-------
Table 1.6-5. Results of the Environmental Protection Agency's Dual-Media
Filtration Tests at Plant FT 44 (all values mg/1).
TSS Results
Influent Effluent
Day 1 (4.
1*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Day 2 (7.
1*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Day 3(10
1*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
5 gpm/ft*)
7.60
8.15
7.63
8.07
7.48'
6.44
5.70
5.63
5.19
6.88
3 gpm/ft3)
12.00
11 .78
11.56
1 1 .56
10.96
9.48
8.89
9.70
10.59
10.72
.2 gpm/ft2)
7.63
7.33
7.63
7.33
7.85
9.11
11 .86
9.63
10.00
8.71
0.30
0.52
0.74
0.44
0.15
0.30
0.30
0.15
0.44
0.37
0.37
0.44
0.37
0.52
0.15
0.67
1.11
0.81
0.96
0.60
0.07
0.30
0.30
0.52
0.15
0.37
0.44
0.52
0.96
0.40
TSS
Removal (%)
96.1
93.6
90.3
94.5
98.0
95.3
94.7
97.3
91 .5
94.6
96.9
96.3
96.8
95.5
98.6
92.9
87.5
91 .6
90.9
94. 1
99.1
95.9
96.1
92.9
98. 1
95.9
96.3
94.6
90.4
95.5
Zinc Results
Influent
4.53
4.62
4.60
4.48
4.12
4.02
3.57
3.44
3.31
4.08
7,38
8.19
7.26
7.38
7.11
6.33
6.54
7.11
7.44
7.19
4.36
4.33
4.24
4.27
4.27
4.91
4.82
5.02
5.37
4.62
Effluent
0.27
0.20
0.34
0.64
0.69
0.75
0.69
0.41
0.52
0.50
0.45
0.50
0.58
0.54
0.59
0.65
0.69
0.76
1.18
0.66
0.41
0.30
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.46
0.42
0.41
0.46
0.42
Total Zinc
Removal (%)
94.0
95.7
92.6
85.7
83.3
81.3
80.7
88. 1
84.3
87.3
93.9
93.9
92.0
92.7
91 .7
89.7
89.4
89.3
84. 1
90.7
90.6
93. 1
90.1
89.5
89.0
90.6
91 .3
91 .8
91 .4
90.8
*Initial Value. Samples taken every hour during the test.
389
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Table 16-5A Plant F144 Results for Split Samples of Dual-Media
Filtration Tests
TSS Results
Zinc Results
Day 1 (4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Day 2 (7
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Average
Day 3 (1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
TSS
Influent Effluent Removal (%)
.5 gpm/ft2)
No samples taken
.3 gpm/ft2)
No samples taken
0.2 gpm/ft2)
7.2 1.0 86.1
_ _ _
_ _ _
6.8 1.6 76.5
7.2 1.0 86.1
8.6 0.8 90.7
10.0 0.8 92.0
10.4 1.0 90.4
— - -
Influent
5.2
-
5.1
-
4.3
_
-
-
-.
4787
9.3
-
8.3
-
-
7.0
-
-
-
"872
4.7
-
-
3.0
4.4
5.1
5.1
5.2
-
Effluent
0.73
-
0.88
-
1 .38
_ -' •'' "
-
-
-
0.99
1 .5
—
1 .2
-
-
3.4
-
-
-
2.03
0.8 '
-
-
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.7
0.7
-
Total Zinc
Removal (%)
86.0
• -
82.7
-
67.9
-
-
-
-
78.9*
83.9
-
85.5
-
-
51 .4
-
-
-
73.6*
82.9
-
-
73.3
79.5
82.3
86.2
86.5
-
Average
8.37
1.03
87.0
4.58
0.8
81 .8*
*Averages may not agree with influent/effluent averages because of
rounding.
390
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Summary of Toxic Pollutant Data
Eleven toxic metals were found at detectable concentrations in
the raw wastewater at the two sampled plants. Two toxic organic
pollutants were found in untreated wastewater at concentration
levels greater than 0.010 mg/1 -(10 ug/1). One of these,
methylene chloride, was found in high concentrations in the raw
wastewater of' Plant F144. There is no known source for the
methylene chloride at the plant and its presence in the
wastewater was not be confirmed by resampling. The most probable
explanation is contamination of sampling equipment or containers
or an erroneous laboratory determination.
The maximum concentrations observed in the raw wastewater at
two sampled plants are presented below:
the
Pollutant
Maximum Concentration Observed*
(ug/1)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Thallium
Zinc
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
1 ,869
14,170
95
640
350
2,100
1 ,205
6
165
485
490,000
521
430,000
*Maximum daily observed concentrations for antimony, arsenic,
cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, silver, and thallium were obtained
from daily flow-proportioned averages for the two wastewater
streams at Plant F120.
Section 5 of this report describes the , methodology of the
sampling program. In the zinc chloride industry, a total of six
days of sampling were conducted at Plants F120 and F144. Five
wastewater streams were sampled and analyzed. The evaluation of
toxic metal pollutants in; these streams was based on 195
analytical data points. In Table 16-5, the toxic pollutant raw
391
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TABLE 16-6. TOXIC POLLUTANT RAW WASTE DATA FOR SAMPLED
ZINC CHLORIDE FACILITIES
Average Daily Pollutant Concentrations and Loads
mg/1
kg/kkg
Plant Designation
Pollutant
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium*
Zinc
F120
1.435
0.00396
5.605
0.0155
0.069
0.00019
0.146
0.00040
0.279
0.00077
1.834
0.00506
1.049
0.00289
0.14*2
0.00039^
0.325
0.00090
111.724
0.308
F144
0.045
0.00104
<0.006
0.00014
0.032
0.00074
0.520
0.0121
0.067
0.00155
0.107
0.00248
0.017
0.00039
<0.001
0.00002
<0.100
0.00232
184.700
4.29
Overall
Average
0 .74
O.*00250
<2.81
0.00782
0.05
0.00047
0.333
0.00625
0.173
0.00116
0.854
0.00377
0.533
0.00164
<0.071
0.00021
<0.213
0.00161
148.200
2.3
392
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waste data are presented as the average daily concentrations
found at the sampled plants.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OPTIONS
Toxic Pollutants of Concern
The principal pollutant of concern is zinc. Other pollutants
found in significant concentrations in the process wastewaters
are probably related to the purity of the zinc metal and acid
sources. The toxic metals arsenic, antimony, lead, chromium and
nickel found during screening and verification sampling likely
originate as constituents of the galvanizer skimmings used as the
raw zinc material. Highest concentrations of these metals were
found primarily in the scrubber wastewater streams from Plant
F120. The scrubber step preceeds the heavy metals removal step
noted in several other plant processes. Therefore, such high
levels of the above-mentioned heavy metals would not be expected
unless a facility's operations included scrubbing of the Zn/HCl
reactor gases.
Existing Wastewater Control and Treatment Practices
Treatment practices at the visited plants were presented earlier.
Available information on treatment practices at other plants are
presented below.
Plant F125 produces other inorganic salts in addition to zinc
chloride. Wastewater from all processes is treated in a system
consisting of equalization, pH adjustment with caustic, and
sedimentation in a series of lined and unlined impoundments
before discharge to a receiving stream. Solid wastes are hauled
to a chemical landfill.
Plant F143 produces zinc chloride using zinc oxide, zinc powder
and brass skimmings as raw materials. Wastewater from the
process is neutralized before discharge to a POTW.
Plant F126 produces zinc chloride in small quantities. The
company reported that no process wastewater was discharged from
the process.
Other Applicable Control/Treatment Technologies
Although some plants only neutralize their wastes before
discharge, the primary method of wastewater treatment in the zinc
chloride industry is precipitation and clarification or
sedimentation of process wastes. Another technology which would
393
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be applicable to this industry is filtration for
and toxic metal removal.
further solids
Process Modifications and Technology Transfer Options
A reduction in the volume of .process contact wastewater generated
might be achieved by recycling all direct process contact
wastewater where possible. For example, several facilities
employ recycle of scrubber water with only a small volume of
blowdown necessary. Condensate from product concentration and
crystallization appears to: be another wastewater source with
potential for recycle. The principle difference between plants
with high water use and those with low water use is that the
latter use pure raw materials and sell solution grade zinc
chloride only. This is an economic decision not a technology per
se. One existing zinc chloride manufacturer reported that it has
no discharge of process wastewater from the very small quantities
of zinc chloride produced at its plant.
Sludge volumes may be reduced by the use of caustic soda instead
of lime for wastewater treatment. This practice offers other
advantages including reduced scale formation and faster reaction
times.
Best Management Practices
If contact is possible with leakage, spillage of raw materials,
or product, all storm water and plant site runoff must be
collected and directed to the plant treatment facility. This
contamination can be minimized by indoor storage of chemicals and
proper air pollution control.
If solids from the wastewater treatment plant are disposed or
stored on-site, provision must be made to control leachates and
permeates. Leachates and permeates which contain toxic
pollutants should be directed to the treatment system for further
treatment.
Advanced Treatment Technology
Zinc-containing residues such as galvanizing wastes and zinc
dusts are often used as raw materials for zinc chloride
production. These materials contain a variety of toxic and non-
toxic metals such as lead, zinc, cadmium, iron and manganese.
The manufacturing process removes much of these metals from the
zinc chloride product in the form of filter cake. Other
constituents can be transmitted to the wastewater. Further
reduction of metals would require treatment by granular media
filtration.
394
-------
One facility producing zinc chloride from an organic wastewater
stream generated at a nearby chemical manufacturing complex may
require treatment technology in addition to the levels considered
here. The" water is treated to remove organics as part of the
manufacturing process, but no data is available on the amount of
toxic organics in the wastewater. Elevated COD and the presence
of toxic organics would be pollutants which could occur at this
facility. The presence of these additional pollutants are not
expected to affect the effectiveness of treatment for metals
removals, as a similar situation occurs at Plant F145 which
provides effective treatment for removal of metals.
Selection of Appropriate Technology and Equipment
Technologies for Different Treatment Levels
A. Level 1
Level 1 treatment consists of alkaline precipitation,
clarification or settling, and dewatering of the sludge in a
filter press. This technology is illustrated in Figure 10-10. A
holding basin sized to retain 4-6 hours of flow is provided.
The initial treatment step is the addition of lime or caustic
soda. This is followed by clarification/settling (if the
wastewater characteristics are suitable, a tube settler may be
substituted for a clarifier to save space). Sludge is removed
from the clarifier and directed to a filter press for dewatering.
Pits are provided at the filter press for the temporary storage
of sludge. The sludge is periodically transported to a hazardous
material landfill. A monitoring system is installed at the
discharge point. The objective of Level 1 technology is to
remove heavy metals and suspended solids.
Level 1 treatment was selected as the basis for BPT because it
represents a typical and viable industry practice for the control
of suspended solids, arsenic, lead and zinc. All of the direct
dischargers have Level 1 treatment or equivalent already
installed.
B.
Level 2
Level 2 treatment consists of the addition of granular media
filtration following clarification in the Level 1 treatment
system. The granular media filtration technology is illustrated
in Figure 10-11. Level 2 technology has been selected as a means
of achieving improved removal of metal hydroxide precipitates and
other suspended solids because our treatability study shows that
this technology gives excellant results when transferred to this
395
-------
industry. Currently no plants in this subcategory employ
granular media filtration for wastewater treatment.but plant F145
is achieving the limitations.
Equipment for Different Treatment Levels
A. Equipment Functions
Conventional sludge dewatering by a filter press is used for
sludge removed by the clarification/settling system. The sludge
from the filter press is disposed of off-site in a hazardous
material landfill. If a tube settler is used, backwash from the
settler is returned to the influent holding basin. Likewise, if
granular media filters are used, backwash water is returned to
the influent holding basin. All equipment is conventional and
readily available.
B. Chemical Handling
Caustic soda (50 percent NaOH) is used to precipitate heavy
metals in Level 1 at most plants. However, lime precipitation
may be used at large plants due to the quantity and cost of
alkaline reagent required. Precipitation of zinc is best at a pH
of about 9, and occasional pH discharges above 9 could occur.
For this reason, and recognizing that regulations for other
industries allow pH range up to 10, the pH limitations have been
revised in the final rules from the proposed levels of 6-9 and
are now 6-10. Therefore, readjustment of pH will not be
necessary.
C. Solids Handling
Treatment sludges generated by Level 1 are dewatered in a filter
press. The solids would be disposed of off-site in a hazardous
material landfill. Level 2 filter backwash may be sent to the
head of the plant or, if the solids concentration is sufficiently
high, may be sent directly to the filter press.
Treatment Cost Estimates
As stated earlier in this section, there are seven known
producers of zinc chloride, five of which are direct dischargers
of wastewater. The average wastewater generation in the industry
was thought to be 10.5 mVkkg, but this included some plants
using pure zinc or zinc oxide and selling solution grade product
only. The zinc chloride model plant used for the proposed
regulations has a unit flow of 13.5 m3/kkg. However, recent data
indicate that unit flow may vary considerably depending upon the
product produced (liquid or solid). Because this is determined
396
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TABLE 16-7. WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
FOR MODEL PLANT.
SUBCATEGORY:
Zinc Chloride
ANNUAL PRODUCTION: 26.000
DAILY FLOW: 3.785
PUNT AGE: NA
METRIC TONS
CUBIC METERS (1,000,0.00 GPD)
YEARS PLANT LOCATION: NA
a. COST OF TREATMENT TO ATTAIN SPECIFIED LEVELS
COST CATEGORY
Facilities
Installed Equipment
(Including Instrumentation)
Engineering
Contractor Overhead and Profit
Contingency
Land
Total Invested Capital
COSTS ($1,000) TO ATTAIN LEVEL
1
152.9
703.0
171.2
15.4.1
118.1
3.6
1,302.9
Annual Capital Recovery 211.4
Annual Operating and Maintenance 300.8
(Excluding Residual Waste Disposal)
Residual Waste Disposal 31.7
Total Annual Cost
543.9
105.1
21.0
18.9
18.5
159.5
26.0
44.5
0.9
71.4
TREATMENT DESCRIPTION
LEVEL 1: Alkaline precipitation, clarification, sludge dewatering
LEVEL 2: Filtration
397
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TABLE 16-8. WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS
FOR MODEL PLANT.
SUBCATEGORY: Zinc Chloride
ANNUAL PRODUCTION: 5.700
DAILY FLOW: 260
PLANT' AGE: NA
METRIC TONS
CUBIC METERS
YEARS PLANT LOCATION:
MA
a. COST OF TREATMENT TO ATTAIN SPECIFIED LEVELS
COST CATEGORY
Facilities
Installed Equipment
(Including Instrumentation)
Engineering
Contractor Overhead and Profit
Contingency
Land
Total Invested Capital
COSTS ($1,000) TO ATTAIN LEVEI
1 2 3 45
21.6
142.7
32.9
29.6
22.7
249.5
40.6
Annual Capital Recovery
Annual Operating and Maintenance
(Excluding Residual Wast6 Disposal) 95.6
Residual Waste Disposal 2.1
44.0
8.8
7.9
6.1
66.8
10.9
18,0
0.1
Total Annual Cost
138.3 29.0
b. TREATMENT DESCRIPTION
LEVEL 1: Alkaline precipitation, clarification, sludge de.watering
LEVEL 2: Filtration
398
-------
by the market and cannot be predicted, we are promulgating
guidelines and standards on a concentration basis only. : Permit
writers may convert the concentration-based limit to a mass-based
limit based on the flow at individual plants.
Costs for two model plants were developed because of the wide
variation of plant sizes in this subcategory. The annual
productior. rates used were 26,000 kkg and 5,700 kkg. The
wastewater flows used were 3,785 m3/day and 260 m3/day
respectively. Costs for the smaller plant were developed on the
basis of the same wastewater characteristics as for the large
plant to represent many plants which produce smaller quantities
of the chemical. Chemical usage and sludge production were
proportioned based upon flow but the small plant was assumed to
use caustic soda while the large plant was assumed to use lime.
Lime is cheaper but produces considerably more sludge, which
cannot economically be reclaimed for zinc. Caustic produces less
sludge and, when pure zinc is used (as is often the case for
small plants), the sludge can be recovered for reclamation of the
zinc.
Chemical reagent usage for wastewater treatment at the two
plants are estimated as follows:
model
Ca(OH)
Large Plant
400 kg/day
Small Plant
88 kg/day (1 )
Total solid waste generated is estimated as follows (Level 2
listings are incremental amounts):
Level
(1)
(2)
Solid Waste
Large Plant
0.39 m3/day
0.011 mVday
Small Plant
0.086 mVday
0.0024 mVday
Model Plant Treatment Costs. On the basis of model plant
specifications and design concepts presented earlier and in
Section 10, the estimated costs of treatment for two models with
two levels are shown in Tables 16-7 and 16-8. The cost of Level
2 is incremental to Level 1.
Basis for Regulations
Basis for BPT Limitations
A. Technology Basis
399
-------
For BPT, the Agency is setting limitations based upon alkaline
precipitation and clarification, and dewatering of the sludge in
a filter press. Of the five direct dischargers in this
subcategory, all have this technology or equivalent installed.
B. Flow Basis
The limitations have been developed on a concentration basis
only.
C. Selection of Pollutants to be Regulated
The selection of pollutants for which specific effluent
limitations are being established is based on an evaluation of
the raw wastewater data from screening and verification,
consideration of the raw materials used in the process,
literature data, historical discharge monitoring reports and
permit applications, and the treatability of the toxic
pollutants.
Tables 8-1 through 8-14 summarize the achievable concentrations
of toxic metal pollutants from the literature using available
technology options, data from other industries, and treatability
studies. Water use and discharge data are presented earlier in
this section together with generalized process characteristics.
Pollutant concentrations of raw wastewater streams and a summary
of maximum concentrations observed of toxic pollutants detected
during screening and verification sampling at several plants are
also presented earlier in this section. Data from Appendix A on
the performance of in-place industry treatment systems was also
utilized in developing the list of pollutants to be regulated.
Based upon the occurrence of treatable levels of specific toxic
metals, arsenic, lead, and zinc were selected as candidate toxic
pollutants for BPT regulations. Antimony, cadmium, chromium,
copper, nickel, selenium, silver, and thallium were detected but
at less than treatable levels.
Consideration of the raw wastewater concentrations presented
earlier, industry data, and information in Section 8 related to
the effectiveness of hydroxide precipitation, and clarification
leads to the selection of arsenic, lead, and zinc as toxic
pollutants to be regulated.
D. Basis of BPT Pollutant Limitations
Limitations are presented on a concentration (mg/1) basis only.
400
-------
BPT limitations, which apply to all
discharged, are presented in Table 16-9.
1. Conventional Pollutants
a. pH
process wastewater
The treated effluent is to be controlled within
the range of 6.0 - 10. This limitation is based
upon the data presented in Appendix B of the
Development Document for Proposed Effluent
Guidelines for Phase I Inorganic Chemicals (Ref.
1) and the JRB study (Ref. 2). Zinc removal is
best at a pH of about 9, and the, effluent from
treatment could be above 9 occasionally, unless
additional effluent pH control is provided. For a
large plant, the costs for compliance with the
effluent pH of 6-9 would be $110,000 capital costs
and over $20,000 annualized costs. Because no
significant environmental impact is expected from
effluent at a pH of 10, and because other
industries allow effluent pH at a pH of 10, we
believe a pH of up to 10 should be allowed for the
zinc chloride subcategory.
TSS i . . ".
Three Phase II plants (F125, Fll5 and F140)
considered to be efficently operating their
wastewater treatment facilities provided long-term
Level 1 treatment system performance data for TSS.
TSS data from Plant F144 were not used because the
wastewater is passed through a limestone bed in
the first stage of the plant's neutralization
.system. This would reduce the TSS loading to the
clarifier giving lower TSS results than expected
for the average inorganic chemicals plant. Since
no other data from well-operated Level 1 treatment
systems was available, and since the clarification
provided at Plants F125, Fll5 and F140 for TSS
removal would be similar to that necessary for TSS
removal at zinc chloride plants (Plants F125 and
FT 40 are zinc chloride plants), the BPT
limitations for TSS are based upon the average of
long-term averages calculated from data collected
at Plants F125, F115 and F140. The long-term
average of 13 mg/1 was used to develop discharge
limitations. Variability factors of 1.9 for a
401
-------
monthly average and 3.3 for a 24-hour maximum were
used yielding TSS concentration limitations of 25
mg/1 and 43 mg/1 respectively. (See Section 15,
BPT Limitations, for derivation of the variability
factors.)
2. Toxic Pollutants
a. Arsenic
Since there is no long-term treatment system
performance data for arsenic from any zinc
chloride manufacturing plant, the BPT limitations
for arsenic are based on estimated maximum 30-day
averages achievable with Level 1 treatment taken
from Table 8-11, and variability factors computed
from long-term data for dissolved zinc at Plant
F144 presented in Appendix A. Using a value of
0.5 mg/1 as a long-term average, 2.0 as a
variability factor for 30-day average
computations, and 6.0 as a variability factor for
24-hour maximum computations, concentration
limitations of 1.0 mg/1 (30-day avarage) and 3.0
mg/1 (24-hour maximum) are obtained.
Lead
Long-term performance data for lead is available
for Plants F140 and FT 44. The data for Plant F144
show very low effluent lead levels, and the data
are considered to be typical of Level 2
performance for lead in the zinc chloride
subcategory rather than Level 1 performance.
Consequently, we did not use Plant F144 data for
lead limitations for BPT, although we did use that
data for lead limitations for BAT. Plant F140 has
an in-plant lead removal system which is not part
of Level 1 treatment and is not typical of the
industry. Therefore, we also did not use Plant
F140 data for lead limitations for BPT. Because
there are no long-term performance data for lead
from any other zinc chloride plant with Level 1
treatment, the BPT limitations for lead are based
on estimated 30-day averages achievable with Level
1 treatment taken from Table 8-11, and variability
factors for dissolved zinc computed from long-term
data at Plant F144 presented in Appendix A. Using
a value of 0.3 mg/1 as(a long-term average, 2.0
as a variability factor for 30-day average
402
-------
computations, and 6.0 as a variability factor for
24-hour maximum computations, concentration limits
of 0.6 mg/1 (30-day average) and 1.8 (24-hour
maximum) are obtained.
c. Zinc
The BPT limitations for zinc are based on long-
term monitoring data from Plant F140 presented in
Appendix A. The plant has a Level 1 treatment
system. The plant is achieving a long-term
average concentration for zinc of 1.9 mg/1. Data
from Plant FITS were not used because Plant FIT8
is a multiproduct plant where process wastewater
from all products is combined for common
treatment, and the zinc chloride process
wastewater comprises only five percent of the
total flow to treatment, consequently, the
effluent total zinc levels are lower than the
levels achievable at a plant which produces zinc
chloride only. Data from Plant F144 were not used
for estimating the long-term average for total
zinc because all of that long-term data is
dissolved zinc. Variability factors for dissolved
zinc developed at Plant F144, and presented in
Appendix A, were used because the data from Plants
F140 and FIT 8 were not in a form that could be
used to develop variability factors and there is
no other data available. These are 2.0 for a 30-
day average and 6.0 for a 24-hour maximum. From
these values, limitations of 3.8 mg/1, 30-day
average and 11.4 mg/1, 24-hour maximum, were
derived. Use of variability factors derived from
long-term TSS data at Plant F144 for total zinc is
not appropriate because the TSS would account for
the precipitated zinc hydroxide only, not the
dissolved zinc. Total zinc is the sum of the
precipitated and dissolved zinc.
Basis for BCT Effluent Limitations
On October 29, 1982, EPA proposed a new and revised methodology
for determination of BCT for conventional pollutants. In this
subcategory, only two conventional pollutants have been selected
for limitation, pH and total suspended solids (TSS). Two tests
are required according to the revised methodology, a POTW test
and an industry cost effectiveness test. The POTW test is passed
if the incremental cost per pound of conventional pollutant
removed in going from BPT to BCT is less than $0.46 per pound in
403
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TABLE 16-9. BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR ZINC CHLORIDE
Coventional
Pollutants
pH
TSS
Toxic
Pollutants
Arsenic
Zinc
Lead
Long-Term
Avg.Cmg/1}
13.0
CD
1.9
VFR
1.9/3.3
CD
2/6^)
2/6 C3)
Cone. Basis
, Cmg/1 j
Sunday 24-hr.
Avg. max.
6-10* 6-10*
25 43
1.0
3.8
0.6
3.0
11.4
1.8
VFR - Variability Factor Ratio
* pH units
(1) Based upon long-term data at Plants F115, F125 and F140,
(2) Based upon Table 8-11.
(3) Based upon long-term data at Plant F144.
(4) Based upon long-term data at Plant F140.
404
-------
1981 dollars. Under the proposed methodology, the industry test
is passed if this same incremental cost per pound is less than
143 percent of the incremental cost per pound associated with
achieving BPT.
The methodology for the first BCT cost test is as follows:
(1) Calculate the amount of additional TSS removed by the BCT
technology.
(a) BPT long-term average = 13 mg/1
Level 2 long-term average * = 9.3 mg/1
*(See Sections 11 and 12 for derivation)
Difference =3.7 mg/1
(b) Annual flow for model plant:
<260 mVday)(250 day/yr) = 65,000 mVyr "Small"
(3785 mVday)(365 day/yr) = 1,381,525 mVyr "Large"
(c) Total annual additional TSS removed for model plant:
Small Plant:
(3.7 mg/1) (65, 000 mVyr) (kg/1 0* mgHlOOO 1/m* )
= 241 kg/yr
» 530 lbs/yr
Large Plant:
(3.7 mg/1) (1,381,525 mVyr) (kg/1 0«mg) (1000 1/m3)
=5112 kg/yr
- 11269 lbs/yr
(2) Calculate the incremental cost, in dollars per pound of TSS
removed, for the model plant.
(a) Incremental annualized cost for Level 2 technology, from
Tables 16-6 and 16-7:
$29,000 "Small", and $71,400 "Large"
(b) Divide annualized cost by annual additional TSS.removals:
($29,000 per yr) t (530 lbs/yr) « $54.72 per Ib of TSS
removed for small model plant.
($71,400 per year) t (11269 lbs/yr) = $6.34 per Ib of TSS
405
-------
removed for the large
model plant.
The costs for both model plants are far above the $0.46 per pound
bench mark cost. Therefore, the candidate BCT technology failed
the first BCT cost test there is no need to apply the second BCT
cost test.
On October 29, 1982, EPA proposed a revised BCT methodology.
While EPA is considering revising that methodology, we have
determined that in this subcategory no technology beyond BPT will
pass the proposed BCT cost test or any other BCT test that the
Agency is likely to adopt. Accordingly, in this subcategory we
are setting BCT equal to BPT. As a result, BCT for TSS is equal
to the BPT limitations. However, the Agency will need to
reconsider the BCT limitations for this subcategory when a new
BCT cost test is promulgated.
Basis for BAT Effluent Limitations
Application of Advanced Level Treatment
Utilizing the cost estimates in this report, the Agency has
analyzed the cost of the base level systems (BPT - Level 1) and
an additional advanced level option for toxic pollutant removal.
The economic impacts on the Zinc Chloride Subcategory have been
evaluated in detail and taken into consideration in the
determination of the BAT regulations.
For BAT, the Agency is promulgating limitations based on
treatment consisting of Level 1 plus Level 2 technology. Toxic
pollutants limited by the promulgated BAT regulation are arsenic,
lead, and zinc.
A. Technology Basis
Alkaline precipitation followed by clarification, dewatering of
the sludge in a filter press, and filtration of the clarifier
effluent form the selected BAT technology basis.
B. Flow Basis
The limitations have been developed on a concentration basis
only.
C. Selection of Pollutants to be Regulated
Toxic Pollutants
406
-------
The toxic pollutants arsenic, lead, and zinc have been selected
for BAT limitation. Table 16-10 presents the BAT limitations for
the Zinc Chloride Subcategory.
D. Basis of BAT Pollutant Limitations
As in BPT, the BAT limitations are presented as concentrations
(mg/1).
Toxic Pollutants
a. Arsenic
Because there is no long-term monitoring data for
arsenic, the BAT limitations for arsenic are based on
estimated long-term averages achievable with Level 2
treatment taken from Table 8-11, and variability
factors computed from long-term data for dissolved zinc
at Plant F144 presented in Appendix A for the reasons
given below for zinc. Using a value of 0.5 mg/1 as a
long-term average, 2.0 as a variability factor for 30-
day average concentrations, and 6.0 as a variability
factor for 24- hour maximum computations, concentration
limits of 1.0 mg/1 (30-day average) and 3.0 mg/1 (24-
hour maximum) are obtained.
b. Lead
The BAT limitations for lead are based on long-term
data from Plant F144. These data indicate a long-term
average effluent lead concentration of 0.038 mg/1.
Variability factors at Plant F144 were used. These are
1.25 for a 30-day average and 4.8 for a 24-hour
maximum. From these values, limitations of 0.048 mg/1,
30-day average, and 0.18 mg/1, 24-hour maximum were
derived.
c. Zinc
The BAT limitations for zinc are based upon removals of
greater than 80% of total zinc present from the
effluent of a BPT-type treatment system as demonstrated
by a treatability study of filtration at Plant F144. A
long-term average effluent zinc concentration of 0.38
mg/1 represents 80% removal of total zinc from the BPT
long term average value of 1.9 mg/1. Filtration
technology is applicable for removal of solids
including precipitated metal hydroxides such as zinc
hydroxide but has little effect on removing dissolved
407
-------
TABLE 16-10. BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR ZINC CHLORIDE
Cone Basis
(ma/1)
TOXIC
Pollutants
Arsenic
Zinc
Lead
Long-Term
Avg. (mq/1)
0.5CD
0.38<2>
0.038<3>
VFR
2/6C3)
2/6C3)
1 .25/4.79C3)
30-day
avq.
1.0
0.76
0.048
24-hr .
max.
3.0
2.28
0. 18
VFR - Variability Factor Ratio
(1) Based upon Table 8-11.
(2) Based upon 80 percent removal demonstrated by Plant F144
treatability study.
(3) Based upon long term data at Plant F144.
408
-------
metals. The total zinc discharged from the filter is
the sum of the dissolved zinc and precipitated . zinc
that passes through the filter. Because our
treatability study demonstrated that filtration is very
effective in removing precipitated zinc, the total zinc
discharged consists mostly of dissolved zinc.
Therefore, use of dissolved zinc, data to estimate
variability factors is appropriate in the absence of
any long-term data from a zinc chloride plant with
Level 2 technology. Variability factors developed for
dissolved zinc at Plant F144, and presented in Appendix
A, were used. These are 2.0 for a 30-day average and
6.0 for a 24-hour maximum. From these values,
limitations of 0.76, 30-day average, and 2.3 mg/1,
24-hour maximum, are obtained";
Basis for NSPS Effluent Limitations
For NSPS, the Agency is promulgating limitations based on the BAT
technology since no additional technology which removes
significant additional quantities of pollutants is known. The
pollutants limited include pH, TSS, arsenic, lead, and zinc. The
NSPS effluent limitations are listed in Table 16-11.
The limitations for arsenic, lead, and zinc are the same as for
BAT. See the BAT section above (pages 407 and 409) for the
development of those limitations. The pH limitations are within
the range 6-10, as described above for BPT (pages 401-403). The
TSS limitations are based on filtration and are developed as
follows:
Since no long-term monitoring data for TSS is available from
any zinc chloride plant with Level 2 treatment, the NSPS
limitations for TSS are based on an average of long-term TSS
monitoring data from Plants A and K as presented in Appendix
A of the Phase I Development Document which uses the same
Level 2 (filtration) technology to control TSS that is
promulgated for the zinc chloride subcategory. A long-term
average of 9.3 mg/1 (the average of both plants) was used to
develop the discharge limitations for plants employing
filtration. Variability factors, also obtained from Plants
A and K, of 1.8 for a monthly average and 3.0 for a 24 hour
maximum were used yielding TSS concentration limits of 17
mg/1 and 28 mg/1 respectively.
The treatability study (pages 385-387 above) showed higher
TSS removals than are required by the NSPS. However, the
treatability study'was only a three day test, which must be
considered less reliable than long-term data from operating
409
-------
TABLE 16-11. NSPS EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR ZINC CHLORIDE
Conventional
Pollutants
TSS
Toxic
Pollutants
Arsenic
Zinc
Lead
Long-Term
Avg.(mg/1)
0.5C2)
0.38C3)
0.038<0
VFR
1.2/3.0
2/6 <
Cone Basis
(mq/1)
30-day
avg.
17
24-hr,
max.
28
1.0 3.0
0.76 2.28
0.048 0.18
VFR - Variability Factor Ratio
(1) See Text
(2) Based upon Table 8-11
(3) Based upon 80 percent removal demonstrated by Plant F144
treatability study
(4) Based upon long term data at Plant F144
410
-------
facilities. Therefore, the treatability study was not
relied upon to establish TSS limitations for NSPS.
Basis for Pretreatment Standards
Existing Sources
The Agency is promulgating PSES equal to BAT limitations
because BAT provides better removal of arsenic, lead, and zinc
than is achieved by a POTW and, therefore, these toxic pollutants
would pass through a POTW in the absence of pretreatment.
Pollutants regulated under PSES are arsenic, lead, and zinc.
Table 16-9 contains these limitations.
Using the summary data presented in Tables 16-6 and 16-10, the
Agency has estimated that percent removals for arsenic, lead, and
zinc by comparing the untreated waste concentrations for those
three metals with the concentrations of those same three
pollutants in effluent from the selected BAT technology. The
calculations are as follows:
Arsenic; Raw Waste = 2.8 mg/1
BAT =0.5 mg/1
Percent Removal = [(2.8 - 0.5) t (2.8)1(100)
« 82%
Lead:
Raw Waste =0.86 mg/1
BAT = 0.038 mg/1
Percent Removal = [(0.86 - 0.038)7(0.86)](100)
= 96%
Zinc:
Raw Waste = 150 mg/1
BAT =0.38 mg/1
Percent Removal = [(150 - 0.38)/(150)] (100)
= 99.75%
The percent removals are greater than the removals for lead (48%)
and zinc (65%) achieved by 25% of the POTWs in the "50 Cities"
study (Fate of_ Priority Pollutants .in Publicly Owned Treatment
Works, Final Report, EPA 440/1-82/303, September , 1982). Only
limited data is available on removal of arsenic by POTWs, but the
removals for other toxic metals by 25% of the POTWs in that study
ranged from 19% to 65%. We assume that the POTW removals of
arsenic are in that range. Therefore, since the BAT technology
achieves a greater percent removal of arsenic, lead, and zinc
than is achieved by a well operated POTW with secondary
411
-------
treatment, those three toxic metals would pass-through
in the absence of pretreatment.
the POTW
Using the summary data presented in Tables 16-9 and 16-10, the
Agency has also estimated the percent removals for lead and zinc
by comparing the concentrations of those two toxic metals in
effluent from BAT treatment with the concentrations of the same
two pollutants in effluent from BPT treatment. Since the
concentrations of arsenic are the same from BPT and BAT
technology, the Agency compared the untreated waste
concentrations for arsenic with the effluent concentration from
BAT treatment for that metal. The calculations are as follows!
Arsenic; Raw Waste = 2.8 mg/1
BAT =0.5 mg/1
Percent Removal = [(2.8 - 0.5) t (2.8)](100)
= 82%
Lead:
BPT
BAT
Percent Removal
[(0.3
87%
=0.3 mg/1
= 0.035 mg/1
- 0.038) t (0.3)] (100)
Zinc:
BPT
BAT
Percent Removal = [(19
= 80%
=1.9 mg/1
= 0.38 mg/1
- 0.38) ^ (1.9)[(100)
The percent removals are greater than the removals for lead (48%)
and zinc (65%) achieved by 25% of the POTWs in the "50 Cities"
Study.
Only limited data is available on the removal of arsenic, but
removals achieved by 25%;of the POTW's in that study for other
toxic metals ranged from 19% to 66%. We assume that the POTW
arsenic removals are in that range. Therefore, since the BAT
technology achieves a greater percent removal of arsenic, lead,
and zinc than is achieved by a well operated POTW with secondary
treatment, those three toxic metals would pass-through the POTW
in the absence of pretreatment.
New Sources
The Agency is promulgating PSNS equal to NSPS for toxic
pollutants. The pollutants limited include arsenic, lead, and
zinc and are listed in Table 16-9.
412
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SECTION 16 REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Development Document
for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the
Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category,"
EPA Report No. 440/1-79-007, June 1980.
2. JRB Associates, Inc., "An Assessment of pH Control of
Process Waters in Selected Plants," Draft Report to the
Office of Water Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 1979.
413
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SECTION 17
BAT REVISIONS
BACKGROUND
The effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the sodium
chloride (solution brine-mining process), calcium chloride, and
sodium sulfite suboategories were promulgated on March 12, 1974
and are still in effect. These guidelines set numerical
discharge limitations for BPT and established BAT limitations,
NSPS, and PSNS of no discharge of process wastewater pollutants.
PSES were reserved for each subcategory. The technology used as
a basis for the BAT limitations, NSPS and PSNS for the sodium
chloride (solution brine-mining process) and calcium chloride
subcategories was the use of surface condensers instead of
barometric condensers. For the sodium sulfite subcategory, the
technology basis was evaporation of the treated wastewater.
Each of these subcategories was excluded from further national
BAT regulation development under the provisions of Paragraph
8(a)(i) of the Settlement Agreement in the Phase I Inorganic
Chemicals BAT regulation (47 FR 28260, June 29, 1982), because
there was an existing zero discharge BAT. Each of these
subcategories was included in the Phase II Inorganic Chemicals
regulation development study to consider appropriate PSES,
because PSES for these subcategories were not included in the
March 1974 promulgation (see Section 18).
On May 19, 1981, the Salt Institute petitioned the Agency to
review the BAT limitations for the sodium chloride (solution
brine-mining process) subcategory because the industry believed
the costs of compliance with the zero discharge requirements,
including the adverse effect on production efficiency that would
result from the use of surface condensers rather than barometric
condensers, were not justified by the effluent reductions to be
achieved.
After receiving the petition from the sodium chloride industry to
reconsider the BAT guidelines for sodium chloride, the Agency
extended its study to include the calcium chloride and sodium
sulfite subcategories because they are also subject to a zero
discharge of process water requirement for BAT but are allowed a
discharge under BPT.
EPA is amending existing BAT limitations for facilities engaged
in production of sodium chloride (solution brine-mining process)
and sodium sulfite. No changes are promulgated for the calcium
414
-------
chloride subcategory. The remainder of this section sets forth
the background, rationale for the amendments, and recommendations
concerning each subcategory.
SODIUM CHLORIDE (Solution Brine-Mining Process)
General
In early 1984, the sodium chloride (solution brine-mining
process) subcategory included 18 plants (1), none of which are
indirect dischargers. The annual production was estimated at
about 3,175,000 metric tons (3,500,000 short tons) per year in
1981 (3.36 million metric tons in 1979). The estimated daily
discharge is 15,503 mVday (4.1 million gallons per day) of
barometric condensate wastewater.1 The plants are located in
inland rural areas where the annual precipitation is too high to
permit solar evaporation of the water from the brine to be used
to recover the sodium chloride product. Fourteen of the existing
eighteen plants operating in early 1984 discharge their
wastewater (barametric condenser water) directly. Two of the
eighteen plants achieve zero discharge by reinjection (both also
use cooling ponds)«, Two plants employ cooling towers with one
achieving zero discharge, and the second only discharges
infrequently during cooling tower blowdown. Hence, there are
fifteen dischargers in the subcategory. It should be noted that
the 1974 rulemaking considered only the handling of condensate
alone rather than total flow of condensate plus cooling water
(see note below).
Process Description
In the production of sodium chloride by the solution brine-mining
process, underground salt deposits are mined by pumping water
into the salt deposit where the water dissolves the salt and
forms a concentrated solution or brine. The brine is then pumped
back to the surface where it is chemically treated to remove
impurities and then evaporated to recover the sodium chloride
(table salt). The chemical treatment varies from plant to plant,
but a typical process will first aerate the brine to remove
dissolved hydrogen sulfide and oxidize any iron salts present to
the ferric state. The brine is then treated with soda ash and
JThis amount represents only the actual amount of condensate
before mixture with contact cooling water in the barometric
condenser. The actual total amount of discharged process water
(condensate plus cooling water) is estimated to be 925,000 mVday
(244 MGD).
415
-------
caustic soda to convert most of the calcium, magnesium, iron, and
other metal impurities present to insoluble precipitates (as
hydroxides or carbonates) which are removed by clarification.
The brine is then evaporated using multiple-effect evaporators.
As the water is removed, the salt crystals form and are removed
as a slurry. The solids are screened to remove lumps, washed
with fresh brine to remove calcium sulfate crystals {which are
returned to the evaporator), filtered, dried, and screened.
Water Use and Wastewater Characteristics
The process wastewater discharged consists essentially of the
barometric condenser water used to condense the steam and
maintain a vacuum in the multiple-effect evaporators. As the
water bubbles, boils, and evaporates, some salt crystals are
carried over in the escaping vapor (become entrained) and are
mixed with the barometric condenser water and subsequently
discharged. Any impurities, such as toxic pollutants, that may
be present in the evaporating solution, could also become
entrained and contaminate the barometric condenser wastewater.
The order of concentration of contaminants in the wastewater,
from highest to lowest, will be the same as the order of their
concentrations in the evaporating solution. The residue after
evaporation is the product sold. Accordingly, the most likely
contaminant in the barometric condenser wastewater is the product
itself.
The technology used as a model for the zero discharge BAT
promulgated in 1974 assumed replacement of barometric condensers
by surface condensers (e.g., shell and tube condensers). The
surface condensers would prevent contact of the condensed vapor
and entrained solids with the cooling water which is subsequently
discharged, and consequently reduce the volume of the condensate
to a level that allows the recycle of the complete wastewater
stream as make-up water for the process (e.g., pumped back to the
mine for solution mining) thereby eliminating the need to
discharge process water. Presently, the barometric condensers
currently installed bring large amounts of cooling water in
contact with condensate from the last evaporator, and even though
current data demonstrates that entrainment of process water
pollutants is low, this stream is considered to be process water
by definition. In response to the petition from the Salt
Institute, we have reexamined the installed cost and pollutant
reduction associated with the use of surface condensers using
information that was not available in 1974.
Review of Available Data
416
-------
Most of the data available have been previously published'by EPA,
and all of it was acquired during the course of studies conducted
to assist in developing effluent guidelines for the Inorganic
Chemicals industry. Data specific 'to the sodium chloride
(solution brine-mining process) industry are contained in the
"Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New
Source Performance Standards for the Major Inorganics Products
segment of the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source
Category," EPA-440/1-74-007a (March, 1974) (2). , Additional data
have been collected and developed during the Phase I and Phase II
studies which directly bear on the issue of pollutant
entrainment. These data include the analytical data on
barometric condenser discharge water from two sodium chloride
facilities as well as several plants from other industries.
In the sodium chloride (solution brine-mining) manufacturing
process, the source of the wastewater is barometric condenser
wastewater. Accordingly, we also reviewed data for similar
processes in other inorganic chemicals industries. Relevant data
are available for the chlor-alkali (diaphragm cell), sodium
thiosulfate, sodium chlorate, and ammonium bromide subcategories.
The chlor-alkali (diaphragm cell) data are contained in'--'the
"Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines/ New
Source Performance Standards, and Pretreatment Standards for the
Inorganic Chemicals .Manufacturing Point Source Category" EPA
440/1-82/007 (July, 1982) (3). The data for the sodium
thiosulfate and ammonium bromide subcategories includes both
screening and verification data acquired in 1978 (sodium
thiosulfate) and 1980 (ammonium bromide) and data submitted to
EPA in 1976 and 1980, respectively, in response to our requests
for data under Section 308 of the Act. The data for the sodium
chlorate subcategory were developed under Phase II and ; are
summarized elsewhere in this document (Section 15 and Appendix
A). The 1974 data included results of analyses for only a few
metals; the more recent data included results of analyses for all
toxic metal and toxic organic pollutants. In all cases, the
products are being recovered from solution by evaporating the
water and condensing the escaping steam using barometric
condensers. Also, in all cases, the existence of toxic organic
pollutants is highly unlikely because organic substances are
neither used in the production process nor likely contaminants of
the raw materials. In any event, no toxic organic pollutants are
likely to be added to wastewater as the result of the NaCl
process because the process raw material is salt (formed millions
of years ago) and no organic chemicals are added in the process.
Essentially then, we have a purely inorganic process in the case
of sodium chloride produced in the manner described previously.
417
-------
The data acquired in 1973 for barometric condenser water from
sodium chloride production are presented in the following table
(from Table 22, page 143 of the 1974 Development Document,
Reference 2):
Stream
Intake
Effluent
Concentration (mg/1)
TSS
0
0
PH
8.
8.
0
1
Ca
1
1
28
47
Cl
1
SO.
65
20
i- Fe
13,
37
0
0
These data show that the barometric condenser discharge contains
some net addition of calcium, sulfate, and chloride, but
essentially no iron. The sodium chloride addition to the
discharge averages 2 pounds per ton of product or 0.1 percent
(page 141 of the 1974 Development Document, Reference 2). The
calcium and sulfate carried over are from the small amount left
after purification of the brine. The absence of any net increase
in iron (Fe) indicates that no toxic metals are carried over
either, because the iron is present in the treated brine at
higher concentrations than any of the toxic metals. Treatment of
the brine to remove iron by precipitation as the hydroxide or
carbonate will also reduce the amount of toxic metals as has been
demonstrated throughout the inorganic chemicals and other
industries. Precipitation of toxic metals (and iron) as the
metal hydroxide is the technology basis for the promulgated BPT
limitations for most of the subcategories of the Inorganic
Chemicals Manufacturing industry. This treatment generally
reduces toxic metal concentrations to less than 1 milligram per
liter and iron concentrations to less than 10 ppm (see the
Development Document for the Inorganic Chemicals Effluent
Guidelines and Standards, EPA 440/1-82/007, July, 1982, Tables
14-17, 14-18, 14-33b, 14-34, and 14-37, Reference 3). Because
the toxic metal, iron, sodium and calcium compounds in the
purified brine do not evaporate with the boiling water, the only
way these substances can enter the barometric condenser
wastewater is by entrainment. The most likely substance to be
entrained is the substance present in the purified brine in the
greatest amount, which is the sodium chloride product. Of toxic
metals and iron, the most likely pollutant to be entrained is the
iron since the treated brine contains more iron than any of the
toxic metals. The data above show that the discharge contains
less than 60 ppm chloride (a measure of the amount of sodium
chloride entrained) and no net addition of iron. Treatment of
the brine produces a product that is 99.8 percent pure sodium
chloride, and the data above indicate that much of the impurities
are calcium and sodium sulfates and calcium chloride.
418
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TABLE 17-1. TOXIC METAL DISCHARGES IN BAROMETRIC
CONDENSER WASTEWATER
Concentration (ug/1(ppb))
Plant
Pollutant
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
Tl
Zn
A
<20
<10
:<15
<2
<50
<50
<10
18
<50
<10
<15
<20
30
B
<20
<10
<15
<25
<50
<50
-------
The conclusion to be drawn from the data described above is that
the barometric condenser water discharged from plants in the
solution brine-mining process for sodium chloride production does
not contain toxic metals at significant levels.
The toxic metal discharges in barometric condenser wastewater for
the chlor-alkali (diaphragm cell), (Plants A-E), sodium
thiosulfate (Plant F), and ammonium bromide (Plant G)
subcategories are shown in Table 17-1.
As shown in Table 17-1, none of the toxic metals are present at
significant levels and most metals are below the detectable
level. In contrast, the maximum concentrations of toxic metals
in the solutions being evaporated were as follows (samples taken
at the same time as those in Table 17-1):
Plant
Cu
Concentration (ug/1 (ppb))
Cr Pb Ni Zn
A
B,C,D
E
F
G
1,700
600
530
140
1,900
940
260
2,000
160
260
220
22,000
1,600
500
240
550
650
The sampling data above strongly support the conclusions that the
toxic metals are left behind in the evaporating solution, and
that discharges of barometric condenser wastewater do not contain
significant levels of toxic ^metals.
Additional relevant data are available from an ammonium bromide
plant, with a total of 18 months of monitoring data for ammonia
concentrations in the condenser discharge as well as three-day
screening and verification sampling results. The long term
average ammonia discharge is 1.4 mg/1 ammonia, with a maximum
ammonia concentration of 5.6 mg/1. This shows practically no
carry-over (entrainment) of the ammonium bromide salt. The
average screening and verification results for ammonia and
bromide are as follows (in mg/1):
Ammonia
3.2 mg/1
Bromide
6.0 mg/1
In this case, the ammonium bromide is the product, and would be
expected to be found at higher concentrations in the wastewater
than any other pollutant. The fact that the ammonia and bromide
are at very low levels shows that there is very little carryover
of the product, and hence negligible amounts of toxic pollutants
would be expected in barometric condenser wastewater.
420
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TABLE -17-2.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BAROMETRIC CONDENSATE
FROM PLANT F122 (ALL VALUES ARE AVERAGE OF
THREE DAILY MEASUREMENTS).
Pollutant
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
Tl
Zn
Barometric
Condensate
<0.007
<0.002
<0.0002
<0.0037
0.22*
0.022
<0.0016
<0.0013
2.87**
<0.007
0.00027
<0.003
<0.0025
*Added to the process as sodium dichromate,
**Evaporators are made of a nickel alloy.
421
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Another example which is relevant is one from the sodium chlorate
subcategory at Plant F122. This plant was described in detail in
Section 15. Table 17-2 presents data on the toxic metal content
of the barometric condenser water at Plant F122. Each entry is
an average of three daily values obtained during screening and
verification sampling.
These data confirm that the metals concentrations attributable to
comparable portions of the process are extremely low levels.
Chromium present in these streams is explained by the addition of
sodium dichromate in the process used for sodium chlorate.
Nickel is present because stainless steel is used in the
evaporators.
Our conclusion from this data review is that discharges of
barometric condenser wastewater from production of sodium
chloride by the solution brine-mining process do not contain
significant levels of toxic pollutants.
This conclusion is confirmed by analytical data submitted by two
sodium chloride (solution brine-mining process) plants to the
permitting authorities as part of the applications for NPDES
permits for those plants. That data shows all toxic metal
pollutants are below significant levels, and most are below the
detection limit.
Treatment Cost Estimates
In order to determine the potential costs of installation of
surface condensers in the sodium chloride subcategory (solution
brine-mining process), a model plant was chosen and the costs of
installation of surface condensers were estimated based upon its
characteristics.
The hypothetical model plant chosen produces 1088.4 metric tons
per day (1200 short tons) of purified sodium chloride. This size
model plant was chosen because it is similar to that used in the
1974 Development Document. Therefore costs and flows are
comparable. Average daily process water flow (condensate plus
contact cooling water in the barometric condenser) at this plant
is taken as 45,420 mVday (12 MGD) of which 757 mVday (0.2 MGD)
is condensate from the last evaporation stage. In this case,
there is a 60-fold dilution of the final condensate before
discharge.
The following assumptions were utilized in
estimates presented in Table 17-3.
developing the cost
422
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100
200 300 400 500 600 800 1000
Surface Area in Square Meters —
Figure 17.1. SURFACE CONDENSER COST (SOURCE: REFERENCED)
423
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TABLE 17-3. WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS AND RESULTING
WASTE-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS FOR MODEL PLANT
SUBCATEGORY: Sodium Chloride
ANNUAL PRODUCTION: 597.266 METRIC TONS (438,000 short tons)
DAILY FLOW: 45,420 CUBIC METERS (total flow); 757 n condens;
YEARS PLANT LOCATION: N/A
PLANT AGE:
N/A
a. COST OF TREATMENT TO ATTAIN SPECIFIED LEVELS
COST CATEGORY
Facilities
Installed Equipment
(Including Instrumentation)
Engineering
Contractor Overhead and Profit
Contingency
Land
Total Invested Capital
Annual Capital Recovery
Annual Operating and Maintenance
(Excluding Residual Waste: Disposal)
Residual Waste Disposal
COSTS ($1,000) TO ATTAIN LEVEL
23 4
1A
30.0
172.3
40.5
36.4
27.9
IB
150.0
861.3
202.3
182.6
139.6
307.1 1,535.2
SO". 0
58.2
249.8
245.2
Total Annual Cost 108.2 495.0
b. RESULTING WASTE-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
Avg. Cone.
Long-Term Avg.
Concentration (mg/1)
After Treatment To Level
Pollutant Untreated(mg/1) 1A IB 2 3 4
TSS
27
0
C. TREATMENT DESCRIPTION
LEVEL 1A: Surface condenser'- loss of 10% capacity during summer months
LEVEL IB: Surface condenser - no loss of capacity
424
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The surface condenser would replace the existing barometric
condenser. The costs developed here do not take into account the
dismantling of the barometric condenser, the possible reuse of
equipment or parts, or any salvage value. No estimate of costs
associated with loss of production occurring while the
installation of the surface condensers is proceeding has been
utilized in preparation of these estimates.
Costs are shown for two systems., The Level 1A condenser is the
smaller of the two. Its use will result in a potential loss of
production during the summer months when the temperature of the
incoming cooling water is assumed to be about 25°C (77°F). This
loss of capacity is approximately 10 percent.2 The Level IB
condenser is sized such that there would be no loss in
productivity during such a period. In both cases, the amount of
condensate to be handled was assumed to be the same.
In both cases,
condensers.
Facilities
Building
Equipment
a building is provided for the housing of the
Level 1A
85 m2
Surface Condenser
(cold steel) 920 m2
(See Figure 17-1)
Level IB
5 - 85 m2
5 - 920 m2
Operating Personnel 2 m.h./day 5 m.h./day
Level IB condensers are 5 times the size of the level 1A condensers.
Since the available information indicates that the model plant is
a typical plant for the industry, it is estimated that
replacement of barometric condensers with surface condensers at
all 15 dischargers would require a total capital and annual
investment as follows (1982 dollars):
2If the temperature of the incoming cooling water is greater than
25°C (77°F), a greater loss of capacity would result.
425
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Total Capital Costs
Total Annual Costs
Level 1A
$4,606,500
$1,623,000
Level IB*
$23,028,000
$ 7,425,000
* Sized for no loss of capacity during summer months
The level 1A costs do not include the costs associated with the
loss of 10% of the production capacity. Because available data
lead to the conclusion that the barometric condenser wastewater
in this subcategory does not contain toxic pollutants at
significant levels, the Agency does not believe these costs are
justified. Therefore, we are withdrawing the currently effective
BAT regulation for this subcategory.
We are also excluding the subcategory from further national BAT
and PSES regulation development because based on the available
data it is concluded that the wastewater does not contain toxic
or nonconventional pollutants at significant levels and because
there are no indirect dischargers in this subcategory.
New Source Performance Standards
We proposed to retain the zero discharge regulation for NSPS on
the basis that noncontact condensers were not significantly more
expensive for a new plant to install than contact condensers.
However,- industry comments estimated that noncontact condensers
cost about three times as much as contact condensers. We have
reanalyzed the condenser costs. We also identified three
existing plants which achieve zero discharge with contact
condensers and recycle of the cooling water through cooling
towers or cooling ponds. We estimated the additional cost for
new plants to use cooling towers or cooling ponds and contact
condensers. The new cost estimates were developed as given
below.
The design and sizing of facilities and equipment for these
wastewater treatment options are very sensitive to local climatic
and operating conditions. The costs presented below are
estimates based on the postulated assumptions. The accuracy of
these estimates is thought to be ± 25% for the set of assumptions
stated here. Actual costs incurred at any one plant could vary
significantly from the values presented depending especially upon
climatic conditions and land costs.
Cooling Pond
Costs of cooling ponds by which zero discharge is achieved are
based on the following assumptions:
426
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Daily Flow
Avg. Daily Temp.
Rel. Humidity
Solar Radiation Input
Equilibrium Temp.
Receiving Temp.
Returning Temp.
45,420 m3 (12 MGD)
20°C (68°F)
50%
315 Watts/m2 (100 BTU/hr/ft2)
27°C (80 F)*
30°C (86°F)*
28°C (83°F)*
*Assumed conditions are probably representative of conditions in
Michigan.
This yields approximately a 5 hectare (12.3 acre) cooling pond.
The costs presented below are for a somewhat larger 8 hectare (20
acre) cooling pond. In addition, included in the costs are 400 m
(1300 ft) of piping and pumps to return the cooled water to the
plant.
With respect to land costs, a cost of $12,000/acre was assumed.
However, land costs may actually be closer to $1,000-2,000/acre
in some rural areas. In addition, costs presented below assume a
20 acre area. A 12.3 acre area may be adequate in most
instances. Tables 1 and 2 are summaries of capital and operating
costs for the cooling pond option.
Table 1.
Option.
Capital and Annual Costs for the Cooling Pond NSPS
Capital Costs
Facilities
Cooling Pond
Piping
Equipment
Pumps
Installation
Engineering
Contractor OH&P
Contingency
$109,600
55,100
44,800
42,900
50,500
45,400
34,800
427
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Land
240,000* (may vary from
$12,300-240,000)
Total
$623,100
($395,400 to
$623,100)
Annual Costs
Operations and Maintenance
Operating Personnel
Facility & Equipment
Maintenance
Materials
Energy
Monitoring and Analysis
Taxes and Insurance
Residual Waste
Amortization
Total
$ 18,300
38,300
47,900
**
18,700
62,300
$185,500
*See text
**Zero discharge system
Cooling Tower
The cooling tower costs are based on the following assumptions:
Daily Flow 45,420 m* (12 MGD)
Wet Bulb Temp. 25°C (78°F)
Receiving Temp. 30°C (86°F)
Returning Temp. 28°C (83°F)
Fan Horsepower 120 HP
Additionally included in the costs are a holding pond sized for
six hours retention of wastewater, 150 meters of piping and
pumps. Tables 3 and 4 are summaries of the capital and annual
costs associated with this option.
Table 2. Capital and Annual Costs for the Cooling Tower NSPS
Option.
428
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Capital Costs
Facilities
Holding Pond
Piping
Equipment
Cooling Tower
Pumps
Installation
Engineering
Contractor OH&P
Contingency
Land
Total
22,800
20,700
187,500
44,800
222,400
99,600
74,700
57,300
27,000
$657,200
Annual Costs
Operations and Maintenance
Operating Personnel
Facility and Equipment
Maintenance
Materials (Water Trmt. Chem.)
Energy
Monitoring and Analysis
Taxes and Insurance
Residual Waste
Amortization
Total
$
27,400
63,000
7,000
105,400
19,700
102,500
$325,000
The economic impact analysis shows that the zero discharge NSPS,
whether achieved using noncontact condensers or contact
condensers with recycle of cooling water, is not a barrier to
entry. The economic impact analysis included the assumption that
industry's figures were correct. Since there is no barrier to
entry, there is no need to change the currently effective NSPS or
PSNS for this subcategory.
Basis for BCT Effluent Limitations
On October 29, 1982 EPA proposed a new and revised methodology
for determination of BCT for conventional pollutants (47 FR
49176). The methodology has been described in detail in several
429
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preceding sections of this document (see, for example, Section 16
- "Basis for BCT Effluent Limitations").
Two candidate BCT technologies have been tested in this
subcategory, namely, the use of surface condensers in place of
barometric condensers to eliminate the discharge of total
suspended solids (TSS), and the use of filters to reduce the
discharge of TSS (TSS is the only conventional pollutant in the
wastewater}.
A. Option 1 - Surface Condensers
The use of surface condensers at the 15 discharging plants is
estimated to be capable of removing approximately 450,000 kg
(992,000 Ib) of TSS annually at a cost of $1,623,000 (for the
Level 1A, or smaller condenser). The annual cost for the
industry using the larger condenser with no loss of capacity
would be $7,425,000. Therefore, the computation of TSS removed
would be as follows:
(BPT limitation) (ann. production) - TSS removed/yr.
(0.17 kg/kkg) (2,645,833 kkg/yr) - 449,792 kg/yr
For the surface condenser option as BCT:
= $3.61/kg (1 kg « 2.2 Ibs.)
$1.64/lb. TSS removed (1982)
$1,623,000/yr
449,792 kg/yr
As a result of the above computation, the candidate BCT
technology failed the BCT - POTW cost test. Since the Level 1A
option failed the BCT cost test, inclusion of costs due to loss
of production and production capacity, or applying the BCT cost-
test to the more expensive Level IB would also fail the test
because the amount of TSS removed would not change with these
more expensive options. Use of cooling ponds or cooling towers
are also more expensive than the Level 1A option (See above,
NSPS), and would also fail the proposed BCT cost test.
B. Option 2 - Granular Media Filtration
The use of granular media filtration at the 15 discharging plants
is estimated to be capable of removing 240,000 kg (525,000 Ib.)
of additional TSS (over BPT) annually at a cost of $3,750,000.
The TSS removals were estimated, by assuming the filter would
remove 50% of the TSS. This removal is better than that normally
expected from a filter, and tends to minimize the cost per pound
430
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of TSS removed. The cost of the filter has been estimated using
the cost tables in Chapter 10.
(Additional TSS removed) (Ann. prod.) = Add. TSS removed/yr.
(0.09 kg/kkg) (2,645,833 kkg/yr) = 240,000 kg/yr.
For the granular media filtration option as BCT:
$15.63/kg (1 kg = 2.2 Ibs.)
$7.10/lb. TSS removed (1982)
$3,750-,000/yr
240,000 kg/yr
As a result of the above computations, the candidate BCT
technology failed the BCT-POTW test ($0.43 per pound (1982)).
All technologies to control conventional pollutants more
stringent than BPT failed the proposed BCT cost test. However,
EPA is considering revising that proposed methodology. In this
subcategory, it is not clear that all technologies to control
conventional pollutants more stringent than BPT would fail a
revised BCT cost test. Therefore, the Agency is deferring
establishing a BCT for the sodium chloride (solution brine-mining
process) subcategory.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE (Brine Extraction Process)
General
The calcium chloride subcategory (brine extraction process)
includes seven plants, none of which are indirect dischargers.
Three of these facilities are known to achieve zero discharge by
reinjection of the brine, and none of the seven have a process
water discharge. Four plants are located in desert areas of
California, and three are located in Michigan. All seven use
natural brines as raw material. The annual production capacity
of calcium chloride from all processes is 1,047,585 metric tons
(1,155,00 short tons) per year(5). The U.S. Bureau of Mines
reported actual total production of 735,700 metric tons (811,135
short tons) in 1980, however, 526,978 metric tons (581,012 short
tons) or 71.6 percent were produced from natural sources (brines)
(6).
The uses of calcium chloride are principally for deicing (30
percent), dust control (25 percent), industrial uses (20
percent), oil recovery (10 percent), concrete set-accelerator (5
percent), tire ballasting (3 percent), and miscellaneous (7
percent) (6).
431
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Calcium chloride is usually sold either as solid flake or pellet
averaging 75 percent CaC12, or as a .concentrated liquid averaging
about 40 percent CaCl2 (6). The average value in 1980 for solid,
natural calcium chloride was $92.09 per metric ton ($83.53 per
short ton), whereas a recent selling price was listed as $145.50
per metric ton ($132.00/short ton) in 1983 (Chemical Marketing
Reporter, 5/6/83).
As a consequence of the petition from the Salt Institute to
review the sodium chloride subcategory, EPA decided to review the
calcium chloride subcategory as well because the currently
effective zero discharge BAT effluent limitations for the calcium
chloride subcategory are based upon the same technology as the
currently effective zero discharge BAT effluent limitations
promulgated for the sodium chloride subcategory (replacement of
barometric condensers with surface condensers) and because there
are similarities in the processes.
Process Description
The calcium chloride is extracted from impure natural brines. In
the manufacturing of calcium chloride from brine, the salts are
solution mined and the resulting .brines are first concentrated to
remove sodium chloride by precipitation. Bromides and iodides
are separated from the brines before sodium chloride recovery is
performed. The brine is then purified by the addition of other
materials to precipitate sodium, potassium, and magnesium salts.
The purified calcium is flaked and calcined to a dry solid
product. Extensive recycling of partially purified brine is used
to recover most of the sodium chloride values.
A typical concentration of the brine is (2):
CaC12
MgCl2
NaCI
KC1
19.3%
3. 1%
4.9%
1 .4%
Bromides
Other Minerals
Water
0.25%
0.5%
70.8%
Water Use and Wastewater Characteristics
In 1974, one plant was visited and used as the basis of BPT
limitations. At this plant, process wastewater resulted from
process blowdown and from several partial evaporation steps. The
effluent from this plant contained approximately 2,860 cubic
meters/day (0.755 MGD) of washdown and washout water.
At this plant, the wastewater from all chemical manufacturing
processes located at the site was treated in an activated sludge
treatment plant to remove organic substances, and then passed to
432
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a settling basin to remove suspended matter. The pH was then
adjusted and the -water passed to a second pond to further settle
suspended matter, and finally discharged. In 1974, the plant
planned on making a change in the evaporators to reduce or
eliminate calcium chloride discharges and eliminate ammonia.
More recycling of spent brines was also planned.
During a follow-up study in 1976, considerable changes had been
made in the usage of water at this plant. Average total
wastewater discharge (including noncontact cooling water) was
reduced from 31,600 cubic meters per day (8.35 MGD) in 1974 to
11,550 cubic meters per ,day (3.05 MGD) in 1976. Currently (1983)
the discharge consists solely of noncontact cooling water. A
surface condenser was installed to eliminate discharges from a
barometric condenser. The condensate from the surface condenser
is now recycled and is estimated at approximately 1458 cubic
meters per day (385,000 gpd). Approximately 955 mVday (252,000
gpd) of concentrated brine is returned to the formation.
In late 1982 and early 1983, a survey of all seven plants in this
subcategory was conducted to determine the discharge status of
all seven plants. The results of this survey and data gathered
previously are listed below:
Plants
Zero Discharge3
Indirect Discharge4
This survey was conducted by consulting the 1982 SRI Directory of
Chemical Producers (7), by telephone contact with each of the
plants, review of the 1974 Development Document and the Phase I
rulemaking record and a previous contractor's report (8),
There are no known dischargers in this industry.
Recommendat i ons
BAT, NSPS, PSNS Effluent Limitations. Based upon the survey
conducted, there are no known dischargers in this subcategory.
All seven facilities already are achieving the BAT limitations of
3Includes three plants known to be zero discharge and three
others located in inland, arid areas; these facilities reinject
waste brine because of a scarcity of process water available.
4A11 plants confirmed that they were not indirect dischargers or
were located in rural areas with no POTW.
433
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no discharge of process wastewater pollutants. Therefore, the
Agency is not proposing any changes in the currently effective
BAT effluent limitation.
Similarly, since new sources can be designed for this requirement
and avoid any retrofit, and the costs of surface condensers are
similar to barometric condensers, there is no reason to amend
NSPS or PSNS.
PSES Effluent Limitations. Since there are no indirect
dischargers in this subcategory, the Agency proposes to exclude
the subcategory from any development of PSES.
are no existing
BCT Effluent Limitations. Since there
dischargers, there is no need for a BCT.
SODIUM SULFITE
General
The major inorganic chemical process for sodium sulfite
manufacture consists essentially of reacting sulfur dioxide with
soda ash. Another source is as a by-product from the production
of phenol or its derivatives through the reaction of sodium
benzene sulfonate with sodium hydroxide. The latter process is
an organic chemical process and is not included in this
subcategory.
There are three sodium sulfite plants which utilize the soda ash
sulfur dioxide reaction process. The annual production
capacity of sodium sulfite by this process is estimated to be
approximately 69,840 metric tons (77,000 short tons) with an
estimated total average daily discharge of 416.4 cubic meters
(110,000 gpd). There are two direct dischargers and a single
indirect discharger, which discharges an average of 70 cubic
meters per day (18,500 gpd). This stream consists of slightly
contaminated washdown water only.
At the time of promulgation of the sodium sulfite regulations,
there were seven plants in the subcategory with a total annual
production capacity of 181,000 metric tons (200,000 short tons)
per year and a total average daily discharge of 568 cubic meters
(0.15 MGD). However, as stated above, there are now only three
plants included in the sodium sulfite subcategory, with a
substantial decrease in capacity.
After receiving the petition from the Salt Institute to review
the sodium chloride subcategory, EPA decided to reconsider the
BAT for the sodium sulfite subcategory (soda ash -sulfur dioxide
434
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process). BAT for this subcategory requires no discharge of
"process wastewater pollutants" except for excess .. water
discharged from wastewater impoundments designed to contain the
25-year - 24-hour storm. BPT, however, allows a continuous
discharge.
Process Description
In the soda ash-sulfur dioxide reaction process, sulfur dioxide
gas is passed into a solution of sodium carbonate until the
product is acidic. At this point the solution consists
primilarly of sodium bisulfite which is converted to sodium
sulfite by the further addition of soda ash and heat until all
the carbon dioxide is released.
The crude sulfite formed from this reaction is purified, filtered
to remove insolubles from the purification steps, crystallized,
dried and shipped.
Water Use and Wastewater Characteristics
The process water generated in this subcategory consists
primarily of evaporator/crystallizer condensate, condensed dryer
vapor, filter washwater, and process cleanout water. Wastewater
volumes are generally low, and for the three plants in this
subcategory are as follows:
Plant Capacity*
A 27,210 kkg
B 33,560 kkg
C 9,070 kkg
69,840 kkg/yr
Direct/Indirect
Direct
Direct
Indirect
Treatment
pH adjust,
oxidation,
filtration
330.0 m3 pH adjust, oxidation,
settling
70.0 m3 None .
416.4 mVday
Treatment technologies in use by the direct dischargers are equal
to or better than those used in the sodium bisulfite subcategory.
Typical flows used for development of the BPT limitations were as
follows:
Process condensate
Dryer ejector and
filter wash
mVkkg
0.17
0.29 - 0.63
435
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The limitations were based upon the wastewater stream from the
dryer ejector and filter wash operations at the high end of the
range {0.63 mVkkg).
Data available for the three remaining plants utilizing the soda
ash - sulfur dioxide reaction process yield an average unit flow
of 2.2 m3 kkg** (581 gal/ton) for all wastewater discharged.
BPT for this subcategory is oxidation of the sulfite to sulfate
(usually by aeration) and filtration of the wastewater to remove
suspended solids. BPT effluent limitations in effect are:
Parameter
pH
TSS
COD
Limitations
(30 day average)
6-9
0.016 kg/kkg
1 .7 kg/kkg
(24-hr Maximum)
0.032 kg/kkg
3.4 kg/kkg
*Reference 7
**Range: 0.22 mVkkg to 3.6 mVkkg
The treatment technology used as a basis for the zero discharge
BAT limitations, NSPS, and PSNS was evaporation of the treated
process wastewater. This technology was believed to be
economically achievable based on 1971 fuel costs and the sale of
the residue (sodium sulfate) from the evaporation. Those plants
located in areas of the country where evaporation exceeded
precipitation could use solar evaporation to achieve no discharge
of process wastewater pollutants. However, for plants that
cannot use solar evaporation, the cost of fuel has quadrupled
since 1971, whereas the selling price of sodium sulfate has
increased only slightly.
Review of Available Data
Data specific to the sodium sulfite industry are contained in the
1974 Development Document (Reference 2), and we also have data
from sodium sulfite plants submitted to EPA in 1976-77 in
response to our request for data under Section 308 of the Act.
The data specific to sodium sulfite contain limited information
about the amount of toxic pollutants in the wastewater. However,
the sodium sulfite production process is very similar to the
production process for sodium bisulfite (compare the 1974
Development Document, pp. 154-8, with the 1982 Development
Document, page 711). The major differences are that sodium
436
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TABLE 17-4. TOXIC POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS OBSERVED IN
TREATMENT EFFLUENT DURING VERIFICATION SAMPLING
Pollutant
Arsenic
Copper
Zinc
Cadmium
Chromium
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Antimony
Thallium
Silver
Concentration (mg/1)
Plant Plant
#987 #586
ND
0.27
0.010
ND
0.11
0.15
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.010
0.050
0.020
ND
ND
ND - Not Detected
437
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sulfite is collected from the reaction mixture at a higher pH and
that purification of the sodium sulfite, at least at one plant,
includes the addition of small amounts of copper.
Since the raw materials are the same for sodium sulfite and
sodium bisulfite, and since the unit flows are nearly the same
(2.2 mVkkg for sodium sulfite and 1.5 mVkkg for sodium
bisulfite), we estimated the total torcic pollutant load for the
sodium sulfite industry based on the observed total toxic
pollutant loads found at sodium bisulfite plants, with allowance
for a slightly higher flow for sodium sulfite and for the use of
copper during purification of sodium sulfite (these factors
increased estimated raw waste loads above those observed at
sodium bisulfite plants). We also considered the fact that both
direct discharge plants reported in their responses to our 1976
request for data that the plants have treatment systems identical
to those used in the sodium bisulfite industry. Those treatment
systems do control discharges of toxic metals and chemical oxygen
demand (COD). In addition, sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite
wastewaters are commingled for treatment in common treatment
plants at both of those facilities.
Table 17-4 summarizes the toxic pollutant concentration data
observed in treated effluent during verification sampling from
the two sodium bisulfite plants visited during Phase I. Both
plants employ hydroxide precipitation, aeration, and settling.
All toxic metal levels are below detection levels or are
marginally treatable by the technologies examined elsewhere in
this document for metal salts production. All concentrations
listed in the table are below the proposed BPT and BAT
limitations for the same parameters listed in Sections 11 through
16.
Comparison of Sodium Sulfite and Sodium Bisulfite Subcategories
The discussion above points out the similarity between the Sodium
Sulfite and Sodium Bisulfite Subcategories. Our review of both
subcategories has shown that the processes and raw materials for
the two chemicals are the same. In the case of sodium sulfite
the process is taken further to completion. Examination of the
wastewater flows shows that the unit flows for the two processes
were nearly identical (1.5 mVkkg vs. 2.2 mVkkg), and the
wastewater treatment technology in use at the plants was
identical. In addition, both of the direct discharge sodium
sulfite plants also produce sodium bisulfite and the wastewaters
are commingled in a common treatment system. Table 17-5 is a
summary and comparison of the two subcategories pointing out the
similarities between them.
438
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TABLE 17-5. Comparison of Sodium Sulfite
and Sodium Bisulfite Subcategories
Plants
Unit Flow
Process
Raw Materials
Treatment Tech.
In Place
BAT
Sodium Sulfite
3
2.2 mVkkg
Soda Ash - S02
NaC03, S02
OH Pptn., Aeration,
Filt. or Settling
Zero Discharge <*>
Sodium Bisulfite
7
1 .5 mVkkg
Soda Ash - SO 2
NaC03, S02
OH Pptn., Aeration
Settling
Discharge subject
to 40 CFR 415.542
(1) Eliminated by the final rule.
439
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TABLE 17-6.!WATER EFFLUENT TREATMENT COSTS AND RESULTING
WASTE-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS FOR MODEL PLANT
SUBCATEGORY: Sodium Sulfite
ANNUAL PRODUCTION;A-27,210;B-53,560 ; C-9 . METRIC TONS
070
DAILY FLOW: A-16.4;B-350;C-70 CUBIC METERS
PLANT AGE:
N/A
YEARS PLANT LOCATION: DE, VA. CA
a. COST OF TREATMENT TO ATTAIN SPECIFIED LEVELS
COST CATEGORY
Facilities
Installed Equipment
(Including Instrumentation)
Engineering
Contractor Overhead and Profit
Contingency
Land
Total Invested Capital
Annual Capital Recovery
Annual Operating and Maintenance
(Excluding Residual Wast6 Disposal)
Residual Waste Disposal
Total Annual Cost
COSTS ($1,000) TO ATTAIN LEVEL 1
Plant A Plant B Plant C
$152.6 $1,012.8 $373.8
30.5 202.6 74.8
27.5 182.3 67.3
21.1 139.8 51.6
$231.7 $1,537.5 $567.5
•37.7
180.4
32.9
$251..0
250.2
1,622.2
92.3
399.7
674.5 144.5
$2,546.9 $636.5
Parameter
TSS
COD
TDS
b. RESULTING WASTE-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
Avg. Cone.
BPT
Effluent Loading kg/kkg
After Treatment To Level
B C
0.016 kg/kkg
1.7 kg/kkg
70,000-90,000 mg/1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
c. TREATMENT DESCRIPTION
PLANT A: Evaporation - Agitated Falling-Film Evaporator (to dryness)
PLANT B: Evaporation - Multiple Effect Evaporator plus Agitated Falling-
Film Evaporator
PLANT C: Evaporation - Multiple Effect Evaporator plus Agitated Falling
Film Evaporator
440
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Treatment Cost Estimates
Based upon last quarter 1982 costs, treatment cost estimates were
prepared for the three existing plants. The only technology
considered was evaporation because the existing BAT was based
upon this technology. Table 17-6 summarizes the cost data
developed.
Based upon these estimates, installation of the existing BAT
technology at all three plants would require the following
investment:
Total Capital Costs
Total Annual Costs
$1,916,200
$2,817,100s
Based on these costs, our Economic Impact Analysis for this
subcategory predicts at least two plant closures and severe
impacts for the other plant assuming the one indirect discharger
had to comply with the currently effective BAT. Considering that
the existing data base indicates low levels of toxic pollutants
in treated effluent, we conclude that the costs associated with
the existing BAT are not reasonable and that no discharge is not
economically achievable. Therefore, we are withdrawing the
existing BAT and establishing a new BAT for toxic pollutants
equal to BAT for sodium bisulfite. Further justification for
this proposal is provided by the similarity in processes,
materials, treatment systems and wastewater flow for the
subcategories. The limitations for TSS and COD would remain the
same based upon the same BPT technology.
raw
two
Basis for BCT Effluent Limitations
On October 29, 1982 EPA proposed a new and revised methodology
for determination of BCT for conventional pollutants (47 FR
49176). The methodology has been described in detail in several
preceding sections. (See for example, Section 16 -"Basis for BCT
Effluent Limitations").
Only one candidate BCT technology has been tested in this
subcategory namely, the use of evaporation to eliminate all
wastewater and contained TSS, total dissolved solids, COD and
metals. TSS is the only conventional pollutant in the
wastewater. Filtration was not tested as a candidate technology
sAnnual costs include energy costs which are very high
BAT technology (evaporation).
for the
441
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TABLE 17-7. BAT AND BCT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR SODIUM SULFITE
Conventional^- ^
Pollutants
PH
TSS
Effluent Limitations
30-day avg.
(1)
0.016(2)
24-hour max.
0.032
(2)
Non-Conventional
Pollutants
COD
1.7(2)
3.4(2)
Toxic Pollutants
Chromium (T)
Zinc (T)
0.00063(3)
0.0015 O)
0.0020(3)
0.0051(3)
(1) Within the range 6.0 to 9.0^
(2) Based upon BPT promulgated for Sodium Sulfite Subcategory
(40 CFR Sec. 415.202).
(3) Based upon BAT promulgated for Sodium Bisulfite Subcategory
C40 CFR Sec. 415.542).
(4) BCT only.
442
-------
because the BPT limitations were based upon hydroxide
precipitation, aeration, and filtration.
The amount of TSS removed by the candidate technology may be
calculated from the BPT limitations and production capacity for
the subcategory:
(0.016 kg/kkg) (69,840 kkg/yr) = 1,117.4 kg/yr (2,458.4 Ibs.)
Therefore:
$2,817,100/yr
1,117.4 kg/yr
$2,512.12/kg TSS removed -t 2.2 Ib/kg
= $1,141.87/lb TSS removed (1982)
On October 29, 1982, EPA proposed a revised BCT methdology.
While EPA is considering revising that proposed methdology, we
have determined that in this subcategory no technology beyond BPT
will pass the proposed BCT cost test or any other BCT test that
the Agency is likely to adopt. Accordingly, EPA has determined
that BCT equals BPT in this subcategory. Therefore, EPA is
promulgating BCT equal to BPT.
Basis for BAT Effluent Limitations
Since BPT is already in effect for this subcategory, the Agency
evaluated its effectiveness for removal of toxic metals as well
as the effectiveness of similar BPT and BAT systems which form
the basis of limitations for the sodium bisulfite subcategory.
In addition, the costs were reevaluated for the technology used
as the basis for the 1974 BAT effluent limitations. Using the
data presented earlier and these cost estimates for evaporation,
it was concluded that the BAT effluent limitation of zero
discharge for this subcategory should be withdrawn.
In its place, the Agency is promulgating effluent limitations for
toxic metal and non-conventional pollutants based upon the BPT
technology. Additional parameters, chromium and zinc, are added,
and these limitations are based upon the limitations already in
effect for the sodium bisulfite subcategory.6
•Although one facility adds small amounts of copper in the
process, this parameter will be effectively controlled by the
technology upon which the limitations for the other toxic metal
parameters are based.
443
-------
Table 17-7 summarizes the limitations promulgated for this
subcategory.
Since the evaporation technology is not economically achievable
and since the raw materials, processes employed, treatment
systems, unit flows, and toxic pollutant concentrations are
similar, we are basing the promulgated . limits for toxic
pollutants on the existing BAT for sodium bisulfite. We are not
changing the limitations established for COD under BPT because
the BAT limitations are based upon the BPT technology.
Basis for NSPS Effluent Limitations
Since the evaporation technology is not economically achievable,
a no discharge limitation would be a barrier to entry. For NSPS,
the Agency is promulgating limitations equal to BAT since there
is no other technology known which would remove significant
additional amounts of pollutants. For TSS and COD, the
limitations are the same as BPT since the technology basis for
BAT is the same as for BPT.
Basis for Pretreatment Standards
Pretreatment is necessary because it provides better removal of
chromium, zinc, and COD than is achievable by a well operated
POTW with secondary treatment installed, and thereby prevents
pass-through that would occur in a POTW in the absence of
pretreatment.
The Agency does not have raw waste load data for sodium sulfite
manufacturing but does have such data for sodium bisulfite
manufacturing. Because of the similarities in the processes and
wastewater sources, the sodium bisulfite raw waste load data for
COD, chromium, and zinc have been used as the raw waste loads
expected from sodium sulfite manufacturing. These concentrations
are compared to the treated effluent long-term average
.concentrations for the selected BAT technology for sodium sulfite
to estimate the percent removals for COD, chromium, and zinc.
The calculations are as follows:
COD;
Percent Removal
Raw Waste *>
BAT
1960 ppm
550 ppm
= [<1960-550)t(1960)J{100)
- 71.9%
Chromium:
Raw Waste = 1.95 ppm
BAT =0.22 ppm
444
-------
Percent Removal = [ (1 . 95-0. 22)'t( 1 . 95) ] (1 00)
=88.7%
Zinc:
Raw Waste = 1.81 ppm
BAT =0.52 ppm
Percent Removal = [(1.81-0.52)^(1.81)](100)
» '71 .3% ;
The percent removals of chromium, zinc, and COD are greater than
the removals for chromium (65%), zinc (65%), and COD (72%)
achieved by 25% of the POTWs in the "50 Cities" study (see Fate
of Priority Pollutants in Publicly Owned Treatment Works, Final
Report, Volume I, EPA-440/1-82-303, September 1982). Therefore,
chromium, zinc, and COD would pass through a POTW in the absence
of pretreatment.
Existing Sources
There is one indirect discharger in this subcategory which
discharges 70 cubic meters per day (18,500 gpd) to a POTW. Total
toxic metal pollutant loading for this single facility are
estimated to be 0.053 kg/day (0.12 Ib/day). This estimate is
based on the COD data provided by the Plant. That data shows
that the average COD discharge is less than the' long-term average
COD used to develop the COD effluent limitations. Since the
toxic metals are in the wastewater with the COD, the toxic metals
are also estimated to be low in concentration and about equal to
their long-term average concentrations. On the basis of flow and
low toxic pollutant loading, we are excluding this subcategory
from further PSES development under Paragraph 8(b)(ii) of the
EPA-NRDC Settlement Agreement.
New Sources
The Agency is promulgating PSNS that are equal to NSPS because
these standards provide for the removal of toxic metals which may
pass through a well operated POTW with secondary treatment in the
absence of pretreatment. The pollutants regulated under PSNS are
chromium, zinc, and COD. Table 17-6 summarizes the PSNS
limitations for chromium, zinc, and COD.
445
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SECTION 17
REFERENCES
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
U.S. Bureau of Mines, "Directory of Companies Producing Salt
in the United States - 1981," Mineral Industry Surveys,
prepared in the Division of Industrial Materials.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Development Document
for Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New Source
Performance Standards for the Major Inorganic Products
segment of the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point
Source Category," EPA-440/l-74-007a, March 1974.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Development Document
for the Inorganic Chemicals Effluent Guidelines and
Standards," EPA 440/1-82-007, July, 1982.
Peters, M.S. and Timmerhaus, K.D., "Plant Design and
Economics for Chemical Engineers," Third edition, McGrawHill
Book Co., 1980.
Chemical Marketing Reporter, "Chemical Profile - Calcium
Chloride," December 25, 1978.
U.S. Bureau of Mines, "Minerals Yearbook - 1980," Vol. I,
Meals and Minerals.
Stanford Research
Producers - 1982".
Institute, "Directory of Chemical
"Supplement for Pretreatment to the Development Document for
the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source
Category," EPA 440/1-77/087.
Terlecky, P.M. and Harty D.M., "Status of Group II Chemical
Subcategories of the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing
Industry of (Phase II)," Frontier Technical Associates, Inc.
Report No. FTA-82-E-2/03 Revised January 14, 1983.
446
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SECTION 18
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
FOR DEFERRED SUBCATEGORIES
INTRODUCTION
General
As part of Phase II, EPA considered pretreatment standards for 23
additional subcategories of the Inorganic Chemicals Point Source
Category. For 18 of these subcategories, PSES had not been
promulgated. Therefore, for these 18 subcategories, the purpose
of this review was to determine which subcategories might require
development of PSES. For the remaining five subcategories, the
purpose of the review was to determine whether existing
pretreatment standards were adequate.
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS) requiring zero
discharge are currently in effect for 10 of those 23
subcategories. Of the remaining 13 subcategories, one is covered
under the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category (Hydrogen).
Each of the 12 subcategories not covered by PSNS is currently
subject to a zero discharge BPT requirement.
Subcateqor i es Surveyed
The 23 subcategories surveyed are as follows:
1 .
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11 .
12.
Borax
Bromine
Calcium Carbide**
Calcium Chloride**
Chromic Acid
Fluorine
Hydrogen***
Iodine
Calcium Oxide**
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium Chloride
Potassium (metal)**
13. Potassium Sulfate**
14. Sodium Bicarbonate**
15. Sodium Chloride**
16. Sodium Sulfite**
17. Stannic Oxide
18. Zinc Sulfate
19. Aluminum Sulfate*,**
20. Ferric Chloride*
21. Lead Monoxide*
22. Potassium Dichromate*,**
23. Sodium Fluoride*
*Subcategories with existing PSES.
**Subcategories with existing PSNS.
***Subcategory covered by Petroleum Refining Category.
Methods Employed
447
-------
An accurate and up-to-date list of all companies and plants which
manufacture the products in the 23 subcategories was developed.
Sources utilized in compiling that list included: the Stanford
Research Institute's "Directory of Chemical Producers - 1982" (1)
the OPD Chemical Buyers Directory (2), the Salt Institute's
membership list, the U.S. Bureau of Mines (3), the Lime
Association, the Thomas Register, in-house files at EPA and the
contractor, and a previous EPA survey. All plants identified
from the above sources were contacted to determine which plants
and facilities in each subcategory were indirect dischargers.
Some of the plants initially identified were subsequently
determined to be distributors or repackagers and were not
producing the chemical.
The several sources listed above identified 304 plants in 22
subcategories (all except the Hydrogen subcategory). Information
on 302 of those plants was provided through telephone or written
contacts with the plants, by Regional and State NPDES permit
authorities, and from local POTW authorities. The two plants
which could not be contacted are located in remote, rural areas
where there are no POTW's. For the hydrogen subcategory
(refinery by-product), there are 137 plants listed in addition to
those above. However, any discharges to POTW's are controlled
under existing PSES and PSNS for the Petroleum Refining
Subcategory (40 CFR Part 419).
Basis for PSES Exclusions
Paragraph 8(a)(i) of the Settlement Agreement authorizes the
Administrator to exclude from regulation industrial categories or
subcategories for which equal or more stringent limitations are
already provided by existing effluent limitations and standards
(in this case, the Hydrogen Subcategory). Paragraph 8(b) of the
Settlement Agreement authorizes the Administrator to exclude from
regulation under the pretreatment standard a subcategory if (i)
95 percent or more of all point sources in the subcategory
introduce into POTWs only pollutants which are susceptible to
treatment by the POTW and which do not interfere with, do not
pass through, or are not otherwise incompatible with such
treatment works; or (ii) the toxicity and amount of the
incompatible pollutants introduced by such point sources into
POTWs is so insignificant as not to justify developing a
pretreatment regulation.
SURVEY RESULTS BY SUBCATEGORY
This section summarizes the results obtained for the 23
subcategories surveyed. Subcategories 1 through 18 have no
448
-------
current PSES proposed or promulgated. For the remaining five
subcategories (19-23), "PSES have been promulgated.
Subcategories 1-18
1. Borax
There are four known producers of borax (sodium tetraborate) by
the mining process or trona process. There are no indirect
dischargers in this subcategory because all facilities use
evaporation ponds for process wastewater.
2.
Bromine
There are eight known producers of bromine by the brine
mining process and by the Trona process. There are no indirect
dischargers.
3. Calcium Carbide
There are three known producers of calcium carbide from
uncovered furnaces. There are no indirect dischargers in this
subcategory. Calcium carbide from covered furnaces is .regulated
under the Ferroalloys Category at 40 CFR 424.40 and 424.50.
4.
Calcium Chloride
There are seven known producers of calcium chloride by the brine
extraction process. There are no direct or indirect dischargers
in this subcategory. •
5. Chromic Acid
There are two known producers of chromic acid in facilities which
also manufacture sodium dichromate (see 40 CFR 415.350). There
are no indirect dischargers in this subcategory.
6.
Fluorine
There are two known producers of fluorine by the liquid
hydrofluoric acid electrolysis process. There are no indirect
dischargers in this subcategory.
7. Hydrogen
There are approximately 137 plants producing hydrogen as a by-
product of the petroleum refining process. Wastewater from this
449
-------
subcategory is subject to effluent limitations for the
Refining Point Source Category (40 CFR 419).
Petroleum
8.
Iodine
There are three known producers of iodine but only one plant
discharges to a POTW. That one plant discharges approximately
200 gpd to a POTW.
9. Calcium Oxide (Lime)
There are 50 known facilities producing calcium oxide (lime).
There are no indirect dischargers. One plant could not be
contacted but is located in a remote, rural area far from a POTW.
10. Calcium Hydroxide (Hydrated Lime)
There are 37 known producers of hydrated lime. One of these
discharges to a POTW, and two discharge directly. A total of 33
•facilities achieve zero discharge because they are dry
operations, by recycle, and by impoundment and evaporation. The
discharge status of one facility is unknown, but it is located in
a remote, rural area far from a POTW. The single indirect
discharger discharges only 200 gallons/day (10 gpm for 20 min.)
to a POTW.
11. Potassium Chloride
There are eight known producers of potassium chloride by the
Trona process and by the mining process (40 CFR 415.500) at
present. There are no indirect dischargers in this subcategory.
12. Potassium (Metal)
There is one known producer in this subcategory which does not
discharge process wastewater from potassium metal manufacturing
to a POTW.
13. Potassium Sulfate
There are six known producers of potassium sulfate none of which
discharge to POTWs. ,
14. Sodium Bicarbonate
There are four known plants producing sodium bicarbonate. Three
plants do not discharge process wastewater while one plant
commingles wastewater from sodium bicarbonate production with
450
-------
other
POTW.
process wastewater, treats it and then discharges to a
With regard to the single indirect discharger, the following
monitoring information was obtained from the POTW concerning
toxic metal concentrations in the discharge to the POTW from the
plant (for a period 13 months){from Reference 6):
Parameter
Average Concentration (mg/1)
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hq
Ni
Ni
<0.017
0.018 0.051 <0.029 <0.0011 0.026 0.076
Toxic metals in the discharge are present at concentrations which
are low and near detection levels.
15. Sodium Chloride
Sodium chloride is produced by both the solution brine-mining and
solar evaporation processes. The results of the survey of plants
employing both processes are included here.
a.
b.
Solution Brine Mining. There are 18 known producers of
sodium chloride by the solution brine mining process.
None of these plants discharge to POTWs.
There
are 39 known
Solar Evaporation Process.
producers of sodium chloride by the solar evaporation
process. There are no indirect dischargers.
Both processes (a and b) are employed at some facilities.
16. Sodium Sulfite ,
There are three known producers of sodium sulfite by reacting
sulfur dioxide with sodium carbonate (soda ash). Two of these
discharge wastewater directly while one facility discharges
washdown water only to a POTW (70 cubic meters per day (18,500
gpd)). On the basis of the information and analysis presented in
Section 17 of this report, the Agency is excluding this
subcategory from PSES.
17. Stannic Oxide
There is one known producer of stannic oxide. This facility uses
a dry thermal process which involves the reaction of tin metal
451
-------
with air or oxygen. No wastewater is produced and there is no
discharge.
18. Zinc Sulfate
There are 12 known producers of zinc sulfate. There are two
indirect dischargers. One of these discharges an average of 4000
gpd to the POTW. Flows are less than 1 percent of plant flow.
The zinc sulfate process discharge at the second plant amounts to
less than 350 gpd, which is less than 1 percent of total plant
discharge to the POTW.
Subcateqories 1 9-23
This group of five categories represents chemicals for which PSES
are already in effect. The purpose of this review was to
determine if the current regulatons are adequate for control of
toxic pollutants.
19. Aluminum Sulfate
There are 70 known producers of aluminum sulfate at present. Of
these, only two discharge indirectly. One of these two plants
discharges less than 1000 gallons per year to the POTW, while the
discharge to a POTW from the second is in compliance with the
currently effective PSES.
PSES
follows:
In Effect. Current PSES in this subcategory are as
Parameter
Zinc (Total)
PSES (30-day avg./24-hr, max.)
2.5/5.0 mg/1
Since these concentrations are similar to those promulgated for
other subcategories in Phase I, the existing PSES are believed to
be adequate.
20. Ferric Chloride
There are eight known producers of ferric chloride from pickle
liquor. Only one plant in this subcategory currently discharges
indirectly while four achieve zero discharge.
in Effect. Current PSES in this subcategory are as follows:
Parameter PSES (30-day avq./24-hr, max.)
Cr (Total)
Cr (VI)
1.0/3.0 mg/1
0.09/0.25 mg/1
452
-------
Cu (Total)
Ni (Total)
Zn (Total)
0.5/1.0 mg/1
1.0/2.0 mg/1
2.5/5.0 mg/1
These concentrations are similar to those promulgated for other
subcategories in Phase I. Therefore, the existing PSES are
believed to be adequate.
21. Lead Monoxide
There are nine known producers of lead monoxide in the U.S. There
are no direct or indirect dischargers of process wastewater in
this subcategory. Lead monoxide is produced by a dry process and
produces no wastewater.
PSES Ir\ Effect. Current PSES in this subcategory are as follows:
Parameter PSES (30-day avq./24-hr, max.)
Pb (Total) 1.0/2.0 mg/1
These concentrations are similar to those promulgated for other
subcategories in Phase I. Therefore, the existing PSES are
believed to be adequate.
22. Potassium Bichromate
There is one plant in this subcategory. The plant achieves no
discharge by total recycle of process wastewater.
PSES in Effect. Current PSES in this subcategory are as follows:
Parameter PSES (30^-dav avq./24-hr, max. )
Cr (VI)
Cr (Total)
0.090/0.25 mg/1
1.0/3.0 mg/1
These concentrations are similar to those promulgated for other
subcategories in Phase I. Therefore, the existng PSES are
believed to be adequate.
453
-------
23. Sodium Fluoride
There are four known producers of which two discharge indirectly.
PSES in Effect. Current PSES in this subcategory are as follows:
Parameter PSES (30-day avq./24-hr, max.)
Fluoride
25/50 mg/1
One plant is known to produce less than 1000 pounds per year of
sodium fluoride, which would generate an insignificant flow.
'Control of fluoride, as required by the PSES, involves lime
precipitation and clarification. This technology not only
removes fluoride from the wastewater but also effects the removal
of any toxic metal pollutants that may be present in the
untreated wastewater. Therefore, the existing PSES are believed
to be adequate.
EXCLUSIONS
The Agency is excluding the twelve subcategories listed below
from national PSES regulation development under Paragraph 8 b(ii)
of the Settlement Agreement because there are no indirect
dischargers in the subcategory:
No Indirect Dischargers
Borax
Bromine
Calcium Carbide
Calcium Chloride
Chromic Acid
Fluorine
Calcium Oxide (Lime)
Potassium Chloride
Potassium Metal
Potassium Sulfate
Sodium Chloride
Stannic Oxide
The Agency is excluding the following subcategories from PSES
development under Paragraph 8 (b)(ii) because the discharge to
POTW from the one indirect discharger in each subcategory is so
insignificant due to low flow or low quantities of toxic
pollutants:
One Indirect Discharger
Iodine
Hydrated Lime
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Sulfite (See also Section 17)
454
-------
TABLE 18-1.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCHARGE STATUS OF ALL
PSES SUBCATEGORIES
Discharge Method
Plants
4
8
3
7
2
2
*(137)
3
50
37
8
1
6
4
22
39
3
1
12
70
8
9
1
4
Other**
4
8
3
7
2
2
*
2
49
35
8
1
6
3
22
39
2
1
10
68
7
9
1
2
Indirect
0
0
0
0
0
0
*
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0 '
0
1
0
2(2)
2
1
0
0
2
Unknown
0
0
0
0
0
0
*
0
id)
Id)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1. Borax
2. Bromine
3. Calcium Carbide
4. Calcium Chloride
5. Chromic Acid
6. Fluorine
7. Hydrogen
8. Iodine
9. Lime
10. Hydrated Lime
11. Potassium Chloride
12. Potassium (Metal)
13. Potassium Sulfate
14. Sodium Bicarbonate
15. Sodium Chloride (brine)
Sodium Chloride (evap.)
16. Sodium Sulfite
17. Stannic Oxide
18. Zinc Sulfate
19. Aluminum Sulfate(3)
20. Ferric Chloride(3)
21. Lead Monoxide(3)
22. Potassium Bichromate
23. Sodium Fluoride(3)
*Covered by petroleum refining guidelines
**Zerof direct, but not POTW
(1) One plant unable to be contacted, thought to be zero or direct.
(2) Flow at both plants is low, and less than 1% of plant flow to POTW.
(3) PSES currently in effect.
455
-------
The zinc sulfate subcategory has two indirect dischargers.
However, the total flow of both plants is very low (15.9 cubic
meters per day (4200 gallons per day)) and in each case is less
than 1 percent of the plant total daily flow to the POTW. The
Agency is excluding this subcategory from categorical PSES for
zinc sulfate under Paragraph 8 b(ii).
The Hydrogen (By-product from Petroleum Refining) subcategory is
included under the promulgated PSES for the Petroleum Refining
Point Source Category.
Subcategories with PSES In Effect
Information was developed during the survey to show that the PSES
in effect are adequate, therefore, no change is promulgated for
the PSES following five subcategories:
Aluminium Sulfate
Ferric Chloride
Lead Monoxide
Potassium Bichromate
Sodium Fluoride
PSNS
The 12 subcategories for which no PSNS are currently
are:
in effect
Borax
Bromine
Chromic Acid
Fluorine
Iodine
Calcium Hydroxide
Potassium Chloride
Stannic Oxide
Zinc Sulfate
Ferric Chloride
Lead Monoxide
Sodium Fluoride
Each of the above subcategories is currently subject to a zero
discharge requirement under BPT. Therefore, a PSNS equal to BPT
would not be a barrier to entry since existing plants are
required to achieve zero discharge of process wastewater
pollutants and meet that requirement.
The Agency is promulgating PSNS for each subcategory based upon
the currently effective BPT, which for each subcategory requires
zero discharge of process wastewater pollutants.
There are also no New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for
these 12 subcategories. However, none are needed since, in the
absence of an NSPS, a new plant is subject to the currently
456
-------
effective BPT effluent limitations of
wastewater pollutants.
zero discharge of process
457
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SECTION 18
REFERENCES
1. SRI International, 1982 Directory of Chemical Producers
United States of America, SRI Menlo Park, California.
2. Chemical Marketing Reporter, 1983 OPD Chemical Buyers
Directory, 70th ed., Schnell Publishing Co., New York
(1982).
3. U.S. Bureau of Mines, "Directory of Companies Producing Salt
in the United States - 1981," Division of Industrial
Minerals, Mineral Industry Surveys, 10 p.
4. Calspan Corporation, Addendum B-l (Background Data) to
"Supplement for Pretreatment to Development Documents for
the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source
Category," Calspan Report No. ND-5782-M-85, 17 March 1977
(Survey conducted in 1976).
5. Terlecky, P.M. and Harty, D.M., "Status of Group II Chemical
Subcategories of the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing
Industry - Phase II," Frontier Technical Associates, Inc.
Report No. FTA-82-E2/03, January 14, 1983.
6. Terlecky, P.M., Personal Communication, Letter to Dr. T.
Fielding, (USEPA, May 17, 1983 (A summary of data supplied
by the New York DEC, Region 2).
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SECTION 19
EXCLUDED SUBCATEGORIES
INTRODUCTION
The Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category has
been divided into 184 subcategories for regulatory purposes. On
June 29, 1982 the Agency promulgated effluent limitations
guidelines and standards for or excluded from regulation 60 of
those subcategories (the Phase I guidelines). The Agency is now
promulgating effluent limitations guidelines and standards for 17
additional subcategories (the Phase II guidelines). The Agency
is excluding 106 of the remaining 107 subcategories from national
regulation development. One subcategory is deferred for
regulation under another, more appropriate guideline.
The determinations in this section complete the examination
required by the Settlement Agreement of all remaining
subcategories covering the chemical products listed under SIC
Codes 2812, 2813, 2816, and 2819. The methods used, sources
examined, a summary of the determinations, and the rationale for
the proposed exclusions are provided in this section.
Subcategories Surveyed
The 107 subcategories surveyed are listed in Table 19-1.
Methods Employed
An accurate and up-to-date list of all companies and plants which
manufactured the products in the subcategories was compiled.
Sources utilized include: The Stanford Research Institute's
"Directory of Chemical Producers - 1982", (2) The OPD Chemical
Buyers Directory (3), the Thomas Register, in-house files at EPA
and the contractor and previous surveys for EPA. The purpose of
this survey was to identify which plants and facilities were
producing the individual chemicals, and to determine the
discharge status of the plants in each subcategory. Some of the
plants identified from the above sources were subsequently
determined to be distributors or repackagers, and were not
producing the chemical.
Information was obtained through telephone contacts with
knowledgeable personnel at 269 plants. Additional information
was gathered from 69 of those 269 plants through industry
responses to EPA's requests for information under S308 of the
Act. Engineering visits were made to 16 of the plants, and 14 of
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Table 19-1. Inorganic Chemical Subcategories Surveyed
1. Aluminum Chloride
2. Aluminum Compounds
3. Aluminum Hydroxide (Hydrated Alumina)
4. Aluminum Oxide (Alumina)
5. Alums (also 6, 55, 77)
6. Ammonia Alum (also 5)
7. Ammonia Compounds
8. Ammonia Molybdate
9. Ammonia Perchlorate
10. Ammonia Thiosulfate
11. Barium Compounds
12. Barium Sulfate
13. Barytes Pigments
14. Beryllium Oxide
15. Bleaching Powder (Calcium Hypochlorite, No. 20)
16. Boron Compounds (not produced at mines)
17. Borosilicate
18. Brine Chemicals
19. Calcium Compounds (Inorganic)
20. Calcium Hypochlorite (Bleaching Powder, No. 15)
21. Cerium Salts
22. Chlorosulfonic Acid
23. Chrome Oxide (Chrome Pigments)
24. Chromium Sulfate
25. Deuterium Oxide (Heavy Water)
26. Hydrated Alumina Silicate Powder
27. Hydrogen Sulfide
28. Hydrophosphites
29. Indium Chloride
30. Industrial Gases
31. Inorganic Acids (except nitric and phosphoric acid)
32. Iodides
33. Iron Colors
34. Iron Oxide (Black) (Iron Oxide Pigments)
35. Iron Oxide (Magnetic) (Iron Oxide Pigments)
36. Iron Oxide (Yellow) (Iron Oxide Pigments)
37. Lead Arsenate
38. Lead Dioxide, Brown
39. Lead Dioxide, Red
40. Lead Silicate
41. Lithium Compounds
42. Magnesium Compounds, Inorganic
43. Manganese Dioxide (Powdered Synthetic)
44. Mercury Chloride
45. Mercury Oxide
46. Nickel Ammonium Sulfate
47. Nitrous Oxide
48. Ochers (Iron Oxide Pigments, No. 34-36)
49. Oleum (Sulfuric Acid)
50. Oxidation Catalyst made from Porcelain
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Tatole 19-1. (continued)
51. Pechloric Acid
52. Peroxides (Inorganic)
53. Potash Alum (Potassium Aluminum Sulfate, also 5)
54. Potash Magnesia
55. Potassium Aluminum Sulfate (also 5, 53)
56. Potassium Bromide
57. Potassium Carbonate
58. Potassium Chlorate
59. Potassium Compounds, Inorganic
60. Potassium Cyanide
61. Potassium Hypochlorate
62. Potassium Nitrate and Sulfate
63. Rare Earth Metal Salts (Salts of Rare Earth Metals, No.
65)
64. Reagent Grade Chemicals
65. Salts of Rare Earth Metals (Rare Earth Metal Salts, No.
63)
66. Satin White Pigment
67. Siennas (Iron Oxide Pigments, No. 34-36)
68. Silica, Amorphous
69. Silica Gel
70. Silver Bromide
71. Silver Carbonate
72. Silver Chloride
73. Silver Cyanide
74. Silver Iodide
75. Silver Nitrate
76. Silver Oxide
77. Soda Alum (also 5)
78. Sodium Antimonate
79. Sodium Compounds, Inorganic
80. Sodium Cyanide
81. Sodium Hydrosulfite (Zinc Process)
82. Sodium Silicofluoride
83. Stannic and Stannous Chloride
84. Strontium Carbonate
85. Stronium Nitrate
86. Sulfide and Sulfites
87. Sulfocyanides (Thiocyanates also 91)
88. Sulfur
89. Sulfur Chloride
90. Sulfur Hexafluoride
91. Thiocyanates (also 87)
92. Tin Compounds
93. Ultramarine Pigments
94. Umbers (Iron Oxide Pigments, No. 34-36)
95. White Lead Pigment
96. Whiting (Calcium Carbonate)
97. Zinc Sulfide
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Table 19-1. (continued)
Radioactive Materials;
98. Cobalt 60
99. Fissionable Materials
100. Isotopes, Radioactive (also 98)
101. Luminous Compounds (Radium) (also 105, 106)
102. Nuclear Cores, Inorganic (also 103)
103. Nuclear Fuel Reactor Cores, Inorganic (also 102)
104. Nuclear Fuel Scrap Reprocessing
105. Radium Chloride (also 101, 106)
106. Radium Luminous Compounds (also 101, 105)
107. Uranium Slugs, Radioactive
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the 16 were sampled. Supplemental information was provided by
NPDES permit authorities and by POTW authorities. The exclusions
and other actions described in this section are based on the data
acquired by the Agency through this survey. .
EXCLUDED SUBCATEGORIES
Miscellaneous Inorganic Chemicals
1. Aluminum Chloride (Anhydrous). There are currently five
plants in this subcategory. Two plants achieve zero
discharge while two plants are direct dischargers and there
is one indirect discharger. The two direct discharging
plants discharge a total of less than 37.9 cubic meters per
day (<10,000 gpd) of wastewater. Because of this low
volume, the Agency does not expect significant amounts of
toxic or nonconventional pollutants to be discharged and
therefore is excluding the subcategory under the provisions
of Paragraph 8 (a)(iv) because the amount and toxicity of
each pollutant does not justify developing national
regulations. PSES are currently in effect for this
subcategory.
Aluminum Compounds. Specific
addressed elsewhere are:
aluminum compounds not
a. Aluminum Nitrate - Three plants, low production {<4.5
kkg/yr (<10,000 Ib/yr each)).
b. Aluminum Silicate - There is one plant which has no
discharge.
The Agency is excluding the above chemicals under Paragraphs
8{a)(iv) and 8(b) of the Settlement Agreement because (1) the low
production results in low flow and thus loading; and (2) there is
no discharge of process wastewater from the plant making the
chemical.
3. Aluminum Hydroxide (Hydrated Alumina). The promulgated BPT
and BAT limitations, NSPS and PSNS for hydrated alumina are
contained in 40 CFR 421.10 (Subpart A - Bauxite Refining
Subcategory of the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point
Source Category). Under the provisions of Paragraph 8
(a)(i), this subcategory is excluded from any further
regulation development under the inorganic chemicals point
source category because the wastewater from the plants in
the subcategory is controlled by other effluent limitations
guidelines and standards.
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4. Aluminum Oxide (Alumina). BPT, BAT, NSPS, and PSNS
limitations , and standards have been promulgated (40 CFR
421.10 Subpart A - Bauxite Refining Subcategory of the
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category).
Under the provisions of Paragraph 8 (a)(i), this subcategory
is excluded from any further regulation development as part
of the inorganic chemicals manufacturing point source
category because the wastewater from the plants in , the
subcategory is controlled by other effluent limitations
guidelines and standards. The current effluent limitations
would continue to apply.
5* "Alums". This subcategory represents the consolidation of
four subcategories as originally listed in Table 19-1:
ammonia alum (No. 6), potash alum (No., 53), potassium
aluminum sulfate (No. 55), and soda alum (No. 77). The
subcategories were consolidated because production methods
and probable pollutants are expected to be the same. There
is only one producer of alums and that one plant does not
discharge process wastewater.
Therefore the Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraphs 8 (a)(iv) and 8{b)(ii) because there are no known
dischargers.
6. Ammonia Alum. (See subcategory No. 5 above)
7. Ammonia Compounds.
Specific ammonium compounds not
addressed elsewhere are:
a. Ammonium Bisulfite - There are three plants in this
subcategory. Two plants achieve zero discharge. The
remaining plant discharges about 10,000 gallons per
year to a POTW. The Agency is excluding this chemical
from national BAT regulation under Paragraph 8(a)(iv)
of the Settlement Agreement. In addition, the single
indirect discharger is excluded from categorical PSES
under Paragraph 8(b)(ii) because the low flow is too
insignificant to justify a national regulation.
b. Ammonium Bichromate - There is only one plant in this
subcategory. This plant, a direct discharger, also
produces sodium dichromate and combines the wastewater
for treatment and discharge. This chemical is excluded
from national BAT and PSES regulation development under
Paragraphs 8(a) (iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the Settlement
Agreement based upon the fact that there is only one
plant and there are no indirect dischargers.
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c. Ammonium Fluoride— There is only one plant producing
this chemical in quantity. This plant does not
discharge process wastewater. Two other plants produce
a very pure product (reagent grade) in very low
quantities (<4.5 kkg/yr). Both of these plants achieve
zero discharge. This chemical is excluded because
there are no dischargers (Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii)).
d. Ammonium Fluoborate - There is only one plant producing
this chemical and that plant does not discharge process
wastewater. This chemical is excluded under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(i) of the Settlement Agreement
because there are no dischargers.
e. Ammonium Sulfide - There are two plants producing this
chemical, but the product is produced in solution form
only and no effluent is produced because all water used
is incorporated into the product. This chemical is
excluded under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the
Settlement Agreement because there is no discharge of
process wastewater.
f. Ammonium Tungstate - There are two plants producing
this chemical each employing a different production
process. One of the facilities disposes of wastewater
in an evaporation pond and achieves zero discharge.
Therefore, there is only one discharging facility which
is a direct discharger.
This chemical product is excluded based upon Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the Settlement Agreement
because there is only one discharger.
8. Ammonium Molybdate. There are two plants producing this
chemical. One plant has no discharge, while the second
plants produces a reagent grade product in small amounts
(<4.5 kkg/yr (<5 tons/yr)). This chemical is produced only
intermittently. All plant wastewater is commingled with all
other product wastewaters and treated in a treatment system
equivalent to BAT technology prior to discharge. The Agency
is excluding this subcategory Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii) of the Settlement Agreement because there is only
one discharger.
9. Ammonia Perchlorate. There are two plants producing this
chemical and neither discharges to surface waters.
Therefore, the Agency is excluding this subcategory under
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Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) because there are no
dischargers.
10. Ammonia Thiosulfate. The total toxic metal discharge from
all 10 plants in the subcategory based upon screening and
verification sampling is less than 0.27 kg/day (0.6 Ib/day).
Relevant data are presented in Table 19-2a. Five of the ten
plants achieve zero discharge. No toxic organic pollutants
were detected at treatable levels at these plants.
Therefore, the Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraph 8(a)(iii), 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the Settlement
Agreement.
11. Barium Compounds. Inorganic barium compounds are produced
at a limited number of sites. Barium compounds not
addressed elsewhere are:
a,b. Barium Chloride, Barium Peroxide - All production of
these chemicals occurs at three plants which also make
barium carbonate. All three plants use the same
wastewater treatment system for all barium chemicals
produced. The combined wastewater was sampled in Phase
I and no toxic pollutants were found at treatable
levels during screening and verification sampling at
one plant.
c. Barium Sulfide - This chemical is produced exclusively
as an intermediate in the overall process for barium
carbonate. Barium carbonate was excluded under Phase I
because no toxic pollutants were found at treatable
levels during screening and verification sampling at
one plant.
d. Barium Hydroxide - This chemical is produced at four
plants. The large producer achieves no discharge by an
evaporation pond while the other three plants produce
reagent grade chemicals with very low production. One
of these plants is known to achieve zero discharge.
The total discharge from the other two plants (one
direct, one indirect discharger) is estimated to be
about 10,000 gallons per year.
e. Barium Nitrate - There are five producers of this
chemical. The only bulk producer achieves no discharge
by use of an evaporation pond. The other four plants
produce reagent grade chemicals with very low
production. One of these plants is known to achieve
zero discharge. The other three plants (two direct and
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one indirect) are estimated to discharge
less than 10,000 gallons per year.
a total of
f. Barium Perchlorate - There are two plants producing
this chemical. One achieves no discharge by recycle
while the second discharges to a POTW. Production at
the second plant is less than 2.3 kkg/yr (5000 Ib/yr).
Because of the very low production, discharges of toxic
pollutants would be insignificant.
The Agency is excluding all of the above chemical
products under Paragraphs 8{a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the
Settlement Agreement (low loading because of low flow).
12,13. Barium Sulfate, Barytes Pigments. In each
subcategory there is only one plant which produces the
chemical in bulk, and two other plants that have very
low production rates. None of the small producers
discharges process wastewater. The Agency is excluding
each subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii)
because there is only one discharger in each
subcategory. The Agency considered combining the
subcategories because the products are very similar but
the production processes, raw materials, and expected
pollutants are significantly different for each plant.
Hence combining the subcategories was not technically
feasible.
14. Beryllium Oxide. This compound is produced at one site as
part of the production process for beryllium metal or
beryllium-copper alloys. This subcategory is deferred for
coverage under limitations and standards to be established
for the Non-Ferrous Metals Category (40 CFR Part 421). A
new study of this category by EPA is currently underway.
15. Bleaching Powder (also Calcium Hypochlorite, No. 20). See
Subcategory No. 20. Note that sodium perborate is sometimes
also referred to as bleaching powder. Sodium perborate is
addressed under Sodium Compounds (Subcategory No. 79).
16. Boron Compounds (Not produced at Mines).
compounds not addressed elsewhere are:
Inorganic boron
a. Boron Trifluoride - Two plants produce this chemical on
a specialty basis with very low production. Generally,
this chemical would be produced two or three times per
year in small batches. Little flow is expected beside
process cleanup, leaks, and spills. Any wastewater
produced is treated in the plant treatment system for
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b.
c.
a.
e.
f.
other chemical production. Both plants are direct
dischargers with a total discharge estimated to be
5,000 gallons per year.
Boron Trichloride - One plant produces this chemical
and utilizes an evaporation pond to achieve no
discharge of process wastewater.
Boron Hydrides - There is only qne plant producing this
chemical on a specialty basis wfth very low production.
Boron Nitride - There are three p\lants producing this
chemical at present. All three discharge to a POTW but
flows are low (two plants discharge less than 3.8 cubic
meters per day each (<1000 gpd). The third plant flow
is unknown but is expected to be similar (and low) to
the other producers because process technologies are
known to be similar. Hence, the total flow is
estimated to be about 3,000 gallons per day.
Sodium Borohydride - The production of this chemical is
a non-aqueous process with no discharge of process
wastewater. There are two plants currently
manufacturing this chemical but there are no
dischargers.
two
No
Lithium Metaborate - This chemical is produced at
plants on a specialty basis with low production.
priority pollutants are known to be involved in its
production. One plant achieves zero discharge of
process wastewater. The other plant is estimated to
discharge less than 2,000 gallons per year directly to
surface waters.
All of the above chemicals are produced in small
quantities at few plants with little or no wastewater
flow. The Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) (low production, low
flow and loading).
17. Borosilicate. This chemical is no longer produced in this
country. Therefore the Agency is excluding this subcategory
from further regulatory consideration under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
18. Brine Chemicals. Brine refers to strong salt solutions.
This subcategory has been interpreted to mean chemicals
produced from brine. Most of these chemicals have been
considered separately (e.g., calcium chloride, sodium
468
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chloride). Four salts which have not been considered
separately are sodium, calcium, potassium and ammonium
bromide. .
There are five plants producing these four products.
However, only two plants (direct dischargers) have a
discharge of process wastewater. Screening and verification
sampling at one of those two plants show that no toxic or
nonconventional pollutants were found at treatable levels.
Relevant data are presented in Table 19-2b. Most plants
return spent brines to their source without addition of
toxic ..materials, because the process is primarily an
extractive one.
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8{a)(iii), 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)ii) because no toxic or
nonconventional pollutants were detected at treatable
levels.
19. Calcium Compounds (Inorganic).
not addressed elsewhere are:
Inorganic calcium compounds
Calcium lodate - There are four plants producing this
chemical but only one is a bulk producer. This plant
does not- discharge process wastewater from this
product. The other three produce a reagent grade
product in very low quantities and one of the three
small plants does not discharge. The two dischargers
(one direct and one indirect) are estimated to
discharge a total of less than 5,000 gallons per year.
Calcium Nitrate - This chemical is produced only as a
reagent grade material at three locations, therefore
production quantities are low with little wastewater
generated. Only one of those three plants discharges
process wastewater. Since the raw materials are lime
or calcium carbonate and nitric acid, chemical grade
raw materials would be used producing little toxic
pollutants.
Calcium Stannate - There are three plants producing
this chemical with only two dischargers, one direct and
one indirect. The two plants produce limited
quantities of the chemical as a specialty product and
the total discharge from both plants is estimated to be
less than 10,000 gallons per year.
Calcium Tungstate - There are two plants producing this
chemical but only one discharger (indirect). That
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plant produces the chemical on a specialty basis in
small quantities. No priority pollutants are involved
in its production. The total discharge is estimated to
be less than 5,000 gallons per year.
All of the above chemical products are produced primarily by
plants which supply reagent or specialty chemicals and hence
produce in small quantities only. There are only two plants
(each producing a separate chemical) which produce any of
the chemicals in bulk quantities. Therefore, the Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii) (few plants, low production, low flow and loading).
20. Calcium Hypochlorite (Bleaching Powder). There are four
producers, one of which is a paper mill, and the other three
are chlor-alkali plants.
Screening and verification sampling at the paper mill (an
indirect discharger) showed no toxic pollutants were
discharged at treatable levels. Relevant data are presented
in Table 19-2c (Plant A). Total Residual Chlorine is
discharged at treatable levels, but the Agency has not
regulated discharges of total residual chlorine to POTWs
because POTW influent is often chlorinated. This segment of
•the subcategory is excluded under Paragraph 8(b)(ii).
The remaining three plants mix calcium hypochlorite process
wastewater with chlor-alkali plant wastewater for treatment.
EPA proposed to amend the applicability section in the
effluent limitations guidelines for chlor-alkali plants to
include effluent from the calcium hypochlorite process.
Based upon plants sampled in 1979 and 1981, and effluent
data provided by those plants, plants that combine these
process wastewaters are meeting all existing guidelines and
standards for chlor-alkali plants. Relevant data are
presented in Table 19-2c (Plant B).
We continue to believe that existing plants that produce both
calcium hypochlorite and chlor-alkali can meet the effluent
limitations and standards for the chlor-alkali subcategory.
However, we believe that because the calcium hypochlorite
effluent is controlled by the technology on which the chlor-
alkali limitations are based, it is more appropriate to exclude
the calcium hypochlorite from national regulation, pursuant to
paragraph 8(a)(i) of the Settlement Agreement.
21. Cerium Salts. There are two plants currently producing
cerium ("eerie") salts as separate products. Other plants
may produce small amounts of cerium salts with other rare
470
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earth metals (see Subcategory No. 63). One of these plants
is a direct discharger which produces eerie salts from rare
earth hydroxides imported from France (7). The second
plant, an indirect discharger, obtains rare earth oxides and
treats them with various acids to produce the salts. Little
effluent is produced by this process (about 40 gallons per
day). Consideration was given to combining this subcategory
with rare earth metal salts> but this was rejected because
the processes employed in this subcategory are substantially
different as are the raw materials used.
Since there are only one direct and one indirect discharger,
and since the indirect discharger has such a low flow, the
Agency is excluding this subcategory from further regulation
development under Paragraph 8(a)(iv) and 8 (:b>(ii) of the
Settlement Agreement.
22. Chlorosulfonic Acid. No toxic pollutants were detected at
treatable levels during screening and verification sampling
at one plant of the three plants producing this chemical.
Effluent wastewater discharged at this plant was the same as"
influent water quality. Relevant data are presented in
Table 19-2d. This subcategory is excluded under the
provisions of Paragraphs 8(a)(iii), 8(a)(iv) and 8(b),
because toxic pollutants were not detected at treatable
levels during screening and verification sampling, hence the
toxic pollutant discharges were too insignificant to justify
developing a national regulation.
23. Chromium Oxide (a Chrome Pigment). Chromium oxide is
defined as a chrome pigment in the promulgated guidelines
for the Chrome Pigments subcategory. The promulgated BPT,
BAT, and BCT limitations and NSPS, PSES, and PSNS for the
Chrome Pigments Subcategory are at 40 CFR 415.340.
Therefore, the Agency is excluding this subcategory from
further consideration (Paragraph 8{a)(i)). The current
effluent limitations would continue to apply.
24. Chromium Sulfate. There is only one plant producing this
chemical, therefore the Agency is excluding this subcategory
under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
25. Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide).. There are no producers of
deuterium oxide (heavy water) in the U.S. today. Therefore
the Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
26. Hydrated Alumina Silicate Powder. There is one plant
currently producing this chemical, and this plant has no
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27
28
29,
30,
31
discharge of process wastewater. Therefore, the Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
Hydrogen Sulfide. There are four plants producing hydrogen
sulfide essentially as a by-product. Three of the plants
are petroleum refineries and one is an organic chemicals
plant. Wastewater for the three plants producing hydrogen
sulfide at petroleum refineries is subject to effluent
limitations for the Petroleum Refining Point Source Category
(40 CFR Part 419). These limitations are applicable to all
discharges from any facility producing petroleum products by
the use of topping, catalytic reforming, cracking,
petrochemical operations, and lube oil manufacturing whether
or not the facility includes any process in addition to
those listed above. There is only one other plant.
Therefore, the Agency is excluding this subcategory from
national regulation development under Paragraph 8(a)(i),
8(a)(iv), and 8(b>.
Hydrophosphites. This chemical is no longer produced in
this country. Therefore, the Agency is excluding this
subcategory under the provisions of Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii) because there are no known producers.
Indium Chloride. There are three plants in this subcategory
but only one has a discharge. All plants produce small
quantities as a specialty product. The Agency is excluding
this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii)
because there is only one discharger.
Industrial Gases. Specific industrial gases not addressed
elsewhere are the "rare" or "inert" gases produced in
conjunction with oxygen and nitrogen from liquefaction of
air (e.g., neon and argon). In Phase I, oxygen and nitrogen
were excluded under Paragraph 8(a)(iv) because the amount
and toxicity of each pollutant observed in samples collected
from plants in the subcategory did not justify developing
national regulations (see the Phase I Development Document,
p. 806). Since the inert gases are produced simultaneously
with oxygen and nitrogen from the same liquid air, and the
wastewaters were included in the samples collected in Phase
I, the Agency is excluding these products also under the
provisions of Paragraph 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
Inorganic Acids (except nitric and phosphoric acid). The
only common inorganic acids not addressed elsewhere are:
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Hydrobromic Acid - There is no discharge of
wastewater from production of this chemical.
process
b. Hydriodic Acid - There is no discharge of process
wastewater from production of this chemical.
Since there is no process wastewater discharged from
this subcategory, the Agency is excluding it under the
provisions of Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
32. Iodides. Specific iodides not addressed elsewhere are:
a. Calcium Iodide - There is only one plant producing this
chemical and that plant has no discharge of process
wastewater from calcium iodide production.
b. Lithium Iodide - There are two plants producing this
chemical, but neither has a discharge of lithium iodide
process wastewater.
c. Sodium Iodide - There are two plants producing this
chemical in bulk form, but only one has a discharge.
That plant discharges an estimated 1000 gallons per
year directly to a receiving stream.
Since there is only one discharger, with a discharge of
only 1000 gallons per year, this subcategory is
excluded under the provisions of Paragraphs 8(a)(iv)
and 8(b)(i i).
33. Iron Colors. Iron colors can be broadly subdivided into two
groups: those colors based upon various iron oxides (see
No. 34-36 below), and those colors, generally blue, based on
iron cyanide complexes. The products based upon iron oxides
are considered below under iron oxides (iron oxide
pigments). There is only one plant (a direct discharger)
producing iron cyanide-based pigments. The Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8{b)(ii) because there is only one plant.
34, 35, 36, 48, 67, and 94. Iron Qxide(s) (Iron Oxide Pigments).
These subcategories include the Iron Oxides (Black, Yellow,
Red, and Magnetic) and the Ochers, Siennas, and Umbers
Subcategories. Four plants, one direct and three indirect
dischargers, produce iron oxide pigments by an inorganic
chemical process. One other plant produces iron oxide
pigments by an organic chemical process. Most iron oxide
pigments producers use a mechanical (grinding) process.
Based upon screening and verification sampling at two of the
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four inorganic chemical plants, there are no toxic
pollutants at treatable levels discharged from any of these
four plants. Relevant data are presented in Table 19-2f.
All three indirect dischargers are required by the POTWs to
control the nonconventional pollutant iron. All four plants
(including the direct discharger) use the same treatment
technology to control the discharge of iron, and, based on
long-term data from the direct discharger, that technology
is the technology the Agency would have chosen as the basis
for BAT and PSES. Since the three indirect dischargers are
already required to control the discharge of iron using that
technology, and since there is only one direct discharger,
the Agency is excluding these six subcategories under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
37. Lead Arsenate. This chemical is no longer produced in this
country and is unlikely to be produced in the future. The
Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the Settlement Agreement.
38,39. Lead Dioxide (Red) and Lead Dioxide (Brown). No
process wastewater is discharged from any plant producing
these products. Therefore, the Agency is excluding these
two subcategories under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) (no
discharging plants).
40. Lead Silicate. See "White Lead Pigments," subcategory
number 95.
41. Lithium Compounds. Specific lithium compounds not addressed
elsewhere are:
a.
b.
Lithium Chloride - There are three
discharge process wastewater.
plants, but none
Lithium Fluoride - There are two plants, but the total
production is estimated to be less than 4 tons per
year. The wastewater discharge flow from such a small
production is insignificant.
The chemicals in this subcategory are excluded under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b) because the discharge of toxic
pollutants is insignificant.
42. Magnesium Compounds (Inorganic).
compounds not addressed elsewhere are:
Specific magnesium
a. Magnesium Chloride - There are eight plants employing
two different processes to obtain this chemical. Four
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43.
plants derive magnesium chloride from natural brines
and return the spent brinek to their source. The other
four plants produce the product from magnesium
hydroxide and hydrochloric acid by a process which
generates no wastewater. Hence there are no
dischargers.
Magnesium Fluoride - This chemical is produced from
hydrofluoric acid and magnesium hydroxide on a
specialty basis at two plants. The total production is
less than ten tons per year, which results in an
insignificant discharge.
Magnesium Nitrate - There are five plants producing
this chemical, however, the two large plants have no
discharge of process wastewater from this product. The
other three plants (one direct and two indirect
dischargers) produce specialty or reagent grades only
in small quantities. The total flow is estimated to be
less than 20,000 gallons per year..
Magnesium Silicate - There are only two plants, and one
has no discharge.
Magnesium Sulfate - There are five plants producing
this chemical, but none of the plants have a discharge.
Magnesium Carbonate - There are four plants (three
direct and one indirect) producing magnesium carbonate
but each uses a, different raw material source and
production process (ore, by chemical process, from
ocean brine, and solution mining). Since each plant
uses an entirely different process and raw material
source, the identity and quantity of pollutants would
be different for each process. Hence, this chemical
would require different subcategories each with one
plant. The one indirect discharger is estimated to
discharge less than 5,000 gallons per year because of
its very low production rate.
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b). For magnesium carbonate, two of the four
plants are producing small quantities, while all four of the
plants produces by a different process.
Magnesium Dioxide (Powdered Synthetic). There are eight
plants in this subcategory but seven plants do not discharge
process wastewater from this product. Therefore, the Agency
d.
e.
f.
475
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is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii), because there is only one discharging plant.
44. Mercury Chloride. There is only one plant producing this
chemical. The plant is an indirect discharger and is
required 'by the POTW to control its discharge using an
advanced level technology. That technology involves
additional treatment beyond that used as the basis for the
chlor-alkali BAT limitations and therefore toxic pollutant
discharges to the POTW are expected to be insignificant.
Therefore, the Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
45. Mercury Oxides. There is only one plant producing this
chemical. That plant is the same plant that produces
mercury chloride (product No. 44 above) and combines the
wastewaters from both products for treatment. For the
reasons presented for excluding mercury chloride, the Agency
is excluding this chemical subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
46. Nickel Ammonium Sulfate. There are two plants producing
this chemical. One has no discharge of process wastewater
from this product. The second produces reagent and
specialty grade chemicals along with hundreds of other
chemicals in small quantities. All combined wastewater is
treated in an advanced level treatment system prior to
discharge. Monitoring data confirms the absence of toxic
pollutants at treatable levels at this plant. Therefore,
the Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
47. Nitrous Oxide. There are six plants in this subcategory,
all of which are indirect dischargers. Total process
wastewater discharge at all six plants is only 30,000
gallons per day. Screening and verification sampling of all
the process wastewater sources at two plants showed that no
toxic or nonconventional pollutants are discharged at
treatable levels in process wastewater from plants in this
subcategory. The screening and verification sampling of the
final effluent at both plants detected ammonia at excessive
levels, but at very low levels in all process wastewater
sources contributing to that final effluent. Relevant data
are presented in Table 19-2e. At one plant, the water in
the discharge trench was so low that the trench had to be
dammed to raise the water level so samples could be
obtained. The dam was constructed of ceramic clay wrapped
in an old burlap sack found at the plant. This could have
introduced pollutants into the sample causing the high
476
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values found. The ammonia could not be process related at
that plant because all process wastewater sources were
sampled and no ammonia was found at treatable levels in
those sources. At the second plant, the source of the
ammonia is believed to be fugitive ammonium nitrate dust
(the raw material for nitrous oxide production). Proper
control of dust emissions to the air could correct this
problem. The Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8 b(ii).
48. Qchers (Iron Oxide Pigments). See Iron Oxide Pigments,
Subcategories No. 34, 35 and 36.
49
50.
51
52,
53.
54
Oleum (Sulfuric Acid). Oleum is sulfuric acid. Sulfuric
acid has been excluded from further national BAT regulation
in Phase I because no toxic pollutants were found at
treatable levels during screening sampling (see the Phase I
Development Document, pages 830, 832).
Oxidation Catalysts Made from Porcelain. There are no
plants producing this material in the U.S. The Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
Perchloric Acid. There is only one plant which produces
this chemical. The Agency is excluding this subcategory
under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(li).
Peroxides (Inorganic).
elsewhere are:
Specific peroxides not addressed
one plant producing
Therefore there is no
Sodium Peroxide - There is only
this chemical by a dry process.
discharge of process wastewater.
Potassium Peroxide - There are no producers
chemical in the United States today.
of this
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) because there are no discharging
facilities.
Potash Alum. This subcategory has been addressed under the
"Alums" Subcategory, No. 5.
Potash Magnesia.
There are two plants producing this
chemical from ore. These plants are located in an arid area
and dispose of all aqueous wastewater in evaporation ponds
with no discharge.
477
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55.
56.
57.
58,
59,
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a')(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of the Settlement Agreement.
Potassium Aluminum Sulfate. This chemical is "potash alum"
which has been addressed under the "Alums" subcategory, No.
J *
Potassium Bromide. This subcategory has been addressed
under the "Brine Chemicals" subcategory, No. 18.
Potassium Carbonate. This chemical is produced at only one
plant, a direct discharger. The chemical process generates
little wastewater which results from the infrequent washdown
of the reactor. Most of that wastewater is recovered and
recycled, but some is discharged. The discharge averages
less than 10,000 gallons per day.
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8{b)(ii) because there is only one plant and
the discharge is insignificant.
Potassium Chlorate - There is only one producer, a direct
discharger. The Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
Potassium Compounds (Inorganic).
compounds not addressed elsewhere are:
Specific potassium
Potassium Fluoride - There are three plants in this
subcategory, but only two dischargers, both direct
dischargers. One plant produces less than 4.5 kkg/yr
(<10,000 Ib/yr) of the product and all wastewater from
hundreds of chemicals produced at that site is
commingled in the plants' advanced wastewater treatment
system. The remaining plant has intermittent
production and generates less than 0.38 cubic meters
per day (<100 gpd) of process wastewater when producing
the chemical. The total discharge from both plants is
estimated to be less than 5,000 gallons per year.
Potassium Bicarbonate - This chemical is produced on a
specialty basis (i.e., low production quantities) at
two locations. Each plant (one direct and one indirect
discharger) makes numerous other reagent and specialty
chemicals with all wastewater handled in a common plant
treatment system. The total discharge from potassium
bicarbonate production from both plants is estimated to
be less than 10,000 gallons per year.
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c. Potassium Thiocyanate - There is one plant producing
this chemical in quantity while two other plants have
very low production rates. The process is essentially
dry and there are ho dischargers.
d. Potassium Silicofluoride - There is one plant producing
this chemical but no process wastewater is discharged
from this product.
e. Potassium Silicate - No toxic pollutants attributable
to potassium silicate production were detected during
screening and verification at one plant of three
producing the chemical. The process is identical to
the process used to produce sodium silicate except for
the substitution of potassium hydroxide for sodium
hydroxide when the potassium salt is made. Sodium
silicate was excluded in Phase I because no toxic
pollutants were detected at treatable levels in
untreated wastewater at the one plant sampled.
The Agency is excluding all of the above chemical products
in this subcategory under Paragraph 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) of
the Settlement Agreement because of low production resulting
in little or no discharge and thus insignificant discharges
of toxic and nonconventional pollutants.
60. Potassium Cyanide. There are only two plants producing this
chemical at present. One achieves zero discharge by total
recycle, and the second plant discharges process wastewater
to a POTW after treating for cyanide removal by alkaline
chlorination.
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a){iv) and 8(b), because the one discharger is required by
the POTW to utilize advanced treatment for pretreating
wastewater before discharge to the POTW.
61. Potassium Hypochlorate. This chemical is no longer produced
in the United States. The Agency is excluding this
subcategory under the provisions of Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii).
62. Potassium Nitrate and Sulfate. The potassium sulfate
subcategory was excluded in Phase I BAT development because
the promulgated BPT and BAT for the potassium sulfate
subcategory required that plants achieve no discharge of
process wastewater pollutants. There is one potassium
nitrate plant in the U.S. This plant is a direct
discharger.
479
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Because equal or more stringent effluent limitations have
been promulgated for potassium sulfate manufacturing, and
because there is only one potassium nitrate producer, the
Agency is excluding the potassium nitrate and sulfate
subcategory from further regulation development under the
provisions of Paragraphs 8(a)(i), and 8(a)(iv), and
63. Rare Earth Metals Salts. There are five known producers of
rare earth metal salts in the U.S. (Cerium or eerie salts
are discussed above in Subcategory No. 21). Three of the
five plants achieve zero discharge, and there is one direct
discharger and one indirect discharger in the subcategory
(7). The direct discharger produces less than 4.5 kkg per
year (<10,000 Ib/yr) and combines wastewater from many
chemical products together for treatment. The indirect
discharger produces rare earth metal salts from an ore
concentrate which contains thorium, which is an entirely
different process. That plant is required by the POTW to
control its discharge to the POTW. Thorium and related
materials that may be in the wastewater are source, by-
product, or special nuclear material, as these terms are
defined at 10 CFR 820.3(a), (3), (15), and (16). As such,
the wastewater discharges of these materials are controlled
by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. The Supreme Court
decided, in Train v. Colorado PIRG, 426 U.S.I (1976), that
these materials, at least when regulated by the NRC, are not
"pollutants" under the Clean Water Act.
Accordingly, the Agency is excluding this subcategory from
further regulatory development under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b).
64. Reagent Grade Chemicals. Reagent grade chemicals are a
particular grade or quality (purity) of chemical. The term
can apply to any chemical. All the individual chemical
products included within the inorganic chemicals
manufacturing point source category could be produced as a
reagent grade chemical. All of the regulations and
exclusions promulgated in Phase I, and all of the
regulations and exclusions promulgated in Phase II included
the production of each product (within a subcategory) in
reagent grade quality as well as other (lower purity)
grades. Hence, each reagent grade chemical has been
addressed separately as the individual chemical. Therefore,
the Agency is excluding this subcategory under the
provisions of Paragraph 8(a)(i) (for chemicals included
under regulated subcategories) and 8(a)(iv) (for chemicals
included under subcategories that have been excluded).
480
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65.
66,
68
69
70
71..
Salts of Rare Earth Metals.
to No. 63 above.
This subcategory is identical
Satin White Pigment. This chemical product is produced at
only one plant. Therefore the Agency is excluding this
subcategory under,Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
67. Siennas. (See Iron Oxide Pigments, No. 34-36).
Silica, Amorphous . There are seven plants in the
subcategory. Screening and verification sampling at three
of the seven plants found no toxic pollutants at treatable
levels at any of the three plants. Relevant data are
presented in Table 19-2g (Plants A, B and C) . This
subcategory is excluded under Paragraphs 8(a)(iii)/ 8(a)(iv)
and 8(b)(ii) ( low loading) .
Silica Gel. There are three plants in this subcategory.
Screening and verification sampling at one of these plants
found no treatable levels of toxic or nonconventional
pollutants in effluent from that plant. Relevant data are
presented in Table 19-2h. This subcategory is excluded
under Paragraphs 8(a)(iii), 8(a)(iv), and 8(b)(ii).
Silver Bromide. This chemical is produced in -very small
quantities for research or other highly specialized uses.
There is only one discharger in this subcategory. That one
plant discharges to a POTW. Minimal wastewater is expected
from such small production volumes and no significant
pollutant loads are anticipated. Therefore, the Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(i'v) and
8(b).
Silver Carbonate. This chemical is produced in very small
quantities for research or other highly specialized uses.
There is only one discharger in this subcategory. That one
plant discharges to a POTW. Minimal wastewater is expected
from such small production volumes and no significant
pollutant loads are anticipated. Therefore, the Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(lv) and
72. Silver Chloride. This chemical is produced in very small
quantities for research or other highly specialized uses.
There is only one discharger in this subcategory. That one
plant discharges to a POTW. Minimal wastewater is expected
from such small production volumes and no significant
pollutant loads are anticipated. Therefore, the Agency is
481
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excluding this subcategory
8(b).
under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
73. Silver Cyanide. There are two plants which manufacture this
chemical. Both plants discharge to a POTW. One plant's
discharge is less than 1.9 cubic meters per day (<500 gpd)
and treats the discharge with an advanced wastewater
treatment system for silver recovery and to comply with the
POTW's pretreatment requirements. The second plant treats
all process wastewater with a two stage ion-exchange system
for silver recovery, and to comply with the POTW's
pretreatment requirements. Since both plants must comply
with the POTW's pretreatment requirements, and since the
value of the recovered silver offsets most or all of the
cost of the treatment syterns, the plants are unlikely to
cease operating the treatment systems. Therefore, the
Agency is excluding the subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
74. Silver Iodide. This chemical is produced in very small
quantities for research or other highly specialized uses.
There is only one discharger in this subcategory. That one
plant discharges to a POTW. Minimal wastewater is expected
from such small production volumes and no significant
pollutant loads are anticipated. Therefore, the Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b).
75. Silver Nitrate. There are three plants in this subcategory.
Screening and verification sampling at the largest of these
plants found no toxic or nonconventional pollutants at
treatable levels in the treated wastewater from this
process. The wastewater discharged at that plant was in
compliance with existing BPT effluent limitations. PSES has
also been promulgated for this subcategory. 40 CFR 415.530
lists the applicable discharge limitations and standards for
the silver nitrate subcategory.
The Agency is excluding this subcategory from further
regulatory development under Paragraph 8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
76. Silver Oxide. There are currently two plants producing this
chemical. One is a direct discharger, and one is an
indirect discharger. The indirect discharger treats process
wastewater in a two-stage ion exchange system before
discharge to a POTW. The direct discharger produces only
research quantities of silver oxide (only 2 kg (4.4 lb.) in
1981). All wastewater from this process and other plant
process water is treated in a lime precipitation-alum
482
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coagulation treatment system before discharge.
wastewater volume discharged is negligible.
Process
The Agency is excluding this subdategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
Note: The Agency considered combining all the silver
product subcategories (No.'s 70 to 76) into a silver
compounds subcategory. However, silver nitrate is soluble
in water whereas the other six products are insoluble, so
that the production process, raw materials, expected
pollutants and unit flows are significantly different for
silver nitrate production compared to the other six
products. Therefore, the combined subcategory would have to
have two segments, which does not appear to provide
significant regulatory simplification. The Agency also
considered combining six products (No.'s 70, 71, 72, 73, 74,
and 76) into one subcategory. There are six plants which
manufacture one or more of those products, but only three
(one direct and two indirect) dischargers. The direct
discharger produces only a few pounds of silver compounds
each year, and consequently generates minimal wastewater.
That minimal wastewater is treated with an advanced level
treatment technology for silver recovery. The two indirect
dischargers use advanced level treatment systems for silver
recovery and to comply with the pretreatment requirements
established by the POTWs. Accordingly, the Agency has not
combined the silver products into a new silver comppounds
subcategory, because that new subcategory would also have
been excluded under Paragraph's 8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
77. Soda Alum. This subcategory has been addressed under the
' "Alums" Subcategory, No. 5.
78. Sodium Antimonate. This product is generated at only two
sites by a process releasing no wastewater. Therefore, the
Agency is excluding this subcategory from national effluent
limitations development under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
79. Sodium Compounds (Inorganic).
addressed elsewhere are:
Specific sodium compounds not
a. Sodium Molybdate - There are two plants producing this
chemical. One has no discharge, while the second
produces research quantities and is a direct
discharger. The total flow from the process at the
second facility is estimated to be less than 10,000
gallons per year. The second facility produces a large
483
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f.
number of different chemicals of many types on an
intermittent basis. All plant process wastewater is
treated in an advanced treatment system.
Sodium Perborate - There is one plant, a direct
discharger, producing this chemical.
Sodium Perchlorate - There are only two plants
producing this chemical and neither has a discharge.
Sodium Stannate - Three plants (two direct dischargers
and one indirect discharger) produce this chemical on a
specialty basis along with many other chemicals.
Production quantities at each plant are very low. The
total flow from all three plants is estimated to be
less than 10,000 gallons per year.
Sodium Thiocyanate - There are three plants producing
this chemical but none of the plants discharge process
wastewater.
Sodium Tungstate - There are two plants producing this
chemical, but one plant achieves no discharge of
process wastewater. The remaining plant discharges
less than 1.9 cubic meters per day (<500 gpd) of
process wastewater from this product.
The Agency is excluding the above chemical products under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) because the volume of
wastewater discharged is insignificant.
80. Sodium Cyanide. There are two plants producing this
chemical in the U.S. today. One plant achieves8 zero
discharge while the second plant discharges process
wastewater together with other process water through the
plant treatment system and then to a POTW. Alkaline
chlorination is used at this plant to destroy cyanide before
discharge. The discharge is treated in compliance with the
POTW's pretreatment requirements, consequently the plant is
unlikely to cease operating the treatment system.
The Agency is excluding this su.bcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b).
This plant is also the only potassium cyanide producer with
a discharge. Therefore, the Agency did not combine the
potassium cyanide and sodium cyanide subcategories, since
there is only one discharger.
484
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81 .
82
83,
84,
85.
Sodium Hvdrosulfite (Zinc Process). There is one plant
producing this chemical by the zinc process. This plant
achieves no discharge of process wastewater from this
product. Therefore, .this subcategory is excluded under
Paragraph 8(a)(iv).
Sodium Silicofluoride. This chemical is produced as a by-
product of wet process phosphoric acid production at six
fertilizer plants and by one plant which does not produce
wet process phosphoric acid. At phosphate fertilizer plants
there is no discharge of process wastewater from the
production of sodium silicofluoride. The one plant which
does not produce sodium silicofluoride as a by-product of
wet process phosphoric acid production uses a different
production process to manufacture sodium silicofluoride.
Thus there is only one discharger in this subcategory.
Therefore, the Agency is excluding
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
this subcategory under
Stannic and Stannous Chloride. There are three plants which
produce tin chlorides, but only two have a discharge. Both
are direct dischargers. Both plants produce the products
intermittantly at low production rates. The total discharge
is estimated to be less than 5,000 gallons per year.
Therefore, no significant pollutant loads are expected from
these sources, and the Agency is excluding this subcategory
under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
Strontium Carbonate. There are five plants which produce
strontium carbonate but only three plants have a discharge
of process wastewater (two direct dischargers and one
indirect discharger). Ail three dischargers also produce
barium carbonate and combine the wastewaters from both
products for treatment and discharge. One of the three
plants was sampled in Phase I and no toxic pollutants were
detected. Therefore, the Agency is excluding this
subcategory under the Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
Strontium Nitrate. There are four plants producing this
chemical. One of the producers achieves no discharge of
process wastewater. One of the two indirect dischargers
discharges to a POTW but the flow is low (less than 0.4
cubic meters per day (<100 gpd). The other indirect
discharger produces the chemical in small quantities and is
estimated to discharge less than 5,000 gallons per year to
POTW. The remaining plant is a direct discharger which also
produces the chemical in small quantities, with an estimated
discharge of about 5,000 gallons per year.
485
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The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
86. Sulfide and Sulfites. All specific sulfides and sulfites
are addressed elsewhere under the metal sulfide or sulfite
such as sodium hydrosulfite, sodium sulfite, barium sulfide,
sodium hydrosulfide. Regulations have been promulgated for
sodium sulfite; sodium hydrosulfite, barium sulfide, and
sodium hydrosulfide have been excluded. Therefore the
Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(i), 8(a)(iv) and 8{b)(ii).
87. Sulfocyanides (Thiocyanates). All sulfocyanides or
thiocyanates are addressed elsewhere (such as No. 59
(Potassium Thiocyanate) or No. 79(e) (Sodium Thiocyahate)).
There are no dischargers. Therefore, the Agency is
excluding the sulfocyanides (thiocyanates) subcategory under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
88. Sulfur (Recovered or Refined Including Sour Natural Gas).
This chemical is produced (a) at petroleum refineries from
crude petroleum, and (b) as part of the process of removing
hydrogen sulfide from sour natural gas. The national BAT
regulations for the Petroleum Refining Industry address the
total wastewater discharge from petroleum refineries,
including any wastewater from sulfur production (40 CFR
419). Accordingly, the Agency is excluding this segment of
the Sulfur subcategory under Paragraph 8(a)(i) because it is
regulated under another industrial category. There is no
wastewater discharge from the production of sulfur from sour
natural gas, and therefore the Agency is excluding this
segment under Paragraph 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
89. Sulfur Chloride. Specific sulfur chlorides considered were:
a. Sulfur Monochloride - There are three plants, but only
one has a discharge.
b. Sulfur Dichloride - There are two plants, but only one
has a discharge.
c. Thionyl Chloride - There are two plants, but only one
has a discharge.
d. Sulfuryl Chloride - There are only two plants, but only
one has a discharge.
The one discharger produces all four chemicals. Therefore,
the Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8
486
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(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) because there is only one discharger in
the subcategory.
90. Sulfur Hexafluoride. There are two plants in this
subcategory, one a direct discharger and the other does not
discharge from this process. The direct discharger has only
a small volume of process wastewater (1.5 cubic meters per
day (<400 gpd)).
The Agency is excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs
8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii) because there is only one discharger
in the subcategory.
91. Thiocyanates. (See Subcategory No. 59 (c), 79 (f) and 87).
92. Tin, Compounds. Most tin compounds not addressed elsewhere
are produced, if at all, only infrequently as low volume
special order or research products. The only tin compound
not addressed elsewhere which is produced in quantity is tin
fluoborate. There are four plants producing tin fluoborate.
However, only one plant has a discharge of 19 cubic meters
per year (5000 gallons per year). This flow is too
insignificant to justify developing a national regulation
and therefore the Agency is excluding this subcategory under
Paragraphs 8(a)(iv). and 8(b)(ii). Screening and
verification sampling data for the one discharger are
presented in Table 19-21.-.
93. Ultramarine Pigments. These substances are not produced in
the U.S. at present. Therefore, the Agency is excluding
this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
94. Umbers. This subcategory has been addressed under Iron
Oxides - see subcategory No. 34.
95. White Lead Pigments. The white lead pigments subcategory
includes the production of lead carbonate, lead silicate
(subcategory No. 40), and lead sulfate. There are three
plants producing any of these products, one of which is a
direct discharger and the other two are indirect
dischargers. Both indirect dischargers are required by the
POTWs to treat the wastewater before discharge to the POTWs.
One plant must comply with the POTW's limitation for lead of
0.5 mg/1 (long-term average). The second plant has
installed lime precipitation, clarification, and filtration
technology to comply with the other POTW's pretreatment
requirements. That technology is the technology the Agency
believes it would have used as the basis for any PSES (or
BAT) regulations. Since the plants are required by the
487
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POTWs to pretreat, the plants are unlikely to cease
operating the treatment technologies. Accordingly, a PSES
is not needed. Since there is only one direct discharger,
and both indirect dischargers must comply with pretreatment
requirements imposed by the POTWs, the Agency is excluding
the white lead pigments and lead silicate subcategories
under Paragraphs 8{a)(iv) and 8(b).
96. Whiting (Calcium Carbonate). Whiting is another name for
Calcium Carbonate. The promulgated guidelines for the
Calcium Carbonate Subcategory are at 40 CFR 415.300.
Calcium carbonate has been excluded from futher national BAT
regulation development in Phase I because no toxic
pollutants were found at treatable levels during screening
sampling. (See the Phase I Development Document, pg. 793.).
Therefore, the Agency is excluding this subcategory from
further national regulation development under the provisions
of Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and 8(b)(ii).
97. Zinc Sulfide, There are two plants in this subcategory, one
of which has no discharge. The single discharger makes many
specialty chemicals in small quantities primarily for
captive consumption. The discharge of zinc sulfide process
wastewater is less than 500 gallons per day. The Agency is
excluding this subcategory under Paragraphs 8(a)(iv) and
8(b)(ii) because there is only one discharging plant in the
subcategory.
Radioactive Materials
General. Ten of the subcategories in Phase II involve the
production of products which are radioactive. For convenience in
the regulatory review, these ten subcategories have been grouped
together. Those ten subcategories are:
98. Cobalt 60
99. Fissionable Materials
TOO. Isotopes, Radioactive
101. Luminous Compounds (Radium)
102. Nuclear Cores, Inorganic
103. Nuclear Fuel Reactor Cores,
Inorganic
104. Nuclear Fuel Scrap
Reprocessing
105. Radium Chloride
106. Radium Luminous Compounds
107. Uranium Slugs,
Radioactive
488
-------
In many cases two or more of the ten subcategories refer to the
same or similar products. To facilitate the Agency's review, the
similar subcategories were addressed together, as follows:
(a) Cobalt 60 and isotopes, radioactive, since cobalt 60 is
a radioactive'isotope.
(b) Luminous compounds (radium), radium chloride, and
radium luminous compounds, since all three
subcategories involve radium.
(c) Fissionable materials, nuclear cores (inorganic),
nuclear fuel reactor cores (inorganic), and uranium
slugs (radioactive), since all four subcategories refer
to the production of the fissionable uranium slugs used
in nuclear reactors.
(d) Nuclear fuel scrap reprocessing.
The rationale for the Agency's actions for
subcategories is presented below.
each group of
A. Cobalt 60 and other radioactive isotopes are produced in
nuclear reactors by inserting the non-radioactive precurser
(such as a non-radioactive isotope of cobalt) into the
reactor, where it is bombarded by neutrons released in the
reactor. The cobalt 60 (or other radioactive isotope)
produced is removed from the reactor and used as produced.
There is no water used in producing the radioactive isotopes
and no wastewater is generated or discharged. Therefore,
the Agency is excluding the cobalt 60 and isotopes,
radioactive subcategories from regulation under Paragraph
8(a)(iv) because there are no dischargers.
B. No radium chloride or radium luminous compounds (luminous
compounds, radium) are produced in this country nor have any
been produced for over 25 years. Hence, the Agency is
excluding the radium chloride, radium luminous compounds,
and luminous compounds, radium subcategories from regulation
under Paragraph 8(a)(iv) because there are no producers.
C. Fissionable materials production involves the production of
the uranium or uranium oxide slugs used as the fuel in
nuclear reactors. The fuel is loaded into the reactor in
rods. Since, strictly speaking, the nuclear core is an
assembly of fuel rods, moderators, and supporting elements,
and the assembling of the core is a construction process,
the Agency has interpreted the nuclear cores (inorganic),
and nuclear fuel reactor cores (inorganic) subcategories to
489
-------
D.
mean the production of the fissionable uranium slugs used in
the core fuel rods, as that is the only chemical process.
Fissionable materials (nuclear cores, nuclear fuel reactor
cores, uranium slugs) production is conducted in this
country only under license issued by the Nuclear Regulatory
Commission (NRC). The license controls all aspects of the
production of fissionable materials including wastewater
discharges. Any materials in the wastewater are source
material, by-product material, or special nuclear material,
as these terms are defined in the Atomic Energy Act of 1954,
as amended. The Supreme Court decided in Train v. Colorado
PIRG, 426 U.S.I. (1976) that these materials, at least when
regulated by the NRC, are not "pollutants" under the Clean
Water Act.
Spent nuclear fuel may be reprocessed to recover useful
fissionable materials that may remain in the spent fuel or,
in the case of plutonium 239, have been produced during the
"burn" cycle. All facilities engaged in this process
operate under licenses issued by the NRC. The licenses
control all aspects of the reprocessing, including
wastewater discharges. Any materials in the wastewater are
source material, by-product material, or special nuclear
material, as these terms are defined in the Atomic Energy
Act of 1954, as amended. The Supreme Court decided, in
Train v. Colorado PIRG, 426 U.S.I. (1976) that these
when
materials, at least when regulated
"pollutants" under the Clean Water Act.
by the NRC, are not
490
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NON-CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA
FOR SCREENING/VERFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2a, AMMONIUM
THIOSULFATE).
SUBCATEGORY: 10 - Ammonium Thiosulfate
Pollutant
Sb
As
. Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
SI
Ag
Tl
Zn
Ethyl benzene
Tolune
2,4 Dinitrophenol
4,6 Dinitro-o-cresol
Bis (2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
Thiosulfate
Plant A*
0. 88
0.004
0.008
0. 084
0.153
2.0
3.6
0.006
0.38
0.018
0.002
0.121
1.3
7300
0.019
0.021
0.351
0.054
0.033
23,000
Concentration (mg/1)
Plant B
0.32
0
0
0.016**
0.071
0.01
0.44
0
0
0
0
0.13
0
Not Analyzed
* Samples may have been contaminated by contact with sealing compound
on new floor. Total flow averaged 150 gallons per day.
** Two samples only. Analysis for cadmium in third sample erroneous, as
analysis of the blank for that sample showed high cadmium result.
491
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA
FOR SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2 b., BRINE CHEMICALS)
SUBCATEGORY: 18 - Brine Chemicals
Concentration (mg/1)
Pollutant
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
n
Zn
Plant A
0.003
0.0002
0.0002
0.057
0.091
0.13
0.079
0.0003
0.052
0.014
0.055
0.008
0.55
Flow averaged 700 gallons per day.
492
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA FOR
SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2 £, CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE)
SUBCATEGORY: 20 - Calcium Hypochlorite
Pollutant Plant A
Sb 0.1
As 0.004
Be 0.001
Cd 0.006
Cr 0.039
Cu 0.041
Pb 0.14
Hg 0.002
Ni 0.015
Se 0.004
Ag 0.0003
Tl 0.002
Zn 0.085.
Chloroform 0.090
Methylene Chloride 0.014
Dichlorobromomethane 0.025
Chlorodibromomethane 0.041
Plant B
4.1
0.002
0.011
0.15
0.11
0.17
0.27
0.01
0.6
0.007
0.014
1.1
0.37
0.17
1.1
ND
0.0007
493
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA FOR .
SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING .(Table 19-2 d^ CHLOROSULFONIC ACID),
Subcategory: 22 - Chlorosulfonic Acid
Concentration (mg/1)
Pollutant Plant A
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
Tl
Zn
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
Di-n-octyl phthalate
0.067
0.017
0.0011
0.0
0.0036
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.022
0.0
0.0
0.01
0.0067
0.017
0.014
0.011
494
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA
FOR SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING (TABLE 19-2
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA FOR
SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2 f_, IRON OXIDE PIGMENTS),
SUBCATEGORY: 34.35.36.48,67.94 - Iron Oxide Pigments
Pol 1utant
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
N1
Se
Ag
Tl
Zn
Fe
Methyl ene Chloride
Concentration (mg/1)
Plant A*
0.55
0.005
0.005
0.036
0.22
0.12
0.39
0.001
0.74
0.015
0.008
0.14
0.65
83
Not Analyzed
Plant B
0.13
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.038
0.018
0.13
0.003
0.21
0.009
0.044
0.084
0.015
Not Analyzed
0.015
Plant C**
0.02
0.045
0.04
0.04
9.3
* Treatment system not functioning optimally. Effluent not in compliance with
POTW's requirements.
** Long-term treatment system performance data.
496
-------
TABLE 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA
FOR SCREENING/VERFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2 _g_, SILICA, AMORPHOUS),
SUBCATEGORY: 68 - Silica,
Pollutant
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
Tl
Zn
Chloroform
Methyl ene Chloride
Methyl Chloride
Di chl orobromomethane
2,4 Dinitrophenol
Di-n-octyl phthalate
1,1,1 - Trichloroethane
Amorphous
Plant. A*
0.008
0.009
0.0005
0.011
0.09
0.018
0.01
0.002
0.17
0.007
0.007
0.003
0.16
0.192
0.065
0.548
0.015
0.064
0.012
ND
Plant B
0.075
0.025
0.002
0.011
0.017
0.011
0.10
0.003
0.037
0.046
0.0012
0.006
0.086
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Plant C
0.12
0.0025
0.005
0.016
0.015
0.013
0.20
0.001
0.12
0.015
0.01
0.007
0.031
ND
0.026
ND
0.028
ND
ND
0.086
* Toxic organic pollutants from organic chemical process at same site.
497
-------
Table 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA
FOR SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2 h^ SILICA GEL),
SUBCATEGORY: 69 - Silica Gel
Pol1utant
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Se
Ag
Tl
Zn
Chloroform
Methylene Chloride
Concentration (mg/1)
Plant A
0.067
0.023
0.002
0.005
0.024
0.024
0.030
0.0
0.038
0.35
0.015
0.12
0.048
0.040
0.015
498
-------
TABLE 19-2. SUMMARY OF TOXIC AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT DATA
FOR SCREENING/VERIFICATION SAMPLING (Table 19-2 1, TIN COMPOUNDS),
SUBCATEGORY: 92 - Tin Compounds (Tin Fluoborate)
Concentration (mg/1)
Pollutant Plant A
Sb
As
Be
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
N1
Se
Ag
n
Zn
Phenol
Butyl Benzyl
Phthalate
0.008
0.016
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.17
0.12
0.0005
0.22
0.005
0.0004
0.045
0.12
0.045
0.043
499
-------
SECTION 19
REFERENCES
10,
Office of Management and Budget, "Standard Industrial
Classification Manual," U.S. Government Printing Office,
1972.
SRI International, 1982 Directory of_ Chemical Producers,
United States of America, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo
Park, California.
Chemical Marketing Reporter, OPD Chemical Buyers Directory
-1983.
Calspan Corporation, Addendum B-l (Background Data) to
"Supplement for Pretreatment to Development Documents for
the Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source
Category," Calspan Report No. ND-5782-M-85, 17 March 1977
(Survey conducted in 1976).
Terlecky, P.M., and Frederick, V.R., "Status of the Excluded
Subcategories of the Inorganic Chemicals "Manufacturing
Industry - Phase II," Frontier Technical Associates, Inc.
Report No. FTA-82-E2/02, February 7, 1983.
Terlecky, P.M., Harty, D.M., and Bullerdiek, W.A., "Status
of the Radioactive Materials Subcategories of the Inorganic
Chemicals Manufacturing Industry - Phase II," Frontier
Technical Associates, Inc. Report No. FTA-82-E2/01, February
9, 1983.
Terlecky, P.M. and Frederick, V.R., "Discharge Status of
Rare Earth Metal Salts and White Lead Pigments
Subcategories," Memorandum from Frontier Technical
Associates to Dr. Thomas Fielding, USEPA, 11 January 1983.
Personal Communication: William Kirk, U.S. Bureau of Mines,
Washington, D.C. to D.M. Harty, Frontier Technical
Associates, Inc., November 30, 1982.
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1 (Metals and
Minerals), "Minor Metals" (1978-79).
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1 (Metals and
Minerals), "Minor Metals" (1977).
500
-------
11
12
13
14
15
16,
17
18
19
20
21
22
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1 (Metals and
Minerals), "Minor Metals" (1976).
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1 (Metals and
Minerals), "Minor Metals" (1975).
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1 (Metals and
Minerals), "Minor Metals" (1974).
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Minerals Yearbook, vol. 1 (Metals and
Minerals), "Minor Metals" (1973)..
Personal Communications R. Call is, EPA Eastern
Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery, AL to D.M.
Harty, Frontier Technical Associates, Inc., December 1,
1982.
Personal Communication: Mr. Dan Kaufman, Radium Chemical
Co., Woodside, NY to D.M. Harty, FTA, December 2, 1982.
Stinson, S.C., "Supply Problems Cloud Outlook for
Radioisotopes," Chemical and Engineering News, May 31, 1982.
Personal Communication: George Mayberry, Automation
Industries, Phoenixville, PA to D.M. Harty, FTA, December 6,
1982.
Personal Communication: Marvin Turkanis, Neutron Products,
Inc., Dickerson, MD to D.M. Harty, FTA, December 7, 1982.
.Personal Communication: Bob McNally, Technical Operations,
Inc., Boston, MA to D.M. Harty, FTA, December 7, 1982.
Personal Communication: X-ray Industries, Detroit, MI
D.M. Harty, FTA, December 7, 1982.
to
U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Facts and Problems, "Depleted
Uranium" by William S. Kirk, BUMINES Bull. 671, 1980, p.
997-1003.
501
-------
-------
Appendix A
Analysis of Long-Term Effluent Monitoring Data
Phase II
A-i
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
CADMIUM PIGMENTS AND SALTS
Plant F101
Plant F102
Plant F110
Plant F117
Plant F119
Plant F124
Plant F125
Plant F128
Plant F134
COBALT SALTS
Plant F117
Plant F118
Plant F119
Plant F124
Plant F139
COPPER SALTS
Plant E115
Plant F118
Plant F119
Plant F127
Plant F133
NICKEL SALTS
Plant F117
Plant F118
Plant F119
Plant F124
Plant F125
Plant F139
SODIUM CHLORATE
Plant F103
Plant F147
Plant F149
ZINC CHLORIDE
Plant F118
Plant F125
Plant F140
Plant F144
A-12
A-13
A-14
A-17
A-19
A-20
A-21
A-22
A-23
A-26
A-28
A-29
A-33
A-34
A-36
A-39
A-41
A-42
A-43
A-44
A-45
A-49
A-SI
A-52
A-53
A-56
A-5 7
A-58
A-
-------
Treatment Technology Abbreviations Used:
Eq = Equalization
Neut = Neutralization
Neut (2) = Two stage neutralization, if used in sequence
FL(m) = Filtration with multi-media
FL(s) = Filtration with sand filter
FL(p) = Filtration with filter press
FLCu) = Filtration-method unknown
CL = Clarifier
S = Sulfide addition
Sd - Sedimentation (basin, pond, lagoon)
RCL = Recycle
pH = pH adjustment
Floe = Flocculant addition
Act.
Sludge = Biological activated sludge
AR = Aeration
Cr-Red = Hexavalent chromium reduction
Pep = Alkaline precipitation
A- iii
-------
-------
CADMIUM PIGMENTS AND SALTS
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