5

                   WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section presents information related  to  wastewater  flows,
wastewater  sources,  pollutants  found, and the sources of these
pollutants for Cathode Ray Tube, Receiving and Transmitting Tube,
and Luminescent Materials subcategories.  A general discussion of
sampling techniques and wastewater analysis is also provided.

5.1  SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROGRAM

More than 150 plants were contacted to obtain information on  the
three  subcategories.  Eleven of these plants were visited for an
on-site study of their manufacturing processes,  water  used  and
wastewater  treatment.   In  addition,  wastewater  samples  were
collected at six of the plants visited in order to  quantify  the
level  of  pollutants  in .raw  process  wastewater and treatment
effluent.

5.1 .1  Pollutants Analyzed

The  chemical pollutants sought  in analytical procedures fall into
three groups:  conventional, non-conventional, and  toxics.   The
latter  group  comprises  the   129  chemicals  found  in the  toxic
pollutant list shown  in Table 5-1.

Conventional  pollutants  are   those    generally   treatable  by
secondary   municipal  wastewater   treatment.   The   conventional
pollutants  examined for this study  are:

     pH
     Biochemical Oxygen Demand  (BOD)
     Oil  and Grease (O&G)
     Total  Suspended Solids  (TSS)

Non-conventional pollutants  are simply those  which   are   neither
conventional   nor   on  the   list  of   toxic pollutants.   The non-
conventional pollutants  listed  below  were  examined   during   this
study.
      Fluoride
      Total Organic
      Total Phenols
      yttrium
      Calcium
      Magnesium
      Aluminum
      Sodium
      Titanium
      Palladium
      Tellurium
Carbon
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Cobalt
Iron
Platinum
Gold
                                    5-1

-------
                                       TABLE 5-1
                                    TOXIC POLLUTANTS
 TOXIC POLLUTANT ORGANICS

  1.  Acenaphthene                       47.
  2.  Acrolein                           48.
  3.  Acrylonitrile                      49.
  4.  Benzene                            50.
  5.  Benzidine                          51.
  6.  Carbon Tetrachloride               52.
      (Tetrachloromethane)               53.
  7.  Chlorobenzene                      54.
  8.  1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene             55.
  9.  Hexachlorobenzene                  56.
 10.  1,2-Dichloroethane                 57.
 11.  1,1,1-Trichloroethane              58.
 12.  Hexachloroethane                   59.
 13.  1,1-Dichloroethane                 60.
 14.  1,1,2-Trichloroethane              61.
 15.  1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane          62.
 16.  Chloroethane                       63.
 17.  Bis(Chloromethyl)Ether             64.
 18.  Bis(2-Chloroethyl)Ether            65.
 19.   2-Chloroethyl vinyl Ether (Mixed)   66.
 20.   2-Chloronaphthalene                67.
 21.   2,4,6-Trichlorophenol              68.
 22.   Parachlorometa Cresol              69.
 23.   Chloroform (Trichloromethane)       70.
 24.   2-Chlorophenol                     71.
 25.   1,2-Dichlorobenzene                72.
 26.   1,3-Dichlorobenzene                73.
 27.   1,4-Dichlorobenzene                74.
 28.   3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
 29.   1,1-Dichloroethylene               75.
 30.   1,2-Trans-Dichloroethylene
 31.   2,4-Dichlorophenol                  76.
 32.   1,2-Dichloropropane                77.
 33.   1,2-Dichloropropylene              73.
      (1,3-Dichloropropene)               79.
 34.   2,4-Dimethylphenol                  80.
 35.   2,4-Dinitrotoluene                  81.
 36.   2,6-Dinitrotoluene                  82.
 37.   1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
 38.   Ethylbenzene                        83.
 39.   Fluoranthene
 40.   4-Chlorophenyl Phenyl Ether         84.
 41.   4-Bromophenyl Phenyl  Ether          85.
 42.   Bis(2-Chloroisopropyl) Ether        86.
 43.   Bis(2-Chloroethoxy)Methane          87.
 44.  Methylene Chloride                  88.
45.  Methyl Chloride  (Chloromethane)     89.
46.  Methyl Bromide  (Bromomethane)       90.
 Bromoform  (Tribromomethane)
 Dichlorobromoethane
 Tr ichlorofluoromethane
 Dichlorodifluoromethane
 Chlorodibromomethane
 Hexachlorobutadiene
 Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 Isophorone
 Naphthalene
 Nitrobenzene
 2-Nitrophenol
 4-Nitrophenol
 2,4-Dinitrophenol
 4,6-Dinitro-O-Cresol
 N-Nitrosodimethylamine
 N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
 N-Nitrosodi-N-Propylamine
 Pentachlorophenol
 Phenol
 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)Phthalate
 Butyl Benzyl Phthalate
 Di-N-Butyl Phthalate
 Di-N-Octyl Phthalate
 Diethyl Phthalate
 Dimethyl Phthalate
 1,2-Benzanthr acene  (Benzo(A)Anthr acene)
 Benzo (A)  Pyrene  (3,4-Benzo-Pyrene)
 3,4-Benzofluoranthene  (Benzo(B)
 (Fluoranthene)
 11,12-Benzofluoranthene  (Benzo(K)
 Fluoranthene)
 Chrysene
 Acenaphthylene
 Anthracene
 1,12-Benzoperylene(Benzo(GHI)-Perylene)
 Fluorene
 Phenanthrene
 1,2,5,6-Dibenzathracene(Dibenzo(A,H)
 Anthracene)
 Ideno(1,2,3-CD)Pyrene(2,3-0-Phenylene
 Pyrene)
 Pyrene
 Te t r achlor oe thylene
 Toluene
 Tr ichloroethylene
Vinyl Chloride (Chloroethylene)
Aldrin
Dieldrin
                                      5-2

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                                TABLE 5-1- continued
 91.   Chlordane (Technical Mixture and
      Metabolites)
 92.   4,4'-DDT
 93.   4,4'-DDE (P,P'-DDX)
 94.   4,4'-DDD (P,P-TDE)
 95.   Alpha-Endolsufan
 96.   Beta-Endosulfan
 97.   Endosulfan Sulfate                    ,
 98.   Endrin
 99.   Endrin Aldehyde
100.   Heptachlor
101.   Heptachlor Epoxide  (BHC-Hexachlorocyclohexane)
102.   Alpha-BHC
103.   Beta-BHC
104.   Gamma-BBC
105.   Delta-BHC
106.   PCB-1242 (Arochlor  1242)
107.   PCB-1254 (Arochlor  1254)
108.   PCB-1221 (Arochlor  1221)
109.   PCB-1232 (Arochlor  1232)
110.  PCB-1248 (Arochlor  1248)
111.   PCB-1260 (Arochlor  1260)
112.  PCB-1016 (Arochlor  1016)
113.  Toxaphene
114.  Antimony
115.  Arsenic
116.  Asbestos
117.  Beryllium
118.  Cadmium
119.  Chromium
120.  Copper
121.  Cyanide
122.  Lead
123.  Mercury
124.  Nickel
125.  Selenium
 126.  Silver
 127.  Thallium
 128.  Zinc
 129.  2,3,4,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-P-Dioxin (TCDD)
                                         5-3

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 5.1.2  Sampling Methodology

 During  the  initial visit to a facility, a selection was made of
 sampling points so as to best  characterize  process  wastes  and
 evaluate  the efficiency of any wastewater treatment.  The nature
 of the wastewater flow  at  each  selected  sampling  point  then
 determined  the  method of sampling, i.e., automatic composite or
 grab composite.  The sampling points were of individual raw waste
 streams,  or treated effluent.

 Each sample was collected whenever possible by an automatic  time
 series  compositor  over  a single 24-hour sampling period.  When
 automatic compositing was not possible,  grab samples  were  taken
 at  intervals over the same period,  and  were composited manually.
 When a sample was taken for analysis of  toxic organics,  a  blank
 was  also  taken to determine the level  of contamination inherent
 to the sampling and transportation procedures.

 Each sample was divided into several portions and preserved,  when
 necessary,  in accordance  with  established  procedures  for   the
 measurement  of  toxic  and  classical   pollutants.   Samples  were
 shipped in  ice-cooled containers by  the  best available  route  to
 EPA-contracted   laboratories  for analysis.   Chain of custody for
 the samples was maintained through the EPA Sample Control   Center
 tracking  forms.

 5.1.3   Analytical  Methods

 The analytical  techniques  for the identification  and  quantitation
 of  toxic  pollutants were those described  in  Sampling  and Analysis
 procedures   for  Screening  of  Industrial Effluents  for Priority
 Pollutants,  revised in  April  197T	Y

 In  the  laboratory, samples  for organic  pollutant  analysis   were
 separated   by  specific  extraction  procedures   into   acid   (A)
 base/neutral  (B/N),  and   pesticide  (p)  fractions.    Volatile
 organic  samples   (V)  were   taken separately as a series of  grab
 samples at  four-hour  intervals and composited in the   laboratory
 Tne  analysis  of  these  fractions  incorporated the application of
 strict quality control techniques "including  the use of  standards,
 blanks,     and     spikes.      Gas    chromatography     and    gas
 chromatography/mass  spectrometry  were the analytical procedures
 used for the organic pollutants.  Two  other- analytical  methods
were  used for the measurement of toxic metals:  flameless atomic
Jn!?^10?^*^10^1^1^ couPled  ar9on  Plasma  spectrometric
analysis (ICAP).  The metals determined by each.method were-
          Flameless AA

          Antimony
          Arsenic
          Selenium
          Silver
ICAP

 Beryllium
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
                                   5-4

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          Thallium
         Lead
         Nickel
         Zinc
Mercury  was  analyzed  by  a  special  manual  cold-vapor atomic
absorption technique.

For the analysis of conventional and non-conventional pollutants,
procedures  described  by  EPA  were  followed.   The   following
conventions  were  used  in  quantifying the levels determined by
analysis:

     o    Pollutants detected at levels  below  the  quantitation
          limit are reported as "less than"  (XZ) the quantitation
          limit.   All  other  pollutants  are  reported  as  the
          measured value.

     o    The tables show data for total  toxic  organics,  toxic
          and  non-toxic  metals,  and  other  pollutants.  Total
          toxic organics is the sum of all toxic  organics  found
          at concentrations of 0.01 mg/1 or  greater.
          Blank Entries  -  Entries  were
          parameter was  not detected.
                      left  blank  when  the
 5.2   CATHODE RAY  TUBES

 5.2.1   Wastewater Flow

 Presented   below   is  a   summary  of  the quantities of  wastewater
 generated  by the  manufacturers of  color  television picture  tubes
 and  other  single  phosphor tubes.
      Number of Plants
      Wastewater  Discharge  (gpd)
     Min.      Mean   -	Max.
           22
      XZ50
135,500
500,000
 5.2.2  Wastewater Sources

 Process  wastewater  sources  from the manufacture of cathode ray
 tubes  are  sizeable  and  include  wash  and  rinse   operations
 associated  with:   glass  panel wash, mask degrease, photoresist
 application,  phosphor  application,  glass  funnel   and   mount
 cleaning, and tube salvage.

 5.2.3  Pollutants Found and the Sources of. These Pollutants

 The  major  pollutants  of  concern  from  the  Cathode  Ray Tube
 subcategory are:
      pH
Chromium
                                    5-5

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                                TABLE 5-2

                            CATHODE RAY TUBE
                        SUMMARY OP RAW WASTE DATA
PARAMETER
Fluoride
      CONCENTRATION, mg/1
MINIMUM      MAXIMUM      MEAN
TOXIC METALS
114 Antimony
115 Arsenic
117 Beryllium
118 Cadmium
119 Chromium
120 Copper
122 Lead
123 Mercury
124 Nickel
125 Selenium
126 Silver
127 Thallium
128 Zinc
Total Toxic Organics*
Oil and Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids

0.036
0.149
<0.001
0.041
0.800
0.012
4.04
0.001
0.020
0.001
0.001
0.001
2.610
0.030
2.158
0.107
21.01

0.196
0.284
0.005
0.626
2.149
0.087
13.00
0.003
0.082
0.007
0.002
0.001
19.72
0.150
16.0
17
380

0.097
0.207
0.003
0.374
1.314
0.038
9.41
0.002
0.065
0.004
0.001
0.001
11.79
0.085
7.72
7.38
185
 31.7
                                               970.8
360.6
*3 day sample of one plant
                               5-6

-------
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-------
5-9

-------
                                      TABLE 5-3
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                                     Plant 30172
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day
TOXIC ORGANICS
  4  Benzene
 11  1,1,1-Trichloroethane
 39  Fluoranthene
 44  Methylene chloride
 55  Napthalene
 66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
 67  Butyl benzyl phthalate
 78  Anthracene
 81  Phenanthrene
 84  Pyrene
 86  Toluene
 87  Trichloroethylene
Total Toxic Organics

121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
                               Chromium
                               Reduction
                                Influent
                               1*
                               440/2790
                               24
                               mg/1
                               <0.010
                                0.058
                               <0.010
                                0.490
                               <0.010
                                0.460
                                0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                                0.029
                                0.010
                                1.057

                               <0.005
 0.003
 0.006
 0.001
<0.002
89.07
 0.019
 0.125
<0.001
 0.006
 0.004
 0.001
 0.017
<0.013
                 Lead
                 Treatment
                  Influent
                  2
                 45/285
                 24
                 mg/1

                 Not
                 Analyzed
                                                <0.005
0.092
0.250
0.004
 .070
 .670
   1.
   4.
  <0.05
 891.
   0.001
  18.5
  <0.020
   0.060
   0.002
1510.
               Ch-romi um
                Reduction
                 Effluent
                  3*
               440/2794
               24
               mg/1

               Not
               Analyzed
                                                                <0.005
 0.044
 0.017
<0.001
<0.002
73.33
 0.016
 0.062
<0.001
<0.005
 0.011
<0.001
<0.001
 0.02
*Average of three samples.

NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

PH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
                              706
                                2.82
                                0.70
                                8.14
                                0.037
                                0.006
                                0.014
                                0.122
                                0.03
                                0.132
                                0.101
                                0.042
                                0.058
                                0.105
                                0.005
                                0.013
                                  7
                                1.17
                                5.13
                               33
                                8
                                1.27
                 87.8
                 30.9
                640
                 12
                  5.860
                  0.161
                346
                205
                  1.60
                  3.010
                 16.8
                  2.650
               1940
                  0.319
                  0.01
                 <1.0
                160
                 <2.0
                 11
                                               190
                3.83
                0.93
               60.1
                0.039
                0.019
                0.008
                0.162
                0.026
                0.13
                0.83
                0.147
                0.058
                2.13
               <0.002
                0.013
              773.3
                0.433
                3.1
              121
               23.7
                1.2
                                 5-10

-------
                                      TABLE 5-3
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                               Plant 30172 - continued
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day
  Lead
  Treatment
   Effluent
     4**
  127/268
  8
  mg/1
Primary
Treatment
 Influent
   5*
12905/81820
24
mg/1
TOXIC ORGANICS
121  Cyanide
  Not
  Analyzed

  <0.005
Not
Analyzed

  0.005
TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium "
Zinc
 •Average of  three samples.
**Average of  two samples.

NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL  POLLUTANTS

PH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
                                  0.069
                                  0.009
                                 <0.001
                                 <0.005
                                  0.022
                                  0.042
                                  0.19
                                 <0.001
                                  0.911
                                  0.006
                                  0.002
                                 <0.01
                                 18.7
   29.6
   17.3
11950
    0.628
    0.59
    0.017
  322.5
   10.27
    0.214
    0.249
   <0.01
    0.308
    0.229
    0.032
    0.045
      5
   89
   78.5
    6.85
   11
   <1
   11
                              0.153
                              0.121
                             <0.001
                              0.171  .
                              2.-8 7
                              0.066
                             14.17
                             
-------
                                      TABLE 5-3
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                               Plant 30172 - continued
 Stream Identification
 Sample Number
 Flow  Rate  Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
 Duration Hours/Day
TOXIC  ORGANICS
 121  Cyanide
 Primary
 Treatment
  Effluent
    6*
 12500/79252
 24
 mg/1

 Not
 Analyzed

 <0.005
 Filter
  Effluent
    7*
 12905/81820
 24
 mg/1

 Not
 Analyzed

 <0.01
TOXIC  INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
                                     0.117
                                     0.009
                                    <0.001
                                    <0.002
                                     0.244
                                     0.015
                                     0.253
                                    <0.001
                                     0.013
                                    <0.005
                                    <0.001
                                    <0.001
                                     0.131
                         0.120
                         0.009
                        <0.001
                        <0.002
                         0.208
                         0.014
                         0.163
                        <0.001
                         0.015
                        <0.004
                        <0.001
                        <0.001
                         0.075
*Average of three samples.

NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

PH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
322.5
  7.05
132.5
  0.397
  0.007
  0.002
  1.97
  0.166
  0.039
 <0.025
  0.006
 <0.05
  0.230
 <0.002
  0.020
 35.5
  7.1
  7.9
297.33
  3.0
  3.0
306.3
  7.81
145
  0.301
  0.007
 <0.001
  2.293
  0.144
 <0.035
  0.07
 <0.003
 <0.05
  0.115
 <0.002
  0.023
 39.67
 11.07
  7.73
 20.67
  5.33
  3.13
                                 5-12

-------
                                        TABLE 5-4
                              "PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                                       PLANT 11114
                                   Treatment System  I
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day
                               Tube Salvage
                                Waste Influent
                                  1   .:..-..-
                               10674/67700
                               24
                               mg/1
                  HF - HNO3
                   Tube Salvage
                    Waste Influent
                      2     :-   .
                  426/2700
                  Batch
                  mg/1
                     Mask Panel
                      Waste Influent
                        3
                     11128/70600
                     24
                     mg/1
TOXIC ORGANICS
  4  Benzene
 23  Chloroform
 44  Methylene Chloride
 55  Nepthalene
 66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
 67  Butyl benzyl phthalate
 68  Di-N-butyl phthalate
 86  Toluene
 87  Trichloroethylene
 95  Alpha-Endosulfan
Total Toxic Organics

121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
                                    Not
                                    Analyzed
                                                .Not
                                                 Analyzed
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL  POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese'
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium  '  .
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium •
Phenols
Total Organic  Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Oil  & Grease
Biochemical  Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
                                0.018
 0.058
 0.244
<0.005
 0.127
 0.041
. 0.016
33.500
<0.001
 0.042
<0.010
 0.003
<0.001
 9.080
                               30.70 .
                               12.10
                              495.
                                9.920
                                0.006
                               < 0.001
                               11.70
                                0.524
                               < 0.035
                              1 < 0.025
                                1.030
                               < 0.050
                                1.880
                                0.046
                                0.005
                                35
                              780
                                 5.6
                                38
                                 0
                               127
                                                  0.250
   0.520
   1.420
  <0.005
  13.400
   3.200
   0.950
 749.
  <0.001
   3.240
  < 0.050
   0.100
   0.002
1430.
                  116.
                   46.
                 3040.
                   62.
                    0.
                    0.
                  280.
                   54.
                    0.
                    0.
                   23.
                    0.
                    0.
                 '   0.
                    0
                   94
                 2700
     3
     863
     074

     0
     173
     329
     7
     491
     264
     567
                   20
                    0
                   68
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                      0.020
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.010
                                                                     <0.005
                                                                      0.020

                                                                      0.009
   0.046
   0.052
 <0.005
   0.094
   0.735
   0.198
   0.516
 <0.001
   0.020
 < 0.002
 <0.001
 <0.001
   1.170
  19.60
   4.850
  35.70
   9.150
   0.012
   0.005
  11.50
   0.397
  < 0.035
  < 0.025
   0.590
  < 0.050
   1.280
   0.127
   0.027
 139
1923
                       2.7
                       1
                       0
                     185
                                 5-13

-------
                                       TABLE  5-4
                              PICTURE TUBE  PROCESS WASTES
                                      PLANT 11114
                            Treatment System I - continued
 Stream Identification
 Sample Number
 Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
 Duration Hours/Day
 TOXIC ORGANICS
   4  Benzene
  23  Chloroform
  44  Methylene  Chloride
  55  Nepthalene
  66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
  67  Butyl  benzyl  phthalate
  68  Di-N-butyl phthalate
  86  Toluene
  87  Trichloroethylene
 Total Toxic Organics

 121  Cyanide

 TOXIC INORGANICS
 114
 115
 117
 118
 119
 120
 122
 123
 124
 125
 126
 127
 128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium .
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
                               HF - HN03
                               Tube Salvage
                                 Post Settle
                                   4
                               473/3000
                               Batch
                               mg/1
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                                0.010
                               <0.010
                                0.130
                                0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                                0.150

                                0.185
 0.335
 0.088
<0.005
 1.150
 0.024
 0.066
 2.010
 0.001
 0.858
<0.010
 0.004
<0.010,
47.800
                                0.792
                                2.310
                            13100.
                               17.3
                                0.248
                                0.018
                              155.
                                1.90
                                0.092
                                0.071
                                0.043
                                0.602
                                0.923
                                0.139
                                0.026
                              187
                             6950
                               25
                                0
                               75
                       Pre-Filtration
                          5
                       11147/70700
                       24
                       mg/1

                       Not
                       Analyzed
                                                       0.011
 0.055
 0.078
<0.005
 0.206
 0.035
 0.030
12.000
<0.001
 0.076
<0.010
 0.001
<0.001
18.800
                        8.260
                        8.300
                     1170.
                        7.070
                        0.023
                       <0.002
                       21.20
                        0.289
                       •=0.036
                       <0.026
                        0.358
                       <0.051
                        1.600
                        0.037
                        0
                        7
                      910
                        6.2
                       20
                       12
                       39
                                  5-14

-------
                                      TABLE 5-4
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                                     PLANT 11114
                           Treatment System I - continued
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day


TOXIC ORGANICS


121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
116
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
•127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium-
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
  Post Filtration
     6
  11147/70700
  24
  mg/1

  Not
  Analyzed

   0.185
                                  0.046
                                  0.156
                                  0.005
                                  0.201
                                  0.027
                                  0.015
                                  6.640
                                 <0.001
                                  0.074
                                  0.010
                                 <0.001
                                 <0.001
                                 18.100
  . 4
   6
1180
   6
   0
 ' <0
  18
   0
  <0
  <0
   0
  <0
   1
   0
   0
   4
1070
,420
,800

'790
.024
.001
.00
.163
.035
.025
.053
.050
.120
.032
                 Final Effluent
                    7
                 22275/141000
                 24
                 mg/1

                 Not
                 Analyzed

                  0.525
                       0.061
                       0.064
                      <0.005
                       0.370
                       0.305
                       0.030
                      13.800
                      <0.001
                       0.111
                      <0.002
                       0.002
                      <0.001
                      32.800
   6.0
  20
  22
  22
   8.310
   7.730
1200.
   7.610
   0.048
  <0.001
  19.40
   0.503
  <0.035
  <0.025
   0.049
  <0.050
   2.040
   0.122
   0.034
  89
1140
                 6.1
                51
                 0
                80
                                  5-15

-------
                                      TABLE 5-4
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                                     PLANT 11114
                                 Treatment System II
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day
TOXIC ORGANICS
  4  Benzene
 29  1,1-Dichloroethylene
 38  Ethylbenzene
 44  Methylene chloride
 66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
 68  Di-N-butyl phthalate
 86  Toluene
 87  Trichloroethylene
Total Toxic Organics
121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS

114  Antimony
115  Arsenic
117  Beryllium
118  Cadmium
119  Chromium
120  Copper
122  Lead
123  Mercury
124  Nickel
125  Selenium
126  Silver
126  Thallium
128  Zinc

NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
  Other Process
   Waste Influent
     8
  17033/108000
  24
  mg/1
  <0.010
  <0.010
  <0.010
   0.020
   0.010
  <0.010
  <0.010
   0.030
   0.060

  Not Analyzed
   0.440
   0.266
  <0.005
   0.076
   0.025
   0.013
   2.570
  <0.001
   0.014
  <0.002
  <0.001
  <0.001
   2.130
  26.20
   8.270
 637.
   9.830
   0.007
   0.002
  17.700
   1.900
 •  0.074
  <0.025
   0.681
  <0.050
   1.220
   0.453
   0
   8
1800
   2.3
  14
   0
 137
  HF - Dump
     9
  142/900
  Batch
  mg/1

  Not
  Analyzed
                                                       0.011
  27.000
   9.000
  <0.010
   0.975
   1.500
   0.074
   6.820
   0.002
   0.420
  <0.300
   0.001
  <0.025
  10.300
   6
   2.
5250.
 311.
   0.
   0.
 862.
   5.
   1.
   0.
   0.
  <0.
  22.
  15.
   0.
  24
8400
  17
   0
3350
220
920
540
326

110
840
311
047
100
20
20
008
           HF Etch
            Settle Effluent
              10
           20439/86400
           16
           mg/1

           Not
           Analyzed
            0.003
            0.005
           <0.005
           <0.005
            5.580
            0.127
           <0.050
           <0.001
            0.144
           <0.010
            0.001
           <0.001
            0.194
 19.70
  7.080
786.
  0.121
  0.296
 <0.001
  0.770
  0.034
 <0.035
 <0.025
  0.042
 <0.050
 80
 <0.002
  0
  5
 15
            7.7
           18
           16
          178
                                  5-16

-------
                                      TABLE 5-4
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS  WASTES
                                     PLANT 11114
                           Treatment System II  - continued
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr^-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day
TOXIC ORGANICS


  4  Benzene
 44  Methylene chloride
 66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
 86  Toluene
 87  Trichloroethylene
Total Toxic Organics

121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
 Post Filtration
     11
 17033/10800
 24
 mg/1

 Not
 Analyzed
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
                                  0.440
                                  0.191
                                 <0.005
                                  0.018
                                  0.015
                                  0.016
                                  0.883
                                 <0.001
                                 <0.013
                                  0.004
                                  0.002
                                 <0.001
                                  0.605
   6.090
   3.340
1810.
   9.410
   0.003
   0.003
  17.800
   0.616
  <0.035
  <0.025
   0.152
  <0.051
   0.636
   0.313
   0
  10
4000
   6.6
  18
  11
  16
System II
Final
Effluent
12
30659/194000
24
mg/1
Not
Analyzed






0.520
0.079
0.062
<0.005
0.006
3.750
0.100
0.315
<0.001
0.097
<0.010
<0.001
<0.001
0.318
15.10.
5.700
1050.
5.060
0.196
0.002
11.00
0.229
0.037
<0.025
0.081
<0.050
56.70
0.112
0
8
700
7.5
10
0
135

HF - Dump
. Effluent
- -. 13
170/1080
Batch
mg/1


<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010

3.200
1.570
<0.005
6.031
0.020
0.020
3.190
<0.001
<0.013
<0.025
0.004
<0.010
1.080
3.310
1.190
10800.
62.600
<0.001
0.045
, 193.
1.630
0.087
0.089
0.025 .
0.548
1.050
0.412
0.008
472
4500

17
0
38
                                  '5-17

-------
                                                      TABLE  5-4
                                             PICTURE  TUBE  PROCESS WASTES
                                                     PLANT 11114
                                                Treatment System III
 Stream Identification
 Sample Number
 Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
 Duration Hours/Day
 TOXIC ORGANICS
 TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Total Suspended Solids
                                  <0.001
                                   0.008
                                  <0.005
                                   0.120
                                   3.710
                                  <0.013
                                  <0.050
                                  <0.001
                                  <0.013
                                  <0.010
                                   0.004
                                  <0.001
                                   2.860
   0.271
   0.496
 149.
   0.188
  <0.001
   0.172
   0.721
   0.012
     133
     591
   0
   0
1300.
   4.730
  <0.001
   0.038
   5.0
1840
Blue Phosphor
Waste Influent
15
1703/10800
24
mg/1
Not
Analyzed
0.001
0.002
<0.005
0.756
4.480
<0.013
<0.050
<0.001
<0.013
<0.010
0.360
<0.001
1910
5.120
0.794
1280.
1.010
<0.001
<0.001
<0.002
0.151
<0.035
0.111
8.160
<0.050
0.024
<0.002
4.0
2560
Green Phosphor
Influent
16
1703/10800
24
mg/1
Not
Analyzed
<0.001
0.006
<0.005
184.
4.970
0.024
<0.050
<0.001
<0.013
<0.010
0.005
<0.001
1540.
0.481
<0.049
787.
0.426
<0.001
<0.003
2.390
0.825
<0.069
0.123
0.411
0.293
0.093
<0.004
4.9
2450
                                 5-18

-------
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Duration Hours/Day
                                                     TABLE  5-4
                                            PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                                                    PLANT 11114
                                         Treatment System III - continued
Red Phosphor
  Effluent
    17
1703/10800
24
ing/I
Blue Phosphor
  Effluent
    18
1703/10800
24
mg/1
Green Phosphor
  Effluent
    19
1703/10800
24
mg/1
TOXIC ORGANICS


Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Total Suspended  Solids
Not
Analyzed
                                 <0.001
                                 <0.002
                                 <0.005
                                  0.065
                                  2.620
                                 <0.013
                                 <0.050
                                 <0.001
                                 <0.013
                                  0.020
                                 <0.001
                                 <0.001
                                  0.718
  0.157
 <0.025
  9.930
  2.400
 <0.001
 <0.001
  0.383
  0.005
 <0.035
 <0.025
  2.460
  0.186
  0.031
  0.007
  5.0
  8
Not
Analyzed •'

28
                     <0.001
                     <0.002
                     <0.005
                      0.020
                      3.750
                     <0.013
                     <0.050
                     <0.001
                     <0.013
                     <0.002
                      0.008
                     <0.001
                     31.500
  1.110
  0.187
 20.200
  0.158
 <0.001
 <0.001
  0.137
  0.552
 <0.035
 <0.025
  0.142
  0.193
  0.009
 <0.002
                      36
Not
Analyzed

28
                     0.004
                    <0.002
                    <0.005
                    11.600
                     2.380
                    <0.013
                    <0.050
                    <0.001
                    <0.013
                    <0.002
                     0.001
                    <0.001
                    19.100
  0.257
 <0.025
 18.300
  0.021
 <0.001
 <0.001
  0.094
  0.538
 <0.035
 <0.025
  0.037
  0.212
  0.004
 <0.002
                     35
                                  5-19

-------
                                       TABLE 5-4
                              PICTURE TUBE PROCESS  WASTES
                                      PLANT 11114
                           Treatment System III - continued
 Stream Identification
 Sample Number
 Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
 Duration Hours/Day
                               Total Phosphor
                                 Effluent
                                   20
                               5110/32400
                               24
                               mg/1
                  Total Plant
                    Effluent
                     21
                  283875/1800000
                  24
                  mg/1
 TOXIC ORGANICS
   4  Benzene
  11  1,1,1-Trichloroethane
  13  1,1-Dichloroethane
  23  Chloroform
  29  1,1-Dichloroethylene
  30  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
  38  Ethylbenzene
  44  Methylene  chloride
  48  Dichlorobromomethane
  51  Chlorodibromomethane'
  66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
  68  Di-N-butyl phthalate
  85  Tetrachloroethylene
  86  Toluene
  87  Trichloroethylene
 102  Alpha-BHC
 105  Delta-BHC
 Total Toxic  Organics

 Cyanide

 TOXIC INORGANICS
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                                0.020
                               <0.010
                               <0.010
                                0.030
                               <0.010
                                0.050

                               <0.005
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Not
Analyzed
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

pH
Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
                               Not
                               Analyzed
                                0
                              130
                               45
                              505
                               48
                             1080
                  <0.010
                   0.050
                  <0.010

                  <0.010
                  <0.010
                  <0.010
                   0.060
                  <0.010
                  <0.010
                  <0.010
                   0.090
                   0.030
                  <0.005
                  <0.005
                   0.023

                   0.002
                   0.052
                   0.037
                  <0.005
                    .310
                    .230
 1.
 1.
 0.045
 1.960
<0.001
 0.047
 0.002
<0.001
<0.001
 7.310
                  23.200
                   8.380
                 454.
                   4.100
                   0.037
                   0.002
                   9.420
                   0.186
                  <0.035
                  <0.025
                   0.237
                  <0.050
                   9.930
                   0.045
                   0.046
                 101
                 480
                   7.2
                  49
                  71
                  63
                                5-20

-------
                                      TABLE 5-5
                             PICTURE TUBE PROCESS WASTES
                                     PLANT 99796
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr/Gallon/day
Duration/Hours/Day
TOXIC ORGANICS

 23  Chloroform
 87  Trichloroethylene
Total Toxic Organics

121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Phenols
Flouride
Clarifier
  Influent
     1
85626/542880
    24
mg/1
  0.050
  0.025
•  0.075

<0.01
                                  0.040
                                  0.030
                                 <0.001
                                  0.637  '
                                  0.776
                                  0.016
                                 20.100
                                 <0.0002
                                 <0.015
                                 <0.010
                                 <0.012
                                 <0.010
                                 31.600
 <0.02
 34
Clarifier
 Effluent
    2
85626/542880
   24
mg/1
 0.035
 0.021
 0.056

 0.02
                   0.060
                  <0-. 010
                  <0.001
                   0.021
                   0.150
                  <0.004
                   0.400
                   o:0002
                  <0.015
                  <0.010
                  <0.003
                  <0.010
                   0.944
<0.02
32
Clarifier
 Influent
    3
74950/475200
   24
mg/1
 0.030

 0.030

<0.01
                   0.040
                   0.030
                  <0.001
                   0.434
                   0.900
                   0.012
                   5.300
                   0.0004
                  <0.015
                  <0.010
                  <0.015
                  <0.010
                   8.77
 <0.02
 26
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Oil  & Grease'                      5
Biochemical Oxygen Demand        17
Total Suspended Solids          410
                   5
                  10
                  15
                    5
                   16
                  320
                                 5-21

-------
                                      TABLE  5-5
                              Picture  Tube Process Wastes
                                Plant  99796 - continued
 Stream Identification
 Sample Number
 Flow Rate Liters/Hr/Gallon/day
 Duration/Hours/Day
 TOXIC ORGANICS

  23   Chloroform
  44   Methylene Chloride
  87   Trichloroethylene
 Total Toxic Organics

 121   Cyanide

 TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Phenols
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Oil & Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
Clarifier
Effluent
4
74950/475200
24
mg/1
0.054
0.008
0.008
0.054
<0.01
0.040
<0.010
<0.001
0.021
0.176
<0.004
0.200
0.0004
<0.015
<0.010
<0.006
<0.010
0.345
<0.02
26
Clarifier
Influent
5
84500/535680
24
mg/1
0.124
0.026

0.150
<0.01
0.100
0.50
<0.001
0.807
1.300
0.008
13.600
0.0002
0.030
<0.010
<0.015
<0.010
18.800
0.02
35
Clarifier
Effluent
6
84500/535680
24
mg/1
0.024
0.021

0.045
0.01
0.060
<0.010
<0.001
0.014
0.164
<0.004
0.300
0.0002
<0.015
<0.010
<0.003
<0.010
0.360
0.02
32
<5
15
20
  5
 18
'410
 5
15
10
                                 5-22

-------
     TSS
     Fluoride
     Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
Toxic Organics
The process steps associated with the sources of these pollutants
are described in Section 4.  Table 5-2 summarizes the  occurrence
and  levels  at  which  these  pollutants  are found based on the
sampling and analysis of wastewater from three television picture
tube manufacturing facilities.   Concentrations  represent  total
raw  wastes  after  flow-proportioning  individual plant streams.
Figures 5-1, 5-2, and 5-3 identify sampling locations, and Tables
5-3, 5-4, and 5-5 summarize analytical data and wastewater  flows
obtained from each of the plants sampled.

pH — may be very high or very low.  High pH results from caustic
cleaning  operations.   Low  pH results from the use of acids for
etching and cleaning operations.

Total  Suspended  Solids  —  are  common  in  cathode  ray  tube
manufacture   wastewater   and  result  primarily  from  graphite
emulsions  (DAG) used to coat the   inner  and  outer  surfaces  of
glass  panels  and funnels.  Sources  include both manufacture and
salvage cleaning operations.

Fluoride — has as its source the  use of  hydrofluoric  acid  for
cleaning and conditioning  glass surfaces.  Sources of fluoride in
wastewater  include both manufacture and salvage operations.

Cadmium and Zinc — are the major  toxic metals found  in phosphors
used    in   cathode  ray  tubes.    Sources  for  these  metals  in
wastewater  include manufacture, salvage,  and  phosphor  recovery
operations.

Chromium — occurs as dichromate  in photosensitive materials  used
to prepare  glass surfaces for phosphor  application.  Sources of
chromium in  wastewater   include   both   manufacture   and   salvage
operations.

Lead   —   is   present  in  high concentration  in  the solder  or  frit
used  to fuse glass panels  and funnels together.   The  major source
of lead in wastewater occurs   in   tube   salvage   operations  when
acids  are  used to  dissolve  the  frit and to clean  the panels and
funnels.

Toxic Organics —  result  from  the   use  of  solvents   such  as
methylene    chloride   and  trichloroethylene  for   cleaning  and
degreasing operations and  from  toluene-based  lacquer   coatings
applied  as  a  sealant  over  phosphor  coatings.    Only limited
sampling  has   been  conducted  for  toxic   organics   in   this
 subcategory.

 5.3  LUMINESCENT MATERIALS
                                    5-23

-------
 5.3.1  Wastewater Flow

 Presented  below  is  a  summary  of the quantities of wastewater
 generated by the manufacturers of luminescent materials.


5.3.
Number of Plants
5
2 Wastewater Sources
Min.
10,000

Mean
104,000

:jv- \ yf ^ /
Max.
247,000

 Process wastewater sources from the  manufacture  of  luminescent
 materials  include  the  various  crystallization,   washing,   and
 filtration steps in the  production  of  intermediate  and  final
 product  powders.    Additional  sources are wet scrubbers used in
 conjunction with firing and drying operations.

 5.3.3  Pollutants  Found and the Sources of These Pollutants

 The major pollutants of concern from  the  luminescent  materials
 subcategory are:

      pH TSS Antimony Cadmium
      Zinc

 The process steps  associated with  the sources of these pollutants
 are  described  in  Section 4.   Table 5-6 summarizes  the occurrence
 and levels of these pollutants based  on  sampling   and  analysis
 data.    Concentrations   represent   total  raw   wastes after flow-
 proportioning   individual  plant   waste  streams.     Figure   5-4
 identifies  the sampling  location  at one facility.   Tables  5-7
 through 5-9 present the analytical  data for three sampled  plants
 in  the  luminescent  materials  subcategory.

 pH  --may  be very  low or very high  in specific  waste  streams as a
 result   of  acids   used for dissolving  raw materials  and  caustics
 used  in wet scrubbers.

 Total Suspended Solids   —  occur   in  wastes   from   washing   and
 filtration  operations   and  in  wet  scrubber wastes.   The  solids
primarily  consist   of   precipitated   product  materials   and   raw
material  impurities.

Fluoride --  occurs  in wastewaters from  lamp phosphor manufacture.
Calcium  fluoride,  as  an intermediate  powder product, appears in
wastes  from  washing and  filtration operations.

Antimony —  used as an   activator   in   the  manufacture  of  lamp
phosphors  was  detected at a high concentration in one raw waste
stream.
                                5-24

-------
                               TABLE 5-6

                         LUMINESCENT MATERIALS
                       SUMMARY OF RAW WASTE DATA
PARAMETER
                                       CONCENTRATION, mg/1
                                 MINIMUM      MAXIMUM      MEAN
TOXIC METALS
114 Antimony
115 Arsenic
117 Beryllium
118 Cadmium
119 Chromium
120 Copper
122 Lead
123 Mercury
124 Nickel
125 Selenium
126 Silver
127 Thallium
128 Zinc
Total Toxic Organics
Oil and Grease
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids

0.021
0.005
0.003
0.216
0.025
0.005
0.009
0.001
0.025
0.005
0.015
0.027
2.864
0.060
2.64
2
91

6.62
0.020
0.008
9.35
0.067
0.101
0.155
0.005
0.745
0.005
0.044
0.065
350.6
1.292
6.40
8
4008

2.69
0.013
0.005
4.06
0.155
0.051
0.064
0.003
0.322
0.005
0.025
0.041
120.6
0.590
3.01
5
1440
Fluoride
11.05
                                                702
356.5
                                5-25

-------
Cadmium and  Zinc —  as  the major metals  found  in   blue   (Zn)   and
green   (Zn,   Cd)    TV phosphors,   occur   as  sulfides   in   the
intermediate and  final  products.    Therefore   they   appear   in
wastewaters  from  all  washing  and   filtering operations  in  the
production of blue and  green phosphors.

Other toxic  metals which  are  used   in  very  small  amounts   as
activators (arsenic  in  lamp phosphors  and silver  and copper in TV
phosphors) were detected in very low  concentrations.

Toxic  Organics — in the form of phthalate  esters, were found in
significant  concentrations in several  process wastes.   According
to   industry   personnel,   phthalates   are  not  used  in   the
manufacturing process.  The presence of  these organics may be  due
to sample contamination, since they also occurred  in  significant
concentrations  in sample blanks, or they may result from the  use
of plastic storage containers.

5.4  RECEIVING AND TRANSMITTING TUBES

No plants were sampled  in the  Receiving  and  Transmitting  Tube
subcategory.     Information   obtained' from  plant  surveys  and
industry contacts indicated  that  wastewater  generated  by  the
Receiving  and  Transmitting  Tube  subcategory results primarily
from processes associated with metal finishing operations.

-------
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                      31
Pro
s W
r Plant
ess Waste
                               5-27

-------
                                       TABLE 5-7
                                 LAMP  PHOSPHOR WASTES
                                       PLANT 101
 Stream Identification
 Sample Number
 Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
 TOXIC ORGANICS
 TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
126
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Fluoride

CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
  Calcium
  Intermediate
   Powder Wastes
     1
  26810/170000
  mg/1

  Not
  Analyzed
                                   0.016
                                   0.003
                                  <0.003
                                   0.076
                                   0.070
                                   0.050
                                  <0.020
                                   0.005
                                   0.220
                                  <0.005
                                   0.05
                                  <0.030
                                   0.005
  2.704
211.345
  2.598
  0.029
  0.252
  0.633
  0.402
  8.378
  0.418
  0.230
  0.100
  0.208
  0.127
 <3
840
Fluoride
Intermediate
 Powder Wastes
   2
946/6000
mg/1

Not
Analyzed
                       0.013
                       0.024
                      <0.003
                      <0.030
                       0.020
                       0.020
                      <0.020
                       0.004
                       0.090
                      <0.005
                       0.010
                      <0.030
                       0.289
 0.030
                    100
                                                   1100
                                 5-28

-------
                                     TABLE  5-7
                                LAMP PHOSPHOR WASTES
                                     PLANT  101
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flor Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
TOXIC ORGANICS

 11  1,1,1-Trichloroethane
 23  Chloroform
 44  Methylene Chloride
 66  Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
 67  Butyl benzyl phthalate
 68  Di-N-butyl phthalate
 70  Diethyl Phthalate
Total Toxic Organics

121  Cyanide

TOXIC INORGANICS
 114   Antimony
 115   Arsenic
 117   Beryllium
 118   Cadmium
 119   Chromium
 120   Copper
 122   Lead
 123   Mercury
 124   Nickel
 125   Selenium
 126   Silver
 127   Thallium
 128   Zinc

 NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

 Magnesium
 Sodium
 Aluminum
 Manganese
 Vanadium
 Boron
 Barium  •
 Molybdenum
 Tin
 Yttrium
 Cobalt
 Phenols
 Total Organic Carbon
 Fluoride
 Ammonia

 CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

 Total Suspended Solids
Composites
 1 & 2
   3
27760/176000
mg/1
 <0.010
 0.012
 0.470
 0.960
 0.15
 <0.010
 1.437

 <0.004

 Not
 Analyzed
 Fired  Lamp
  Powder Wastes
    4
 3785/24000
 mg/1
  <0.002
  8.0
 <0.010
 <0.010
   .011
   .200
 0.
 1.
<0.010
<0.010
  1.211

 <0.004
                     14.669
                      0.116
                     <0.003
                     26.210
                      0.050
                      0.040
                      0.080
                      0.003
                      0.290
                     <0.005
                      0.020
                     <0.030
                      0.071
   0.680
   2.288
   1.189
  32.250
   0.050
   1.721
   0.040
   0.050
   0.028
   0.037
   0.005
  <0.002
 170
7200
   3.4
                    3200
                                   5-29

-------
                                       TABLE  5-7
                                   TV PHOSPHOR WASTES
                                       PLANT  101

Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day

TOXIC ORGANICS
11 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
44 Methylene Chloride
66 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
67 Butyl benzyl phthalate
68 Di-N-butyl phthalate
70 Diethyl Phthalate
Total Toxic Organics
121 Cyanide
TOXIC INORGANICS
114 Antimony
115 Arsenic
117 Beryllium
118 Cadmium
119 Chromium
120 Copper
122 Lead
123 Mercury
124 Nickel
125 Selenium
126 Silver
127 Thallium
128 Zinc 2,
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
Intermediate
Powder Wastes
5
4732/30000
mg/1

<0.01
0.018
1.100
<0.01
<0.01
<0.01
1.118
<0.004

0.021
<0.001
<0.003
0.077
0.055
0.020
0.050
0.006
0.040
<0.005
0.010
<0.030
590

1.311
0. 083
1. 036
0.015
0.020
<0.001
0. 021
0.007
2.826
0. 224
< 0. 001
0.043
0.417
0.020
<0.002
20
                                                      Phosphor
                                                       Wastes
                                                         6
                                                      1577/10000
                                                      mg/1
                                                      <0.01
                                                       0.014
                                                       1.200
                                                      <0.01
                                                      <0.01

                                                       1.214

                                                      <0.004
                                                       0.011
                                                      <0.001
                                                      <0.003
                                                      <0.030
                                                      <0.005
                                                       0.010
                                                       0.020
                                                       0.002
                                                      <0.020
                                                      <0.005
                                                      <0.003
                                                      <0.030
                                                     888.5
                                                       2.219
                                                      13.670
                                                       2.696
                                                       0.771
                                                       0.026
                                                       0.114
                                                       0.038
                                                       0.004
                                                       1.006
                                                       0.053
                                                       0.037
                                                       0.080
                                                       0.142
                                                       0.007
                                                     <0.002
                                                       4.0
 Scrubber
  Wastes
    7
 1104/7000
 mg/1

 Not
 Analyzed
 0.049
 0.040
<0.003
 0.058
 0.080
 0.150
<0.020
 0.007
 1.290
 0.005
 0.230
<0.030
 0.194
 2.819
 0.035

 2.821
 0.017
 0.201
 0.043
 0.033
 1.903
 0.407
 0.699
 0.068
 0.308
 0.048
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Total Suspended Solids
                                 24,700
                                                   1500
                                                                       1100
                                 5-30

-------
                                      TABLE 5-7
                                  TREATMENT SYSTEMS
                                      PLANT 101
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
TOXIC ORGANICS
Treatment
 Influent
   8
189270/1200000
mg/1

Not
Analyzed
Primary
Clarifier
 Effluent
   9
189270/1200000
mg/1

Not
Analyzed
TOXIC INORGANICS
114
115
117
118
119
120
122
123
124
125
126
126
128
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Calcium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Europium
Yttrium
Cobalt
 Iron
Titanium
                                  0.029
                                  0.078
                                 <0.030
                                  0.337
                                  1.730
                                  0.150
                                 <0.020
                                  0.003
                                  0.260
                                 <0.005
                                  0.040
                                 <0.030
                                  5.517
302.707
 88.120
  3.052
  0.783
  0.804
  1.500
  0.319
  0.958
  0.285
 <0.05
 <2
  1.153
133.988
  0.095
                            0.058
                           <0.001
                           <0.003
                            0.091
                            0.120
                            0.090
                           <0.020
                            0.005
                            0.330
                           <0.005
                            0.010
                           <0.030
                            0.419
513.207
129.602
  2.399
  0.260
  0.872
  0.948
  0.099
  0.568
  0.257
 <0.01
 <2
  0.373
  3.560
  0.077
 CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

 Total Suspended Solids
210
                          110
                                  5-31

-------
                                       TABLE  5-7
                                   TREATMENT  SYSTEMS
                                  PLANT 101 -  continued
  Stream  Identification
  Sample  Number
  Flow Rate Liters/Hr/Gallon/day
 TOXIC ORGANICS
 Secondary
 Clarifier
  Effluent
    10
 189270/1200000
 mg/1

 Not
 Analyzed
  Final
  Effluent
    11
  189270/1200000
  mg/1

  Not
  Analyzed
 TOXIC INORGANICS

 114  Antimony
 115  Arsenic
 117  Beryllium
 118  Cadmium
 119  Chromium
 120  Copper
 122  Lead
 123  Mercury
 124  Nickel
 125  Selenium
 126  Silver
 127  Thallium
 128  Zinc

 NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

 Calcium
 Magnesium
 Aluminum
 Manganese
 Vanadium
 Boron
 Barium
 Molybdenum
 Tin
 Europium
 Yttrium
 Cobalt
 Iron
Titanium
  0.146
  0.156
 <0.003
  0.512
  4.750
  0.220
 <0.020
  0.003
  0.450
 <0.005
  0.060
 <0.030
 11.409
<2
  0.031
  0.008
 <0.003
  0.020
  0.050
  0.030
 <0.020
  0.004
  0.130
 <0.005
  0.020
 <0.030
  0.289
240.200
 52.730
  0.090
  0.107
  0.368
  0.361
  0.091
  0.128
  0.023
 <0.05
 <2
  0.096
  4.237
  0.005
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS

Total Suspended Solids
                                730
                                                           45
                                 5-32

-------
                                    TABLE 5-8
                                TV PHOSPHOR WASTES
                                    PLANT 102

Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr/Gallon/day

TOXIC ORGANICS
23 Chloroform
66 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
68 Di-N-butyl phthalate
86 Toluene
87 Trichloroethylene
Total Toxic Organics
121 Cyanide
TOXIC INORGANICS
114 Antimony
115 Arsenic
117 Beryllium
118 Cadmium
119 Chromium
120 Copper
122 Lead
123 Mercury
124 Nickel
125 Selenium
126 Silver
126 Thallium
128 2inc
NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
Phenols
Total Organic Carbon
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
pH 6 23°C
oil i Grease
Luminescent
Material Waste
1
4360/9000
mg/1

0.005
0.060
0.006


0.060
<0.002

0.021
<0.005
<0.005
0.216
<0.025
0.005
0.009
<0.001
<0.025
<0.005
<0.015
0.027
8.450

0.012
31

11.1
6.4
                                                    Final Plant
                                                     Effluent
                                                        2
                                                    39430/250000
                                                    mg/1
                                                      0.260

                                                      0.010
                                                      0.060
                                                      0.33 .

                                                      0.004
                                                      0.008
                                                     <0.005
                                                     <0.005
                                                      0.200
                                                      0.200
                                                      0.325
                                                      0.004
                                                     <0.001
                                                      0.190
                                                    ' <0.005
                                                      0.015
                                                      0.038
                                                      0.468
                                                       6.8
                                                       6.8
                                                       8.0
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Total Suspended Solids
91
                                  5-33

-------
                                      TABLE 5-9
                                 LAMP  PHOSPHOR  WASTES
                                      PLANT 103
Stream Identification
Sample Number
Flow Rate Liters/Hr-Gallon/day
Special Phosphors
 Wastes
   1
79/500
mg/1
Lamp Phosphor
 Wastes
   2
790/5000
mg/1
TOXIC ORGANICS
1 Acenaphene
4 Benzene
23 Chloroform
39 Fluoranthene
44 Methylene Chloride
66 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
67 Butyl Benzyl phthalate
68 Di-N-butyl phthalate
70 Diethyl phthalate
78 Anthrancene
81 Phenanthrene
84 Pyrene
86 Toluene
106 PCB-1242
Total Total Organics
Cyanide
TOXIC INORGANICS
114 Antimony
115 Arsenic
117 Beryllium
118 Cadmium
119 Chromium
120 Copper
122 Lead
123 Mercury
124 Nickel
125 Selenium
126 Silver
127 Thallium
128 Zinc
NON- CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Aluminum
Manganese
Vanadium
Boron
Barium
Molybdenum
Tin
Yttrium
Cobalt
Iron
Titanium
Total Organic Carbon
Fluoride
CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS
Oil S Grease
Total Suspended Solids
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010
0.160
<0.010
<0.160
<0.010
0.036
<0.010
<0.010
<0.010

0.008
0.196
0

0.009
0.006
0.075
0.091
0.266
0.419
1.070
0.003
3.272
<0.005
0.070
<0.030
7.011

8.672
3.016

3.854
0.428
14.812
49.802
0.230
0.462
0.286
10.602
0.117
1.399
0.079
98
1.5

29
270
                                                           <0.010
                                                           <0.010

                                                            0.150
                                                           <0.010
                                                           <0.010
                                                            0.011
                                                            0.260
                                                            0.010
                                                           <0.010

                                                            0.018

                                                            0.439

                                                            0
                                                            7.278
                                                            0.021
                                                           <0.001
                                                           10.270
                                                            0.047
                                                            0.069
                                                            0.063
                                                            0.004
                                                            0.536
                                                           <0.005
                                                            0.010
                                                           <0.030
                                                            2.449
                                                         432.007
                                                           2.070
                                                           4.771
                                                           0.115
                                                          14.060
                                                           0.034
                                                           0.053
                                                           0.283
                                                           0.030
                                                           0.012
                                                           0.019
                                                           0.010
                                                           0.516
                                                           0.010

                                                          43
                                                          12
                                                           0
                                                         215
                                5-34

-------
                            SECTION 6

          SUBCATEGORIES AND POLLUTANTS TO BE REGULATED,
                      EXCLUDED OR DEFERRED
This section cites the E&EC subcategories  which  are  being  (1)
regulated  or  (2)  excluded  from regulation.  In addition, this
section explains, for those subcategories being regulated,  which
pollutants  are  being  regulated  and which pollutants are being
excluded from regulation.

6.1   SUBCATEGORIES TO BE REGULATED

Based on  wastewater  characteristics  presented  in  Section  5,
discharge effluent regulations are being proposed for the Cathode
Ray Tube and Luminescent Materials subcategories.

6.1.1  Pollutants t£ be Regulated

The   specific   pollutants  selected  for  regulation  in  these
subcategories are:  Cathode Ray Tubes - cadmium, chromium,  lead,
zinc,  fluoride,  TSS,  pH  and  TTO; and Luminescent Materials  -
cadmium, zinc, antimony, fluoride, TSS and pH.  The rationale for
regulating these pollutants is presented below.

(pH) Acidity or Alkalinity

During cathode ray tube and  luminescent  materials  manufacture,
both  high  and   low  pH  levels may occur.  High pH results from
caustic cleaning  operations or caustics  used   in  wet  scrubbers
while  low  pH  results  from  the  use  of acids for etching and
cleaning operations.

Although not a specific pollutant, pH is a measure of acidity  or
alkalinity  of  a  wastewater  stream.   The   term  pH  is used to
describe the hydronium  ion balance in water.   Technically,  pH  is
the  negative  logarithm of the hydrogen ion  concentration.  A pH
of 7 indicates neutrality, a balance between   free  hydrogen  and
free  hydroxyl ions.  A pH above 7 indicates  that the solution is
alkaline, while a pH below  7  indicates  that  the  solution  is
acidic.

Waters  with  a   pH  below  6.0  are  corrosive to  water  works
structures, distribution lines, and household  plumbing  fixtures;
this  corrosion   can  add  constituents to drinking water such as
iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead.  Low pH  waters  not only
tend  to  dissolve  metals from structures and fixtures,  but also
tend to redissolve  or   leach  metals  from   sludges  and   bottom
sediments.   Waters  with  a  pH  above  9.9   can corrode certain
metals, are detrimental  to most natural  organic materials,  and
are  toxic to  living organisms.
                                    6-1

-------
 Total  Suspended Solids  (TSS)

 Total   suspended  solids   found   in   cathode ray  tube manufacture
 wastewater  result  primarily  from graphite  emulsions  (DAG)  used to
 coat the  inner  and outer  surfaces of  glass  panels   and   funnels.
 Sources include both manufacture and  salvage cleaning operations.
 The average concentration of  TSS in CRT  wastewaters  is 87.5  mg/1.
 TSS  concentrations in   the   effluent   from  the manufacture of
 luminescent materials average 1,440 mg/1.   These  solids   consist
 primarily  of   precipitated   product  materials   and raw  material
 impurities.  Major sources are washing and filtration operations
 and wet scrubber wastes.

 Suspended  solids   increase   the turbidity of  water,  reduce  light
 penetration, and impair the photosynthetic  activity  of   aquatic
 plants.   Solids,  when transformed to sludge deposit,  may  blanket
 the stream  or -lake bed and destroy the living  spaces for  those
 benthic organisms  that would  otherwise occupy  the habitat.

 Total  Toxic Orqanics (TTO)

 Total   toxic organics  (TTO)  are found  in the  wastewaters from
 cathode ray tube facilities.   TTO is  considered the   sum   of   the
 concentrations   of toxic organics listed in  Table  6-1 which  are
 found  at  concentrations greater  than  0.01  milligrams  per  liter.
 These   organics  result from  the use  of  solvents  (e.g., methylene
 chloride,   trichloroethylene)    for   cleaning   and  degreasing
 operations   and  from toluene-based lacquer  coatings applied as a
 sealant over phosphor coatings.   Maximum  TTO  concentrations  of
 0.15   milligrams   per liter were found in  the  process wastes from
 cathode ray  tube facilities.
                            Table 6-1
           Pollutants Comprising Total Toxic Organics
Toxic Pollutant No.
 8   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene      54
11   1,1,1-Trichloroethane       55
21   2,4,6-trichlorophenol       57
23   Chloroform                  58
24   2-chlorophenol              64
25   1,2-dichlorobenzene         65
26   1,3-dichlorobenzene         66
27   1,4-dichlorobenzene         67
29   1,1-dichloroethylene        68
31   2,4-dichlorophenol          78
37   1,2-diphenylhydrazine       85
38   ethylbenzene                86
44   methylene chloride          87
isophorone
naphthalene
2-nitrophenol
4-nitrophenol
pentachlorophenol
phenol
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
butyl benzyl phthalate
di-n-butyl phthalate
anthracene
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
trichloroethylene
Antimony
                                6-2

-------
Antimony is being regulated only  in  the  Luminescent  Materials
subcategory.   It is used in small amounts as an activitor in the
manufacture  of  lamp  phosphors  and  was  detected  at  a  high
concentration   in   a   sampled  raw  waste  stream.   The  mean
concentration of antimony for  luminescent  materials  facilities
was 2.69 milligrams per liter.

Antimony  compounds  are  poisonous  to humans and are classed as
acutely  moderate  or  chronically  severe.   Antimony   can   be
concentrated  by  certain forms of aquatic life to over 300 times
the background concentrations.  In  tests  on  various  fish  and
aquatic  life,  the  salts  of  antimony  give  mixed  results on
toxicity dependent on the  salt,  temperature,  hardness  of  the
water, and dissolved oxygen present.

Cadmium  .

Cadmium is found in the wastewater from both cathode ray tube and
luminescent  materials facilities at mean concentrations of 0.374
milligrams per liter and 4.06 milligams per liter,  respectively.
Cadmium  is  one  of  the major metals found in blue and green TV
phosphors  and  appears  in  wastewaters  from  all  washing  and
filtering  operations  in  the production of these phosphors.  In
the CRT industry, cadmium results from manufacture,  salvage  and
phosphor recovery operations.

Cadmium  is  a  cumulative  toxicant, causing progressive chronic
poisoning  in mammals, fish and other animals.   It   is  known  to
have  marked acute and chronic effects on aquatic organisms.  The
compound is highly concentrated by  marine  organisms,  primarily
molluscs.   The  eggs  and  larvae  of  fish  are apparently more
sensitive   than  adult  fish  to  poisoning   by   cadmium,   and
crustaceans  appear  to be even more sensitive than  fish eggs and
larvae.    Cadmium  in  drinking  water  supplies   is   extremely
hazardous   to  humans, and conventional treatment does not  remove
it.   It also acts synergistically with other metals;  copper  and
zinc  substantially increase its toxicity.

Chromium

Chromium   is   found   in the wastewaters from  the Cathode Ray Tube
subcategory.   It occurs as dichromate  in photosensitive materials
used  to prepare glass surfaces  for  phosphor  application.   The
mean  concentration of chromium  in wastewater  from manufacture and
salvage operations range was  1.31 milligrams  per  liter.

Chromium   is   considered   hazardous  to man, producing  lung  tumors
when  inhaled  and  inducing  skin  sensitizations.  The   toxicity   of
chromium salts to  fish, and other aquatic  life varies widely with
the species,  temperature,  pH,  valence  of  chromium and  synergistic
or antagonistic  effects.   It  appears that  fish food  organisms and
other  lower   forms   of   aquatic   life  are extremely sensitive  to
chromium,  which  also appears  to inhibit  algal  growth.
                                    6-3

-------
Lead

Lead  is being regulated  in the Cathode Ray Tube  subcategory.    It
is  present  in  the solder or frit used to fuse glass panels and
funnels together.  The major sources of lead  in  CRT  wastewaters
are   tube salvage operations where acids are  used  to dissolve the
frit  and to clean the panels and funnels.  The mean concentration
of lead for CRT facilities was 9.41 milligrams per liter.

Lead  levels are cumulative in the human body  over  long periods  of
time  with chronic ingestion of low levels causing  poisoning  over
a  period of years.  Fish have been shown to  have  adverse effects
from  lead  and   lead   salts   in   the   environment.    Small
concentrations  of  lead  may cause a film of coagulated mucus  to
form  over the fish, leading to suffocation.

Zinc

Zinc  is  being  regulated  in  both  the  Cathode  Ray  Tube  and
Luminescent  Materials  subcategories.   As with cadmium, zinc  is
one of the major toxic metals found  in  phosphors.   Sources   of
zinc  are therefore the same as discussed above for cadmium.  Mean
zinc  concentrations  for the two industries  are 11.79 milligrams
per liter (cathode ray  tube)  and  120.6  milligrams  per  liter
(luminescent materials).

Zinc  can  have  an  adverse  effect  on  man and  animals at high
concentrations.while lower zinc levels  in  public water  supply
sources  can  cause  an  undesirable taste which persists through
conventional treatment.  The toxicity of zinc to   fish  has  been
shown  to  vary  with fish species, age and condition, as well  as
with  the physical and chemical characteristics of  the water.

Fluoride

Fluoride is found in the wastewaters  of  cathode  ray  tube  and
luminescent   materials  facilities  from  both  manufacture  and
salvage operations.  The source of fluoride from CRT  manufacture
is  the  use  of  hydrofluoric acid for cleaning and conditioning
glass surfaces.   The mean concentration in CRT process wastes was
360.6.   The  source  of  fluoride  from  luminescent   materials
manufacture   is   an   intermediate   powder  in  lamp  phosphor
production.   The mean concentration of  fluoride   at  luminescent
materials facilities was 356.5 milligrams per liter.

Although  fluoride  is not listed as a toxic pollutant,  it can  be
toxic to livestock and plants, and can cause  tooth  mottling   in
humans.    The  National  Academy of Sciences recommends:  (1) two
milligrams per liter as an upper limit  for  drinking  water  and
watering   livestock   and,   (2)   one  milligram   per  liter  for
continuous use as irrigation water on acid soils to prevent plant
toxicity and reduced  crop  yield.    Although  some  fluoride   in
drinking  water   helps  to  prevent  tooth  decay,  EPA's National
                                    6-4

-------
. .iterim Primary Drinking Water Regulations set limits of  1.4  to
2.4  milligrams  per  liter  in drinking water to protect against
tooth mottling.

6.2  TOXIC POLLUTANTS AND SUBCATEGORIES NOT REGULATED

The Settlement  Agreement,  explained  in  Section  2,  contained
provisions  authorizing the exclusion from regulation, in certain
circumstances, of toxic pollutants and  industry  categories  and
subcategories.  These provisions have been rewritten in a Revised
Settlement Agreement which was approved by the District Court for
the District of Columbia on March 9, 1979, NRDC v. Costle, 12 ERC
1833.

6.2.1  Exclusion of_ Pollutants

Ninety-six    (96)   toxic  pollutants  are  being  excluded  from
regulation  for  both  the  Cathode  Ray  Tube  and   Luminescent
Materials  subcategories.   The  basis  for exclusion for eighty-
six;   (86)   of these pollutants  is  Paragraph  8(a)(iii)  which
allows  exclusion  for  pollutants  which are not detectable with
state-ofthe-art analytical methods.  The basis of  exclusion  for
another  nine  of  these pollutants is also provided by Paragraph
8{aj(iii) which allows exclusion of pollutants which are  present
in amounts too small to be effectively reduced.

The  nine  toxic  pollutants  that  are  being excluded from both
subcategories  under Paragraph 8(a)(iii) are:  arsenic, beryllium,
copper, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, thallium, and cyanide.

The  eighty-six which are being excluded under  8(a)(iii)  because
they were not  detected are presented in Table 6-2.

6.2.2  Exclusion of. Subcategories

All  subcategory exclusions are based on either Paragraph 8(a)(i),
or   Paragraph  8(a)(iv)  of   the  Revised  Settlement  Agreement.
Paragraph 8(a)(i) permits exclusion Of a  subcateogry  for  which
"equally  or   more stringent  protection is already provided by  an
effluent, new source performance, or pretreatment standard or   by
an   effluent   limitation.   .   ."   Paragraph   8(a)(iv)  permits
exclusion of  a category or subcategory where  "the amount and  the
toxicity  of   each  pollutant  in   the discharge does  not  justify
developing national regulations  .   .   ."   These  exclusions  are
supported by  data and  information presented  in Section 5.

The  Receiving and Transmitting  Tube subcategory  is being excluded
from  regulation under  the provisions of  Paragraph 8(a)(i) on the
basis  that the assembly of these  tubes  is a  dry  process.   Those
unit  operations  which   use  water for cleaning, degreasing, and
plating  are  covered under metal  finishing  limitations.
                                 6-5

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                                       TABLE 6-2

                             TOXIC POLLUTANTS NOT DETECTED
  1.   Acenaph thene
  2.   Acrolein
  3.   Acrylonitrile
  4.   Benzene
  5.   Benzidine
  6.   Carbon Tetrachloride
  7.   Chlorobenzene
  9.   Hexachlorobenzene
 10.   1,2-Dichloroethane
 12.   Hexachloroethane
 13.   1,1-Dichloroethane
 14.   1,1,2-Trichloroethane
 15.   1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
 16.   Chloroethane

 18.   Bis(2-Chloroethyl)Ether
 19.   2-Chloroethyl vinyl Ether  (Mixed)
 20.   2-Chloronaphthalene
 22.   Parachlororaeta Cresol
 28.   3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine
 30.   1,2-Trans-Dichloroethylene
 32.   1,2-Dichloropropane
 33.   lf2-Dichloropropylene
 34.   2,4-Dimethylphenol
 35.   2,4-Dinitrotoluene
 36.   2,6-Dinitrotoluene
 39.   Fluorathene
 40.   4-Chlorophenyl Phenyl Ether
 41.   4-Bromophenyl Phenyl Ether
 42.   Bis(2-chloroisopropyl) Ether
 43.   Bis-(2-chloroethoxy) Methane
 45.  Methyl Chloride
 46.  Methyl Bromide
 47.   Bromoform
 48.  Dichlorobromoraethane
51.  Chlorodibromomethane
52.  Hexachlorobutadiene
53.  Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
56.  Nitrobenzene
59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
69.  Di-n-octyl phthalate
 70.  diethyl phthalate
 71.  dimethyl phthalate
 72.  Benzo(a)anthracene
 73.  Benzo(a)pyrene
 74.  3,4-benzofluorathene
 75.  Benzo(k)fluoranthane
 76.  Chrysene
 77.  Acenaphthylene
 79.  Benzo(ghi)perylene
 80.  Fluorene
 81.  Phenanthrene
 82.  Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
 83.  Ideno(l,2,3-cd)pyrene
 84.  Pyrene
 88.  Vinyl Chloride
 89.  Aldrin
 90.  Dieldrin
 91.  Chlordane
 92.  4,4'-DDT
 93.  4,4'-DDE
 94.  4,4'-ODD
 95.  A-endosulfan-Alpha
 96.  B-endosulfan-Beta
 97.  Endosulfan Sulfate
 98.  Endrin
 99.  Endrin Aldehyde
100.  Heptachlor
101.  Heptachlor Epoxide
102.  A-BHC-Alpha
103.  R-BHC-Beta
104.  BBC-Gamma
105.  BHC-Delta
106.  PCB-1242
107.  PCB-1254
108.  PCB-1221
109.  PCB-1232
110.  PCB-1248
111.  PCB-1260
112.  PCB-1016
113.  Toxaphene
116.  Asbestos
129.  2,3,4,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-
      p-dioxin
                                       6-6

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Existing direct dischargers in the Cathode Ray  Tube  subcategory
are  being  excluded  from  regulation  under  the  provisions of
Paragraph 8(a)(iv).  Only one plant  of  the  22  plants  in  the
Cathode  Ray  Tube  subcategory  is  a direct discharger and that
plant has precipitation/clarification plus  filtration  treatment
in  place.   The  discharge of toxic pollutants is insignificant,
less than 2 pounds/day after current treatment.

All existing dischargers in the Luminescent Materials subcategory
are being excluded from regulation.  Of the five plants  in  this
subcategory,  only  two are direct dischargers.  These two plants
discharge after treatment less  than  one  pound/plant  of  toxic
metals  per  day.  For this reason, exclusion under the provision
fo paragraph 8(a)(iv) is proposed.  In the case of  the  indirect
dischargers,  exclusion under the provision-of paragraph 8(b)2 is
proposed on  the  basis  that  the  amount  of  toxic  pollutants
introduced into POTW's is insignificant.

6.3  CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANTS NOT REGULATED

BOD,  and  oil  and  grease  are  not  being regulated for either
subcategory because  they  were  found  at  concentrations  below
treatability.   BOD was found at an average of 7.4 milligrams per
liter in cathode ray tube facilities and 5 milligrams  per  liter
in  luminescent  materials plants; oil and grease was found at an
average concentration of 9.1 milligrams per liter in cathode  ray
tube plants and 3.0 milligrams per liter in luminescent materials
plants;  and  fecal  coliform  was  not  present  in  the process
discharge from either subcategory.
                                    6-7

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                            SECTION 7

                CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
The wastewater  pollutants  of  concern  in  the  manufacture  of
cathode  ray  tubes  and  luminescent materials, as identified in
Section  5,  are  pH,  suspended  solids,   fluoride,   antimony,
chromium,  cadmium, lead, zinc, and toxic organics.  A discussion
of  the  treatment  technologies  currently  practiced  and  most
applicable  for  the  reduction  of these pollutants is presented
below  followed  by  an  identification  of   three   recommended
treatment  and control systems and an analysis of the performance
of these systems.

7.1  CURRENT TREATMENT AND CONTROL PRACTICES

Pollutant control technologies currently used in the cathode  ray
tube and luminescent materials industries include both in-process
and   end-of-pipe   technologies.    In-process   waste   control
technologies   are  meant  to  remove  pollutants  from   process
wastewater  by  treatment  at  some  point  in  the manufacturing
process, or to limit the introduction of pollutants into  process
wastewater  by  control  techniques.   End-of-pipe  treatment  is
wastewater treatment at the point of discharge.

7.1.1  Cathode Ray Tube Subcategory

In-process  Control   —   In-process  control  techniques   with
widespread  use  in  this  subcategory  are  collection  of spent
solvents for resale, reuse or disposal, and segregation of  spent
acid wastes for contract hauling.  Contract hauling refers to the
industry  practice of contracting a firm to collect and transport
wastes for off-site disposal.

All color television  tube  manufacturing  plants  are  known  to
collect spent solvents for either contractor disposal or reclaim.
Two  plants  also  have  their  lead-bearing  nitric  acid wastes
contract-hauled.   Three  plants  have  in-process  treatment  of
chromium  wastes,  and  two  of these plants also have in-process
treatment of strong lead-bearing wastes.  Information from single
phosphor tube manufacturers indicates that in-process control  of
pollutants  at  these  facilities  is  limited  to collection and
contract hauling of solvent wastes.

End-of-Pipe Treatment  —  Six of the seven color television tube
manufacturers  use  end-of-pipe  precipitation/clarification  for
control  of  toxic  metals.   The  one plant which currently only
neutralizes its discharge is planning a new treatment system  for
control  of  metals.   The one direct discharger also filters its
treated process wastewater prior to discharge.
                                    7-1

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 Information  from single   phosphor   tube  manufacturers   indicates
 that  most   facilities  only  neutralize  their wastes.   Some  small
 plants have  provisions for  solids   removal  prior   to   discharge.
 Two  plants   have   combined  treatment   systems designed to  treat
 metal finishing wastes from other plant  manufacturing operations.

 7.1.2  Luminescent  Materials  Subcateqory

 In  the  Luminescent  Materials  subcategory   the   two  direct
 dischargers   have   combined  end-of-pipe treatment  systems that
 utilize precipitation/clarification technologies.  Of   the   three
 other  plants  in the subcategory, one evaporates its liquid  waste
 and has no industrial discharge, one neutralizes its wastes   end-
 of-pipe and  the third uses  precipitation/clarification  technology
 to control toxic metals prior to discharge.

 7.2  APPLICABLE TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

 7.2.1 • p_H Control

 Acids  and   bases   are commonly used in  the production  of cathode
 ray tubes and  luminescent materials and  result in  process   waste
 streams  exhibiting  high  or low pH values.  Acids and bases are
 used frequently in  cleaning  operations for  cathode   ray   tube
 manufacture.   In   the production of luminescent materials,  acids
 are used to  dissolve raw  materials  and bases are used in alkaline
 scrubbers.

 Several methods can be used to  treat  acidic  or  basic wastes.
 Treatment  is  based upon  chemical neutralization usually to  pH 6-
 9.   Methods   include:    mixing  acidic  and  basic  wastes,  and
 neutralizing   high  pH  streams  with acid or low pH streams with
 bases.  The method of neutralization used  is  selected on  the
 basis of overall cost.  Process water can be treated continuously
 or on a batch  basis.  Neutralization is  often used in conjunction
 with precipitation of metals..

 Hydrochloric   or sulfuric acid may  be used to neutralize alkaline
wastewaters; sulfuric acid  is most  often chosen  because of  its
 lower cost.

 Sodium  hydroxide (caustic soda), sodium carbonate (soda ash), or
 calcium  hydroxide  (lime)  may  be  used  to  neutralize  acidic
wastewater.    The  factors considered in selection include price,
neutralization   rate,    storage    and   equipment   costs,   and
neutralization  end products.   Sodium hydroxide is more  expensive
 than most other alkalis but is often selected due to its ease  of
storage,   rapid  reaction  rate and  the general solubility of its
end product.

7.2.2  Fluoride Treatment
                                   7-2

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Fluoride appears  in  cathode  ray  tube  manufacture  wastewater
because  of  the  use  of  hydrofluoric  acid  for  cleaning  and
conditioning glass surfaces.  In the  production  of  luminescent
materials  fluoride  appears  as  ammonium  bifluoride in the raw
material used, and as calcium fluoride in intermediate and  final
products.

The most common treatment procedure practiced today in.the United
States  for  reducing the fluoride concentration in wastewater is
precipitation by the addition of lime followed by  clarification.
Calcium fluoride is formed by the following reaction:

          Ca(OH)ZX2 + 2FZQ- = CaFZX2 + 20HZQ

The  solubility  of  calcium fluoride in water is,7.8 mg fluoride
ion per liter at 18ZJC.  The precipitate forms slowly,  requiring
about  24  hours  for  completion  and  the solubility of calcium
fluoride soon after its formation  is  about  ten  milligrams  of
fluoride per liter.

Data  from  the Cathode Ray Tube subcategory indicate that plants
using precipitation and clarification treatment technologies  are
achieving  an average effluent concentration of 20 milligrams per
liter fluoride.

Hydroxide precipitation has proven to be an  effective  technique
for  removing  many pollutants from industrial wastewater.  Metal
ions are precipitated as hydroxides and fluoride is  precipitated
as  insoluble  calcium  fluoride.  The system operates at ambient
conditions and is well suited  to  automatic  control.   Lime  vis
usually  added  as a slurry when used in hydroxide precipitation.
The slurry must  be  kept  well  mixed  and  the  addition  lines
periodically checked to prevent blocking, which may result from  a
buildup  of  solids.   The  use  of  hydroxide precipitation does
produce sludge requiring disposal following precipitation.

The performance of a  precipitation  system  depends  on  several
variables.   The  most  important factors affecting precipitation
effectiveness are:

     1.   Addition of sufficient excess chemicals to drive the
          precipitation reaction to completion.  If treatment
          chemicals are not present in slight excess
          concentrations, some pollutants will remain dissolved
          in the waste stream.

     2.  .Maintenance of an alkaline pH throughout  the
          precipitation reaction and subsequent settling.

     3.   Effective removal of 'precipitated solids.

Removal  of suspended  solids  or  precipitates  by  gravitational
forces may be conducted  in  a settling tank, clarifier, or lagoon.
                                    7-3

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However,   the  performance  of  each  is a  function of  the retention
time, particle size  and density,  and  the   surface   area  of   the
sedimentation  chamber.  Accumulated sludge can be removed  either
periodically or  continuously as  in  the case of a clarifier.

The effectiveness of a solids  settling unit can often be  enhanced
by the addition  of   chemical  coagulants   or  flocculants  which
reduce  the  repulsive forces  between ions  or particles and allow
them to form larger  floes which  are then   removed   more  easily.
Commonly   used   coagulants  include ferric sulfate  and chloride;
commonly used flocculants are  organic polyelectrolytes.

7.2.3  Toxic Metals  Treatment

Toxic metals appear  in process wastewaters  from  the manufacture
of luminescent materials and cathode ray tubes.  Zinc and cadmium
are  major constituents of  phosphors and, as such, appear in most
process waste  streams  at  luminescent  materials   manufacturing
plants  and  in  many  waste   streams at cathode ray tube plants.
Lead, found in the solder used to fuse cathode  ray  tube  panels
and  funnels,  appears  in  tube  salvage wastes at  these plants.
Chromium, a constituent of  photoresist materials, is found  in  the
hexavalent form  in several  wastes at cathode ray tube plants.

The most  commonly   used  method  to  remove  toxic  metals  from
wastewaters  is  to  precipitate  the  metals  as  hydroxides  or
carbonates  and  then  remove  the  insoluble   precipitates   by
clarification or settling.

Hydroxide  precipitation  uses lime or caustic soda  to supply  the
hydroxide  ions.  The chemistry of the process is simple but  must
be  understood  for  each   metal.   The pH  must be in the optimum
range to avoid forming soluble complexes.   A simple  form  of   the
reaction may be written as:

          MZQ++ + 20HZQ- =  M(OH)ZX2

The treatment levels attainable by  hydroxide precipitation  can be
forecast  from  a  knowledge of the pH of the system.  Figure  7-1
shows the theoretical solubility of those toxic metals which form

insoluble hydroxides.  It is  clear  from   the  figure  that   for
wastewaters  containing more than one metal, no single optimum pH
exists.   For successful application  as  a  wastewater  treatment
technology,  careful  control of pH must be practiced if  the best
removals  are   to   be   achieved.     In   practice,   hydroxide
precipitation  is  often  supplemented  by  the use of coagulating
agents to improve solids removal.

Sodium carbonate is  often the reagent of choice for  the treatment
of  lead-bearing  wastes.    Lead  carbonate  or  lead  hydroxide/
carbonate  precipitates  are formed which allow improved settling
characteristics for  this metal.
                                   7-4

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           I	1	1	1	1
  10
                              FIGURE 7-1

      Theoretical solubilities of toxic metal hydroxides/oxides
      as a function of pH.
NOTE: Solubilities of metal hydroxides/oxides are from data by
      M.Pourbaix, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous
      Solutions,Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1966.
                                7-5

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 Depending on the quantity of  waste liow,  the treatment  can either
 be  a  batch or continuous operation,  with  batch treatment  favored
 for  small  flows.    In  batch   treatment  the  equipment usually
 consists  of two  tanks,  each with the capacity to direct the total
 wastewater volume.   For large daily flows,  a  typical   continuous
 flow   scheme  consists   of an   equalization  tank,   flash mixer,
 flocculator,  settling unit or clarifier and a  sludge   thickening
 unit.

 Further   removal  of fine precipitates   can  be achieved by  the
 addition  of  a  filtration unit.    A filtration  unit  commonly
 consists  of a container holding  a  filter  medium or combination of
 media  such  as   sand or anthracite coal,  through which is passed
 the liquid stream.   The unit  can operate  by gravity  flow or under
 pressure.   Periodic  backwashing  or  scraping  of  the   media   is
 necessary to remove  particles filtered from the liquid  stream  and
 prevent    clogging   of   the   filter.   The   proper  design  of  a
 filtration unit  considers such  criteria  as  filter   flow rate
 (gpm/sq ft),  media grain size, and density.

 Chromium   Reduction   —  Hexavalent  chromium (e.g.  CrOZX4ZQ=  and
 CrZX20ZX7ZQs)  is  very toxic and  soluble,  and must be reduced   to
 the trivalent  form (CrZQ+++)  before   it  can  be removed from
 wastewater by precipitation  and   clarification.    A   number   of
 chemicals  can  be used to reduce  chromium  from the  hexavalent to
 the trivalent form.   A  typical method uses  sodium bisulfite  and
 sulfuric  acid at  low pH.   The reduction  reaction is:
     3SOZX3ZQ*
     4HZX20
+  CrZX20ZX7ZQ=  + 8HZQ+ = 2CrZQ+++ + 3SOZX4ZQ= +
Following this reduction step, the trivalent chromium  is now  in a
form  that  can  be  treated   using   hydroxide   precipitation/
clarification technology.

7.2.4  Total Toxic Orqanics Control

The sources of toxic organics in the Cathode Ray Tube  subcategory
are  solvents  used  for  cleaning  and degreasing operations and
toluene-based coatings used to protect  phosphors.   The  primary
technique  in  this  subcategory for controlling the discharge of
toxic organics is the segregation of spent solvents for  contract
hauling  (disposal)  or  for  sale  to companies which purify the
solvents in bulk for resale.  This control technology  of  solvent
management  also  includes  good  housekeeping  practices such as
controlling leaks and spills.

7.3  RECOMMENDED TREATMENT AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

Based on the pollutants of concern in the Cathode  Ray  Tube  and
Luminescent   Materials   subcategories,   applicable   treatment
technologies for the control of these pollutants, and  the current
                                   7-6

-------
technologies observed within the two subcategories, three options
for control and treatment have been identified.

7.3.1  Cathode•Ray Tube Subcategory    ,

Option 1  treatment consists of neutralization for.pH.control.

Option 2 treatment  consists  of  Option  1  treatment  with  the
addition  of:   chromium  reduction with the use of sulfuric acid
and sodium bisulfite; chemical precipitation and clarification of
all metals-bearing process wastes using lime, sodium carbonate, a
coagulant and polyelectrolyte; and sludge dewatering.   Option  2
is presented schematically in Figure 7-2.

Option  3  treatment  consists  of  Option  2  treatment with the
addition  of  multi-media  filtration   technology.    Option   3
treatment is also depicted in Figure 7-2.

Option  4  consists  of  solvent  management for control of  toxic
organics.  Solvent management is  not  a  treatment  system,  but
rather an in-plant control to collect used solvents for resale or
contract disposal.

7.3.2  Luminescent Materials Subcateqory

Option 1 treatment consists of neutralization  for  pH control.

Option  2  treatment  consists  of  Option   1  treatment with the
addition of:  chemical preecipitation and  clarification  of all
metals-bearing  process  wastes   using   lime,  sodium carbonate, a
coagulant and polyelectrolyte; and sludge dewatering.   Option  2
is presented schematically  in Figure 7-3.

7.4   ANALYSIS OF  INDUSTRY PERFORMANCE DATA

The   following  subsections present data  on the performance  of  in-
place treatment systems  in  the Cathode Ray Tube   and   Luminescent
Materials   subcategories as they  relate  to the identified options
presented  in Section 7.3.  Also   presented   are   the   results   of
analyses   of   available  long-term effluent  monitoring data and a
discussion  of  the statistical methodology  used   to  analyze  the
data.

7.4.1   Cathode Ray Tube  Subcateqory


Table  7-1   presents  a  summary   (average  influent and  effluent
concentrations) of the performance   of   Option  2  and Option  3
treatment  technologies from results  of  the three-day samplings of
color  television picture  tube  manufacturing plants.   Plant 30172
uses chromium  reduction  of   concentrated  chromium  wastes  and
carbonate  precipitation  and settling of  concentrated lead-bearing
wastes.    The  effluents  from  these two treatment units  are then
                                    7-7

-------
 combined  with  other  process  wastes   and   sent   through   a
 precipitation/clarification/filtration   treatment  system.    The
 treatment  system effluent is then combined  with  dilute  process
 wastes   and  cooling   water  in  a holding lagoon prior to direct
 discharge  (see Figure 5-1).   Within a primary tank,   Plant  99796
 performs  chromium reduction  on  an  acid  waste  that contains
 dissolved   chromium.    A  concentrated  lead  bearing  waste   is
 periodically   batch discharged to the primary tank for treatment.
 Overflow from the primary tank is combined with a caustic  stream
 in  a  secondary tank and sent through a clarification system.   The
 treatment   system effluent  enters  a  holding  lagoon  prior to
 indirect discharge (see Figure 5-3).

 Also  sampled  was Plant 11114,  a  color  television  picture   tube
 plant   which   has   three  separate  treatment  systems  serving
 different  areas  of the plant  (see  Figure  5-2).    The  sampling
 results    indicated    that,    although  some  components  achieve
 pollutant   reduction,    wastewater   treatment   is    generally
 ineffective   at  Plant   11114.    For   this  reason,   treatment
 performance data from this plant  are not presented.

 In  addition to sampling data,  long-term  effluent  self-monitoring
 data  were submitted  by three plants.   Plant  30172 monitors the
 treatment  system effluent following filtration.   Plants 99797 and
 99798    monitor   the    final      effluents      from     their
 precipitation/clarification  treatment systems.

 Table  7-2  presents  the results  of statistical  analyses  of  long-
 term  data  from  the  three  plants.    The   derivation  of    the
 variability  factors   presented  in  Table 7-2  is  discussed  under
 statistical methodology in Section  7.4.3.

 7.4.2  Luminescent Materials Subcateqory

 Table 7-3 presents  a  summary  (average  influent   and  effluent
 concentrations)   of   available  Option 2 performance data  for  the
 Luminescent Materials subcategory.  Both Plants  101  and 102   have
 combined    treatment    systems    which   treat   wastes   from   many
 manufacturing  operations.  The  treatment systems  consist  of   flow
 equalization,  precipitation,   clarification  and  pH  adjustment.
 Influent and  effluent  data were taken on three  days   of   sampling
 conducted under  this  study.

 7.4.3  Statistical Methodology

 To  establish  effluent   guideline  limitations  for the  Electrical
 and Electronic   Components   Category,  the  available   data  were
 examined  statistically   to  determine the performance  levels  that
were attained  by properly  operated   treatment  systems   in   that
 industry.   Two  distinct  sets of  sampling data were  available  for
 this assessment.  The  first  set   consists  of  raw   and  effluent
 concentration  data that were collected  during sampling visits to
representative plants  in  the   industry.   Typically,   these  data
                                    7-8

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-------
Parameter
                              TABLE 7-3

                   PERFORMANCE OF  IN-PLACE TREATMENT

                   Luminescent Materials  Subcategory
                          Option 2 Treatment


                          Plant  101	
Influent
  mg/1	
                                 Effluent
                                   mg/1
                     Plant 102
                      Effluent
                        mg/1	
Toxic Metals

   Antimony
   Cadmium
   Zinc

Other Pollutants

   TSS
  0.029
  0.34
  5.52
210
 0.031
 0.020
 0.42
45
0.008
0.20
0.47
                                      12
                                7-13

-------
 cover  a  period of 3 days of sampling.  The other data consisted
 o£ sets of longer term  self-monitoring  data   (usually  effluent
 concentration  only) that were submitted by plants in the Cathode
 Ray Tube subcategory.  Analysis of the data  for  visited  plant!
 yielded  mean  effluent  concentration  values  for each pollutant
 parameter (Tables 7-1 and  7-3).   More  information  (than  mean
 concentrations)  is  available  from  the  longer  term discharge
 monitoring  data  (Table  7-2)  which   allows   a   quantitative
 ?!??^Sn    ?f  .the   viability  of  effluent  concentrations
 following wastewater treatment.  This data reflect the fact  that
 even properly operating treatment systems experience fluctuations
 iLm?°J Utant .concentrations  discharged.   These  fluctuations
 result from variations in process  flow,   raw  waste  loading  of
 pollutants,   treatment chemical feed, mixing effectiveness during
 treatment,  and combinations of these or other factors.

 It has been found that the  day-to-day  variability  in  effluent
 concentrations  includes  occasional large changes while averages
 lor each  month s  data  experience  smaller  fluctuations    The
 variability  in  the monthly average is usually well  described by
 -phL™rmad  distrib"tj°n  as  predicted   by  the  Central  Limit
 Theorem.   However,  daily fluctuations are most often  described by
 a«?0gnormaj   distribution.    This  reflects  the  fact   that  an
 effluent value may  rise considerably from the mean level but  may
       °.nly  «.to  th\ value of zero.   To quantify this  variation in
              concentration of a pollutant,  a daily and  a  monthly
            fac*°.r  (a  value always greater  than 1.0)  were  derived
 «n-  i     u  SfJ    m°mtoring  data.    These  factors were   then
 multiplied  by the mean  pollutant concentration (derived  from  the
 visited   plant  data)   to  yield  a  daily  and a monthly effluent
 limitation, respectively.

 The following paragraphs   describe  the   statistical  methodology
 used   to  calculate  the   variability  factors   for pollutants  of
 concern   in   the  Cathode. Ray   Tubey and   Luminescent   Materials
                                       limitati°- ^r   pollutant
CALCULATION OF VARIABILITY FACTORS

Variability factors are used   to  account   for  effluent   concen-
tration  fluctuations  in the establishment  of reasonable effluent
limitations.  Calculation of these  factors is  discussed here
while  their  application is discussed under the next heading   A

vJrJLiT3?11™?  Yariability'  fact°r   and   a   ^nthly    average
?K 25iJtfy         W6re calculated for each pollutant parameter.
The monthly average  was  calculated  based on  a  22-day month
because these plants normally  operate five  days per week.
  ii  .Variability  Factors— These calculations were based on the
following three assumptions: (1) monitoring  at  each  plant  was
conducted  using  standardized  testing  procedures such that the
resulting   measurements   can   be   considered    statistically
                                   7-14

-------
 independent   and amenable to standard statistical  procedures;  .(2)
 treatment  facilities and monitoring techniques at  each plant were
'substantially constant throughout the monitoring period;  (3)  the
 daily  pollutant  concentration  data  follow a distribution with
 characteristics that can be verified as lognormal  or normal.

 The first  two assumptions, which concern self consistency of  the
 data   were   supported  by  direct examination of  the data and by
 consideration of supplemental information accompanying the data.

 In  the  cases  of  cadmium,  chromium,  lead   and   zinc,   the
 distribution of daily data were verified as lognormal through the
 use  of  graphical  plots  and  the  Kolomogorov-Smirnov test for
 goodness of  fit.  Examples of these plots are  shonw  in  Figures
 7-4  through  7-7.  .A  straight  line  plot  confirms  lognormal
 distribution of the data.

 Once lognormality was verified,  the  daily  maximum  variability
 factor was calculated from the equation

      In VF = 2.326(8') - 0.5 (S1)                      .

 In  this equation, 2.326  is the 2 value corresponding to the  99th
 percentile point for  the distribution and  S'   is   the  estimated
 standard   deviation   of   the   natural    logarithms   of   the
 concentrations.  S1  is calculated as the square root of In  (l.rO +
 (CV)ZQ2) where  CV  is  the  coefficient of variation.

 In  the  case  of  fluoride,  daily  concentration data were better fit
 by  a normal  distribution.  'The  normal distribution  was  verified
 by   the  use   of  graphical  plots   (See  Figure   7-8)  and  the
 Kolomogorov-Smirnov  test  for goodness of fit.

 Monthly Variability  Factors—Since  the  monthly  averages follow  a
 normal  distribution,   the monthly   variability   factors  for all
 pollutants were calculated from the  equation

      VF*  =  1.0  + 1.645  (S/M)

  In this equation,  1.645  is the Z value corresponding  to  the  99th
 percentile   point  for   the distribution;   S  is   the  estimated
 standard  deviation of the monthly average, obtained  by   dividing
  the standard  deviation of the daily pollutant concentrations  by
  the square  root of22; and M  is  the  mean  value  of  the  daily
 pollutant concentrations.

  CALCULATION OF EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

  The  effluent limitations are based on the premise that a plant's
  treatment  system  can   be   operated   to   maintain   effluent
  concentrations  equivalent  to  those  concentrations observed at
  plants visited during the sampling program.   As explained in  the
  introduction,  day-to-day concentrations will fluctuate below and
                                     7-15

-------
above average concentrations.  Thus an effluent   limitation  must
be  set far enough above the average concentration so that plants
with properly operated treatment  systems  will   not  exceed  the
limit  (99  percent  of  the  time  in the case of daily data, 95
percent of the time in the case of monthly averages).

Effluent  limitations  are  obtained  for   each   parameter   by
multiplying  the  average  concentration (based on visit data) by
the appropriate daily and monthly variability factors   (based  on
historical data).  Expressed as an equation

     L = VF x A

Where L is the effluent limitation, VF is the variability factor,
and A is the Average concentration based on plant visit data.
                                   7-16

-------
       LN CADMIUM  CONCENTRATION  VS.  CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
L
N

C
A
D
K
I
U
M

C
0
N
C
E
N
T
R
A
T
 1
0
N
     I
-3.7 +
     I
     I
-3.8 +
     I
     I
-3.9 +
     I
     I
-4.0 +
     I
     I
-4.2  +
 -4.6
    -4.9
      I
      I
      4-
      I
      I

      I
      I
 -5.0 +
       I
      ...4.
          1
.+	+	+	+	+	4-	+	'•+	•»••
 27   15   30    50   70   85    93    98

      CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY, PERCENT
                                                                 99
                                   FIGURE 7-4

                                   PLANT 30172
                               7-17

-------
L
N

C
H
R
0
M
I
U
M

C
D
N
C
E
N
T
R
A
T
I
0
N
     1.2
     0.9
 0.6
 0.3
 0.0
-0.3
-0.6
-0.9
   -1.2
   -1.5
   -1.8
        LN CHROMIUM  CONCENTRATION VS. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY

         I
                  7    15    30   50   70   85    93

                  CUMULATIVE  FREQUENCY, PERCENT


                              FIGURE 7-5

                              PLANT 30172
                                                         98   99
                             7-18

-------
         LN LEAD CONCENTRATION VS.CUMULATIVE  FREQUENCY
    0.6
    0.3
    0.0
L
N
L  -0.3
E
A
D
   -0.6
C
0
N
C  -0.9
E
N
T
R  -1.2
A
T
I
0  -1.5
N
    -1.8
    -2.1
    -2.4
.+„_..+ ...
 1     2
                       7   15   30   50    70   85   93

                       CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY, PERCENT


                                FIGURE 7-6

                                PLANT 99797
98   99
                               7-19

-------
         LN ZINC CONCENTRATION VS. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
      I
    3 +
L
N   1

Z
I
N
C   0

c
0
N
C -1
E
N
T
R
A »2
T
I
0
N
  -5
                   7    15    30   50    70    85   93

                   CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY,  PERCENT

                           FIGURE 7-7

                           PLANT 99797
98
99
                            7-20

-------
       FLUORIDE  CONCENTRATION VS. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
  21
  20
  19
F
L
U
0 18 +
R
I
D
E 17
C
0
N 16
C
E
N
T 15
R
A
T
I 1*
0
N

  13
   12
   11  +
                   7    15    30   50   70   85    93

                   CUMULATIVE  FREQUENCY, PERCENT

                               FIGURE 7-8

                             PLANT 30172
98
99
                               7-21

-------

-------
                            SECTION 8

         SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE CONTROL AND TREATMENT
             TECHNOLOGIES AND BASES FOR LIMITATIONS


Proposed   discharge   regulations   for  the  Cathode  Ray  Tube
subcategory  and  the  Luminescent  Materials   subcategory   are
presented   in  this  section.   The  technology  bases  and  the
numerical bases are also  presented  for  each  regulation.   The
statistical methodology used to develop limitations was presented
in Section 7.4.

8.1  CATHODE RAY TUBE SUBCATEGORY

The Agency is proposing not to regulate direct dischargers in the
Cathode  Ray  Tube  subcategory  for reasons presented in Section
6.2.  Therefore, BPT, BAT  and  BCT  limitations  are  not  being
proposed.

8.1.1  Pretreatment Standards for Existing Sources  (PSES)



Pollutant

Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride
Long Term
Average
(LTA)
(mq/1)

0.019
0.20
0.28
0.34

20.5





Monthly

VF

1 .
1 .
1 .
1 .

1 .
Average
Limit

15
32
28
45

09

(mq/1)

0.022
0.26
0.36
0.49
*
22.3
Daily Max
VF Limit

2.42
4.54
4.05
6.05

1 .59
imum
(mg/1)

0.046
0.91
1.13
2.06
0.15
32.6
  *The Agency is not proposing monthly limitations for reasons
 presented below.


 EPA is proposing PSES based on Option 2 which consists of solvent
 management   to   control  toxic  organics,   neutralization,   and
 precipitation/clarification of the final effluent to reduce toxic
 metals and fluoride.  Solvent management is  widely  practiced  at
 cathode  ray  tube  facilities  as is neutralization.  Precipita-
 tion/clarification technology is known to be currently  practiced
 at  nine  CRT  facilities.    Option  1,  neutralization,  was not
 selected because it will not control toxic  metals  or  fluoride.
 Option  3  was  not  selected  because the demonstrated pollutant
 reduction  beyond  that  achieved  by  Option  2  is   considered
 insignificant.   Precipitation/clarification  technology achieves
                                    8-1

-------
 97-98 percent  reduction  of  toxic  metals,   whereas  filtration
 technology will only achieve an additional 0.6 percent reduction.
 If Option 3 was selected,  the following limits would apply.

         (Alternate)   Pretreatment  Standards  for Existing Sources
8.1.1
(PSES)


Pollutant

Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride

(LTA)
(mg/1)

0.019
0.17
0.18
0.195

20.5


VF

1 .15
1 .32
1 .28
1 .45

1 .09
Monthly
Average
Limit (mg/1)

0.022
0.22
0.23
0.28
*
22.3

Daily
VF Limi

2.42
4.54
4.05
6.05

1 .59

Maximum
t (mg/1)

0.046
0.77
0.73
1.18
0. 15
32.6
Toxic Metals and Fluoride — The proposed  limitations   for   toxic
metals  (cadmium, chromium,  lead and  zinc)  and  fluoride   are  based
on  demonstrated  performance  at CRT plants employing  precipita-
tion/clarification  treatment  technologies.   As  described   in
Section   7,   both   on-site  sampling  and   long-term  effluent
monitoring data are reflected  in the limitations.  They therefore
incorporate both the plant-to-plant  variations in raw wastes and
treatment  practices  and the  day-to-day variability of treatment
system performance.  The concentrations shown are all   applicable
to  the  treated  effluent  prior  to  any dilution with  sanitary
wastewater, noncontact cooling water, or other non-process water.
The achievable long-term average concentrations used  to  develop
the  proposed limitations are  based  on sampling data presented  in
Table 7-1.  The averages for chromium, lead, and  zinc   represent
the average effluent concentrations  following Option 2  treatment.
The   average   for   cadmium   reflects   the  average  effluent
concentration at only one of the sampled plants since   the   other
plant   had   uncharacteristically   low  cadmium  levels  in  its
effluent.  The average for  fluoride  incorporates  the  filtered
effluent  fluoride concentration from Plant 30172 rather  than the
clarifier effluent concentration.  Since the sampling   data  from
this  plant  show increased fluoride levels following filtration,
and since the fluoride levels  are   low,  the  data  more  likely
reflect maximum performance for Opti-on 2 technology.

The  variability factors used to develop the proposed limitations
are based on statistical analyses of  long-term  monitoring  data
submitted  by  three  plants  and  summarized  in Table 7-2.  For
cadmium, chromium,   zinc,  and  fluoride,   the  median  of   three
variability  factors  were selected.   For lead, the higher of two
variability factors were selected.
                                8-2

-------
Total Toxic Organics (TTO) — A daily maximum limit of 0.15  mg/1
is being proposed.  This limit reflects the highest concentration
of  TTO  found  at  the sampled plants.  Because only limited TTO
data are available from the CRT  industry,  the  Agency  reviewed
data  from  other industries, including other E&EC subcategories,
to assess the reasonableness of this limitation.   In  the  metal
finishing        industry,        data        indicate       that
precipitation/clarification technology reduces TTO by 80 percent.
In the semiconductor subcategory, raw waste TTO levels at  plants
practicing  good  solvent  management  occur  at from 0.03 to 1.4
milligrams per liter.  Thus, if the CRT industry were to  exhibit
raw  waste  TTO levels within the range observed at semiconductor
plants, reduction of TTO through Option 2 technology would result
in effluent TTO levels near the proposed 0.15 milligram per liter
limitation.  The Agency has chosen not  to  establish  a  monthly
average  limitation primarily because solvent management is not  a
treatment technology and solvent management would not be expected
to vary significantly from the daily maximum.


8.1.2  New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
Long Term
Average Monthly

Pollutant
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride
TSS
PH
(LTA)
(mg/1)
0.019
0.17
0.18
0.195

20.5
..12.8
range
Average
VF Limit
1 .15
1 .32
1 .28
1 .45

1 .09
1 .26
from 6 to 9
Daily Maximum
(mg/1)
0.022
0.22
0.23
0.28

22.3
16.1

VF
2.42
4.54
4.05
6.05

1 .59
3.35

Limit (mg/1)
0.046
0.77
0.73
1 .18
0.15
32.6
42.9

 The Agency is proposing NSPS based on Option 3.   This  technology
 consists of neutralization and solvent management plus end-ofpipe
 precipitation/clarification followed by filtration.   The addition
 of  filtration  is expected to further reduce toxic metals in the
 effluent  over  that  expected  from  precipitation/clarification
 (Option  2).  Because no significant reduction in fluoride or TTO
 is expected, the proposed limitations for these pollutants do not
 change from PSES.

 Toxic Metals — The basis for proposed limitations for the  toxic
 metals   is  sampling  data  from  one  CRT  facility  practicing
 filtration of its final effluent.  The percent reduction of  each
                                     8-3

-------
 metal   following  filtration  as  calculated  from  Table 7.1  was
 applied to the  long  term  average  concentrations   in  PSES   to
 develop  the  achievable  long-term average.   Variability factors
 are  the same as those derived for  Option  2  technology.

 Total   Suspended  Solids  (TSS)  —  Proposed    TSS    limitations
 represent  a  transfer  of  technology  from  the  Metal Finishing
 industrial category.   The  rationale for   transferring  technology
 from  this  industry  is (1}  the raw waste  TSS concentrations  are
 similar to those found in   CRT  wastes,   and  (2)  the   treatment
 technology  used  for  solids reduction  in  the  metal finishing
 industry is the same as that  proposed for cathode  ray tubes.

 The  average effluent concentration of 12.8  milligrams  per  liter
 was  derived  from EPA sampling  data from several  metal finishing
 plants  practicing solids removal by clarification  and  filtration
 technology.    Excluded  from   the   data   base   were   plants  with
 improperly operated  treatment systems.  The variability  factors
 of 1.26 and 3.35 each represent  the median  of  variability factors
 from 17 metal  finishing plants with long-term  monitoring data.

 pH   —  Properly operated end-of-pipe neutralization  of  wastewater
 will ensure discharges in  the pH range of 6 to 9.

 8.1.3   Pretreatment  Standards for  New Sources  (PSNS)

Long
Term

Average

Pollutant
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Zinc
TTO
Fluoride
(LTA)
(mg/1)
0.
0.
0.
0.

20.
019
17
18
195

5
VF
1 .
1 .
1 .
1 .

1 .







Monthly
Average
Limit
15
32
28
45

09


(mg/1)
0.
0.
0.
0.

22.
022
22
23
28

3
Daily
VF
2.
4.
4.
6.

1 .
Maximum
Limit
42
54
05
05

59


(mg/1)
0.
0.
0.
1 .
0.
32.
046
77
73
18
15
6
The Agency is proposing PSNS based on Option 3.  This  technology
consists of neutralization and solvent management plus end-ofpipe
precipitation/clarification followed by filtration.  As with NSPS
the  addition  of  filtration is expected to further reduce toxic
metals   in   the    effluent    over    that    expected    from
precipitation/clarification   (Option   2),  but  no  significant
reduction in fluoride or TTO is expected.
                                   8-4

-------
The basis for the toxic metals, total toxic  organics  (TTO)  and
fluoride   limitations   were   presented   under   NSPS.   These
limitations do not change for PSNS.

8.2  LUMINESCENT MATERIALS SUBCATEGORY

The Agency is proposing not to regulate existing  dischargers  in
the  Luminescent  Materials  subcategory for reasons presented in
Section 6.2.

8.2.1  New Source Performance Standards (NSPS)
Long Term
Average
(LTA)
Pollutant
Cadmium
Antimony
Zinc
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(mg/1)
0.
0.
0.
20.
18.
20
03
47
5
2
range
Monthly
Average
VF Limit (mg/1)
1 .
1 .
1 .
1 .
1 .
from
15
45
45
09
26
6-9
0.
0.
0.
22.
22.

23
044
68
3
9

Daily Maximum
VF Limit (mg/1)
2
6
6
1
3

.42
.05
.05
.59
.35

0
0
2
32
61

.48.
.18
.84
.6
.0

EPA is proposing NSPS based on Option 2 technology which consists
of   precipitation/clarification   and   neutralization.     This
technology  controls  pH, total suspended solids  (TSS), fluoride,
cadmium, antimony, and zinc.  All but one of the  dischargers   in
the  Luminescent  Materials  subcategory are currently practicing
this technology.  Option  1 was not selected because  it  will  not
control toxic metals and  fluoride.

The  bases  for  pH  and  fluoride   limitations were presented  in
Section 8.1 for cathode ray tubes.   The proposed  limitations  for
these  pollutants  are  the  same for luminescent materials.  The
bases for toxic  metals   and  suspended  solids   limitations  are
presented below.

Toxic  Metals  —  The proposed NSPS limitations  for toxic metals
(cadmium, antimony and zinc) are based on sampling data from  two
luminescent          materials          plants          employing
precipitation/clarification technologies.  Because the  available
data  are  limited, the higher value of each toxic metal from the
two plants was selected   as  the  achievable   long-term  average.
Variability  factors  for cadmium and zinc are the  same as those
derived for the CRT industry, which  practices  the same  treatment
technology.   These  variability factors are discussed  in Section
8.1.1.
                                    3-5

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Because  no  long-term monitoring  data were  available  for  antimony,
the  higher  of  the  variability  factors  for  the other  metals,  those
for  zinc, were applied  for  antimony.

Total  Suspended   Solids   (TSS)   —  Proposed   TSS    limitations
represent   a   transfer  of   technology  from  the Metal  Finishing
industrial  category.  The rationale for  transferring  technology
from this  industry  is  (1) the raw waste TSS concentrations are
similar  to  those found  in  luminescent  materials wastes,  and (2)
the  treatment technology  used  for solids reduction in  the  metal
finishing industry is the same as that proposed  for  luminescent
materials.

The  average   concentration of   18.2  milligrams  per   liter was
derived  from EPA sampling   data   from  numerous  metal   finishing
practicing  solids removal  by  clarification technology.  Excluded
from the data  base were plants with improperly operated  treatment
systems.  The  variability factors each represent  the  median  of
variability factors from  17  metal  finishing plants with  long-term
monitoring data.

8.2.2  Pretreatment Standards  for New  Sources (PSNS)

Pollutant
Cadmium
Antimony
Zinc
Fluoride
Long Term
Average
XLTA)
(mg/1)
0.
0.
0.
20.
20
03
47
5
Monthly
Average
VF Limit (mg/1)
1
1
1
1
.15
.45
.45
.09
0.
0.
0.
22.
23
044
68
3
Daily Maximum
VF Limit (mg/1)
2.
6.
6.
1 .
42
05
05
59
0
0
2
32
.48
.18
.84
.6
For  PSES, the Agency is proposing limitations based on Option 2,
neutralization and  end-of-pipe  precipitation/clarification  for
control  of toxic metals and fluoride.  Option 1 was not selected
because it will not control toxic metals or fluoride.

Proposed PSNS limitations for luminescent materials producers are
the same as those proposed for NSPS except that pH  and  TSS  are
not  regulated  for pretreatment.  The basis for limitations were
presented in Section 8.2.1.
                                   8-6

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                            SECTION 9
            COST OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND CONTROL
This section presents estimates of the costs of implementation of
wastewater treatment and control systems for the Cathode Ray Tube
and Luminescent Materials subcategories  of  the  Electrical  and
Electronic  Components  category.   The  systems  for  which cost
estimates are presented are those options identified  in  Section
7.   The  cost  estimates  then  provide  the  basis for possible
economic impact of  regulation  on  the  industry.   The  general
approach  or  methodology  for cost estimating is presented below
followed by the treatment and control costs.

9.1  COST ESTIMATING METHODOLOGY

Costs involved in setting up and operating a wastewater treatment
unit  are  comprised  of  investment  costs   for   construction,
equipment,  engineering design, and land, and operating costs for
energy, labor, and chemicals.  There are also costs for disposing
of sludge and for routine analysis of the treated effluent.

The costs presented in this section are  based  on  model  plants
which   closely  resemble  the  types  and  capacities  of  waste
treatment facilities needed for each product subcategory.   Model
plants  are  not  set  up  as exemplary plants, but as typical of
sufficient design to represent the range of plants and  treatment
facilities  present  in  the  industry.   Data are based on plant
visits   and  contacts  with  industries  to   verify   treatment
practices  and to obtain data on size, wastewater flow, and solid
waste disposal systems.  The differences in treatment  capacities
are  reflected  in the choice of model plants which are presented
for different flow rates covering the existing range of flows  at
average concentrations of pollutants.

Unit  process  equipment  costs  were  assembled  from vendors and
other commercial sources.  Information on the costs of equipment,
the present costs of chemicals  and  average  costs  for  hauling
sludge  was developed with data from industry, engineering firms,
and equipment suppliers.  Appropriate  factors  were  applied  to
determine total investment costs and annual costs.

The  costs which will actually be incurred by an  individual plant
may be more or less than presented  in  the  cost  estimate.   The
major  variations   in  treatment costs between plants result from
differences   in  pollutant   concentrations  and   site   dependent
conditions,   as  reflected   in  piping  lengths,  climate,  land
availability, water and power supply  and   the   location  of  the
point of  final discharge.  In addition,  solids disposal costs and
material  costs will vary depending  on geographical locations.
                                    9-1

-------
The following assumptions were employed  in  the  cost development:

     1.   All non-contact cooling water  was excluded from
          treatment and treatment costs.

     2.   Source water treatment, cooling tower and boiler
          blowdown discharges were not considered process
          wastewater.

     3.   Sanitary sewage flow is excluded.

     4.   The treatment facilities- were  assumed to operate 24-
          hours per day five days per week.

     5.   Excluded from the estimates were  any  costs associated
          with permits, reports or hearings required by regulatory
          agencies.

Investment  costs  are  expressed  in  mid-year  1982  dollars to
construct  facilities   at   various   wastewater   flow   rates.
Operation,  maintenance,  and  amortization of  the investment are
expressed as base level annual costs.

9.1.1  Direct Investment Costs for Land  and Facilities

Types of direct investment costs for waste  treatment  facilities
and  criteria for estimating major components of the model plants
are presented below.

Construction   Costs   —   Construction    costs   include   site
preparation,   grading,   enclosures,    buildings,   foundations,
earthworks, roads,  paving,  and  concrete.   Since  few  if  any
buildings   will   be  utilized,  construction  costs  have  been
calculated using a  factor  of  1.15  applied   to  the  installed
equipment cost.

Equipment  Cost — Equipment for wastewater treatment consists of
a combination of items such  as  pumps,  chemical  feed  systems,
agitators,   flocculant   feed  systems,  tanks,  clarifiers  and
thickeners.  Cost tables for  these  items  were  developed  from
vendor's  quotations  for  a range of sizes, capacities and motor
horsepowers.  Except for large size tanks   and  chemical  storage
bins, the cost represents packaged, factory-assembled units.

Critical  equipment  is assumed to be installed in a weatherproof
structure.   Chemical  storage  feeders  and  feedback   controls
include  such items as probes, transmitters, valves, dust filters
and accessories.  Critical pumps are furnished  in duplicate as  a
duty and a spare, each capable of handling  the entire flow.

Installation  Costs  (included  in  equipment-in-place  costs) —
Installation is defined to include all services, activities,  and
miscellaneous  material  necessary  to   implement  the  described
                                   9-2

-------
wastewater  treatment  and  control  system,  including   piping,
fittings,  and electrical work.  Many factors can impact the cost
of installing  equipment  modules.   These  include  wage  rates,
manpower  availability,-  who  does the,job  (outside contractor or
regular  employees),  new  construction  versus  modification  of
existing   systems,  and  site-dependent  conditions  (e.g.,  the
availability  of  sufficient  electrical  service).    In   these
estimates,  installation  costs were chosen for each model  based
upon  average  site  conditions  taking  into  consideration  the
complexity of the system being installed.  An appropriate cost is
allowed for interconnecting piping, power circuits and controls.

Monitoring  Equipment  — It is assumed that monitoring equipment
will be installed at the treated effluent  discharge  point.   It
will  consist  of  an indicating, integrating, and recording type
flow meter, pH meter, sensor, recorder, alarms, controls  and  an
automatic sampler.

Land   —   Land   availability   and   cost  of  land  can  vary
significantly, depending upon geographical  location,  degree  of
urbanization  and  the  nature of adjacent development.  Land for
waste treatment is assumed to be contiguous with  the  production
plant  site.   For  the  purpose  of the report land is valued at
$24,000 per acre.

Investment Costs for Supporting Services  —  Engineering  design
and  inspection  are  typical  services  necessary  to  advance  a
project from a concept to an  operating  system.   Such  services
broadly   include   laboratory  and  pilot  plant work to establish
design parameters,  site  surveys  to  fix  elevation  and  plant
layout,   foundation  and groundwater investigation, and operating
instructions, in addition to  design  plans,  specifications  and
inspection during  construction.  These costs, which vary with job
conditions,  are   often  estimated as percentages of construction
costs, with typical ranges as follow:                      •
     Preliminary survey  and construction  surveying
     Soils and groundwater investigation
     Laboratory and pilot process work
     Engineering design  and specifications
     Inspection during construction
     Operation and maintenance  manual
1  to 2 %
1  to 2 %
2  to 4 %
7  to 12%
2  to
3 %
1  to 3
 From  these  totals  of  14  to  26 percent,  a  value  of  17   percent   of
 equipment   cost  has   been   used   in   this  study to represent  the
 engineering  and   design cost  applied  to  model    plant   cost
 estimates.

 The   Contractor's   Fee and  Contingency — These costs are usually
 expressed as  a percentage of in-place construction  cost,  includes
 such  general  items as temporary  utilities,  small  tools,   field
 office   overhead   and administrative expense.  The contractor is
 entitled to a reasonable profit on his activities  and to  the cost
                                    9-3

-------
 of interest on capital tied up during construction.  Although not
 all of  the  above  cost  will  be  incurred  on  every  job,  an
 additional  50 percent of the in-place construction cost has been
 used to cover related  cost  broadly  described  as  contractor's
 fees, incidentals, overhead, and contingencies.

 9.1.2  Annual Costs

 Operation   and   Maintenance   Costs  —  Annual  operation  and
 maintenance costs are described and calculated as follows:

 Labor and Supervision Costs:

 Personnel costs are based on an  hourly  rate  of  $20.00.   This
 includes  fringe  benefits  and an allocated portion of costs for
 management,  administration  and  supervision.    Personnel   are
 assigned for specific activities as required by the complexity of
 the system, ranging from 1-8 hours per day.

 Energy Costs:

 Energy  costs  are  based  on  the cost of $306.00 per horsepower
 operating 24 hours per day and 350  days  per  year.   For  batch
 processes   appropriate   adjustments   were  made  to  suit  the
 production schedule.  The cost per horsepower year is computed as
 follows:

            Cy = 1.1 (0.745 HP x Hr. x Ckw)/(E x P)

 where     Cy  « Cost per year
           HP  = Total Horsepower Rating of Motor (1 HP = 0.7457 kw)
           E   = Efficiency Factor (0.9)
           P   = Power Factor (1.00)
           Hr. = Annual Operating Hours (350 x 24 = 8400)
           Ckw « Cost per Kilowatt-Hour of Electricity ($0.040)

 Note:  The 1.1 factor in the equation  represents  allowance  for
 incidental energy used such as lighting, etc.  It is assumed that
 no other forms of energy are used in the waste treatment system.

 Chemicals:

 Prices  for  the  chemicals  were  obtained  from vendors and the
 Chemical Marketing Reporter.   Unit  costs  of  common  chemicals
 delivered  to the plant site are based on commercial grade of the
. strength or active ingredient percentage with prices as follows:
 Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) Bulk

 Sulfuric Acid
 Flocculant
$54/Ton

'$84/Ton

 $ 2/Lb
                                    9-4

-------
Sodium Bisulfite

Soda Ash

Calcium Chloride
$0.32/Lb

$0.14/Lb

$0.24/Lb
Maintenance:

The annual cost of maintenance is estimated as ten percent  (10%)
of the investment cost, excluding land.

Taxes and Insurance:

An annual provision of three percent of the total investment cost
has been included for taxes and insurance.

Residual Waste Disposal:

Sludge  disposal  costs can vary widely.  Chief cost determinants
include the amount and  type  of  waste.   Off-site  hauling  and
disposal  costs  are  taken  as  $50/ton  for  bulk hauling, with
appropriate increases for small quantities in  steel  containers.
Information  available  to the Agency  indicates that the selected
technologies for controlling pollutants in this industry will not
result in hazardous wastes as defined  by RCRA.

Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting:

The  manpower  requirements  covered   by  the  annual   labor  and
supervision  costs  include  those activities associated with the
operation and maintenance of monitoring instruments, recorder and
automatic samplers  as  well  as  the  taking  of  periodic  grab
samples.   Additional  costs  for  analytical laboratory services
have been estimated for each subcategory assuming  that sampling
takes place three times a week at the  point of discharge.  A cost
of   $7500/year   has  been  used  for monitoring  analyses  and
reporting.

Amortization:

Amortization of capital costs  (investment costs) are computed   as
follows:

                CA  = B  (r(lt-r)ZQn)/(.(l+r)ZQn -1)

where CA  =  Annual Cost
       B  =  Initial  amount  invested excluding cost of land
       r  =  Annual interest rate  (assumed  13 percent)
       n  =  Useful life  in years
                                    9-5

-------
The  multiplier for B in equation  (1) is often referred to as the
capital recovery factor and is 0.2843  for  the  assumed  overall
useful life of 5 years.  No residual or sludge value is assumed.

9.1.3  Items not Included i.n Cost Estimate

Although specific 'plants may encounter extremes of climate, flood
hazards  and  lack  of  water, the cost of model plants have been
estimated for average conditions  of  temperature,  drainage  and
natural  resources.   It  is  assumed  that  any  necessary  site
drainage,  roads,  water  development,  security,   environmental
studies  and  permit  costs  are  already  included in production
facilities costss.  Therefore,  the  model  costs  are  only  for
facilities,  suppliers  and  services  directly  related  to  the
treatment and  disposal  of  waterborne  wastes,  including  land
needed  for treatment and on-site sludge disposal.  Air pollution
control equipment is not included,  except  for  dust  collectors
associated  with  treatment,  chemical transfer and feeding.  Raw
wastes from various sources are assumed to be  delivered  to  the
treatment  facility  at  sufficient  head  to  fill  the influent
equalization basin, and final effluent is discharged by  gravity.
Cost  of  pumps,  pipes,  lines  etc.,  necessary  to deliver raw
wastewater to the treatment  plant  or  to  deliver  the  treated
effluent  to  the point of discharge are not included in the cost
estimates.

9.2  COST ESTIMATES FOR TREATMENT AND CONTROL OPTIONS

9.2.1  Cathode Ray Tube Subcateqory

Option 1 treatment is defined as neutralization for  pH  control.
Minimal,  if  any,  costs  are  associated with this option.  All
plants in the data  base  currently  practice  neutralization  of
their effluent.
Option  2  treatment  is
addition of:   chromium
clarification   of   all
dewatering.  The capital
presented  in  Table  9-
flows reflects the range
subcategory.   Figure  9
versus plant wastewater
  defined  as Option 1  treatment with the
 reduction;  chemical  precipitation  and
   metals-bearing   wastes;   and  sludge
 and annual costs  for  this  option  are
1.    The  range of model plant wastewater
 of flows that  currently  exist  in  the
-1   graphically presents the annual costs
flow for this option.
Option  3  capital  and  annual  costs  for  adding   multi-media
filtration  to  Option  2  treatment  are presented in Table 9-2.
Figure 9-2 graphically presents the  annual  costs  versus  plant
wastewater  flow  for this option.  The costs are incremental and
therefore only reflect the additional costs of adding  filtration
technology end-of-pipe.

Option  4  is  defined  as  solvent  management,  segregation and
collection of solvents for resale or  contractor  disposal.   The
                                   9-6

-------
collection  of  waste  solvents
practiced in this industry.
for resale or disposal is widely
9.2.2  Luminescent Materials Subcategory

Option 1 treatment is defined as neutralization for  pH  control.
This  option  is  currently practiced by both direct dischargers.
Therefore no costs are associated with this option.

Option 2 treatment is defined as  Option  1  treatment  with  the
addition  of  chemical  precipitation  and  clarification  of all
metals-bearing  wastes,  and  sludge .dewatering.   All  but  one
luminescent   materials   manufacturing   plant   are   currently
practicing Option 2 technology or its  equivalent.   Model  plant
costs for this option were therefore not developed.  The costs to
install  Option  2  treatment  at the one facility were developed
specifically for that 25,000 gpd plant.  The  capital  investment
cost is $93,400; the annual cost is $57,500.

Option 3 capital and annual costs for adding filtration to Option
2  treatment  are  presented  in Table 9-2 and Figure 9-2.  These
model costs are the same as the costs developed for  the  Cathode
Ray Tube subcategory.

9.3  ENERGY AND NON-WATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Compliance  with  the proposed regulations will have no effect on
air, noise, or  radiation  pollution  and  will  only  result  in
minimal  energy  usage.  The amount of solid waste generated will
be approximately 1200 metric tons per  year.   It  has  not  been
determined   whether  the  solid  wastes  generated  at  CRT  and
luminescent  materials  manufacturing  plants  are  hazardous  as
defined  in  the  Resource  Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
However, it is believed that further testing will find the  waste
to  be  nonhazardous.   Energy requirements associated with these
regulations will be 24,000 kilowatt-hours per year  or  only  6.4
kilowatt-hours  per  day  per  facility.  Based on the above non-
water quality impacts from these regulations, EPA  has  concluded
that   the  proposed  regulations  best  serve  overall  national
environmental goals.
                                 9-7

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                                   TABLE 9-1

                            OPTION  2 TREATMENT COSTS
   PLOW
A. INVESTMENT COSTS
10,000
 GPD
   Construction	       7,080
   Equipment in place
   including piping,
   fittings, electrical
   work and controls...      78,588
   Monitoring equipment
   in place	       6,000
   Engineering Design
   and inspection	       2,950
   Incidentals, overhead,
   fees, contigencies..       4,720
   Land	      6,000

   TOTAL INVESTMENT COST    105,338

B. OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

   Labor and supervision     10,000
   Energy	     	180
   Chemicals	       1,220
   Maintenance	       9,950
   Taxes and insurance.       3,160
   Residual waste
   disposal	       1,550
   Monitoring, analysis
   and reporting	       7,500
   TOTAL OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

C. AMORTIZATION OF
   INVESTMENT COST

   TOTAL ANNUAL COST
 33,560


 28,240

 61,800
50,000
 GPD
            15,000



           170,000

             6,000
            11,000

            92,000
              6,000

           300,000
             25,000
                900
              6,000
             29,000
              9,000

              5,000

              7,500
 82,400
 83,600

166,000
100,000
  GPD
             37,000



            410,000

              6,000
             26,500

            205,000
              6,000

            690,500
             30,000
              1,900
             12,800
             68,450
             20,850

             11,000

              7,500
 183,800


 194,600

 378,400
                               9-8

-------
                              TABLE 9-1 continued

                           OPTION  2 TREATMENT COSTS
   FLOW
A. INVESTMENT COSTS
200,000
  GPD
500,000
  GPD
   Construction	        61,000       82,000
   Equipment in place
   including piping,
   fittings, electrical
   work and controls...       680,000      915,000
   Monitoring equipment
   in place	         6,000        6,000
   Engineering Design
   and inspection	        43,000       60,000
   Incidentals, overhead,
   fees, contigencies..       370,000      498,000
   Land	        6,000        6,000

   TOTAL INVESTMENT COST    1,166,000    1,567,000

B. OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

   Labor and supervision       40,000       40,000
   Energy	         3,000        9,000
   Chemicals	        24,000       60,000
   Maintenance	       116,000      156,000
   Taxes and insurance.        35,000       47,000
   Residual waste
   disposal	        22,000       58,000
   Monitoring, analysis
   and reporting	         7,500        7,500
   TOTAL OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

C. AMORTIZATION OF
   INVESTMENT COST

   TOTAL ANNUAL COST
 247,500
 331,500

 579,000
 377,500
 445,500

 823,000
                               9-9

-------
                   OJ
                   o
 Annual Cost ($/1000)


  en
  O

_2	i
 o

JL
I
                                                         o
                                                         ?
                            U)
                            o
   U1
   o-
i
I-1
o
o
o
   o-
   o
   to
   s-
                               9-10

-------
                                   TABLE 9-2

                           OPTION  3 TREATMENT  COSTS
   FLOW
10,000
 GPD
50,000
 GPD
100,000
  GPD
A. INVESTMENT COSTS

   Construction	
   Equipment in place
   including piping,
   fittings, electrical
   work and controls...
   Monitoring equipment
   in place	
   Engineering Design
   and inspection	
   Incidentals, overhead,
   fees, contigencies..
   Land	

   TOTAL INVESTMENT COST

B. OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

   Labor and supervision
   Energy	
   Chemicals	
   Maintenance	
   Taxes and insurance.
   Residual waste
   disposal	
   Monitoring, analysis
   and reporting.	

   TOTAL OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

C. AMORTIZATION OF
   INVESTMENT COST

   TOTAL ANNUAL COST
    400
  4,500
    270
  5,170
    500
    150
    650
  1,470

  2,120
  1,000
  7,000
  4,000
 12,000
  1,200
    400
  1,600
  3,500
  5,100
   4,000
  26,250
  13,000
  43,250
   4,300
   1,300
   5,600
  12,300

  17,900
                               9-11

-------
                              TABLE 9-2 continued

                            OPTION 3 TREATMENT  COSTS
   FLOW
200,000
  GPD
500,000
  GPD
A. INVESTMENT COSTS

   Construction	       7,000      14,000
   Equipment in place
   including piping,
   fittings, electrical
   work and controls...      48,000      96,000
   Monitoring equipment
   in place	        -           -
   Engineering Design
   and inspection	        -       	-
   Incidentals, overhead,
   fees, contigencies..      27,500      55,000
   Land	       -           -

   TOTAL INVESTMENT COST     82,500     165,000

B. OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

   Labor and supervision       -       	-
   Energy	        -       	-
   Chemicals	        -           -
   Maintenance	       8,300      16,500
   Taxes and insurance.       2,500       5,000
   Residual waste
   disposal	        -           -
   Monitoring, analysis
   and reporting	        -           -
   TOTAL OPERATION AND
   MAINTENANCE COST

   AMORTIZATION OF
   INVESTMENT COST

   TOTAL ANNUAL COST
 10,800


 23,500

 34,300
 21,500
 47,000

 68,500
                              9-12

-------
                               Annual  Cost  ($/1000)
                 H.         to

                 1°   i      F    i
Ul
p
cr>
o
    Ln
    O-
    1-1
o
o
o
     10
     o
     o~
                                  9-13

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-------
                           SECTION 10

                        ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Environmental Protection Agency was aided in the  preparation
of  this  Development  Document  by Jacobs Engineering Group Inc.
Jacobs'  effort  was  managed  by  Ms.  Bonnie  Parrott.    Major
contributions  were  made  by  Mr.  Thomas  Schaffer,  Mr. Robert
Mueller, and Ms. Suzanne Phinney.

Mr. John Newbrough of EPA's Effluent Guidelines  Division  served
as  Project Officer during the preparation of this document.  Mr.
Jeffrey Denit, Director, Effluent Guidelines  Division,  and  Mr.
Gary  E.  Stigall,  Branch  Chief,  Effluent Guidelines Division,
Inorganic Chemicals  Branch,  offered  guidance  and  suggestions
during this project.

Finally, appreciation is extended to the plants that participated
in and contributed data for the formulation of this document.
                                    10-1

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                           SECTION 11

                          BIBLIOGRAPHY


Amick,  Charles L., Fluorescent Lighting Manual, McGraw-Hill, 3rd
     ed., (1961).

Bogle, W.S., Device Development, The Western  Electric  Engineer,
      (July, 1973).

Buchsbaum, Walter H., Fundamentals of Television, 2nd ed., Hayden
     Book Co., (1974).

Cockrell,  W.D.,   Industrial  Electronics  Handbook,  McGraw-Hill
      (1958).

Elenbaas, W., Fluorescent Lamps and  Lighting,  (1959).

The New  Encyclopedia  Americana,   International   Edition,   Grolier
      Inc. Vol. 10pp.  179-184  (1982).

Forsythe,  William,   E.,  Fluorescent and  Other Gaseous Discharge
      Lamps, 1948).

Gray,  H.J., Dictionary  of   Physics,  Longmans,  Green   and  Co.,
      London  (1958).

Hall,    Edwin,    "Flat   Panels  Challenge  CRTs  for  Large-Area
      Displays,"  Electronic  Design,  pp.  61-68.,  May 28,  1981.

Helwig,  Jane  T.  and Council, Kathryn A.,   SAS  Users  Guide,  SAS
      Institute IAC (1979).

Hewitt,   Harry,   Lamps and Lighting, American Elsevier Publishing
      Co. (1966).

Hickey,   Henry  V.  and  Villings,   William   M.,   Elements   of.
      Electronics, 3rd ed.,  McGraw-Hill, (1970).

 Henney,   K.  and Walsh, C., Eds., Electronic Components Handbook,
      McGraw-Hill (1975).

 IEEE Standards Committee, IEEE, Standard Dictionary of. Electrical
      and Electronic Terms, J. Wiley and Sons (Oct., 1971).

 Illuminating Engineering Society, IBS Lighting  Handbook,  3rd ed.,
       (1962).

 Kirk    and   Othmer,   Encyclopedia   of.   Chemical    Technology,
       Interscience, 2nd ed., Vol. 8, pp. 1-23,  (1967).
                                  11-1

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 Kirk   and   Othmer,   Encyclopedia   of   Chemical    Technology
      Interscience, 2nd ed., Vol.  12, ppT 616-631,  (19677!	^^


      McGraw-Sili f?968)?P6dia ~ ChemiCal Techn°l°™-  Volume   17,

                 -tionary  of  Scientific and Technical Terms,  2nd


 McGraw-Hill,  Encyclopedia of Science and Technology.  McGraw-Hill
      \ I you i,                              ——________.__


                           	  Probability  and  Statistical
                           -Wesley Publishing  Company,2nded77


                                     for
The NSE Encyclopedia  Britannica.  Wilbur Denton Publish., Vol.  6,
     pp .oo/ — 691.

Simon   and   Schuster,   The   Way  Things  Work,   An  Illustrated
     Encyclopedia of  Technology.  Simon and SchHs"ter~( 1 967 )

Upton, Monroe,  Inside Electronics.  Devin-Adair Co.  (1964).

U.S. Government Public Law  94-469,  Toxic Substances Control   Act,
     \ we t . II,  19/6).                                —————  _____

Warring,  R.H., Understanding Electronics.  TAB  Boooks (1978).

                    New  Collegiate Dictionary. G  & C Merriam Co.
   /  f?974)d  H
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                           SECTION 12
                            GLOSSARY
Absorb - To take up matter or radiation.

Act - Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

Activate  - To treat the cathode or target of an electron tube in
	order to create or increase the emission of electrons.

Adlustable Capacitor - A device capable of holding an  electrical
     charge at any one of several discrete values.

Adsorption - The adhesion of an extremely thin  layer of molecules
	(of— gas,  liquid)  to  the  surface  of  solids   (granular
     activated carbon for instance) or  liquids  with  which   they
     are  in contact.

Aging  -  Storage of a permanent magnet, capacitor, meter or  other,
  —device   (sometimes  with  a  voltage  applied)   until    the
     characteristics of the device become essentially constant.

Alqicide  -   Chemicals used to retard  the growth of phytoplankton
      (algae)  in bodies of water.                ,

Aluminum  Foil  - Aluminum  in the  form of a sheet of  thickness  not
     exceeding 0.005  inch.

Anneal  - To  treat  a   metal,   alloy,   or  glass  by  a  process of
	heating   and   slow   cooling  in   order   to  remove  internal
     stresses and  to  make the material less  brittle.

Anode   -   The  collector   of  electrons in an electron tube.   Also
      known as plate;  positive electrode.

Anodizing -  An electrochemical   process  of   controlled  aluminum
      oxidation  producing a hard,  transparent oxide up to several
      mils in thickness.

 Assembly  or Mechanical  Attachment - The fitting together of  pre-
      viously  manufactured  parts  or  components into a complete
      machine, unit of a machine, or structure.

 Autotransformer - A power transformer having one continuous wind-
      ing that is tapped;   part  of  the  winding  serves  as  the
      primary  coil and all of it serves as the secondary coil, or
      vice versa.
                                    12-1

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 Ballast - A circuit element that  serves  to  limit  an  electric
      current  or  to  provide  a  starting voltage, as in certain
      types of lamps/ such as in fluorescent ceiling fixtures.

 Binder - A material used to promote cohesion between particles of
      carbon or graphite to produce solid carbon and graphite rods
      or pieces.

 Biochemical Oxygen Demand - (1) The quantity of  oxygen  used  in
      the  biochemical  oxidation of organic matter in a specified
      time,   at  a  specified  temperature,   and  under  specified
      conditions.    (2)  Standard test used in assessing wastewater
      quality.

 Biodegradable -  The part of organic1 matter  which can be  oxidized
      by   bioprocesses,    e.g.,  biodegradable  detergents,   food
      wastes,  animal manure, etc.

 Biological  Wastewater Treatment - Forms of   wastewater  treatment
      in  which  bacteria  or biochemical action is intensified to
      stabilize,  oxidize,  and nitrify the unstable organic matter
      present.  Intermittent sand  filters, contact beds,  trickling
      filters,  and activated sludge processes are examples.

 Breakdown  Voltage  - Voltage at  which  a discharge occurs between
      two electrodes.
BjjJLb - The glass  envelope which  incloses  an  incandescent  lamp
     an electronic  tube.
or
Busbar  ~ A heavy rigid, metallic  conductor,  usually  uninsulated,
     used to carry a  large  current or  to make a  common  connection
     between several  curcuits.

Bushing - An insulating structure  including a central   conductor,
     or  providing  a central  passage  for   a  conductor,  with
     provision  for   mounting  on  a   barrier  (conducting   or
     otherwise), for  the purpose of insulating the conductor from
     the  barrier  and  conducting current   from one side of the
     barrier to the other.

Calcining - To heat to a  high  temperature   without  melting  or
     fusing,  as to heat unformed  ceramic materials in  a kiln, or
     to heat ores, precipitates, concentrates  or residues so that
     hydrates,  carbonates or other compounds  are  decomposed  and
     volatile  material  is  expelled, e.g.,  to heat limestone to
     make lime.

Calibration - The determination, checking, or  correction  of  the
     graduation    of    any   instrument   giving   quantitative
     measurements.
                                   12-2

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Capacitance - The ratio of the charge on one of the plates  of  a
capacitor to the potential difference between the plates.

Capacitor  -  An  electrical circuit element used to store charge
     temporarily,  consisting  in  general  of   two   conducting
     materials separated by a dielectric materials.

Carbon  - A nonmetallic, chiefly tetravalent element found native
	or as a constituent of coal, petroleum, asphalt,  limestone,
     etc.

Cathode - The primary source of electrons  in an electron  tube;  in
	directly  heated   tubes  the filament is the cathode, and  in
     indirectly heated  tubes a coated metal cathode  surrounds  a
     heater.

Cathode  Ray Tube - Anelectron-beam  tube  in which the  beam can  be
	focussed to a small crosss section on a  luminescent screen
     and  varied  in  position and intensity to produce  a visible
     pattern.

Central Treatment Facility -  Treatment   plant  which  co-treats
	processwastewaters  from  more   than  one   manufacturing
     operation or co-treats process  wastewaters  with   noncontact
     cooling water or with non-process wastewaters  (e.g., utility
     blow-down,  miscellaneous  runoff,  etc.).

Centrifuge  - The removal  of water  in a sludge  and  water slurry by
	introducing  the   water and sludge  slurry  into a  centrifuge.
     The  sludge  is driven outward  with the water   remaining   near
     the  center.   The  dewatered  sludge is usually  landfilled.

Ceramic - A product  made by  the  baking or firing  of a  nonmetallic
	"mineral   such  as  tile,   cement, plaster,  refractories, and
      brick.

Chemical   Coagulation   -   The   destabilization   and   initial
	aggregation of  colloidal  and finely divided suspended matter
      by the addition of a floe-forming chemical.

 Chemical   Oxidation   -  The  addition  of  chemical  agents  to
      wastewater for the purpose of oxidizing pollutant  material,
      e.g., removal of cyanide.

 Chemical  Oxygen.Demand (COD)  - (1)  A test based on the  fact that
      all organic compounds,  with few exceptions,  can  be  oxidized
      to  carbon  dioxide  and  water  by  the  action of  strong
      oxidizing agents under acid conditions.  Organic matter  is
      converted  to  carbon  dioxide  and  water regardless of  the
      biological assimilability of the  substances.    One of   the
      chief  limitations is its inability  to differentiate between
      biologically  oxidizable  and  biologically   inert   organic
      matter.   The major  advantage of this test is  the short time
                                     12-3

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      required for evaluation (2 hours).   (2)  The amount of oxygen
      required for the chemical oxidation of organics in a liquid.

 Chemical  Precipitation - (1)  Formation   of  insoluble  materials
      generated  by  addition of chemicals to  a solution.   (2)  The
      process of softening water by the addition of lime and  soda
      ash  as the precipitants.

 Chlorination - The application of chlorine to water or wastewater
      generally  for  the  purpose of disinfection,  but frequently
      for  accomplishing other biological  or chemical results.

 Circuit   Breaker  -  Device  capable  of  making,   carrying,   and
      breaking   currents   under   normal  or  abnormal   circuit
      conditions.

 Cleaning  -  The removal of  soil  and  dirt  (including  grit   and
      grease)   from  a  workpiece  using   water  with or without  a
      detergent or other dispersing agent.

 Coil  7 A  number of furns of wire  used  to introduce  inductance
      into  an  electric  circuit,  to produce  magnetic flux, or to
      react  mechanically to  a changing magnetic flux.
Coil-Core Assembly - A  unit made  up of  the   coil
     transformer placed over  the  magnetic core.
  windings  of  a
Coking  -  (1) Destructive distillation of  coal  to make  coke.   (2)
     A  process  for  thermally  converting   the  heavy residual
     bottoms  of  crude  oil  entirely to  lower-boiling petroleum
     products and by-product petroleum coke.

Colloids - A finely divided dispersion of  one material  called  the
      'dispersed phase" (solid) in  another material  called   the
     "dispersion medium" (liquid).  Normally  negatively charged.

Composite Wastewater Sample - A combination of  individual samples
     of water or wastewater taken at selected intervals and mixed
     in  proportion to flow or time to minimize the effect of  the
     variability of an individual sample.

Concentric Windings - Transformer  windings   in  which  the  low-
     voltage  winding  is  in  the form of a  cylinder next to  the
     core,  and  the  high-voltage  winding,  also   cylindrical,
     surrounds the lowvoltage winding.

Conductor  -  A wire, cable, or other body or medium suitable  for
     carrying electric current.
Conduit - Tubing of flexible  metal  or  other
     which insulated electric wires are run.
material  through
                                   12-4

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Contamination  -  A general term signifying the introduction into
     water of microorganisms, chemicals, wastes or  sewage  which
     renders the water unfit for its intended use.

Contractor  Removal  -  The disposal of oils, spent solutions, or
     sludge by means of a scavenger service.

Conversion Coating  -  As  metal-surface  coating  consisting  of
     compound of the base metal.

Cooling Tower - A device used to cool manufacturing process water
     before returning the water for reuse.

Copper  -  A  common,  reddish,  chiefly  univalent  and bivalent
     metallic element that is ductile and malleable  and  one  of
     the best conductors of  heat and electricity.

Core (Magnetic Core) - A quantity of ferrous material placed  in  a
     coil  or  transformer   to  provide  a better path than air  for
     magnetic flux, thereby  increasing  the  inductance of the  coil
     or   increasing  the   coupling  between the   windings  of  a
     transformer.

Corona  Discharge  -  A  discharge  of  electricity appearing  as  a
     bluishpurple  glow  on  the surface  of   an   adjacent  to  a
     conductor  when  the  voltage  gradient   exceeds   a  certain
     critical value;  caused  by  ionization of  the  surrounding   air
     by the  high voltage.

Curing  - A heating/drying process  carried  out in an elevated-
     temperature enclosure.

Current Carrying Capacity  -   The  maximum  current  that  can  be
     continuously  carried  without  causing permanent deterioration
     of   electrical   or  mechanical  properties  of  a  device or
     conductor.

 Dag (Aauadag)  - A conductive graphite coating on  the  inner  and
      outer side walls of some cathode-ray tubes.

 Decreasing  -  The  process  of  removing grease and oil from the
      surface of the basis material.                    ,

 Dewatering - A process in which water  is removed from sludge.

•Dicing - Sawing or otherwise machining a semiconductor wafer  into
      small squares or dice  from which  transistors and diodes  can
      be fabricated.

 Die - A tool or mold used to cut shapes to or form impressions  on
      materials such as metals  and ceramics.
                                     12-5

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Cutting (Also Blanking) - Cutting of plastic or metal sheets
into shapes by striking with a punch.
                                                         the
 Dielectric  -  A  material  that  is  highly  resistant  to
      conductance of electricity; an insulator.

 Dl-n-octyl-phthalate  -  A  liquid  dielectric   that is presently
      being substituted for a PCB dielectric fluid.

 Diode (Semiconductor).  (Also Crystal Diode, Crystal Rectifier)   -
      A  two-electrode   semiconductor  device  that   utilizesthe
      rectifying properties of a p-n junction or point contact.

 Discrete Device - Individually  manufactured  transistor,   diode,
 etc.

 Dissolved  Solids  -  Theoretically the anhydrous residues  of  the
      dissolved  constituents  in  water.    Actually   the  term   is
      defined by  the  method used in determination.   In water  and
      wastewater treatment,  the Standard Methods ,tests are used.

 Distribution Transformer  - An element of an electric distribution
      system  located  near  consumers   which   changes  primary
      distribution voltage to a lower consumer voltage.

 Dopant   -  An  impurity  element added to semiconductor materials
      used in crystal diodes and transistors.

 Dragout  - The solution  that adheres to the part of  workpiece and
      is  carried past the  edge of the tank.

 Dry_   Electrolytic  Capacitor  -  An electrolytic capacitor  with a
      paste  rather than  liquid electrolyte.

 Drying Beds  - Areas  for dewatering  of  sludge  by evaporation and
      seepage.

 Dry_   Slug -  Usually  refers  to a plastic-encased sintered tantalum
      slug type  capacitor.

 Drv Transformer  - Having  the  core and  coils   neither   impregnated
      with an  insulating fluid nor immersed  in an insulating  oil.

Effluent   -  The  quantities,   rates,   and   chemical,  physical,
      biological   and  other   constituents  of   waters   which  are
     discharged  from point  sources.

Electrochemical  Machining  -  Shaping of  an anode by the following
     process:  The anode and  cathode are  placed  close  together
     and  electrolyte   is pumped  into  the space between them.  An
     electrical potential is  applied to  the  electrodes  causing
     anode  metal to be dissolved selectively, producing a shaped
     anode that complements the shape of the cathode.
                             12-6

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Electrolyte - A nonmetallic electrical conductor in which current
     is carried by the movement of ions.

Electron Beam Lithography - Similar to photolithography - A  fine
	beamof  electrons  is used to scan a pattern and expose an
     electronsensitive resist in the unmasked areas of the object
     surface.

Electron Discharge Lamp - An electron  lamp  in  which  light  is
	producedby  passage  of  an  electric  current  through  a
     metallic vapor or gas.

Electron Gun - An  electrode  structure  that  produces  and  may
	control,  focus,  deflect  and converge one or more electron
     beams in an electron tube.

Electron Tube  -  An  electron  device   in  which  conduction  of
	electricity  is  accomplished  by electrons moving through a
     vacuum  of gaseous medium within  a gas-tight envelope.

Electroplating - The  production of a  thin coating  of  one metal on
     another by electrode position.

Emissive Coating - An oxide  coating applied  to   an electrode  to
     enhance the emission of electrons.

Emulsion Breaking -  Decreasing  the stability  of  dispersion of  one
      liquid  in another.

End-of-Pipe   Treatment    -    The reduction  and/or   removal  of.
	pollutants   by   chemical   treatment  just   prior  to   actual
      discharge.

Epitaxial   Layer   -   A (thin)  semiconductor  layer  having  the same
   	crystaline  orientation  as  the   substrate  on  which   it  is
      grown.

Epitaxial   Transistor  -  Transistor  with  one or more epitaxial
 layers.

 Equalization - The process whereby waste streams  from  different
   	sources varying in pH,  chemical constituents, and flow rates
      are  collected  in  a common container.  The effluent stream
      from this equalization tank will have a fairly constant flow
      and pH  level,   and  will  contain  a  homogeneous  chemical
      mixture.    This  tank will help to prevent unnecessary shock
      to the waste treatment system.
 Etch - To corrode the surface of a metal in order to
      composition and structure.
reveal  its
                                     12-7

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 Extrusion - Forcing the carbon-binder-mixture through a die under
      extreme   pressure   to   produce   desireable   shapes  and
      characteristics of the piece.

 Field-effect Transistors - Transistors made by  the  metal-oxide-
      semiconductor  (MOS)  technique, differing from bipolar ones
      in that only one kind of  charge  carrier  is  active  in  a
      single device.  Those that employ electrons are called n-MOS
      transistors; those that employ holes are p-MOS transistors.

 Filament  -  (l) Metallic wire which is heated in an incandescent
      lamp to produce light by passing an electron current through
      it.   (2)   A  cathode  in  a  fluorescent  lamp  that  emits
      electrons  when electric current is passed through it.

 Filtering  Capacitor  - A capacitor used in a power-supply filter
      system to   provide  a  low-reactance  path  for  alternating
      currents  and  thereby  suppress  ripple  currents,   without
      affecting  direct  currents.

 Fixed Capacitor - A capacitor having a definite capacitance value
      that cannot be adjusted.

 Float Gauge - A device for measuring the elevation of  the surface
      of  a liquid,  the  actuating  element of   which   is   a   buoyant
      float  that  rests on the surface of the liquid and  rises  or
      falls with it.  The elevation of the surface  is measured   bv
      a chain or tape attached to the float.

 Floe  - A very fine,  fluffy mass  formed by the aggregation of fine
      suspended  particles.

 Flocculation    -   In    water    and   wastewater   treatment,  the
      agglomeration of   colloidal   and  finely  divided  suspended
      matter   after  coagulation   by  gentle   stirring   by  either
      mechanical  or ..hydraulic   means.    In biological   wastewater
      treatment   where   coagulation is not used, agglomeration may
      be  accomplished biologically.

 Flocculator - An apparatus designed for  the  formation of  floe   in
      water or sewage.

 Flow-proportioned  Sample - A  sampled stream whose pollutants are
      apportioned to contributing streams  in  proportion   to  the
      flow rates of the  contributing  streams.

 Fluorescent  Lamp.  - An electric discharge lamp in which phosphor
     materials transform ultraviolet  radiation from mercury vapor
      lonization to visible light.

Formin? ~ Application of voltage to   an   electrolytic  capacitor
     electrolytic  rectifier or semiconductor device to produce a
                                   1-2-S

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     desired permanent change in  electrical  characteristics  as
     part of the manufacturing process.

Frit  Seal - A seal made by fusing together metallic powders with
	a glass binder for such applications as hermatically sealing
     ceramic packages for integrated circuits.

Funnel - The rear, funnel-shaped portion of the  glass  enclosure
     of a cathode ray tube.

Fuse  -  Overcurrent  protective  device  with  a circuit-opening
	 fusible part that would be heated and severed by overcurrent
     passage.

Gate - One of the electrodes in a field effect transistor.

Getter - A metal coating inside a lamp which  is activated   by  an
	electric current to absorb residual water vapor and oxygen.

Glass  -  A  hard,  amorphous,  inorganic,  usually  transparent,
~	"brittle substance made by fusing  silicates,  and  sometimes
     borates  and  phosphates, with  certain basic oxides and then
     rapidly cooling  to prevent crystallization.

Glow Lamp  -  An  electronic  device,  containing  at   least   two
	 electrodes and an  inert gas,  in which  light  is produced by  a
     cloud  of  electrons   close  to  the  negative  electrode  when  a
     voltage  is applied between the  electrodes.

Grab Sample - A single  sample of  wastewater taken at an "instant"
      in  time.

Graphite - A  soft  black  lustrous  carbon  that  conducts  electricity
	and is  a constituent  of  coal, petroleum, asphalt,  limestone,
      etc.

Grease - In  wastewater,  a  group  of   substances   including   fats,
	waxes,   free  fatty   acids,   calcium  and  magnesium  soaps,
      mineral  oil  and  certain other nonfatty materials.   The  type
      of   solvent   and method used for extraction should be  stated
      for quantification.
 Grease Skimmer - A device for removing grease or
      surface of wastewater in a tank.
scum  from  the
 Green  Body - An unbaked carbon rod or piece that is usually soft
      and quite easily broken.

 Grid - An electrode located between the cathode and anode  of  an
 	 electron  tube, which has one or more openings through which
      electrons or ions can pass, and which controls the  flow  of
      electrons from cathode to anode.
                                     12-9

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Grinding  - The process of  removing  stock  from  a workpiece  by  the
     use of abrasive grains held  by  a  rigid or  semi-rigid binder.

Hardness -  A  characteristic  of water,  imparted  by  calcium,
     magnesium,  and   ion salts such as bicarbonates,  carbonates,
     sulfates, chlorides, and nitrates.  These  cause curdling  of
     soap,  deposition  of  scale in  boilers,  damage  in some
     industrial  processes  and   sometimes  objectionable   taste.
     Hardness   may   be  determined  by  a  standard  laboratory
     procedure or  computed from the amounts  of  calcium   and
     magnesium  as  well  as  iron,  aluminum, manganese, barium,
     strontium, and zinc, and is  expressed as equivalent  calcium
     carbonate.

Heavy  Metals  -  A  genral  name given  to the ions  of metallic
     elements such as copper, zinc,  chromium, and  nickel.   They
     are   normally  removed  from   wastewater  by  an  insoluble
     precipitate (usually a metallic hydroxide).

Holding Tank - A reservoir  to contain  preparation materials so as
     to be ready for immediate service.
Hybrid Integrated Circuits - A circuit that
     and part discrete.
                                              is  part   integrated
Impact Extrusion - A cold extrusion process for producing tubular
     components  by  striking a slug of the metal, which has been
     placed in the cavity of the die, with a punch moving at high
     velocity.
                                                            of
Impregnate - To force a liquid substance into  the  spaces
     porous solid in order to change its properties.

Incandescent  Lamp  - An electric lamp producing light in which a
     metallic filament is heated white-hot in a vacuum by passage
     of an electric current through it.

Industrial Wastes - The liquid wastes from  industrial  processes
     as distinct from domestic or sanitary wastes.

Influent  -  Water or other liquid, either raw or partly treated,
     flowing into a reservoir basin or treatment plant.

In-Process Control Technology - The regulation  and  conservation
     of  chemicals  and  rinse  water  at  their  point of use as
     opposed to end-of-pipe treatment.

Insulating Paper - A standard material  for insulating  electrical
     equipment,   usually consisting of  bond or kraft paper coated
     with black or yellow insulating varnish on both sides.

Insulation (Electrical Insulation)  - A material having high elec-
     trical resistivity and  therefore   suitable  for  separating
                                   12-10

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     adjacent  conductors  in  an  electric circuit or preventing
     possible future contact between conductors.

Insulator - A nonconducting support for an electric conductor.
Integrated   Circuit
       Assembly   of    electronic    devices
     interconnected into circuits.

Interleaved  Winding  -  An arrangement of winding coils around a
     transformer core in which the coils are wound in the form of
     a disk, with a group of disks for the  low-voltage  windings
     stacked  alternately  with  a  group of discks for the high-
     voltage windings.

Intermittent Filter - A natural or  artificial  bed  of  sand  or
     other   fine-grained   material   onto   which   sewage   is
     intermittently flooded and through  which  it  passes,  with
     time  allowed  for filtration and the maintenance of aerobic
     conditions.

Ion Exchange - A reversible chemical  reaction  between  a  solid
     (ion  exchanger)  and  a fluid (usually a water solution) by
     means of which ions may be interchanged from  one  substance
     to another.  The superficial physical structure of the solid
     is not affected.

Ion  Exchange  Resins - Synthetic resins containing active groups
     (usually sulfonic, carboxylic, phenol, or substituted  amino
     groups)  that  give the resin the ability to combine with or
     exchange ions with a solution.

Ion Implantation - A process of introducing impurities  into  the
     near  surface  regions of solids by directing a beam of  ions
     at the solid.

Junction  -  A  region  of  transition  between   two   different
     semiconducting  regions   in  a semiconductor device such  as  a
     p-n  junction, or  between  a  metal  and  a  semiconductor.

Junction  Box  -  A protective  enclosure  into which  wires or
     are  led  and connected to  form joints.
                                        cables
 Knife    Switch
Form  of  switch  where  moving  blade  enters
      stationary contact  clips.

 Klystron  -  An evaculated electron-beam tube in which -an  initial
      velocity  modulation  imparted  to  electrons  in   the  beam
      results subsequently in density modulation of the  beam;  used
      as an  amplifier in  the microwave region or as an oscillator.

 Lagoon -  A  man-made pond or lake for holding wastewater  for   the
      removal  of  suspended  solids.   Lagoons  are  also used as
      retention ponds after chemical clarification to polish   the
                                    12-11

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      effluent •  and  to safeguard against upsets in the clarifier;
      for  stabilization of  organic matter by biological oxidation;
      for  storage of  sludge;  and for cooling of water.

 Landfill  -  The  disposal of   inert,   insoluble  waste   solids  by
      dumping  at an approved  site and covering with earth.

 Lapping   -  The  mechanical   abrasion  or  surface planing of the
      semiconductor wafer to  produce  desired  surface   and  wafer
      thickness.

 Lime   -   Any  of  a  family of chemicals consisting essentially of
      calcium  hydroxide made  from  limestone  (calcite)   which  is
      composed almost wholly  of calcium  carbonates  or a mixture of
      calcium  and magnesium carbonates.

 Limiting  Orifice - A device  that limits flow by constriction to a
      relatively small  area.   A constant flow can be obtained over
      a wide range of upstream pressures.

 Machining  -  The process  of removing stock from a workpiece by
      forcing  a  cutting tool  through  the workpiece  and  removing  a
      chip  of  basis  material.    Machining  operatings such  as
      tuning,  milling,  drilling,    boring,    tapping,   planing,
      broaching,   sawing and cutoff,  shaving,  threading, reaming,
      shaping, slotting,  hobbing,   filling,   and  chambering  are
      included in this  definition.

 Magnaflux Inspection - Trade name  for magnetic particle test.

 Make-up Water -  Total  amount of  water used  by any  process/process
      step.

 Mandrel   -  A metal   support  serving  as a core around which the
      metals are  wound  and  anealled to form  a central hole.

 Mask  (Shadow  Mask) - Thin  sheet  steel screen  with  thousands  of
      apertures   through  which   electron  beams  pass   to  a  color
      picture  tube  screen.  The color of  an  image depends   on  the
      balance  from each of three different  electron beams  passing
      through  the mask.
                                                metal   insulator
Metal  Ox ide   Semiconductor   Device   -   A
     semiconductor  structure in which the insulating layer is an
     oxide of the substrate material; for  a  silicon  substrate,
     the insulating layer is silicon dioxide (Si02).

Mica   -   A   group  of  aluminum  silicate  minerals  that  are
     characterized by their ability to split into thin,  flexible
     flakes because of their basal cleavage.
Miligrams  Per  Liter  (mg/1  -  This  is  a  weight  per
     designation used in water and wastewater analysis.
                                                           volume
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Mixed Media Filtration - A filter which uses two or  more  filter
     materials  of differing specific gravities selected so as to
     produce a filter uniformly graded from coarse to fine.

MOS - (See Metal Oxide Semiconductor).
Mount Assembly - Funnel
     electron gun(s).
neck  ending  of  picture  tube  holding
National  Pollutant  Discharge  Elimination  System  (NPDES) - The
     federal mechanism for regulating point source  discharge  by
     means of permits.

Neutralization  -  Chemical  addition of either acid or base to a
     solution such that the pH is adjusted to approximately 7.

Noncontact Cooling Water - Water used for cooling which does  not
     come into direct contact with any raw material, intermediate
     product, waste product or finished product.

Oil-Filled Capacitor - A capacitor whose conductor and insulating
     elements  are  immersed  in  an  insulating  fluid  that  is
     usually, but not necessarily, oil.

Outfall  -  The  point  or  location  where  sewage  or  drainage
     discharges from a sewer, drain, or conduit.

Oxide  Mask  -  Oxidized  layer  of  silicon  wafer  through which
     "windows" are formed which will  allow  for  dopants  to  be
     introduced into the silicon.
Panel_  -  The  front,  screen
     "cathode ray tube.
      portion of the glass enclusre of a
PCS  (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) - A  colorless  liquid, used   as   an
     insulating  fluid   in electrical equipment.   (The  future  use
     of  PCB  for  new   transformers  was   banned   by   the   Toxic
     Substances Control  Act of October  1976).

p_H   -  The  negative  of  the   logarithm   of   the hydrogen  ion
     concentration.  Neutral water  has  a pH value  of  7.    At   pH
     lower  than 7, a solution is acidic.   At  pH higher than 7,  a
     solution is alkaline.

p_H Adjustment - A means  of maintaining  the optimum pH through  the
     use of chemical additives.  Can  be   manual,   automatic,   or
     automatic with flow corrections.

Phase  -  One of the separate circuits  or  windings of a polyphase
     system, machine or  other appartus.
 Phase  Assembly  -  The coil-core assembly  of a single
     transformer.
                            phase  of  a
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Phosphate Coating - A  conversion  coating on metal, usually steel,
     produced  by dipping  it  into a hot aqueous solution of  iron,
     zinc, or manganese phosphate.
Phosphor - Crystalline  inorganic  compounds
     when excited by ultraviolet radiation.
                             that  produce  light
Photolithography  - The process by which a microscopic pattern  is
     tranferred from a photomask to a material  layer  (e.g., Si02)
     in an actual circuit.
Photomask -  A
film  or
 images,
glass  negative  that  has  many  high-
used in the production of semiconductor
     resolution
     devices and integrated circuits.

Photon - A quantum of electromagnetic energy.

Photoresist - A light-sensitive coating that  is applied to a sub-
     strate or board, exposed, and developed  prior  to  chemical
     etching;  the  exposed  areas  serve as  a mask for selective
     etching.

Picture Tube - A cathode ray tube used in television receivers to
     produce an image by varying the electron beam  intensity  as
     the beam scans a fluorescent screen.

Plate - (1) Preferably called the anode.  The principal electrode
     to  which  the  electron  stream is attracted in an electron
     tube.  (2-) One of the conductive electrodes in a capacitor.

Polar Capacitor - An electrolytic capacitor having an oxide  film
     on  only  one  foil  or  electrode  which forms the anode or
     positive terminal.

Pole Type Transformer - A transformer suitable for mounting on  a
     pole or similar structure.
                  -,
Poling - A step in the production of ceramic piezoelectric bodies
     which  orients the oxes of the crystallites in the preferred
     direction.

Polishing - The process of removing stock from a workpiece by the
     action of loose or loosely held abrasive grains  carried  to
     the workpiece by a flexible support.  Usually, the amount of
     stock removed in a polishing operation is only incidental to
     achieving a desired surface finish or appearance.

Pollutant  -  The  term  "pollutant"  means  dredged spoil, solid
     wastes, incinerator residue, sewage, grabage, sewage sludge,
     munitions,   chemical    wastes,    biological    materials,
     radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment,
     rock,  sand,   cellar  dirt  and  industrial,  municipal  and
     agricultural  waste discharged into water.
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Pollutant  Parameters  -   Those   constituents   of   wastewater
     determined  to  be  detrimental  and,  therefore,  requiring
     control.

Pollution Load - A measure of the unit mass of  a  wastewater  in
     terms  of its solids or oxygen-demanding characteristics, or
     in terms of harm to receiving waters.

Polyelectrolytes - Synthetic or natural polymers containing-ionic
     constituents, used as a coagulant  or  a  coagulant  aid  in
     water and wastewater treatment.

Power  Regulators - Transformers used to maintain constant output
     current for changes in temperature output load, line current
     and time.

Power Transformer - Transformer used at a generating  station  to
     step up the initial voltage to high levels for transmission.

Prechlorination  - (1) Chlorination of water prior to filtration.
     (2) Chlorination of sewage prior to treatment.
Precipitate - The discrete particles of material settled
     liquid solution.
from  a
Pressure   Filtration   -   The  process  of  solid/liquid  phase
     separation effected by passing  the  more  permeable  liquid
     phase  through  a  mesh  which  is impenetrable to the solid
     phase.

Pretreatment - Any wastewater treatment process  used  to  reduce
     pollution load partially before the wastewater is introduced
     into  a  main sewer system or delivered to a treatment plant
     for substantial reduction of the pollution load.

Primary  Feeder  Circuit   (Substation)   Transformers   -   These
     transformers  (at substations) are used to reduce the voltage
     from the subtransmission level to the primary feeder level.

Primary  Treatment  -  A   process  to  remove  substantially  all
     floating and settleable solids in wastewater  and  partially
     to reduce the concentration of suspended solids.

Primary  Winding  - Winding on the supply  (i.e., input) side of  a
     transformer.

Priority Pollutant - The 129  specific pollutants established  by
     the  EPA from the 65  pollutants and classes of pollutants as
     outlined in the consent decree of June 8, 1976.

Process Wastewater - Any water  which,  during  manufacturing  or
     processing,   comes  into direct contact with or results from
                                    12-15

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     the production or use of  any  raw  materials,   intermediate
     product, finished product, by-product, or waste  product.

Process  Water  -  Water  prior  to  its  direct contact use  in a
     process or operation.   (This water may be any combination of
     a raw water, service water, or either process wastewater  or
     treatment facility effluent to be recycled or reused.)

Pyrolysis  - The breaking apart of complex molecules  into simpler
     units by the use of heat, as in the pyrolysis of  heavy  oil
     to make gasoline.

Quenching  -  Shock  cooling  by  immersion  of  liquid of molten
     material in a cooling  medium  (liquid  or  gas).   Used  in
     metallurgy, plastics forming, and petroleum refining.
Raceway  -  A
     busbars.
channel  used to hold and protect wires, cables or
Rapid Sandfilter - A filter for the purification of  water  where
     water   which   has  been  previously  treated,  usually  be
     coagulation and sedimentation, is passed through a filtering
     medium consisting of a layer of sand or prepared  anthracite
     coal  or  other  suitable  material,  usually  from 24 to 30
     inches thick and resting on a supporting bed of gravel or  a
     porous  medium such as carborundum.  The filtrate is removed
     by a drain system.  The filter is  cleaned  periodically  by
     reversing  the  flow  of  the  water  through  the filtering
     medium.   Sometimes  supplemented  by  mechanical   or   air
     agitation   during  backwashing  to  remove  mud  and  other
     impurities.

Raw Wastewater - Plant water prior to any treatment or use.

Rectifier - (1) A device for converting alternating current  into
     direct  current.   (2)  a  nonlinear circuit component that,
     ideally, allows current to flow in one  direction  unimpeded
     but allows no current to flow in the other direction.

Recycled  Water  -   Process  wastewater  or  treatment  facility
     effluent which is recirculated to the same process.

Resistor - A device designed to  provide  a  definite  amount  of
     resistance,  used  in  circuits  to limit current flow or to
    . provide a voltage drop.

Retention Time - The time allowed for  solids  to  collect  in  a
     settling tank.  Theoretically retention time is equal to the
     volume  of  the  tank  divided by the flow rate.  The actual
     retention time is determined by the  purpose  of  the  tank.
     Also, the design residence time in a tank or reaction vessel
     which  allows  a chemical reaction to go to completion, such
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     as the reduction of hexavalent chromium or
     of cyanide.
                             the  destruction
Reused  Water - Process wastewater or^treatment facility effluent
     which is further used in a different manufacturing process.

Rinse - Water  for  removal  of  dragout  by  dipping,  spraying,
     fogging etc.
                                                         ;

Sanitary  Sewer  -  A sewer that carriers liquid and water wastes
     from residences, commercial  buildings,  industrial  plants,
     and  institutions  together  with ground, storm, and surface
     waters that are not admitted intentionally.

Sanitary Water - The supply of water used  for  sewage  transport
     and the continuation of such effluents to disposal.

Secondary Settling Tank - A tank through which effluent from some
     prior  treatment  process  flows for the purpose of removing
     settleable solids.

Secondary Wastewater Treatment - The treatment of  wastewater  by
     biological methods after primary treatment by sedimentation.
Secondary  Winding
     transformer.
- Winding on the load (i.e. output) side of a
Sedimentation - Settling of matter suspended  in water by gravity.
     It is usually accomplished by reducing the velocity  of  the
     liquid  below  the  point  at  which  it  can  transport the
     suspended material.

Semiconductor - A solid  crystalline  material  whose   electrical
     conductivity  is  intermediate between that of a metal  and an
     insulator.

Settleable Solids - (1) That matter in wastewater which will  not
     stay  in  suspension  during  a preselected settling period,
     such as one hour, but either settles to  the bottom or  floats
     to the top.  (2)  In the Imhoff  cone  test,  the   volume  of
     matter that settles to the bottom of the cone in one hour.

Sewer  -  A  pipe  or  conduit, generally closed, but normally not
     flowing full, for carrying sewage and other waste  liquids.

Silvering - The deposition of thin films of silver on glass, etc.
     carried by one of several possible processes.

Skimming Tank - A tank so designed that floating matter will rise
     and remain on the surface of the wastewater  until removed,
     while the liquid  discharges continuously under walls or scum
     boards.
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Sludge  -  The solids  (and  accompanying water  and organic matter)
     which are separated  from sewage or industrial wastewater.

Sludge  Cake  -  The   material  resulting-  from  air  drying   or
     dewatering sludge (usually forkable or spadable).

Sludge Disposal - The  final disposal of solid  wastes.

Sludge  Thickening  -   The  increase   in  solids concentration of
     sludge in a sedimentation or digestion tank.

Snubber - Shock absorber.

Soldering - The process of  joining  metals by  flowing  a  thin
     (capillary  thickness) layer of nonferrous filler metal into
     the space between them.  Bonding  results  from  the  intimate
     contact  produced by  the  dissolution of a small amount of
     base metal in the molten filler metal, without fusion of the
     base metal.
Solvent - A liquid capable of dissolving  or
     more other substances.
                       dispersing  one  or
Solvent  Degreasing  -  The  removal  of  oils  and grease from a
     workpiece using organic solvents or solvent vapors.

Sputtering - A process to deposit a thin  layer  of  metal  on  a
     solid  surface  in  a  vacuum.  Ions bombard a cathode which
     emits the metal atoms.

Stacked  Capacitor  -  Device  containing  multiple   layers   of
     dielectric  and  conducting  materials and designed to store
     electrical charge.

Stamping  -  Almost  any  press  operations  including  blanking,
     shearing,   hot  or  cold  forming,  drawing,  blending,  or
     coining.
Steel - An iron-based alloy, malleable under
     containing up to about 2% carbon.
                       proper  conditions,
     	  Transformers  -  (Substation) - A transformer in which
     the AC voltages of the secondary  windings  are  lower  than
     those applied to the primary windings.

Step-Up Transformer - Transformer in which the energy transfer is
     from a low-voltage primary (input) winding to a high-voltage
     secondary (output) winding or windings.
Studs  -  Metal  pins
     mask is hung.
in glass of picture tube onto which shadow
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Substation - Complete assemblage of  plant,  equipment,  and  the
     necessary  buildings  at  a place where electrical energy is
     received  {from  one  more  power-stations)  for  conversion
     (e.g.,  from  AC  to  DC  by  means  of  rectifiers,  rotary
     converters),  for  stepping-up ':  or   down   by   means   of
     transformers,  or for control (e.g. by means of switch-gear,
     etc.).

Subtransmission (Substation) Transformers  -  At  the  end  of  a
     transmission   line,   the   voltage   is   reduced  to  the
     subtransmission level (at  substations)  by  subtransmission
     transformers.

Suspended  Solids  -  (1)  Solids  that are either floating or in
     suspension in water, wastewater, or other liquids, and which
     are largely removable  by  laboratory  filtering.   (2)  The
     quantity of material removed from wastewater in a laboratory
     test, as prescribed in "Standard Methods for the Examination
     of  Water  and Wastewater" and referred to as non-filterable
     residue.

Tantalum - A lustrous, platinum-gray ductile metal used in making
     dental  and  surgical  tools,  penpoints,   and   electronic
     equipment.

Tantalum Foil - A thin sheet of tantalum, usually less than 0.006
     inch thick.

Terminal  -  A  screw,  soldering  lug,  or  other point to which
     electric connections can be made.

Testing - A procedure in which the performance of
     measured under various conditions.
product  is
Thermoplastic Resin - A plastic that solidifies when first heated
     under  pressure,  and  which  cannot be remelted or remolded
     without destroying its  original  characteristics;  examples
     are epoxides, melamines, phenolics and ureas.

Transformer  - A device used to transfer electric energy, usually
     that of an alternating current, from one circuit to another;
     especially, a pair of  multiply-wound,  inductively  coupled
     wire  coils  that  effect  such  a transfer with a change  in
     voltage, current, phases, or other electric characteristics.

Transistor  -  An  active  component  of  an  electronic  circuit
     consisting  of  a  small block of semiconducting material  to
     which at least three electrical contacts are made;  used   as
     an amplifier, detector, or switch.

Trickling  Filter  -  A filter consisting of an artificial bed  of
     coarse material, such as broken stone, clinkers,  slats,   or
     brush over which sewage is distributed and applied in drops,
                                    12-19

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     films, or spray, from troughs, drippers, moving distributors
     or  fixed  nozzles  and  through  which  it  trickles  to the
     underdrain giving opportunity for the formation of  zoogleal
     slimes which clarify the oxidized sewage.

Trimmer   Capacitors   -  These  are  relatively  small  variable
     capacitors used in parallel with larger  variable  or  fixed
     capacitors  to permit exact adjustment of the capacitance of
     the parallel combination.

Vacuum Filter - A filter consisting of a cylindrical drum mounted
     on horizontal axis, covered with a  filter  cloth  revolving
     with   a   partial  submergence  in  liquid.   A  vacuum  is
     maintained  under  the  cloth  for  the  larger  part  of  a
     revolution  to  extract moisture and the cake is scraped off
     continuously.

Vacuum Metalizing - The process of coating a workpiece with metal
     by flash  heating  metal  vapor  in  a  high-vacuum  chamber
     containing  the  workpiece.   The  vapor  condenses  on  all
     exposed surfaces.

Vacuum Tube - An electron tube vacuated to such a degree that its
     electrical characteristics are essentially unaffected by the
     presence of residual gas or vapor.

Variable Capacitor - A device whose  capacitance  can  be  varied
     continuously  by moving one set of metal plates with respect
     to another.
Voltage Breakdown - The voltage
     failture.
                            necessary  to  cause  insulation
Voltage  Regulator  -  Like a transformer, it corrects changes in
     current to provide continuous, constant current flow.

Welding - The process of joining two or more pieces  of  material
     by  applying  heat, pressure or both, with or without filler
     material, to produce a localized  union  through  fusion  or
     recrystallization across the interface.

Wet  Air  Scrubber  -  Air  pollution control device which uses a
     liquid or vapor to absorb contaminants and which produces  a
     wastewater stream.

Wet Capacitor - (See oil-filled capacitor).
Wet
Slug  Capacitor  -  Refers
where the anode is placed in a metal
electrolyte and then sealed.
to a sintered tantalum capacitor
          can,  filled  with  an
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Wet  Tantalum  Capacitor - A polar capacitor the cathode of which
     is a liquid electrolyte  (a  highly  ionized  acid  or  salt
     solution).

Wet  Transformer  -  Having  the  core  and  coils immersed in.an
     insulating oil.

Yoke - A set of coils placed over  the  neck  of  a  magnetically
     deflected  cathode-ray  tube  to  deflect  the electron beam
     horizontally  and  vertically  when  suitable  currents  are
     passed through the coils.
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