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             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
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                                 3059

-------
PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  VI
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                      3060

-------
        PRIMARY  '.'• JNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                     TABLE VI-2

           TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 2.   acrolein
 3.   acrylonitrile
 5.   benzidine
 6.   carbon tetrachloride
 7.   chlorobenzene
 8.   Ir2,4-trichlorobenzene
 9.   hexachlorobenzene
12.   hexachloroethane
13.   1,1-dichloroethane
14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
16.   chloroethane
17.   DELETED
18.   bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
19.   2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
20.   2-chloronaphthalene
21.   2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22.   parachlorometa cresol
24.   2-chlorophenol
25.   1,2-dichlorobenzene
26.   1,3-dichlorobenzene
27.   1,4-dichlorobenzene
28.   3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
30.   1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31.   2,4-dichlorophenol
32.  1,2-dichloropropane
33.  1,3-dichloropropylene
34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
39.  fluoranthene
40.  4-chlorophenyl  phenyl  ether
41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
43.  bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
44.  methylene  chloride
45.  methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46.  methyl bromide  (bromomethane)
48.  dichlorobromomethane
49.  DELETED
50.  DELETED
52.  hexachlorobutadiene
53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
56.  nitrobenzene
 57.  2-nitrophenol
 58.  4-nitrophenol
 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
                          3063

-------
         PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                TABLE VI-2  (Continued)

            TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
 64.  pentachlorophenol
 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
 72.  benzo(a)anthracene
 74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthene
 83.  indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene
 88.  vinyl chloride
 89.  aldrin
 90.  dieldrin
 91.  chlordane
 92.  4,4'-DDT
 93.  4,4'-DDE
 94.  4,4'-DDD
 96.  beta-endosulfan
 97.  endosulfan sulfate
 98.  endrin
 99.  endrin aldehyde
100.  heptachlor
101.  heptachlor epoxide
102.  alpha-BHC
103.  beta-BHC
104.  gamma-BHC
105.  delta-BHC
113.  toxaphene
116.  asbestos
125.  selenium
129.  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                          3062

-------
                PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
                            SECTION VII


                 CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
 The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
 flows,   and  characteristics  of  the  wastewaters  from  primary
 tungsten  plants.    This section summarizes  the  description  of
 these wastewaters,indicates the treatment technologies which  are
 currently practiced in the primary tungsten subcategory for  each
 wastewater   stream  and  presents  the  control  and   treatment
 technology options  which were examined by the Agency for possible
 application to the  primary tungsten subcategory.

 CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

 Wastewater  associated with the primary tungsten  subcategory  is
 characterized  by the presence of  the toxic metal  pollutants  and
 suspended  solids.    This  analysis  is  supported  by  the   raw
 (untreated)   wastewater  data presented for specific  sources  as
 well as  combined  wastewater streams in  Section   V.   Generally,
 these pollutants are present .n\ each of the streams at  treatable
 concentrations,  so these wastewaters are commonly  combined  for
 treatment.   Construction of one wastewater  treatment  system  for
 combined  treatment allows plants  to take advantage  of  economic
 scale  and  in some instances to  combine  streams  of  different
 alkalinity  to reduce   treatment   chemical  requirements.    Four
 plants  in this subcategory currently have lime precipitation  and
 sedimentation   treatment.    Three  of these   plants  operate   this
 treatment on  combined  wastewater.   No  plants in the  subcategory
 currently operate  lime,  settle, and filter  treatment.   As   such,
 three options  have  been selected for  consideration for  BPT,   BAT,
 and   BDT,  and  pretreatment  based on  combined  treatment   of   these
 compatible waste streams.

 TUNGSTIC  ACID  RINSE  WATER

 Tungstic  acid  is   prepared  by leaching  ore  concentrates   with
 hydrochloric   acid and  then  rinsing  the  insoluble   tungsten   acid
 with  water.  The two plants using  this process practice  lime   and
 settle  treatment  to precipitate metals  before  discharging   the
 rinse  water.   A  third plant which  produces  a   tungsten   acid
 intermediate  by reacting HC1 with sodium   tungstate  neutralizes
 the rinse water along with other wastes and then coagulates   with
 polymers and practices  sedimentation.

ACID LEACH WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Plants that acid leach use wet scrubbing systems for the  control
of  hydrochloric  acid  fumes.   One plant discharges this  acidic
wastewater  after  lime  and  settle  treatment  while  a  second
 recycles the entire stream for use as tungsten acid  rinse water
                               3063

-------
                PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


 ALKALI LEACH WASH

 The four plants which use an alkali ore leaching process, such as
 caustic digestion or a soda autoclave,  generate a waste from the
 decant washing of the sodium tungstate intermediate.  None of the
 plants discharge this waste stream.  Two plants have reduced this
 flow  to zero by filtering the insoluble impurities and  using  a
 combination  of  evaporation and recycle.   Two plants  discharge
 this  and  all other wastes to a settling pond  where  the  water
 either evaporates or percolates into the ground.

 MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE PRECIPITATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Two plants use wet air pollution scrubbers on precipitation steps
 that remove molybdenum impurities from sodium tungstate solution.
 Neither  plant discharges this wastewater.   Both plants  recycle
 the  spent  scrubber  liquor back to the process to  recover  any
 tungsten captured.

 ION-EXCHANGE RAFFINATE (COMMINGLED AND NOT COMMINGLED WITH  OTHER
 PROCESS AND NONPROCESS STREAMS)

 When  a  liquid ion-exchange process is used  to  convert  sodium
 tungstate to ammonium tungstate,  a raffinate stream is  generated.
 Of  the  four plants which utilize this process,  one  is  a   zero
 discharge plant because it pumps  all of its wastes,  including the
 ion-exchange  raffinate,   to  a settling  pond  where   the  water
 evaporates.     Two   plants,   direct  dischargers,    treat   this
 wastewater  with a lime and settle process;  one  of   these plants
 also  adds polymer as a coagulant.   The third plant   recycles  50
 percent of its wash water and  discharges  the remainder  along  with
 the raffinate to an evaporation pond.

 CALCIUM TUNGSTATE PRECIPITATION WASH

 Calcium  tungstate,   also referred  to  as  synthetic scheelite,  is
 precipitated  when  sodium tungstate crystals  are  dissolved  and
 then  reacted with calcium chloride  solution.   The  precipitated
 crystals   are allowed to  settle,  and  the waste  sodium   chloride
 supernatant   can   be   decanted  or the   precipitate   recovered  by
 filtration.    Some plants  also  wash  the precipitate.   Of the six
 plants  which precipitate  calcium tungstate,  two have   achieved
 zero discharge status.    These  plants discharge all the wastes to
 settling  ponds.   Three plants treat this wash water.    Two  use
 lime and settle,  and  the  third adds coagulation with polymers to
 a   lime and  settle treatment.   The  sixth plant  discharges  this
 waste without treatment.

 CRYSTALLIZATION AND DRYING OF AMMONIUM PARATUNGSTATE

Ammonium  paratungstate 'crystals are precipitated from a  mother
 liquor  which will contain ammonia and  possibly  tungsten.   For
 this  reason,  three plants completely recycle and reprocess  the
filtrate  after  recovering  the ammonia for  reuse.   One  plant
currently discharges the mother liquor to central lime and settle


                               3064

-------
               PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                     SECT - VII
treatment.  If heating is used to dry the crystals, a baghouse is
used to contain particulates while the water vapor is  evaporated
to  the  atmosphere.  A fifth plant recycles and reuses  some  of.
this  scrubber  water, but discharges the majority of  it  to  an
evaporation pond.
AMMONIUM
CONTROL
PARATUNGSTATE  CONVERSION TO OXIDES WET  AIR  POLLUTION
When ammonium paratungstate (APT) is converted to tungsten oxides
(WOX),  ammonia  is  evolved.    Most plants use a  wet  scrubbing
system  to  contain the fumes,  and some use an ammonia  recovery
system.   Of the six plants which reported using this process and
generating a waste stream, one has reduced the flow to zero. This
is  accomplished  by recycle to a cooling tower  and  reuse.  The
following treatment schemes are currently in place in the rest of
the subcategory:

     1.  No treatment of scrubber water, direct discharge - one
         plant;

     2.  No treatment of scrubber water, indirect discharge - two
         plants;

     3.  Lime and settle treatment of scrubber water with polymer
         addition; and

     4.  Off-gases run through bubbling tank, fine particles
         of tungsten material settle out, overflow from settling
         tanks is indirectly discharged - one plant.

AMMONIUM PARATUNGSTATE CONVERSION TO OXIDES WATER OF FORMATION

The conversion of APT to oxides generates water of formation.  In
some  plants this water is recondensed in the APT  conversion  to
oxides  scrubber  system.   Two plants condense this water  in  a
recovery  system for the reduction furnace atmospheric gas.   One
plant collects the water in drums and has it contract hauled. The
other plant evaporates.100 percent to the atmosphere.

REDUCTION TO TUNGSTEN WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Tungsten  oxides  (WOX) are reduced to tungsten metal  in  rotary
reduction furnaces,  usually under a hydrogen atmosphere.   Seven
plants report using a wet scrubbing system to control particulate
emissions from these furnaces.   The following treatment  schemes
are currently in place:

     1.  No treatment of scrubber water, direct discharge - one
         plant;

     2.  No treatment of scrubber water, indirect discharge - two
         plants;

     3.  Lime and settle treatment with polymer addition - one
                               3065

-------
                 PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
          plant;

       4.  100  percent  recycle  with  cooling  tower  -  two plants; and

       5.  100  percent  recycle  with  holding  tank - one plant.

 REDUCTION TO  TUNGSTEN WATER OF FORMATION

 Plants  that   reduce  oxides  to tungsten  metal   in  a  hydrogen
 atmosphere  may generate a water of formation as   generalized  by
 the following reaction:

      WOX + H2 -> W +  H2O

 The following treatment schemes are currently in place:

      1.  No treatment, direct discharger - three plants;

      2.  No treatment, indirect discharger - one plant;

      3.  100 percent  evaporation or reuse - one plant;  and

      4.  Settle in sump, tungsten solids returned to furnace,
          indirect discharger - one plant.

 TUNGSTEN POWDER LEACH AND WASH

 Two plants  leach the tungsten powder product with acid  to produce
 a  higher purity product.    The wastewater consists of  spent acid
 and wash water.   One plant neutralizes this wastewater with soda
 ash, settles the solids  for drying and recycle,  and discharges  to
 a POTW.  The other plant  discharges this  waste  stream  to a  POTW
'without treatment.

 CONTROL AND  TREATMENT OPTIONS

 The 'Agency   examined three   control   and   treatment   technology
 options  between proposal  and  promulgation  that are applicable to
 the primary  tungsten subcategory.    The   options   selected for
 evaluation   represent  a  combination of in-process flow  reduction,
 preliminary  treatment  technologies  applicable to  individual  waste
 streams,     and  end-of-pipe   treatment    technologies.     The
 effectiveness   of these  technologies is presented in Section VII
 of  Vol.  I.

 Examination  of the  raw wastewater data does not show any  arsenic
 or   selenium at or above treatable  concentrations.   Also,   these
 pollutants   are not   characteristic of the  raw  materials  and
 processing agents used in this subcategory.  Therefore, Option D,
 which  includes activated aluminum adsorption,  was  not considered
 as  an appropriate treatment technology for this subcategory.

 OPTION A

 Option  A  for  the primary tungsten subcategory requires  control
                               3066

-------
               PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


and treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of  wastewater
volume and pollutant mass.

The  Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology.   Specifically,  lime or some other
alkaline  compound  is used to precipitate toxic  metal  ions  as
metal  hydroxides.   The  metal hydroxides and  suspended  solids
settle  out  and the sludge is collected.   Vacuum filtration  is
used to dewater sludge.

Preliminary  treatment consisting of ammonia steam stripping  for
waste  streams containing treatable concentrations of ammonia  is
also  included  in Option A.   Steam stripping  is  an  efficient
method  for reducing the ammonia concentrations,  as well as  for
recovering  ammonia  as  a  by-product.    Steam  stripping  also
prevents  the  transfer of ammonia to the air.

Oil  skimming  is added as a preliminary step to 'remove  oil  and
grease  from calcium tungstate (synthetic scheelite)  precipitate
wash.

OPTION B

Option  B  for the primary tungsten subcategory consists  of  the
Option   A  (ammonia  steam   stripping,   oil   skimming,   lime
precipitation  and  sedimentation)  treatment  scheme  plus  flow
reduction  techniques  to  reduce  the  discharge  of  wastewater
volume..   In-process  changes  which allow for water recycle  and
reuse are the principal control mechanisms for flow reduction.

OPTION C

Option  C  for the primary tungsten subcategory consists  of  all
control  and treatment requirements of Option B (in-process  flow
reduction,   ammonia   steam  stripping,   oil   skimming,   lime
precipitation  and  sedimentation)  plus  multimedia   filtration
technology  added  at the end of the Option B  treatment  scheme.
Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove  suspended   solids,
including  precipitates  of  metals,  beyond  the   concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid sand filters or pressure  filters  would  perform
satisfactorily.  The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.

LIMITATIONS TO TREATMENT OPTIONS

Streams  with  sulfate  concentrations exceeding  1000  mg/1  may
interfere  with  stream  stripping performance  by  plugging  the
stripper  column.   This  may  necessitate more  frequent  column
cleaning  and  downtime  than  the  Agency  anticipated  in   the
promulgated  rule.   As  a result,  the  treatment  effectiveness
concentrations for ammonia presented in Section VII of Vol. I may
not  be  achievable  for the high sulfate waste  streams  in  the


                               3067

-------
                PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


 primary tungsten subcategory.   The only wastewater stream in  the
 primary  tungsten subcategory which is expected to have the  high
 sulfate  concentration  is  the  ion  exchange  raffinate.     The
 ramifications  of  this  are  discussed in  Section  10  of  this
 document.

 CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS REJECTED

 Two  additional  control and treatment  options  were  considered
 prior  to  proposing effluent limitations for  this  subcategory.
 Activated  carbon  adsorption technology is not  necessary   since
 toxic organic pollutants are not limited in this subcategory (see
 discussion  on  regulated  pollutant parameters  in  Section  X).
 Reverse  osmosis  technology  was  rejected  because  it is  not
 demonstrated in the nonferrous metals manufacturing category,  nor
 is it clearly transferable.

 OPTION E

 Option E for the primary tungsten subcategory consists of  Option
 C  (in-process  flow  reduction,  ammonia  steam  stripping,  oil
 skimming, lime precipitation and sedimentation)  with the addition
 of granular activated carbon technology at the end of the  Option
 C treatment scheme.   The activated carbon process is utilized   to
"control the discharge of toxic organics.

 OPTION P

 Option  F for the primary tungsten subcategory consists of  all of
 the  control and treatment requirements of Option  C  (in-process
 flow  reduction,  ammonia  steam stripping,   oil  skimming,  lime
 precipitation   and   sedimentation)   plus  reverse  osmosis    and
 multiple-effect  evaporation technology added at the end of  the
 Option  C treatment  scheme.  Reverse osmosis  is  provided for  the
 complete  recycle of   the  treated   water by  controlling    the
 concentration  of dissolved  solids  concentrations.    Multiple-
 effect  evaporation   is  used  to  dewater  brines  rejected  from
 reverse osmosis.
                               3068

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          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                         SECT - VIII
                           SECTION VIII

           COSTSr ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This  section  describes  the method used to  develop  the  costs
associated with the control and treatment technologies of Options
A, B, and C discussed in Section VII for wastewaters from primary
          plants.   Plant-by-plant  compliance  costs  for  these
          were  revised  following  proposal.   These   revisions
           incremental costs, above treatment already  in  place,
            to  comply  with  these  effluent   limitations   and
            The energy requirements of the considered options  as
          solid  waste,  and  air  pollution  aspects  are   also
tungsten
options
calculate
necessary
standards.
well  as
discussed.
TREATMENT OPTIONS COSTED FOR EXISTING SOURCES

Three treatment options have been considered for existing primary
tungsten   sources.   The  options  are  summarized   below   and
schematically  presented in Figures X-l through X-3 (pages  3119-
3121).                                                          "

OPTION A

Option   A  consists  of  preliminary  ammonia  steam   stripping
treatment  and lime precipitation and  sedimentation  end-of-pipe
technology.   Oil  skimming  is added as a  preliminary  step  to
remove   oil  and  grease  from  calcium   tungstate   (synthetic
scheelite) precipitate wash.
                                                        measures,
                                                       treatment,
                                                      technology.
OPTION B

Option   B  consists  of  in-process  flow  reduction
preliminary  ammonia steam stripping and oil skimming
and lime precipitation and sedimentation end-of-pipe
The in-process flow reduction measure consists of the recycle  of
acid  leach  scrubber water, APT conversion  to  oxides  scrubber
water,  and reduction to  tungsten scrubber water through  holding
tanks.

OPTION C

Option  C  requires  the  in-process flow  reduction  measures  of
Option  B,  preliminary ammonia steam stripping and oil  skimming
treatment,  and   end-of-pipe  treatment technology consisting  of
lime precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.

Cost Methodology

A  detailed  discussion  of  the  methodology  and   the    major
assumptions used  to develop the compliance costs is presented  in
Section  VIII  of Vol.  I. However, each  subcategory  contains  'a
unique  set  of   waste  streams  requiring  certain  subcategory-
                                3069

-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


specific  assumptions  to develop compliance  costs.   Six  major
assumptions  are  discussed briefly below. A  comparison  of  the
costs developed for proposal and the revised costs for the  final
regulation are presented in Tables VIII-1 and VIII-2 (page  3073)
for the direct and indirect dischargers,  respectively.
     (1)  For  ammonia steam stripping, the design value  for  pH
          is  11.5  and  the  design  effluent  concentration  of
          ammonia is 32.0 mg/1.

     (2)  Ammonia  steam  stripping requirements may  exceed  the
          excess  steam generation capacity at any  given  plant.
          Therefore,  a steam generation unit is included in  the
          steam stripping costs.

     (3)  The lime dosage to the  ammonia steam stripping  process
          is  based on the influent pH and the  concentration  of
          ammonia.

     (4)  Costs  for plants discharging less than 50 gallons  per
          week  of  total flow are based on contract  hauling  of
          the entire discharge.

     (5)  Costs  for ammonia removal for streams with flow  rates
          below  50  liters  per   hour (none  of  which   are  air
          pollution streams)  are  estimated using an air  stripping
          system.    Ammonia  steam stripping  is  not considered
          feasible  due to insufficient hydraulic loading in  the
          stripping column (given the minimum column diameter  of
          2    feet  used  in  cost  estimation).    The   chemical
          precipitation  tank  is  used for   the  air  stripping
          operation.  Chemical precipitation is always operated in
          the  "low  flow" batch  treatment mode  with a  five  day
          holdup  due  to the low flow rate .  An air  sparger  is
          incorporated  into   the reactor  tank.  The  influent  is
         .sparged   while  the tank fills with  wastewater,   i.e.,
          over   the  entire  five day holdup period.   A   hood  is
          placed  over  the  tank to  capture  any  ammonia-laden
          vapors.

          Direct  capital   costs  for  the  ammonia  air   stripping
          system  include   a   blower,  a  sparger   system,  and  a
          ventilation  hood.   Direct  annual  costs are  assumed  to
          consist   solely   of  blower   operation   and maintenance
          costs.    These  are   assumed  to  be   5   percent  of   the
          blower capital cost.

    (6)  Recycle   of   air  pollution  control scrubber  liquor   is
         based  on recycle through holding  tanks.   Annual  costs
         associated   with  maintenance  and  sludge   disposal  are
          included  in   the  estimated compliance   costs.   If  a
         plant  currently  recycles  scrubber  liquor,   capital
         costs  of   the recycle  equipment   (piping  and  holding


                               3070

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          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
          tanks) were not included in the compliance costs.

NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Nonwater  quality  impacts  specific  to  the  primary   tungsten
subcategory,  including energy requirements, solid waste and  air
pollution are discussed below.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

The methodology used for determining the energy requirements  for
the  various options is discussed in Section VIII of the  General
Development Document.  Energy requirements for the three  options
considered  are  estimated at 6.32 mwh/yr, 5.48 mwh/yr  and  5.55
mwh/yr  for  Options A, B, and C respectively.  Option  B  energy
requirements decrease over those for Option A because less  water
is  being treated, thus saving energy costs for lime  and  settle
treatment.  Option C represents roughly one percent of a  typical
plant's  electrical  usage.  It is therefore concluded  that  the
energy requirements of the treatment options considered will have
no significant impact on total plant energy consumption.   Option
C,  which  includes filtration, is estimated to  increase  energy
consumption over Option B by approximately 1 percent.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge  generated  in the primary tungsten subcategory is due  to
the precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates using  lime.
Sludges  associated  with the primary tungsten  subcategory  will
necessarily contain additional quantities (and concentrations) of
toxic metal pollutants.  Wastes generated by primary smelters and
refiners  are currently exempt from regulation by Act of Congress
(Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Section 3001(b)),
as  interpreted  by EPA.  Consequently,  sludges  generated  from
treating primary industries' wastewater are not presently subject
to regulation as hazardous wastes.  If a small excess (5-10%)  of
lime is added during treatment, the Agency does not believe these
sludges would be identified as hazardous under RCRA in any  case.
(Compliance costs include this amount of lime.)

Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result  of  these  guidelines are not expected to  be  hazardous,
generators  of these wastes must test the waste to  determine  if
the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).

If  these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet  containerization,
labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
                               3071

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          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
or  disposal  facility.  See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142  (May  19,
1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,  1980).   The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
delivered to a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December  31,  1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities   allowed to  receive
such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12,  1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, • they still
must  be  disposed  of in compliance with  the  Subtitle  D  open
dumping  standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA.  See 44  FR  53438
(September  13, 1979).  The Agency has calculated as part of  the
costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and  disposing
of  these  wastes.   For more details, see Section  VIII  of  the
General Development Document.  EPA estimates that  implementation
of lime, settle, and filter technology will produce approximately
1,212  tons per year-of sludge at 20 percent  solids.  Multimedia
filtration  technology will not result in any significant  amount
of sludge over that generated from lime precipitation.

AIR POLLUTION

There  is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems  will  result  from  implementation  of  ammonia   steam
stripping, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and  multimedia
filtration.   These  technologies transfer  pollutants  to  solid
waste and are not likely to transfer pollutants to air.

At   three  primary  tungsten  plants,  streams  with   treatable
concentrations  of  ammonia having flows less than 50  1/hr  were
treated  with  air stripping for design and  cost  determination.
None  of  the waste streams were air pollution  control  streams.
The  air stripping is accomplished by aeration and  agitation  in
the   chemical  precipitation  batch  tank,  which   includes   a
ventilation  hood.   Air  stripping  is  not  a  model  treatment
technology  because  it  simply transfers the  ammonia  from  one
medium  to  another, whereas steam stripping allows  for  ammonia
recovery, and if desired, reuse.  Air stripping was used in  cost
estimation  instead of steam stripping because at such low  flow,
continuous   operation  of  steam  strippers  is  not   feasible.
Therefore,  the  treatable  concentration for  ammonia  would  be
difficult  to  attain.  The Agency does not  believe  that  under
these circumstances (low flow, non-air pollution control streams)
that air stripping will create an air quality problem.
                               3072

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          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


                          TABLE VIII-1

     COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                       DIRECT DISCHARGERS

                      (March, 1982 Dollars)

             Proposal Costs               Promulgation Costs
Option  Capital Cost   Annual Cost    Capital Cost  Annual Cost
A
B
C
0
458000
608000
0
74800
262000
619000
647000
773000
1008000
943000
1008000
                          TABLE VII1-2

     COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                        INDIRECT DISCHARGERS

                      (March, 1982 Dollars)

             Proposal Costs              Promulgation Costs
Option  Capital Cost  Annual Cost    Capital Cost   Annual Cost
A
B
C
575000
777000
538000
272000
302000
447000
529000
504000
568000
485000
407000
445000
                               3073

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PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
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                    3074

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
                            SECTION IX

                BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
                        CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This  section  defines  the effluent  characteristics  attainable
through  the application of best practicable  control  technology
currently available (BPT).  BPT reflects the existing performance
by  plants  of various sizes, ages, and  manufacturing  processes
within   the  primary  tungsten  subcategory,  as  well  as   the
established   performance   of  the  recommended   BPT   systems.
Particular  consideration  is given to the treatment  already  in
place at plants within the data base.

The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total  cost
of  applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits  from  such  application,  the  age  of  equipment   and
facilities  involved, the manufacturing processes used,  nonwater
quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
and  other factors the Administrator considers  appropriate.   In
general,  the  BPT level represents the average of  the  existing
performances  of  plants of various ages,  sizes,  processes,  or
other  common  characteristics.  Where  existing  performance  is
uniformly  inadequate,  BPT may be transferred from  a  different
subcategory  or  category.  Limitations  based  on  transfer   of
technology  are  supported  by a rationale  concluding  that  the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable  prediction
that  it  will be capable of achieving  the  prescribed  effluent
limits (see Tanner's Council of America v. Train, 540 F.2d  1188)
(4th  Cir.  1976).  BPT focuses on end-of-pipe  treatment  rather
than  process  changes or internal controls,  except  where  such
practices are common industry practice.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT

The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes  used,  the wastewaters generated,  and  the  treatment
processes  installed.   Information was collected  from  industry
using  data  collection  portfolios,  and  specific  plants  were
sampled and the wastewaters analyzed.  Some of the factors  which
must be considered in establishing effluent limitations based  on
BPT  have  already  been discussed.  The  age  of  equipment  and
facilities,  processes  used, and raw materials were  taken  into
account  in subcategorization and subdivision and  are  discussed
fully  in  Section  IV.   Nonwater  quality  impacts  and  energy
requirements are considered in Section VIII.

The  primary  tungsten subcategory has been  subdivided  into  14
potential  wastewater  sources.  Since the water  use,  discharge
rates, and pollutant characteristics of each of these wastewaters
is potentially unique, effluent limitations will be developed for
each of these building blocks.
                               3075

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         PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  IX


 For  each of the subdivisions,  a specific approach was   followed
 for  the  development of  BPT mass limitations.   To  account   for
 production  and flow variability from plant to  plant,  a  unit  of
 production   or  production  normalizing  parameter    (PNP)    was
 determined  for each waste stream which could then be  related  to
 the  flow from the process to determine a  production  normalized
 flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is  discussed
 in  Section  IV.  Each process within the  subcategory  was  then
 analyzed   to  determine  whether  or  not  operations    included
 generated  wastewater,  specific flow rates  generated,   and   the
 specific  production  normalized flows for  each  process.   This
 analysis  is  discussed   in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
 wastewater  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
 is not considered in the analysis.

 Normalized  flows were analyzed to determine which flow was to be
 used as part of the basis for BPT mass limitations.  The  selected
 flow  (sometimes  referred  to as a BPT regulatory  flow  or  BPT
 discharge flow) reflects the water use controls which are  common
 practices within the industry.   The BPT normalized flow is  based
 on  the average of all applicable data.   Plants  with  normalized
 flows above the average may have to implement some method of flow
 reduction  to achieve the BPT limitations.   In most  cases,  this
 will_involve-improving housekeeping practices, better maintenance
 to limit water leakage,  or reducing excess  flow by turning down a
 flow  valve.   It is not  believed that these  modifications  would
 incur any costs for the  plants.

 For the development of effluent  limitations,   mass loadings  were
 calculated  for  each wastewater  source or   subdivision.   This
 calculation  was  made  on a  stream-by-stream  basis,  primarily
 because  plants in this  category may perform  one or more   of  the
 operations   in   various   combinations.    The    mass    loadings
 (milligrams   of pollutant per metric ton of   production   unit   -
 mg/kkg)   were  calculated by multiplying  the BPT   normalized  flow
 (1/kkg) .by the  treatability concentration using  the BPT treatment
 system   (mg/1)  for  each  pollutant parameter to be  limited  under
 BPT.

 The Agency usually  establishes wastewater limitations in  terms  of
 mass  rather than concentration.   This  approach prevents  the use
 of  dilution as a treatment method  (except for   controlling pH).
 The production  normalized  wastewater  flow  (1/kkg)  is   a link
 between  the production  operations and the effluent  limitations.
 The pollutant  discharge  attributable to each operation   can   be
 calculated  from  the normalized flow and effluent,,,...concentration
 achievable  by the  treatment technology and summed'-•'to  derive   an
 appropriate limitation for each subcategory.
                                rti *
 BPT  effluent  limitations  are  based  on  the'', average   of  the
 discharge flow rates for' each source; consequently, the treatment
 technologies  which are currently used by the lowest'' dischargers
will  be the treatment technologies most likely required to  meet
BPT  limitations.  Section VII discusses  the  various  treatment
 technologies  which  are currently in place for  each  wastewater


                               3076

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
source.   In  most  cases,   the  current  treatment  technologies
consist  of  chemical precipitation and sedimentation  (lime  and
settle  technology)  and a  combination of reuse  and  recycle  to
reduce  flow.   Ammonia  steam  stripping  is  added  to  streams
containing treatable concentrations of ammonia.  Oil skimming  is
added to remove oil and grease from calcium tungstate  (synthetic
scheelite) wash.  Consequently, the typical BPT treatment  scheme
will consist of ammonia steam stripping (if needed), oil skimming
(if needed), chemical precipitation, and sedimentation.  This  BPT
treatment scheme is presented schematically in Figure IX-1  (page
3097).

The  overall  effectiveness  of  end-of-pipe  treatment   for  the
removal  of wastewater pollutants is improved by the  application
of  water flow controls within the process to limit the  volume of
wastewater  requiring  treatment.   The  controls  or  in-process
technologies  recommended under BPT include only  those   measures
which  are  commonly practiced within the subcategory  and  which
reduce  flows  to  meet the production normalized flow  for  each
operation.

In making technical assessments of data,  reviewing manufacturing
processes, and assessing wastewater treatment technology options,
both  indirect and direct dischargers have been considered  as  a
single  group.   An  examination of plants and processes did  not
indicate any process differences based on the type of  discharge,
whether it be direct or indirect.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

In  balancing  costs in relation to pollutant removal  estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing  discharges,  the
volume  and  nature of discharges expected after  application  of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost  and  economic  impacts of the  required  pollution  control
level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality  problems  attributable  to particular point  sources  or
industries,  or  water quality improvements in  particular  water
quality  bodies.  Accordingly,  water quality considerations were
not  the basis for selecting the proposed BPT.  See  Weyerhaeuser
Company v. Costle,  590 F.2d 1011 (D.C. Cir. 1978).

The  methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates  and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X.  The  pollutant
removal  estimates  have been revised since  proposal  based  on
comments  and  on  new data.  Table X-2  (page  3109)  shows  the
pollutant   removal   estimates  for   each   treatment    option.
Compliance  costs for direct dischargers are presented  in  Table
VIII-1 (page 3073).

BPT OPTION SELECTION

The  technology  basis  for  the BPT  limitations  is  Option  A,.
chemical  precipitation  and sedimentation technology  to  remove
metals  and solids from combined wastewaters and to  control  pH,
                               3077

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  IX


ammonia steam  stripping preliminary treatment to  remove   ammonia,
and  oil skimming preliminary  treatment  to  remove oil  and  grease
(if necessary).  The promulgated  technology is  equivalent to  the
proposed  technology, with  the exception of oil  skimming.    Lime
and  settle technology is currently demonstrated  at  three of  the
four  direct   discharging plants  in this subcategory.    The  BPT
treatment scheme is presented  in  Figure  IX-l(page 3088).

Ammonia steam  stripping is  demonstrated  in  the  nonferrous  metals
manufacturing  category,   including three primary  tungsten plants.
As  discussed  in detail  in Section VII  of  Vol. I,   EPA   believes
that  performance  data   from  the iron   and  steel   manufacturing
category provide a valid  measure  of this technology's  performance
on  nonferrous metals manufacturing category  wastewater   because
raw wastewater concentrations  of  ammonia are  of the  same  order of
magnitude in the respective raw wastewater  matrices.

Chemical  analysis  data  were  collected  of  raw  waste  (treatment
influent)  and treated waste (treatment  effluent) from one   coke
plant of the iron and steel manufacturing category.  A contractor
for  EPA,  using EPA sampling  and  chemical   analysis  protocols,
collected data paired samples  in a two-month  period.   These   data
are  the data  base for determining the effectiveness   of   ammonia
steam   stripping  technology   and  are   contained   within    the
administrative  record   supporting  this    document.    Ammonia
treatment  at  this coke  plant  consisted of two   steam stripping
columns  in  series with  steam injected  countercurrently   to   the
flow  of  the  wastewater.   A lime  reactor  for  pH  adjustment
separated the  two stripping columns.

The  raw  untreated  wastewater, samples  from  the  coke   facility
contained ammonia concentrations of 599,  226, 819, 502, 984,  and
797 mg/1.  The raw untreated wastewater  from  the primary  tungsten
subcategory  contained treatable ammonia  concentrations   ranging
from 134 to 1,790 mg/1.

The iron and steel data are supported by ammonia steam  stripping
performance  data from a well-operated zirconiunv-hafnium plant in
the nonferrous metals manufacturing category.   The long-term mean
and variability of the data collected in a one year period  agree
with  the coke plant data.

As discussed in Section VII of this document,  steam stripping may
not   achieve  the  treatment  effectiveness  concentrations  for
ammonia  for the ion exchange raffinate  if this  stream  contains
high   concentrations   of  sulfates.     Sulfate   concentrations
exceeding   1000   mg/1  may  interfere  with   steam   stripping
performance  by  plugging  the  stripper  column,    resulting  in
frequent  cleaning and downtime.   As  a result of the  litigation
settlement,    EPA   has  proposed  suspending,   under   limited
circumstances,   the airimbnia treatment  effectiveness concentration
value  for  the ion-exchange  raffinate  building  block.    These
circumstances  are:    (a)   where  the   influent  (called  "mother
liquor")   to or effluent   (called "raffinate")  from  this  process
contains  sulfates at concentrations exceeding 1000  mg/1   ("high


                               3078

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


sulfate  influent  or  effluent"); (b)  where  the  high  sulfate
influent  or effluent is treated by ammonia steam stripping;  and
(c)  where  this high sulfate raffinate or mother liquor  is  not
commingled  with  other wastestreams before treatment  for  steam
stripping for ammonia removal.

In the event a plant satisfies these conditions, mass limitations
will be established on a Best Professional Judgment ("BPJ") basis
by  a permit writer pursuant to 40 CFR 125.3(c){2) and (3)  using
the  regulatory  flows  used as the  basis  for  the  promulgated
effluent limitation guidelines and standards established in  this
proceeding  and  treatment  effectiveness  concentration   values
determined by the permit writer.

Oil  skimming  is  added to remove oil and  grease  from  calcium
tungstate  (synthetic scheelite) precipitate wash.  Although  oil
and grease is not limited under this regulation, oil skimming  is
needed  for BPT to ensure proper metals removal.  Oil and  grease
interfere  with  the chemical addition and  mixing  required  for
chemical precipitation treatment.

Implementation  of the promulgated BPT limitations will remove an
estimated 4,800 kg/yr of toxic metals,  141,000 kg/yr of ammonia,
and  50,300  kg/yr  of TSS from  raw  wastewater.   EPA  projects
$115,000  (March,  1982  dollars) in capital costs  and  $168,000
(March,   1982  dollars)  in  annual  costs  for  achieving   the
promulgated  BPT.   These  costs represent  wastewater  treatment
equipme.nt not in place.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based  on
the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
from  analysis  of  dcp.  The discharge rate  is  used  with  the
achievable  treatment  concentrations to determine  BPT  effluent
limitations.  Since the discharge rate may be different for  each
wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
for  each  of the 14 wastewater sources are discussed  below  and
summarized  in Table IX-1 (page 3088).  The discharge  rates  are
normalized  on  a  production basis by  relating  the  amount  of
wastewater  generated  to the mass of  the  intermediate  product
which is produced by the process associated with the waste stream
in  question.  As a result of the litigation settlement,  EPA  is
proposing  to  modify the production basis  for  determining  the
amount of pollutant which may be discharged to the amount of  the
element tungsten produced or processed.  As discussed in  Section
V,  in the final regulation, EPA used the chemical salt  form  of
tungsten  which was believed appropriate for the processing  step
or  building block being regulated.  However, petitioners  stated
that  the chemical formulas were incorrect and confusing.   Using
the  element  tungsten  produced or  processed  as  a  production
normalizing  parameter rather than a chemical compound makes  the
production basis clear and unambiguous.  This change will  affect.
all  of the building blocks except for 8421.102(i)  through  (k),
8421.103(i)  through  (k), S421.104(i) through   (k),  S421.105(i)


                               3079

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SU3CATEGORY     SECT  -  IX


 through (k), and  @106(i)  through  (k),  which were already  based  on
 the  amount  of elemental tungsten  produced.    This   change   will
 affect the regulatory  flows  for these  building  blocks,  which  are
 based on  the production normalizing parameter.  These  production
 normalizing parameters, or PNPs,  are also  listed in  Table IX-1.

 After proposal,   EPA became  aware of nine  primary  tungsten plants
 which   were   not  previously  included  in    the   subcategory.
 Wastewater  flow- rates and  production data were   solicited   from
 these  plants through  dcp.   Some  data  from plants  already in  the
 Agency's  data base were  updated  and revised  because of  comments
 received  concerning the  proposed regulation.   This information
 was  collected by telephone  contacts.  The  new data were  used  to
 revise    production    normalized  flow  rates  and   recalculate
 regulatory flow allowances where  appropriate.

 Section   V of this document  further describes the  discharge   flow
 rates  and  presents the  water use  and discharge flow  rates  for
 each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-ll (pages 2989-
 2996).

 TUNGSTIC  ACID RINSE WATER

 The  BPT  wastewater discharge rate  at  proposal for tungstic   acid
 rinse  water was  47,600 1/kkg (11,400  gal/ton) of  tungstic   acid
 produced.   This  rate  was allocated only for  those   plants  which
 acid leach ore concentrates  and then rinse the insoluble  tungstic
 acid  with  water.  Two plants leached ore concentrates   in   this
 manner and generated 57,600  and 37,600 1/kkg  of wastewater.

 A third plant generated a tungstic  acid rinse water  from  an   acid
 leaching  step,   but   this   production normalized  flow  was   much
 larger  than  the  other  flows in this subdivision   and   was  not
 included  in the calculations.   This stream was considered unique
 because an alkali leaching product,  not ore  concentrates,   were
 leached,  and  the  tungstic acid  produced was  more   thoroughly
 rinsed  and  dried  in  preparation for  sale  as  a  by-product.
 Consequently, .the BPT flows at proposal were based  on data   from
 the  first two plants while  the third  one mentioned  above  should
 be considered unique and  regulated  on  a  case-by-case basis.

 The  BPT wastewater discharge rate  at  promulgation   for   tungstic
 acid  rinse  was  30,190 1/kkg (7,240 gal/ton)   of  tungstic   acid
 produced.   After proposal, plant  9014  updated its flow  for   this
 waste  stream by submitting  a revised  dcp.  The revised   flow  is
 2,780  1/kkg.  The  two   other  plants  have  not  changed  their
processes.  Consequently,  the BPT flow  is based on the average of
 the  discharge  from plants  9011 and 9014.  As a  result  of  the
change  in  production normalizing parameter  in  the  litigation
settlement,   the  final BPT  wastewater discharge rate  is  41,030
1/kkg  (9,839 gal/ton)  of tungstic acid  (as W)  produced.   Water
use  and  wastewater discharge rates are presented in  Table  V-l
 (page 2989).
                               3080

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
ACID LEACH WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  BPT  wastewater discharge rate at proposal  for  acid  leach
scrubber water was 37,700 1/kkg (9,040 gal/ton) of tungstic  acid
produced.   This rate was allocated only for those  plants  which
acid  leach  ore concentrates and use a wet scrubbing  system  to
control the fumes.  Two plants which treated ore concentrates  in
this  manner  use  water for emission  control.   Water  use_ and
wastewater discharge rates are presented in the proposed  primary
tungsten  supplement.  One plant reported a once-through flow  of
37,700   1/kkg  while  the  second  reported  no  generation   of
wastewater  due  to  total recycle.   Extensive  recycle  may  be
possible  for  this  stream,  but  zero  discharge  may  not   be
technically  feasible unless a recycle system controls  dissolved
solids  build-up,  the wastewater is evaporated, or  there  is  a
production  operation  which can accept the  quality  of  treated
wastewater.  Some of these zero discharge possibilities are  site
specific  and,  hence,  may not apply to all  plants.   For  this
reason,  the  BPT  flow at proposal was  based  on  the  non-zero
discharger flows only, and in this case, there was only one  non-
zero discharger.

The BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation for acid  leach'
wet  air  pollution control was 26,350 1/kkg (6,319  gal/ton)  of
tungstic acid produced.  Plant 9014 reuses  its scrubber water  as
tungstic  acid  rinse water.  At proposal the  Agency  considered
this  zero  discharge  and  did  not  include  the  flow  in  the
calculation  of  the regulatory allowance.  However,  the  Agency
believes  this  reuse practice is site specific  and  should  not
preclude  the use of this scrubber data in  the calculation  of  a
flow allowance.  The acid leach scrubber flow allowance is  based
on the  scrubber water use, not the discharge.  Therefore, the BPT
flow  is the average production normalized  water use at  the  two
plants.   As a  result of the change in the  final PNPs, the  final
BPT wastewater  discharge rate is 35,810 1/kkg  (8,587 gal/ton)  of
tungstic acid  (as W) produced.  Water use and discharge rates for
this stream are shown in Table V-2  (page 2989).

ALKALI  LEACH WASH

The BPT wastewater  discharge rate at proposal for  alkali   leach
wash  was  46,700   1/kkg  (11,200  gal/ton)  of  sodium  tungstate
produced.  It   was   the average of  two  plants  generating   this
wastewater.  This rate was allocated only  for  those plants  which
use an alkaline   leaching  step  to  process  ore  concentrates
followed by a  filtering or wash/decant step.  Of the four  plants
which alkali leach,  only two reported generating a wastewater, at
rates   of  10,700 1/kkg and  82,600 1/kkg.   The two  plants   which
report   zero   discharge  from the alkali leaching  step  were   not
considered  in  the   regulatory  flow  since   zero  discharge  is
feasible   in only a  few .site-specific applications  as  explained
above.

No wastewater  discharge allowance  for alkali  leach wash  will  be
provided   for   the   promulgated BPT.   New data  received   by  the
                                3081

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         PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 Agency show that one of the four plants with this waste stream at
 proposal no longer practices alkali leaching while another  plant
 added  to  the data base after  proposal reports  generating  this
 wastewater.  Water use and discharge rates are presented in Table
 V-3 (page 2990).  Analysis of the data shows that all  four  plants
 with  this stream evaporate this wastewater by either   artificial
 means or evaporation ponds.   Since zero discharge of alkali leach
 wash  is practiced at all four  plants, no discharge allowance  is
 necessary.

 ALKALI LEACH WASH CONDENSATE

 As   a  result  of data provided after the  promulgation  of  this
 regulation,  EPA has proposed a BPT discharge allowance based  on
 a  wastewater discharge rate for alkali leach wash condensate  of
 19,180 1/kkg (4,599 gal/ton)  of sodium tungstate  (as W)  produced.
 This  flow  is  based on the flow rate at the  sole plant  which
 provided data.

 MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE PRECIPITATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 No   BPT  wastewater  discharge  allowance  will be provided  for
 molybdenum sulfide precipitation wet air pollution control.    Two
 plants added to the subcategory since proposal report  the  use  of
 wet  scrubbing  systems to control hydrogen sulfide fumes   evolved
 during   precipitation  of  molybdenum  impurities from    sodium
 tungstate solution.   Therefore,  the Agency added  this  subdivision
 to   the subcategory for promulgation.   Water  use   and   production
 data  submitted  were incomplete for both plants;   however,   both
 plants  completely reuse this wastewater in the primary tungsten
 process.   Since this practice is demonstrated in  both   plants  in
 the  subcategory  with this  waste stream,  no   flow allowance  is
 necessary.

 ION-EXCHANGE RAFFINATE (COMMINGLED AND NOT COMMINGLED  WITH  OTHER
 PROCESS AND NONPROCESS STREAMS)

 The  BPT wastewater  discharge rate at  proposal  for  ion-exchange
 raffinate was  51,200  1/kkg (12,300  gal/ton) of ammonium tungstate
 produced.   This  rate  was  allocated only to those  plants which use
 a   liquid  ion-exchange process.   The  two plants   operating   ion-
 exchange   processes   at proposal  generated raffinate   streams at
 flows  of  29,800  1/kkg and 72,500  1/kkg.   Water use  and  wastewater
 discharge  rates  are  presented  in the  proposed  primary  tungsten
 supplement.     These   values  were   averaged   to   calculate    the
 regulatory   flow.   The  plant which  generated  the  72,500 1/kkg of
 wastewater   is   a  zero  discharge  plant,  but this  flow  was   still
 included   in  the  calculation since  its  ability to  achieve   zero
 discharge   through  an   end-of-pipe   treatment  (evaporation   and
 percolation  from  a  settling pond)  is  site-specific.

 The  BPT  wastewater discharge allowance  at promulgation for   ion-
 exchange  raffinate was  50,707 1/kkg  (12,160 gal/ton) of  ammonium
 tungstate produced.   The  two plants with  this stream at  proposal
updated their flows and production.  Two  other plants were  added


                               3082

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


to  the data base because of new data submittals.  Water use  and
discharge rates are presented in Table V-4 (page 2990).  The  BPT
flow  is  based on the average discharge from three of  the  four
plants.  One plant was not used in the average because  its  data
were collected during plant startup and reflected extremely  high
water  use.   The Agency does not believe this plant's  data  are
representative of a normal operating ion-exchange process.  As  a
result  of  the change in production  normalizing  parameter  the
final  BPT  wastewater  discharge rate is  88,480  1/kkg  (21,220
gal/ton) of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced.

CALCIUM TUNGSTATE PRECIPITATE WASH

The  BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  at  proposal  for  calcium
tungstate  precipitate wash was 37,200 1/kkg (8,920  gal/ton)  of
calcium  tungstate  produced.  This rate was  allocated  only  to
those  plants which precipitate calcium tungstate from  a  sodium
tungstate  solution by adding calcium chloride.  The filtrate  or
rinses of the precipitate make up this wastewater.  At  proposal,
all  four  plants  which  precipitate  calcium  tungstate  report
generating  a wastewater, although the data was  insufficient  to
quantify  the  flow from one plant.  The BPT flow  rate  was  the
average  of the remaining three flows, which ranged  from  21,000
1/kkg to 65,800 1/kkg.  The plant inside this range was  actually
a  zero  discharge plant, but its flow generation rate  is  still
used  in calculation since its ability to achieve zero  discharge
status is site-specific.

The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at promulgation was 47,140
1/kkg (11,305 gal/ton) of calcium tungstate produced.  Data  were
collected  from  the  plant that reported  insufficient  data  at
proposal.   Two additional plants were included based on new  dcp
submittals.   The  data from one of these plants  (#  9030)  were
collected during plant startup and reflected extremely high water
use.   The Agency does not believe these data are  representative
of  a  normal operating ion-exchange process.  The  BPT  flow  is
based  on the average of five plants excluding plant 9030.  As  a
result  of  the change in production .normalizing  parameter  the
final  BPT  wastewater  discharge rate is  73,810  1/kkg  (17,700
gal/ton)  of  calcium tungstate (as W) produced.  Water  use  and
discharge rates are presented in Table V-5 (page 2991).

CRYSTALLIZATION AND DRYING OP AMMONIUM PARATUNGSTATE

No   BPT   wastewater  discharge  rate  was  provided   for   the
crystallization and drying of ammonium paratungstate at proposal.
Of  the  four plants which crystallized and then  dried  ammonium
paratungstate,  three were direct dischargers which  had  reduced
the  flow  of this wastewater to zero through  a  combination  of
reuse  and recycle.  The fourth plant was a zero discharge  plant
which  pumped  its  wastes to a settling  pond.   Water  use  and
discharge  rates are presented in the proposed  primary  tungsten
supplement.  Since the plants in this category  demonstrated  the
ability  to  reduce  the  flow of this stream  to  zero,  it  was
considered  appropriate  that the BPT regulatory flow  should  be


                               3083

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
zero,
No BPT wastewater discharge rate is provided for promulgation  of
the  crystallization and drying of ammonium paratungstate stream.
One  plant  was  added  to  the data base  based  on  a  new  dcp
subraittal.   This plant achieves 100 percent reuse of  the  water
using  a  settling  pond.  Three plants  achieve  zero  discharge
through   combinations   of  ammonia   recovery,   recycle,   and
evaporation.   The fifth plant practices partial evaporation  and
has an ammonia recovery system which is currently not  operating.
Since  the plants with this stream have demonstrated the  ability
or  have  the  capacity  to  reduce  the  flow  to  zero,  it  is
appropriate that the BPT regulatory flow be zero.  The water  use
and discharge rates are presented in Table V-6  (page 2992).

AMMONIUM  PARATUNGSTATE  CONVERSION TO OXIDES WET  AIR  POLLUTION
CONTROL

The  BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate at  proposal  for  the  APT
conversion  to  oxides step was 20,900 1/kkg (5,010  gal/ton)  of
"blue"  oxide   (WO3) produced.  This rate was allocated  only  to
those plants which calcined APT to drive off ammonia and  produce
tungsten  oxides   (assumed to be WO3).  Most plants  used  a  wet
scrubbing  system to contain the fumes, and some used an  ammonia
recovery  system.   Of the six plants which reported  using  this
process  and generating a waste stream, two reduced this flow  to
zero  through   combinations of recycle, reuse,  and  evaporation.
These two plants were not considered in the BPT flow calculations
since  zero  discharge was feasible in only a   few  site-specific
applications.   Water  use  and wastewater  discharge  rates  are
presented in the proposed primary tungsten supplement.  The  flow
rates  from the four direct and indirect dischargers  which  were
averaged  to develop the production normalized BPT flow  allowance
range from 7,430 1/kkg to 36,800 1/kkg.

The  BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  at  promulgation  for  APT
conversion  to  oxides wet air pollution control was 21,900  1/kkg
 (5,252 qal/ton) of tungstic oxide  (W03) produced.  Since proposal
the  Agency  has determined that the wastewater reported   at  two
plants for  this stream is actually APT conversion to oxide water
of  formation.   A separate building block was  created   for  this
wastewater   (see   below).  Two additional  plants  were   included
based on  new dcp submittals.   Since  recycle of  this wastewater  is
not  currently  practiced,  the BPT  rate  is based on   the   average
discharge from  the five  plants discharging from this process.   As
a  result of the change  in production  normalizing parameter,  the
 final  BPT  wastewater   discharge  rate   is   27,620  1/kkg   (6,623
aal/ton)   of   tungstic   oxide   (as W)  produced.  Water   use  and
discharge rates are presented  in Table V-7  (page  2993).

AMMONIUM  PARATUNGSTATE CONVERSION  TO OXIDES WATER OP  FORMATION

The  BPT   wastewater   discharge   rate  at  promulgation  for  APT
 conversio-  to  oxides  water  of  formation  was  50  1/kkg  (12  gal/ton)
 of  tungstic oxide (WO3)  produced.   As a result of  the  change   in
                                3084

-------
     PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SDBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - IX
production  normalizing parameter in the  litigation  settlement,
the  final BPT wastewater discharge rate. is 63 1/kkg (15  gal/ton)
of tungstic oxide (as W) produced.
                 ssss wii -SSSH.
         all of the water. Since complete evaporation
                               s
                     2:
                                                 may  be

                                                     -s
 Table V-8 (page 2994).

 REDUCTION TO TUNGSTEN WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
             produce tungsten metal in this manner  used  a
demonstrated
technically  feasible unless a -__^	. „«.-,=
«arSf-""SST!2Saaa:--a

^™S€4S£-^K
teChniflLs^aItS8o!500tl/kkg1anda65?900Cl/kkg? were averaged.
     BPT wastewater discharge  rate at promulgation ^r  reduction
            wet air pollution controls   ?°'802.._3:/kk|dd^'3^
 The
  ?h?ee plants practice 100 percent recycle of this wastewater. all
  three of ?hesl plants are extremely high water users and all  are

  avrage flow  f the other dischargers.  The Agency believes there
                                             S 2
                            3085

-------
         PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 discharge rates are presented in Table V-9 (page 2995).

 REDUCTION TO TUNGSTEN WATER OF FORMATION

 The  BPT  wastewater  discharge rate at  proposal  for  water  of
 formation from the reduction of tungsten oxides was 19,400  1/kkg
 (4,650 gal/ton) of tungsten produced.  Of the seven plants  which
 reduce  tungsten  oxides  to  tungsten  metal,  only  two  report
 wastewaters  that  are  not associated  with  wet  air  pollution
 control devices or noncontact cooling.  Water use and  wastewater
 discharge  rates are presented in the proposed  primary  tungsten
 supplement.  Water of formation is generated when WOX is  reduced
 to  tungsten metal in a hydrogen atmosphere.   The BPT  wastewater
 discharge  rate  was based on the discharge rate of  one  of  the
 plants.   The other plant did not discharge this  wastewater  and
 was not considered in calculating the discharge allowance.

 The  BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation for  reduction
 to  tungsten  water of formation is 489 1/kkg  (117  gal/ton)   of
 tungsten metal produced.   This allowance is based on updated data
 received after proposal from several different plants rather than
 the one used at proposal.   Plant 9010, on which the proposed  BPT
 flow  was based, revised its flow but did not provide  production
 data,  which does not allow use of the new data.   Data from   three
 new plants  and  one existing plant were  received  through  dcp
 submittals and telephone contacts.   The BPT flow is based on  the
 average water of formation generated at these four  plants.   Water
 use and discharge rates are presented in Table V-10 (page 2996).

 In  plants  which  use  wet  scrubbing  systems,   this  water   of
 formation  is  most  likely vaporized  upon  formation  and   then
 recondensed  in the scrubber system.   Consequently,   plants  with
 wet scrubbing systems on  their reduction furnaces do not report a
 separate water of formation waste stream.   For  this  reason,  this
 BPT flow  rate should be  allocated only to  those   plants   which
 reduce  oxides  to  metal,  but do not use   a  wet   air   pollution
 control system.

 TUNGSTEN POWDER ACID LEACH AND WASH

 The BPT wastewater  discharge  rate  at  promulgation   for   tungsten
 powder   acid   leach   and wash  is  2,400   1/kkg   (576   gal/ton)   of
 tungsten produced.    This   waste stream was  not  considered   at
 proposal. Through  a  new dcp submittal  and telephone  contacts,  the
 Agency   determined that two plants  in  the   subcategory   generated
 wastewater  from  leaching  tungsten powders with acid.    The   BPT
 flow  is  based  on  the average discharge from  the   two  plants.
 Table V-ll  (page 2996) presents water use and discharge  rates  for
 this stream.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The  raw wastewater concentrations from  individual operations and
 the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.   This  examination   and


                               3086

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


evaluation  was presented in Section VI of the  proposed  primary
tungsten  supplement.   A total of six  pollutants  or  pollutant
parameters  were selected for limitation under proposed  BPT  and
are listed below:

     122.  lead
     125.  selenium
     128.  zinc
           ammonia      .
           TSS
           pH

Analytical  data gathered since proposal at two primary  tungsten
plants  have  demonstrated  that  selenium  is  not  found  on  a
subcategory-wide  basis.  Therefore, selenium is eliminated as  a
control  parameter.   Based  on the  evaluation  and  examination
presented  in  Section  VI of this document,  the  pollutants  or
pollutant  parameters selected for limitation  under  promulgated
BPT are:

     122.  lead
     128.  zinc
           ammonia
           TSS
           pH

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The  treatable  concentrations achievable by application  of  the
promulgated  BPT  are  discussed in Section VII  of  Vol.  I  and
summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 248).  With the  exception
of ammonia, these treatable concentrations  (both one day  maximum
and monthly average  values) are multiplied by the BPT normalized
discharge flows summarized in Table IX-1 to calculate the mass of
pollutants  allowed  to be discharged per mass of  product.   The
results  of  these calculations in milligrams  of  pollutant  per
kilogram  of product represent the BPT effluent  limitations  and
are presented  in Table IX-2  (page 3090) for each individual waste
stream.
                                3087

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                  SECT - IX
                            TABLE IX-1

              BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Tungstic Acid
  Rinse Water
 BPT Normalized
 Discharge Rate
1/kkg    gal/ton
41,030    9,839
               Production
               Normalizing
                Parameter

              Tungstic acid
              (as W)  produced
Acid Leach Wet Air
  Pollution Control

Alkali Leach
  Wash

Alkali Leach Wash
  Condensate

Ion-Exchange
  Raffinate
  (commingled
   and not
   commingled
   with other
   process and
   nonprocess
   streams)

Calcium Tungstate
  Precipitate Wash

Crystallization
  and Drying of
  Ammonium Para-
  tungstate

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Water
  of Formation
35,810    8,587
19,180    4,599
88,480   21,220
73,810


     0




27,620
    63
17,700


     0




 6,623
    15
              Tungstic acid
              (as W)  produced

              Sodium tungstate
              (as W)  produced

              Sodium Tungstate
              (as W)  produced

              Ammonium tungstate
              (as W)  produced
Calcium tungstate
(as W) produced

Ammonium paratung-
state (as W)
produced
Tungstic oxide
(as W) produced
Tungstic oxide
      produced
                               3088

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                  SECT - IX
                      TABLE IX-1 (Continued)

              BPT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Reduction to
  Tungsten
  Air Pollu-
  tion Control

Reduction to
  Tungsten
  Water of
  Formation

Tungsten Powder Acid
  Leach and Wash

Molybdenum Sulfide
  Precipitation Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control
 BPT Normalized
 Discharge Rate
1/kkg    gal/ton

30,802    7,387




   489      117




 2,400      576
 Production
Normalizing
 Parameter

Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced

Tungsten metal
produced
                                3089

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                   SECT - IX
                           TABLE IX-2

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Tungstic Acid Rinse  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                    10.270
                    13.280
                    17.230
                    57.970
                    12.380
                    61.890
                    59.900
                 5,469.000
                 1,682.000
           4.529
           5.434
           8.205
          38.340
           5.132
          27.470
          25.030
       2,404.000
         800.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(b)  Acid Leach Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W) produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH Within the
8.959
11.590
15.040
50.590
10.800
54.020
52.280
4,773.000
1,468.000
range of 7.0 to 10.0
3.953
4.743
7.162
33.470
4.480
23.980
21.840
2,098.000
698.300
at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3090

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATBGORY
                                       SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(c) Alkali Leach Wash  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                 Maximum  for
                                 Any One  Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
                   mg/kg  of  sodium tungstate  (as W)  produced
                   Ibs/million Ibs of  sodium  tungstate  (as W)
                   produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
at all times
 (d)  Alkali Leach Wash Condensate  BPT
                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
    Metric Units - mg/kg of sodium tungstate  (as W) produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of sodium  tungstate  (as W)
                   produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 *Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as  N)
 *TSS
 *pH
                                          8.057
                        3.837
                                         28.011          11.700
                                      2,557.000       1,124.000
                                        786.200         374.100
                   Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3091

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SDBCATEGORY
                      SECT - IX
                      TABLE  IX-2  (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT  LIMITATIONS  FOR  THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
 (e)   Ion-Exchange Raffinate  (commingled with other  Process
      or Nonprocess waters)   BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
                                                   Maximum  for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Metric Units
  English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
produced
                       17.240
                       22.310
                       37.160
                       97.360
                       20.790
                      103.900
                      129.200
                   11,790.000
                    3,627.000
                                                          7.606
                                                          9.127
                                                         17.700
                                                         64.400
                                                          8.620
                                                         46.140
                                                         53.970
                                                      5,185.000
                                                      1,726.000
 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(f)  Ion-Exchange Raffinate £ Not Commingled with other Process
     or Nonprocess waters)  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced
  English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
                  produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                                         37.160
                                       17.700
                                        192.200          53.970
                                     11,790.000       5,185.000
                                      3,627.000       1,726.000
                   Withiji the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3092

-------
        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(g)  Calcium Tungstate Precipitate Wash  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
mg/kg of calcium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of calcium tungstate (as W)
produced
                      16.030
                      20.740
                      31.000
                      90.510
                      19.330
                      96.640
                     107.800
                   9,838.000
                   3,026.000
         7.071
         8.485
        14.760
        59.870
         8.014
        42.900
        45.020
     4,325.000
     1,439.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (h)  Crystallization and Drying of Ammonium Paratungstate  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
 Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium paratungstate (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium paratungstate
                    (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
Within  the  range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all  times
 (i)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Wet Air
          Pollution Control   BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
                               3093

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - IX
     Metric Units
    English Units
 mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
 Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide  (as W)
 produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
7.446
9.636
11.600
42.050
8.979
44.900
40.320
3,681.000
1,132.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
3.285
3.942
5.523
27.810
3.723
19.930
16.850
1,618.000
538.500
at all times
(j)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Water of
     Formation   BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
                    produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       0.017
                       0.022
                       0.026
                       0.096
                       0.021
                       0.103
                       0.092
                       8.398
                       2.583
         0.008
         0.009
         0.013
         0.064
         0.009
         0.046
         0.038
         3.692
         1.229
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
                               3094

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(k)  Reduction to Tungsten Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                      10.470
                      13.550
                      12.940
                      59.140
                      12.630
                      63.140
                      44.970
                   4,106.000
                   1,263.000
         4.620
         5.544
         6.161
        39.120
         5.236
        28.030
        18.790
     1,805.000
       600.700
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(1)  Reduction to Tungsten Water of Formation  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal reduced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal reduced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       0.166
                       0.215
                       0.205
                       0.939
                       0.200
                       1.002
                       0.714
                      65.190
                      20.050
         0.073
         0.088
         0.098
         0.621
         0.083
         0.445
         0.298
         28.660
         9.536
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                               3095

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        PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(m)  Tungsten Powder Acid Leach and Wash   BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
           Maximum for
         Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       0,
                       1,
                       1,
                       4,
   ,816
   ,056
   ,008
   ,608
  0.984
  4.920
  3.504
319.900
 98.400
  0.360
  0.432
  0.480
  3.048
  0.408
  2.184
  1.464
140.700
 46.800
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(n)  Molybdenum Sulfide Precipitation Wet Air Pollution
     Control  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
           Maximum for
         Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
        English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal
                        produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
    000
    000
    000
    000
    000
                  0
                  0
                  0
                  0
                  0
                  0.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3096

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r
                       PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  IX
                                                                   2 -5
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                                                                                   Q.

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                                             3097

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PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
       THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                      3098

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            PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
                            SECTION X

        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE

These BAT effluent limitations are based on the best control  and
treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
industrial  category or subcategory, or by another category  from
which  it  is  transferable. Emphasis  is  placed  on  additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount ofi water  used
and   discharged,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology.
optimization.

The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
economically  achievable (BAT) include the age of  equipment  and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes,  nonwater
quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements),
and  the costs of application of such technology. BAT  represents
the  best available technology economically achievable at  Plants
of various ages, sizes, processes, or other characteristics.  BAT
may  be transferred from a different subcategory or category.  BAT
may  include feasible process changes or  internal controls,  even
when not in common industry practice.

The  required  assessment of  BAT considers costs,  but   does  not
require  a balancing of costs  against effluent  reduction  benefits
 (S£ Weyerhaeuser  v. Costle, 590  F.2d  1011  (D.C.   Cir.   1978)).
However,  in   assessing  BAT,  the Agency has  given substantial
weight  to the  economic achievability of  the technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

The  Agency  reviewed a  wide range of   technology   optj^3  and
 evaluated   the  available possibilities  to ensure that   the most
 effective   and beneficial  technologies were used as  the  basis   of
 BAT.   To   accomplish this,   the Agency  examined five  technology
 options  prior  to   proposing mass  limitations   which   could   be
 applied  to the primary  tungsten subcategory  as  alternatives   for
 the   basis  of BAT effluent  limitations and which would   represent
 substantial  progress  toward reduction of pollutant  discharges
 over  and  beyond  progress  achieved by  BPT.   Three   of  these
 treatment  technologies   were re-evaluated between  proposal  and
 promulgation.

 The  treatment  technologies considered for  BAT  are  summarized
 below:
 Option A (Figure X-l page 3119) is based ons
      o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
      o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
         (where required)
      o  Lime precipitation and sedimentation
                                3099

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            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


Option B (Figure X-2 page 3120) is based on:

     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
        (where required)
     o  Lime precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of acid leach, ammonium
        paratungstate conversion to oxides, and reduction to
        tungsten scrubber liquor

Option C (Figure X-3 page 3121) is based on:

     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
        (where required)
     o  Lime precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of acid leach, ammonium
        paratungstate conversion to oxides, and reduction to
        tungsten scrubber liquor
     o  Multimedia filtration

The  three  options  examined for BAT are  discussed  in  greater
detail  on  the  following pages.   The first  option  considered
(Option  A)  is  the  same  as  the  BPT  treatment  and  control
technology which was presented in the previous section.  The last
two  options  each  represent  substantial  progress  toward  the
reduction  of pollutant discharges above and beyond the  progress
achievable by BPT.

OPTION A

Option  A for the primary tungsten subcategory is  equivalent  to
the  control  and treatment technologies which were analyzed  for
BPT  in  Section  IX  (see  Figure  X-l).   The  BPT  end-of-pipe
treatment  scheme includes lime precipitation and  sedimentation,
with ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of wastewaters
containing  treatable concentrations of ammonia and oil  skimming
preliminary  treatment  (if required).  Oil skimming is  added  to
remove   oil  and  grease  from  calcium   tungstate   (synthetic
scheelite)  precipitate  wash.  Although oil and  grease  is  not
limited under this regulation, oil skimming is needed for BAT  to
ensure proper metals removal.  Oil and grease interferes with the
chemical addition and mixing required for chemical  precipitation
treatment.   The  discharge rates for Option A are equal  to  the
discharge rates allocated to each stream as a BPT discharge flow.

OPTION B

Option  B  for the primary tungsten  subcategory  achieves  lower
pollutant  discharge  by building upon the Option  A  end-of-pipe
treatment  technology.   Flow reduction measures are added to the
Option  A treatment scheme which consists of  lime  precipitation
and  sedimentation,  with  ammonia  steam  stripping  preliminary
treatment  of the wastewaters containing treatable concentrations
of ammonia and oil skimming preliminary treatment (see Figure  X-


                               3100

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            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT -.X


2).  These flow reduction measures, including in-process changes,
result  in  the  elimination of .some waatewater streams  and  the
concentration of pollutants in other effluents.   As explained in
Section VII of the General Development Document,  treatment of  a
more  concentrated  effluent allows achievement of a greater  net
pollutant  removal  and introduces the  possible  economic  cost-
effectiveness   associated  with  treating  a  lower  volume   of
wastewater.

The  method  used  in  Option  B  to  reduce  process  wastewater
generation  and discharge rates is recycle of water used  in  wet
air pollution control.  There are three wet air pollution control
wastewater sources regulated under these effluent limitations for
which recycle is considered feasible:

     -  Acid leach wet air pollution control,
     -  Ammonium paratungstate conversion to oxides wet air
        pollution control, and
     -  Reduction to metal wet air pollution control.

Table  X-l  (page 3108) presents the number of  plants  reporting
wastewater   use  with  these  sources,  the  number  of   plants
practicing  recycle of scrubber liquor, and the range of  recycle
values  being used. Although four plants report total recycle  of
their  scrubber  water,  some blowdown or  periodic  cleaning  is
likely  to  be needed to prevent the build-up  of  dissolved  and
suspended solids since the water picks up particulates and  fumes
from the air.

Reduction  of  flow through recycle or reuse represents the  best
available  technology economically achievable for these  streams.
Acid  leaching scrubber water may be reused in the scrubber  with
periodic blowdown or as rinse water for insoluble tungstic  acid.
Scrubber water from wet air pollution control systems on furnaces
which  reduce ammonium paratungstate to oxides or reduce tungsten
oxides  to metal may also be recycled through the  scrubber  with
periodic  blowdown as several plants have demonstrated.   Holding
tanks  are the technology selected  (and considered in  developing
compliance  costs) for scrubber water recycle.   The tanks  allow
for settling of particulates in the wastewater before recycle.

OPTION C

Option  C  for the primary tungsten subcategory consists  of  all
control  and treatment requirements of Option B (flow  reduction,
ammonia  steam stripping,  oil skimming,  lime precipitation  and
sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration technology added at the
end  of the Option B treatment scheme  (see Figure  X-3).   Multi-
media  filtration is used to remove suspended  solids,  including
precipitates   of   toxic  metals,  beyond   the   concentrations
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as   rapid sand filters or pressure filters,, would  perform
satisfactorily.
                                3101

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              PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


  INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

  As one means of evaluating each technology option,   EPA develoned
  estimates  of the pollutant reduction benefits and  the compliance

  delclibeTb'eiow?*  "^  MCh  •°Ptibn'     The  -thodologiS. "
  POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

  A complete description of the methodology used  to  calculate   the
  estimated  pollutant  reduction,  or  benefit,   achieved  by   thl

  leSiofTof0Volth?VThi°U%itrrtrnt °Pti°nS   is  Presented  "in
  section  x. or vol. I. The pollutant removal estimates  have  been
  revised  rrom proposal based on comments and new data,  however
  ^L^A    Si°gS ,.f0r  calculating  pollutant  removals  was   not
  SESF?/ * I     *a Ufud for estimating removals are the same  as
  those used to revise the compliance costs.

  Sampling  data collected during the field sampling  program  were
  ™ T J°  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
 «SS«2!r*0n"       -,each saraPled facility,   the sampling data  were
 £n??, ?  ?n  nornai«ed  f°r each unit operation  (i.e?,  mass  of
 pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).    This
 ™ll*' /eferred  to as the raw waste,  was used to estimate  thJ
 mass   of  toxic pollutants generated within the primary  tungsten
 subcategory.   By multiplying  the total subcategofy production fS?
 a  unit operation times  the corresponding raw  waste  value?  the
 es?fmatel P°llutant   generated  for  that  unit   operation    wal
 552-SiS?6 ofi.yastewater  discharged after  the  application of each
 treatment   option was  estimated  for each operation  at  each  plant
 by  comparing  the actual  discharge  to  the  regulatory   flow    The
 smaller  of the two values was selected and summed with the  other
 plant  flows.   The mass of pollute t discharged was  then estimated
 by  multiplying the achievable concentration values at?ainab?e by
 the  -option (mg/1)  by the estimated volume of  process   wastewater
 fimn?5rg?d bVS^ subcategory. ..  The mass  of pSllSSSt  removed is
 simply  the difference between  the estimated  mass  of  pollutant
 generated   within  the  subcategory and  the   mass  of  pollutant
 discharged  after   application  of   the  treatment  option.    The
 SSiSSS   reKOVal estimates £°* direct discharges in the  primary
 tungsten  subcategory  are presented in Table  X-2  (page  3109)
       nxiIm°V   estimates for indirect dischargers aJfshown iA
COMPLIANCE COSTS
                  pr?senjed at Proposal were estimated using cost
 «    i ^.      „ related  the  total   costs   associated   with
to nfii3 i?L 3nd °pfrati°n -2? wastewater treatment  technologies
to plant process wastewater discharge.  EPA applied these  curves
on  a  per  plant basis, a plant's costs  —  both  capital   Ind
                           ~                         P
    hasn9inannla^ntenSn^ ~ -^ d?termined by wh    tratmen
    has   in  place  and  by  its   individual  process   wastewater
                                              process  wastewater


                               3102

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            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


discharge (from dcp). The final step was to annualize the. capital
costs, and to sum the annualized capital costs, and the operating
and  maintenance costs, yielding the cost of compliance  for  the
subcategory.

Since proposal,  the cost estimation methodology has been changed
as discussed in Section VIII of this document and in Section VIII
of  the General Development Document.   A design model and plant-
specific  information  were used to size a  wastewater  treatment
system  for each discharging facility.   After completion of  the
design,  capital and annual costs were estimated for each unit of
the  wastewater treatment system.   Capital costs rely on  vendor
quotes,  while  annual costs were developed from the  literature.
The revised compliance costs for direct dischargers are presented
in Table VIII-1 (page 3073).

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA selected Option C for the proposed BAT,  which includes  flow
reduction,  lime  precipitation,  sedimentation,  and  multimedia
filtration, with ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia.

Activated  carbon  technology  (Option E)  was  also  considered,
however  this  technology is not necessary  since  toxic  organic
pollutants are not limited in this subcategory (see discussion on
Regulated  Pollutant  Parameters  at the end  of  this  section).
Reverse  osmosis and multiple-effect evaporation (Option  P)  was
considered for the purpose of achieving zero discharge of process
wastewater;   however,  the  Agency  ultimately   rejected   this
technology  because  it was determined that its  performance  for
this  specific  purpose was not adequately demonstrated  in  this
category nor was it clearly transferable from another category.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

After  proposal and in response to comments,  EPA  gathered  data
through special requests, dcp submittals, and telephone contacts.
Nine additional plants were included in the subcategory. The  new
data  were used to revise regulatory flow allowances as  well  as
compliance  costs.  Additional sampling data were also  collected
by  the Agency at two primary tungsten plants.  These  data  were
used  for  recalculating  pollutant  removal  estimates  and  for
revising compliance costs.

EPA is promulgating BAT limitations for this subcategory based on
ammonia  steam stripping,  lime precipitation and  sedimentation,
in-process  flow  reduction,  and  multimedia  filtration.   Plow
reductions  are based on 90 percent recycle of scrubber  effluent
through   holding  tanks.   The  end-of-pipe   and   pretreatment
technology  basis  for BAT limitations being promulgated  is  the
same  as  that for the proposed limitations.   In  addition,  the
treatment   performance  concentrations,  upon  which  the   mass
limitations are based, are equal to values used to calculate  the
proposed  mass  limitations,  except  for  lead.   Ammonia  steam


                               3103

-------
             PRIMARY .TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


 stripping  is demonstrated at three primary tungsten  facilities.
 Filtration  is not demonstrated within the subcategory;  however,
 it  is  demonstrated  in  six  nonferrous  metals   manufacturing
 subcategories  at  23 plants.  Recycle of the  scrubber  effluent
 through  holding tanks is demonstrated in the  nonferrous  metals
 category, including one primary tungsten plant.

 Implementation  of  the promulgated BAT limitations  will  remove
 annually an estimated 5,140 kg of toxic pollutants,  which is 318
 kg  of toxic metals over the estimated  BPT  discharge.   Ammonia
 steam  stripping  is estimated to remove 2,280 kg/yr  of  ammonia
 over  estimated  BPT discharges and 144,000 kg/yr of the  ammonia
 generated.

 The  estimated  capital  cost for achieving  promulgated  BAT  is
 $0.773 million (March,  1982 dollars),  and the estimated  annual
 cost is $1.0 million.

 The Agency has developed BAT limitations and costs assuming  that
 wastewater   will  be  treated  with  ammonia  stripping,   where
 appropriate, followed" by central treatment with lime,  settle, and
 multimedia  filtration for metals.  It is possible  that  several
 plants  could achieve more stringent limits and  save   compliance
 costs  by removing metals first from tungsten acid rinse and  acid
 leach  wet air pollution control and then combining these  streams
 with  any other process streams for ammonia removals.   Since  the
 mass  of  metals  discharged  is equal  to  the  product  of  the
 treatable  concentrations and the flow,  a lower flow  to  central
 •treatment  would result in less mass of  metals discharged.    (The
 Agency believes that  the treatable concentrations  can  be achieved
 with the identified treatment technology for  all  flow  rates.)  By
 assuming  that  waste  streams will not  be mixed   in   a  central
 treatment  system  until  after metals  are  removed,   individual
 permits may be able to eliminate allowances for metals in the  six
 waste  streams  not containing metals,  and' thus  allow  less mass  of
 pollutants  to  be discharged.   The  elimination  of flow  to  central
 treatment  would  also eliminate the  cost  of   lime,  settle,   and .
 filter technology for  those  six  processes.

 FINAL  AMENDMENTS  TO THE  REGULATION

 For  the Primary  Tungsten  Subcategory,  EPA  promulgated  amendments
 on January  21, 1988,  (53  FR  1704)  to  the regulations   promulgated
 on March 8, 1984  (48 FR  8742) concerning three  topics, which   are
 briefly described here.

 EPA  amended the BPT and  BAT effluent  limitations and NSPS,  PSES
 and  PSNS  for  ammonia in the ion  exchange  raffinate  building
 block,   when  ammonia  is  treated  under  a   specific  set   of
 circumstances.   These circumstances are when raffinate  contains
high  sulfate concentrations (greater  than 1000 mg/1),   and  when
 the raffinate is not commingled with any other waste streams  and
then is treated by ammonia steam stripping.

EPA added a new building block for alkali leach condensate.  This


                               3104

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            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
building block was omitted from the promulgated rule because  the
Agency  believed this condensate would be accounted  for  through
other building blocks.

EPA  modified the production basis for determining the amount  of
pollutant  which  may  be discharged to  the  amount  of  element
tungsten  produced  or  processed.  This was done  to  avoid  any
confusion  over  the  chemical  formula  for  the  salt  form  of
tungsten.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A  BAT discharge rate was calculated for each  subdivision  based
upon  the  flows  of  the existing  plants,  as  determined  from
analysis  of the data collection portfolios.  The discharge  rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT  effluent  limitations.   Since the  discharge  rate  may  be
different   for  each  wastewater  source,  separate   production
normalized discharge rates for each of the 14 wastewater  sources
were determined arid are summarized in Table X-3  (page 3110).  The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by  relating
the   amount  of  wastewater  generated  to  the  mass   of   the
intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
with  the waste stream in question. EPA modified  the  production
basis  for  determining  the amount of  pollutant  which  may  be
discharged  to  the amount of the element  tungsten  produced  or
processed.  As discussed in Section IV, in the final  regulation,
EPA  used the chemical salt form of tungsten which  was  believed
appropriate  for  the  processing step or  building  block  being
regulated.    However,  the  chemical  formulas  may  have   been
incorrect  and  were  confusing.   Using  the  element   tungsten
produced  or  processed  as a  production  normalizing  parameter
rather than a chemical compound makes the production basis  clear
and  unambiguous.   This change will affect all  of  the  building
blocks   except for 8421.102(i) through  (k),  S421.103(i)  through
 (k),  S421.104(i)  through   (k),  8421.105(i)  through   (k),  and
8421.106(i)   through  (k), which were already based  on the   amount
of   elemental  tungsten produced.  This change   will  affect  the
regulatory  flows for these building blocks, which  are  based  on
the   production   normalizing    parameter.   These   production
normalizing parameters, or PNPs,  are also  listed in Table X-3.

The  BAT  discharge rates are  the same as  the BPT  rates except  for
three scrubber streams for which  flow  reduction  can be  achieved.
The  BAT discharge rates are based on  90 percent recycle  of  the
scrubber effluent. Consequently,  the BAT discharge  allowance  for
acid leach wet air pollution control  is  3581 1/kkg  (859   gal/ton)
of   tungstic  acid  (as W) produced.  The  BAT  discharge   allowance
 for  ammonium  paratungstate conversion  to oxides  wet air  pollution
control  is   2762 1/kkg  (662 gal/ton)  of tungstic  oxide   (as  W)
produced.  Finally,  the BAT  discharge  allowance  for reduction   to
 tungsten wet air pollution  control  is  3,080 1/kkg  (739   gal/ton)
of  tungsten metal produced.

The   BAT discharge  rates  reflect  the  flow  reduction  requirements
                                3105

-------
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


 of the selected BAT option.   For this reason, the three scrubber
 waters which were targeted for flow reduction through recycle for
 BAT have lower flow rates than the corresponding BPT flows. Since
 several  plants have demonstrated sufficient ability  to  achieve
 substantial  recycle  of  these  three  wastewaters,  lower  flow
 allowances   for  these  streams  represent  the  best  available
 technology economically achievable.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations  and
 the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
 pollutants   and  pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.    This
 examination  and  evaluation was presented in  Section  VI.   The
 Agency,  however,  has  chosen  not  to  regulate  all  17  toxic
 pollutants selected in this analysis.

 The  Agency  believes that the toxic organic  pollutants  in  the
 primary tungsten subcategory are present  only in trace (deminimus
 quantities)  and  are neither causing  nor likely to  cause  toxic
 effects.    Therefore,   the following toxic organic pollutants  are
 excluded from regulation:

       11.   1,1,1-trichloroethane
       55.   naphthalene
       65.   phenol
       73.   benzo(a)pyrene
       79.   benzo(ghi)perylene
       82.   dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
       85.   tetrachloroethylene
       86.   toluene

 The   cost associated with  analysis  for  toxic  metal pollutants has
 prompted EPA  to develop  an alternative  method for  regulating  and
 monitoring  toxic  pollutant discharges  from the nonferrous metals
 manufacturing category.  Rather  than developing specific  effluent
 mass limitations and standards for each of  the toxic metals found
 in  treatable concentrations  in  the raw wastewater from   a  given
 subcategory, the Agency  is promulgating effluent mass limitations
 only for those pollutants  generated in  the  greatest quantities as
 shown  by   the  pollutant  removal  estimates.    The  pollutants
 selected for specific limitation  are listed below:

     122.   lead
     128.   zinc
           ammonia (as N)

By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants,  discharges  will  attain the same degree of  control
over  toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required  to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.

This  approach  is  justified  technically  since  the  treatable
concentrations  used  for lime  precipitation  and  sedimentation
technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant


                               3106

-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
multiple metals  removal.  Thus,  even  though  metals  have  somewhat
different  theoretical solubilities, they  will  be  removed at  very
nearly  the same rate,in a lime  precipitation   and  -sedimentation
treatment   system'" operated  for  »  'multiple-;, metals    removal.
Filtration as part of the technology  basis is  likewise   justified
because this technology removes  metals non-preferentially.

The   toxic metal'pollutants selected  for  specific  limitation  in
the   primary  tungst.en. subcategory tip, control  the  discharges  of
toxic metal  pollutants  are lead arid  zinc.   Ammonia  is  also
selected   for  limitation since  the methods  used  to control  lead
and   zinc  are  not effective in the  control   of  ammonia^ -  The
following  toxic metal'pollutants are  excluded  from  .limitation  on
the basis  that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
developed  for lead and zinc:                             ,,v  ,  •  •

      118.  cadmium
      119.  chromium (Total)                         '         .'•--..
      124.  nickel
     .126.  silver    ,
      127.  thallium
In  the  proposed  limitations, selenium was  also  selected  for
control.  Analytical data gathered since proposal at two  primary
tungsten  plants have demonstrated that selenium is not  a  toxic
pollutant  found  on a subcategory-wide basis (see  Section  VI).
Therefore, selenium is eliminated as a control parameter.

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in  Section  VII of Vol. I and summarized there in  Table  VII-21
(page  248).  The treatable concentrations both one  day  maximum
and  monthly average values are multiplied by the BAT  normalized
discharge flows summarized in Table X-3 to calculate the mass  of
pollutants  allowed  to be discharged per mass of  product.   The
results  of  these calculations in milligrams  of  pollutant  per
kilogram  of product represent the BAT effluent  limitations  and
are presented in Table X-4 (page 3112) for each waste stream.

The  regulatory  tables  displayed in  Sections  IX  through  XII
contain   the  potential  limitations  which  would   have   been
established  if  the Agency had elected to regulate  all  of  the
significant  pollutants  found  at  levels  above  the  treatment
effectiveness  of the model technology. The  pollutants  actually
regulated are marked (*) in each table. The potential  regulatory
levels  of the unregulated (unmarked) pollutants may be  used  by
the  permitting authority when it finds the regulation  of  these
pollutants to be necessary.
                               3107

-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                            TABLE X-l

              CURRENT RECYCLE PRACTICES WITHIN THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                        Number of
                         Plants
                     with Wastewater
            Number of
              Plants         Range of
         Practicing Recycle   Recycle
Acid Leach Wet Air
 Pollution Control

Ammonium Paratungstate
 Conversion to Oxides
 Wet Air Pollution
 Control

Reduction to Metal
 Wet Air Pollution
 Control
2


6
                                100
                                100
                              3108

-------
                   PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
                                                             SECT  - X
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-------
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                             TABLE X-3

               BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                    PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
 Wastewater Stream

 Tungstic Acid
   Rinse Water
 BAT Normalized
 Discharge.Rate
1/kkg    gal/ton
41,030
 9,839
  Production
 Normalization
  Parameter

 Tungstic acid
 (as  W)  produced
Acid  Leach  Wet  Air
   Pollution Control

Alkali  Leach
   Wash

Alkali  Leach Wash
   Condensate

Ion-Exchange
   Raffinate
   (commingled
   and  not
   commingled
   with other
   process  and
   nonprocess
   streams)

Calcium Tungstate
   Precipitate Wash

Crystallization
   and Drying of
   Ammonium  Para-
   tungstate

Ammonium Paratung-
   state Conversion
   to Oxides Wet
  Air Pollution
   Control

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Water
  of Formation
 3,581


     0
73,810


     0




 2,762
    63
   859


     0
19,180    4,599
88,480   21,220
17,700


     0




   662
    15
 Tungstic  acid
 (as  W)  produced

 Sodium  tungstate
 (as  W)  produced

 Sodium  Tungstate
 (as  W)  produced

 Ammonium  tungstate
 (as  W)  produced
Calcium tungstate
(as W) produced

Ammonium paratung-
state (as W)
produced
Tungstic oxide
(as W) produced
Tungstic oxide
(WO3) produced
                               3110
-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                        SECT  -  X
                      TABLE X-3  (Continued)

              BAT WASTEWATER DISCHARGE-;RATES  FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream   	

Reduction to           3,800
  Tungsten  •..-,...          ,••;•
  Air Pollu-
  tion Control

Reduction to             489
  Tungsten
  Water of
  Formation

.Tungsten Powder Acid   2,400
  Leach and Wash

Molybdenum Sulfide         0
  Precipitation Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control
   BAT Normalized
   Discharge Rate
.1/kkg    gal/ton
              739
              117
              576
 Production
Normalization
 Parameter-

Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced

Tungsten metal
produced
                               3111
-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT
                            TABLE X-4

                BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Tungstic Acid Rinse   BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
             Monthly Average
Maximum for
Any One Day
     Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
      6.038
     11.170
     11.490
     16.610
      8.755
     42.270
     41.850
  5,469.000
                          2.415
                          4.529
                          5.333
                         11.170
                          3.623
                         18.420
                         17.230
                      2,404.000
(b)  Acid Leach Wet Air Pollution Control
        BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                   Maximum for
                 Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W) produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zihc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.527
0.975
1.003
1.449
0.764
3.689
3.653
477.400
0.211
0.395
0.466
0.975
0.316
1.607
1.504
209.900
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3112
-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(c)  Alkali Leach Wash   BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum cor
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Unit?
mg/kg of sodium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of sodium tungstate (as W)
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Q.OOQ
0,000
0.000
(d)  Alkali Leach Wash Condensate  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
mg/kg of sodium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of sodium tungstate  (as W)
produced
                       5.372
                      19.570
                   2,557.000
         2.494
         8.057
     1,124.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3113
-------
              PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
  (e)
                 TABLE X-4  (Continued)

           BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

Ion-Exchange Raffinate (Commingled with other Process
or Nonprocess Waters)  BAT         	
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                             Maximum for
                             Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
    Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium tungstate  (as W) produced"
   English Units - Ibs/million,Ibs of ammonium  tungstate  (as W)
                   produced         =
  Cadmium
  Chromium
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Silver
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as N)
                                    10.140
                                    18.760
                                    24.780
                                    27.890
                                    14.710
                                    70.990
                                    90.240
                                11,790.000
          4.057
          7.606
        11.500
        18.760
          6.085
        30.930
        37.160
     5,185.000
 (f)  Ion-Exchange Raffinate
      or Nonprocess Waters)1
                       (Not Commingled with other Process
                       BAT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                            Maximum for
                            Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
  Cadmium
  Chromium
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Silver
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia  (as N)
            mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced"
            Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
            produced
                                   24.780
                                   90.240
                               11,790.000
        11.500
        37.160
     5,185.000
 Regulated Pollutant
     effluent limitation for this pollutant does not apply if
(aL-     mother liquor feed to the ion exchange process  or  the
raffinate  from  the  ion exchange process contains  sulfates  at
concentrations  exceeding 1000 mg/1;  (b) this mother  liquor  or
raff mate _  is  treated by ammonia steam stripping;  and (c)  such
mother  liquor  or  raffinate is not commingled  with  any  other
process or nonprocess waters prior. to steam stripping for ammonia
removal .
                               3114
-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS.'FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(g)  Calcium Tungstate Precipitate Wash  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
mg/kg of calcium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of calcium tungstate.. (as W)
produced                       ,       ,
Cadmium
Chromium
*i,ead
^Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc ' * '
* Ammonia (as N) !
9.428
17.440
20.670 .
25.930
13.670
66.000
75.280
9,838.000
3.771
7.071
9.594
17.440
5.657
28.760
31.000
4,325.000
(h)  Crystallization and Drying of Ammonium Paratungstate  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
 Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium paratungstate (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium paratungstate
                    (as W) produced       ;
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         o.oob
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3115
-------
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT -  X
                       TABLE X-4  (Continued)

                 BAT  EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS  FOR  THE
                   PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
 (i)  Ammonium Paratungstate  Conversion  to Oxides Wet Air
     Pollution Control   BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units
    English Units
mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.438
0.810
0.773
1.205
0.635
3.066
2.817
368.200
0.175
0.329
0.359
0.810
0.263
1.336
1.160
161.900
(j)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Water of
     Formation  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/millibn Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
                             produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.010
0.019
0.018
0.028
0.015
0,070
0.064
8.398
0.004
0.008
0.008
0.019
0.006
0.031
0.026
3.692
                               3116
-------
            PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Reduction to Tungsten Wet Air Pollution Control
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
0.616
1.140
0.862
1.694
0.893
4.312
3.142
410.600
0.246
0.462
0.400
1.140
0.370
1.879
1.294
180.500
(1)  Reduction to Tungsten Water of Formation  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - rag/kg of tungsten metal reduced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal reduced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
0.098
0.181
0.137
0.269
0.142
0.685
0.499
65.190
0.039
0.073
0.064
0.181
0.059
0.298
0.205
28.660
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3117
-------
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                       TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                 BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
 (in)   Tungsten Powder Acid Leach and Wash  BAT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
           Maximum for
           Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal  produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs  of  tungsten  metal produced
aomium 0.480
hromiura 0.888
?2Li °'672
ickel 1.320
liver 0.696
|__ -I -I • .._ w « w^ »»
hallium 3.360
inc . 2.448
nmonia (as N) 319.900
0.190
0.360
0.312
0.888
0.288
1.464
1.008
140.700
(n)  Molybdenum Sulfide Precipitation Wet Air Pollution
     Control  BAT                     "	—~.	
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
          Maximum for
          Any One Day
  Maximum Tor
Monthly Average
         Metric Units
        English Units
mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
ARegulated Pollutant
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

                              3118
-------
  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT - X
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                      3119
-------
PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT -
                3120
-------
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                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY


REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly,  pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected  for
limitation  under  NSPS,  in  accordance with  the  rationale  of
Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected for BAT.  The
conventional  pollutant parameters TSS and pH are  also  selected
for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the  same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1   (page
3126).   The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per  mass
of product is calculated by multiplying the appropriate treatment
performance  concentration  (mg/1) by the  production  normalized
wastewater  discharge  flows   (1/kkg).   The  results  of    these
calculations  are  the production-based  new  source, performance
standards.   These  standards  are presented in Table  XI-2   (page
3128).
                                3125
-------
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                             TABLE  XI-1

               NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater  Stream

Tungstic Acid
  Rinse Water
 NSPS Normalized
 Discharge Rate
1/kkq    gal/ton

41,030    9,839
                Production
              Normalizing
                Parameter

              Tungstic acid
              (as W) produced
Acid Leach Wet Air
  Pollution Control

Alkali Leach
  Wash

Alkali Leach Wash
  Condensate

Ion-Exchange
  Raffinate
  (commingled
   and not
   commingled
   with other
   process and
   nonprocess
   streams)

Calcium Tungstate
  Precipitate Wash

Crystallization
  and Drying of
  Ammonium Para-
  tungstate

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Water
  of Formation
 3,581


     0
73,810

 i
     0





 2,762
    63
   859


     0
19,180    4,599
88,480   21,220
17,700


     0





   662
    15
Tungstic acid
(as W) produced

Sodium tungstate
(as W) produced

Sodium Tungstate
(as W) produced

Ammonium tungstate
(as W) produced
Calcium tungstate
(as W) produced

Ammonium paratung-
state (as W)
produced
Tungstic oxide
(as W) produced
Tungstic oxide
(WO3) produced
                               3126
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                      TABLE XI-1 (Continued)

              NSPS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Reduction to
  Tungsten
  Air Pollu-
  tion Control

Reduction to
  Tungsten
  Water of
  Formation

Tungsten Powder Acid
  Leach and Wash

Molybdenum Sulfide
  Precipitation Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control
 NSPS Normalized
 Discharge Rate
1/kkg    gal/ton

 3,800      739




   489      117




 2,400      576
  Production
Normalization
  Parameter

Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced

Tungsten metal
produced
                               3127
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN  SUBCATEGORY
                           TABLE  IX-2

                      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY
                      TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
 (a)  Tungstic Acid Rinse NSPS  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid   (as W) produced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid  (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       6.038
                      11.170
                      11.490
                      16.610
                       8.755
                      42.270
                      41.850
                   5,469.000
                     615.400
           2.415
           4.529
           5.333
          11.170
           3.623
          18.420
          17.230
       2,404.000
         492.300
  .Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(b)  Acid Leach Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
 English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                       0.527
                       0.975
                       1.003
                       1.449
                       0.764
                       3.689
                       3.653
                     477.400
                      53.720
         0.211
         0.395
         0.466
         0.975
         0.316
          ,607
          .504
       209.900
        42.970
1,
1,
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3128
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     TABLE IX -2 (Continued)

                      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY
                      TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(c)  Alkali Leach Wash   NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
 Metric Units
English Units
  produced
mg/kg of sodium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of sodium tungstate (as W)
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH Within the range
(d) Alkali Leach Wash Condensate

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
of 7.0 to 10.0
NSPS
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
at all times

   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Any One Day    Monthly Average
 Metric Units - mg/kg of sodium  tungstate  (as W) produced
English Units - ibs/million Ibs  of  sodium  tungstate  (as W)
  produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 *Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia  (as N)
 *TSS
 *pH
                           5,372
          2.494
                          19.570            8.057
                       2,557.000        1,124.000
                         287.800          229.600
   Within  the  range  of 7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                3129
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(e)
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY
                      TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

     Ion-Exchange Raffinate (Commingled with other Process
     or Nonprocess Waters)  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
                  mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced
                  Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
                  produced
                                         10.140           4.057
                                         18.760           7.606
                                         24.780          11.500
                                         27.890          18.760
                                         14.710           6.085
                                         70.990          30.930
                                         90.240          37.160
                                     11,790.000       5,185.000
                                      1,327.000       1,062.000
                   Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
   Metric Units
  English Units

 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
(f)  Ion-Exchange Raffinate (Not Commingled with other Process
     or Nonprocess Waters)1  NSPS

   Pollutant or               ~~
Pollutant Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
                  mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced
                  Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
                  produced
   Metric Units
  English Units

 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                                         24.780
        11.500
                                         90.240          37.160
                                     11,790.000       5,185.000
                                      1,327.000       1,062.000
                   Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant~~"~
•"•The new source standard for this pollutant does not apply  if
(a)  the  mother liquor feed to the ion exchange process  or   the
raffinate  from  the   ion exchange process contains  sulfates  at
concentrations  exceeding 1000 mg/1;   (b) this mother   liquor  or
raffinate  is  treated by ammonia steam stripping;  and (c)  such
mother  liquor  or  raffinate is not  commingled  with   any  other
process or nonprocess  waters prior to steam stripping  for ammonia
removal.
                                3130
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SDBCATEGORY


                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

            NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(g)   Calcium Tungstate Precipitate Wash   NSPS

                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
    Metric Units
   English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                   mg/kg of calcium tungstate (as W) produced
                   Ibs/million Ibs of calcium tungstate (as W)
                   produced
                                          9.428
                                         17.440
                                         20.670
                                         25.930
                                         13.670
                                         66.000
                                         75.280
                                      9,838.000
                                      1,107.000
                        3.771
                        7.071
                        9.594
                       17.446
                        5.657
                       28.760
                       31.000
                    4,325.000
                      885.600
                   Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(h)  Crystallization and Drying of Ammonium Paratungstate  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
 Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium paratungstate (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium paratungstate
                    (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
                                          0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
  000
 .000
0.000
0.000
                        0
                        0
                   Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3131
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

                      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY
                      TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(i)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Wet Air
     Pollution Control   NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
                Maximum for
              Monthly Average
     Metric Units
    English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
         produced
                      0.438
                      0.810
                      0.773
                      1.205
                      0.635
                      3.
         ,066
       2.817
     368.200
      41.430
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
        at all times
  0.175
  0.329
  0.359
  0.810
  0.263
  1.336
  1.160
161.900
 33.150
(j)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Water of
     Formation  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
                Maximum for
              Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
                             produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.010
0.019
0.018
0.028
0.015
0.070
0.064
8.398
0.945
range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all
0.004
0.008
0.008
0.019
0.006
0.031
0.026
3.692
0.756.
times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3132
-------
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY
                      TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Reduction tc> Tungsten Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Maximum for
                             Any One Day
                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
  English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                                     0.616
                                     1.140
                                     0.862
                                     1,
                                                          0.246
                                                          0.462
                                                          0.400
                                                          1.140
                                                          0.370
                                                          1,
                                                          1,
         ,694
       0.893
       4.312      -     1.879
       3.142           1.294
     410.600         180.500
      46.200          36.960
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
        at all times
(1)
Reduction to Tungsten Water of Formation  NSPS

                             Maximum for
                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Any One Day
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                                     0.098           0.039
                                     0.181           0.073
                                     0.137           0.064
                                     0.269           0.181
                                     0.142           0.059
                                     0.685           0.298
                                     0.499           0.205
                                    65.190          28.660
                                     7.335           5.868
              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3133
-------
                   PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     TABLE  IX-2  (Continued)

                      NSPS  FOR THE  PRIMARY
                      TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

 (ra)  Tungsten Power Acid Leach and  Wash  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
          Maximum  for
          Any One  Day
                                Maximum for
                              Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of  tungsten metal produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
                  0.480
                  0.888
                  0.672
                    ,320
                    ,696
                    ,360
                    ,448
                319.900
                 36.000
                                       0.192
                                       0.360
                                       0.312
                                       0.888
                                       0.288
                                         .464
                                         ,008
                                     140.700
                                      28.800
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
1,
0.
3,
2,
1,
1,
(n)  Molybdenum Sulfide Precipitation Wet Air Pollution
     Control   NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
          Maximum for
          Any One Day
                                Maximum for
                              Monthly Average
         Metric Units
        English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*TSS
*pH
mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal
produced

                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
           Within the range of 7.0 to 10,0
                   at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3134
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
                           SECTION XII

                      PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
sources  in the primary tungsten subcategory.  PSES are  designed
to  prevent  the  discharge of  pollutants  which  pass  through,
interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with the  operation
of publicly owned treatment works (POTW).  The Clean Water Act of
1977 requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic  metals,
that  limit POTW sludge management alternatives.  Section  307(c)
of the Act requires EPA to promulgate pretreatment standards  for
new  sources  (PSNS) at the same time that it  promulgates  NSPS.
New  indirect  discharge facilities, like  new  direct  discharge
facilities,   have  the  opportunity  to  incorporate  the   best
available  demonstrated technologies, including process  changes,
in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
use  plant  site selection to ensure  adequate  treatment  system
installation.  Pretreatment standards are to be technology based,
analogous  to the best available technology for removal of  toxic
pollutants.  Pretreatment standards for regulated pollutants  are
presented based on the selected control and treatment technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before  proposing and promulgating  pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge  disposal  practices.   In  determining   whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving  secondary
treatment,  the  Agency compares the percentage  of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable. A
pollutant  is  deemed to pass through the POTW when  the  average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary  treatment  requirements, is less than  the  percentage
removed  by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.  (See generally, 46 PR
at 9415-16 (January 28, 1981).)

This   definition  of  pass  through  satisfies   two   competing
objectives  set  by Congress:   (1) that  standards  for  indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to  standards for  direct  dischargers
while  at  the same time,  (2) that the treatment  capability  and
performance  of the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in
regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency compares percentage removal rather than the  mass  or
concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
not  take  into account the mass of pollutants discharged to  the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
the addition of .large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
                                3135
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

The  industry  cost  and  pollutant  removal  estimates  of  each
treatment  option were used to determine the most  cost-effective
option.  The methodology applied in calculating pollutant removal
estimates  and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section  X.
Table  XII-1  (page 3939) shows the estimated  pollutant  removal
estimates   for  indirect  dischargers.   Compliance  costs   for
indirect dischargers are presented in Table VIII-2 (page xxxx).

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES

Options  for pretreatment of wastewaters from both  existing  and
new  sources are based on increasing the effectiveness of end-of~
pipe treatment technologies.  All in-plant changes and applicable
end-of-pipe treatment processes have been discussed previously in
Sections X and XI.  The options for PSNS and PSES, therefore, are
the same as the BAT options discussed in Section X.

A description of each option is presented in Section X,  while  a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment  process  is  presented in Section VII of  the  General
Development Document.

Treatment technologies considered for the PSNS and PSES options
are:

OPTION A

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
        (where required)
     o  Lime precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION B

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
        (where required)
     o  Lime precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction of acid leach, ammonium para-
        tungstate conversion to oxides, and reduction to tungsten
        scrubber liquor

OPTION C

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
        (where required)
     o  Lime precipitation and sedimentation
                               3136
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
     o  In-process flow reduction of acid leach,  ammonium para-
        tungstate conversion to oxides, and reduction to tungsten
        scrubber liquor
     o  Multimedia filtration


PSNS AND PSES OPTION SELECTION

Option   C  (flow  reduction,  ammonia  steam   stripping,   lime
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration) has been
selected  as the regulatory approach for  pretreatment  standards
for new and existing sources (PSNS and PSES).  Option C  prevents
pass-through  and  is  equivalent to  BAT  treatment  for  direct
dischargers.  Additionally, Option C removes incremental  amounts
of toxic pollutants.  Ammonia steam stripping is demonstrated  at
three   primary   tungsten   facilities.    Filtration   is   not
demonstrated within the subcategory; however, it is  demonstrated
in  six  nonferrous  metals  manufacturing  subcategories  at  23
plants.

The  wastewater  discharge  rates  for both  PSES  and  PSNS  are
identical to the BAT discharge rates for each waste stream.   The
PSES  and  PSNS discharge rates are shown in  Table  XII-2  (page
3140).

Implementation  of the promulgated PSES limitations would  remove
annually  an estimated 3,400 kg/yr of toxic pollutants and 63,320
kg/yr  of ammonia over raw discharge.   The final  PSES  effluent
mass  limitations  will remove 91 kg/yr of toxic metals over  the
intermediate PSES option considered, which lacks filtration. Both
options  are economically achievable.   The Agency  believes  the
incremental  removal justifies selection of filtration as part of
PSES model technology.   The estimated capital cost for achieving
promulgated PSES is $0.568 million  (March,  1982 dollars) and the
estimated annual cost  is $0.445 million.

The  wastewater  discharge  rates   for both  PSES  and  PSNS  are
identical to the BAT discharge rates for each waste stream.   The
PSES  and  PSNS discharge rates are shown in  Table  XII-3  (page
3142) .

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected   for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
rationale of Sections  VI and X,  are identical to those   selected
for   limitation for BAT.   It  is necessary to promulgate  PSES and
PSNS  to prevent the pass-through of   lead,  zinc,  and   ammonia,
which  are  the limited pollutants.    Limitations  for  selenium,
although  proposed,  have not  been  promulgated because analytical
data  gathered since proposal at two primary  tungsten plants  have
demonstrated  that  selenium is not found on  a  subcategory-wide
basis  (see  Section VI).
                                3137
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Pretreatment  standards  are based on the  treatment  performance
concentrations  from the selected treatment  technology,  (Option
C)   and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT.   A
mass of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is given
for  each  subdivision within the  subcategory.   This  pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from   the  promulgated  treatment  (mg/1)  and  the   production
normalized  wastewater  discharge rate (1/kkg).   The  achievable
treatment concentrations for BAT are identical to those for  PSES
and PSNS. These concentrations are listed in Table XII-21 of  the
General  Development  Document.  PSES and PSNS are  presented  in
Tables XII-3 and XII-4 (pages 3142 and xxxx).
                                3138
-------
           PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
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-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - XII
                           TABLE XII-2

        PSES AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Tungstic Acid
  Rinse Water
  PSES and PSNS
   Normalized
 Discharge Rate
1/kkg    gal/ton
41,030
 9,839
  Production
  Normalizing
  Parameter

Tungstic acid
(as W) produced
Acid Leach Wet Air
  Pollution Control

Alkali Leach
  Wash

Alkali Leach Wash
  Condensate

Ion-Exchange
  Raffinate
  (commingled
   and not
   commingled
   with other
   process and
   nonprocess
   streams)

Calcium Tungstate
  Precipitate Wash

Crystallization
  and Drying of
  Ammonium Para-
  tungstate

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control

Ammonium Paratung-
  state Conversion
  to Oxides Water
  of Formation
 3,581
   859
19,180    4,599
88,480   21,220
73,810


     0





 2,762
    63
17,700



     0





   662
    15
Tungstic acid
(as W) produced

Sodium tungstate
(as W) produced

Sodium Tungstate
(as W) produced

Ammonium tungstate
(as W) produced
Calcium tungstate
(as W) produced

Ammonium paratung-
state (as W)
produced
Tungstic oxide
(as W) produced
Tungstic oxide
(WO3) produced
                               3140
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT -XII
                        TABLE XI1-2 (Continued)

        PSES AND PSNS WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
Wastewater Stream

Reduction to
  Tungsten
  Air Pollu-
  tion Control

Reduction to
  Tungsten
  Water of
  Formation

Tungsten Powder Acid
  Leach and Wash

Molybdenum Sulfide
  Precipitation Wet
  Air Pollution
  Control
 PSES AND PSNS
  Normalized
Discharge Rate
        gal/ton

           739
  489
2,400
117
576
             Production
             Normalizing
             Parameter

           Tungsten metal
           produced
Tungsten metal
produced
Tungsten metal
produced

Tungsten metal
produced
                                3141
-------
           PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT -  XII
                            TABLE XI1-3

                           PSES FOR THE
                   PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
 (a)   Tungstic Acid Rinse  PSES
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
       Metric  Units
      English  Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
                     mg/kg of tungstic acid  (as W) produced
                     Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid  (as W)
                     produced
                                          6.038
                                         11.170
                                         11.490
                                         16.610
                                          8.755
                                         42.270
                                         41.850
                                      5,469.000
                          2.415
                          4.529
                          5.333
                         11.170
                          3.623
                         18.420
                         17.230
                      2,404.000
 (b)  Acid Leach Wet Air Pollution Control   PSES

                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      Metric Units
     English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
                     mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
                     Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W)
                     produced
                                          0.527
                                          0.975
                                          1.
                                          1,
         ,003
         ,449
        0.764
        3.689
        3.653
      477.400
0.211
0.395
0.466
0.975
0.316
1.607
1.504
                                                        209.900
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3142
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                           SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

                          PSES FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(c)   Alkali Leach Wash  PSES
                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
        Metric Units - mg/kg of sodium tungstate produced
  English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of sodium tungstate produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(d)  Alkali Leach Wash Condensate   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
     produced

 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
                   mg/kg of sodium tungstate  (as W) produced
                   Ibs/million Ibs of sodium  tungstate  (as W)
                                          5.372
                                          19.570
                                       2,557.000
                        2.494
                         8.057
                     1,124.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                                3143
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                      SECT - XII
(e)
                TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

                     PSES FOR THE
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

Ion-Exchange Raffinate (Commingled with Other Process
or Nonprocess Water)  PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Maximum for
                             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   Metric Units
  English Units

 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
             mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced  .
             Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
             produced
                                    10.140           4.057
                                    18.760           7.606
                                    24.780          11.500
                                    27.890          18.760
                                    14.710           6.085
                                    70.990          30.930
                                    90.240          37.160
                                11,790.000       5,185.000
(f)  Ion-Exchange Raffinate (Not Commingled with Other Process
     or Nonprocess Water)1   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                             Maximum for
                             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   Metric Units
  English Units

 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
             mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced
             Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
             produced
                                    24.780
                                    90.240
                                11,790.000
        11.500
        37.160
     5,185.000
*Regulated Pollutant

•'•The pretreatment standard for this pollutant does not  apply
if  (a) the mother liquor feed to the ion exchange process or the
raffinate  from  the ion exchange process  contains  sulfates  at
concentrations  exceeding  1000 mg/1;  (b) this mother liquor  or
raffinate  is treated by ammonia steam stripping;  and  (c)  such
mother  liquor  or  raffinate is not commingled  with  any  other
process or nonprocess waters prior to steam stripping for ammonia
removal.
                               3144
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                        SECT - XII
                     TABLE XI1-3 (Continued)

                          PSES FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(g)  Calcium Tungstate Precipitate Wash   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
mg/kg of calcium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of calcium tungstate (as W)
produced
                       9.428
                      17.440
                      20.670
                      25.930
                      13.670
                      66.000
                      75.280
                   9,838.000
         3.771
         7.071
         9.594
        17.440
         5.657
        28.760
        31.000
     4,325.000
 (h)  Crystallization and Drying of Ammonium Paratungstate  PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for.
Monthly Average
 Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium paratungstate  (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium  paratungstate
                    (as W) produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 *Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia  (as N)
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                3145
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                       SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

                          PSES FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(i)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Wet Air
     Pollution Control   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units
    English Units
mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.438
0.810
0.773
1.205
0.635
3.066
2.817
368.200
0.175
0.329
0.359
0.810
0.263
1.336
1.160
161.900
(j)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Water of
     Formation   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units
    English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
         produced
                      0.010
                      0.019
                      0.018
                      0.028
                      0.015
                      0.070
                      0.064
                      8.398
         0.004
         0.008
         0.008
         0.019
         0.006
         0.031
         0.026
         3.692
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3146
-------
          PRIMARY  TUNGSTEN SDBCATEGORY
         SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-3  (Continued)

                          PSES FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Reduction to Tungsten Wet Air Pollution  Control
                     PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
        0.616
        1.140
        0.862
        1.694
        0.893
        4.312
        3.142
      410.600
         0.246
         0.462
         0.400
         1.140
         0.370
         1.879
         1.294
       180.500
 (1)  Reduction to Tungsten Water of_ Formation  PSES
   Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum  for
 Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric  Units  - mg/kg of  tungsten metal produced
     English  Units  -  Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
  Cadmium
  Chromium
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Silver
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as N)
         0.098
         0.181
         0.137
         0.269
         0.142
         0.685
         0.499
        65.190
          0.039
          0.073
          0.064
          0.181
          0.059
          0.298
          0.205
         28.660
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3147
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                   SECT - XII
                     TABLE XI1-3  (Continued)

                          PSES FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

 (m)  Tungsten Powder Acid Leach and Wash   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
          Maximum for
          Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced.
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
0.480
0.888
0.672
1.320
0.696
3.360
2.448
319.900
0.190
0.360
0.312
0.888
0.288
1.464
1.008
140.700
(n)  Molybdenum Sulfide Precipitation Wet Air Pollution
     Control   PSES
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
          Maximum for
          Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units
        English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal
produced

                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                  0.000           0.000
                               3148
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                      SECT - XII
                           TABLE XI1-4

                          PSNS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Tungstic Acid Rinse
      PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
           Maximum for
         Monthly Average
      Metric Units
     English Units
mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W)
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
6.038
11.170
11.490
16.610
8.755
42.270
41.850
5,469.000
2.415
4.529
5.333
11.170
3.623
18.420
17.230
2,404.000
(b)  Acid Leach Wet Air Pollution Control   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
           Maximum for
         Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of tungstic acid (as W) produced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic acid (as W
                     produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
                     1,
                     1,
  0.527
  0.975
   ,003
   ,449
  0.764
  3.689
  3.653
477.400
  0.211
  0.395
  0.466
  0.975
  0.316
  1.607
  1.504
209.900
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3149
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                        SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

                          PSNS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
(c)  Alkali Leach Wash   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of sodium tungstate (as W) produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of sodium tungstate (as W).
      produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0..000
(d)  Alkali Leach Wash Condensate   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units'
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
mg/kg of sodium tungstate (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of sodium tungstate (as W)
produced
                       5.372
                      19.570
                   2,557.000
         2.494
         8.057
     1,124.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3150
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                           SECT - XII
(e)  Ion-Exchange Raffinate (Commingled with Other Process
     or Nonprocess Waters)   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
   Metric Units
  English Units
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
                  mg/kg of  ammonium tungstate (as W)  produced
                  Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate (as W)
                  produced
                                         10.140
                                         18.760
                                         24.780
                                         27.890
                                         14.710
                                         70.990
                                         90.240
                                     11,790.000
                        4.057
                        7.606
                       11.500
                       18.760
                        6.085
                       30.930
                       37.160
                    5,185.000
 (f)  ion-Exchange Raffinate (Not Commingled with Other Process
     or_ Nonprocess Waters)  PSNS
                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
   Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium tungstate (as W) produced
  English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium tungstate  (as W)
                  produced
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 *Lead
 Nickel
 Silver
 Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia  (as  N)
                                         24.780
                                         90.240
                                     11,790.000
                       11.500
                       37.160
                    5,185.000
 *Regulated Pollutant

 ^he  pretreatment  standard  for  this pollutant does not apply
 if  (a)  the mother liquor  feed  to the ion  exchange process  or   the
 raffinate  from the   ion exchange  process  contains   sulfates   at
 concentrations  exceeding 1000 mg/1;   (b) this mother liquor   or
 raffinate .is  treated by ammonia steam stripping;  and  (c)  such
 mother  liquor  or   raffinate  is not commingled  with any other
 process or nonprocess waters prior  to  steam stripping for  ammonia
 removal.
                                3151
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                                           SECT - XII
                     TABLE XI1-4 (Continued)

                          PSNS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(g)  Calcium Tungstate Precipitate Wash   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                  Maximum for
                                  Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
    Metric Units
   English Units
                   mg/kg of calcium tungstate (as W) produced
                   Ibs/million Ibs of calcium tungstate (as W)
                   produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
9.428
17.440
20.670
25.930
13.670
66.000
75.280
9,838.000
3.771
7.071
9.594
17.440
5.657
28.760
31.000
4,325.000
(h)  Crystallization and Drying of Ammonium Paratungstate  PSNS

                                                   Maximum for
                                                 Monthly Average
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
 Metric Units - mg/kg of ammonium paratungstate (as W) produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of ammonium paratungstate
                    (as W) produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3152
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                       SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

                          PSNS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(i)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Wet Air
     Pollution Control   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units
    English Units
mg/kg of tungstic oxide (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.438
0.810
0.773
1.205
0.635
3.066
2.817
368.200
0.175
0.329
0.359
0.810
0.263
1.336
1.160
161.900
 (j)  Ammonium Paratungstate Conversion to Oxides Water of
     Formation   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     Metric Units
    English Units
mg/kg of tungstic oxide  (as W) produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungstic oxide (as W)
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.010
0.019
0.018
0.028
0.015
0.070
0.064
8.398
0.004
0.008
0.008
0.019
0.006
0.031
0.026
3.692
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                3153
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
         SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

                          PSNS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Reduction to Tungsten Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.616
1.140
0.862
1.694
0.893
4.312
3.142
410.600
0.246
0.462
0.400
1.140
0 . 370
1.879
1.294
180.500
(1)  Reduction to Tungsten Water of Formation   PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nick'el
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.098
0.181
0.137
0.269
0.142
0.685
0.499
65.190
0.039
0.073
0.064
0.181
0.059
0.298
0.205
28.660
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3154
-------
          PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
                  SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

                          PSNS FOR THE
                  PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY

(m)  Tungsten Powder Acid Leach and Wash  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum  for
         Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         Metric Units - mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
   English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.480
0.888
0.672
1.320
0.696
3.360
2.448
319.900
0.190
0.360
0.312
0.888
0.288
1.464
1.008
140.700
 (n)  Molybdenum Sulfide Precipitation Wet Ai£ Pollution
     Control   PSNS
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant  Property
          Maximum for
          Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
          Metric  Units
         English  Units
mg/kg of tungsten metal produced
Ibs/million Ibs of tungsten metal
produced
Cadmium
Chromium
*Lead
Nickel
Silver
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3155
-------
PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                    3156
-------
             PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XIII
                          SECTION XIII


         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for the primary tungsten subcategory  at  this
time.
                               3157
-------
PRIMARY TUNGSTEN SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIIi
  THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Pages 3159 and 3160 are omitted.




                   3158
-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
                       for the
      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
                  William K. Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro, Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
           Industrial Technology Division
             Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
               Metals Industry Branch
                         and
              Technical Project Officer
                     May 1989
        U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                   Office of Water
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
           Industrial Technology Division
              Washington, D. C.  20460
                          3161
-------
3162
-------
r
                 SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
      Section

      I

      II

      III
      IV
                              TABLE OF  CONTENTS
SUMMARY

CONCLUSIONS

SUBCATEGORY PROFILE

Description of Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
  Production
Raw Materials
Tungsten Recovery From Scrap
Synthetic Scheelite Production
Tungsten Carbide Recovery From Scrap
Cobalt Recovery From Sludges and Solutions
Cobalt Production Via Cobalt Hydroxide
Cobalt Dichloride Production
Cobalt Production From Cobalt Oxylate
Process Wastewater Sources
Other Wastewater Sources
Age, Production, and Process Profile

SUBCATEGORIZATION

Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary
  Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
Other Factors
Production Normalizing Parameters

WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

Wastewater Flow Rates
Wastewater Characteristics Data
Data Collection Portfolios
Field Sampling Data
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
  Subdivision
Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse
Tungsten Leaching Acid
Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse
Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate
Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution
  Control
Tungsten Carbide Wash Water
Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution
  Control
Crystallization Decant
Acid Wash Decant
Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate
Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash
3193

3193
3193
3194
3194
3195
3195
3195
3196
3196
3196
3196

3205

3205

3206
3206

3209

3210
3211
3211
3211
3213

3213
3213
3213
3213
3214

3214
3215

3215.
3215
3216
3216
                                    3163
-------
           SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
Section
VI
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SELECTION OP POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Priority Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of
  Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
  Consideration in Limitations and Standards
                                                           3260
                                                           3261
                                                           3261

                                                           3261

                                                           3262
VII
VIII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES               3269

Current Control and Treatment Practices          3269
Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse                3269
Tungsten Leaching Acid                           3269
Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse            3270
Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate                     3270
Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution      3270
  Control
Tungsten Carbide Wash Water                      3270
Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution         3270
  Control
Crystallization Decant                           3270
Acid Wash Decant                                 3271
Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate                        3271
Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash                3271
Control and Treatment Options                    3271
Option A                                         3271
Option C                                         3272

COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS      3273

Treatment Options for Existing Sources           3273
Option A                                         3273
Option C                                         3273
Cost Methodology ,                                3273
Energy Requirements                              3274
Solid Waste                                      3274
Air Pollution                                    3275
                               3164
-------
           SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
Section
IX
XI
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE

Technical Approach to BPT
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
BPT Option Selection
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse
Tungsten Leaching Acid
Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse
Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate
Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution
  Control
Tungsten Carbide Wash Water
Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution
  Control
Crystallization Decant
Acid Wash Decant
Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate
Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE

Technical Approach to BAT
Option A
Option C
Industry Costs and Pollutant Removal Estimates
Pollutant Removal Estimates
Compliance Costs
BAT Option Selection - Proposal
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation
Amended Regulation
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Technical Approach to NSPS
NSPS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
New Source Performance Standards
                                                           3279
                                                           3279
                                                           3279
                                                           3281
                                                           3281
                                                           3281
                                                           3281
                                                           3281
                                                           3282

                                                           3282
                                                           3282

                                                           3282
                                                           3282
                                                           3283
                                                           3283
                                                           3283
                                                           3283

                                                           3293
3293
3294
3294
3294
3294
3295
3295
3296
3296
3297
3297
3299

3311

3311
3312
3312
3312
                               3165
-------
           SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
Section
XII
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards
Page

3321

3321
3321
3322
3322
3323
XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY   3339
                              3166
-------
r
               SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                             LIST OF TABLES

    Table                  Title                               Page

    III-l     Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of        3198
              Plants in the Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
              Subcategory By Discharge Type

    III-2     Production Ranges for the Secondary Tungsten     3199
              and Cobalt Subcategory

    III-3     Summary of Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt         3200
              Subcategory Associated Waste Streams

    V-l       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3217
              Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse

    V-2       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3217
              Tungsten Leaching Acid

    V-3       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3217
              Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse

    V-4       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3218
              Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate

    V-5       Water Use and Discharge Rate for Tungsten        3218
              Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control

    V-6       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3218
              Tungsten Carbide Wash Water

    V-7       Water Use and Discharge Rate for Cobalt          3219
              Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control

    V-8       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3219
              Crystallizer Decant

    V-9       Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3219
              Acid Wash Decant

    V-10      Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3220
              Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate

    V-ll      Water Use and Discharge Rate for                 3220
              Cobalt Hydroxide

    V-12      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3221
              Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse
              Raw Wastewater Sampling Data
                                   3167
-------
           SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SDBCATEGORY
                   LIST OP TABLES  (Continued)

Table                  Title                               Page

V-13      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3226
          Tungsten Leaching Acid
          Raw Wajtewater Sampling  Data

V-14      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3230
          Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse
          Raw Wastewater Sampling  Data

V-15      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3234
          Wastewater Storage  - Crystallization and Acid
          Wash Decants, and Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air
          Pollution Control Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

V-16      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3236
          Crystallization Decant
          Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

V-17      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3238
          Acid Wash Decant
          Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

V-18      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3243
          Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate
          Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

V-19      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3245
          Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash
          Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

V-20      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3247
          Treatment Plant Sampling Data - Plant A

V-21      Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory        3252
          Treatment Plant Sampling Data - Plant B

VI-1      Frequency of Occurrence of Toxic Pollutants      3264
          Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory

VT-2      Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                  3265

VIII-1    Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tungsten    3276
          and Cobalt Subcategory Direct Dischargers

VIII-2    Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tungsten    3276
          and Cobalt Subcategory Indirect Dischargers
                               3168
-------
r
              SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
   IX-2

   X-l

   X-2

   X-3

   X-4

   XI-1

   XI-2

   XII-1

   XII-2

   XI1-3

   XII-4
         LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
             Title                               Page
BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the           3285
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary           3286
Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct           3308
Dischargers in the Secondary Tungsten and
Cobalt Subcategory
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tungsten    3301
and Cobalt Subcategory Direct Dischargers
BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary 3302
Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
BAT Limitations for the Secondary Tungsten       3305
and Cobalt Subcategory
NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the          3313
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
NSPS for the Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt       3314
Subcategory
PSES and PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the 3324
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Subcategory
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tungsten    3325
and Cobalt Subcategory Indirect Dischargers
PSNS for the Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt       3326
Subcategory
PSNS for the Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt       3332
Subcategory
                                  3169
-------
           SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure                  Title                              Page
III-l     Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt Production         3201
          Processes
III-2     Geographic Locations of Secondary Tungsten       3204
          and Cobalt Subcategory Plants
IX-1      BPT Treatment Scheme for the Secondary Tungsten  3292
          and Cobalt Subcategory
X-l       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A                3309
X-2       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C                3310
                               3170
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                                  SECT - I
                            SECTION I

                             SUMMARY

This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
and   best  available  technology  (BAT)  for   existing   direct
dischargers,  standards  of  performance for  new  source  direct
dischargers (NSPS), pretreatment standards for existing  indirect
dischargers  (PSES), and pretreatment standards for new  indirect
dischargers  (PSNS)  for  plants in the  secondary  tungsten  and
cobalt subcategory.

The  secondary  tungsten and cobalt subcategory consists  of  six
plants.   Four  of the six plants discharge directly  to  rivers,
lakes  or  streams,  and one plant  achieves  zero  discharge  of
process wastewater.  One plant in this subcategory discharges  to
a publicly owned treatment works.

EPA  first studied the secondary tungsten and cobalt  subcategory
to   determine  whether  differences  in  raw  materials,   final
products,  manufacturing  processes, equipment, age and  size  of
plants,  or  water  usage required the  development  of  separate
effluent limitations and standards for different segments of  the
subcategory.   This  involved a detailed analysis  of  wastewater
discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,  including  the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant,  and the constituents
of  wastewaters, including priority pollutants.  As a result,  11
subdivisions  or  building blocks have been identified  for  this
subcategory  that warrant separate effluent  limitations.   These
include:
    Tungsten detergent wash and rinse,
    Tungsten leaching acid,
    Tungsten post-leaching wash and rinse,
    Synthetic scheelite filtrate,
    Tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control.
    Tungsten carbide wash water,
    Cobalt sludge leaching wet air pollution control,
    Crystallization decant,
    Acid wash decant,
    Cobalt hydroxide filtrate, and
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10,
11.  Cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash.

EPA  also  identified  several  distinct  control  and  treatment
technologies  (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable  to  the
secondary  tungsten and cobalt subeategory.  The Agency  analyzed
both  historical and newly generated data on the  performance  of
these    technologies,   including   their    nonwater    quality
environmental  impacts and air quality, solid  waste  generation",
and energy requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction
techniques  reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp)  and
plant visits.
                               3171
-------
      SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  I
 Engineering  costs  were  prepared  for each of   the  control   and
 treatment  options considered  for the subcategory.   These  costs
 were   then  used  by  the  Agency   to  estimate  the   impact    to
 implementing  the various options on the subcategory.   For  each
 control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most
 effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
 of  pollutants,  we estimated  the number of  potential  closures,
 number of employees affected,  and impact on price.  These results
 are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact
 Analysis of Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Nonferrous
 Metals Manufacturing Industry."

 After  examining the various treatment technologies,   the  Agency
 has  identified BPT to represent the average of  the best existing
 technology.   Metals removal based on chemical precipitation   and
 sedimentation  technology  is  the basis for the  BPT  limitations.
 Steam stripping was selected as the technology basis for  ammonia
 limitations.   Oil  skimming was selected as the technology basis
 for  oil  and  grease  limitations.  To  meet  the  BPT  effluent
 limitations based on this technology, the secondary tungsten   and
 cobalt  subcategory  is  estimated to incur  a   capital  cost   of
 $42,900 and an annual cost of  $173,000.

 For  BAT,  the Agency has built upon the BPT technology basis   by
 adding filtration.   Filtration is added as an effluent polishing
 step  to  the  end-of-pipe treatment scheme.   To  meet  the   BAT
 effluent  limitations  based on this  technology,  the  secondary
 tungsten  and cobalt subcategory is estimated to incur a  capital
 cost to $60,900 and an annual  cost of $182,700.

NSPS  is equivalent to BAT.    In selecting NSPS,  EPA  recognizes
 that  new plants have the opportunity to implement the  best   and
most  efficient manufacturing processes and treatment technology.
As such,  the technology basis of BAT has been determined as   the
best  demonstrated technology.   The technology basis for PSES  is
equivalent  to  BAT.    To  meet the  pretreatment  standards   for
existing sources,  the secondary tungsten and cobalt  subcategory
 is  estimated  to incur a capital cost of $16,300 and  an  annual
cost  of  $8,800.   For  PSNS,  the Agency  selected  end-of-pipe
treatment  and  in-process  flow  reduction  control   techniques
equivalent to NSPS.

The  best  conventional  technology (BCT) replaces  BAT  for   the*
control of conventional pollutants.   BCT is not being promulgated
because the methodology for BCT has not yet been finalized.

The mass limitations  and standards for BPT,  BAT,  NSPS,  PSES and
PSNS are presented in Section II.
                               3172
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II



                           SECTION II

                           CONCLUSIONS

EPA  has  divided the secondary tungsten and  cobalt  subcategory
into  11  subdivisions for the purpose  of  effluent  limitations
and standards.  These subdivisions are:

(a)  Tungsten detergent wash and rinse,
(b)  Tungsten leaching acid,
(c)  Tungsten post-leaching wash and rinse,
(d)  Synthetic scheelite filtrate,
(e)  Tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control,
(f)  Tungsten carbide wash water,
(g)  Cobalt sludge leaching wet air pollution control,
(h)  Crystallization decant,
(i)  Acid wash decant,
(j)  Cobalt hydroxide filtrate, and
(k)  Cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash.

BPT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation (lime and
settle)  technology, along with preliminary treatment  consisting
of  ammonia steam stripping and oil skimming for  selected  waste
streams.  The following BPT effluent limitations are promulgated:


(a)  Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed

Copper                        0.371            0.195
Nickel                        0.374            0.248
Ammonia (as N)               25.990           11.430
Cobalt                        0.768            0.337
Tungsten                      1.357            0.542
Oil and Grease                3.900            2.340
Total Suspended               7.995            3.803
Solids
pH                     Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
                                at all times
                               3173
-------
     SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                                  SECT - II
 (b)  Tungsten  Leaching  Acid  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                        Maximum for
                        Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
4.885
4.937
342.700
10.130
17.890
51.420
105.400
pH Within the range of 7
(c) Tungsten Post-Leaching
Wash and
tungsten produced
2.571
3.265
150.700
4.448
7.147
30.850
50.140
.5 to 10.0 at all times
Rinse BPT

Pollutant Property
                        Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH Within
of tungsten produced
9.772
9.875
685.600
20.263
35.800
102.900
210.900
the range of 7.5 to 10

5.143
6.532
301.400
8.897
14.300
61.720
100.300
.0 at all times
(d) Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate BPT



— v —.—. _ v_... v v *.           *-i«rfk .LIUI*AIL JUV^L

Pollutant Property     Any One Day
                                         Maximum for
                                       Monthly Average
mg/kg
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as
Cobalt
Tungsten
(Ib/million Ibs) of
31.
31.
N) 2,221.
65.
116.
Oil and Grease 333.
TSS
pH
683.
Within the range
synthetic
660
990
000
644
000
200
100
of 7.5 to
scheelite
16.660
21.160
976.300
28.824
46.320
200.000
324.900
produced







10.0 at all times
                               3174
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT -  II
 (e)  Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution  Control   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
                  Maximum for
                Monthly Average
mg/kg
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as
Cobalt
Tungsten
(Ib/million Ibs) of
3
3
N) 233
6
12
Oil and Grease 35
TSS
PH
71
Within the range
tungsten
.327
.362
.400
.899
.190
.020
.790
of 7.5 to
carbide scrap
1.751
2.224
102.600
3.029
4.868
21.010
34.150
10.0 at all
leaded







times
 (f)  Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                           Maximum for
                         Monthly Average
Maximum for
Any One Day
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH
              15.830
              16.000
           1,111.000
              32.832
              58.000
             166,700
             341.700
                       8.333
                      10.580
                     488.300
                      14.416
                      23.170
                     100.000
                     162.500
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
     Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
                  Maximum for
                Monthly Average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH
               67.990
               68.700
            4,770,000
              140,977
              249,000
              715,600
            1,467,000
                       35.780
                       45.440
                    2,097.000
                       61.901
                       99.470
                      429.400
                      697.700
 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3175
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - II
(h)  Crystallization Decant   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
        Maximum for
        Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH Within
79.140
79.970
5,552.000
164.101
289.900
833.000
1,708.000
the range of 7.5
41.650
52.900
2,441.000
72.055
115.800
499.800
812.200
to 10.0 at all times
(i)  Acid Wash Decant   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH Within
36.220
36.600
2,541.000
75.104
132.700
381.300
781.600
the range of
of cobalt produced
19.060
24.210
1,117.000
32.977
52.990
228.800
371.700
7.5 to 10.0 at all







times
 (j)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil  and  Grease
TSS
PH
             107.600
             108.800
           7,551.000
             223.189
             394.300
           1,133.000
           2,323.000
       56.650
       71.940
    3,320.000
       97.999
      157.500
      679.800
    1,105.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                                3176
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT - II
(k)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash
                           BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH
              207.200
              209.400
           14,530.000
              429.598
              758.900
            2,181.000
            4,471.000
      109.100
      138.500
    6,389.000
      188.631
      303.100
    1,309.000
    2,126.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
BAT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
multimedia filtration (lime, settle, and filter) technology along
with preliminary treatment consisting of ammonia steam  stripping
and  oil skimming for selected waste streams. The  following  BAT
effluent limitations are promulgated:

(a)  Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
                0.250
                0.107
               25.990
                0.538
                0.679
        0.119
        0.072
       11.430
        0.236
        0.302
 (b)  Tungsten Leaching Acid   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
               3.291
               1.414
             342.700
               7.096
               8.947
        1.569
        0.951
      150.700
        3.111
        3.985
                                3177
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT  -  II
 (c)  Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
(d) Synthetic
: . .
6.583
2.829
685.600
14.197
17.900
Scheelite Filtrate BAT

3.137
1.903
301.400
6.223
7.972

Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of synthetic scheelite produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     21.330
      9.164
  2,221.000
     45.984
     57.980
      10.170
       6.165
     976.300
      20.160
      25.82O
(e)  Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs).of tungsten carbide scrap leached
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
      2.241
      0.963
    233.400
      4.833
      6.093
       1.068
       0.648
     102.600
       2.119
       2.714
                               3178
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    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(f)   Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
                       10.670
                        4.583
                    1,111.000
                       22.999
                       29.000
       5.083
       3.083
     488.300
      10.083
      12.920
 (9)
Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
  mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt  sludge
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
                       45.800
                       19.680
                    4,769.000
                       98.756
                      124.500
       21.830
       13.240
    2,097.000
       43.295
       55.460
 (h)   Crystallization Decant   BAT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
             mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of  cobalt  produced
 Copper
 Nickel
 Ammonia (as N)
 Cobalt
 Tungsten
                        53.310
                        22.910
                      5,552.000
                        114.954
                        144.900
        25.410
        15.410
     2,441.000
        50.397
        64.560
                                3179
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - II
(i)  Acid Wash Decant  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     24.400
     10.490
  2,541.000
     52.611
     66.340
      11.630
       7.053
   1,117.000
      23.065
      29.550
(j)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     72.510
     31.160
  7,551.000
    156.346
    197.100
      34.560
      20.960
   3,320.000
      68.543
      87.800
 (k)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filter_ Cake Wash  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     139.600
      59.970
  14,530.000
     300.094
     379.400
       66.510
       40.340
    6,389.000
      131.932
      169.000
 NSPS   are   Promulgated  based on the   performance   achievable   by
 the   application  of  chemical precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
 multimedia  filtration  (lime, settle,  and  filter)   technology,
 along  with  preliminary treatment consisting  of   ammonia  steam
 stripping   and  oil   skimming for  selected  waste  streams.   The
 following  effluent standards are promulgated  for new sources:
                                3180
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - II
(a)  Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  *NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average

Copper
Nickel
Ammonia
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and
TSS
pH
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs

) of tungsten
0.250
0.107
(as N) 25.990

Grease

Within the range
0.538
0.679
1.950
2.925
of 7.5 to 10.
scrap washed
0.119
0.072
11.430
0.236
0.302
1.950
2.340
0 at all times
(b)  Tungsten Leaching Acid NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH Within the
3.291
1.414
342.700
7.096
8.947
25.710
38.570
range of 7.5
1.569
0.951
150.700
3.111
3.985
25.710
30.850
to 10.0 at all times
 (c)  Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
Ibs) of
6.583
2.829
685.600
14.194
17.900
51.430
77.150
pH Within the range of 7.
tungsten produced
3.137
1.903
301.400
6.223
7.972
51.430
61.720
5 to 10.0 at all times
                                3181
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(d)  Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH Within the
Ibs) of synthetic
21.330
9.164
2,221.000
45.984
57.980
166.600
249.900
range of 7.5 to
scheelite produced
10.170
6.165
976.300
20.160
25.820
166.600
200.000
10.0 at all times
(e)  Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
pH Within the
Ibs) of tungsten
2.241
0.963
233.400
4.833
6.093
17.510
26.270
range of 7.5 to
carbide scrap leache
1.068
0.648
102.600
2.119
2.714
17.510
21.010
10.0 at all times
(f)  Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  NSPS
Pollutant or           Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced

Copper                      10.670            5.083
Nickel                       4.583            3.083
Ammonia (as N)           1,111.000          488.300
Cobalt                      22.999           10.083
Tungsten                    29.000           12.920
Oil and Grease              83.330           83.330
TSS                        125.000          100.000
pH         Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3182
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    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
(g)  Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
                            45.800
                            19.680
                         4,769.000
                            98.756
                           124.500
                           357.800
                           536.700
      21.830
      13.240
   2,097.000
      43.295
      55.460
     357.800
     429.400
pH
          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h)  Crystallization Decant  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
                            53.310
                            22.910
                         5,552.000
                           114.954
                           144.900
                           416.500
                           624.800
      25.410
      15.410
   2,441.000
      50.397
      64.560
     416.500
     499.800
pH
          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(i)  Acid Wash Decant  NSPS
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
                            24.400
                            10.490
                         2,541.000
                            52.611
                            66.340
                           190.600
                           286.000
      11.630
       7.053
   1,117.000
      23.065
      29.550
     190.600
     228.700
          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3183
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                       SECT - II
 (j)   Cobalt  Hydroxide  Filtrate   NSPS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
             mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  cobalt produced
 Copper
 Nickel
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Cobalt
 Tungsten
 Oil and Grease
 TSS
                  72.510
                  31.160
               7,551.000
                 156.346
                 197.100
                 566.500
                 849.700
      34.560
      20.960
   3,320.000
      68.543
      87.800
     566.500
     679.800
PH
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 (k)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
Oil and Grease
TSS
                 139.600
                  59.970
              14,530.000
                 300.094
                 379.400
               1,091.000
               1,636.000
      66.510
      40.340
   6,389.000
     131.932
     169.000
   1,091.000
   1,309.000
          Within the range to 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
PSES  are  promulgated  based on the  performance  achievable  by
the  application  of chemical precipitation,  sedimentation,  and
multimedia  filtration  (lime, settle,  and  filter)  technology,
along  with  preliminary treatment consisting  of  ammonia  steam
stripping  and  oil  skimming for  selected  waste  streams.  The
following  pretreatment  standards are promulgated  for  existing
sources:
                               3184
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT - II
 (a)   Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
          mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of  tungsten scrap washed
 Copper
 Nickel
 Ammonia  (as  N)
 Cobalt
 Tungsten
       0.250
       0.107
      25.990
       0.538
       0.679
        0.119
        0.072
       11.430
        0.236
        0.302
 (b)   Tungsten Leaching Acid  PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs] of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
       3.291
       1.414
     342.700
       7.096
       8.947
        1.569
        0.951
      150.700
        3.111
        3.985
 (c)  Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse  PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
                 (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
       6.583
       2.829
     685.600
      14.194
      17.900
        3.137
        1.903
      301.400
        6.223
        7.972
                               3185
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
 (d)  Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  PSES

 Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
 Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


           mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced

 Copper                      21.330           10.170
 Nickel                       9.164            6.165
 Ammonia  (as N)           2,221.000          976.300
 Cobalt                      45.984           20.160
 Tungsten                    57.980           25.820


 (e)  Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES

 Pollutant or'~Maximum forMaximum for
 Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
(f) Tungsten Carbide Wash

of tungsten
2.241
0.963
233.400
4.833
6.093
Water PSES
carbide scrap leached
1.068
0.648
102.600
2.119
2.714

Pollutant or           Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced

Copper                      10.670            5.083
Nickel                       4.583            3.083
Ammonia (as N)            1,111.000          488.300
Cobalt                      22.999           10.083
Tungsten                    29.000           12.920
                               3186
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - II
(g)  Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES

Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
  mg/kg (Ib/millioh Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     45.800
     19.680
  4,770.000
     98.756
    124.500
      21.830
      13.240
   2,097.000
      43.295
      55.460
(h)  Crystallization Decant  PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
(i) Acid Wash Decant

53.310
22.910
5,552.000
114.954
144.900
PSES
cobalt produced
25.410
15.410
2,441.000
50.397
64.560

Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Any One Day
Monthly Average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
 Copper
 Nickel
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Cobalt
 Tungsten
      24.400
      10.490
   2,541.000
      52.611
      66.340
       11.630
        7.053
    1,117.000
       23.065
       29.550
                                3187
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(J)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate  PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
72.510
31.160
7,551.000
156.346
197.100
34.560
20.960
3,320.000
68.543
87.800
(k)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash  PSES

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
139.600
59.970
14,530.000
300.094
379.400
66.510
40.340
6,389.000
131.932
169.000
PSNS  are  promulgated  based on the  performance  achievable  by
the  application  of chemical precipitation,  sedimentation,  and
multimedia  filtration  (lime, settle,  and  filter)  technology,
along  with  preliminary treatment consisting  of  ammonia  steam
stripping  and oil skimming for selected wastewater streams.  The
following pretreatment standards are promulgated for new sources:


(a)  Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed

Copper                       0.250            0.119
Nickel                       0.107            0.072
Ammonia (as N)              25.990           11.430
Cobalt                       0.538            0.236
Tungsten                     0.679            0.302
                               3188
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - II
 (b)  Tungsten Leaching Acid  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
       3.291
       1.414
     342.700
      ,7.096
       8.947
        1.569
        0.951
      150.700
        3.111
        3.985
(c)  Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash and Rinse  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
6.583
2.829
685.600
-14.194
17.900
3.137
1.903
301.400
6.223
7.972
(d)  Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of synthetic scheelite produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     21.330
      9.164
  2,221.000
     45.984
     57.980
      10.170
       6.165
     976.300
      20.160
      25.820
                               3189
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT -  II
 (e)  Tungsten Carbide  Leaching Wet Air  Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  tungsten carbide scrap leached
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
2.241
0.963
233.400
4.833
6.093
1.068
0.648
102.600
2.119
2.714
 (f)  Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia  (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
      10.670
       4.583
   1,111.000
      22.999
      29.000
        5.083
        3.083
      488.300
       10.083
       12.920
(g)  Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
     45.800
     19.680
  4,770.000
     98.756
    124.500
      21.830
      13.240
   2,097.000
      43.295
      55.460
                               3190
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT -  II
 (h)  Crystallization Decant  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
._ .. _ " 	 ,. 1 II
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
(i) Acid Wash Decant

53.310
22,910
5/552.000
114.954
144.900
PSNS
25.410
15.410
2,441.000
50.397
64.560

Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
( j ) Cobalt Hydroxide

24.400
10.490
2,541.000
52.611
66.340
Filtrate PSNS

11.630
7.053
1,117.000
23.065
29.550

Pollutant Property
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Copper
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
Cobalt
Tungsten
      72.510
      31.160
   7,551.000
     156.346
     197.100
       34.560
       20.960
    3,320.000
       68.543
       87.800
                               3191
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(k)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash  PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced

Copper                      139.600           66.510
Nickel                       59.970           40.340
Ammonia (as N)           14,530.000        6,389.000
Cobalt                      300.094          131.932
Tungsten                    379.400          169.000
EPA is not promulgating BCT for this subcategory at this time,
                                3192
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT
III
                           SECTION III

                       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
This  section  of the secondary tungsten  and  cobalt  supplement
describes  the  raw materials and processes used in smelting  and
refining secondary tungsten and cobalt and presents a profile  of
the  secondary  tungsten  and cobalt plants  identified  in  this
study.

DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT PRODUCTION

Secondary  tungsten is produced from tungsten carbide  scrap  and
other tungsten bearing scrap.  Secondary cobalt is recovered as a
co-product  of the tungsten carbide recovery process.  Cobalt  is
used  as  a binder alloy in the manufacture of  tungsten  carbide
parts.    The  hydrometallurgical  processing  used -to   recover
secondary  tungsten,  secondary tungsten carbide,  and  secondary
cobalt can be divided into several steps:  tungsten recovery from
scrap  (non-tungsten  carbide), synthetic  scheelite  production,
tungsten  carbide  recovery  from  scrap,  cobalt  recovery  from
sludges  and solutions, and cobalt produced from cobalt  oxylate.
Not  all  of  these processes are present  at  each  plant.   The
secondary  tungsten and cobalt subcategory  production  processes
are  presented  schematically  in Figure III-l  (page  3201)  and
described below.

RAW MATERIALS

The  raw  materials used for secondary tungsten  and  cobalt  are
tungsten  carbide  scrap, other tungsten  bearing  scrap,  cobalt
sludge,  and  cobalt oxylate. Tungsten scrap consists  mostly  of
oily  machine  turnings, and brazed-tungsten  alloy  scrap.   The
major  impurities  in  this type of  scrap  are  copper,  nickel,
silver,  and  zinc.   Tungsten  carbide  scrap  is  comprised  of
recycled  drilling bits and other mining tools, machinery  parts,
die  casts,  and  other  hard  surfacing  materials.   The  major
impurities  in  this type of scrap are cobalt and  other  metals.
Tungsten  scrap  may contain more than 90 percent  tungsten,  and
tungsten  carbide  scrap  generally contains  10  to  40  percent
cobalt, with more than 90 percent of the remainder being tungsten
carbide.

TUNGSTEN RECOVERY FROM SCRAP

Tungsten  may  be recovered from scrap by leaching, as  shown  in
Figure III-l. The tungsten bearing scrap is washed with detergent
and   rinsed  with water prior to the leaching to  remove  surface
oils  from the scrap.

Scrap is washed in either a mixing vessel or in a  screw-conveyer
apparatus.   Detergent  solution  is  added to break up  oil  and
grease particles', and then rinse water is added and  continuously
                                3193
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
removed  until  the scrap is cleaned.  Clean scrap is  easier  to
leach  and requires less leaching time.  The detergent  wash  and
rinse water are discharged as a wastewater stream.

Acid  leaching  is  the  major  purification  step  in  secondary
tungsten production.  Tungsten bearing raw materials are  leached
in an agitated vessel with hydrochloric acid and other chemicals.
Tungsten  is leached in order to remove copper,  nickel,  silver,
zinc  and  other  impurities.   Leaching  is  generally  operated
batchwise, and may be repeated several times in order to increase
product  purity.  Following the leaching operation is  a  liquid-
solid  separation  step, which is  either done by  filtration  or
decantation.   When  tungsten scrap is acid  leached,  the  spent
leaching solution is discharged.

After leaching impurities away from tungsten,  the purified metal
is  washed with acid and base,  and rinsed with  water.   Washing
neutralizes  and  removes any traces of impurities  and  leaching
acid  from  the  tungsten product.   The  washing  solutions  are
discharged as a wastewater stream.

SYNTHETIC SCHEELITE PRODUCTION

Both  tungsten and tungsten carbide scrap may be used to  produce
synthetic  scheelite  as  shown  in  Figure  III-1  (page  3201).
Synthetic   scheelite  (CaWO4)   is  used  in  primary   tungsten
production  as  a  supplemental  feedstock  along  with   natural
scheelite ore.

Tungsten  scrap  may  be purified with an acid  leaching  process
prior  to entering the smelting or roasting furnace where  it  is
oxidized.    No  wastewater  is  associated  with  this  process.
Tungsten oxide is digested with caustic, in order to dissolve the
tungsten  oxide.   Undissolved impurities are filtered away,  and
the solution is reacted with calcium chloride or other  chemicals
to  produce  synthetic scheelite.   The liquid waste is  filtered
away from the synthetic scheelite and is discharged. If  tungsten
carbide  issued  as a raw material, the final  filtrate  contains
cobalt  values  which  are  recovered prior  to  discharge  by  a
hydroxide precipitation and filtration process.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE RECOVERY FROM SCRAP

As  shown  in Figure III-l, tungsten carbide  is  recovered  from
scrap   by  acid  leaching.   After  preliminary  cleaning   with
detergent and water, tungsten carbide scrap is leached with  acid
and  other chemicals to remove impurities.  Cobalt is  the  major
impurity  removed. Tungsten carbide powder is washed  with  water
and then crushed and ground to specification.  One plant reported
discharging the post-leaching wash water as a wastewater  stream.
Other  plants leaching tungsten carbide scrap  reported  reuseing
their spent solutions in a cobalt recovery process.

One plant leaching tungsten carbide scrap reported a wet scrubber
to  control  acid  fumes from the leaching vessel.   There  is  a
                               3194
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
wastewater discharge from this scrubber.

COBALT RECOVERY FROM SLUDGES AND SOLUTIONS

The cobalt-laden solutions and filtrates produced in the tungsten
carbide  recovery  process,  along  with  cobalt-laden  solutions
produced  by  leaching cobalt sludge, may be routed to  a  cobalt
recovery  circuit.   Cobalt hydroxide, which may  be  reduced  to
cobalt powder is most commonly produced, although other  chemical
compounds  of cobalt may be produced.  These processes are  shown
in Figures III-l.

One  plant  leaching  cobalt sludge reported a  wet  scrubber  to
control  acid  fumes  from  the  leaching  vessel.   There  is  a
wastewater discharge from this scrubber.

Cobalt Production Via Cobalt Hydroxide

The first step in the production of cobalt is to crystallize  the
cobalt in solution as a complex cobalt salt. Most commonly,  this
is  an  ammonium  complex, but other systems  may  be  used.  The
crystals  settle  out, and the resultant  supernatant  liquor  is
decanted  and  discharged as a process  wastewater.   The  cobalt
crystals  are washed with hydrochloric acid and water  to  remove
impurities.  The acid wash water is also decanted and  discharged
as a wastewater stream.

The  purified  crystals  are then dissolved  in  sodium  fluoride
solution,  and  the  cobalt  precipitated  as  cobalt   hydroxide
(Co(OH)2).   The slurry is filtered, and the filtrate  discharged
as  a wastewater stream.  The Co(OH)2 filter cake is then  washed
with  water.  The wash water is also discharged as  a  wastewater
stream.  Cobalt hydroxide is dried and reduced in a furnace under
a  hydrogen atmosphere to pure cobalt powder.  Reduction  to  the
metal is a dry operation.

Cobalt  Dichloride Production

Cemented tungsten carbide scrap can also be processed to yield  a
tungsten  carbide  product and cobalt dichloride  (CoCl2).   This
process does not generate a process wastewater discharge based on
complete recycle of  the wastewater.

COBALT PRODUCTION FROM COBALT OXYLATE

Cobalt powder  is produced from cobalt oxylate by reducing it in a
hydrogen furnace, as shown in Figure  III-l.  There is no  process
wastewater associated with this reduction process.

PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

Although  a  variety  of  processes   are  involved  in  secondary
tungsten  and  cobalt  production,    the  significant  wastewater
sources   that   are  associated  with   the  subcategory  can   be
designated as  follows:
                                3195
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
1.   Tungsten detergent wash and rinse,
2.   Tungsten leaching acid,
3.   Tungsten post-leaching wash and rinse,
4.   Synthetic scheelite filtrate,           p
5.   Tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control,
6.   Tungsten carbide wash water,
7.   Cobalt sludge leaching wet air pollution control,
8.   Crystallization decant,
9.   Acid wash decant,
10.  Cobalt hydroxide filtrate, and
11.  Cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash.


OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

Other  waste streams associated with the secondary  tungsten  and
cobalt  subcategory  include stormwater runoff,  maintenance  and
cleanup  water, and noncontact cooling water. These  streams  are
not  considered as a part of this rulemaking.  EPA believes  that
the  flows and pollutant loadings associated with  these  streams
are insignificant relative  to the waste streams selected and  are
best  handled by the appropriate permit authority on  a  case-by~
case basis under authority  of Section  403 of the Clean Water Act.

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND-PROCESS PROFILE

Figure III-2  (page 3204) shows the  locations of the six secondary
tungsten  and cobalt plants operating  in the United States.   All
are  located  east of  the Mississippi  River,  concentrated  near
industrial centers.

Table  III-l   (page   3198)  illustrates  the   relative  age   and
discharge  status  of  the  secondary tungsten   and  cobalt  plants
operating  in  the United  States.   One plant was built  prior   to
World War I,  two plants were built  during World War II, and  only
two have been built  in the  last  17  years.

From  Table   III-2   (page  3199)  it  can be  seen that  of  the  six
facilities  which  produce  secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt,  mean
tungsten  product  production   is about 100  tons/year  and  mean
cobalt product production  is also about 100  tons/year.

Table  III-3   (page   3200)  provides a summary  of  the  number   of
plants  generating   wastewater  for  the waste  streams  associated
with   the  various processes  and the  number  of plants  with  the
process.
                                3196
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
    SECT
III
                          TABLE II1-2

         PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN
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          Tungsten Products
      Production Ranges for 1982
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                10-100

               100-500


                Total
Number of Plants

        2

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       Production Ranges for 1982
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                10-100

               100-500


                Total
Number of Plants

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                             3198
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                   SECT - III
                           TABLE II1-3

 SUMMARY OF SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY PROCESSES
                  AND ASSOCIATED WASTE STREAMS
Process or Waste Stream

Tungsten or tungsten
carbide recovery

  Tungsten detergent wash
    and rinse

  Tungsten leaching acid

  Tungsten post-leaching
    wash and rinse

  Synthetic scheelite
    filtrate

  Tungsten carbide leaching
    air pollution control

  Tungsten carbide wash
    water

Cobalt recovery

  Cobalt sludge leaching
    air pollution control

  Crystallization decant

  Acid wash decant

  Cobalt hydroxide filtrate

  Cobalt hydroxide filter
    cake wash
Number of Tungsten
and Cobalt Plants
 with Process or
   Waste Stream
   Number of
Plants Reporting
 Generation of
  Wastewater*
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        1
        4

        1


        1

        1

        1

        1
        1

        1


        3


        1


        1
        1

        1

        1

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*Through reuse or evaporation practices, a plant may "generate" a
 wastewater from a particular process but not discharge it.
                               3199
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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SECT - JJJ

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                        3201
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                SECT  - III
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                               3202
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT -  III
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-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
              THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                              3204
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV



                           SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION

This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation  of  the  subdivisions  or  building  blocks  of  the
secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt  subcategory  and  its   related
subdivisions.    Production  normalizing  parameters   for   each
subdivision are discussed.

FACTORS  CONSIDERED  IN SUBDIVIDING THE  SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN  AND
COBALT SUBCATEGORY

The factors listed previously for general subcategorization  were
each  evaluated  when considering subdivision  of  the  secondary
tungsten and cobalt subcategory. In the discussion that  follows,
the factors will be described as they pertain to this  particular
subcategory.

The   rationale  for  considering  subdivision  of   the
secondary  tungsten and cobalt subcategory is based primarily  on
differences  in the production processes and raw materials  used.
Within  this  subcategory, a number of different  operations  are
performed,  which may or may not have a water use  or  discharge,
and  which  may require the establishment  of  separate  effluent
limitations. Secondary tungsten and cobalt is considered a single
subcategory,  however, a thorough examination of  the  production
processes has illustrated the need for limitations and  standards.
based  on  wastewater  streams.  Limitations  will  be  based  on
specific flows for the following subdivisions:

     1.  Tungsten detergent wash and rinse,
     2.  Tungsten leaching acid,
     3.  Tungsten post-leaching wash and rinse,
     4.  Synthetic scheelite filtrate,
     •5.  Tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control,
     6.  Tungsten carbide wash water,
     7.  Cobalt sludge leaching wet air pollution control.
     8.  Crystallization decant,
     9.  Acid wash decant,
     10. Cobalt hydroxide filtrate, and
     11. Cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash.

These  subdivisions follow directly from differences between  the
processing   steps  of secondary tungsten and  cobalt  production.
Tungsten  recovery  from scrap,  synthetic scheelite  production,
tungsten  carbide recovery from scrap,  and cobalt recovery  from
sludges and  solutions each have various steps which may  generate
wastewaters.

Refining   tungsten  scrap  into  pure  tungsten   metal   powder
establishes  a need for the first three subdivisions —  tungsten
detergent  wash and rinse, tungsten leaching acid,  and  tungsten
post-leaching  wash  and  rinse.  Tungsten scrap  may  be  washed,


                                3205
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
       SECT - IV
 leached,   and  washed again to produce a pure  tungsten  product,
 Separate   subdivisions are necessary because some plants  do  noi
 use all these processes.
 The  fourth subdivision,  synthetic scheelite filtrate,  is  needed
 for  plants  which  produce synthetic scheelite  from  scrap  and
 discharge the wastewater  generated by the process.

 The  fifth and sixth subdivisions  are necessary for  plants   which
 recover  tungsten  carbide  from scrap,   and discharge  post-leaching
 wash water,  or leaching scrubber liquor.

 The  seventh through eleventh subdivisions are  needed for  plants
 which refine  cobalt found in tungsten carbide  scrap   or   other
 secondary  materials  into   pure cobalt powder.   This  is  a  wet
 chemistry purification and  there are  several wastewater  sources.

 OTHER FACTORS

 The other factors  considered in this  evaluation were shown  to   be
 inappropriate  bases  for   subdivision.    Air   pollution control
 methods,   treatment   costs,   and total  energy   requirements  are
 functions  of  the selected subcategorization   factors   —   metal
 product,   raw materials, and production processes.   As   discussed
 in  Section IV of  the General Development  Document, certain   other
 factors,   such as  plant   age, plant size,  and the  number   of
 employees, were also evaluated  and determined to be  inappropriate
 for  use   as   bases  for subdivision   of   this   nonferrous  metals
 subcategory.

 PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

 As   discussed  previously, the effluent limitations and   standards
 developed  in  this  document  establish mass  limitations   for   the
 discharge  of  specific pollutants or pollutant  parameters.   To
 allow  these   regulations to  be applied to  plants  with  various
 production  capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must  be
 related   to  a unit  of production.   This factor  is known  as   the
 production  normalizing  parameter (PNP).   The PNPs  for  the  11
 subdivisions or building blocks are as follows:
           Building Block

1.  Tungsten detergent wash and rinse

2.  Tungsten leaching acid

3.  Tungsten post-leaching wash and
      rinse

4.  Synthetic scheelite filtrate
5.   Tungsten carbide leaching wet air
      pollution control
     PNP

tungsten scrap washed

tungsten produced

tungsten produced
synthetic scheelite
  produced

tungsten carbide scrap
  leached
                               3206
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
      SECT - IV
6.  Tungsten carbide wash water


7.  Cobalt sludge leaching wet air
      pollution control

8.  Crystallization decant

9.  Acid wash decant

10. Cobalt hydroxide filtrate

11. Cobalt hydroxide filter cake
      wash
tungsten carbide
  produced

cobalt produced from
  cobalt sludge

cobalt produced

cobalt produced

cobalt produced

cobalt produced
Other production normalizing parameter's were considered.  The use
of   production  capacity ., instead  of  actual   production   was
eliminated  because  wastewater flow is more closely  related  to
production than to rated capacity.

The  amount  of  scrap washed was  selected  as  the  normalizing
parameter  for  the pre-leaching detergent wash and  rinse  waste
stream instead of the amount of tungsten produced because not all
the  tungsten scrap is washed prior to leaching.   Non-oily scrap
is leached without preliminary washing,  and, if it were included
in  the production used to calculate a flow allowance,  it  would
upset   the   flow-to-production  relation   inherent   in   this
regulation.
                               3207
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                            3208
-------
      SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
                             SECTION V

             WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
 This  section  describes the characteristics of  the  wastewaters
 associated  with the secondary tungsten and  cobalt  subcategory.
 Water  use and discharge rates are explained and then  summarized
 in tables at the end of this section.   Data used to characterize
 the  wastewaters are presented. Two principal data  sources  were
 used:  data  collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  field   sampling
 results.    Data   collection  portfolios   contain   information
 regarding  wastewater flows and production levels.  Finally,  the
 specific  source, water use and discharge flows,  and  wastewater
 characteristics   for   each  separate  wastewater   source   are
 discussed.

 In  order  to  quantify the pollutant  discharge  from  secondary
 tungsten  and  cobalt  plants,   a  field  sampling  program   was
 conducted.  A  complete list of the pollutants considered  and  a
 summary  of  the  techniques  used  in  sampling  and  laboratory
 analyses  are  included  in Section V of  Vol.  I.  Samples  were
 analyzed  for  124  of  the 126  priority  pollutants  and  other
 pollutants deemed appropriate.   (Because the analytical  standard
 for  TCDD  was judged to be too hazardous to  be  made  generally
 available,  samples  were  never  analyzed  for  this  pollutant.
 Samples  were  also  never  analyzed for asbestos.    There  is  no
 reason  to  expect  that TCDD or asbestos  would  be  present  in
 nonferrous  metals  manufacturing wastewater.)   Specific  plants
 were  selected for sampling in  the secondary tungsten and  cobalt
 subcategory.    In  general,  the samples were  analyzed  for  two
 classes  of  pollutants: toxic'metal  pollutants,   and  criteria
 pollutants (which includes  both conventional and  nonconventional
 pollutants).

 One  additional plant was identified following proposal based  on
.information  supplied  in  an industry   comment.    This  facility
 manufactures  synthetic scheelite and is an indirect discharger  of
 synthetic scheelite filtrate.

 Since proposal,  EPA gathered additional wastewater  sampling  data
 for two of the  subdivisions in  this subcategory.   These data were
 acquired through a  self-sampling  program  which was  conducted  at
 the  specific  request of EPA. The data  include analyses  for the
 toxic metals arsenic,  beryllium,  cadmium,  chromium,  copper,  lead,
 nickel,  silver,  and zinc.   The  data also include analyses for the
 nonconventional  pollutants  ammonia,  cobalt,  and tungsten.    These
 data   support  the assumptions which EPA had  made   concerning the
 presence  and concentration to  pollutants  in  those  subdivisions
 where  we did not have  analytical data  for   specific pollutants.
 For this  reason,   the  selection   of  pollutant parameters   for
 limitation in this  subcategory  (Section VI)  has not  been   revised
 based on these  new  data.
                               3209
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      SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


 As  described  in Section IV of this  supplement,  the  secondary
 tungsten   and  cobalt  subcategory  has  been  divided into   11
 subdivisions   or  building  blocks,  so  that  the   promulgated
 regulation contains mass discharge limitations and standards  for
 11 unit processes discharging process wastewater.  Differences in
 the wastewater characteristics associated with these subdivisions
 are  to  be  expected.   For  this  reason,   wastewater   streams
 corresponding to each subdivision are addressed separately in the
 discussions that follow.  These wastewater sources are:

     1.   Tungsten detergent wash and rinse,
     2.   Tungsten leaching acid,
     3.   Tungsten post-leaching wash and rinse,
     4.   Synthetic scheelite filtrate,
     5.   Tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control,
     6.   Tungsten carbide wash water,
   *  7.   Cobalt sludge _eaching wet air pollution control,
     8.   Crystallization decant,
     9.   Acid wash decant,
    10.   Cobalt hydroxide filtrate, and
    11.   Cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash.

 WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

 Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated,  and two  flow-to-
 production  ratios  were  calculated for each  stream.    The  two
 ratios,    water   use  - and  wastewater   discharge   flow,    are
 differentiated by the flow value used in calculation.   Water  use
 is  defined as the volume  of water required  for  a  given   process
 per  mass of tungsten and cobalt product and  is  therefore  based on
 the   sum  of  recycle  and make-up  flows to  a  given  process.
 Wastewater  flow  discharged after pretreatment   or recycle  (if
 these are  present)   is  used  in  calculating   the    production
 normalized  flow  — the volume of wastewater discharged   from a
 given process to further  treatment,  disposal, or   discharge  per
 mass of  tungsten or cobalt produced.   Differences between  the
 water use  and wastewater flows associated  with a  given  stream
 result from recycle,  evaporation,  and carry-over  on the product.
 The   production  values  used in calculation correspond   to  the
 production  normalizing  parameter,  PNP,  assigned  to each   stream,
 as outlined in Section  IV.   As  an  example, tungsten leaching acid
 wastewater  flow is  related to tungsten  production.  As  such,   the
 discharge  rate is  expressed  in  liters of  leaching acid  wastewater
 discharged  per metric ton  of tungsten produced.

 The   production normalized flows were compiled and  statistically
 analyzed   by stream  type.  These production  normalized  water   use
 and   discharge flows  are presented  by subdivision in  Tables  V-l
 through  V-ll  (pages  3217  -  3220). Where appropriate, an  attempt
was made to  identify  factors  that could account for variations in
water  use.  This  information is summarized  in this  section.   A
similar  analysis of  factors affecting  the wastewater  values  is
presented   in   Sections  IX,  X, XI, and XII  where   representative
BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment discharge flows are selected for
use in calculating the effluent limitations and standards.


                               3-210
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - V
WAST.EWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA

Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
secondary tungsten and cobalt production come from two sources —
data  collection  portfolios  and  analytical  data  from   field
sampling.

DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

In  the  data collection portfolios,, the secondary  tungsten  and
cobalt plants were asked to indicate whether or not the  priority
pollutants   were  present  in  their  effluent.   All   of   the
discharging  plants  indicated that priority  organic  pollutants
were  believed  to be absent from their effluent.   Three  plants
stated that some of the priority metals were known or believed to
be  present  in their effluent.  The responses for  the  priority
metals and cyanide are summarized below:
          Pollutant

          Antimony
          Arsenic
          Beryllium
          Cadmium
          Chromium
          Cyanide
          Copper
          Lead
          Mercury
          Nickel
          Selenium
          Silver
          Thallium
          Zinc
Known
Present

   0
   1
   0
   0
   2
   2
   0
   1
   1
   1
   0
   0
   0
   1
Believed
 Present

    1
    0
    0
    1
    2
    2
    0
    0
    1
    2
    0
    1
    0
    2
FIELD SAMPLING DATA

In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
wastewater from secondary tungsten and cobalt plants,  wastewater
samples were collected at discharging plants.

The   sampling  data  for  the  secondary  tungsten  and   cobalt
subcategory are presented in Tables V-12 through V-19 (pages 3221
-  3245).  Table  V-20 (page 3247)  presents  sampling  data  for
influent  and effluent from treatment for secondary tungsten  and
cobalt.  Table  V-21  (page  3252)  presents  partially   treated
wastewater  data.  The  stream codes  displayed  in  Tables  V-i2
through  V-21  (pages 3221 - 3252) may be used  to  identify  the
location  of  each  of the samples on process  flow  diagrams  in
Figures V-l and V-2.  Where no data are listed for a specific day
of  sampling,  the  wastewater samples for the  stream  were  not
                                3211
-------
      SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
 collected.  If the analysis did not detect a pollutant in a waste
 stream, the pollutant was reported as not detected  (or ND), and a
 value of zero was used in averaging.

 Toxic  organic pollutants were not measured in this  subcategory.
 Wastewater  samples collected at plants in this subcategory  werp
 analyzed for all priority metal pollutants, cyanide, and  several
 conventional and nonconventional pollutants.

 The  detection  limits  shown  on  the  data  tables  for   toxic
 pollutants  and conventional and nonconventional  pollutants  are
 not  the same in all cases as the published detection limits  for
 these  pollutants by the same analytical methods.  The  detection
 limits used were reported with the analytical data and hence  arp
 the_ appropriate  limits to apply to the data.    Detection  limit-
 variation  can  occur  as a result of  a  number  of  laboratory-
 specific,    equipment-specific,    and   daily   operator-specific
 factors.    These  factors can include day-to-day  differences  in
 machine calibration,  variation in stock solutions, and  variation
 in operators.

 The  statistical analysis of data includes some samples  measured
 at   concentrations   considered   not  quantifiable.     For   data
 considered  as detected but  below quantifiable  concentrations,   a
 value  of   zero  is   used  for  averaging.    Nonconventional  and
 conventional pollutant data  reported with  a "less than" sign  are
 considered as  detected,  but  not  further  quantifiable.   A value  of
 zero  is also  used for averaging.   if  a  pollutant is reported  as
 not  detected,  it is  assigned  a  value  of zero in  calculating  the
 average.   Finally, priority  metal  values reported as less than   a
 certain •   value  were  considered  as   not   quantifiable,   and
 consequently were, assigned a value of  zero  in the calculation   of
 the  average.   The average values  were not  used in the  selection
 of pollutants  or pollutant parameters  for  regulation.

 Appropriate  source water concentrations are presented  with  the
 summaries of the sampling data.    The method by which each sample
 was collected  is indicated by  number, as follows:
 1
 2
 3
 4
 5
 6
One-time grab
Manual composite during intermittent process operation
8-hour manual composite
8-hour automatic composite
24-hour manual composite
24-hour automatic composite
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Since  secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt  production  involves  11
principal   sources  of  wastewater  and  each  has   potentially
different    characteristics    and   flows,    the    wastewater
characteristics   and  discharge  rages  corresponding  to   each
                               3212
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


subdivision will be described separately.  A brief description of
why the associated production processes generate a wastewater and
explanations for variations of water use within each  subdivision
will also be discussed.

TUNGSTEN DETERGENT WASH AND RINSE

Tungsten scrap is washed with detergent and rinsed with water  in
order  to clean surface oils from the scrap.  The water  use  and
discharge  rates  for  tungsten  detergent  wash  and  rinse  are
reported  in Table V-l (page 3217). Tungsten detergent  wash  and
rinse  sampling  data are presented in Table  V-12  (page  3221).
Samples  were taken of both the wash and the rinse, and the  data
are shown in Table V-12.  This wastewater stream is characterized
by the presence of treatable concentrations of cadmium, chromium,
cobalt, copper, nickel, oil and grease, and suspended solids.

TUNGSTEN LEACHING ACID

Tungsten scrap is leached with acid in order to remove impurities
from  the  tungsten  metal.  After leaching, the  spent  acid  is
discharged.   The water use and discharge rates are presented  in
Table V-2 (page 3217).  Tungsten leaching acid sampling data  are
presented  in Table V-13 (page 3226). This wastewater  stream  is
characterized  by  the presence of  treatable  concentrations  of
arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, nickel, silver, zinc,
suspended solids, and an acidic pH.

TUNGSTEN POST-LEACHING WASH AND RINSE

After leaching tungsten scrap with acid, the tungsten product may
be  washed  with acid and rinsed with water in order  to  further
purify  the product.  The water use and discharge rates for  this
wastewater stream are presented in Table V-3 (page 3217).Sampling
data for tungsten post-leaching wash and rinse water is presented
in Table V-14  (page 3230).  Treatable concentrations of  arsenic,
cadmium,   chromium,  cobalt,  copper,  nickel,   silver,   zinc,
suspended  solids,  and  an acidic  pH  characterize  this  waste
stream.

SYNTHETIC SCHEELITE FILTRATE

Both  tungsten and tungsten carbide scrap can be  processed  into
synthetic scheelite,  which can then be used as a raw material in
a   primary    tungsten  refinery.    After  producing   synthetic
scheelite,  wastewater is filtered away from the product and  may
be  discharged.   Table V-4 (page 3218) shows the water  use  and
discharge   rates  for  plants  producing   synthetic
scheelite.

Although  this  waste stream was not sampled, it is  believed  to
have  similar  characteristics to the cobalt  hydroxide  filtrate
sampling data  is shown in Table V-18 (page  3243).  These  streams
are   expected  to  be  similar  because   both   processes   are
precipitating  products from a caustic solution  which  generally


                               3213
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


come from the same raw material.  This stream is characterized by
treatable concentrations of antimony, arsenic, cadmium,  cyanide,
nickel,  silver,  zinc,  and suspended solids.   Ammonia  is  not
expected to be present in synthetic scheelite filtrate.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Scrap  tungsten carbide may be leached with hydrochloric acid  to
solubilize  cobalt,  which  is used as the binder  alloy  in  the
tungsten  carbide.   Off-gasses from leaching may  be  controlled
with  a  wet  scrubber,  which uses a  caustic  solution  as  the
scrubbing  medium.   Three  plants reported  a  tungsten  carbide
leaching  operation but only one controls off-gasses.  The  water
use  and discharge rates for these plants are presented in  Table
V-5 (page 3218).

Although tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control  was
not sampled prior to proposal, raw wastewater data were available
from  a cobalt sludge leaching scrubber presented as  a  combined
wastewater  sample  in  Table V-15 (page  3234).   This  combined
sample  contains  scrubber liquor, and crystallization  and  acid
wash  decant wastewater.  The wastewater characteristics for  the
two  scrubbers  are  expected  to  be  similar  because  of   the
similarities  in  the  raw materials  and  processes  used.   The
wastewater  sample  collected  from the  analogous  wet  scrubber
stream   contains  treatable  concentrations  of  toxic   metals,
ammonia, and suspended solids, and an acidic pH.

Following  proposal,  sampling  data for  this  subdivision  were
acquired  through  a self-sampling effort made  at  the  specific
request of EPA. These data (shown in Table V-22, page 3257)  show
treatable concentrations of chromium and lead, thus corroborating
the data used at proposal.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WASH WATER

After leaching, tungsten carbide is washed with water in order to
remove any traces of acid and other contaminants.  The wash water
may  be  discharged  or further processes  to  recover  dissolved
metals  such  as cobalt and then recycled to the  leaching  step.
Table V-6 (page 3218) presents the water use and discharge  rates
for these two plants.

Although  tungsten  carbide wash water was not sampled  prior  to
proposal,  raw  wastewater data were available from  a  secondary
tungsten    post-leaching    wash    water.     The    wastewater
characteristics  for  the  two wash waters were  expected  to  be
similar  due  to  the  similarities  in  the  raw  materials  and
processes  used.   The  wastewater  sample  collected  from   the
analogous  wash  water stream (shown in Table V-14,  page  3230),
contains  toxic  metals  and  suspended  solids  above  treatable
limits.

Following  proposal,  sampling  data for  this  subdivision  were
acquired through a self-sampling effort at  the specific  request


                               3214
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


of  EPA.  These data (presented in Table V-22,  page  3257)  show
treatable  concentrations of chromium, cobalt and tungsten,  thus
corroborating the data used at proposal.

COBALT SLUDGE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

When  cobalt  sludges  are  leached  with  acid,  off-gasses  are
controlled with a wet air pollution control device.  The scrubber
uses  a  dilute caustic solution as the scrubbing  medium   which
neutralizes the acidic off-gasses and removes contaminants.   The
water  use  and discharge rates for this  wastewater  stream  are
presented in Table V-7 (page 3219).

Combined   wastewater  sampling  data  including  cobalt   sludge
leaching  wet  air pollution control is presented in  Table  V-15
(page  3234).  This  wastewater stream is  characterized  by  the
presence  of  treatable  concentrations  of  cadmium,   chromium,
cobalt,   copper,  lead,  nickel,  silver,  zinc,  ammonia,   and
suspended solids, as well as an acidic pH.

CRYSTALLIZATION DECANT

After leaching cobalt sludge and tungsten carbide scrap with acid
and  filtering  away  the tungsten  and  undissolved  impurities,
cobalt  is  crystallized  as  an  ammonium  cobalt   intermediate
product.   The excess crystallization liquor is decanted off  and
discarded.    The  water  use  and  discharge  rates  for    this
wastewater stream are presented in Table V-8 (page 3219).

Sampling data for crystallization decant is presented in Table V-
16   (page 3236).  This wastewater stream is characterized by  the
presence   of  treatable  concentrations  of  arsenic,   cadmium,
chromium,  cobalt, copper, lead, nickel, silver, thallium,  zinc,
ammonia, and suspended solids, as well as an acidic pH.

ACID WASH DECANT

The  ammonium  cobalt crystals produced from  cobalt  sludge  and
scrap   tungsten carbide are washed with dilute hydrochloric  acid
to   remove  all  traces of ammonia, and  to  further  purify  the
crystals.  After washing the crystals, the acid is decanted  off,
and  discharged.  One plant reported generating this waste stream,
and  its water use and discharge rates are presented in Table  V-9
 (page 3219) .

Sampling  data for acid wash decant are presented  in  Table  V-17
 (page   3238). This waste stream is characterized by the  presence
of treatable concentrations of cadmium, chromium,  cobalt, copper,
lead,   nickel, silver, zinc, ammonia,  and suspended  solids,  as
well as an acidic pH.

COBALT  HYDROXIDE FILTRATE

After purifying the ammonium cobalt crystals, they are  dissolved
using various chemical systems and cobalt is precipitated as  the


                               3215
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


hydroxide.  The cobalt hydroxide precipitate is filtered and  the
filtrate  is  discharged. The water use and discharge  rates  for
this stream are shown in Table V-10 (page 3220).

Sampling  data for cobalt hydroxide filtrate show an alkaline  pH
and elevated concentrations of antimony, arsenic, cyanide,  lead,
nickel, silver, zinc, ammonia, and suspended solids.  These  data
are   presented  in  Table  V-18  (page  3243).    Although   not
analytically  determined, fluoride is expected to be  present  in
this wastewater.

COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTER CAKE WASH

The cobalt hydroxide filter cake is washed with water in order to
remove  any residual alkalinity or other impurities and the  wash
water  discharged.   The water use and discharge rates  for  this
wastewater stream are presented in Table V-ll (page 3220).

The  sampling data for cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash water is
presented  in Table V-19 (page 3245).   This wastewater stream  is
characterized  by  the presence of  treatable  concentrations  of
lead, nickel, zinc, and ammonia.
                               3216
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                          SECT - V
Plant
Code
                            TABLE V-l

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                TUNGSTEN DETERGENT WASH AND RINSE

                (1/kkg of tungsten scrap washed)
Recycle or
Reuse (%)
Production Normalized
   Water Use Flow

        195
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

        195
                            TABLE V-2

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                     TUNGSTEN LEACHING ACID
                  (1/kkg of tungsten produced)
Plant   Recycle or  Production Normalized
Code    Reuse (%)      Water Use Flow
            0

          100*
                   2571

                     NR
                         Production normalized
                            Discharge Flow

                                2571

                                   0
*  100%  reuse of process effluent in
operation
                              secondary  silver  recovery
                            TABLE V-3

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
              TUNGSTEN POST-LEACHING WASH AND RINSE
                  (1/kkg of tungsten produced)
Plant
Code
Recycle or
Reuse (%)

  0
Production Normalized
   Water Use Flow

       5143
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

        5143
                               3217
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                        SECT - V
                            TABLE V-4

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                  SYNTHETIC SCHEELITE FILTRATE

             (1/kkg of synthetic scheelite produced)
Plant   Recycle or  Production Normalized
Code    Reuse (%)      Water Use Flow
          0

          0

          0
16661

   NR

 6532
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

      16661

         NR

       6532
                            TABLE V-5

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
       TUNGSTEN CARBIDE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

            (1/kkg of tungsten carbide scrap leached)
Plant   Recycle or  Production Normalized
Code    Reuse (%)      Water Use Flow
          >90
   NR
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

       1751
                            TABLE V-6

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                   TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WASH WATER

               (1/kkg of tungsten carbide produced)
Plant   Recycle or  Production Normalized
Code    Reuse  (%)      Water Use Flow
          100

            0
   NR

 8333
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

          0

       8333
                                3218
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                            TABLE V-7

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
        COBALT SLUDGE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

          (1/kkg of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge)
Plant   Recycle or  Production Normalized
Code    Reuse (%)      Water Use Flow
          >90
                    NR
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

      35718
                            TABLE V-8

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                     CRYSTALLIZATION DECANT
                    (1/kkg of cobalt produced)

Plant   Recycle or  Production Normalized
Code    Reuse  (%)      Water Use Flow

            0              41650
                                     Production normalized
                                        Discharge Flow

                                           41650
 Plant
 Code
                             TABLE V-9

                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES  FOR
                         ACID WASH DECANT
           (1/kkg of cobalt produced)

Recycle or  Production Normalized
Reuse (%)      Water Use Flow
            0
                  19062
 Production  normalized
    Discharge  Flow

       19062
                                3219
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                          SECT - V
                            TABLE V-10

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                    COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTRATE
Plant
Code
Recycle or
Reuse (%)
(1/kkg of cobalt produced)

 Production Normalized
    Water Use Flow

       56647
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

      56647
                            TABLE V-ll

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTER CAKE WASH
Plant
Code
Recycle or
Reuse (%)
(1/kkg of cobalt produced)

 Production Normalized
    Water Use Flow

      109035
Production normalized
   Discharge Flow

     109035
                               3220
-------
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      SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                       SECT - V
                            TABLE V-22

            SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SAMPLING DATA
                RAW WASTEWATER  SELF SAMPLING .DATA
Pollutant

    Sample No.

Toxic Pollutants

115. arsenic
117. beryllium
118. cadmium

119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead

124. nickel
126. silver
128. zinc
                       Wastewater  Pollutant  Concentration (mg/1)

                          88145                88146
                           0.022
                         <0.050
                           0.040

                           0.120
                         <0.100
                           0.480

                         <0.200
                         <0.010
Nonconventional Pollutants
aluminum
ammonia-N
cobalt

fluoride
iron
manganese

molybdenum
tin
titanium

tungsten
vanadium

No. 88145 -
No. 88146 -
             <0.500
             <0,02
             <0.500

              0.03
              2.250
              0.060

             <0.050
             13.0
             <0.200

            <86.0
              2.800
                                 <0.010
                                 <0.050
                                 <0.050

                                  0.100
                                 <0.100
                                 <0.200

                                 <0.200
                                 <0.010
                                 <0.050
                                             <0.500
                                              0.21
                                             14.500

                                              0.03
                                              0.390
                                             <0.050

                                             <0.050
                                             (5.000
                                             <2.000

                                              3.6
                                             <1.000
Tungsten carbide leaching wet air pollution control
Tungsten carbide wash water
                               3257
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
          THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                          3258
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                      SECT - VI
                           SECTION VI

                     SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS
Section  V  of  this  supplement presented  data  from  secondary
tungsten and cobalt plant sampling visits and subsequent chemical
analyses.   This  section  examines that data and  discusses  the
selection   or  exclusion  of  toxic  pollutants  for   potential
limitation.   Also,  this  section  discusses  the  selection  or
exclusion  of  conventional and  nonconventional  pollutants  for
limitation.

Each pollutant selected for potential limitation is discussed  in
Section VI of Vol. I. That discussion provides information  about
the  nature  of the pollutant (i.e., whether it  is  a  naturally
occurring   substance,   processed  metal,  or   a   manufactured
compound);  general  physical  properties and  the  form  of  the
pollutant;  toxic  effects of the pollutant in humans • and  other
animals;   and  behavior  of  the  pollutant  in  POTW   at   the
concentrations expected in industrial discharges.

The  discussion  that  follows describes the  analysis  that  was
performed  to  select  or exclude toxic  pollutants  for  further
consideration  for limitations and standards.  The data  from  14
wastewater samples from tungsten and cobalt plants are considered
in  this  analysis.   All 14 samples  are  raw  wastewater.   The
samples  are from streams numbered 468, 484, 470, 471, 064,  053,
056,  068,  and  071.  Pollutants will be  selected  for  further
consideration if they are present in concentrations treatable  by
the  technologies considered in this analysis.  In Section  X,  a
final  selection  of the pollutants to be limited  will  be  made
based on relative factors.

CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

This  study  examined samples from secondary tungsten and  cobalt
plants  for  three  conventional pollutant  parameters  (oil  and
grease, total suspended solids,  and pH) and three nonconventional
pollutant parameters (ammonia, cobalt  and tungsten).

CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

The  conventional  and nonconventional  pollutants  or  pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
     ammonia
     cobalt
     tungsten
oil and grease
total suspended solids (TSS)
pH
Ammonia   was   found  in  eight  of  14  samples   analyzed   at
concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
treatment  (32 mg/1).  The treatable concentrations  ranged  from
                               3259
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND,COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
 150  mg/1   to   26,000   mg/1.    Ammonia  was  found  in  treatable
 concentrations,   and is used  extensively in tungsten  and  cobalt
 processing,  and  therefore ammonia is  selected for limitation  in
 this subcategory.

 Cobalt  was  found   in   13 of  14   samples   above   its  treatable
 concentration  of  0.667  mg/1.   The  treatable concentrations  ranged
 from  2.8  mg/1   to  2,000 mg/1.   Cobalt is  a product   in  this
 subcategory,   and is soluble in solutions  at the   pH  values  of
 several waste  streams,  and is therefore  expected to be present  in
 the  wastewater.   For   these reasons,   cobalt is  selected  for
 limitation  in  this subcategory.

 Tungsten  was  determined  in  two samples of raw wastewater  from
 this  subcategory in   a self-sampling effort  conducted at  the
 specific request  of  EPA. Tungsten  was detected at  3.6  mg/1, which
 is  greater  than the  0.85 mg/1   concentration achievable  with
 treatment.  In addition, it is expected  to  be present  in the  raw
 wastewaters  from this  subcategory based of its presence in  the
 raw  materials and production processes,  and also  because of  its
 solubility  in the  various   acids and bases used  in  these
 hydrometallurgical   processes.   For these  reasons,  tungsten  is
 selected for limitation in this subcategory.

 Oil  and  grease was observed above its   treatable  concentration
 (10.0  mg/1)   in  three of the 14  samples   analyzed.   The  three
 treatable  concentrations  found are 11.0 mg/1,  18  mg/1,   and  240
 mg/1   s.  Two of   these   samples with  high oil  and  grease
 concentrations are samples of the  water  used to remove oils   from
 the  raw  material   prior   to  tungsten   leaching  and   would  be
 predicted to have high  oil and grease concentrations.  Therefore,
 oil  and grease is a pollutant parameter  selected  for  limitation
 in this subcategory.

 Total  suspended solids  (TSS)  concentrations  were  found  above the
 2.6  mg/1  concentration   considered  achievable   by   identified
 treatment technology in  12  of the  14 samples  analyzed.  Treatable
 concentrations ranged from 17  mg/1  to 50,000 mg/1.    Furthermore,
 most  of  the  technologies  used to  remove toxic metals do  so  by
 converting  these metals to precipitates.  A limitation on  total
 suspended  solids  helps   ensure   that  sedimentation  to  remove
 precipitated   toxic  metals  is  effectively operating.   For  these
 reasons, total suspended solids is a pollutant parameter selected
 for limitation in this subcategory.

 The pH values  observed ranged  from  zero to 12.7.  Five wastewater
 streams have pH values between zero and 1.31.  Effective  removal
 of toxic metals by precipitation requires careful control of  pH.
 Therefore, pH  is selected  for  limitation in this subcategory.

 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The frequency  of occurrence of the priority pollutants in the raw
wastewater  samples  considered in this analysis is   presented  in
Table VI-1.  These data provide the basis for the  categorization
                               3260
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                       SECT - VI
 of  specific  pollutants, as discussed below.  Table  VI-1  (page
 3264)  is based on the raw wastewater sampling data from  streams
 468,  470,  471, 487, 053, 056, 064, 068, and  071.   The  stream
 codes  correspond  to sample locations in Figures  V-l  and  V-2.
 Combined and treated vastewater data, streams 479, 473, 069, 062,
 061, and 058 were not used in the frequency count.

 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 3265)  were  not
 detected  in  any raw wastewater samples from  this  subcategory;
 therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
 establishing limitations:


 TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
 TREATMENT

 The pollutants listed below are not  selected for consideration in
 establishing  limitations  and  standards because they  were  not
 found  in  any  wastewater samples from  this  subcategory  above
 concentrations  considered  achievable by existing  or  available
 treatment   technologies.    These    pollutants   are    discussed
 individually following the list.

      117.   beryllium
      125.   selenium

 Beryllium was  detected above its  analytical  quantification  limit
 in  two of the  14 samples.    The observed  concentrations  were 0.12
 mg/1  and  0.16  mg/1.   Both of these values  are below the  0.20 mg/1
 concentration   considered  achievable   by  identified    treatment
 technology.     Therefore,    beryllium   is  not    considered    for
 limitation.

 Selenium   was  detected  above its  analytical  quantification  limit
 in  two of  the  13  samples.    The observed concentrations  were 0.18
 mg/1   and   0.2  mg/1.    Neither  of these values  are  above the  0.2
 mg/1  concentration considered achievable by  identified   treatment
 technology.    For  this   reason,  selenium   is  not  selected   for
 limitation.

 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

 The following pollutants were not selected for limitation because
 they   were detected in  the effluent from only a small  number  of
 sources  within the subcategory and they are uniquely related  to
 only those sources.
     114.
     121.
     123.
     127.
antimony
cyanide
mercury
thallium
Antimony  was detected above its analytical quantification  limit
                               3261
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
 in   three of  the  13  samples  considered  in  the analysis.   Two   of
 the   three values  (0.5 mg/lf  0.74 mg/1) are above  the   0.47  mg/1
 concentrations  considered   achievable  by identified   treatment
 technology.   Antimony was not detected above its  quantification
 limit  in the other  samples.  Since antimony was only detected   at
 one  plant, it is  not selected for limitation.

 Cyanide was detected above its analytical  quantification limit  in
 only one sample  analyzed.   This value  (0.31 mg/1) is   above  the
 0.047  mg/1   concentration considered   achievable  by   identified
 treatment  technology.   However, cyanide  is not expected  to   be
 present  in   the  wastewater  based  on the  raw  materials  and
 production    processes  involved.   Therefore,  cyanide  is   not
 selected for  limitation.

 Mercury was detected above its analytical  quantification limit  in
 four  of the  14 samples considered in the  analysis.  One of  the*
 four  values  (0.058  mg/1) is  above the  0.036  mg/1  concentration
 considered achievable by identified treatment technology. Mercury
 was   not  detected   in the other 10 samples.  Since  mercury  was
 detected  at  treatable levels in only sample, it is not  selected
 for  limitation.

 Thallium  was detected above  its analytical quantification  limit
 in   four of the 12 samples considered in the analysis.   Three   of
 the  four values are  above the 0.34 mg/1 concentration  considered
 achievable by identified treatment technology.  Thallium was  not
 detected  in  the other samples. Since  thallium was  detected   at
 treatable  levels  at  only one plant,  it  is  not  selected  for
 limitation.

 TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
 ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND  STANDARDS

 The   toxic  pollutants  listed below  are  selected  for  further
 consideration in establishing limitations  and standards  for  this
 subcategory.   The toxic pollutants selected are  each   discussed.
 following the list.
115.
118.
119.
120.
122.
124.
126.
128.
arsenic
cadmium
chromium
copper
lead
nickel
silver
zinc
Arsenic  was  detected above its  treatable  concentration  (0.34
mg/1)  in  five of 13 samples.   The quantifiable  concentrations
ranged  from  0.14 to 3.4 mg/1.   Since arsenic  was
              in
              0.14 to 3.4 mg/1.   Since arsenic  was  present
concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.
                               3262
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI


 Cadmium  was  detected above its treatable  concentration  (0.049
 mg/3)   in  12  to 14 samples.    The  quantifiable  concentrations
 ranged  from  0.01  to 8.3 mg/1.  Since cadmium  was   present  in
 concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
 identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
 for limitation.

 Chromium  was  detected above  its treatable   concentration  (0^07
 mg/1)   in  12  of 14 samples.    The  quantifiable  concentrations
 lauged  from  0.68 to 38 mg/1.    Since chromium  was   present  in
 concentrations   exceeding  the  concentration   achievable   by
 identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
 _or limitation.

 Copper was detected above  its  treatable concentration  (0.39  mg/1)
 in  12  of 14 samples.   The  quantifiable concentrations  ranged from
 C.I to 2,890 mg/1.    Since  copper  was' present  in  concentrations
 exceeding  the concentration achievable by   identified   treatment
 technology,  it is selected for consideration for  limitation.

 Lead   was detected above its treatable concentration  (0.08   mg/1)
 in  eight of  14 samples.   The quantifiable concentrations  ranged
 -•rum   0.98 to 15  mg/1.   Since lead  was present  in  concentrations
 exceeding  the concentration achievable by   identified   treatment
 technology,  it is selected for consideration  for  limitation.

 Nickel  was detected  above  its treatable concentration  (0.22 mg/1)
 in  all  of the  14  samples.  The quantifiable concentrations ranged
 rrom    1.3 to 13,900   mg/1.    Since   nickel  was   present   in
 concentrations    exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
 identified treatment  technology,  it is  selected for consideration
 ror limitation.

 Silver was detected above  its treatable concentration (0.07 mg/1)
 in  nine  to 14 samples.  The quantifiable  concentrations  ranged
 from   0.05    to   7.0  mg/1.   Since   silver   was   present   in
 concentrations    exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
 identified treatment technology, it is  selected for consideration
 for limitation.

 Zinc  was detected above its treatable concentration (0.23  mg/1)
 in 10 of  14 samples.  The quantifiable concentrations  ranged from
 0.4  to   1,200 mg/1.   Since zinc was present  in  concentrations
exceeding  the  concentration achievable by identified  treatment
technology, it is  selected for  consideration for limitation.
                               3263
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
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                        3264
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT - VI
  1.
  2.
  3.
  4.
  5.
  6,
  7.
  8.
  9.
 10.
 11.
 12.
 13.
 14.
 15.
 16.
 17.
 18.
 19.
 20.
 21.
 22.
 23.
 24.
 25.
 26.
 27.
 28.
 29.
 30.
 31.
 32.
 33.
 34.
 35.
 36.
 37.
 38.
 39.
 40.
 41.
 42.
43.

45.
46.
47.
                      TABLE VI-2

          PRIORITY POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 acenaphthene*
 acrolein*
 acrylonitrile*
 benzene*
 benzidine*
 carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)*
 chlorobenzene*
 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene*
 hexachlorobenzene*
 1,2-dichloroethane*
 1,1,1-trichloroethane*
 hexachloroethane*
 1,1-dichloroethane*
 1,1,2-trichloroethane*
 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane*
 chloroethane*
 bis (chloromethyl)  ether  (DELETED)*
 bis (2-chloroethyl)  ether*
 2-chloroethyl vinyl  evner  (mixed)*
 2-chloronaphthalene*
 2,4,6-trichlorophenol*
 parachlorometa cresol*
 chloroform (trichloromethane)*
 2-chlorophenol*
 1,2 dichlorobenzene*
 1,3-dichlorobenzene*
 1,4-dichlorobenzene*
 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine*
 1,1-dichloroethylene*
 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene*
 2,4-dichlorophenol*
 1,2-dichloropropane*
 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)*
 2,4-dimethylphenol*
 2,4-dinitrotbluene*
 2,6-dinitrotoluene*
 1,2-diphenylhydrazine*
 ethylbenzene*
 fluoranthene*
 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether*
 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether*
 bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether*
 bis(2-choroethoxy) merhane*
methylene chloride (dichloromethane)*
methyl chloride (chloromethane)*
methyl bromide  (bromomethane)*
bromoform  (tribromomethane)*
                              3265
-------
   SECONDARY .TUNGSTEN.AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
               TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

         PRIORITY POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

dichlorobromomethane*
trichlorofluoromethane (DELETED)*
dichlorodifluoromethane (DELETED)*
chlorodibromomethane*
hexachlorobutadiene*
hexachlorocyclopentadiene*
isophorone*
naphthalene*
nitrobenzene*
2-nitrophenol*
4-nitrophenol*
2,4-dinitrophenol*
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol*
N-nitrosodimethylamine*
N-nitrosodiphenylamine*
N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine*
pentachlorophenol*
phenol*
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate*
butyl benzyl phthalate*
di-n-butyl phrhalate*
di-n-octyl phthalate*
diethyl phthalate*
dimethyl phthalate*
benzo  (a)anrhracene  (1,2-benzanthracene)*
benzo  (a)pyrene  (3,4-benzopyrene)*
3,4-benzofluoranthene*
benzo(k)fluoranthane  (11,12-benzofluoranthene)*
chrysene*
acenaphthylene*
anthracene*
benzo(ghi)perylene  (1,11-benzoperylene)*
fluorene*
phenanthrene*
dibenzo  (a,h)anthracene  (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)*
indeno  (1,2,3-cd)pyrene  (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)*
pyrene*
tetrachloroethylene*
toluene*
trichloroethylene*
vinyl  chloride (chloroethylene)*
aldrin*
dieldrin*
chlordane  (technical  mixture and metabolites)*
4,4'-DDT*
4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
4'4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)*
                               3266
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

               PRIORITY POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 95.  Alpha-endosulfan*
 05,  Beta-endosulfan*
 £•';'.  endosulfan sulfate*
 98.  endrin*
 99.  endrin aldehyde*
100.  heptachlor*
101.  heptachlor epoxide*
102.  Alpha-BHC*
103.  Beta-BHC*
104.  Gamma-BHC (lindane)*
105.  Delta-BHC*
106.  PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)*
1-J7.  PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)*
108.  PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)*
109.  PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)*
110.  PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)*
111.  PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)*
112.  PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)*
113.  toxaphene*
116.  asbestos (Fibrous)
129.  2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

*We  did  not  analyze for these pollutants  in  samples  of  raw
 wastewater  from  this  subcategory.  These  pollutants  are  not
 believed  to  be present based on the Agency's  best  engineering
 judgment  which  includes  consideration  of  raw  materials  and
 process operations.
                               3267
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           3268
-------
  SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN  AND COBALT SUBCATKGORY
                                               SECT - VII
                            SECTION VII

                CONTROL  AND  TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
 The  preceding  sections  of  this  supplement  discussed  the   sources,
 flows,   and  characteristics  of  the  wastewaters   from  secondary
 tungsten  and  cobalt  plants.    This   section   summarizes    the
 description  of   these  wastewaters and   indicates the  treatment
 technologies   which   are   currently practiced  in the  secondary
 tungsten and cobalt  subcategory for each waste stream.   Secondly,
 this  section  presents the control and  treatment options   which
 were  examined  by   the Agency  for possible  application to  the
 secondary tungsten and  cobalt subcategory.

 CURRENT  CONTROL  AND  TREATMENT PRACTICES

 Control  and treatment  technologies are  discussed in Section  VII
 of Vol.  I, and the basic principles of these technologies and  the
 applicability  to  wastewater   similar   to  that   found   in  this
 subcategory are  presented  there. This section presents a summary
 of   the  control and  treatment  technologies  that are   currently
 being  applied  to each ot the  sources generating wastewater  in
 this   subcategory.   As   discussed  in  Section   V,   wastewater
 associated with  the  secondary tungsten and cobalt subcategory  is
 characterized  by  the  presence of  the   toxic  metal  pollutants,
 ammonia, oil and grease and suspended solids.  This analysis  is
 supported  by  the raw (untreated)  wastewater data presented   for
 specific sources as well as combined waste streams in Section  V.
 Generally,  these  pollutants are  present in each of  the  waste
 streams  at  concentrations above  treatability, and  these  waste
 streams are commonly combined for  treatment.  Construction of  one
 wastewater treatment system for combined treatment allows  plants
 to  take  advantage of  economic scale and in  some  instances  to
 combine  streams  of  different alkalinity  to  reduce   treatment
 chemical   requirements.   Three  plants  in   this   subcategory
 currently have combined wastewater  treatment systems.  One  plant
 has  no  treatment.   All  three  treatment  schemes  consist  of
 chemical  precipitation  and sedimentation  with  adding  ammonia
 steam  stripping  preliminary treatment.   Two options  have  been
 selected  for  consideration for BPT, BAT, NSPS,  and  pretreatment
 based on combined treatment of these compatible waste streams.

 TUNGSTEN DETERGENT WASH AND RINSE
          scrap may be prepared for leaching by washing  it  with
detergent  and then rinsing it with water. "The  wastewater  from
this process is treated by lime and settle treatment of  combined
wastewater to precipitate metals before discharging the wash  and
rinse water.

TUNGSTEN LEACHING ACID

Tungsten scrap is leached with acid in order to remove impurities
                               3269
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


from   tungsten.    The  acid   leachate   contains   significant
concentrations  of toxic metals.  This wastewater stream, may  be
treated  it in a combined wastewater system with lime and  settle
treatment  technology to precipitate metals before  discharge  or
alternatively, it may be routed to further processing to  recover
metals prior to treatment and discharge.

TUNGSTEN POST-LEACHING WASH AND RINSE

After leaching tungsten scrap the tungsten product may be  washed
with acid and rinsed with water in order to remove any traces  of
acid,  and to further purify it.  After using this process,  lime
and  settle  treatment  of the combined  wastewater  is  used • to
precipitate metals before discharging.

SYNTHETIC SCHEELITE FILTRATE

Both  tungsten and tungsten carbide scrap may be  processed  into
synthetic scheelite for use in a primary tungsten process.  After
oxidizing  tungsten  and  dissolving the oxide  in  caustic,  the
scheelite  is precipitated and the wastewater filtered away.  The
filtrate  is discharged to lime and settle treatment of  combined
wastewater prior to discharge.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Hydrochloric  acid  fumes  from the  acid  leaching  of  tungsten
carbide scrap are controlled with a wet scrubber system.  The wet
scrubber  process  water is extensively recycled but  produces  a
blowdown  wastewater stream.  This wastewater stream  is  treated
with lime and settle prior to discharge.

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WASH WATER

After leaching away the cobalt and impurities,  tungsten  carbide
powder  may be washed with water in order to remove any traces of
acid.   This wastewater stream may be discharged to  a  lime  and
settle  system prior to discharge or recycled for further use  in
the carbide wash operation.

COBALT SLUDGE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

During the acid leaching of cobalt sludge, a wet scrubbing system
may be used to control hydrochloric acid fumes.   This  wastewater
stream  is extensively recycled and the blowdown is treated  with
ammonia steam stripping, chemical precipitation and sedimentation
prior to discharge.

CRYSTALLIZATION DECANT

After  leaching  tungsten carbide scrap with acid  and  filtering
away  the  undissolved impurities, cobalt is crystallized  as  an
ammonium cobalt intermediate.  The excess crystallization  liquor
is  decanted off, and discharged following treatment.    Treatment
for  this wastewater stream consists of ammonia   steam  stripping


                               3270
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - VII


pieliruinary   treatment,   followed  by  chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation of a combined waste stream.   The sludge  from   the
clarifier  is reacted with  excess  lime  and  then filtered  using  a
filter press.

ACID WASH DECANT

The  ammonium cobalt crystals  may be washed several times  with
dilute hydrochloric acid. After washing the crystals, the acid is
decanted  off and discharged to treatment.  This   wastewater   is
combined with the crystallization  decant water,  and treated  with
ammonia    steam    stripping,   chemical    precipitation     and
sedimentation.

COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTRATE

After purifying the ammonium cobalt crystals,   they are dissolved
and  cobalt   is  precipitated   as   the  hydroxide.   The   cobalt
hydroxide precipitate is filtered  and the filtrate  is discharged.
This wastewater stream is combined with crystallization and  acid
wash  decant   wastewater  and   is   treated   with ammonia  steam
stripping and chemical precipitation  and sedimentation.

COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTER CAKE WASH

The  cobalt   hydroxide filter cake may  be washed with  water   in
order to remove any traces  of caustic or other  impurities.  It  is
discharged  after  treating it  with   chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation of a combined waste  stream.

CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

The Agency examined two control and treatment technology  options
that   are  applicable  to  the  secondary   tungsten  and  cobalt
subcategory.   The  options selected  for evaluation  represent  a
combination   of in-process  flow reduction,   preliminary treatment
technologies  applicable to  individual waste  streams,  and end-of-
pipe treatment technologies.

Option  B  was  eliminated  from  consideration   for  promulgation
because  the   two  subdivisions  identified  for  possible   flow
reduction   were   determined  as  being   extensively    recycled
currently.  Therefore, flow reduction beyond that  considered   in
Option A is not applicable  in this subcategory.

OPTION A

Option  A  for  the secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt  subcategory
requires  control  and  treatment  technologies  to  reduce   the
discharge to wastewater volume and pollutant mass.   The Option  A
treatment   scheme   consists  of  chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation  technology.   Specifically,   lime  or  some  other
alkaline  compound  is used to precipitate metal  ions  as  metal
hydroxides.   The metal hydroxides and suspended solids settle out
and  the  sludge  is collected.   Vacuum  filtration  is  used  to


                               3271
-------
 SKCONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
dewater sludge.

Preliminary  treatment consisting of ammonia steam stripping  for
waste  streams containing treatable concentrations of ammonia  is
.nlso  included  in  Option A.  Steam stripping  is  an  efficient
method  for  reducing  the  ammonia  concentrations  as  well  as
recovering  ammonia  as  a  by-product.   Steam  stripping   also
prevents  the  transfer  of  ammonia  to  the  air.   Preliminary
treatment  for  Option A also includes oil  skimming,  for  waste
streams  containing treatable concentrations of oil  and  grease.
Oil  skimming  is ah efficient method for reducing  the  oil  and
grease concentration.

OPTION C

Option  C  for  the secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt  subcategory
consists  of all control and treatment requirements of  Option  A
(ammonia  steam stripping, oil skimming,  chemical  precipitation
and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration technology added to
the end of the Option A treatment scheme.  Multimedia  filtration
is  used  to remove suspended solids, including  precipitates  of
metals,   beyond   the  concentration   attainable   by   gravity
sedimentation.    The  filter  suggested  is  of   the   gravity,
mixed media type, although other forms of filters, such as  rapid
sand  filters or pressure filters would  perform  satisfactorily.
The  addition of filters also provides consistent removal  during
periods  of time in which there are rapid increases in  flows  or
loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
                               3272
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIJJ
                           SECTION VIII

            COSTS,  ENERGY,  AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

 This   section   presents  a summary of  compliance   costs   for   the
 secondary   tungsten  and  cobalt subcategory  and a   description  of
 the   treatment  options and subcategory-specific assumptions   used
 to    develop these   estimates.    Together   with   the    estimated
 pollutant  reduction  performance  presented in Sections  IX,  X,   XI,
 and XII  of this supplement,  these cost estimates  provide a basis
 for evaluating  each  regulatory option.   These  cost estimates   are
 also   used  in   determining   the  probable   economic   impact    to
 regulation  on  the subcategory at different pollutant  discharge
 levels.    In addition,  this section addresses nonwater  quality
 environmental    impacts  of   wastewater   treatment and    control
 alternatives,   including air pollution',  solid  waste,   and  energy
 requirements,   which are specific to the secondary tungsten   and
 cobalt subcategory.

 TREATMENT  OPTIONS  FOR EXISTING SOURCES

 As  discussed   in  Section  VII,   two treatment  options  have   been
 developed  for existing secondary  tungsten and  cobalt sources.  The
 options  are summarized  below and  schematically presented  in
 Figures  X-l  and X-2.

 OPTION A

 Option  A  consists   of  ammonia   steam   stripping  and  oil-water
 separation  preliminary  treatment and chemical precipitation  and
 sedimentation end-of-pipe  technology.

 OPTION C

 Option   C  consists   of  ammonia steam   stripping  and  oil-water
 separation   preliminary  treatment,   and  end-of-pipe  treatment
 technology consisting of chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,
 and multimedia  filtration.

 COST METHODOLOGY

 Plant-by-plant   compliance  costs  for  the  nonferrous   metals
manufacturing  category have been revised as necessary  following
proposal.   These  revisions calculate incremental  costs,  above
 treatment   already   in-place,  necessary  to  comply  with   the
promulgated   effluent  limitations  and  standards.  The   costs
developed for the final regulation are presented in Table  VIII-1
 (page  3276) for  the direct  dischargers, and  in Table VIII-2 (page
 3276)  for the indirect dischargers.

Each  of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
 is presented in  Section VIII of Vol. I. Each subcategory contains
a  unique  set of waste streams  requiring  certain  subcategory-
specif ic  assumptions  to  develop  compliance  costs.    For   the
                               3273
-------
   SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SDBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
secondary  tungsten and cobalt subcategory, only  one  assumption
was made, namely that all chromium pollutant data are assumed  to
measure trivalent chromium.  Therefore, chromium reduction is not
required in the treatment scheme.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Energy requirements for the two options considered are  estimated
at 1.15 x 106 kwh/yr and 1.185 x 106 kwh/yr for Options A and  C,
respectively.  Option C, which includes filtration, is  estimated
to  increase  energy consumption over Option A by less  than  one
percent.   Option  C represents roughly 15 percent of  a  typical
plant's  electrical energy usage. It is therefore concluded  that
the energy requirements of the treatment options considered  will
not have a significant impact on total plant energy consumption.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge generated in the secondary tungsten and cobalt subcategory
is  due  to the precipitation of metal hydroxides  and  carbonates
using  lime   or  other chemicals.   Sludges  associated  with  the
secondary  tungsten  and   cobalt  subcategory  will   necessarily
contain  quantities of toxic metal  pollutants.  Wastes  generated
by  secondary 'metal industries  can be  regulated  as  hazardous.
However,  the Agency  examined  the solid  wastes  that  weuld  be
Generated at  secondary nonferrous metals manufacturing plants  by
the   suggested treatment  technologies and  believes they  are  not
hazardous  wastes  under  the  Agency's  regulations   implementing
Section  3001  of  the Resource Conservation  and Recovery Act.   The
one   exception   to this  is solid   wastes  generated  by   cyanide
precipitation.   These  sludges  are  expected to be  hazardous  and
this   judgment   was   included  in this  study.  None  of   the   non-
cyanide  wastes  are  listed specifically as hazardous.   Nor  are
 hhev  likely  to  exhibit  a  characteristic of hazardous  waste.   This
 judgment is  made based  on the  recommended  technology  of  chemical
precipitation and  filtration.   By the.addition of a  small   excess
 f5 -  10%)  of .lime  during  treatment, similar  sludges,  specifically
 toxic metal  bear-ing  sludges,  generated by other  industries   such
 as  the iron and steel  industry passed the  Extraction   Procedure
 (BP)   toxicity   test.    See  40  CFR .6261.24.   Thus,   the   Agency
 believes  that   the wastewater  sludges will^similarly not   be  EP
 toxic if the recommended technology is applied.

 Although it is  the Agency's  view that solid  wastes  generated as a
 result  of  these  guidelines are not expected to  be  hazardous,
 generators  of  these wastes  must test the waste  to  determine  if
 the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of   hazardous  waste
 (see 40 CFR $262.11).

 If these wastes identified should be or are listed as  hazardous,
 they  will  come  within the scope of  RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave
 hazardous waste management Program, requiring regulation from the
                        to  point
final "disposition.   EPA's
point  of  generation  «_w  ^w^iv,  —  	  ___,.--..     ^^»-,r-Am =
generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet  containerisation,
                                3274
-------
   SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT -VIII
labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
or  disposal facility.  See 40 CFR S262.20 (45 FR 33142 (May  19,
1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973 (December  31,  1980)).   The
transporter  regulations require transporters of hazardous  waste
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
delivered  to  a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR 8263.20  (45  FR
33151  (May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,
1980)).   Finally,  RCRA  regulations  establish  standards   for
hazardous  waste  treatment,  storage,  and  disposal  facilities
allowed to receive such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 (46 FR  2802
(January 12, 1981), 47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982)).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
must  be  disposed  of  in compliance with the  Subtitle  D  open
dumping standards,  implementing S4004 of RCRA.   See 44 FR 53438
(September 13,  1979).   The Agency has calculated as part of the
costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and  disposing
of  these  wastes.

The  Agency  estimates  that the  BPT  regulation  for  secondary
tunqsten  and cobalt manufacturing facilities will  generate  563
metric  tons of solid wastes (wet basis) in 1982 as a  result  of
wastewafcer  treatment.   BAT  for  this  subcategory  should  not
increase sludge generation.

AIR POLLUTION

There is no reason to believe that any substantial air  pollution
problems  will  result  from  implementation  of  ammonia   steam
stripping,   oil-water   separation,   chemical    precipitation,
sedimentation,  and  multimedia filtration.   These  technologies
transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not likely to transfer
pollutants to air.
                               3275
-------
   SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                      SECT  - VIII
                          TABLE VIII-1

                   COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

                             Direct Dischargers
Option


A

B

C
Total Required
 Capital Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    42,900

     NA

    60,900
     Total
  Annual Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    173,000

      NA

    182,700
NA - Not applicable, i.e., Option B eliminated for final
     regulation.
                          Table VIII-2

                   COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

                            Indirect Dischargers
Option


A

C
Total Required
 Capital Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    8,500

   16,300
     Total
  Annual Cost
(1982 Dollars)
     5,300

     8,800
                               3276
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
                            SECTION IX

                BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
                        CURRENTLY AVAILABLE

 This  section   defines  the   effluent   characteristics   attainable
 through  the application of best practicable   control   technology
 currently available (BPT).  BPT  reflects the existing   performance
 by  plants of  various  sizes, ages, and  manufacturing  processes
 within the secondary tungsten and cobalt subcategory,  as well   as
 the   established  performance of the model BPT  treatment  systems.
 Particular consideration  is given to the treatment   already   in
 place at  plants within  the  data base.

 The  factors considered  in identifying  .BPT include  the  total  cost
 of applying the technology  in relation to the  effluent  reduction
 benefits   from  such application,  the  age   of   equipment    and
 facilities involved, the manufacturing processes  used,   nonwater
 quality  environmental  impacts  (including enargy   requirements),
 and   other factors  the  Administrator considers appropriate.    In
 general,   the   BPT  level  represents the average of the  existing
 performances  of  plants  of  various ages,  sizes,   processes,   or
 other  common   characteristics.   Where  existing   performance   is
 uniformly inadequate,  BPT  may be transferred from a  different
 subcategory  or   category.   Limitations  based on transfer    of
 technology are   supported   by  a  rationale  concluding  that   the
 technology is,  indeed,  transferable, and  a reasonable   prediction
 that   it   will  be capable of achieving  the  prescribed   effluent
 limits  (see Tanner  s_ Council of America  v. Train,  540  F.2d  1188
 (4th  Cir.  1976).   BPT focuses on end-of-pipe  treatment  rather
 than  process   changes or internal controls,   except   where  such
 practices  are common industry practice.

 TECHNICAL  APPROACH TO BPT

 The Agency studied the secondary tungsten and cobalt   subcategory
 to  identify the processes used  the wastewaters  generated   and
 the   treatment  processes installed.   Information  was  collected
 from  the category using data collection portfolios, and  specific
 plants  were  sampled and the wastewaters  analyzed.   in  making
 technical assessments of data,  reviewing manufacturing processes,
 and   assessing  wastewater  treatment   technology  options,  both
 indirect and direct dischargers have been considered as a  single
 group.   An examination of plants and  processes did not  indicate
 any  process differences based on the  type of  discharge,  whether
 it be direct or indirect.

As  explained  in Section IV,  the secondary tungsten and  cobalt
 subcategory  has  been subdivided into  11  potential  wastewater
 sources.   Since  the water  use,  discharge rates,   and pollutant
characteristics  of  each  of these wastewaters  is  potentially
unique, effluent limitations will be developed  for  each of the  11
subdivisions.
                               3277
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
For  each of the subdivisions, a specific approach  was  followed
for   the  development  of  BPT  mass  limitations.   The   first
requirement  to develop limitations is to account for  production
and  flow variability from plant to plant.  Therefore, a unit  of
production   or  production  normalizing  parameter   (PNP)   was
determined for each wastewater stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow.  Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in  Section  IV.  Each  plant within  the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed  to  determine  which  subdivisions  were  present,  the
specific  flow  rates  generated for  each  subdivision  and  the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.   This
analysis  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
are not considered in the analysis.

Production  normalized  flows  for  each  subdivision  were  then
analyzed  to determine the flow to be used as part of  the  basis
for BPT mass limitations.  The selected flow (sometimes  referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water  use  controls  which  are  common  practices  within   the
subcategory.  The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average  of
all  applicable  data.  Plants with normalized  flows  above  the
average  may have to implement some method of flow  reduction  to
achieve the BPT limitations.

The  second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the  set
of  concentrations that are achievable by application of the  BPT
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control  and  technologies which are currently in place for  each
wastewater  source.   In  most cases,  the  current  control  and
treatment  technologies  consist of  chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation   (lime and settle technology) and a combination  of
reuse  and  recycle to reduce flow.  Ammonia steam  stripping  is
applied to streams with treatable concentrations of ammonia.  Oil
skimming  is applied to streams with treatable concentrations  of
oil and grease.

Using  these regulatory flows and the achievable  concentrations,
the  next step  is to calculate mass loadings for each  wastewater
source or subdivision.  This  calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream  basis,  primarily because plants in this subcategory  may
perform one or  more of the operations in various combinations.

The  mass  loadings  (milligrams of pollutant per  metric   ton  of
production  - mg/kkg)  were   calculated by  multiplying  the  BPT
regulatory  flow   (1/kkg) by  the concentration achievable  by  the
BPT  level  of  treatment technology  (mg/1)  for  each  pollutant
parameter  to   be limited under BPT.   These  mass  loadings  are
the BPT effluent limitations.

The mass  loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be  the   sum  of the  individual mass  loadings   for   the   various
wastewater  sources   or  building  blocks  which  are  found   at
particular  plants.   Accordingly, all the  wastewater  generated
                                3278
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


within  a  plant  may be combined for treatment in  a  single  or
common  treatment system, but the effluent limitations for  these
combined wastewaters are based on the various wastewater  sources
which  actually  contribute to the combined  flow.   This  method
accounts  for the variety of combinations of  wastewater  sources
and production processes which may be found at secondary tungsten
and cobalt plants.

The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentrations.   This approach prevents the use
of  dilution as a treatment method (except for  controlling  pH).
The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)  is  a  link
between  the production operations and the effluent  limitations.
The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
calculated  from  the normalized flow and effluent  concentration
achievable  by the treatment technology and summed to  derive  an
appropriate limitation for each plant.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

In  balancing  costs in relation to pollutant removal  estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing  discharges,  the
volume  and  nature of discharges expected after  application  of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost  and  economic  impacts of the  required  pollution  control
level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality  problems  attributable  to particular point  sources  or
industries,  or  water quality improvements in  particular  water
quality bodies.   Accordingly,  water quality considerations were.
not  the basis for selecting the proposed BPT.   See Weyerhaeuser
Company v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011 (D.C. Cir. 1978).

The  methodology  for calculating pollutant  removals  and  plant
compliance  costs  is discussed in Section X.  Tables  X-l  (page
3300) and XII-1 (page 3324) show the pollutant removal  estimates
for  each treatment option for direct and  indirect  dischargers,
respectively.    Compliance  costs  for  this   subcategory   are
presented in Tables VIII-1 and VIII-2 (page 3276).

BPT OPTION SELECTION

The  technology  basis  for  the BPT  limitations  is  Option  A,
chemical  precipitation  and sedimentation technology  to  remove
metals  and solids from combined wastewaters and to  control  pH,
oil  skimming  to  remove  oil  and  grease,  and  ammonia  steam
stripping   to  remove  ammonia.   Chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation  technology  is already in-place  at  three  direct
dischargers  in  the subcategory.   The  pollutants  specifically
proposed  for  regulation  at BPT  are  copper,  nickel,  cobalt,
tungsten, ammonia, oil and grease, TSS, and pH.

Implementation  of  the BPT limitations will remove  annually  an
estimated 150,656 kg of toxic metals, and 186,400 kg of  ammonia.
Capital  cost  of  achieving BPT is estimated  at  442,900,  with
annual cost estimated at 460,900.


                               3279
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - IX
More  stringent  technology options  were  not  selected  for  BPT since
they  require  in-process  changes  or ehd-of-pipe  technologies  less
widely  practiced  in  the subcategory,   and, .  therefore,   are more
appropriately considered under BAT.

The BPT treatment  scheme is presented in Figure IX-1  (page  3285).

Ammonia steam stripping  is demonstrated at  six  facilities in  the
nonferrous  metals manufacturing category.    These facilities are
treating   ammonia  bearing  wastewaters  associated   with   the
production  of  primary tungsten,   primary columbium and  tantalum,
primary molybdenum,   secondary tungsten and cobalt,   and primary
zirconium  and  hafnium.   EPA believes  that performance  data from
the iron and  steel manufacturing category provide a valid measure
of    this   technology's  performance   on   nonferrous   metals
manufacturing  category  wastewater   because   raw   wastewater
concentrations  of ammonia are of  the same order of magnitude in
the respective  raw wastewater matrices.

Chemical   analysis   data  were  collected  of   raw   wastewater
(treatment influent)  and treated  wastewater  (treatment  effluent)
from  one coke plant of the iron  and steel manufacturing  category.
A  contractor  for  EPA, using   sampling  and   chemical   analysis
protocols,  collected six paired samples in a   two-month period.
These data are  the data  base for determining  the effectiveness of
ammonia  steam  stripping technology and are contained within  the
public  record  supporting this  document.  Ammonia  treatment  at
this  coke  plant  consisted of  two steam  stripping  columns  in
series  with  steam injected countercurrently  to the flow of  the
wastewater.   A lime  reactor for pH adjustment  separated the  two
stripping columns.

The Agency has  verified  the proposed steam stripping  performance
values  using  steam  stripping  data   collected  at  a   primary
zirconium-hafnium  plant which has raw  ammonia  levels as  high  as
any 'in  the  nonferrous  metals  manufacturing  category.   Data
collected  by  the  plant represent almost  two  years   of  daily
operations,   and  support the long-term mean  used  to   establish
treatment effectiveness.

In  addition,   data   submitted  by a  primary  columbium-tantalum
plant,  which also has significant raw  ammonia levels, verify the
promulgated steam stripping performance values.

Oil   skimming   is   demonstrated  in   the   nonferrous   metals
manufacturing   category.   Although  no  secondary  tungsten  and
cobalt  plants  have  oil skimming in place, it  is  necessary  to
reduce  oil and grease concentrations in the discharge from  this
subcategory.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A BPT discharge rate  is calculated for each subdivision based  on
the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined


                               3280
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 from  analysis  of  dcp.   The discharge rate  is  used  with  the
 achievable  treatment  concentrations to determine  BPT  effluent
 limitations.   Since the discharge rate may be different for  each
 wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
 for  each  of the 11 wastewater sources are discussed  below  and
 summarized  in Table TX-1 (page 3285).   The discharge  rates  are
 normalized  on  a  production basis by  relating  the  amount  of
 wastewater  generated  to the mass of  the  intermediate  product
 which is produced by the  process associated with the waste stream
 in  question.  These production normalizing parameters, or  PNPs,
 are also listed in Table  IX-1.

 Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
 rates  and  presents the  water  use and discharge flow  rates  for
 each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through  V-ll.

 TUNGSTEN DETERGENT WASH AND RINSE

 The  proposed and promulgated BPT wastewater  discharge  rate  for
 tungsten  detergent wash  and rinse is 195  liters/kkg of  tungsten
 scrap washed.   This rate  is allocated only for those plants which
 wash  and rinse oily tungpten scrap before leaching  it with acid.
 Water  use and wastewater  discharge rates  are presented in  Table
 V-l.   The BPT flow is  based on  the only water use rate reported.

 TUNGSTEN LEACHING ACID

 The  proposed and promulgated BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  for
 tungsten leaching acid is  2,571  liters/kkg  to tungsten produced.

 This   rate is   allocated   only   for  those   plants  which  leach
 impurities away from  tungsten scrap.   Water  use  and   wastewater
 discharge  rates  are  presented in Table  V-2  (page  3217).  The  BPT
 flow  is  based  on the only water use  rate reported.

 TUNGSTEN POST-LEACHING WASH AND RINSE

 The BPT  wastewater discharge  rate  for tungsten post-leaching wash
 and rinse  is  5,143 liters/kkg of tungsten produced   This  rate is
 allocated  only   for those plants which wash and  rinse  tungsten
 powder   after purifying it with a leaching operation.  Water  use
 and  wastewater  discharge rates are presented in Table V-3   (page
 3217).   The  BPT  flow  is based on  the  only  water  use  rate
 reported.

 SYNTHETIC  SCHEELITE FILTRATE

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate proposed and  promulgated  for
synthetic  scheelite  filtrate is 16,661 liters/kkg of  synthetic
scheelite produced.  This rate is allocated only for those plants
which  manufacture synthetic scheelite from tungsten or  tungsten
carbide  scrap.   Water use and wastewater  discharge  rates  are'
presented in Table V-4 (page 3218).  The BPT flow is based on the
only water use rate reported.
                               3281
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND GOBALT SUBCATEGORY
 SECT - IX
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The  BPT wastewater discharge rate proposed and
tungsten  leaching wet air pollution control is
of  tungsten carbide scrap leached.   This rate
for those plants which control acid fumes from a
scrap  leaching  operation with a wet scrubber.
wastewater  discharge  rates  are presented in
3218).   The  BPT flow is based on the reported
which includes extensive recycle of the scrubber

TUNGSTEN CARBIDE WASH WATER
 promulgated  for
1,751  liters/kkg
is allocated only
 tungsten carbide
  Water  use  and
Table  V-5  (page
 water  use  rate
 liquor.
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for tungsten carbide wash water
is  8f333 liters/kkg of tungsten carbide produced.   This rate is
allocated only for those plants which produce tungsten carbide by
leaching tungsten carbide scrap,  and then wash the product  with
water.  Water use and wastewater discharge rates are presented in
Table  V-6  (page 3218).  The BPT flow is based on  the  reported
water use rate.

COBALT SLUDGE LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  BPT  wastewater discharge rate proposed and promulgated  for
cobalt  sludge  leaching  wet air  pollution  control ' is  35,781
liters/kkg  of  cobalt  produced  from  sludge.   This  rate   is
allocated  only for those plants which leach cobalt sludge  as  a
preliminary  step  in the recovery of cobalt,  and  control  acid
fumes  with a wet scrubber.  Water use and  wastewater  discharge
rates  are presented in Table V-7 (page 3219).  The BPT  flow  of
35,781  liters/kkg  is based on the reported water use  rate  and
includes extensive recycle of the scrubber liquor.

CRYSTALLIZATION DECANT

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate proposed and  promulgated  for
crystallization  decant is 41,650 liters/kkg of cobalt  produced.
This  rate  is  allocated  only for those  plants  which  use  an
ammonium-cobalt  crystallization  process to recover cobalt  from
secondary  sources  such as cobalt sludges and  tungsten  carbide
scrap.  Water use and wastewater discharge rates are presented in
Table  V-8 (page 3219).

ACID WASH DECANT

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate proposed and  promulgated  for
acid  wash decant is 19,062 liters/kkg to cobalt produced.   This
rate  is  allocated  only  for those  plants  which  wash  cobalt
crystals with acid to recover cobalt from secondary sources  such
as sludges and tungsten carbide scrap.  Water use and  wastewater
discharge rates are presented in Table V-9 (page 3219).   The  BPT
flow  is  based  on  the reported water  use  rate.
                               3282
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  IX


 COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTRATE

 The   BPT wastewater discharge  rate proposed and   promulgated   for
 cobalt   hydroxide  filtrate   is   56,647   liters/kkg   to   cobalt'
 produced.   This  rate is allocated only  for those  plants which
 recover cobalt as cobalt hydroxide from secondary sources  such as
 sludges  and  tungsten carbide scrap.  Water use  and  wastewater
 discharge rates are presented  in Table V-10 (page 3220).   The  BPT
 flow is  based  on  the reported  water   use  rate.

 COBALT HYDROXIDE FILTER CAKE WASH

 The   BPT wastewater discharge  rate proposed and   promulgated   for
 cobalt hydroxide filter cake wash  is 109,035 liters/kkg  of cobalt
 produced.   This  rate  is allocated only for those plants which
 recover  cobalt hydroxide from secondary  sources  such  as   sludges
 and   tungsten carbide scrap and wash the  cobalt hydroxide   filter
 cake with water.   Water use and  wastewater discharge rates   are
 presented  in Table V-ll (page 3220).  The BPT flow is  based   on
 the  reported water use rate.


 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The  raw wastewater concentrations  from individual operations   and
 the   subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select   certain
 pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.   This  examination    and
 evaluation  was  presented  in  Section VI.   A   total  of  eight
 pollutants  or pollutant parameters are selected  for  limitation
 under BPT and are listed below:

      120.  copper
      124.  nickel
           ammonia
           cobalt
           tungsten
           oil and grease
           TSS
           PH

 EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

 The   treatable  concentrations achievable by application  of   the
 promulgated  BPT  are  discussed in Section VII  of  Vol.  I  and
 summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 248), with one  exception.
 The  exception is the cobalt treatment effectiveness value.   EPA
 promulgated  the cobalt treatment effectiveness value based  upon
 data   from  the  porcelain  enameling   category.    Petitioners
 indicated  that the wastewater streams from  the  tungsten-cobalt
 subcategory  cannot  be  treated  to the same   level  as  in  the
porcelain   enameling  category  because  they    contain   higher
concentrations  of  complexed  cobalt  than were  found  in  the
porcelain-enameling category.   In response to  these  concerns,  the
Agency reviewed and analyzed new data supplied  by the  petitioner
on cobalt treatment effectiveness at levels found in the effluent


                               3283
-------
r
                  SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
              from  the tungsten-cobalt subcategory.   EPA is revising the  long
              term  mean treatment effectiveness value from 0.03 mg/1 to  0.667
              mg/1.    This corresponds to a one day maximum of 2.76 mg/1 and  a
              monthly average of 1.21 mg/1.


              These  treatable concentrations (both one day maximum and  monthly
              average  values)  are multiplied by the  BPT  normalized  discharge
              flows  summarized in Table IX-1 (page 3285) to calculate the  mass
              of pollutants allowed to be discharged  per mass of product.   The
              results  of  these calculations in milligrams  of  pollutant  per
              kilogram  of product represent the BPT  effluent  limitations  and
              are presented in Table IX-2 (page 3286)  for each individual waste
              stream.
                                             3284
-------
     SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN  AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                                                                 SECT  -  IX
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                                         3285
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                                SECT - IX
                           TABLE IX-2

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
           Maximum for
           monthly average
         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
pH    Within the range of 7
 0.408
 0.066
 0.086
 0.371
 0.082
 0.374
 0.080
 0.285
 25.990
 0.768
 1.357
 3.900
 7.995
.5  to 10.0  at
                                                 0.181
                                                 0.029
                                                 0.035
                                                 0.195
                                                 0.039
                                                 0.248
                                                 0.033
                                                 0.119
                                                11.430
                                                 0.337
                                                 0.542
                                                 2.340
                                                 3.803
                                         all  times
 (b)  Tungsten Leaching  Acid  BPT
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
            Maximum for
            monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
5.373
0.874
1.131
4.885
1.080
4.936
1.054
3.754
342.700
10.130
17.890
51.420
105.400
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
2.391
0.386
0.463
2.571
0.514
3.265
0.437
1.568
150.700
4.448
7.147
30.850
50.130
times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3286
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(c) Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
* Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
10.750
1.749
2.263
9.772
2.160
9.875
2.109
7.509
685.600
20.263
35.800
102.900
210.900
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
4.783
0.771
0.926
5.143
1.029
6.532
0,874
3.137
301.400
8.847
14.300
61.720
100.300
times
 (d) Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  BPT
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
 Maximum for
 any  one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
      mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  synthetic  scheelite  produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
34.820
5.665
7.331
31.660
6.998
31.990
6.831
24.330
2,221.000
65.644
116.000
333.200
683.100
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
15.490
2.499
2.999
16.660
3.332
21.160
2.832
10.160
976.300
28.824
46.320
199.900
324.900
times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3287
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(e) Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide scrap leached
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
3.660
0.595
0.770
3.327
0.735
3.362
0.718
2.556
233.400
6.899
12.190
35.020
71.790
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
1.628
0.263
0.315
1.751
0.350
2.224
0.298
1.068
102.600
3.029
4.868
21.010
34.140
times
(f) Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  BPT
     Pollutant or
     pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
     Maximum for
     monthly average
       rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
17.420
2.833
3.667
15.830
3.500
16.000
3.417
12.170
1,111.000
32.832
58.000
166.700
341.700
range of 7.5 to
7.750
1.250
1.500
8.333
1.667
10.580
1.417
5.083
488.300
14.416
23.170
100.000
162.500
10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3288
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(g) Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
  Maximum for
  monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH    Within the
         74.780
         12.170
         15.740
         67.980
         15.030
         68.700
         14.670
         52.240
      4,770.000
        140.977
        249.000
        715.600
      1,467.000
range of 7.5 to 10,
          33.280
           5.367
           6.441
          35.780
           7.156
          45.440
           6.083
          21.830
       2,097.000
          61.901
          99.470
         429.400
         697.700
0 at all times
(h) Crystallization Decant  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
  Maximum for
  monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
87.050
14.160
18.330
79.140
17.490
79.970
17.080
60.810
5,552.000
164.101
289.900
833.000
1,708.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0
38.730
6.248
7.497
41.650
8.330
52.900
7.081
25.410
2,441.000
72.055
115.800
499.800
812.200
at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3289
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2  (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
 (i) Acid Wash Decant  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
   Maximum for
   monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH    Within the range
          39.840
           6.481
           8.387
          36.220
           8.006
          36.600
           7.815
          27.830
       2,541.000
          75.104
         132.700
         381.200
         781.500
      of 7.5 to 10
            17.730
             2.859
             3.431
            19.060
             3.812
            24.210
             3.241
            11.630
         1,117.000
            32.977
            52.990
           228.700
           371.700
,0  at  all times
(j) Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
   Maximum  for
   monthly  average
            rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH    Within the
         118.400
          19.260
          24.920
         107.600
          23.790
         108.800
          23.230
          82.700
       7,551.000
         223.189
         394.300
       1,133.000
       2,323.000
range of 7.5 to 10
            52.680
             8.497
            10.200
            56.650
            11.330
            71.940
             9.630
            34.550
         3,320.000
            97.999
           157.500
           679.800
         1,105.000
,0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3290
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(k) Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH    Within the
         227.900
          37.070
          47.980  .
         207.200
          45.790
         209.300
          44.700
         159.200
      14,530.000
         429.598
         758.900
       2,181.000
       4,470.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0
        101.400
         16.360
         19.630
        109.000
         21.810
        138.500
         18.540
         66.510
      6,389.000
        188.631
        303.100
      1,308.000
      2,126.000
at all times
                               3291
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  IX
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                          3292
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
                            SECTION X
        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE


These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
industrial  category or subcategory, or by another category  from
which  it  is  transferable. Emphasis  is  placed  on  additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water  used
and   discharged,,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology
optimization.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

The  Agency  reviewed  a  wide range of  technology  options  and
evaluated  the  available possibilities to ensure that  the  most
effective  and beneficial technologies were used as the basis  of
BAT.   To  accomplish  this,  the Agency elected to  examine  two
technology  options  whicn  could be  applied  to  the  secondary
tungsten  and cobalt subcategory as alternatives for the basis of
BAT effluent limitations.

For  the development of BAT effluent limitations,  mass  loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in  the
subcategory  using  the same technical approach as  described  in
Section  IX for BPT limitations development.   The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased  treatment
effectiveness   achievable   with  the  more  sophisticated   BAT
treatment  technology  and  reductions  in  the  effluent   flows
allocated to various waste streams.

The  treatment  technologies  considered for BAT  are  summarized
belows

Option A (Figure X-l, page 3300)  is based ons

     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
          (where required)
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

Option C (Figure X-2, page 3301)  is based ons

     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
          (where required)
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration

The two options examined for BAT  are discussed in greater  detail
on  the following pages.   The first option considered (Option A)


                               3293
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X


is the same as the BPT treatment and control technology which was
presented in the previous section.   The other option  represents
substantial progress toward the reduction of pollutant discharges
above and beyond the progress achievable by BPT.


OPTION A

Option  A  for the secondary tungsten and cobalt  subcategory  is
equivalent  to the control and treatment technologies which  were
analyzed for BPT in Section IX (see Figure X-l, page 3300).   The
BPT end-of-pipe treatment scheme includes chemical  precipitation
and sedimentation, with ammonia steam stripping and oil  skimming
preliminary   treatment  of  wastewaters   containing   treatable
concentrations  of ammonia and oil and grease (see  Figure  IX-1,
page  3285).  The discharge rates for Option A are equal  to  the
discharge rates allocated to each stream as a BPT discharge flow.

OPTION C

Option  C  for  the secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt  subcategory
consists  of all control and treatment requirements of  Option  A
(ammonia  steam stripping, oil skimming,  chemical  precipitation
and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration technology added at
the  end of the Option A treatment scheme (see Figure  X-2,  page
3301). Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended  solids,
including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond the concentrations
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid sand filters or pressure filters,  would  perform
satisfactorily.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA developed
estimates  of  the  pollutant removals and the  compliance  costs
associated  with each option.   The methodologies  are  described
below.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
estimated   pollutant  removal,  or  benefit,  achieved  by   the
application  of  the various treatment options  is  presented  in
Section  X  of the General Development Document.   The  pollutant
removal  estimates  have  been revised  from  proposal  based  on
comments   and  on  new  data;  however,  the   methodology   for
calculating  pollutant removals has not changed.  The  data  used
for estimating removals are the same as those used to revise  the
compliance costs.

Sampling  data collected during the field sampling  program  were
used  to  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
regulation.   At  each sampled facility, the sampling  data  were
production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of


                               3294
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).   This
value,  referred  to as the raw waste, was used to  estimate  the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the secondary   tungsten
and  cobalt  subcategory.  The pollutant removal  estimates  were
calculated  for each plant by first estimating the total  mass  of
each pollutant in the untreated wastewater.  This was  calculated
by  first multiplying the raw waste values by  the  corresponding
production  value for that stream and then summing  these  values
for each pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.

Next,  the  volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant  by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.
The  smaller of the two values was selected and summed  with  the
other  plant  flows.   The mass of pollutant discharged was  then
estimated  by  multiplying the  achievable  concentration  values
attainable  with  the  option (mg/1) by the estimated  volume  of
process  wastewater discharged by the subcategory.   The mass  of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant  generated  within  the subcategory  and  the  mass  of
pollutant  discharged after application of the treatment  option.
The  pollutant  removal estimates for direct dischargers  in  the
secondary  tungsten and cobalt subcategory are presented  in Table
X-l (page 3300).

COMPLIANCE COSTS

In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs,  the first  step
was to develop a cost estimation model,  relating the total costs
associated   with  installation  and  operation   of   wastewater
treatment  technologies  to plant process  wastewater  discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant.  The plant's investment  and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in  place
and  by  its individual process wastewater  discharge  flow.   As
discussed  above,  this  flow is either the  actual  or  the  BAT
regulatory  flow,  whichever is lesser.  The final  step  was  to
annualize  the capital costs, and to sum the  annualized  capital
costs,  and the operating and maintenance costs for  each  plant,
yielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory.   These costs
were used in assessing economic achievability.

Table  X-2 (page 3301) shows a comparison of the costs  developed
for  proposal and the revised costs for promulgation  for  direct
dischargers in the secondary tungsten and cobalt subcategory.    A
similar  comparison of compliance costs for indirect  dischargers
is presented in Table XII-2 (page 3325).

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

Our  proposed BAT limitations for this subcategory were based  on
Option   C,   (BPT  technology  -  chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation,  oil skimming and ammonia steam stripping,  plus in-
process  wastewater reduction, and filtration).   Flow  reductions
were  based on 90 percent recycle of scrubber effluent, which  is
the rate reported, by the only existing plant with a scrubber.
                               3295
-------
     SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN  AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  X
 Implementation   of   the   proposed  BAT  limitations   would   remove
 annually  an  estimated  150,700  kg of  priority  pollutants  which   is
 44   kg  greater  than proposed  BPT.    Capital  costs  for   achieving
 proposed  BAT  were  estimated  at $135,150 with   annual   costs   of
 $442,500.

 BAT  OPTION SELECTION ^ PROMULGATION

 EPA   selected   Option C  as   the   basis   for   promulgating   BAT
 limitations.     BAT    is    based   on   chemical   precipitation,
 sedimentation  and filtration  end-of-pipe treatment,  along  with
 preliminary  treatment consisting of  oil-water separation   and
 ammonia   steam   stripping.  This is  different from   the  proposed
 BAT,  since  flow reduction  is  no longer  included as part  of   the
 treatment train.  Following  proposal,  EPA learned that the two  air
 pollution  streams   targeted   for  flow  reduction   already  were
 operated with greater  than  90  percent recycle.

 The  pollutants specifically limited  under BAT are cobalt, copper,
 nickel,  and ammonia.   The priority pollutants  arsenic, cadmium,
 chromium,  lead,  silver,   and zinc were  also considered   for
 regulation because they were found at treatable  concentrations  in.
 the  raw wastewaters  from  this  subcategory.  These pollutants were
 not  selected  for   specific   regulation because   they  will   be
 effectively  controlled   when  the regulated priority  metals  are
 treated to the levels -achievable by  the  model BAT technology.

 Implementation   of   the promulgated  BAT  limitations  will  remove
 annually an estimated  150,700  kg of  toxic pollutants, which is  44
 kg   greater  than promulgated  BPT.    Capital costs  for  achieving
 promulgated  BAT are estimated at $60,900,  with annual costs   of
 $182,700.

 AMENDMENT TO THE REGULATION

 In   response to a petition  for review of this regulation and  new
 data  supplied  by  the petitioner, EPA  agreed   to  a  settlement
 agreement  to propose  to  amend this  regulation and  to take  final
 action on the proposal. EPA agreed to propose to revise the  long
 term average cobalt treatment  effectiveness value from 0.03  mg/1
 to   0.667  mg/1.  The  0.03  mg/1 value used  at  promulgation  was
 based  on  data from the porcelain enameling category.   The  new
 long  term  average  is based on data from  treatment  of  cobalt
 wastewaters  and takes into account the higher concentrations  of
 complexed  cobalt  found  in the secondary  tungsten • and  cobalt
 subcategory.   The new  long  term average  treatment  effectiveness
 value  results  in  a one day maximum value of 2,76  mg/1  and  a
monthly  average value of 1.21 mg/1.  These new values  have  been
 used in calculating the limitations for this supplement.

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A  BAT discharge rate was calculated for each  subdivision  based
upon  the  flows  of  the existing  plants,   as  determined  from


                               3296
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
analysis  to the data collection portfolios.  The discharge  rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT  effluent  limitations.   Since the  discharge  rate  may  be
different   for  each  wastewater  source,  separate   production
normalized discharge rates for each of the 11 wastewater  sources
were determined and are summarized in Table X-3 (page 3302).  The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by  relating
the   amount  of  wastewater  generated  to  the  mass   of   the
intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
with the waste stream in question.  These production  normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table X-3.

The  BAT  discharge  rates are equivalent to  the  BPT  discharge
rates.    Further  flow  reduction,  beyond  BPT  rates,  is  not
considered achievable in this subcategory.

At  proposal  subdivisions 5 and 7 were targeted  for  additional
flow reduction beyond that considered for BPT.   However, through
industry  comments on the proposed rulemaking,  EPA learned  that
the  one plant operating these two processes currently  practices
extensive  (>90 percent) recycle.   Therefore,  the BPT flow rates
promulgated  for subdivisions 5 and 7 include recycle,  and it is
no  longer  necessary to include additional  flow  reduction  for
these two subdivisions at BAT.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

In  implementing  the terms of the Consent Agreement in  NRDC  .v.
Train,  Op.  Cit.,  and 33 U.S.C. 1314(b)(2)(A and B) (1976), the
Agency placed particular emphasis on the priority pollutants. The
raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and  the
subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain pollutants
and  pollutant parameters for limitation.  This  examination  and
evaluation was presented in Section VI.  The Agency, however, has
chosen not to regulate all eight priority pollutants selected  in
this analysis-

The  high  cost  associated  with  analysis  for  priority  metal
pollutants  has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for
regulating and monitoring priority pollutant discharges from  the
nonferrous metals manufacturing category.  Rather than developing
specific   effluent mass limitations and standards for each of the
priority  metals  found in treatable concentrations  in  the  raw
wastewater  from  a given subcategory,  the Agency  is  proposing
effluent  mass limitations only for those pollutants generated in
the  greatest  quantities  as  shown  by  the  pollutant  removal
estimates.   The pollutants selected for specific limitation  are
listed below:

     120.  copper
     124.  nickel
           ammonia  (as N)
           cobalt
           tungsten
                                3297
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X


By  establishing  limitations and standards for certain  priority
metal  pollutants,  discharges  will attain the  same  degree  of
control  over  priority metal pollutants as they would have  been
required  to achieve had all the priority metal  pollutants  been
directly limited.

This  approach  is  technically  justified  since  the  treatment
effectiveness  concentrations used for chemical precipitation and
sedimentation  technology  are based on optimized  treatment  for
concomitant  multiple metals removal.  Thus, even  though  metals
have  somewhat different theoretical solubilities, they  will  be
removed at very nearly the same rate in a chemical  precipitation
and  sedimentation treatment system operated for multiple  metals
removal.  Filtration as part of the technology basis is  likewise
justified   because   this   technology   removes   metals   non-
preferentially.

The priority metal pollutants selected for specific limitation in
the  secondary  tungsten and cobalt subcategory  to  control  the
discharges  of  toxic  metal pollutants are  copper  and  nickel.
Ammonia is also selected for limitation since the methods used to
control  copper   and nickel are not effective in the  control  of
ammonia. Cobalt and tungsten are also selected for limitation, as
was shown in Section VI.  The following priority metal pollutants
are  excluded   from  limitation  on  the  basis  that  they   are
effectively  controlled by  the limitations developed  for  copper
and nickel:
                                3298
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
     115.   arsenic
     118.   cadmium
     119.   chromium (total)
     122.   lead
     126.   silver
     128.   zinc

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in  Section  VII of Vol. I and summarized there in  Table  VII-21
(page   248),  with  the  exception  of  the   cobalt   treatment
effectiveness  value.   See Section IX for a  discussion  of  the
cobalt    treatment   effectiveness   value.     The    treatable
concentrations  both one day maximum and monthly  average  values
are  multiplied by the BAT normalized discharge flows  summarized
in  Table  X-3 (page 3302) to calculate the  mass  of  pollutants
allowed  to  be discharged per mass of product.  The  results  of
these  calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per  kilogram  of
product   represent   the  BAT  effluent  limitations   and   are
represented in Table X-4 (page 3303) for each waste stream.
                                3299
-------
          SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN  AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                                                            SECT  - X
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    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  - X
                            TABLE X-2

                   COST OP COMPLIANCE FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                Direct Dischargers
Option


  A

  B

  C
Total Required
 Capital Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    42,900

      NA

    60,900
     Total
  Annual Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    173,000

       NA

    182,700
NA - Not applicable, i.e., Option B eliminated for final
     regulation.
                            3301
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY"  " "SECT -.'X


















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                         3302
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - X
                            TABLE X-4

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel -
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
0.271
0.039
0.072
0.250
0.055
0.107
0 . 057
0.199
25.990
0.538
0.679
0.121
0.016
0.029
0.119
0.025
0.072
0.023
0.082
11.430
0.236
0.302
 (b) Tungsten Leaching Acid  BAT
     Pollutant or
     pollutant property
    Maximum for
    any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
           mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
3.574
0.514
0.951
3.291
0.720
1.414
0.746
2.622
342.700
7.096
8.947
1.594
0.206
0.386
1.568
0.334
0.951
0.309
1.080
150.700
€.111
3.985
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                3303
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(c)  Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash  BAT
     Pollutant or
     pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
     Maximum for
     monthly average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
7.1.49
1.029
1.903
6.583
1.440
2.829
1.491
5.246
685.600
14.194
17.900
3.189
0.411
0.771
3.137
0.669
1.903
0.617
2.160
301.400
6.223
7.972
    Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of synthetic scheelite produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
23.160
3.332
6.165
21.330
4.665
9.164 -
4.832
16.990
2,221.000
45. -984
57.980
10.330
1.333
2.499
10.160
2.166
6.165
1.999
6.998
976.300
20.160
25.820
*Regulated Pollutant
                                3304
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                            SECT
                      TABLE X-4  (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
      Pollutant or
      pollutant property
      Maximum for
      any one day
      Maximum, for
      monthly average
    mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide scrap leached
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
2.434
0.350
0.648
2.241
0.490
0.963
0.508
1.786
233.400
4.833
6.093
1.086
0.140
0.263
L.068
0.228
0.648
0.210
0.735
102.600
2.119
2.714
(f) Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
11.580
1.667
3.083
10.670
2.333
4.583
2.417
8.500
1,111.000
22.999
29.000
5.166
0.667
1.250
5.083
1.083
3.083
1.000
3.500
488.300
10.083
12.920
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3305
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(g) Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
     49.740
      7.156
     13.240
     45.800
     10.020
     19.680
     10.380
     36.500
  4,770.000
     98.756
    124.500
         22.180
          2.862
          5.367
         21.830
          4.652
         13.240
          4.294
         15.030
      2,097.000
         43.295
         55.460
 (h) Crystallization Decant  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
57.890
8.330
15.410
53.310
11.660
22.910
12.080
42.480
5,552.000
114.954
144.900
25.820
3.332
6.248
25.410
5.415
15.410
4.998
17.490
2,441.000
50.397
64.560
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3306
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid Wash Decant  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg {lb/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cpbalt
* Tungsten
26.500
3.812
7.053
24.400
5.337
10.480
5.528
19.440
2,541.000
52.611
66.340
11.820
1.525
2.859
11.630
2 478
7.053
2.287
8.006
1,117.000
23.065
29.550
(j) Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg {lb/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
* Cobalt
*Tungsten
78.740
11.330
20.960
72.510
15.860
31.160
16.430
57.780
7,551.000
. 156.346
197.100
35.120
4.532
8.497
34.550
7.364
20.960
6.798
23.790
3,320.000
68.543
87.800
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3307
-------
    SECONDARAY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                         SECT - X
                   TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash
Pollutant  or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
 Maximum  for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
151.600
21.810
40.340
139.600
30.530
59.970
31.620
111.200
14,530.000
300.094
379.400
67.600
8.723
16.360
66 510
14.170
40.340
13.080
45.790
6,389.000
131.932
169.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3308
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY     SECT - X
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                         3310
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI



                           SECTION XI

                NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS


This   section  describes  the  technologies  for  treatment  .of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for  regulated pollutants for NSPS in the secondary tungsten . and
cobalt  subcategory, based on the selected treatment  technology.
New  plants  have  the opportunity to design the  best  and  most
efficient   production   processes   and   wastewater   treatment
technologies  without  facing the added  costs  and  restrictions
encountered  in retrofitting an existing plant.   Therefore,  BAT
considers   the  best  demonstrated  process  changes,   in-plant
controls,  and  end-of-pipe treatment technologies  which  reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

New  source  performance  standards are equivalent  to  the  best
available  technology  (BAT)  selected  for  currently   existing
secondary   tungsten  and  cobalt  plants.   This  result  is   a
consequence  of careful review by the Agency of a wide  range  of
technical  options  for  new source treatment  systems  which  is
discussed  in  Section  XI of Vol.  I.  Additionally,  there  was
nothing   found  to  indicate  that  the  wastewater  flows   and
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those  from
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are  not
expected   to  differ  from  those  used  at  existing   sources.
Consequently,  BAT production normalized discharge  rates,  which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory,  can
also  be  applied to new sources.  These rates are  presented  in
Table XI-1 (page 3313).

Treatment  technologies  considered  for  the  NSPS  options  are
identical  to the treatment technologies considered for  the  BAT
options.  These options are:

OPTION A

     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming  (where required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping  (where
        required)
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
                                3311
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


OPTION C

     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping (where
          required)
     o  Chemical   precipitation   and   sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration

NSPS OPTION SELECTION

We have proposed and are promulgating that NSPS be equal to  BAT.
We  do  not  believe  that new  plants  could  achieve  any  flow
reduction  beyond  the allowances promulgated for  BAT.   Because
NSPS is equal to BAT we believe that the proposed and promulgated
NSPS will not pose a barrier to the entry of new plants into this
subcategory.  Promulgated NSPS are equivalent to promulgated BAT.

At  proposal,  subdivisions 5 and 7 were targeted for  additional
flow reduction beyond that considered for BPT.   However, through
industry  comments on the proposed rulemaking,  EPA learned  that
the  one plant operating these two processes currently  practices
extensive (>90 percent) recycle.   Therefore,  the BPT flow rates
promulgate for subdivisions 5 and 7 include recycle, and it is no
longer  necessary to include additional flow reduction for  these
two subdivisions at BAT or NSPS.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly,  pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected  for
limitation  under  NSPS,  in  accordance with  the  rationale  of
Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected for BAT.   The
conventional pollutant parameters oil and grease, TSS, and pH are
also selected for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the  same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1  (page
3313).   The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per  mass
of product is calculated by multiplying the appropriate treatable
concentration   (mg/1)  by the  production  normalized  wastewater
discharge flows (1/kkg).  The treatable concentrations are listed
in Table VII-21 (page 248)  of Vol. I, with the exception of  the
cobalt  treatment effectiveness values.  See Section IX  of  this
supplement  for  a discussion of cobalt  treatment  effectiveness
values.   The results of these calculations are  the  production-
based  new  source performance standards.   These  standards  are
presented in Table XI-2  (page 3314).
                                3312
-------
        SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                                        SECT - XI
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                                   3313
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
                           TABLE XI-2

     NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(a) Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH    Within the  range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
      0.271
      0.039
      0.072
      0.250
      0.055
      0.107
      0.057
      0.199
     25.990
      0.538
      0.679
      1.950
      2.925
          0.121
          0.016
          0.029
          0.119
          0.025
          0.072
          0.023
          0.082
         11.430
          0.236
          0.302
          1.950
          2.340
   all  times
 (b) Tungsten Leaching Acid  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum  for
any  one  day
Maximum  for
monthly  average
           mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  tungsten  produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*0il and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
3.574
0.514
0.951
3.291
0.720
1.414
0.746
2.622
342.700
7.096
8.947
25.710
38.570
range of 7.5 to 10.0
1.594
0.206
0.386
1.568
0.334
0.951
0.309
1.080
150.700
3.111
3.985
25.710
30.850
at all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3314
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

     NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY



(c) Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
7.149
1.029
1.903
6.583
1.440
2.829
1.491
5.246
685.600
14.194
17.900
51.430
77.150
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
3.189
0.411
0.771
3.137
0.669
1.903
0.617
2.160
301.400
6.223
7.972
51.430
61.720
times
 (d) Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum  for
any one  day
Maximum for
monthly average
     mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  synthetic scheelite produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
23.160
3.332
6.165
21.330
4.665
9.164
4.832
16.990
2,221.000
45.984
57.980
166.600
249.900
range of 7.5 to 10.0
10.330
1.333
2.499
10.160
2.166
6.165
1.999
6.998
976.300
20.160
25.820
166.600
199.900
at all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3315
-------
     SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT  -  XI
                     TABLE XI-2  (Continued)

     NSPS  FOR THE  SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum  for
monthly  average
    mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide scrap leached
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
2.434
0.350
0.648
2.241
0.490
0.963
0.508
: 1.786
233.400
4.833
6.093
17.510
26.270
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
1.086
0.140
0.263
1.068
0.228
0.648
0.210
0.735
102.600
2.119
2.714
17.510
21.010
times
(f) Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
             (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
11.580
1.667
3.083
10.670
2.333
4.583
2.417
8.500
1,111.000
22.999
29.000
83.330
125.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
5.166
.667
. 1.250
5.083
1.083
3.083
1.000
3.500
488.300
10.083
12.920
83.330
100.000
times
                               3316
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT  -  XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

     NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGQRY

(g) Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
49.740
7.156
13.240
45.800
10.020
19.680
10.380
36.500
4,770.000
98.756
124.500
357.800
536.700
range of 7.5 to 10.0
22.180
2.862
5.367
21.830
4.652
13.240
4.294
15.030
2,097.000
43.295
55.460
357.800
429.400
at all times
(h) Crystallization Decant  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*0il and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
57.890
8.330
15.410
53.310
11.660
22.910
12.080
42.480
5,552.000
114.954
144.900
• 416.500
624.800
range of 7.5 to
25.820
3.332
6.248
25.410
5.415
15.410
4.998
17.490
2,441.000
50.397
64.560
416.500
499.800
10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3317
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

     NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

(i) Acid Wash Decant  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
26.500
3.812
7.053
24.400
5.337
10.480
5.528
19.440
2,541.000
52.611
66.340
190.600
285.900
range of 7.5 to
11.820
1.525
2.859
11.630
2.478
7.053
2.287
8.006
1,117.000
23.065
29.550
190.600
228.700
10.0 at all times
(j) Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
                  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
78i740
11.330
20.960
72.510
15.860
31.160
16.430
57.780
7,551.000
156.346
197.100
566.500
849.700
range of 7.5 to 10.0
35.120
4.532
8.497
34.550
7.364
20.960
6.798
23.790
3,320.000
68.543
87.800
566.500
679.800
at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3318
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

     NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(k) Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
            n»g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH    Within the
        151.600
         21.810
         40.340
        139.600
         30.530
         59.970
         31.620
        111.200
     14,530.000
        300.094
        379.400
      1,090.000
      1,636.000
range of.  7.5 to 10,
         67.600
          8.723
         16.360
         66.510
         14.170
         40.340
         13.080
         45.790
      6,389.000
        131.932
        169.000
      1,090.000
      1,308.000
0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3319
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           3320
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
                           SECTION XII

                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters in the secondary tungsten and
cobalt   subcategory.    Pretreatment  standards  for   regulated
pollutants  are  presented  based  on the  selected  control  and
treatment technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before promulgating pretreatment standards, the Agency examines
whether  the pollutants discharged by the industry  pass  through
the  POTW  or  interfere with the POTW operation  or  its  chosen
sludge  disposal  practices.   In determining whether  pollutants
pass through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary  treatment,
the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant removed by POTW
with  the  percentage removed by direct dischargers applying  the
best available technology economically achievable.   A  pollutant
is  deemed  to pass through the POTW when the average  percentage
removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting   secondary
treatment  requirements  is less than the percentage  removed  by
direct   dischargers  complying  with  BAT  effluent  limitations
guidelines for that pollutant.
                                                                 fa,
This   definition  of  pass  through  satisfies   two   competing
objectives  set  by Congress:  (1) that  standards  for  indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to standards for  direct . dischargers
while  at  the same time, (2) that the treatment  capability  and
performance  of the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in
regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency  compares percentage removal rather than the mass  or
concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
not.  take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

Options  for  pretreatment of wastewaters from  new  sources  are
based  on increasing the effectiveness of  end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies.   All in-plant changes and  applicable  end-of-pipe
treatment processes have been discussed previously in Sections  X
and  XI.  The options for PSNS are the same as the BAT  and  NSPS
options discussed in Sections X and XI, respectively.

A  description of each option is presented in Section X,.  while a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment  process  is presented in Section VII  of  the  General
Development Document.
                               3321
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII



Treatment technologies considered for the PSNS options are:

OPTION A

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping (where
        required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping (where
        required)
     o  Preliminary treatment with oil skimming (where required)
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration


PSES AND PSNS OPTION SELECTION

We  are promulgating PSES and PSNS equal to NSPS and BAT  (Option
C) for this subcategory.   It is necessary to promulgate PSES and
PSNS  to  prevent pass-through of  copper,  nickel,  cobalt,  and
ammonia.   These toxic pollutants are removed by a  well-operated
POTW  achieving secondary treatment at an average of 26  percent,
while  the NSPS and BAT level technology removes approximately 97
percent.

The  technology  basis  for  PSES  and  PSNS  thus  is   chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation,  oil skimming,  ammonia  steam
stripping,  and  filtration.   The achievable  concentration  for
ammonia  steam stripping is based on iron and steel manufacturing
category  data,  as'explained in the discussion of BPT  for  this
subcategory.   The  PSES  and PSNS discharge rates are  shown  in
Table XII-1 (page 3324).

Capital  cost  for achieving PSES is estimated as  $16,300,  with
annual   costs  of  $8,800.   These  costs  are  not   considered
prohibitive.   Costs for indirect dischargers are shown in  Table
XII-2 (page 3325).

We  believe  that the promulgated PSNS are achievable,  and  that
they  are  not  a  barrier  to entry  of  new  plants  into  this
subcategory.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected  for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
rationale  of Sections VI and X, are identical to those  selected
for  limitation for BAT.  It is necessary to promulgate PSES  and
PSNS  to  prevent the pass-through of  copper,  nickel, . ammonia,,
cobalt,  and tungsten.
                               3322
-------
    SECONDARY TDNGSTEN AND COBALT SOBCATEGORY.    SECT - XII


PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Pretreatment standards are based on the treatable  concentrations
from  the  selected  treatment technology, (Option  C).  and  the
discharge rates determined in Sections X and XI for BAT and NSPS,
respectively.  A mass of pollutant per mass of production (mg/kg)
allocation is given for each subdivision within the  subcategory.
This  pollutant  allocation  is  based  on  the  product  of  the
treatable  concentration from the proposed treatment  (mg/1)  and
the production normalized wastewater discharge rate (I/kkg).  The
achievable  treatment  concentrations for BAT  are  identical  to
those  for  PSES and PSNS.  These concentrations  are  listed  in
Table  VII-21  (page 248) of Vol. I, with the  exception  of  the
cobalt  treatment  effectiveness  value.  See Section  IX  for  a
discussion of the cobalt treatment effectiveness value.  PSES and
PSNS  are  presented in Tables XII-3 and XII-4  (pages  3326  and
3332), respectively.
                               3323
-------
      SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  XII
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r-H
0
-------
 SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                       SECT - XII
                             TABLE XI 1^2

                      COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
               SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

                         Indirect Dischargers
Option


  A

  C
Total Required
 Capital Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    8,500

   16,300
     Total
  Annual Cost
(1982 Dollars)
    5,300

    8,800
                             3325
-------
     SECONDARY  TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XII
                           TABLE XI1-3

     PSES FOR THE  SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY


 (a) Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
         mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Amraonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
0.271
0.039
0.072
0.250
0.055
0.107
0.057
0.199
25.990
0.538
0.679
0.121
0.016
0.029
0.119
0.025
0.072
0.023
0.082
11.430
0.236
0.302
 (b) Tungsten Leaching Acid  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
           mg/kg {ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
3.574
0.514
0.951
3.291
0.720
1.414
0.746
2.622
342.700
7.096
8.947
1.594
0.206
0.386
1.568
0.334
0.951
0.309
1.080
150.700
3.111
3.985
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3326
-------
     SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XII
                     TABLE XI1-3  (Continued)

      PSES.FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY


 (c) Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
           rag/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
7.149
1.029
1.903
6.583
1.440
2.829
1.491
5.246
685.600
14.194
17.900
3.189
0.411
0.771
3.137
0.669
1.903
0.617
2.160
301.400
6.223
7.972
(d) Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  PSES
     Pollutant or
     pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
     Maximum for
     monthly average
     mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of synthetic scheelite produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
23.160
3.332
6.165
21.330
4.665
9.164
4.832
16.990
2,221.000
45.984
57.980
10.330
1.333
2.499
10.160
2.166
6.165
1.999
6.998
976.300
20.160
25.820
*Regulated Pollutant .
                               3327
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

     PSES FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY


(e) Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
                Maximum for
                monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide scrap leached
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
2.434
0.350
0.648
2.241
0.490
0.963
0.508
1.786
233.400
4.833
6.093
1.086
0.140
,0.263
1.068
0.228
0.648
0.210
0.735
102.600
2.119
2.714
 (f) Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  PSES
                                       Maximum for
                                       monthly average
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
       mg/kg  (Ib/raillion Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
11.580
1.667
3.083
10.670
2.333
4.583
2.417
8.500
1,111.000
22.999
29.000
5.166
0.667
1.250
5.083
1.083
3.083
1.000
3.500
488.300
10.083
12.920
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3328
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                           SECT  -  XII
                     TABLE XII-3  {Continued)

     PSES FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY


(g) Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
49.740
7.156
13.240
45.800
10.020
19.680
10.380
36.500
4,770.000
98.756
124.500
22.180
2.862
5.367
21.830
4.652
13.240
4.294
15.030
2,097.000
43.295
55.460
(h) Crystallization Decant  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
57.890
8.330
15.410
53.310
11.660
22.910
12.080
42.480
5,552.000
114.954
144.900
25.820
3.332
6.248
25.410
5.415
15.410
4.998
17.490
2,441.000
50.397
64.560
                               3329
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


                     Table XII-3 (Continued)

     PSES FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid-Wash Decant  PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
26.500
3.812
7.053
24.400
5.337
10.480
5.528
19.440
2,541.000
52.611
66.340
11.820
1.525
2.859
11 630
2.478
7.053
2.287
8.006
1,117.000
23.065
29.550
(j) Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate  PSES
     Pollutant or
     pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
     Maximum for
     monthly average
                  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
78.740
11.330
20.960
72.510
15.860
31.160
16.430
57.780
7,551.000
156.346
197.100
35.120
4.532
8.497
34.550
7.364
20.960
6.798
23.790
3,320.000
68.543
87.800
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3330
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
          SECT - XII
                     Table XII-3 (Continued)

     PSES FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
PSES
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
(k) Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash
PSES
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
monthly average
Maximum for
any one day
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
151.600
21.810
40.340
139.600
30.530
59.970
31.620
111.200
14,530.000
300.094
379.400
67.600
8.723
16.360
66.510
14.170
40.340
13.080
45.790
6,389.000
131.932
169.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                                3331
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN -AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XII
                           TABLE XI1-4

     PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY


(a) Tungsten Detergent Wash and Rinse  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
         mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten scrap washed
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
0.271
0.039
0.072
0.250
0.055
0.107
0.057
0.199
25.990
0.538
0.679
0.121
0.016
0.029
0.119
0.025
0.072
0.023
0.082
11.430
0.236
0.302
(b) Tungsten Leaching Acid  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
3.574
0.514
0.951
3.291
0.720
1.414
0.746
2.622
342.700
7.096
8.947
1.594
0.206
0.386
1.568
0.334
0.951
0.309
1.080
150.700
3.111
3.985
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3332
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                                                 SECT - XII
                     Table XII-4 (Continued)

     PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tungsten Post-Leaching Wash  PSNS
Pollutant ot
pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
                Maximum for
                monthly average
           mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
7.149
1.029
1.903
6.583
1.440
2.829
1.491
5.246
685.600
14.194
17.900
0.189
0.411
0.771
3.137
0.669
1.903
0.617
2.160
301.400
6.223
7.972
    Synthetic Scheelite Filtrate  PSNS
                                       Maximum fot    *"
                                       monthly average
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
     mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of synthetic scheelite produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
23.160
3.332
6.165
21.330
4.665
9.164
4.832
16.990
2,221.000
45.984
57.980
10.330
1.333
2.499
10.160
2.166
6.165
1.999
6.998
976.300
20.160
25.820
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3333
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4  (Continued)

     PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY



(e)  Tungsten Carbide Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide scrap leached
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
2.434
0.350
0.648
2.241
0.490
0.963
0.508
1.786
233.400
4.833
6.093
1.086
0.140
0.263
1.068
0.228
0.648
0.210
0.735
102.600
2.119
2.714
(f) Tungsten Carbide Wash Water  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       mg/kc| (Ib/million Ibs) of tungsten carbide produced
            s.
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
11.580
1.667
3.083
10.670
2.333
4.583
2.417
8.500
1,111.000
22.999
29.000
5.166
0.667
1.250
5.083
1.083
3.083
1.000
3.500
488.300
10.083
12.920
                               3334
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XI1
                     TABLE XI1-4 (Continued)

     PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
(g) Cobalt Sludge Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced from cobalt sludge
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
49.740
7.156
13.240
45.800
10.020
19.680
10.380
36.500
4,770.000
98.756
124.500
22.180
2.862
5.367
21.830
4.652
13.240
4.294
15.030
2,097.000
43.295
55.460
(h) Crystallization Decant  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
* Cobalt
*Tungsten
57.890
8.330
15.410
53.310
11.660
22.910
12.080
42.480
5,552.000
114.954
144.900
25.820
3.332
6.248
25.410
5.415
15.410
4.998
17.490
2,441.000
50.397
64.560
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3335
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


                     TABLE XI1-4 (Continued)

     PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY



(i) Acid Wash Decant  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
26.500
3.812
7.053
24.400
5.337
10.480
5.528
19.440
2,541.000
52.611
66.340
11.820
1.525
2 859
11.630
2.478
7.053
2.287
8.006
1,117.000
23.065
29.550
PSNS
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
(j) Cobalt Hydroxide Filtrate
        PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
78.740
11.330
20.960
72.510
15.860
31.160
16.430
57.780
7,551.000
156.346
197.100
35.120
4.532
8.497
34.550
7.364
20.960
6.798
23.790
3,320.000
68.543
87.800
 *Regulated Pollutant
                     Table XII-4  (Continued)

      PSNS FOR THE  SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND  COBALT  SUBCATEGORY
                                3336
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - XII
(k) Cobalt Hydroxide Filter Cake Wash  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of cobalt produced
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Silver
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Cobalt
*Tungsten
151.600
21.810
40.340
139.600
30.530
59.970
31.620
111.200
14,530.000
300.094
379.400
67.600
8.723
16.360
66.510
14.170
40.340
13.080
45.790
6,389.000
131.932
169.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3337
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           3338
-------
    SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII



            SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY

                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY


EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology   (BCT)   for  the  secondary  tungsten   and   cobalt
subcategory at this time.
                               3339
-------
SECONDARY TUNGSTEN AND COBALT SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           3340
-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
                       for the
     Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory
                  William K. Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro, Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas P.  O'Farrell,  Director
           Industrial  Technology  Division
             Ernst P.  Hall,  P.E.,  Chief
               Metals  Industry Branch
                         and
              Technical Project Officer
                     May 1989
        U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                   Office of Water
      Office  of. Water Regulations and Standards
           Industrial Technology Division
              Washington, D. C.   20460 '
                         3341
-------
3342
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBGATEGORY
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section

I

II

III
IV
SUMMARY

CONCLUSIONS

SUBCATEGORY PROFILE

Description of Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium
  Production
Raw Materials
Molybdenum Sulfide Roasting
Production of Pure Molybdic Oxide
Production of Ammonium Molybdate Compounds
Reduction to Molybdenum Metal
Recovery of Rhenium
Process Wastewater Sources
Other Wastewater Sources
Age, Production, and Process Profile

SUBCATEGORIZATION

Factors Considered in Subdividing the Primary
  Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory
Other Factors
Production Normalising Parameters

WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

Wastewater Flow Rates
Wastewater Characterization Data
Data Collection Portfolios
Field Sampling. Data
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows .by
  Subdivision
Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate
Roaster SO^ Serirt>fee,.r                         3379
Molybdic Oxide Leachate
Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber
Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution
 3363
 3364
 3364
 3364
 3364
 3364
 3365
 3365
 3365

 3372

 3372

 3373
 3373

 3375

 3376
 3377

 3377
 3379

 3379
)
 3380
 3381
 3381
                               3343
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
VI
VII
VIII
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their
  Analytical Quantification Concentration
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number
  of Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
  Consideration in Establishing Limitations and
  Standards

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Current Control and Treatment Practices
Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate
Roaster SO2 Scrubber
Molybdic Oxide Leachate
Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber
Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution
Control and Treatment Options
Option A
Option B
Option C

COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Treatment Options for Existing Sources
Option A
Option B
Option C
Cost Methodology
Nonwater Quality Aspects
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
                                                       3429
3417

3417

3418

3419
3419
3419

3419

3420

3420



3429

3429
3429
>
3430
3430
3430
3431
3431
3431
3431

3433

3433
3433
3433
3433
3433
3434
3434
3434
3636
                               3344
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
Section

IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE

Technical Approach to BPT
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
BPT Option Selection
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate
Roaster SO2 Scrubber
Molybdic Oxide Leachate
Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber
Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE

Technical Approach to BAT
Option A
Option B
Option C
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
Pollutant Removal Estimates
Compliance Cost
BAT Option Selection - Proposal
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.

Technical Approach to NSPS
NSPS Option Selection - Proposal
NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
New Source Performance Standards
Page

3439
                                                           3439
                                                           3441
                                                           3441
                                                           3442
                                                           3443
                                                           3443
                                                           3443
                                                           3444
                                                           3444
                                                           3445
                                                           3445

                                                           3451
                                                           3451
                                                           3452
                                                           3452
                                                           3453
                                                           3453
                                                           3453
                                                           3453
                                                           3453
                                                           3454
                                                           3455
                                                           3456
                                                           3456
                                                           3457

                                                           3469

                                                           3469
                                                           3470
                                                           3470
                                                           3470
                                                           3471
                               3345
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
PSNS OPTION Selection
Regulation Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
Page

3477

3477
3478
3478
3479
3479
XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY   3485
                                3346
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF TABLES

Table                       Title                          Page

III-l     Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 3366
          in the Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium
          Subcategory by Discharge Type

III-2     Production Ranges for Primary Molybdenum Plants  3367
          Molybdenum Production Ranges for 1982

III-3     Production Ranges for Primary Rhenium Plants     3368
          Rhenium Production Range for 1982

III-4     Summary of Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium        3369
          Subcategory Processes and Associated Waste
          Streams

V-l       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Molybdenum     3382
          Sulfide Leachate

V-2       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Roaster SO2    3383
          Scrubber

V-3       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Molybdic Oxide 3384
          Leachate

V-4       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Hydrogen       3385
          Reduction Furnace Scrubber

V-5       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Depleted       3386
          Rhenium Scrubbing Solution

V-6       Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory Acid  3387
          Plant Blowdown Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

V-7       Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory H2    3395
          Reduction Furnace Scrubber Raw Wastewater
          Sampling Data

V-8       Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory       3398
          Molybdic Oxide Leachate Raw Wastewater
          Sampling Data

V-9       Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory Acid  3401
          Plant Blowdown After Sulfide Precipitation and
          Filtration Wastewater Sampling Data

V-10      Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory Acid  3405
          Plant Blowdown Commingled Wastewater
          Sampling Data
                               3347
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                   LIST OP TABLES (Continued)
VI-1



VIII-1


IX-1


IX-2


X-l


X-2



X-3


X-4


X-5


XI-1


XI-2


XII-1


XII-2
                             Title                         Pag«»
Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory Acid  3409
Plant Slowdown Treated Wastewater Sampling Data

Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory       3413
Molybdic Oxide Leachate Raw Wastewater
Self Sampling Data

Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants   3422
Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory Raw
Wastewater

Cost of Compliance for the Primary Molybdenum    3437
and Rhenium Subcategory Direct Dischargers

BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary   3446
Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory

BPT Mass Limitations for the Primary Molybdenum  3447
and Rhenium Subcategory

Current Recycle Practices Within the Primary     3459
Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory

Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct           3460
Dischargers Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium
Subcategory

Cost of Compliance for the Primary Molybdenum    3461
and Rhenium Subcategory Direct Dischargers

BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary   3462
Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory

BAT Mass Limitations for the Primary Molybdenum  3463
and Rhenium Subcategory

NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary  3472
Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory

NSPS for the Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium      3473
Subcategory

PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary  3480
Molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory

PSNS for the Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium      3481
Subcategory
                               3348
-------
         PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
III-2

V-l
V-2
V-3
IX-1

X-l
X^2
X-3
                 Title

Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium Production
Processes
Geographic Locations of the Primary Molybdenum
and Rhenium Subcategory Plants
Sampling Sites at Primary Molybdenum Plant B
Sampling Sites at Primary Molybdenum Plant C
Sampling Sites at Primary Molybdenum Plant D
BPT Treatment Scheme for the Primary Molybdenum
and Rhenium Subcategory
BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A
BAT Treatment Scheme for Option B
BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C
                                                           3370

                                                           3371

                                                           3414
                                                           3415
                                                           3416
                                                           3450

                                                           3466
                                                           3467
                                                           3468
                                3349
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
      THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                      3350
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - I



                            SECTION I

                             SUMMARY

This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
and  best available technology economically achievable (BAT)  for
existing  direct  dischargers,  pretreatment  standards  for  new
indirect dischargers (PSNS), and standards of performance for new
source  direct  dischargers  (NSPS) for  plants  in  the  primary
molybdenum and rhenium subcategory.

The  primary  molybdenum and rhenium subcategory consists  of  13
plants.  Four of these 13 plants operate molybdenum metallurgical
acid  plants.   Of  the 13 plants,  four  discharge  directly  to
rivers,  lakes,  or streams and nine achieve  zero  discharge  of
process wastewater.

EPA first studied the primary molybdenum and rhenium  subcategory
to   determine  whether  differences  in  raw  materials,   final
products,  manufacturing  processes, equipment, age and  size  of
plants,  and  water usage required the  development  of  separate
effluent limitations and standards for different segments of  the
subcategory.   This  involved a detailed analysis  or  wastewater
discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,  including  the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant, and the  constituents
of  wastewaters,.  including  toxic  priority  pollutants.   As  a
result,   five  subdivisions  have  been  identified   for   this
subcategory  that warrant separate effluent  limitations.   These
include:

     o  Molybdenum sulfide leachate,
     o  Roaster S02 scrubber,
     o  Molybdic oxide leachate,
     o  Hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber, and
     o  Depleted rhenium scrubbing solution.

EPA  also  identified  several  distinct  control  and  treatment
technologies   (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable  to  the
primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory.  The Agency  analyzed
both  historical and newly generated data on the  performance  of
these    technologies,   including   their    nonwater    quality
environmental   impacts and air quality, solid  waste  generation,
and energy requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction
techniques   reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp)  and
plant visits.

Engineering  costs were prepared for each plant for each  of  the
control  and   treatment options considered for  the  subcategory.
These  costs were then used by the Agency to estimate the   impact
of implementing the various options in the subcategory.  For each
control  and   treatment option that the Agency found, to  be  most
effective  and  technically feasible in controlling the  discharge


                               3351
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - I


of  pollutants,  we  estimated the number of potential  closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price.  These results
are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact•
Analysis of Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Nonferrous
Metals Manufacturing Industry."

After examining the various treatment technologies being operated
in  the subcategory,  the Agency has identified BPT to  represent
the  average  of the best existing  technology.   Metals  removal
based  on chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology  is
the basis for the BPT limitations.   Steam stripping was selected
as   the   technology  basis  for  ammonia   limitations.    Iron
coprecipitation   was  selected  as  the  basis  for   molybdenum
limitations.  To meet the BPT effluent limitations based on  this
technology,  the  primary molybdenum and rhenium  subcategory  is
estimated  to  incur a capital and an annual  cost.   These  cost
figures  cannot be presented here because the data on which  they
are based have been claimed to be confidential.

For  BAT,  the Agency has built upon the BPT technology basis  by
adding  in-process control technologies which include recycle  of
process   water  from  air  pollution  control   waste   streams.
Filtration is added as an effluent polishing step to the  end-^of-
pipe  treatment  scheme.  To meet the  BAT  effluent  limitations
based  on  this technology,  the primary molybdenum  and  rhenium
subcategory  is estimated to incur a capital and an annual  cost.
These  cost figures cannot be presented here because the data  on
which they are based have been claimed to be confidential.

For  BAT,  the Agency has built upon the BPT technology basis  by
adding  in-process control technologies which include recycle  of
process   water   from  air  pollution  control  waste   streams.
Filtration is added as an effluent polishing step to the  end-of-
pipe  treatment  scheme.   To meet the BAT  effluent  limitations
based  on  this technology,  the primary molybdenum  and  rhenium
subcategory  is estimated to incur a capital and an annual  cost.
These  cost figures cannot be presented here because the data  on
which they are based have been claimed to be confidential.

NSPS  is equivalent to BAT.    In selecting NSPS,  EPA   recognizes
that  new  plants have the opportunity to implement the best   and
most efficient manufacturing processes and treatment  technology.
However,   no   such  processes  or  treatment   technology   were
considered to meet the NSPS  criteria.   Therefore, the  technology
basis  of  BAT  has  been determined  as  the  best  demonstrated
technology.

The mass limitations and  standards for BPT,  BAT,  NSPS, and PSNS
are presented  in Section  II.
                                3352
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT -  II
                           SECTION II
                                                      subcategory
                                                      limitations
                           CONCLUSIONS

EPA  has divided the primary molybdenum and  rhenium
into  five subdivisions for the purpose of  effluent
and standards.  These    subdivisions are:

 (a)  Molybdenum sulfide leachate,
 (b)  Roaster SO2 scrubber.
 (c)  Molybdic oxide leachate,
 (d)  Hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber, and
 (e)  Depleted rhenium scrubbing solution.

BPT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application  of chemical precipitation  and  sedimentation  (lime
and  settle)  technology,     along  with  preliminary  treatment
consisting   of      ammonia  steam  stripping   and   iron   co-
precipitation     for selected waste streams.  The following  BPT
effluent limitations are promulgated:

(a)  Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg (ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
                          0.968
                          0.195
                          0.889
                          0.570
                         16.210
                         Reserved
                         61.720
                         18.980
     0.431
     0.093
     0.588
     0.255
     9.214
    Reserved
    27.130
     9.029
                  Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3353
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT - II
(b)  Roaster SO? Scrubber  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
         3.509
         0.705
         3.224
         2.065
        58.770
       Reserved
       223.800
        68.840
     1.561
     0.336
     2.133
     0.924
    33.410
   Reserved
    98.390
    32.740
 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 (c)  Molybdic Oxide Leachate  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum contained in
                               molybdic oxide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
        24.210
         4.865
        22.240
        14.250
       405.400
       Reserved
     1,544.000
       474.900
    10.770
     2.317
    14.710
     6.371
   230.500
   Reserved
   678.800
   225.900
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3354
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
 (d)  Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
       Maximum for
       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum metal powder produced
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
          47.860
           9.617
          43.970
          28.170
         801.400
        Reserved
       3,052.000
         938.800
      21.300
       4.580
      29.080
      12.600
     455.700
    Reserved
   1,342.000
     446.500
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(e)  Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
       Maximum for
       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
           1.497
           0 301
           1.375
           0.881
          25.060
          Reserved
          95.440
          29.360
       0.666
       0.143
       0.909
       0.394
      14.250
      Reserved
      41.960
      13.960
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
BAT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application   of   chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation   and
multimedia filtration (lime,    settle and filter) technology and
in-process  flow   reduction  methods,  along  with   preliminary
treatment   consisting of ammonia steam stripping and  iron   co-
precipitation  for selected waste streams.  The    following  BAT
effluent limitations are promulgated:
                               3355
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                    SECT - II
(a)  Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
                  Maximum for
                Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
                           0.644
                           0.130
                           0.255
                           0.380
                          16.210
                         Reserved
                          61.720
                       0.287
                       0.060
                       0.171
                       0.171
                       9.214
                     Reserved
                      27.130
(b)  Roaster SO? Scrubber  BAT
                                         Maximum for
                                       Monthly Average
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
                           2.334
                           0.470
                           0.924
                           1.377
                          58.770
                         Reserved
                         223.8QO
                       1.041
                       0.218
                       0.621
                       0.621
                      33.410
                     Reserved
                      98.390
 (c)  Holybdic Oxide Leachate  BAT
                                         Maximum for
                                       Monthly Average
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
        mg/kg  (Ib/raillion  Ibs) of molybdenum contained in
                               molybdic oxide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia  (as  N)
                          16.100
                           3.244
                           6.371
                           9.499
                         405.400
                         Reserved
                       1,544.0QO
                       7.182
                       1.506
                       4.286
                       4.286
                     230.500
                     Reserved
                     678.800
                                3356
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
(d)  Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum metal powder produced
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
    3.183
    0.641
    1.260
    1.878
   80.150
  Reserved
  305.300
       1.420
       0.298
       0.847
       0.847
      45.570
     Reserved
     134.200
(e)  Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
            {Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
    0.995
    0.201
    0.394
    0.587
   25.060
   Reserved
   95.440
       0.444
       0.093
       0.265
       0.265
      14.250
      Reserved
      41.960
NSPS is based on the performance achievable by the application of
chemical precipitation, sedimentation  and multimedia  filtration
(lime,  settle  and  filter)  technology,,  and  in-process   flow
reduction  control  methods,  along  with  preliminary  treatment
consisting  of ammonia steam stripping and iron  co-precipitation
for selected waste streams.  The following effluent standards are
promulgated for new sources:
                               3357
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                    SECT - II
(a)  Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
                  Maximum for
                Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH Within the
(b) Roaster SO^ Scrubber

0.644
0.130
0.255
0.380
16.210
Reserved
61.720
6.945
range of 7.5
NSPS

0.287
0.060
0.171
0.171
9.214
Reserved
27.130
5.556
to 10.0 at all times

Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                                       Monthly Average
      mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
                           2.334
                           0.470
                           0.924
                           1.377
                          58.770
                         Reserved
                         223.800
                          25.190
                       1.041
                       0.218
                       0.621
                       0.621
                      33.410
                     Reserved
                      98.390
                      2O.150
                Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                                3358
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT -  II


 (c)  Molybdic Oxide Leachate  NSPS

Pollutant or    \       Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum contained in
                               molybdic oxide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
(d) Hydrogen

16.100
3.244
6.371
9.499
405.400
Reserved
1,544.000
173.800
Within the range of 7.5
Reduction Furnace Scrubber

7.182
1.506
4.286
4.286
230.500
Reserved
678.800
139.000
to 10.0 at all times
NSPS
Pollutant or           Maximum for       Maximum for
Pollutant Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average


   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum metal powder produced

Arsenic                    3.183              1.420
Lead                       0.641              0.298
Nickel                     1.260              0.847
Selenium                   1.878              0.847
Fluoride                  80.150             45.570
Molybdenum                Reserved           Reserved
Ammonia (as N)           305.300            134.200
TSS                       34.350             27.480
pH              Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3359
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                     SECT - II
(e)  Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
        Maximum for
        Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
            0.995
            0.201
            0.394
            0.587
           25.060
           Reserved
           94.440
           10.740
       0.444
       0.093
       0.265
       0.265
      14.250
      Reserved
      41.960
       8.592
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
EPA   is   not  promulgating  pretreatment   standards   for
existing  sources  (PSES)  for the  primary  molybdenum  and
rhenium subcategory.

PSNS are promulgated based on the performance     achievable
by the application of  chemical precipitation, sedimentation
and  multimedia  filtration     lime,   settle  and  filter)
technology,   and   in-process     flow  reduction   control
methods,  along  with  preliminary treatment  consisting  of
ammonia   steam  stripping  and  iron  co-precipitation  for
selected  waste     streams.    The  following  pretreatraent
standards are    promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
        Maximum for
        Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
            0.644
            0.130
            0.255
            0.380
           16.210
           Reserved
           61.720
       0.287
       0.060
       0.171
       0.171
       9.214
      Reserved
      27.130
                               3360
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
(b)  Roaster SO? Scrubber  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
2.334
0.470
0.924
1.377
58.770
Reserved
223.800
1.041
0.218
0.621
0.621
33.410
Reserved
98.390
(c)  Molybdic Oxide Leachate  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
        mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum contained in
                               molybdic oxide leached
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
   16.100
    3.244
    6.371
    9.499
  405.400
 Reserved
1,544.000
      7.182
      1.506
      4.286
      4.286
    230.500
    Reserved
    678.800
                               3361
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II
(d)  Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                                         Maximum for
                                       Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum metal powder produced
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum,
Ammonia (as N)
                           3.183
                           0.641
                             260
                             878
                          80.150
                         Reserved
                         305.300
    1
    1
                                              1.420
                                              0.298
                                              0.847
                                              0.847
                                             45.570
                                            Reserved
                                            134.200
(e)  Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
                                         Maximum for
                                       Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
Arsenic
Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Fluoride
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
    0.995
    0.201
    0.394
    0.587
   25.060
   Reserved
   95.440
                                              0.444
                                              0.093
                                              0.265
                                              0.265
                                             14.250
                                             Reserved
                                             41.960
EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology (BCT) limitations at this time.
                               3362
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - ill



                           SECTION III

                       SUBCATEGORY PROFILE


This  section  of the primary molybdenum and  rhenium  supplement
describes the raw materials and processes used in the  production
of primary molybdenum and rhenium, and presents a profile of  the
primary  molybdenum and rhenium subcategory plants identified  in
this study.

Molybdenum  is used primarily in steel production as an  alloying
agent   which  results  in  improved  hardness,   strength,   and
resistance  to corrosion and high temperatures.  It  is  produced
primarily as technical grade molybdic oxide (MoO3>, most of which
is sold directly to steel producers.  Approximately 28 percent of
technical  grade molybdic oxide produced is further processed  to
metal  powder,  pure molybdic oxide, ammonium  molybdate,  and  a
variety of other chemical forms.

Rhenium  is  recovered  as  a by-product  from  the  roasting  of
molybdenum  sulfide concentrates.  Less than 10 metric  tons  per
year of rhenium is produced domestically, 90 percent of which  is
used  in bimetallic platinum rhenium reforming catalysts.   These
catalysts are used in the petroleum refining industry to  produce
low lead and lead free high octane gasolines.

DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM PRODUCTION

The  production  of molybdenum products can be divided into  four
general processes — roasting of molybdenum sulfide concentrates,
production  of  pure  molybdic  oxide,  production  of   ammonium
molybdate  compounds,  and reduction of pure  molybdic  oxide  or
ammonium molybdate to produce molybdenum metal powder.

Rhenium  is recovered from molybdenum roaster flue gases as crude
ammonium  perrhenate  which  can  subsequently  be  purified  and
reduced  to rhenium metal.   The primary molybdenum  and  rhenium
production  processes are presented schematically in Figure III-l
and described below.

RAW MATERIALS

The  primary source of molybdenum is a molybdenum sulfide   (MoS2)
ore called molybdenite.   Most domestic molybdenite is mined  and
comes  from a mine in New Mexico.   Molybdenite is also  recovered
as a by-product from concentrating porphyry copper ores.  Rhenium
is produced only from .molybdenite which is associated with  copper
mining operations.

MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE ROASTING

Molybdenite   concentrates,  which  are  typically   90   percent
molybdenum  disulfide   (MoS2),   are roasted   in  multiple   hearth


                                3363
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III


furnaces  at  temperatures  of  500 to  650°C.   The  product  of
roasting is technical grade molybdic oxide consisting of 90 to 95
percent  MoC>3.   The flue gases contain products  of  combustion,-
sulfur  dioxide, and rhenium heptoxide (Re^)  when  molybdenite
concentrates  from copper mining operations are roasted.   Sulfur
dioxide  emissions are controlled with either a caustic  scrubber
or  a  sulfuric acid plant.  One plant reported leaching  of  the
molybdenite  concentrates  with  nitric  acid  as  a  preliminary
treatment step prior to roasting.  Leaching at this stage in  the
process reduces alkali concentrations in the concentrates.

PRODUCTION OF PURE MOLYBDIC OXIDE

Pure molybdic oxide can be produced from technical grade molybdic
oxide  through sublimation and condensation or by  leaching.   In
sublimation, the tech oxide is heated to approximately 1,100°C in
a  muffle type furnace.  The oxide is vaporized and carried in  a
stream  of  forced air through cooling ducts  and  the  condensed
oxide  particles are collected in a fabric filter.  The  purified
oxide contains greater than 99.5 percent
Technical  grade  oxide may also be purified by leaching  with  &
hydrochloric acid-ammonium chloride solution.  The impurities are
dissolved  and  separated  from  the  solid  molybdic  oxide   by
filtration.  The pure oxide may be sold as a product, reduced  to
molybdenum  metal powder, or used to produce  various  molybdenum
chemicals .

PRODUCTION OF AMMONIUM MOLYBDATE COMPOUNDS

Technical grade molybdic oxide is dissolved in ammonium hydroxide
solution and recrystallized as pure ammonium molybdate compounds.
The ammonium molybdate may be sold as a product, calcined to form
pure molybdic oxide, or reduced to form molybdenum metal powder.

REDUCTION TO MOLYBDENUM METAL

Either  pure molybdic oxide or ammonium molybdate may be  reduced
in a hydrogen atmosphere to produce molybdenum metal powder.  The
reduction  of molybdic oxide to molybdenum metal is  typically  a
two  stage process carried out in two separate furnaces.  In  the;
first stage, molybdic oxide, MoOs, is reduced to brown molybdenum
dioxide,  MoOjr under a hydrogen atmosphere at 1,100°F.   In  the
second stage furnace, molybdenum dioxide is reduced to molybdenum
metal  at 2,000°F.  The second stage hydrogen  reduction  furnace
may  be  equipped  with  a wet scrubber to  clean  and  cool  the
hydrogen gas prior to reuse.

RECOVERY OF RHENIUM

When  molybdenite concentrates from copper mining operations  are
roasted   at   approximately  600°C,  rhenium  present   in   the
concentrate  is  volatilized as rhenium heptoxide  (R6207).   The
rhenium  heptoxide is water soluble and is removed from the  flue
gas  by  wet  scrubbing.  The efficiency with  which  rhenium  is


                               3364
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
recovered  from  the flue gas is approximately 64  percent.   Hoc
electrostatic  precipitators or baghouses are used upstream  from
the rhenium recovery scrubber in order to minimize the amount  of
impurities in the scrubber solution.  Impurities in the  scrubber
liquor,  particularly  molybdenum  and  other  base  metals,  are
removed  by  precipitation and filtration.  The rhenium  is  then
recovered from the scrubber liquor via selective ion exchange  or
solvent  extraction.   Rhenium  is stripped  from_ the  resin  or
solvent  with  aqueous  ammonia and  crude  ammonium  perrhenate,
NH4ReO4, is crystallized from the resulting solution.  The  crude
ammonium  perrhenate may be sold as a product,  further  purified
prior  to reduction to rhenium metal, or used in the  manufacture
of  various rhenium chemicals.  The reduction to metal is  a  dry
process.

PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

Although   a  variety  of  processes  are  involved  in   primary
molybdenum and rhenium production, the process wastewater sources
can be subdivided as follows:

     1.  Molybdenum sulfide leachate,
     2.  Roaster SO2 scrubber,
     3.  Molybdic oxide leachate,
     4.  Hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber, and
     5.  Depleted rhenium scrubber solution.

OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

There may be other wastewater streams associated with the primary
molybdenum  and  rhenium  subcategory.   These  streams   include
noncontact cooling water, stormwater runoff, and maintenance  and
cleanup  water. These wastewater streams are not considered as  a
part  of  this  rulemaking.   EPA believes  that  the  flows  and
pollutant   loadings  associated  with  these   wastewaters   are
insignificant  relative  to the waste streams selected,  and  are
best  handled by the appropriate permit authority on  a  case-by-
case basis under authority of Section 403 of the Clean Water Act,

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE

Table  III-l(page  3366)  shows the relative  age  and  discharge
status  of the molybdenum and rhenium plants.  The average  plant
age  is between 25 and 35 years.  The plant age  distribution  is
generally  uniform with the plant ages ranging from eight  to  67
years.   Tables  111-2  and  III-3  (page  3367)  show  the  1982
production   ranges   for   primary   molybdenum   and   rhenium,
respectively.  Table III-4 (page 3369) provides a summary of  the
number  of plants generating wastewater streams  associated  with
the  various  primary molybdenum and rhenium  processes  and  the
number  of  plants with the process.  Figure  111-2   (page  3370)
shows  the  geographic locations of the  primary  molybdenum  and
rhenium facilities  in the United States by discharge status.
                               3365
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III





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  PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
                       TABLE  III-3
      PRODUCTION  RANGES FOR PRIMAARY RHENIUM PLANTS
             RHENIUM PRODUCTION RANGE FOR  1982
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                             3368
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                      SECT -  III
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-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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                         3370
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM  AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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                        3371
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV



                           SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION

This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation  of the related subdivisions  of  primary  molybdenum
and rhenium subcategory.

FACTORS  CONSIDERED  IN SUBDIVIDING THE  PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM  AND
RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

The factors listed previously for general subcategorization  were
each  evaluated  when  considering  subdivision  of  the  primary
molybdenum  and  rhenium  subcategory.  In  the  discussion  that
follows,  the factors will be described as they pertain  to  this
particular subcategory.

The rationale for considering further subdivision of the  primary
molybdenum   and  rhenium  subcategory  is  based  primarily   on
differences  in the production processes and raw materials  used.
Within  this  subcategory, a number of different  operations  are
performed,  which may or may not have a water use  or  discharge,
and  which  may require the establishment  of  separate  effluent
limitations.  While  primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium  is^ still
considered  a single subcategory, a more thorough examination  of
the production processes has illustrated the need for limitations
and  standards  based  on  a  specific  set  of  waste   streams.
Limitations  will  be based on specific flow allowances  for  the
following subdivisions:

   1.  Molybdenum sulfide leachate,
   2.  Roaster SO2 scrubber,
   3.  Molybdic oxide leachate,
   4.  Hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber, and
   5.  Depleted rhenium scrubbing solution.

These  subdivisions  follow directly from differences within  the
five distinct production stages of primary molybdenum and rhenium
production:   production  of  technical  grade  molybdic   oxide,
production  of  pure  molybdic  oxide,  production  of   ammonium
molybdate,  production  of molybdenum metal powder,  and  rhenium
recovery.

The  production of technical grade molybdic oxide gives  rise  to
the first and second subdivisions.   If the molybdenum sulfide is
leached  with  nitric  acid  to remove  excess  alkali  prior  to
roasting  spent leachate and rinse water are the resultant  waste
streams.   The control of sulfur dioxide emissions  from  roaster
flue gases results in an SO2 scrubber blowdown waste stream.

The   production   of  pure  molybdenum   via   sublimation   and
condensation  is  a  dry  process and  does  not  result  in  the
generation of any wastewater.
                                3372
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV


The third subdivision results from the leaching of molybdic oxide
prior  to  either  dissolution and  crystallization  of  ammonium
molybdate, or production of pure molybdic oxide.  Spent nitric or
hydrochloric   acid   leachate  and  rinse  water  comprise   the
wastewater associated with this operation.

The reduction of either pure molybdic oxide or ammonium molybdate
to molybdenum metal powder gives rise to the fourth  subdivision.
Hydrogen gas/  which is used to maintain a reducing atmosphere in
the reduction furnace,  may be scrubbed with water prior to being
recycled to the reduction furnace.   The scrubber liquor blowdown
may be discharged as a wastewater stream.

The  recovery  of rhenium from molybdenite roaster flue gases  as
crude ammonium perrhenate results in the fifth subdivision. Prior
to  SC>2  scrubbing,  the flue gases are scrubbed  with  water  to
recover  rhenium.   When  the  rhenium is recovered  via  solvent
extraction  or ion exchange,  the depleted scrubber  solution  is
discarded as a wastewater stream.

OTHER FACTORS

The  other factors considered in this evaluation  either  support
the  establishment of the five subdivisions or were shown  to  be
inappropriate  bases  for  subdivision.   Air  pollution  control
methods,  treatment  costs,  and total  energy  requirements  are
functions  of  the selected subcategorization  factors  •—  metal
product,  raw  materials, and production  processes.   Therefore,
they   are  not  independent  factors  and  do  not  affect   the
subcategorization  which  has  been  applied.   As  discussed  in
Section  IV  of the General Development Document,  certain  other
factors,  such  as  plant  age, plant size,  and  the  number  of
employees, were also evaluated and determined to be inappropriate
for use as bases for subdivision of nonferrous metals plants.

PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

As  discussed previously, the effluent limitations and  standards
developed  in  this document establish mass  limitations  on  the
discharge  of  specific  pollutant parameters.   To  allow  these
regulations  to  be  applied to plants  with  various  production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit  of  production.   This factor is known  as  the  production
normalizing parameter (PNP).

In  general,  for each production process which has a  wastewater
associated  with  it,  the actual mass of molybdenum  or  rhenium
product,  intermediate  or raw material processed will be used as
the  PNP.   Thus,  the  PNPs  for the five  subdivisions  are  as
follows:
                               3373
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV
            Building Block
           PNP
  1.  Molybdenum sulfide leachate    kkg of molybdenum sulfide
                                        leached
  2.  Roaster SO2 scrubber
  3.  Molybdic oxide leachate
  4.  Hydrogen reduction furnace
         scrubber

  5.  Depleted rhenium scrubbing
         solution
kkg of molybdenum sulfide
   roasted

kkg of molybdenum contained
  in molybdic oxide leached

kkg of molybdenum metal powder
   produced

kkg of molybdenum sulfide
   roasted
At proposal the PNP for Subdivision 3,  molybdic oxide  leachate,
was kkg of ammonium molybdate produced.   For promulgation,  this
PNP  is  revised to kkg of molybdenum contained in  the  molybdic
oxide  leached.   As discussed in Sections V and IX,  this change
does not affect the mass limitations promulgated for any plant in
this subcategory.  The change was made to more accurately reflect
actual manufacturing processes.
                               3374
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V




                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This  section  describes the characteristics of  the  wastewaters
associated  with the primary molybdenum and rhenium  subcategory.
Water  use and discharge rates are explained and then  summarized
in tables at the end of this section.  Data used to  characterize
the  wastewaters  are presented.  Finally, the  specific  source,
water use and discharge flows, and wastewater characteristics for
each separate wastewater source are discussed.
The  two  principal  data sources used are  the  data
portfolios  (dcp)  and field sampling results.   Data
portfolios  contain  information regarding wastewater
production levels.
collection
collection
flows  and
In  order  to  quantify  the  pollutant  discharge  from  primary
molybdenum  and  rhenium  plants, a field  sampling  program  was
conducted.  Samples  were analyzed for 124 of  the  126  priority
pollutants and other pollutants deemed appropriate.  Because  the
analytical standard for TCDD was judged to be too hazardous to be
made  generally available, samples were never analyzed  for  this
pollutant.   There  is  no reason to expect that  TCDD  would  be
present in nonferrous metals manufacturing wastewater.   Asbestos
was  not  analyzed for, nor is there any reason  to  expect  that
asbestos  would  be  present in primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium
wastewater.  A total of four plants were selected for sampling in
the primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory.  In general,  the
samples  were analyzed for three classes of pollutants:   organic
priority  pollutants,  metal priority  pollutants,  and  criteria
pollutants (which includes both conventional and  nonconventional
pollutants).

Following  proposal,  additional  wastewater characteristics  and
flow and production data were obtained through industry  comments
and  a field sampling episode.   These data were used to  confirm
assumptions  made at proposal.   These data are contained in  the
administrative record for this rulemaking.

After proposal, EPA gathered additional wastewater sampling  data
for  one of the subdivisions in this subcategory through a  self-
sampling program initiated at the specific request of the Agency.
The  data  include  analyses for  the  priority  metals  arsenic,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, selenium, and
zinc.   The  data also include analyses for  the  nonconventional
pollutants  ammonia  and molybdenum.  These data  show  pollutant
concentrations  similar to those indicated by the data which  EPA
had acquired for these subdivisions prior to proposal (see  Table
V-9,  page  3401)  For this reason, the  selection  of  pollutant
parameters  for limitation in this subcategory (Section  VI)  has
not been revised based on this new data.
                               3375
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                          SECT - V
As  described  in  Section IV of  this  supplement,  the  primary
molybdenum  and  rhenium subcategory has been divided  into  five
subdivisions   or  building  blocks,  so  that  the   promulgated
regulation contains mass discharge limitations and standards  for
five unit processes discharging process wastewater.   Differences
in   the   wastewater  characteristics  associated   with   these
subdivisions  are  to be expected.  For this  reason,  wastewater
streams   corresponding   to  each  subdivision   are   addressed
separately  in  the discussions that  follow.   These  wastewater
sources are:
Molybdenum sulfide leachate,
Roaster SC>2 scrubber,
Molybdic oxide leachate,
Hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber, and
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5.  Depleted rhenium scrubbing solution.

WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data  supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and two  flow-to-
production  ratios,  water  use and  wastewater  discharge,  were
calculated for each stream.  The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation.  Water use is defined as  the
volume  of water or other fluid required for a given process  per
mass  of molybdenum product and is therefore based on the sum  of
recycle  and make-up flows to a given process.   Wastewater  flow
discharged  after pretreatment or recycle (if these are  present)
is used in calculating the production normalized flow — the volume
of  wastewater  discharged  from  a  given  process  to   further
treatment,   disposal,  or  discharge  per  mass  of   molybdenum
produced. Differences between the water use and wastewater  flows
associated with a given stream result from recycle,  evaporation,
and  carry-over  on the product.  The production values  used  in
calculation  correspond to the production normalizing  parameter,
PNP,  assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV.  As  an
example,  hydrogen  reduction  furnace  scrubber  water  flow  is
related  to the production of molybdenum metal powder.  As  such,
the discharge   rate is expressed in liters of scrubber water per
metric  ton  of   molybdenum metal powder  produced  (gallons  of
scrubber water per   ton of molybdenum powder).

The  production  normalized  discharge flows  were  compiled  and
statistically   analyzed  by  stream  type.    These   production
normalized  water  use  and  discharge  flows  are  presented  by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 (pages 3382 - 3386).  Where
appropriate,  an attempt was made to identify factors that  could
account  for variations in water use and discharge rates.   These
variations are discussed later in this section by subdivision.  A
similar  analysis  of factors affecting the wastewater  flows  is
presented  in Sections X, XI, and XII where  representative  BAT,
NSPS, and pretreatment flows are selected for use in  calculating
the effluent limitations.

The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.
                               3376
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
WASTEWATER CHARACTERIZATION DATA

Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium  production  comes  from  three
sources — data collection portfolios, analytical data from field
sampling  trips,  and through industry comments or  responses  to
data  requests made under authority of Section 308 of  the  Clean
Water Act.

DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

In  the data collection portfolios,  the molybdenum  and  rhenium
plants  that  discharge  wastewater were  asked  to  specify  the
presence  or absence of priority pollutants in their  wastewater.
The responses are summarized below:
   Pollutant
Known Present    Believed Present
   phenol
   bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
   antimony
   arsenic
   cadmium
   chromium
   copper
   lead
   mercury
   nickel
   selenium
   silver
   zinc
            1
            1

            4
            2
            2
            6
            5
            1
            4
            4
            3
            4
1

1

2
1
1
The  other  pollutants were never recorded as known  or  believed
present by any facility.

FIELD SAMPLING DATA

In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present  in
wastewater from primary molybdenum and rhenium plants, wastewater
samples   were  collected  at  four  plants,   which   represents
approximately  one fourth of the primary molybdenum  and  rhenium
plants  in the United States.  Diagrams indicating  the  sampling
sites and contributing production processes are shown in  Figures
V-l through V-3 (page 3414 - 3416).

One  plant  (primary  molybdenum plant D) was  sampled  following
proposal  and  the data obtained from this sampling, episode  are
presented  in Table V-8(page 3398).  One grab sample of  molybdic
oxide leachate was taken at this plant.

Raw  wastewater  data are summarized in Tables  V-6  through  V-8
(page  3389 - 3398). Analytical results for acid  plant  blowdown
and hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber water are given in Tables
                               3377
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT  - V


V-6   and  V-7,  respectively.   Additional  data  for   hydrogen
reduction furnace scrubber water is contained  in the confidential
record.   Note  that  the stream numbers  listed  in  the  tables
correspond  to  those  given in individual  plant  sampling   site
diagrams. Figures V-l through V-3.  Where no data are listed   for
a  specific day of sampling, the wastewater samples for the stream
were  not collected.  Tables V-9 through V-ll (pages 3401 -  3409)
show  analytical data for samples of treated and partially treated
acid  plant wastewater.

Acid  plant blowdown data for molybdenum metallurgical acid plants
are presented in this document - see Tables V-6,  V-9,  V-10.  and
V-ll.   EPA  believes  that these data for  acid  plant  blowdown
provide  a  good  measure of the  wastewater   characteristics  of
several  of  the  primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium   subcategory
subdivisions. This is discussed further later  in this section.

Several  points regarding these tables should  be  noted.   First,
the   data tables include some samples measured at  concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable,  and  volatile organics generally are considered  not
quantifiable at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010  mg/1.
Below this  concentration,  organic analytical results  are   not
quantitatively  accurate;  however,  the  analyses are useful  to
indicate the presence of a particular pollutant.   The  pesticide
fraction  is considered not quantifiable at concentrations  equal.
to or less than 0.005 mg/1.

Second, the detection limits shown on the data tables for  metals
and conventional and nonconventional pollutants are not the  same
in  all  cases  as  the  published  detection  limits  for  these
pollutants by the same analytical methods.  The detection  limits
used  were  reported with the analytical data and hence  are   the
appropriate  limits  to  apply  co  the  data.    Detection  limit
variation  can  occur  as a result of  a  number  of  laboratory-
specific,   equipment-specific,   and   daily   operator-specific
factors.   These  factors can include day-to-day  differences  in
machine calibration, variation in stock solutions, and  variation
in operators.

Third,  the  statistical analysis of data includes  some  samples
measured at concentrations considered not quantifiable.  For data
considered  as detected but below quantifiable concentrations,  a
value   of  zero  is  used  for  averaging.    Priority   organic,
nonconventional, and conventional pollutant data reported with  a
"less  than"  sign are considered as detected,   but  not  further
quantifiable.  A value of zero is also used for averaging.   If  a
pollutant is reported as not detected,  it is assigned a value  of
zero  in calculating the average.   Finally, metal values  reported
as less than a certain value were considered as not quantifiable,
and consequently were assigned a value of zero  in the calculation
of the average.

Finally,  appropriate  source water concentrations are  presented
with  the  summaries of the 'sampling data.   The method by  which


                               3378
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


each sample was collected is indicated by number, as follows:

    1.   one-time grab
    2.   manual composite during intermittent process operation
    3.   8-hour manual composite
    4.   8-hour automatic composite
    5.   24-hour manual composite
    6.   24-hour automatic composite

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Because  primary molybdenum and rhenium production involves  five
principal   sources   of  wastewater  and  each   has   different
characteristics  and  flows, the wastewater  characteristics  and
discharge  rates  corresponding  to  each  subdivision  will   be
described separately.  A brief description of why the  associated
production  processes  generate wastewater and  explanations  for
variations  of  water use within each subdivision  will  also  be
discussed.

MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE LEACHATE

The  first  step in the production of primary molybdenum  is  the
roasting of molybdenum sulfide concentrates to produce  technical
grade molybdic oxide.   One primary molybdenum producer indicated
that  a portion of the molybdenum sulfide was leached with nitric
acid  and  water  prior to roasting in  order  to  remove  excess
alkali.   This  facility also produces molybdenum chemicals  from
molybdic  oxide.   Presumably,  the excess  alkali  would  be  an
impurity  in  the  chemical  production  processes.   The   spent
leachate  and rinsewater are then discharged as a  waste  stream.
Water use and discharge rates are shown in liters per metric  ton
of molybdenum sulfide leached in Table V-l(page 3382).

Wastewater sampling data for priority metals in this waste stream
were  supplied  by the facility.   Treatable  levels  of  copper,
cadmium,  and selenium are present.   Based on the fact that this
is  an  acid  leaching  process, it  can  be  assumed  that  this
wastewater  has  an  acidic  pH.  It can  also  be  assumed  that
treatable  concentrations of suspended solids are  present.   The
facility which reported this waste stream discharges it to an on-
site  evaporation  pond  and  contract hauls  a  portion  of  the
contents  of  the  pond  periodically,  thereby  achieving   zero
discharge.

ROASTER SO2 SCRUBBER

When  molybdenum  sulfide  concentrates are  roasted  to  produce
technical grade, molybdic ..QxXdj^t|i£ sulfur is carried off in  the
flue gas as sulfur dioxide.  E*our~ facilities reported the use  of
caustic  scrubbers  to control SO2 emissions.   Slowdown  streams
from these scrubbers constitute a significant.wastewater  stream.
Water use and discharge rates are shown in liters per metric  ton
of molybdenum sulfide roasted in Table V-2 (page 3383).
                               3379
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


All  four  of the facilities reporting this stream  achieve  zero
discharge through evaporation ponds, lagoon disposal or treatment
and  reuse  in  other plant processes.  One  facility  uses  this
stream  as  a raw material to a fertilizer plant  which  produces
ammonium  sulfate.   No EPA field-sampling  analytical  data  are
available  for this  stream; however, it is expected to  have  an
alkaline  pH, and contain treatable levels of  suspended  solids,
and  priority metals,  which are absorbed or entrained  from  the
roaster flue gas.  Data submitted by one of the facilities in its
dcp  indicates that treatable concentrations of  lead,  selenium,
copper, cadmium, and arsenic are present.

MOLYBDIC OXIDE LEACHATE

Technical  grade  molybdic oxide is leached in order  to  produce
pure  molybdic oxide, or as a preliminary step in the  production
of ammonium molybdate compounds. One plant leaches molybdic oxide
with hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride in order to  produce
pure molybdic oxide.  The leachate and rinsewater are  discharged
as a wastewater stream.

Ammonium  molybdate  is  produced from technical  grade  molybdic
oxide  by dissolution in an aqueous ammonia solution followed  by
crystallization.   The  ammonium  molybdate is either sold  as  a
product,  or further processed to molybdenum metal, pure molybdic
oxide,  or  other molybdenum chemicals.   Prior to dissolving  in
aqueous  ammonia,  the  technical  grade molybdic  oxide  may  be
leached  with nitric acid,  aqueous ammonia,  or water to  remove
impurities.   The  spent  leachate and rinse water  constitute  a
wastewater  stream.   Water use and discharge rates are shown  in
liters  per  metric ton of molybdenum contained in  the  molybdic
oxide leached in Table V-3 (page 3384).

Of the three facilities reporting this wastewater stream, one  is
a  direct  discharger,  after  treatment  by  ammonia  stripping,
chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation.   Another   facility
achieves zero discharge through the use of evaporation ponds  and
contract  hauling.   The third facility achieves  zero  discharge
through the use of contract hauling.

Analytical data for this waste stream are presented in Table  V-9
(page 3401). These data show treatable concentrations of arsenic,
cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, ammonia, fluoride,
molybdenum  and TSS, along with an acidic pH.   At proposal,  this
stream  was  listed as having not been sampled, but  expected  to
contain toxic metals, an acidic pH. and treatable  concentrations
of  TSS.  Also,  it was expected to contain  ammonia  if  ammonia
compounds were used for leaching.  The analytical data  presented
in Table V-8 (page 3398) support these expectations.

Following  proposal,  sampling  data for  this  subdivision  were
acquired  through  a  self-sampling  effort  undertaken  at   the
specific  request of EPA.  These data are presented in Table  V-12
(page  3413)  and  show  treatable  concentrations  of   ammonia,
cadmium,  chromium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc,  and  molybdenum,


                               3380
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


thus corroborating the data used at proposal.

HYDROGEN REDUCTION FURNACE SCRUBBER

High purity molybdenum metal powder is produced by reducing  pure
molybdic oxide or ammonium molybdate.   Reduction is accomplished
in a tube furnace with a hydrogen atmosphere.  At two plants, the
hydrogen  gas  is  scrubbed  with water prior  to  reuse  in  the
reduction   furnaces.   Both  of  these  facilities  reported   a
discharge  of  hydrogen  gas  scrubber  water.   Water  use   and
discharge rates are shown in liters per metric ton of  molybdenum
metal powder produced in Table V-4 (page 3385).

Both  of  the facilities which reported  this  wastewater  stream
discharge  it  to surface waters with no  treatment.   Table  V-7
(page  3396) presents raw wastewater sampling data  for  priority
and   selected  conventional  and   nonconventional   pollutants.,
Additional data for this stream is contained in the  confidential
record.   Treatable concentra-tions of toxic metals  are  present
including lead, nickel, and zinc.

DEPLETED RHENIUM SCRUBBING SOLUTION

Two  facilities  reported recovery of  rhenium  from  molybdenite
roaster  flue gases.   Rhenium is absorbed from the flue gas into
an  aqueous  ammonia solution through the use of  wet  scrubbers.
After  the rhenium has been recovered from the  solution  through
solvent  extraction  or  selective  ion  exchange,  the  depleted
solution  is  discharged as a wastewater stream.   Water use  and
discharge rates are shown in liters per metric ton of  molybdenum
sulfide  roasted  in  Table  V-5  (page  3386).   The  amount  of
molybdenum   sulfide  roasted  was  chosen  as   the   production
normalizing  parameter  for depleted rhenium solution  since  the
amount of water generated in the scrubber is directly related  to
the  volume of flue gases produced, which is, in  turn,  directly
related to the quantity of molybdenum sulfide roasted.

Both  of the facilities reporting this wastewater stream  achieve
zero  discharge  through  treatment  and  reuse  to  other  plant
processes  or through the use of evaporation ponds  and  contract
hauling.   No analytical data are available for  this  wastewater
stream; however, data supplied by one of the facilities reporting
this   wastewater  indicate  that  treatable  concentrations   of
selenium are present as well as high concentrations of molybdenum
and  iron.  Priority organics may also be  present  when  solvent
extraction is used to recover rhenium from the solution.
                               3381
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
                      TABLE V-l

          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR

             MOLYBDENUM SULFATE LEACHATE

        (1/kkg of molybdenum sulfide leached)
Plant
Code

1064
Percent
Recycle
Production   Production
Normalized   Normalized
  Water      Discharge
   Use          Rate
                463
                463
                          3382
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - V
                      TABLE V-2
          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
              ROASTER SO2 SCRUBBER
        (1/kkg of molybdenum sulfide roasted)
Plant
Code
1086
1064
1174
1107
Percent
Recycle
  0
  0
 96
 NR
Production
Normalized
  Water
   Use
   181
  3117
392525
    NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
   Rate
   181
  3117
 15701
    NR
                          3383
-------
  PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  V
                        TABLE V-3
            WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES  FOR
                 MOLYBDIC OXIDE LEACHATE
(1/kkg of molybdenum contained in  molybdic oxide  leached)
  Plant
  Code
  1146
  1064
  1099
Percent
Recycle
  0
  0
  0
Production
Normalized
  Water
   Use
 25122
  6020
  3609
Production
Normalized
Discharge
   Rate
 25122
  6020
  3609
                           3384
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGQRY   SECT - V
                      TABLE V-4

          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR

             MOLYBDENUM SULFATE LEACHATE

        (1/kkg of molybdenum sulfide leached)
Plant
Code

1182

1146
Percent
Recycle

 99

  0
Production   Production
Normalized   Normalized
  Water      Discharge
   Use          Rate  ,
  2000

 43795
   20

43795
                         3385
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
                      TABLE V-5

          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR

         DEPLETED RHENIUM SCRUBBING SOLUTION

        (1/kkg of molybdenum sulfide leached)
Plant
Code

1107

1064
Percent
Recycle

  0

  0
Production   Production
Normalized   Normalized
  Water      Discharge
   Use          Rate
   637

   794
637

794
                         3386
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                                              SECT - V
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-------
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-------
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                                                         SECT  - V
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-------
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-------
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-------
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-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
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                         3412
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - V
                     TABLE V-12

    PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SAMPLING DATA
               MOLYBDIC OXIDE LEACHATE
          RAW WASTEWATER SELF-SAMPLING DATA
          Pollutant
Concentration (mg/1)
    115.  arsenic
    117.  beryllium
    118.  cadmium

    119.  chromium
    120.  copper
    122.  lead

    124.  nickel
    125.  selenium
    128.  zinc

    Nonconventional  Pollutants

    Aluminum
    Ammonia  - N
    Cobalt

    Iron
    Fluoride
    Manganese

    Molybdenum
    Tin

    Titanium
    Vanadium
         0.218
        <0.050
         0.180

         1.380
       125.000
         9.490

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     22000.000
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       206.000
         8.000

         6.400
        <1.000
                          3413
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
 Source Water
     Acid
    Plant
   Slowdown
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NFM Wastewater
                    69
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Lime Pit
                                             67
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                                 Ponds
                                         68
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                               co Creek
                        Figure V-1

     SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM PLANT B

                            3414
-------
PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
 Source Water
                      54
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   Scrubber
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                        Figure  V-2

      SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM PLANT C
                           3415
-------
    PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATESORY    SECT  - V
                      HC1,
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Technical Grade
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             SAMPLING SITES AT PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM PLANT D
                                 3416
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI



                           SECTION VI

                SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS


Section  V  of  this  supplement  presented  data  from   primary
molybdenum  and  rhenium  plant sampling  visits  and  subsequent
chemical analyses.  This section examines that data and discusses
the   selection   or  exclusion  of  pollutants   for   potential
limitation.

Raw  wastewater characteristics data obtained following  proposal.
were not included in the pollutant selection analysis.   The data
obtained  following  proposal  were  useful  in  supporting   the
proposed  pollutant  selection because  the  priority  pollutants
selected for further consideration at' proposal were all  detected
in excess of their treatable concentration in the new data,  with
the  exception of selenium.  In addition, the new data  show  the
two conventional pollutant parameters selected for Limitation  in
this  subcategory (total suspended solids and pH) and  the  three
nonconventional   pollutants  analyzed  for  and   selected   for
limitation  (ammonia, fluoride and molybdenum), in excess of their
treatable concentrations.

The  discussion  that follows presents and briefly discusses  the
selection   of  conventional and  nonconventional  pollutants  for
effluent  limitations.   Also described is the analysis that  was
performed   to  select or exclude priority pollutants for  further
consideration for limitations and standards.   Pollutants will be
considered   for limitation if they are present in  concentrations
treatable by the technologies considered in this  analysis.   The
treatable   concentrations  used for the priority metals were  the
long-term    performance    values   achievable    by    chemical
precipitation,  sedimentation,  and  filtration.   The  treatable
concentrations used for the priority organics were the  long-term
performance values achievable by carbon adsorption.


CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

This  study examined  samples from the  primary  molybdenum  and
rhenium subcategory for three conventional pollutant  parameters
 (oil  and   grease,  total  suspended  solids,  and  pH)  and  the
nonconventional  pollutant  parameters  ammonia,  fluoride,   and
molybdenum.

On  March   18,  1984,  the Agency  published  a  Notice  of  Data
Availability which stated  that EPA was considering regulating the
nonconventional metal pollutant rhenium in this  subcategory.  For
promulgation, EPA has decided  not to regulate rhenium because   it
will  be effectively controlled by the limitations developed  for
 the   selected priority metal pollutants and   the nonconventional
metal pollutant molybdenum.
                                3417
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

The  conventional  and nonconventional  pollutants  or  pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:

  ammonia
  fluoride
  molybdenum
  total suspended solids (TSS)
  pH

Treatable   levels  of  ammonia  are  known  to  be  present   in
wastewaters  resulting from ammonium molybdate production.   Data
obtained  during  a post proposal sampling episode at  a  primary
molybdenum plant show an ammonia concentration in molybdic  oxide
leachate of 3,400 mg/1.  This value is in excess of the 32.2 mg/1
considered  achievable  by  treatment  technology.   Ammonia   is
therefore selected for limitation in this subcategory.

At proposal,  the Agency stated that it was considering  limiting
fluoride  in  this  subcategory,  and  solicited  comments   from
industry.   Following  review of these comments, the  Agency  has
decided  to  limit  fluoride based on its  presence  in  the  raw
wastewater  from  this  subcategory.   Effluent  limitations  for
fluoride  are based on treatment effectiveness concentrations  of
19.9  mg/1  for  the monthly average and 35 mg/1  for  the  daily
maximum.

Molybdenum   was found in four of four raw waste samples  ranging
from 1.69 mg/1 to 29 mg/1.   In addition,  post-proposal sampling
data  show molybdenum detected in molybdic oxide leachate at  440
mg/1.  Because molybdenum was detected in excess of its treatable
concentration, it is selected for limitation in this subcategory.

Total  suspended  solids (TSS) concentrations ranging  from  less
than  1  to 87 mg/1 were observed in the six  raw  waste  samples
analyzed  for this study.  Four of the concentrations  are  above
the  2.6  mg/1  treatable concentration.  Most  of  the  specific
methods used to remove priority metals do so by converting  these
metals  to precipitates, and these metal-containing  precipitates
should  not  be  discharged.   Meeting  a  limitation  on   total
suspended solids helps ensure that removal of these  precipitated
toxic  metals  has  been effective.   For  these  reasons,  total
suspended solids are selected for limitation in this subcategory.

The six pH values observed during this study ranged from 0.72  to
9.6.   Three  of the six values were equal to or less than  1.24.
Many deleterious effects are caused by extreme pH values or rapid
changes  in  pH.   Also, effective removal  of  toxic  metals  by
precipitation  requires careful control of pH.  Since pH  control
within  the desirable limits is readily attainable  by  available
treatment, pH is selected for limitation in tr.x-= subcategory
                               3418
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in the raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page  3422).
Table  VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from  streams  55
and  781 (see Section V) and data contained in  the  confidential
record.  It is hot based on data received after proposal.   These
data  provide  the  basis  for  the  categorization  of  specific
pollutants, as discussed below.  Treatment plant samples were not
considered in the frequency count.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 3426)  were  not
detected  in  any raw wastewater samples from  this  subcategory.
Therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION

The  toxic pollutants listed below were never found  above  their
analytical  quantification  concentration in any  raw  wastewater
samples  from this subcategory; therefore, they are not  selected
for consideration in establishing limitations.

   44.  methylene chloride
  104.  gamma-BHC
  114.  antimony
  127.  thallium
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE
TREATMENT
                                                  BY
The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing  limitations because they were not found in any  raw
wastewater  samples  from this subcategory  above  concentrations
considered   achievable  by  existing  or   available   treatment
technologies.    These  pollutants  are  discussed   individually
following the list.
  117.
  118.
  121.
  123.
beryllium
cadmium
cyanide
mercury
Beryllium  was  detected above quantification  concentrations  in
three out of eight raw wastewater samples.  All three values were
0.01   mg/1  which  is  significantly  below  the   concentration
considered  achievable by identified treatment  technology  (0.20
mg/1). Beryllium is therefore not selected for limitation.

Cadmium was detected above quantification concentrations in  only
one   out  of  eight  raw  wastewater  samples.    The   observed
concentration  is  0.040 mg/1, which is below  the  concentration
                               3419
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
considered  achievable by identified treatment technology  (0.049
mg/1). Cadmium is therefore not selected for limitation.

Cvanide  was detected above quantification concentrations in  two
out of six raw wastewater samples.   The observed  concentrations
were 0.032 mg/1 and 0.033 mg/1.  Because both of these values are
below  the  concentration  considered  achievable  by   available
treatment  technology,  0.047 mg/1, cyanide is not  selected  for
limitation.

Mercury was detected above quantification concentrations in three
out  of eight raw wastewater samples at concentrations of  0.0088
mg/1,  0.0180 mg/1, and 0.0045 mg/1.  Because all three of  these
values  are  below  the concentration  considered  achievable  by
identified  treatment  technology, mercury is  not  selected  for
regulation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The  following  pollutant was not selected for limitation on  the
basis  that  it is detectable in the effluent from only  a  small
number  of  sources  within the subcategory and  it  is  uniquely
related to only those sources.

     126.  silver

Although  this  pollutant  was not  selected  for  limitation  in
establishing nationwide regulations,   it may be  appropriate, on a
case-by-case  basis,  for the local permit authority  to  specify
effluent  limitations.

Silver  was detected above the treatable level for  silver   (0.07
mq/1)   in only one out of eight raw waste samples.   The observed
concentration is  0.18 mg/1.   The  silver concentrations  observed
in the  other seven samples analyzed were all below the analytical
quantification   level.   The Agency has no reason to believe that
treatable  silver  concentrations  should be  present  in  primary
molybdenum  wastewaters  and believes  that this  one value is  .not
representative   of   the subcategory.   Silver  is  therefore  not
selected  for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR  FURTHER  CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

The  toxic  pollutants   listed below   are  selected   for  further
 consideration  in establishing  limitations and  standards  for   this
 subcategory.    The   priority   pollutants  selected   for   further
 consideration   for   limitation are each  discussed   following   the
 list.

      115.  arsenic
      119.  chromium
      120.  copper
      122.  lead   .
      124.  nickel


                                3420
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
     125.  selenium
     128.  zinc

Arsenic  was  detected above the level considered  achievable  by
identified  treatment technology (0.34 mg/1) in four out of eight
raw  wastewater samples.   The treatable concentrations  observed
range from 0.517 mg/1 to 12.4 mg/1.  Arsenic may be present as an
impurity  in molybdenite ore concentrates.   For  these  reasons,
arsenic is selected for further consideration for limitation.

Chromium  was  detected above the level considered achievable  by
identified treatment technology (0.07 mg/1) in four out of  eight
raw  wastewater samples.   The treatable concentrations  observed
range  from  3.08 mg/1 to 13.0 mg/1.  Because  of  the  treatable
levels  observed  and  because  chromium may  be  present  as  an
impurity  in molybdenite ore concentrates, chromium  is  selected
for further consideration for limitation.

Copper  was detected above its treatability level of 0.07 mg/1 in
three   of   eight  raw  wastewater   samples.    The   treatable
concentrations  ranges  in  value from 0.54 mg/1  to  2.92  mg/1.
Copper  is  therefore  selected  for  further  consideration  for
limitation.

Lead  was  detected above the treatability level of O.Q8 mg/1  in
six  out of eight raw wastewater samples.   The  observed  values
ranged  from 0.17 mg/1 to 9.4 mg/1.   Lead is therefore  selected
for further consideration for limitation.

Nickel was detected above the treatable level of 0.22 mg/1 in six
out of eight raw wastewater samples.   The observed values ranged
from  0.66 mg/1 to 4.60 mg/1.   Nickel is therefore selected  for
further consideration for limitation.

Selenium  was  detected above the level considered achievable  by
available technology in four out of eight raw wastewater samples.
The  "treatable concentrations observed ranged from 0.784 to  61.2
mg/1.   Because  of  the treatable  concentrations  observed  and
because selenium may be present as an impurity in the molybdenite
ore  concentrate, selenium is selected for further  consideration
for limitation.

Zinc detected above its treatable level of 0.23 mg/1 in five  out
of eight raw wastewater samples.  The observed values ranged from
0.51  to  8.2  mg/1.   Zinc  is therefore  selected  for  further
consideration for limitation.
                               3421
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                     SECT  - VI
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    PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                         TABLE VI-2

               TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 1.   acenaphthene
 2.   acrolein
 3.   acrylonitrile
 4.   benzene
 5.   benzidene
 6.   carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
 7.   chlorobenzene
 8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
 9.   hexachlorobenzene
10.   1,2-dichloroethane
11.   1/lr1-trichloroethane
12.   hexachloroethane
13.   1,1-dichloroethane
14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
15.   1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16.   chloroethane
17.   bis (chloromethyl) ether (DELETED)
18.   bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19.   2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
20.   2-chloronaphthalene
21.   2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22.   parachlorometa cresol
23.   chloroform (trichloromethane)
24.   4-chlorophenol
25.   1,2-dichlorobenzene
26.   1,3-dichlorobenzene
27.   1,4-dichlorobenzene
28.   3,3,-dichlorobenzidine
29.   1,1-dichloroethylene
30.   1.2-trans-dichloroerhylene
31.   4,-dichlorophenol
32,   1,4-dichloropropane
33.   1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34.   2,4-dimethylphenol
35.   4,4-dinitrotoluene
36.   2,6-dinitrotoluene
37.   1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38.   ethylbenzene
39.   fluoranthene
40.   4-chlorophenol phenyl ether
41.   4-bromophenyl phenol ether
42.   bis(2-chloroisopropyl)  ether
43.   bis(2-choroethoxyl) methane
45.   methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46.   methyl bromide (bromomethane)
47.   bromoform (tribromomethane)
48.   dichlorobromomethane
49.   trichlorofluoromethane (DELETED)
                             3426
-------
    PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                   TABLE VI-2  (Continued)

               TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 50.  dichlorodifluoromethane  (DELETED)
 51.  chlorodibromomethane
 52.  hexachlorobutadiene
 53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 54.  isophorone
 55.  naphthalene
 56.  nitrobenzene
 57.  2-nitrophenol
 58.  4-nitrophenol
 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
 60.  2,6-dinitro-o-cresol
 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
 64.  pentachlorophenol
 65.  phenol                         "
 66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
 70.  diethyl phthalate
 71.  dimethyl phthalate
 72.  benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
 73.  benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
 74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthene (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
 76.  chrysene
 77.  acenaphthylene
 78.  anthracene
 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
 80.  fluorene
 81.  phenanthrene
 82.  dibenzo (a,h)anthracene (1,2,4,6-dibenzanthracene)
 83.  indeno (lf2,3-cd)pyrene (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)
 84.  pyrene
 85.  tetrachloroethylene
 86.  toluene
 87.  trichloroethylene
 88.  vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
 89.  aldrin
 90.  dieldrin
 91.  chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)
 92.  4-DDT
 93.  4,4'
 94.  4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)
 95.  4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)
96.  a-endosulfan-Alpha
97.  b-endosulfan-Beta
98.  endosulfan sulfate
99.  endrin
                             3427
-------
    PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM
                    TABLE VI- 2 (Contiued)

               TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

100. endrin aldehyde
101. heptachlor
102. heptachlor epoxide
103. a-BHC-Alpha
104. b-BHC-Beta
105. c-BHC-Delta
106. PCB-1242  (Arochlor 1242)
107. PCB-1254  (Arochlor 1244)
108. PCB-1221  (Arochlor 1221)
109. PCB-1232  (Arochlor 1242)
110. PCB-1248  (Arochlor 1248)
111. PCB-1260  (Arochlor 1260)
112. PCB-1016  (Arochlor 1016)
113. toxaphene

5:29'. ^3^8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                                                 SECT - VI
                               3428
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGOHY    SECT  -  VJZ



                           SECTION VII

               CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
flows,  and characteristics of the wastewaters generated   in  the
primary   molybdenum  and  rhenium  subcategory.   This    section
summarizes the description of these wastewaters and indicates the
level  of  treatment  which  is  currently  practiced  for    each
wastewater  stream.  Secondly, this section presents the   control
and  treatment  technology  options which were  examined   by  the
Agency  for  possible application to the primary  molybdenum  and
rhenium subcategory.

CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

This  section  presents a summary of the  control  and  treatment
technologies  that are currently applied to each of  the  sources
generating  wastewater  in  this subcategory.   As  discussed  in
Section V, wastewater associated with the primary molybdenum  and
rhenium subcategory is characterized by the presence of the metal
priority pollutants, ammonia, fluoride, molybdenum, and suspended
solids.   This  analysis  is supported  by  the  raw  (untreated)
wastewater  data  in Section V. Generally, these  pollutants  are
present  in  each of the waste streams  at  concentrations  above
treatability,  and these waste streams are commonly combined  for
treatment.  Construction of one wastewater treatment  system  for
combined  treatment allows plants to take advantage of  economies
of scale, and in some instances, to combine streams of  differing
alkalinity  to  reduce treatment  chemical  requirements.   Three
plants  in  this subcategory currently have  combined  wastewater
treatment  systems,  consisting  of  chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation.  One of these three plants also practices  ammonia
stripping.   Three options have been selected  for  consideration
for   BPT,  BAT,  NSPS,  and  pretreatment  standards   in   this
subcategory,  based  on combined treatment  of  these  compatible
waste streams.

MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE LEACHATE

One  of the facilities surveyed reported the practice of leaching
and rinsing a portion of the molybdenite concentrate raw material
prior to roasting.   The concentrate is leached with nitric  acid
and rinsed with water to remove excess alkali.   The leachate and
rinsewater  are  then discharged as a  wastewater  stream.    This
waste  stream has an acidic pH,   and treatable levels of priority
metals  and suspended solids.    The one facility  which  reported
this  waste  stream discharges it to an on-site evaporation  pond
and  contract  hauls  a  portion of  the  contents  of  the  pond
periodically, thereby achieving zero discharge.

ROASTER SO2 SCRUBBER

Four  facilities reported the use of caustic scrubbers to control


                               3429
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII


S02 emissions from molybdenum sulfide roasting  operations.   The
blowdown  from  the  caustic scrubber has  an  alkaline  pH,  and
treatable concentrations of suspended solids and priority metals.
All  four  facilities reporting this waste  stream  achieve  zero
discharge   through  evaporation  ponds,  lagoon   disposal,   or
treatment  and  reuse  in other plant  processes.   The  specific
practices reported by the four facilities are:

  1.  Lime addition and sedimentation, recycle to other plant
      processes;
  2.  Neutralization, permanent lagoon disposal (no recycle);
  3.  Use as feedstock for fertilizer plant; and
  4.  Tailings pond (96 percent recycle).

MOLYBDIC OXIDE LEACHATE

Technical  grade molybdic oxide may be leached with^nitric  acid,
hydrochloric acid,  aqueous ammonia, ammonium chloride, and water
either  prior  to  dissolving and  recrystallization  to  produce
ammonium  molybdate  or  to produce  pure  molybdic  oxide.   The
leachate and rinsewater contain treatable levels of toxic metals,
suspended solids,  and ammonia.   For the three plants generating
this  stream,  the  reported treatment practices for  this  waste
stream are as follows:

  1.  Ammonia steam stripping, lime addition, and sedimenta-
      tion; and
  2.  Evaporation ponds and contract hauling - two plants.

HYDROGEN REDUCTION FURNACE SCRUBBER

Hydrogen  gas  from  the  reduction  furnaces  used  to   produce
molybdenum  metal powder may be quenched or scrubbed  with  water
prior  to  reuse in the furnaces.   Treatable  concentrations  of
toxic  metals  are  present  in the  water  discharged  from  the
scrubbing system. Of the two facilities reporting this wastewater
stream,  one  practices extensive recycle (>99 percent)  and  the
other  practices no recycle.  Both plants are direct  dischargers
of this waste stream with no wastewater treatment practiced.

DEPLETED RHENIUM SCRUBBING SOLUTION

Rhenium  is absorbed into solution from molybdenite roaster  off-
gases in a wet scrubbing system.   After the rhenium is recovered
from  solution,  the  barren scrubber liquor is discharged  as  a
wastewater  stream.   Treatable concentrations of  toxic  metals,
particularly selenium, are present in this waste stream.  Both of
the   facilities  reporting  this  waste  stream   achieve   zero
discharge.   The specific practices reported by these  facilities
are:

     1.  Lime addition and sedimentation, total reuse in other
         plant processes; and
     2.  Evaporation ponds and contract hauling.
                               3430
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND .'RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY -.,...SECT - VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

The  Agency  examined  three  control  and  treatment  technology
alternatives  that are applicable to the primary  molybdenum  and
rhenium   subcategory.   The  options  selected  for   evaluation
represent   a   combination   of   in-process   flow   reduction,
pretreatment  technology applicable to individual waste  streams,
and  end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies.   These  options   are
discussed below.

OPTION A

The Option A treatment scheme consists of ammonia steam stripping
preliminary   treatment  applied  to  molybdic   oxide   leachate
wastewater.  Also included is preliminary treatment consisting of
iron co-precipitation to reduce molybdenum concentrations.   Iron
co-precipitation  is  applied  to the combined  stream  of  steam
stripper  effluent,  molybdenum  sulfide  leachate,  roaster  SO2
scrubber,  hydrogen  reduction furnace scrubber  wastewater,  and
depleted  rhenium scrubbing solution.  Preliminary  treatment  is
followed  by chemical precipitation and sedimentation applied  to
the  iron co-precipitation effluent.  Chemical  precipitation  is
used to remove metals by the addition of lime followed by gravity
sedimentation.  Suspended solids are removed by this process.

OPTION B

Option  B  for  the primary molybdenum  and  rhenium  subcategory
consists of all treatment requirements of Option A (ammonia steam
stripping,  iron  co-precipitation, chemical  precipitation,  and
sedimentation) plus control technologies to reduce the  discharge
of  wastewater  volume.   Water  recycle  of  hydrogen  reduction
furnace  scrubber liquor is the principal control  mechanism  for
flow reduction.

OPTION C

Option  C  for  the primary molybdenum  and  rhenium  subcategory
consists  of all control and treatment requirements of  Option  B
(ammonia steam stripping, iron co-precipitation, in-process  flow
reduction,   chemical  precipitation,  and  sedimentation)   plus
multimedia filtration technology added at the end of the Option B
treatment  scheme.   Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove
suspended  solids, including precipitates of metals,  beyond  the
concentration  attainable by gravity sedimentation.   The  filter
suggested  is  of the gravity, mixed media type,  although  other
forms  of filters such as rapid sand filters or pressure  filters
would  perform  as well.  The addition of filters  also  provides
consistent  removal  during  periods in  which  there  are  rapid
increases  in  flows or loadings of pollutants to  the  treatment
system.
                               3431
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PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
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                         3432
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII



                           SECTION VIII

            COSTS,  ENERGY,  AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS


 This   section  presents   a summary of compliance  costs  for   the
 primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium subcategory  and a  description   of
 the   treatment options and subcategory-specific assumptions  used
 to    develop   these   estimates.    Together   with  the    estimated
 pollutant  reduction  performance presented in Sections IX,  X,   XI,
 and XII of this supplement,  these cost estimates provide a basis
 for evaluating each  regulatory option.  These  cost estimates   are
 also   used in  determining   the  probable   economic  impact    of
 regulation on the subcategory at different  pollutant   discharge
 levels.    In   addition,  this  section  addresses   nonwater   quality
 environmental   impacts   of   wastewater  treatment and   control
 alternatives,   including  air  pollution, solid wastes, and  energy
 requirements,   which are  specific to  the primary  molybdenum   and
 rhenium subcategory.

 TREATMENT  OPTIONS  FOR EXISTING SOURCES

 As  discussed in Section VII,   three  treatment  options  have  been
 developed   for   existing primary molybdenum  and rhenium sources.
 The   treatment  schemes for each  option are summarized   below   and
 schematically presented in Figures X-l through  X-3  (pages  3459  -
 3461).

 OPTION A

 Option A consists  of  ammonia  steam stripping and iron co-precipi-
 tation  preliminary   treatment,   and chemical  precipitation  and
 sedimentation  end-of-pipe technology.

 OPTION B

 Option B consists  of  in-process  flow reduction measures,  ammonia
 steam  stripping and  iron co-precipitation preliminary treatment,
 and   chemical   precipitation  and   sedimentation   end-of-pipe
 technology.   In-process flow  reduction consists of the recycle of
 hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber water through holding tanks.

 OPTION C

 Option  C  requires   the in-process flow  reduction  measures   of
 Option^ B,   ammonia  steam stripping  and  iron  co-precipitation
 preliminary  treatment,    and  end-of-pipe  treatment  technology
 consisting   of  chemical   precipitation,    sedimentation,   and
multimedia filtration.

 COST METHODOLOGY

A  detailed  discussion of the methodology used  to  develop  the
compliance  costs is presented in Section VIII  of Vol.  I.  Plant-


                               3433
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


by-plant compliance costs for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category  have  been  revised as  necessary  following  proposal.
These  revisions  calculate incre-mental costs,  above  treatment
already  in  place,  necessary to  comply  with  the  promulgated
effluent  limitations  and standards, and are  presented  in  the
administrative  record supporting this regulation.  A  comparison
of the costs developed for proposal and the revised costs for the
final  regulation are presented in Table VIII-1 (page  3437)  for
the  direct  dischargers in the primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium
subcategory.

Each of the general assumptions used to develop compliance  costs
is presented in Section VIII of the General Development Document.
Each  subcategory  also  contains a unique set of  waste  streams
requiring  certain  subcategory specific assumptions  to  develop
compliance costs.   The major assumptions specific to the primary
molybdenum and rhenium subcategory are discussed briefly below.

     (1)   Cost  for the removal of molybdenum  are  included  in
     the    treatment   system   costs.   Molybdenum    treatment
     effectiveness    concentrations,   based   on    iron    co-
     precipitation,  are estimated to be 1.83 and 1.23  mg/1  for
     iron   co-precipitation  and  iron   co-precipitation   with
     filtration, respectively.

     (2)   Costs for plants having total flows of less  than  100
     1/hr  were  based  on  the  general  guidelines  established
     for  low  flows.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Energy requirements for Option A are estimated at 103,000 kwh/yr.
Option  B  energy requirements decrease over those for  Option  A
because less water is being treated, thus saving energy costs for
lime and settle treatment.  Option C, which includes  filtration,
is  estimated  to increase energy consumption over  Option  B  by
approximately  1 percent.  Further, the total energy  requirement
for  Option C is approximately 1 percent of the  estimated  total
plant  energy usage.  It is therefore concluded that  the  energy
requirements  of  the treatment options considered will  have  no
significant  impact on total plant energy consumption.  Iron  co-
precipitation  is  not  expected to  significantly  increase  the
energy requirements in this subcategory.

SOLID WASTE

Sludges  associated  with  the  primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium
subcategory will necessarily contain quantities of metal priority
pollutants.   Wastes  generated by primary smelters and  refiners
are currently exempt from regulation by Act of Congress (Resource
Conservation  and  Recovery  Act  (RCRA),  Section  3001(b)),  as
interpreted  by  EPA.    Consequently,   sludges  generated  from
treating  primary molybdenum and  rhenium  wastewater,  including
metallurgical  acid plants wastewater,  are not presently subject
to regulation as hazardous wastes.
                               3434
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
The  technology basis for the metallurgical acid plants  includes
sulfide  precipitation for the control of various  toxic  metals.
The   Agency   believes   sludge   generated   through    sulfide
precipitation (and sedimentation or pressure filtration) will  be
classified as hazardous under RCRA.  The costs of hazardous waste
disposal  Were  considered  in the  economic  analysis  for  this
subcategory  (in  spite of the current statutory  and  regulation
exemption)  because sulfide wiTl not form metal  hydroxides  that
resist  leaching.   The costs of hazardous  waste  disposal  were
determined to be economically achievable.  However, lime  sludges
are not expected to be hazardous.  This judgment is based on  the
results of Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity tests performed  on
similar sludges (toxic metal-bearing sludges) generated by  other
industries  such as the iron and steel industry.  A small  amount
of  excess  lime  was added during  treatment,  and  the  sludges
subsequently generated passed the toxicity test.  See 40 CFR Part
261.24.  Thus,  the Agency believes that the  wastewater  sludges
will  similarly not be EP toxic if the recommended technology  is
applied.

If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous  waste management program,  requiring regulation,  from
the  point of generation to point of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
nonferrous  metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling,  recordkeeping,  and reporting requirements;  if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site,  they would have to prepare
a manifest, which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
or disposal    facility.  See 40 CFR 262.40, 44 FR 33144 (May 19,
1980),  as    amended at 45 FR 86974 (December  31,  1980).   The
transporter     regulations  require  transporters  of  hazardous
wastes  to comply    with the manifest system to assure that  the
wastes  are  delivered    to a permitted facility.   See  40  CFR
263.20,  45  33151 (May 19,     1980),  as amended at 45 FR 86973
(December  31,  1980).   Finally,     RCRA regulations  establish
standards for hazardous waste treatment,  storage,  and  disposal
facilities  allowed to receive such    wastes.   See 40 CFR  Part
464,  46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981), and    47 FR 32274 (July 26,
1982).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
must  be  disposed  of in compliance with  the  Subtitle  D  open
dumping standards, implementing Section 4004 of RCRA. (See 44  FR
54438, September 13, 1.979).  The Agency has calculated as part of
the  costs  for  wastewater treatment the  cost  of  hauling  and
disposing of these wastes.  For more details, see Section VIII of
the general development document.

It is estimated that 109 kkg/yr of sludge will be generated as  a
result   of  these  promulgated  regulations  for   the   primary
molybdenum and rhenium subcategory.
                               3435
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air  pollution
problems  will  result  from  implementation  of  ammonia   steam
stripping,   iron   co-precipitation,   chemical   precipitation,
sedimentation    and  multimedia  filtration.     Ammonia   steam
stripping  yields an aqueous ammonia product stream.   The  other
technologies  transfer  pollutants  to solid waste  and  are  not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
                                3436
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII


                          TABLE VIII-1

          COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM
                     AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                       DIRECT DISCHARGERS


Compliance  costs  for this subcategory cannot be presented  here
because the data on which they are based have been claimed to  be
confidential.
                                3437
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHEN.IUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VIII
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                         3438
-------
      PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX



                            SECTION IX

      BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE

 This   section  defines the   effluent  characteristics   attainable
 through  the  application of best  practicable   control   technology
 currently  available   (BPT).   BPT  reflects   the   performance  by
 existing   plants   of   various  sizes,   ages,   and   manufacturing
 processes within  the  primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory,
 as  well   as  the  established performance of the recommended  BPT
 systems.    Particular  consideration is given  to   the  treatment
 already in place  at existing plants.

 The factors considered in identifying  BPT include  the  total   cost
 of applying the technology  in relation to the effluent  reduction
 benefits   from  such   application,   the  age   of   equipment    and
 facilities involved,  the manufacturing processes  used,   nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts (including energy   requirements),
 and   other factors the Administrator considers appropriate.    In
 general,   the  BPT level represents  the average of  the   existing
 performances  of   plants of various  ages,  sizes,   processes,   or
 other  common  characteristics.   Where  existing  performance   is
 uniformly  inadequate,   BPT may be transferred from a  different
 subcategory  or  category.   Limitations  based on  transfer    of
 technology are  supported   by a  rationale  concluding  that   the
 technology is  indeed transferable, and a  reasonable  prediction
 that   it   will  be  capable of  achieving  the   prescribed   effluent
 limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment  rather than  process
 changes  or internal  controls  except  where such    practices   are
 common industry practice.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT

 The Agency studied the  nonferrous metals category to identify  the
 processes   used,   the   wastewaters generated,   and  the  treatment
 processes  installed.   Information was  collected from the category
 using  data  collection   portfolios,   and  specific  plants  were
 sampled   and  the  wastewaters  analyzed.   In  making  technical
 assessments   of  data,   reviewing  manufacturing  processes,  and
 assessing  wastewater  treatment technology options,   both indirect
 and   direct dischargers have been considered as a  single  group.
 An  examination  of  plants and processes did   not   indicate  any
 process differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be
 direct or  indirect.

 As  explained in Section  IV,   the primary molybdenum and  rhenium
 subcategory  has  been subdivided into five potential   wastewater
 sources.    Since the water use,  discharge rates,   and   pollutant
 characteristics  of  each  of  these  wastewaters  is  potentially
unique,  effluent  limitations will be developed for each of  the
 five  subdivisions

For   each of the subdivisions, a specific approach   was  followed
 for   the  development  of  BPT  mass  limitations.  The   first


                               3439
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


requirement  to  calculate these limitations is  to  account  for
production and flow variability from plant to plant.   Therefore,
a  unit of production or production normalizing  parameter  (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be  related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is  discussed
in  Section  IV.   Each plant within  the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed  to  determine  which  subdivisions  were  present,  the
specific  flow  rates  generated for each  subdivision,  and  the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.   This
analysis  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
are not considered in the analysis.

Production  normalized  flows  for  each  subdivision  were  then
analyzed  to determine the flow to be used as part of  the  basis
for BPT mass limitations.  The selected flow (sometimes  referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rage) reflects the
water  use  controls  which  are  common  practices  within   the
category.  The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data.  Plants with normalized flows above the  average
may  have to implement some method of flow reduction  to  achieve
the BPT limitations.

The  second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the  set
of  concentrations that are achievable by application of the  BPT
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control  and treatment technologies which are currently in  place
for each wastewater source.   In most cases,  the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation  and
sedimentation   (lime and settle technology) and a combination  of
reuse  and  recycle to reduce flow.   Ammonia steam stripping  is
applied  to  streams with treatable  concentrations  of  ammonia.
Iron  co-precipitation  is  applied  to  streams  with  treatable
concentrations of molybdenum.

Using  these regulatory flows and the achievable  concentrations,
the  next step is to calculate mass loadings for each  wastewater
source or subdivision.  This calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream  basis,  primarily because plants in this subcategory  may
perform one or more of the operations in various combinations.

The  mass  loadings   (milligrams of pollutant per metric  ton  of
production  - mg/kkg)  were  calculated by  multiplying  the  BPT
            flow  (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable  by  the
            of  treatment technology  (mg/1)  for  each  pollutant
           to  be  limited under BPT.  These  mass  loadings  are
           in   the Federal Register and in CFR Part  421  as  the
regulatory
BPT  level
parameter
published
 effluent limitations guidelines.

 The mass loadings which are allowed under  BPT for  each plant  will
 be  the  sum  of the individual mass  loadings  for   the  various
 wastewater   sources  which  are   found at  particular   plants.
 Accordingly,  all the wastewater  generated within  a  plant  may  be
 combined  for treatment in a single or common  treatment  system,
                                3440
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to  the combined flow.  This method accounts for the  variety ^of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at primary molybdenum and rhenium plants.

The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration.   This approach prevents the  use
of  dilution  as a treatment method (except for controlling  pH).
The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)  is  a  link
between  the production operations and the effluent  limitations.
The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
calculated  from the normalized flow and  effluent  concentration
achievable  by  the treatment technology and summed to derive  an
appropriate limitation for each plant.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal benefits, EPA
considers the volume and nature of existing discharges,  the vol-
ume  and nature of discharges expected after application of  BPT,
the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the cost
and economic impacts of the required pollution control level. The
Act  does  not require or permit consideration of  water  quality
problems attributable to particular point sources or  industries,
or water quality improvements in particular water quality bodies.
Accordingly,  water quality considerations were not the basis for
selecting  the  proposed or promulgated  BPT.   See  Weyerhaeuser
Company v. Costle, 590 F.2d 1011  (D.C. Cir. 1978).

The  methodology for  calculating pollutant removal estimates  and
plant  compliance costs is discussed in Section X.   The pollutant
removal  estimates have been  revised since proposal based on com-
ments.   Table X-2 show the estimated pollutant removal estimates
for  each  treatment option for  direct  dischargers.   Compliance
costs  for  each option are presented in Table X-3.

BPT OPTION SELECTION

The  technology  basis  for the promulgated  BPT  limitations   is
chemical   precipitation  and  sedimentation technology  to   remove
metals and  solids from combined wastewaters and to control  pH,
and ammonia  steam stripping and  iron co-precipitation preliminary
treatment.    Ammonia stripping,  chemical   precipitation  and
sedimentation  technologies are already in-place at one of  the two
dischargers  in  the  subcategory.   The best practicable  technology
 is presented in  Figure IX-1.   The BPT treatment is equivalent   to
Option A  described  in Section VII.

Ammonia steam  stripping  is demonstrated  at six  facilities  in. the
 nonferrous  metals  manufacturing  category.   These  facilities are
 treating  ammonia bearing  wastewaters associated with  the   produc-
 tion of primary tungsten,  primary columbium  and tantalum,  primary
molybdenum,   secondary  tungsten  and  cobalt,  and primary  zirconium
 and  hafnium.    EPA believes  that performance  data  from  the  iron


                                3441
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
wastewater matrices.

rhemical  analysis  data were collected of raw  waste  (treatment
?n1lient)  and  treated waste (treatment effluent) from one  coke
iiant of the iron and steel manufacturing category.  A contractor
?o?  EPA   using EPA sampling and  chemical  analysis  protocols,




n?2nt  consisted  of two steam stripping columns  in  series  with
Itlam injected countercurrently to the flow of the wastewater.  A
?ime  reactor  to?  PH adjustment  separated  the  two  stripping
columns .

The Agency has verified the proposed and promulgated steam strip-
ping performance values using steam stripping data collected at a
zi?conium-hafnium plant,   which has raw ammonia levels as high as
any  in   the  nonferrous   metals  manufacturing   ca^gory.   Data
collected by  the  plant  represent almost  two   years  of  daily
options,  and  support   the long-term mean used  to  establish
treatment effectiveness.

in  addition,  data  submitted  by a   primary  columbium-tantalum
Jlantr wn!ch also  has  significant raw ammonia  levels,  verifies
the  promulgated steam stripping performance values.
                             ammonia,   and 51,529 kg
 B?T  cannot SS presented here because the data on which they  are
 based have been claimed to be confidential.

                technology options were not selected for BPT since

                    rfe
 appropriately considered under BAT.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

 A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based  on
 the  ave?agt of the flows of the existing plants,  as  Determined
 frnm  analvsis  of  dcp.   The discharge rate is  used  with  the
 fcSevSbli  "eatient  concentration  to determine  BPT  effluent
 iSitatioSs    Since the discharge rate may be different for each
 wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
 ?or  etch of the five wastewSter sources are discussed below  and
                                 3442
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
            in  Table IX-1 (page 3446). The discharge  rates  are
nae   on  a  production basis by  relating  the  amount  of
wastewatSr generated to the mass of the product which is produced
by  32  process associated with the waste  stream  in  question.
These  production normalizing parameters, or PNPs, are listed  in
Table IX-1.

Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
rales  and  presents the water use and discharge flow  rates  for
each plant by subdivision.

MOLYBDENUM SULFIDE LEACHATE

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate^for proposal and  promulgation
for  molybdenum  sulfide leaching  is  463 1/kkg  (112  gal/ton)  of
molybdenum  sulfide concentrate  leached Pr£?VV°T Son'vbdenim
rate  is  allocated  only  to facilities  which  leach  molybdenum
sulfide concentrates to  remove excess alkali, prior to   roasting.
One  of   the  seven plants which   roasts  "°Wenite   practices
leaching  prior to  roasting.  The water use and  discharge rate are
orSsented  in Table V-l.   This facility  currently  achieves  zero
discharge of  this  stream through the  use of  evaporation  ponds and
contract  hauling.  The  possibility for  achieving  zero   discharge
Sf thiS  stream  in  this manner  is site-specific  and therefore  not
applicable  on a  nationwide basis.   The leaching and  rinsing  flow
reported  by this facility was  used as the basis for  the  BPT  flow
allowance for this stream.

ROASTER SO2 SCRUBBER

The  BPT wastewater discharge  rate for proposal and   promulgation
 for  molybdenite roaster SO2  scrubber wastewater  is   1/679  1/kkg
 (404  qal/ton)   of  molybdenum sulfide  roasted.   This   rate   is
 allocated only  to  those plants which  use scrubbers to control  SOz
 emissions  from molybdenum sulfide roaster  flue gases.    Four   of
 ?he seven plants which roast molybdenum sulfide concentrates  use
 scrubbers  to control SO2 emissions.   Three of  these  facilities
 use caustic scrubbers and achieve  zero discharge  through the  use
 of  tailings ponds or permanent impoundments.  One facility  uses
 an  ammonia  scrubbing solution and achieves  zero  discharge  by
 using the scrubber liquor as feed material to a fertilizer plant.
 One  of the four facilities did not report actual flow rates  for
 this "stream.   The  BPT  flow rate was based  on  the  production
 normalized  flows from two facilities which reported  flow  rates
 for  scrubbing systems.   The production normalized flow  reported
 by  plant  1174 was not used because the reported water  use  was
 inordinately  high, and not characteristic of effective  wet  air
 pollution control systems.

 MOLYBDIC OXIDE LEACHATE

 The  BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation  for  m°lYbdic
 oxide  leachate   is 11,584 1/kkg  (2,782  gal/ton)  of  molybdenum
 contained  in   the  molybdic oxide leached.   This  rate  is  not
 equivalent   to  the proposed BPT rate of 7,630  1/kkg  of  ammonium
                                 3443
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


           r^Huft-    This rate was  revised  following  proposal
           atonal flow and production data  obtained  by  the

 daontne9flo^s fofplanS^Sl and^O^havf S n reused  n
?able V-3 baled on the fact that 49 percent of ammonium molybdate
(by weight) is molybdenum.






in iable V-3    ThS remaining plant which leaches molybdic  oxide







        ?1           °                            prcess  "SK S
       s       e

 S   iSnauHng.thr?hfpo^biU1!ty1o/achre^^e?o.  S charge
 ?„ toff manner is site-specif ic and therefore not applicable on a
 nationwide basis.

 HYDROGEN REDUCTION FURNACE SCRUBBER

 The  BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal  and  promulgation
 for  hvdroqen reduction furnace scrubbing is 22,898 l/KKg  (.a/^ys
 aal/ton)  of  molybdenum  metal powder produced.   This  rate  is
 Inilicable  only to those plants which practice wet scrubbing  of



 tSSuse of wet scrubbing.  The water use and discharge rates  are
 nrlsen?ed  in Table V-4  (page 3385).  The BPT flow rate is  based
 on ?he Average of the water use at these two facilities.  One  of
 the  facilities  reported 0 percent recycle.  The  other  facility



 5he discharge flow by 0.01, yielding a water use of  2,090  1/kkg.
 S£  iSte?   use  and discharge flow rates for the  facility  which
 prLtlces  no  recycle are the  same   This   facility reported   a
 reduction  furnace scrubber  flow  rate of 43,795  1/kkg.   Tne  BFI
 f!Sw  Ate  is based on the average of the water  use rates at  these
 two facilities.

 DEPLETED RHENIUM SCRUBBING SOLUTION

 The  BPT wastewater discharge  rate at proposal   and   P™^3^
 for  depleted  rhenium   scrubbing  solution  is  716  1/kkg   (173
 aal/ton) of  molybdenum  sulfide roasted.  This  rate  is  applicable
 only  to" those facilities which recover  crude ammonium  perrhenate
                                 3444
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


 from  molybdenite  roaster flue gases.   Two of the  seven  plants
 which  roast molybdenite concentrates reported that they  recover
 rhenium  from  roaster flue gases.   The water use  and  discharge
 rates  are  presented  in Table V-5 (page  3386).   Both  of  the
 facilities which practice rhenium recovery achieve zero discharge
 through the use of evaporation ponds,  contract hauling or recycle
 to  other  plant processes.   The possibility  of  achieving  zero
 discharge  in  this  manner  is site-specific  and  therefore  not
 applicable on a nationwide basis.   The  BPT flow rate is based  on
 the average of the production normalized water use rates reported
 by  the  two facilities reporting this   stream.    The  production
 normalized  flow rates used  in the  average are 637 1/kkg and  794
 1/kkg.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The raw wastewater concentrations from  individual operations  and
 the  subcategory  as  a whole were   examined  to  select  certain
 pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.    This  examination   and
 evaluation  was  presented  in  Section   VI.   A  total  of -nine
 pollutants  or  pollutant parameters  were selected for   limitation
 and are listed  below:
115.  arsenic
122.  lead
124.  nickel
125.  selenium
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
                             ammonia
                             fluoride
                             molybdenum
                             total suspended solids
                             PH
The   treatment   effectiveness  concentrations   achievable   by
application  of  the promulgated BPT treatment are  explained  in
Section VII of Vol. I and summarized there in Table Vll-21  (page
248),  with  one  exception.  This exception  is  the  molybdenum
treatment  effectiveness  value.   As a part  of  the  settlement
agreement,  EPA  agreed  to propose  to  suspend  the  molybdenum
limitations   in   the  previously  promulgated   BPT   and   BAT
limitations, NSPS and PSNS for this subcategory.  EPA would  then
recommend   interim  limits  for  use  in  permits  on   a   Best
Professional  Judgment  (BPJ)  basis.   These  values  would   be
recommended  to  be effective until after  iron  co-precipitation
treatment is installed and evaluated.

The   achievable  treatment  concentrations  for  all   regulated
pollutants (both one day maximum and monthly average values)  are
multiplied by  the BPT normalized discharge flows  summarized  in
Table  IX-1  (page  3446)  to calculate  the  mass  of  pollutants
allowed  to  be discharged per mass of product.   The  results  of
these  calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per  kilogram'  of
product represent the BPT effluent-, limitations and are  presented
in Table 1X^2 (page 3447)  for each individual waste stream.
                               3445
-------
        PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY      SECT  - IX
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     PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                        .-   Table IX-2

              BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
               MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
7, i nc
£1 J. »IW
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.968
0.204
0.880 '
0.194
0 . 889
0.569
0.676
61.720
16.210
Reserved
3.060
18.980
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.431
0.083
0.463
0.093
0.588
0.255
0.282
27.130
9.214
Reserved
1.583
9.029
times
 (b)  Roaster  SO? Scrubber   BPT
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
 Maximum for
 any one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of molybdenum sulfide roasted
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel .
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
*rpqq
X iJ tJ
*pH Within the
3.509
0.739
3.190
0.705
3.224
2.065
2.451
223.800
58.7,70
Reserved
11.100
68.840
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
1.561
0*» f\ M
. 302
1.679
0.336
2.132
0.923
1 . 024
98.390
33.410
Reserved
5.742
32.740
times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3447
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGQRY   SECT - IX
                      Table IX-2 (Continued)

               BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
                MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
 (c)  Molybdic Oxide Leachate  BPT
 Pollutant  or
 pollutant  property
 Maximum for
 any one day
       Maximum for
       monthly average
         rug/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of molybdenum contained
                     in molybdic  oxide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
*TSS
*pH Within
24.210
5.097
22.010
4.865
22.240
14.250
16.910
1,544.000
405.400
Reserved
76.570
474.900
the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
10.770
2.085
11.580
2.317
14.710
6,371
7.066
678.800
230.500
Reserved
39.620
225.900
all times
 (d) Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
      Maximum for
      monthly average
      rag/kg (Ib/millioh Ibs) of molybdenum powder produced
*Arsenic
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
 Rhenium
*TSS
*pH    Within the range
    47.860
    10.080
    43.510
     9.617
    43.960
    28.160
    33.430
 3,052.000
   801.400
   Reserved
   151.400
   938.800
of 7.5 to 10.0
         21.300
          4.122
         22.900
          4.580
         29.080
         12.590
         13.970
      1,342.000
        455.700
        Reserved
         78.310
        446.500
at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3448
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  IX
                     Table IX-2  (Continued)

              BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY
               MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
                Maximum for
                monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
*Arsenic
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
 Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
 Rhenium
*TSS
       ,496
       ,315
       ,360-
     0.301
     1.375
       ,881
       ,045
    95.440
    25.060
    Reserved
     4.733
    29.360
1,
0,
1,
0,
1.
    ,666
    ,129
    ,716
    ,143
    ,909
    ,394
    ,437
 41.960
 14.250
Reserved
  2.449
 13.960
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3449
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  IX
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-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X




                            SECTION X

        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another industry  where
it  is  readily transferable. Emphasis is  placed  on  additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water  used
and   discharged,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology
optimization.

The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
economically  achievable  (BAT) include the age of equipment  and
facilities  involved,  the manufacturing  process  used,  process
changes, nonwater quality environmental impacts (including energy
requirements),  and  the costs of application of such  technology
BAT technology represents the best available technology at plants
of various ages, sizes, processes, or other characteristics.  BAT
may  be transferred from a different subcategory or category  and
BAT  may include feasible process changes or  internal  controls,
even when not in common industry practice.

The  statutory assessment  of BAT considers costs,   but does not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removal  benefits.
However,  in  assessing  the proposed and  promulgated  BAT,  the
Agency has given substantial weight to the economic achievability
of the selected technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

The  Agency   reviewed  a  wide range of  technology  options  and
evaluated  the  available possibilities to ensure that  the  most
effective  and beneficial technologies were used as the basis  of
BAT.   To  accomplish this,  the Agency elected to examine  three
technology  options  which   could  be  applied  to  the   primary
molybdenum  and  rhenium subcategory as treatment options for  the
basis of BAT  effluent limitations.

For  the development of BAT  effluent limitations,  mass  loadings
were  calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision  in the
subcategory   using   the same technical approach as  described  in
Section  IX for BPT  limitations development.   The differences  in
the  mass loadings  for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness   achievable   with   the  more   sophisticated  BAT
treatment technology and  reductions in the effluent flows usually
achieved by  recycle  and reuse  technologies.

In   summary,   the   treatment technologies considered for BAT  are
presented below:
                                3451
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


 Option A (Figure X-l,  page 3466)  is based on

   o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia  steam stripping
   o  Preliminary treatment with iron co-precipitation
   o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

 Option B (Figure X-2,  page 3467)  is based on

   o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia  steam stripping
   o  Preliminary treatment with iron co-precipitation
   o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
   o  In-process  flow reduction

 Option C (Figure X-3,  page 3458)  is based on

   o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia  steam stripping
   o  Preliminary treatment with iron co-precipitation
   o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
   o  In-process  flow reduction
   o  Multimedia  filtration

 The  three  options  examined for BAT are discussed  in  greater
 detail below.  The first  option considered is  the same  as the BPT
 treatment which  was  presented in the previous  section.   The last
 two  options   each   represent   substantial  progress  toward  the
 prevention  of  polluting the environment above  and  beyond  the
 progress achievable  by BPT.

 OPTION A

 Option A  for the primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory  is
 equivalent  to the control and  treatment  technologies which  were
 analyzed  for  BPT in Section IX.    The BPT end-of-pipe  treatment
 scheme  includes chemical  precipitation,    sedimentation,  with
 ammonia steam  stripping and iron   co-precipitation  preliminary
 treatment (see Figure  X-l).  The discharge rates for Option A are
 equal   to the  discharge rates allocated to each stream at  a  BPT
 discharge flow.

 OPTION B

 Option B  for   the  primary  molybdenum  and   rhenium  subcategory
 achieves  lower  pollutant  discharge  by building upon the Option A
 end-of-pipe treatment  technology,  which consists of ammonia steam
 stripping,  iron co-precipitation,   chemical  precipitation,  and
 sedimentation.   Flow  reduction  measures are added to Option  A
 treatment  (see  Figure X-2).   These  flow   reduction  measures,
 including  in-process  changes,  result in the elimination of some
 wastewater  streams  and the  concentration of pollutants in  other
 effluents.   Treatment  of   a more concentrated  effluent  allows
 achievement of a greater  net pollutant removal and introduces the
possible  economic   benefits  associated with  treating  a  lower
volume of wastewater.

The  method  used  in  Option  B  to  reduce  process  wastewater


                               3452
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


generation or discharge rates is recycle of water used in wet air
pollution  control.  There are two wastewater sources  associated
with  wet  air pollution control or gas  cleaning  and  quenching
prior  to  recycle  which  are  regulated  under  these  effluent
limitations:

 —Roaster SO2 scrubber, and
 —Hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber.

Table  X-l presents the number of plants reporting wastewater use
with  these sources/  the number of plants practicing recycle  of
scrubber water, and the range of recycle values being used.

The BAT regulatory flow for hydrogen reduction furnace  scrubbers
is based on recycle of scrubber liquor as discussed liter in this
section,   and   represents   the   best   available   technology
economically achievable for this stream.  The BAT regulatory flow
for  roaster SO2 scrubbers will not be flow reduced  because  the
Agency  believes  that flow reduction beyond the  BPT  regulatory
flow is not warranted.

OPTION C

Option  C  for  the primary molybdenum  and  rhenium  subcategory
consists  of all control and treatment requirements of  Option  B
(ammonia steam stripping,  iron co-precipitation, in-process flow
reduction, chemical precipitation, and sedimentation) plus multi-
media  filtration  technology  added at the end of the  Option  B
treatment scheme (see Figure X-3).  Multimedia filtration is used
to  remove  suspended solids,  including  precipitates  of  toxic
metals,   beyond   the   concentrations  attainable  by   gravity
sedimentation  alone.   The filter suggested is of  the  gravity,
mixed  media  type,  although other filters,  such as rapid  sand
filters or pressure filters, would perform as well.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA developed
estimates  of the pollutant removal estimates and the  compliance
costs  associated  with  each  option.    The  methodologies  are
described below.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
estimated pollutant removal,  achieved by the application of  the
various  treatment  options  is  presented in Section  X  of  the
General  Development Document.   The pollutant removal  estimates
have  been revised since proposal based on industry  comments  on
the proposed rulemaking; however, the methodology for calculating
pollutant removals was not changed.  The data used for estimating
removals are the same as those used to revise the compliance cost
estimates.

In  short,  sampling  data collected during  the  field  sampling


                               3453
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


program  were  used  to  characterize  the  major  waste  streams
considered  for  regulation.   At  each  sampled  facility,   the
sampling  data was production normalized for each unit  operation
(i.e.,   mass  of  pollutant  generated  per  mass   of   product
manufactured).   This  value, referred to as the raw  waste,  was
used to estimate the mass of priority pollutants generated within
the  primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory.   The  pollutant
removal  estimates  were  calculated  for  each  plant  by  first
estimating  the  total mass of each pollutant  in  the  untreated
wastewater.   This  was calculated by first multiplying  the  raw
waste  values  by  the corresponding production  value  for  that
stream and then summing these values for each pollutant for every
stream generated by the plant.

Next,  the  volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant  by first comparing the actual discharge to the  regulatory
flow.  The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with
the other plant flows.  The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated  by  multiplying the  achievable  concentration  values
attainable  with  the  option (mg/1) by the estimated  volume  of
process  wastewater discharged by the subcategory.  Finally,  the
mass of pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated
mass of pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory  and
the  mass  of  pollutant  discharged  after  application  of  the
treatment  option.   The pollutant removal estimates  for  direct
dischargers in the primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory are
presented in Table X-2.

COMPLIANCE COST

In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs,  the first  step
was to develop a cost estimation model,  relating the total costs
associated   with  installation  and  operation   of   wastewater
treatment  technologies  to plant process  wastewater  discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant.  The plant's investment  and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in  place
and  by  its individual process wastewater  discharge  flow.   As
discussed  above,  this  flow is either the  actual  or  the  BAT
regulatory  flow,  whichever is lesser.  The final  step  was  to
annualize  the capital costs, and to sum the  annualized  capital
costs,  and the operating and maintenance costs for  each  plant,
yielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory (see Table X-
3).  These costs were used in assessing economic achievability.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  selected  Option C for the proposed BAT which  included  in-
process  flow  reduction,   ammonia  steam  stripping,   chemical
precipitation,  sedimentation and multimedia  filtration.   There
was  a capital and annual cost associated with the proposed  BAT;
however,  these  costs  could not be presented because they  were
based   on   data   which  was  claimed   to   be   confidential,
Implementation of the proposed BAT was estimated to remove 73,655
kg of priority metals annually.


                               3454
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
EPA  proposed to expand the applicability of the promulgated  BAT
limitations  for  the metallurgical acid  plants  subcategory  to
include  molybdenum acid plants.  The proposed limits were  based
on flow reduction, sulfide precipitation, chemical precipitation,
sedimentation   and  filtration.   Compliance  costs   were   not
presented because they were based on confidential information.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

After proposal,  EPA received comments concerning the removal  of
molybdenum   in  a  lime  and  settle  treatment  system.     For
promulgation, EPA is adding iron co-precipitation to the proposed
BAT technology in order to effectively remove molybdenum from the
raw  wastewater.  The promulgated BAT is equivalent to  Option  C
discussed in Section VII of this document, which includes ammonia
steam stripping, flow reduction, iron'co-precipitation,  chemical
precipitation, sedimentation and multimedia filtration.  With the
exception of molybdenum, the treatment performance concentrations
used  to calculate the promulgated mass limitations are equal  to
the values used to calculate the proposed mass limitations.

Iron  co-precipitation  is  an  effective  method  for   removing
molybdenum   from   process  wastewater.   This   technology   is
demonstrated    industries.     The    treatment    effectiveness
concentration  used for molybdenum at promulgation was  based  on
data  from  that facility.  However, petitioners  questioned  the
data  on  which  the treatment  effectiveness  concentration  for
molybdenum  removal  is  based.   As a  part  of  the  settlement
agreement,   the   petitioners  would  agree  to   install   iron
coprecipitation,   as. the  model  technology,  on  all  of   the
molybdenum-bearing  wastestreams at their facilities included  in
the  Primary  Molybdenum and Rhenium subcategory and  to  provide
operating data to the Agency.  EPA agreed to consider these  data
in  any  rulemaking  to propose new molybdenum  limits.   In  the
interim, EPA would propose to suspend the molybdenum  limitations
in  the previously promulgated BPT and BAT limitations, NSPS  and
PSNS for this subcategory.  EPA would then recommend two sets  of
interim limits for use in permits on a Best Professional Judgment
(BPJ)  basis.   See  Section  IX of  this  document  for  further
discussion    of   the   molybdenum    treatment    effectiveness
concentration.

Implementation  of  the promulgated BAT limitations would  remove
annually an estimated 73,655 kg of priority metals and 737 kg  of
molybdenum.   No  additional  ammonia  is removed  at  BAT.   The
estimated  capital and annual cost for achieving the  promulgated
BAT  cannot be presented here because the data on which they  are
based have been claimed to be confidential.

We  are  promulgating filtration as part of  the  BAT  technology
because  this technology is demonstrated in the nonferrous metals
manufacturing  category (25 facilities presently  have  filters),
and results in additional removal of toxic metals.   In addition,
filtration  adds  reliability to the treatment system by making it


                                3455
-------
       PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


 less  susceptible to operator error and to sudden changes in  raw
 wastewater flows and concentrations.

 FINAL AMENDMENTS TO THE REGULATION

 For the primary molybdenum and Rhenium Subcategory,   EPA prepared
 a  settlement agreement in June 1987,   to amend  the  regulations
 promulgated on September 20,   1985 (50 FR 38276).   The settlement
 agreement  concerns one topic,  namely,   molybdenum  limitations,
 which  is fully described in Sections  IX and X of  this  document.
 EPA  has  proposed  this  amendment  (54  FR  18412),  and  after
 reviewing comments will take final action.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

 A  BAT discharge rate was calculated for each  subdivision  based
 upon  the  flows  of  the existing  plants,   as determined  from
 analysis  of  the  dcp.    The discharge  rate  is   used  with  the
 achievable  treatment  concentration to   determine  BAT  effluent
 limitations.   Since the discharge  rate may be different for  each
 wastewater source,  separate production normalized  discharge rates
 for  each of the six wastewater sources  were determined  and  are
 summarized  in  Table X-4 (page 3462).   The  discharge  rates  are
 normalized  on  a  production basis by  relating   the  amount of
 wastewater generated to the mass of the  product which is produced
 by   the  process associated with the waste   stream  in  question.
 These production normalizing  parameters  (PNP)  are  also listed in
 Table X-4.

 The  BAT  wastewater  discharge rate used at  promulgation  is  the
 same  as the  wastewater  discharge  rate used  at  proposal  for   four
 of   the  five wastewater  streams in the   primary   molybdenum  and
 rhenium subcategory.   Based on the  available  data, the Agency did
 not find that further  flow  reduction would be   feasible  for  these
 wastewater  sources.   The  rationale  for determining the regulatory
 flows  for  these  four  streams  was previously presented  in  Section
 IX.  -The wastewater streams for which BAT discharge  rates  differ
 from BPT is discussed  below.

 HYDROGEN REDUCTION FURNACE  SCRUBBER

 The   BAT  wastewater  discharge  rate   used  at   proposal   and
 promulgation   for  hydrogen reduction furnace scrubber   water  is
 2,290 1/kkg  (550 gal/ton).  This rate is allocated only  to   those
 plants   which practice water  scrubbing of recirculating  hydrogen
 gas  from reduction furnaces.  The BAT discharge rate is  based  on
 90  percent recycle of the average water  use of the   two  plants
 reporting   this  stream.   One  facility   currently   practices
 extensive  recycle   (assumed   to be greater than   99  percent  as
 discussed  in  Section IX) and the other currently  practices  no
 recycle.  Water use and discharge rates are presented  in Table V-
 4 (page  3386).

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
                               3456
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
s
pollutants   and
examination  and
Aqency,  however,  	  -
pollutants selected in this analysis.










 quantities   as
 The pollutants

  114.   arsenic
  122.   lead
  123.   nickel
  124.   selenium
        ammonia  (as N)
        fluoride
        molybdenum




 Sid all the metal pollutants been directly limited.
 2S.SKS2




  Sntation  Segment* .£.»  operated  for  »ltlpl.  metals

  removal.

  Filtration  as part of the technology basis is likewise  justified
  because ?histechnology removes metals non-preferentially.

  The priority metal pollutants selected for specific limitation  in
  thJ Ppr!mary  molybdenum and rhenium subcategory to  control  the
  SiSchSrgeB ofmetal PjllutantB are  arsenic^^   nxcj^  and
   the
                                 3457
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT  - X


selenium:

 119.  chromium  (Total)
 120.  copper
 128.  zinc

The  priority  metal  pollutants  arsenic,   lead,   nickel,  and
selenium,   as   well  as  the  nonconventional  metal   pollutant
molybdenum, are  specifically limited  to ensure the  control of the
excluded  priority  metal  pollutants.    These  pollutants   are
indicators of the performance of the  treatment technology.

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are  discussed
in  Section  VII of Vol. I and summarized there in  Table  VII-21
(page  248).    With the exception of  the  molybdenum   treatment
effectiveness concentration.  See Section IX of this document for
further  discussion  of the  molybdenum  treatment  effectiveness
concentration. The treatability concentrations including both one
day maximum and monthly average values are multiplied by the  BAT
normalized discharge flows summarized in Table X-4  (page 3466) to
calculate  the  mass of pollutants allowed to be  discharged  per
mass of product.  The results of these calculations in milligrams
of  pollutant, per kilogram of product represent  the  promulgated
BPT effluent limitations and are presented in Table X-4 for  each
waste stream.
                               3458
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND  RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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                          3459
-------
PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM  AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                        SECT  -  X
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                                             3460
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                            TABLE X-3


          COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM
                     AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                       DIRECT DISCHARGERS


Compliance  costs  for this subcategory cannot be presented  here
because the data on which they are based have been claimed to  be
confidential.
                                3461
-------
        PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM  AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                                   SECT -  X
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                                            3462
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                            TABLE X-5

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
           PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Fluoride
* Molybdenum
Rhenium
0.644
0.171
0.593 •
0.130
0.255
0.380
0.472
61.720
16.210
Reserved
2.329
0.287
0.070
0.282
0.060
0.171
0.171
0.'194
27.130
9.214
Reserved
1.032
(b) Roaster SO? Scrubber  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Pluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
2.334
0.621
2.149
0.470
0.923
1.377
1.713
223.800
58.770
Reserved
8.445
1.041
0.252
1.024
0.218
0.621
0.621
0.705
98.390
33.410
Reserved
3.744
^Regulated Pollutant
                               3463
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT
                                 - X
                      TABLE X-5 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
           PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY


(c) Molybdic Oxide Leachate  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
              mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum
               contained in molybdic oxide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
16.100
4.286
14.830
3.244
6.371
9.499
11.820
1,544.000
405.400
Reserved
58.270
7.182
1.738
7 . 066
1.506
4.286
4.286
4.865
678.800
230.500
Reserved
25.830
 (d)  Hydrogen Reduction Furnace  Scrubber  BAT

 Pollutant  or
 pollutant  property
 Maximum for
 any one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of  molybdenum powder  produced
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
3.183
0.847
2.931
0.641
1.260
1.878
2.336
305.300
80.150
Reserved
11.520
1.420
0.344
1.397
0.298
0.847
0.847
0.962
134.200
45.570
Reserved
5.107
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3464
-------
      PRIMWEIY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE X-5 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
           PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
0.995
0.265
0*916
0.200
0.394
0 . 587
0.730
95.440
25.060
Reserved
3.601
0.444
0.107
0.437
0.093
0.265
0.265
0.301
41.960
14.250
Reserved
1.597
*Regulated Pollutant
                                3465
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
X
            4)
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                           3466
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
           CM


           X ,

           
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X

















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                          3468
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBGATEGORY   SECT - XI



                         SECTION XI

              NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS


This   section  describes  the  technologies  for  treatment   of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for regulatory pollutants for NSPS in the primary molybdenum  and
rhenium subcategory, based on the selected treatment  technology.
New  plants  have  the opportunity to design the  best  and  most
efficient   production   processes   and   wastewater   treatment
technologies  without  facing the added  costs  and  restrictions
encountered  in retrofitting an existing plant.   Therefore,  EPA
has  considered the best demonstrated process  changes,  in-plant
controls,  and  end-of-pipe treatment technologies  which  reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible.


TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSP^

New  source  performance  standards are equivalent  to  the  best
available  technology  (BAT)  selected  for  currently   existing
primary  molybdenum  and  rhenium  plants.   This  result  is   a
consequence  of careful review by the Agency of a wide  range  of
technical options for new source treatment systems. Additionally,
there was nothing found to indicate that the wastewater flows and
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those  from
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are  not
expected   to  differ  from  those  used  at  existing   sources.
Consequently,  BAT production normalized discharge  rates,   which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory,  can
also  be  applied to new sources. These rates  are  presented  in
Table XI-1 (page 3472).

Treatment  technologies  considered  for  the  NSPS  options  are
identical  to  the treatment technologies considered for the  BAT
options.  These options are:

OPTION A

   o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
      (where required)
   o  Preliminary treatment with iron co-precipitation
   o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation


OPTION B

   o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
      (where required)
   o  Preliminary treatment with iron co-precipitation
   o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
   o  In-process flow reduction of hydrogen reduction furnace
      scrubber liquor


                               3469
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
OPTION C

   o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
      (where required)                        . ....
   o  Preliminary treatment with iron co-precipitation
   o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation          tfnaf,0
   o  in-process flow reduction of hydrogen reduction furnace
      scrubber liquor
   o  Multimedia filtration

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology  for
the  primary molybdenum and rhenium subcategory be  equivalent  to
OptioS  C   (ammonia  steam  stripping,   flow   reduction,  chemical
precipitation, sedimentation and multimedia filtration).

ThP  wastewater  flow rates for NSPS were  the  same as the proposed
BA! flow ra?et!   EPA did not believe  that further  flow reduction
beyond  BAT flow  rates was feasible for  this Subcategory.

EPA  also   proposed  to expand the applicability of  the existing
NSPS  regulation for metallurgical acids  plants to  include  acid
plants  associated with primary molybdenum roasting  operations.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION -  PROMULGATION

EPA  is promulgating best  available  demonstrated technology  for
5e  primary  molybdenum and  rhenium   subcategory   equivalent   to
Option   C   (ammonia  steam stripping,   flow  reduction,   iron  co-
p?ecipitation,    chemical    precipitation,    sedimentation   and
multimedia  filtration).    This  differs from the proposed  NSPS  in
 that   it  includes   iron  co-precipitation  treatment,   which   is
 necessary  for effective  molybdenum removal.

 The   wastewater flow rates  for  NSPS  are the  same as the BAT   flow
 rates.    The  NSPS  flow  rates  are   presented  in  Table  XI  1.
 Additional   flow   reduction  and   more   stringent   treatment
 technologies   beyond  BAT  are  not   demonstrated    or   readily
 transferable  to the primary molybdenum and  rhenium  subcategory,
 for  the reasons stated at proposal.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
 be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
 sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
 Accordingly,  pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected  for
 limitation7'under  NSPS,  in Accordance with  the  rationale  of
 Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected for BAT.  The
 conventional  pollutant parameters TSS and pH are  also  selected
 for limitation.
                                 3470
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM,AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The  NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1.   The
mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per mass of product is
calculated by multiplying the appropriate treatable concentration
(mg/1)  by the production normalized wastewater  discharge  flows
(1/kkg).  The achievable concentrations are listed in Table  VII-
21  (page  248) of Vol. I. With the exception of  the  molybdenum
treatment  effectiveness concentration.  See Section IX  of  this
document for discussion of the molybdenum treatment effectiveness
concentration.   The  results  of  these  calculations  are   the
production-based   new  source  performance   standards.    These
standards are presented in Table XI-2  (page 3473).
                               3471
-------
    PRIMARY  MOLYBDENUM AND  RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY      SECT  -  XI
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                                          3472
-------
      PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI



                            TABLE XI-2


      NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  NSPS
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
 Maximum for
 any one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of molybdenum sulfide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Pluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
0.644
0.171
0.593
0.130
0.255 '
0.380
0.472
61.720
16.210
Reserved
2.329
6.945
7.5 to 10.0 at
0907
« «• o /
0. 070
V • V / V
0. 282
W • 4C* \J &
0.060
0.171
0 173
W • J» / JL
0.194
27.130
9.214
Reserved
1.032
j. * V ^ «•
5.556
*^ • 
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                 SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

     NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Molybdic Oxide Leachate  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                      Maximum for
                      any one day
                                       Maximum for
                                       monthly average
              mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum
               contained in molybdic oxide leached
                            16.100
                             4.286
                            14.830
                             3.244
                             6.371
                             9.499
                            11.820
                         1,544.000
                           405.400
                           Reserved
                            58.270
                           173.800
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
*Arsenic
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
 Zinc ,
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
 Rhenium
                                                 7
                                                 1
   7.182
   1.738
    .066
    .506
   4.286
   4.286
   4.865
 678.800
 230.500
 Reserved
  25.830
 139.000
times
 (d)  Hydrogen Reduction Furnace  Scrubber  NSPS
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
                                       Maximum for
                                       monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of  molybdenum powder produced
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
*7 T TlC*
£j Xllld>
* Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
*moc
J. OO
*pH Within the
3.183
0.847
2.931
0.641
1.260
1.878
2.336
305.300
80.150
Reserved
11.520
34.35L
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
1.420
0.344
1.397
0.298
0.847
0.847
0.962
134.200
45.570
Reserved
5.107
27.480
all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3474
-------
    PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI



                     TABLE XI-2  (Continued)

    NSPS FOR  THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e)  Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
                                       Maximum for
                                       monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
Ibs) of molybdenum
0.995
0.265
0.916
0.200
0.394
0.587
0.730
95.440
25.060
Reserved
3.601
10.740
of 7.5 to 10.0 at
sulfide roasted
0.444
0.107
0.437
0.093
0.265
0.265
0.301
41.960
14.250
Reserved
1.597
8.592
all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3475
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
          THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                          3476
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND  RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII



                           SECTION  XII

                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

This section describes  the control  and treatment  technologies  for
pretreatment  of  process  wastewaters from new  sources   in  the
primary molybdenum and  rhenium  subcategory. PSES  are designed   to
prevent the discharge of pollutants which pass  through,  interfere
with,  or  are  otherwise  incompatible  with   the  operation   of
publicly  owned  treatment   works (POTW).  The  Clean  Water  Act
requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic metals,  that
limit   POTW  sludge  management  alternatives.    New   indirect
discharge facilities, like new  direct discharge facilities,  have
the  opportunity to incorporate the best  available  demonstrated
technologies,  including process changes, in-plant controls,   and
end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies>  and  to  use  plant   site
selection  to  ensure   adequate treatment  system  installation.
Pretreatment  standards are  to  be technology based, analogous   to
the best available or best demonstrated technology for removal  of
toxic pollutants.

EPA  is  not  promulgating pretreatment  standards  for  existing
sources  at  this time  because  there are  currently  no  indirect
discharging   facilities   in   this   subcategory.   Pretreatment
standards  for  regulated pollutants are presented based  on  the
selected control and treatment  technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before  proposing and promulgating  pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge  disposal  practices.    In  determining  whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving  secondary
treatment,  the  Agency  compares the percentage of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying  the best available technology economically  achievable.
A  pollutant is deemed to pass  through the POTW when the  average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary  treatment  requirements,   is less than the  percentage
removed  by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.

This  definition  of  pass-through satisfies  the  two  competing
objectives   set   by  Congress  that  standards   for   indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to standards  for  direct  dischargers
while  at the same time the treatment capability and  performance
of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in  regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency compares percentage removal rather than the  mass  'or
concentration  of pollutants  discharged because the latter  would
not  take  into account the mass of  pollutants discharged to  the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or   the  dilution  of   the


                               3477
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


pollutants  in  the POTW effluent  to  lower concentrations  due   to
the addition of large amounts of  non-industrial wastewater.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW  SOURCES

Options  for  pretreatment  of  wastewaters from new  sources  are
based  on increasing the effectiveness of  end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies.    All  in-plant changes and applicable  end-of-pipe
treatment  processes have been  discussed previously in Sections X
and XI.  The options for PSNS,  therefore1 are the same as the BAT
options discussed in Section X. The  description of each option  is
presented in Section X.

Treatment technologies considered for the PSNS options are:

OPTION A

 o  Preliminary treatment with  ammonia steam stripping
    (where required)
 o  Preliminary treatment with  iron  co-precipitation
 o  Chemical precipitation and  sedimentation

OPTION B

 o  Preliminary treatment with  ammonia steam stripping
    (where required)
 o  Preliminary treatment with  iron  co-precipitation
 o  Chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
 o  In-process  flow reduction of  hydrogen furnace reduction
    scrubber liquor

OPTION C

 o  Preliminary treatment with  ammonia steam stripping
    (where required)
 o  Preliminary treatment with  iron  co-precipitation
 o  Chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
 o  In-process  flow reduction of  hydrogen furnace reduction
    scrubber liquor
 o  Multimedia  filtration

PSNS OPTION SELECTION

We  are  promulgating  PSNS  equal   to  NSPS  and  BAT  for  this
subcategory.  It is necessary to promulgate PSNS to prevent pass-
through of arsenic, lead, nickel, selenium,  fluoride,  molybdenum,
rhenium and ammonia.  These priority pollutants are removed by  a
well-operated POTW achieving secondary treatment at an average of
13  percent,  while  the NSPS and BAT  level  technology  removes
approximately 79 percent.

We  believe  that the promulgated PSNS are achievable,   and  that
they  are  not  a  barrier  to entry  of  new  plants   into  this
subcategory.
                               3478
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


The wastewater discharge rates for PSNS are identical to the  BAT
discharge rates for each waste stream.   The PSNS discharge rates
are shown in Table XII-1.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected  for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
rationale  of Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected
for limitation for BAT.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

Pretreatment standards for new sources are based on the treatable
concentrations  from the selected treatment  technology,  (Option
C)7  and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT.   A
mass of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is given
for  each  subdivision within the  subcategory.   This  pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from   the  promulgated  treatment  (mg/1)  and  the   production
normalized  wastewater  discharge rate (1/kkg).   The  achievable
treatment concentrations for BAT are identical to those for PSNS.
See  Section  IX  of  this  document  for  a  discussion  of  the
molybdenum treatment effectiveness concentration.
                               3479
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND  RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY      SECT  - XII
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                                         3480
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY
                            SECT - XII
                           TABLE XI1-2

     PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Molybdenum Sulfide Leachate  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
0.644
0*171
0.593
0.130
0.255
0.380
0.472
61.720
16.210
Reserved
2 . 329
0 . 287
0.070
0.282
0.060
0.171
0.171
0.194
27.130
9.214
Reserved
1.032
    Roaster SO? Scrubber  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
            (lb/million Ibs) of molybdenum sulfide roasted
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
2.334
0.621
2.149
0.470
0.923
1.377
1.713
223.800
58.770
Reserved
8.445
1.041
0.252
1.024
0.218
0.621
0.621
0.705
98.390
33.410
Reserved
3.744
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3481
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-2 (Continued)

     PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Molybdic Oxide Leachate  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
              mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum
               contained in molybdic oxide leached
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
16.100
4.286
14.830
3.244
6.371
9.499
11.820
1,544.000
405.400
Reserved
58.270
7.182
1.738
7.066
1.506
4.286
4.286
4.865
678.800
230.500
Reserved
25.830
(d) Hydrogen Reduction Furnace Scrubber  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum powder produced
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
3.183
0.847
2.931
0.641
1.260
1.878
2.336
305.300
80.150
Reserved
11.520
1.420
0.344
1.397
0.298
0.847
0.847
0.962
134.200
45.570
Reserved
5.107
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3482
-------
     PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-2 (Continued)

     PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Depleted Rhenium Scrubbing Solution  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg
*Arsenic
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
*Selenium
Zinc
* Ammonia
*Fluoride
*Molybdenum
Rhenium
(Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum
0.995
0.265
0.916
0.200
0.394
0.587
0.730
95.440
25.060
Reserved
3.601
sulfide roasted
0.444
0.107
0.437
0.093
0..265
0.265
0.301
41.960
14.250
Reserved
1.597
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3483
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
          THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                         3484
-------
  PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGQRY    SECT - XIII




                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY



EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  limitations  for the  primary  molybdenum  and
rhenium subcategory at this time.
                              3485
-------
PRIMARY MOLYBDENUM AND RHENIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII
             THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                              3486
-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
                       for the
    Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
                  William K.  Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prothro,  Director
      Office of Water Regulations and Standards
            Thomas  P. O'Farrell,  Director
           Industrial Technology  Division


            Ernst  P. Hall, P.E., Chief
              Metals Industry Branch
                        and
             Technical Project Officer
                    May 1989
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Office of Water
     Office of Water Regulations and Standards
          Industrial Technology Division
             Washington, D. C.  20460
                        3487
-------
3488
-------
 Section
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
 I

 II

 III
IV
V
 SUMMARY

 CONCLUSIONS

 SUBCATEGORY  PROFILE

 Description  of  Secondary Molybdenum and
  Vanadium Production
 Raw Materials
 Roasting
 Leaching
 Vanadium Recovery
 Molybdenum Recovery
 Solvent Extraction
 Process Wastewater Sources
 Other Wastewater Sources
 Age, Production, and Process Profile

 SUBCATEGORIZATION

 Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary
  Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
 Other Factors
 Production Normalizing Parameters

 WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

 Wastewater Flow Rates
 Wastewater Characteristics Data
 Data Collection Portfolios
 Field Sampling Data
 Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
  Subdivision
 Leach Tailings
 Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate
 Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control
Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control
 Pure Grade Molybdenum
 3497

 3501

 3511

 3511

 3511
 3512
 3512
 3512
 3513
 3513
 3513
 3513
 3514

 3517

 3517

 3518
 3518

 3521

 3522
 3522
 3523
 3523
 3524

 3524
 3524
 3525
3525
3525
                               3489
-------
         SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
VI
VII
VIII
                  TABLE OP CONTENTS  (Continued)
SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Priority Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their
  Analytical Quantification Limit
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number
  of Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
  Consideration in Establishing Limitations
  and Standards

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Current Control and Treatment Practices
Leach Tailings
Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate
Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control
Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control
Pure Grade Molybdenum
Control and Treatment Options
Option A
Option C

COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Treatment Options for Existing Sources
Option A
Option C
Cost Methodology
Nonwater Quality Aspects
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
3539

3539

3539

3540
3541
3541

3541

3542

3543



3549

3547
3549
3548
3548
3548
3548
3548
3548
3549

3551

3551
3551
3551
3551
3552
3552
3552
3553
                               3490
-------
         SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
IX
XI
        TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)

                                                  Page

BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY               3557
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE

Technical Approach to BPT                         3557
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates     3559
BPT Option Selection                              3559
Wastewater Discharge, Rates                        3560
Leach Tailings                                    3560
Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate  3561
Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  3561
Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control       3561
Pure Grade Molybdenum                             3561
Regulated Pollutant Parameters                    3562
Effluent Limitations                              3562

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY            3571
ACHIEVABLE

Technical Approach to BAT                         3571
Option A                                          3572
Option C                                          3572
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates     3573
Pollutant Removal Estimates                       3573
Compliance Costs                                  3573
BAT Option Selection-Proposal                     3573
BAT Option Selection-Promulgation                 3574
Final Amendments to the Regulation                3574
Wastewater Discharge Rates                        3574
Regulated Pollutant Parameters                    3575
Effluent Limitations                              3575

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                  3587

Technical Approach to NSPS                        3587
NSPS Option Selection Proposal                    3588
NSPS Option Selection Promulgation                3588
Regulated Pollutant Parameters                    3588
New Source Performance Standards                  3588
                               3491
-------
         SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
XII
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
Page

3595

3595
3596
3596
3597
3597
XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY   3603
                                3492
-------
         SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
V-3


V-4


V-5


V-6


V-7



V-8


V-9



V-10



VI-1'



VIII-1
               LIST OF TABLES

                Title

Water Use and Discharge Rates for Leach Tailings

Water Use and Discharge Rates for Molybdenum
Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate

Water Use and Discharge Rates for Vanadium
Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control

Water Use and Discharge Rates for Molybdenum
Drying Wet Air Pollution Control

Water Use and Discharge Rates for
Pure Grade Molybdenum

Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
Leach Tailings Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate
Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
Molybdenum Filtrate Raw Wastewater Sampling Data

Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
Pond Water Solvent Extraction Raffinate Raw
Wastewater Sampling Data

Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
Sedimentation Effluent Treated Wastewater
Sampling Data

Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
Raw Wastewater

Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Molybdenum
and Vanadium Subcategory Direct Dischargers
3526

3526


3526


3527


3527


3528


3528



3528


3528



3544



3544



3536
                                3493
-------
         SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                   LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Table
             Title
                                                        Page
IX-1


IX-2


X-l



X-2


X-3


X-4


XI-1


XII-1
BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary 3563
Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory

BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary           3564
Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory

Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct           3577
Dischargers Secondary Molybdenum and
Vanadium Subcategory

Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Molybdenum  3578
and Vanadium Subcategory Direct Dischargers

BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary 3579
Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory
BAT Mass Limitations for the Secondary
Molybdenum and Vanadium Subcategory

NSPS for the Secondary Molybdenum and
Vanadium Subcategory

PSNS for the Secondary Molybdenum and
Vanadium Subcategory
3580
3590
3598
                                3494
-------
         SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure                  Title


III-l     Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium
          Production Process

IX-1      BPT Treatment Scheme for Secondary Molybdenum
          and Vanadium Subcategory

X-l       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A

X-2       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C
Page
                                3495
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
       THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                        3496
-------
        SECONDARY  MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - I



                             SECTION I

                              SUMMARY


 This   document  provides   the technical   basis   for   promulgating
 effluent    limitations  based  on   best   practicable  technology
 (BPT)   and   best  available technology  (BAT)  for   existing   direct
 dischargers,    pretreatment   standards  for     new   indirect
 dischargers (PSNS),  and standards  of performance for   new   source
 direct dischargers  (NSPS)  for plants in  the  secondary  molybdenum
 and vanadium subcategory.

 After   promulgation of   the  final  effluent   limitations   and
 standards for this subcategory (September 20, 1985, 50  FR  38276),
 industry  filed a petition for judicial  review of  the  secondary
 molybdenum  and vanadium subcategory. Industry presented new  data
 and information which formed the basis for a settlement agreement
 with EPA resolving issues  raised by  the  petitioner. EPA agreed to
 propose amendments  specified in  the  Settlement  Agreement,   and
 after  reviewing comments,  take final action on these  amendments.
 This   settlement  agreement concerns  the   treatment  effectiveness
 values for  molybdenum and  ammonia, a new building block for   pure
 grade   molybdenum, and revised flow  allowances for  two building
 blocks.  The  settlement   is   detailed in  the  preamble   to   the
 proposed amendment (54 FR  18412, April 28, 1989). This  supplement
 incorporates the  changes of  the proposal.

 Industry  requested  that information describing their   production
 processes,  raw wastewater characteristics and economic  data  be
 considered  as confidential.  Therefore,  this supplement does   not
 include  much  of  the technical data  upon  which  the  effluent
 limitations  and  standards for secondary molybdenum and  vanadium
 are based.

 The secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory consists of  two
 plants. One plant discharges its process wastewaters directly  to
 a  surface water.  (EPA has recently learned of the  existence  of
 two  additional   secondary  molybdenum and  vanadium  plants.  No
 information  was  obtained  regarding  the  discharge   status  or
 operations at these additional plants.)

 EPA  first  studied  the  secondary   molybdenum   and   vanadium
 subcategory  to  determine  whether differences in raw materials,
 final products,  manufacturing processes,  equipment, age and  size
of  plants,   or water usage, required the development of separate
effluent limitations and standards for  different segments of  the
 subcategory.   This  involved  a  detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,  including  the
sources  and  volume of water used, the   processes   used,   the
sources   of   pollutants  and wastewaters in  the plant,  and  the
constituents of wastewaters, including  priority pollutants. As  a
result, five subdivisions  or building blocks  have been identified
in this subcategory that warrant separate  effluent  limitations.


                               3497
-------
        SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - I


 These are listed below.

 (a)  Leach tailings,
 (b)  Molybdenum filtrate  solvent extraction raffinate,
 (c)  Vanadium decomposition wet  air pollution control,
 (d)  Molybdenum drying  wet  air pollution control,  and
 (e)  Pure  grade molybdenum

 Several   distinct   control and treatment  technologies    (both
 in-plant    and   end-of-pipe)   applicable   to    the    secondary
 molybdenum   and  vanadium subcategory were  identified.     The
 Agency analyzed  both  historical  and  newly  generated   data
 on   the performance  of  these   technologies,   including    their
 nonwater   quality   environmental   impacts  and    air   quality,
 solid  waste generation,   and  energy  requirements.    EPA   also
 studied   various flow  reduction,  techniques  reported  in  the
 data  collection portfolios (dcp)  and plant visits.

 Engineering costs were prepared  for  each  of  the  control  and
 treatment  options   considered   for the subcategory.  These  costs
 were  then  used by  the   Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
 implementing  the various   options on  the subcategory.  For each
 control and treatment  option that the Agency  found  to be   most
 effective  and  technically feasible  in controlling  the discharge
 of pollutants,   the  number of  potential  closures,   number   of
 employees  affected,   and  impact  on price  were estimated.    These
 results  are  reported  in   a   separate  document  entitled   "The
 Economic   Impact Analysis of Effluent Limitations  and   Standards
 for  the Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Industry."

 After   examining the  various  treatment  technologies,  the Agency
 has  identified BPT to  represent the average of the best  existing
 technology.     Metals  removal   based  on   iron co-precipitation,
 chemical  precipitation and  sedimentation  technology is  the   basis
 for   the   BPT  limitations.     Air  stripping  was selected as   the
 technology basis for  ammonia   limitations.

 For  BAT,  the Agency has built  upon the BPT technology   basis  by
 adding  filtration as  an effluent polishing step to  the  end-of-
 pipe treatment  scheme.

 NSPS   is   equivalent   to  BAT.   In  selecting  NSPS, EPA  recognizes
 that new  plants  have the opportunity  to implement  the   best   and
 most   efficient  manufacturing processes and treatment technology.
 As such,  the  technology basis of  BAT  has been determined  as   the
 best demonstrated technology.

 PSES   is  not  being promulgated  for  this subcategory because there
 are no  existing  indirect dischargers  in the secondary  molybdenum
 and   vanadium    subcategory.   For   PSNS,  the  Agency  selected
pretreatment  and end-of-pipe treatment techniques equivalent  to
BAT.

The best conventional  technology   (BCT)   replaces  BAT  for  the
control  of conventional pollutants.  BCT was  not promulgated  at


                                3498
-------
       SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - I


the time the regulation was promulgated because  the  methodology
for BCT has not been finalized at that time.

The mass limitations and standards for BPT, BAT, NSPS,  and  PSNS
are presented in Section II.
                              .3499
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - I
         THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           3500
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II



                            SECTION II

                            CONCLUSIONS


 EPA has divided the secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory
 into  five  subdivisions or building blocks for the   purpose  of
 effluent limitations and standards.  These subdivisions ares

 (a)  Leach tailings,

 (b)  Molybdenum filtrate solvent  extraction raffinate,

 (c)  Vanadium decomposition  wet air pollution control,

 (d)  Molybdenum drying wet air pollution  control, and

 (e)  Pure grade molybdenum.

 BPT   is  promulgated based  on the performance achievable  by  the
 application   of ammonia air  stripping pretreatment  for   removal
 of    ammonia,    followed   by  iron  co-precipitation,  chemical
 precipitation and sedimentation  technology.   The   following  BPT
 effluent limitations are promulgated:

 (a)   Leach Tailings   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
   Maximum for
   Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead'
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
      40.778
       8.585
       8.195
      37.460
      23.410
    Reserved
    8078.000
     799.950
       18.145
        3.512
        3.902
       24.779
       11.902
     Reserved
     3551.000
      380.460
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3501
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                   SECT - II
(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                      Maximum for
                      Any One Day
                                      Maximum for
                                    Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
121.720
25.625
24.460
111.819
69.887
Reserved
24114.000
2387.800
Within the range of
54.162
10.483
11.648
73.964
35.526
Reserved
10600.000
1135.660
7.5 to 10.0 at all








times
(c)  Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                      Maximum for
                      Any One Day
                                      Maximum for
                                    Monthly Average
   fig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
(d) Molybdenum
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7
Drying Wet Air Pollution

0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
.5 to 10.0 at all times
Control BPT

                      Maximum for
                      Any One Day
                                    Monthly Average
Pollutant Property

          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
                          0.000
                          0.000
                          0.000
                          0.000
                          0.000
                          0.000
                          0.000
                          0.000
                Within the range of 7
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                            0.000
                                      ,5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3502
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT - II
(e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
         48.655
         10.243
          9.778
         44.698
         27.936
       Reserved
       9638.000
        954.480
       21.650
        4.190
        4.656
       29.566
       14.201
     Reserved
     4237.000
      453.960
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
BAT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
application  of ammonia air stripping,   iron   co-precipitation,
chemical  precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration
technology.   The  following   BAT   effluent   limitations   are
promulgated:
(a) Leach Tailings  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum
        plus, vanadium .plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
         27.120
          7.219
          5.463
         10.731
         22.413
       Reserved
       8078.000
       12.097
        2.927
        2.536
        7.219
       11.902
     Reserved
     4237.000
                               3503
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT -II
 (b)  Molybdenum Filtrate  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum
        plus vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia
   80.952
   21.548
   16.306
   32.031
   69.887
 Reserved
24114.000
       36.108
        8.736
        7.571
       21.548
       35.526
     Reserved
    10600.000
(c)  Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum tor
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
        (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
                               3504
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  II
 (e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
         32.359
          8.614
          6.518
         12.804
         27.936
       Reserved
       9638.000
       14.434
        3.492
        3.026
        8.614
       14.201
     Reserved
     4237.000
NSPS  are  promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application     of    ammonia    air      stripping,    iron  co-
precipitation,   chemical   precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
multimedia  filtration  technology.    The   following   effluent
standards are promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Leach Tailings  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
         27.120
          7.210
          5.463
         10.731
         23.413
       Reserved
       8078.000
        292.665
       12.097
        2.927
        2.536
        7.219
       11.902
     Reserved
     3551.000
      234.132
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               3505
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT -  II
(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate
                                      NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    ma/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum pxus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia  (as N)
TSS
pH
         80.952
         21.548
         16.308
         32.031
         69.887
       Reserved
      24114.000
        873.585
Within the range of 7
       36.108
        8.736
        7.571
       21.548
       35.526
     Reserved
    10600.000
      698.868
  ,5 to 10.0 at all times
 (c)   Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air  Pollution Control
                                       NSPS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
      Maximum for
      Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
   rag/kg (lb/million Ibs)  or vanadium produced oy decomposition
 Arsenic
 Chromium
 Lead
 Nickel
 Iron
 Molybdenum
 Ammonia (as N)
 TSS
 pH
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
 Within the range of  7.5  to 10.0  at  all  times
  (d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
       Maximum for
       Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
           mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum proaucea
 Arsenic
 Chromium
 Lead
 Nickel
 Iron
 Molybdenum
 Ammonia  (as N)
 TSS
 pH
           0.000
           0.000
           0.000
           0.000
           0.000
           0.000
           0.000
           0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                                 3506
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                    SECT - II
(e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
       Maximum for
       Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
  mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of pure molybdenum produced"
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia  (as N)
TSS
PH
       32.359
        8.614
        6.518
       12.804
       27.936
     Reserved
     9638.000
      349.200
With the range of 7
     14.434
      3.492
      3.026
      8.614
     14.201
   Reserved
   4237.000
     279.360
,5  to 10.0  at  all  times
PSES are  not being promulgated  for  this  subcategory at  this   time
because   there  are  no  existing indirect   dischargers    in    the
secondary molybdenum and  vanadium subcategory.

PSNS   are promulgated based  on  the  performance  achievable by  the
application of   ammonia  air stripping,  iron   co-precipitation,
chlmical    precipitation,    sedimentation,     and     *u"imedia
filtration  technology.  The  following  pretreatment   standards
are promulgated for  new sources:

 (a) Leach  Tailings   PSNS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
       Maximum for
       Any  One Day
    Maximum for
  Monthly Average
     mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
           vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
 Arsenic
 Chromium
 Lead
 Nickel
 Iron
 Molybdenum
 Ammonia (as N)
           27.120
            7.219
            5.463
           10.731
           23.413
         Reserved
         8078.000
         12.097
          2.927
          2.536
          7.219
         11.902
       Reserved
       3551,000
                                3507
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                             SECT - II
(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum
        plus vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
   80.952
   21.548
   16.306
   32.031
   69.887
 Reserved
24114.000
       36.108
        8.736
        7.571
       21.548
       35.526
     Reserved
    10600.000
 (c)  Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
  mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
Arsenic
Chromium
Lead
Nickel
Iron
Molybdenum
Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
 (d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
Maximum for
Any  One Day
  Maximum for
 Monthly  Average
          mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of  molybdenum produced
 Arsenic
 Chromium
 Lead
 Nickel
 Iron
 Molybdenum
 Ammonia (as N)
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
                                3508
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - II


(e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  PSNS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property    Any One Day   Monthly Average

       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure molybdenum produced

Arsenic                  32.359            14.434
Chromium                  8.614             3.492
Lead                      6.518             3.026
Nickel                   12.804             8.614
Iron                     27.936            14.201
Molybdenum             Reserved          Reserved
Ammonia (as N)         9638.000          4237.000
EPA   is   not  promulgating BCT at this time for  the  secondary
molybdenum and vanadium subcategory.
                               3509
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
             THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                               3510
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                               SECT - III
                          SECTION III

                      SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
This section of the secondary molybdenum and vanadium  supplement
describes   ?he  raw  materials  and  processes  used  in  refining
secondary molybdenum and vanadium and presents a Profile  of  the
secondary   molybdenum  and  vanadium  plants  identified  in this
study.
          , and nonferrous
          a
                            alloys  increases  wear  resistance,

 and select organic solutions.

        "
                  -LSS2
                                                       SSSK
 Vanadium compounds are key industrial catalysts
 aSd  inorganic  reactions.   Oxides of vanadium
 small  quantities  filter  harmful  ultraviolet
 natural light.

 DESCRIPTION OF  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM PRODUCTION

 Secondary  molybdenum and vanadium production involves five basic




 below.
 RAW MATERIALS
ass
                                    sss-  r,  v   dcu  .
                          cont^nalea
                               3511
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III


nickel,  vanadium  or  other metals  depending  on  the  specific
catalyst and its use.

EDS catalysts are generally composed of a substrate such as  sand
(silicates)  or  zeolite,  coated  with active substances such as
molybdenum, precious metals, and others.  Catalysts are used  for
different  applications  and each application requires a specific
catalytic composition.  The mass of molybdenum and vanadium in  a
spent  catalyst  is usually small (<12 percent) compared with the
total mass of the catalyst.

ROASTING

The  first step in recovering molybdenum and vanadium from  spent
HDS  catalysts  is to roast the catalysts in  a  furnace.  Sodium
carbonate  (Na2CO3) may be added to the furnace. Off-gases   from
the  roasting  furnace, containing dust  and   particulates,  are
controlled by an electrostatic  precipitator prior to discharging
to  the atmosphere. The solids collected in the precipitator  may
be returned to the roaster.

Catalysts  are roasted to burn off carbonaceous  material,   such
as   residual   oil,  sulfur   and  other  combustible   residues
remaining on the catalysts.  Roasting converts the molybdenum and
vanadium metals to their sodium salts.

LEACHING

After roasting, the calcine is quenched, ground and leached  with
water.  The   leaching   process  produces   a   pregnant  liquor
containing  molybdenum and vanadium values  which  is   sent   on
for   further  processing.    The  barren   leach   tailings  are
separated  from  the solution by countercurrent  decantation  and
discharged  as a waste stream to a tailings pond  for  additional
settling.  The supernatant from  the  tailings pond is  recovered
and  routed to solvent extraction.

VANADIUM RECOVERY

The  initial step of vanadium recovery is removal  of  phosphorus
by precipitation as insoluble  magnesium phosphates. Aluminum, if
it  is  present  in  solution, is removed  as  the  hydroxide  by
acidification   followed   by  filtration.   Vanadium   is   then
precipitated  as ammonium metavanadate (AMV) with  excess  NH4C1,
and is separated from the liquid phase by filtration.  Molybdenum
does  not precipitate and the molybdenum-rich filtrate is  routed
to the molybdenum recovery process.

The ammonium metavanadate produced by the NH4C1  precipitation is
calcined and fused to produce vanadium pentoxide. Other  vanadium
products  include  a  solution of sodium  ammonium  vanadate  and
potassium  metavanadate solutions both of which are used  in  the
preparation  of  new catalysts. The off-gases  from  the  calcine
furnace  are  controlled with a dry baghouse which  recovers  the
dust  and  particulates. In series  with the baghouse  is  a  wet


                               3512
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III


scrubber  employing  a dilute hydrochloric acid solution  as  the
scrubbing  medium. The scrubber liquor is routed to  the  ammonia
recovery  and  reuse  system. There  are ,,no  wastewater  streams
discharged from   the vanadium products manufacturing processes.

MOLYBDENUM RECOVERY

Molybdenum is recovered from the pregnant solution by heating and
acidification   to   produce   molybdic  acid   (H2MoO4),   using
hydrochloric  acid and steam. Molybdic acid solids are  recovered
on  a  filter  and  washed with  dilute  hydrochloric  acid.  The
filtrate from this step is returned to the process.

Both  technical grade and high purity molybdic oxide are produced
from  molybdic  acid.   Molybdic  acid  is  calcined  to  produce
technical  grade  molybdic  oxide  (93-96 %  MoO3).  There  is  a
scrubber controlling off-gases from this kiln. Spent liquor  from
this scrubber is  returned to the process.

Pure (99.8 percent) molybdic oxide is also produced from molybdic
acid.  Molybdic   acid is dissolved in  ammonia  water,  purified,
reprecipitated and calcined to pure oxide containing a minimum of
99.8 percent VLoOj.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION

Molybdenum filtrate  and  supernatant  from  the  tailings  pond
 (containing leach tailings as  well  as  stormwater  runoff)  are
 routed  through   solvent  extraction  to  recover  molybdenum and
vanadium values prior to discharge to treatment.   In the  solvent
 extraction process a reagent  containing fatty quarternary amines
 and kerosene  is used to effect this recovery.  The molybdenum and
 vanadium-rich  stream from  this  recovery   step  is returned    to
 the main   process   just prior to precipitating the vanadium from
 solution.   The molybdenum filtrate and  pond   water   raffinates
 from the  solvent  extraction  process are discharged to   wastewater
 treatment.

 PROCESS WASTEWATER  SOURCES

 The significant  wastewater  sources associated with the secondary
 molybdenum and vanadium  subcategory are as  follows:

 1. Leach tailings,
 2. Molybdenum filtrate solvent extraction  raffmate,
 3. Vanadium decomposition wet air pollution control,
 4. Molybdenum drying wet air pollution control,  and
 5. Pure grade molybdenum.

 OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCE

 There are other wastewater stream associated with the  production
 of secondary molybdenum and vanadium.   These streams   may include
 maintenance  and  cleanup  water, and  stormwater  runoff.   These
 wastewaters  are not considered as part of this  rulemaking.   EPA


                                3513
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III


believes that the flow and  pollutant  loadings  associated  with
these   streams   are   insignificant   relative   to  the  waste
streams selected and are best handled by the  appropriate  permit
authority  on  a  case-by-case  basis  under authority of Section
403 (a) of the Clean Water Act.

AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE

One  secondary  molybdenum and vanadium  plant  in   the   United
States  is  located  in southern Texas.  It is a direct discharge
facility, and was built in 1973.  The production of molybdenum is
slightly  less  than  1000 tons per   year   contained   in   the
MoOs  product,   and  production  of  vanadium is less  than  500
tons per year contained in V^Os product.
After  concluding the settlement agreement for this  subcategory,
EPA   learned  of  the  probable  existence  of  two   additional
molybdenum  and  vanadium recovery  facilities.   No  substantial
technical information is available on these facilities.
                               3514
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
      SECT - III
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                          3515
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III
             THIS PAGE  INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                               3516
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV



                           SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION


This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation  of  the  subdivisions  or  building  blocks  in  the
secondary  molybdenum  and vanadium subcategory.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE  SECONDARY  MOLYBDENUM  AND
VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY

The   factors   listed   for general subcategorization were  each
evaluated    when  considering  subdivision  of   the   secondary
molybdenum  and   vanadium subcategory.   In the discussion  that
follows,  the  factors will be described as they pertain to  this
particular subcategory.

The  rationale  for  considering segmentation  of  the  secondary
molybdenum  and  vanadium  subcategory  is  based  primarily   on
differences  in the production processes and raw materials  used.
Within  this  subcategory, a number of different  operations  are
performed,  which may or may not have a water use  or  discharge,
and  which  may require the establishment  of  separate  effluent
limitations.   While   secondary  molybdenum  and   vanadium   is
considered a single subcategory, a more   thorough examination of
the production processes has illustrated the need for limitations
and standards based on specific flow allowances for the following
subdivisions:

(a). Leach tailings,
(b). Molybdenum filtrate solvent extraction raffinate,
(c). Vanadium decomposition wet air pollution control,
(d). Molybdenum drying wet air pollution control, and
(e). Pure grade molybdenum.

These   subdivisions  follow  directly  from  differences   within
several of  the  production  stages  of secondary molybdenum and
vanadium: leaching of calcined raw  material,  and  recovery  and
purification  of  molybdenum  and  vanadium  products.  The other
production  stages,  roasting  of  spent  catalysts  and  vanadium
recovery,  do  not  generate  a  need for subdivisions because no
process wastewater is generated.

Leaching of  calcined   raw  material  gives  rise  to  the  first
subdivision,  leach  tailings.   The  calcined  raw  material  is
leached with water, and the solution  containing  molybdenum  and
vanadium is  sent  on for  further processing.  The inerts and other
impurities   are discharged  to a tailings pond.  The tailings pond
overflow is  discharged  as a waste stream after  solvent extraction
for molybdenum and vanadium recovery.

Recovery and purification of  molybdenum  and   vanadium  products
creates the need for  the  remaining  four subdivisions: molybdenum


                                3517
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV


filtrate  solvent  extraction raffinate,  vanadium  decomposition
scrubber,  molybdenum drying scrubber, and pure grade  molybdenum
wastewater.

The vanadium  precipitate  produced  in  the  molybdenum-vanadium
separation  process  may  be  decomposed  to  vanadium oxide in a
decomposition furnace.  The wet air pollution control  associated
with this furnace creates the need for the vanadium decomposition
scrubber subdivision.

OTHER FACTORS

The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown  to be
inappropriate  bases  for  subdivision.  Air  pollution   control
methodsT  treatment  costs, and total  energy   requirements  are
functions  of the selected   subcategorization factors  —  metal
product,  raw  materials, and  production  processes.  Therefore,
they  are  not   independent   factors  and  do  not  affect   the
subcategorization which has  been applied.

PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

As  discussed  previously, the effluent  limitations and standards
developed  in this document  establish  mass  limitations  on  the
discharge  of  specific  pollutant  parameters.   To  allow these
regulations to be   applied  to  plants   with  various  production
capacities, the  mass  of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit  of   production.   This   factor   is known as the production
normalizing parameter  (PNP).

In  qeneral, for  each  production process  which  has  a  wastewater
associated with  it,   the  actual mass  of molybdenum and  vanadium
product or intermediate produced will  be used as  the PNP.   Thus,
the PNPs for  the five subdivisions  are  as  follows:
 Building Block

 1. Leach tailings
 2. Molybdenum filtrate solvent
    extraction raffinate
 3. Vanadium decomposition wet
    air pollution control

 4. Molybdenum drying wet air
    pollution control
   PNP

kkg of technical grade
molybdenum plus vanadium
plus pure grade molybdenum
produced

kkg of technical grade
molybdenum plus vanadium
plus pure grade molybdenum
produced

kkg of vanadium produced by
decomposition

kkg of molybdenum produced
                                3518
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV


5. Pure grade molybdenum          kkg of pure molybder..^ produced


Other  PNPs  were  considered.  The use of production capacity or
raw  material  processed  instead  of   actual   production   w»*
eliminated  from  consideration because the mass of the pollutant
produced is more a function of true production than of  installed
capacity  or  raw material processed.
                                 3519
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SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV
            THIS PAGE  INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                             3520
-------
                                                      SECT - V
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY




                      SECTION V

      WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This   section   describes   the  characteristics  of  wastewater
associated   with   the   secondary   molybdenum   and   vanadium
subcategory.  Data used to quantify wastewater flow and pollutant
concentrations  are  presented,  summarized,  and discussed.  The
contribution of specific  production  processes  to  the  overall
wastewater  discharge  from  secondary  molybdenum  and  vanadium
plants is identified whenever possible.

The  two   principal   data  sources used  are  data   collection
portfolios  (dcp)  and field sampling results.   Data  collection
portfolios, completed for one  of  the secondary  molybdenum  and
vanadium plants, contained information regarding wastewater flows
and production levels.

In order to  quantify  the  pollutant  discharge  from  secondary
molybdenum  and  vanadium  plants,  a  field sampling program was
conducted.  The field sampling program  was  conducted  following
proposal.   A  complete  list  of the pollutants considered and a
summary  of  the  techniques  used  in  sampling  and  laboratory
analyses  are  included  in  Section V of the General Development
Document.   Samples   were   analyzed   for  124   of   the   126
priority  pollutants  and  other pollutants  deemed  appropriate.
Because   the analytical standard for TCDD was  judged to  be  too
hazardous   to be made  generally  available,    samples were never
analyzed  for  this pollutant.   There is no reason   to   expect
that   TCDD  would  be present   in nonferrous metals manufacturing
wastewater.   Asbestos  was  not analyzed for,   nor is there   any
reason   to  expect   that  asbestos   would   be   present    in
secondary  molybdenum and vanadium wastewater.   In general,  the
samples   were   analyzed  for  three  classes   of   pollutants:
priority  organic   pollutants,  priority  metal  pollutants  and
criteria    pollutants    (which    includes     conventional   and
nonconventional  pollutants).

Additional  wastewater   characteristics and  flow  and  production
data   were  obtained  by  the  Agency  following proposal  through   a
 field sampling  visit  to  one  facility.  As described    in    Section
 IV   of    this    supplement,   secondary molybdenum  and   vanadium
 plants   have   been   subdivided   into  five   subdivisions     or
 wastewater    sources,    so    that    the  promulgated  regulation
 contains   mass   discharge  limitations and   standards    for   five
 building   blocks discharging process wastewater.   Differences  in
 the   wastewater    characteristics   associated    with    these
 subdivisions   are  to  be  expected.  For  this reason, wastewater
 streams  corresponding  to   each   subdivision   are   addressed
 separately  in  the  discussions   that  follow.  These wastewater
 sources are:
                                3521
-------
      SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


(a). Leach tailings,
(b). Molybdenum filtrate solvent extraction raffmate,
(c). Vanadium decomposition wet air pollution control,
(d). Molybdenum drying wet air pollution control, and
(e). Pure grade molybdenum.

WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data  supplied  by  data  collection  portfolio  responses   were
evaluated,  and  two  flow-to-production  ratios  were calculated
for each stream.   The  two  ratios,  water  use  and  wastewater
discharge  flow,  are  differentiated  by  the flow value used in
calculation.  Water use is defined as  the  volume  of  water  or
other  fluid  (e.g.,  emulsions, lubricants) required for a given
process per mass  of  molybdenum  and  vanadium  product  and  is
therefore  based  on  the  sum of recycle  and make-up flows to a
given process.  Wastewater flow discharged after pretreatment  or
recycle (if these are used) is used in calculating the production
normalized  flow—the  volume  of  wastewater  discharged  from a
given process to further treatment, disposal,  or  discharge  per
mass  of  molybdenum  and vanadium produced.  Differences between
the water use  and  wastewater  flows  associated  with  a  given
stream   result  from  recycle,  evaporation, and  carry-over  on
the product.  The production values in calculation correspond  to
the  production   normalizing  parameter, PNP, assigned  to  each
stream, as outlined in Section IV.

As an example, molybdenum filtrate solvent  extraction  raffinate
wastewater  flow  is  related to the production of molybdenum and
vanadium.  As such, the discharge rate is expressed in liters  of
molybdenum  filtrate  solvent extraction raffinate per metric ton
of   technical  grade  molybdenum plus vanadium plus  pure  grade
molybdenum  produced  (gallons  of  molybdenum  filtrate   solvent
extraction   raffinate   wastewater  per  ton of technical  grade
molybdenum plus vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced).

The production normalized flows were  compiled  by  stream  type
The    reported   water   use  and  discharge   rates   for   the
identified secondary molybdenum and vanadium wet  operations  are
given  in  Tables  V-l through V-5  (pages   3526  -  3527).  Where
appropriate,  an attempt was made to identify factors that  could
account  for variations in water use and discharge  rates.   This
information   is  summarized  in  this   section.    A    similar
analysis   of   factors   affecting  the  wastewater  values   is
presented   in   Sections   IX,  X,    XI,    and    XII,   where
representative  BPT,  BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment discharge  flows
are   selected   for   use    in    calculating    the    effluent
limitations and standards.

The water use and discharge rates shown do  not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as  rainfall  runoff and noncontact cooling water.

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA

Data used to characterize  the various wastewaters associated with


                                3522
-------
      SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                  SECT - V
secondary  molybdenum  and  vanadium  production  come  from  two
sources  —  data  collection  portfolios and   analytical   data
from field sampling.

DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

In  the  data collection portfolios, plants were asked to specify
the  presence  of  any  of the  priority  pollutants   in   their
effluent.  None   of   the   plants  that   responded   to   this
portion  of the questionnaire indicated the presence of  priority
organic pollutants
The
responses for the priority metals are shown below.


    Pollutant
        Antimony
        Arsenic
        Beryllium
        Cadmium
        Chromium
        Copper
        Lead
        Mercury
        Nickel
        Selenium
        Silver
        Thallium
        Zinc
                            Known
                           Present
                          1
                          1
                          1
                          1
                          1
                          1
                          1
                          0
                          1
                          0
                          0
                          0
                          1
Believed
Present
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   0
   1
   0
   0
   0
   0
 FIELD SAMPLING DATA

 In order  to quantify the concentrations  of  pollutants  present   in
 wastewater    from   secondary  molybdenum  and   vanadium  plants,
 wastewater  samples  were  collected  at   one  plant.

 Raw wastewater data (Tables V-6 through  V-9)  are not presented in
 this document because they have been claimed  confidential by  the
 sampled  facility. The treated wastewater sampling data  for  the
 facility   are presented in Table V-10 (page 3536). Where no  data
 are listed for a specific day of sampling,  the  wastewater samples
 for the stream were not collected.

 Several points regarding the data tables should be noted.  First,
 the  detection  limits  shown on the data tables   for   priority
 metals  and  conventional and nonconventional pollutants are  not
 the  same in  all  cases  as  the  published   detection   limits
 for   these  pollutants   by the same  analytical  methods.   The
 detection limits used were reported with the analytical data  and
 hence   are  the appropriate  limits  to  apply  to   the   data.
 Detection   limit variation can occur as a  result  of  a  number
 of   laboratory- specific,     equipment-specific,    and   daily
                                3523
-------
      SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


operator-specific factors.   These factors can include day-to-day
differences    in  machine   calibration,   variation  in   stock
solutions, and variation in operators.

Second, the statistical analysis of data  includes  some  samples
measured at concentrations considered not quantifiable.  For data
considered  as  detected but below quantifiable concentrations, a
value  of  zero  is  used  for  averaging.   Nonconventional  and
conventional   pollutant  data reported with a "less  than   sign
are  considered  as detected, but not  further  quantifiable.   A
value  of  zero is also used for averaging.  If  a  pollutant  is
reported   as not  detected,  it is assigned a value of  zero  in
calculating the average.  Finally, priority metal values reported
as  less  than a  certain   value   were   considered   as    not
quantifiable,  and consequently were assigned a value of zero  in
the calculation of the average.

Appropriate  source  water  concentrations are presented with the
summaries of the sampling data.

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Since  the secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory has  been
divided into  five  subdivisions, and the waste stream from  each
subdivision  has  potentially   different   characteristics   and
flows,    the   wastewater  characteristics  and  discharge  rates
corresponding to each  subdivision will be described separately.

LEACH  TAILINGS

The  calcined  product from the roasting furnace   is   quenched,
ground and  leached   with water  to  dissolve   molybdenum  _ and
vanadium.  The product from leaching  is  a  solution  containing
molybdenum   and  vanadium. Leaching  also creates tailings  which
are  discharged  to a  tailings pond.   The  overflow   from   the
tailings  pond   is  discharged as a waste  stream  after  solvent
extraction.    One   plant  generates  a leach   tailings   waste
stream,   and   its water use and discharge rates, are presented  in
Table  V-l (page  3526), based  on data  reported  in  the dcp.

The    data  for  leach  tailings are not presented in this  document
because  their   have   been  claimed  confidential  by   the  sampled
 facility.

MOLYBDENUM FILTRATE SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

After   vanadium  precipitation  and filtration, molybdenum may  be
 recovered from the  vanadium free   solution   by precipitation   as
 molybdic  acid.    The  depleted  solution is  filtered away and  the
 molybdic  acid  solids  are  washed  with  water.    The   combined
 depleted   solution  and  wash  water  is  treated  with  solvent
 extraction to recover additional product.    One  plant  generates
 a  molybdenum   filtrate   solvent   extraction  raffinate   waste
 stream,  and  its water use and discharge  rates   are   presented
 in  Table  V-2  (page  3526), based on  data  gathered  during  a


                                3524
-------
      SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND  VANADIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


 sampling visit.

 The  date for molybdenum  filtrate  solvent  extraction  raffinate are
 not  presented  in  this  document  because  they have   been   claimed
 confidential by the sampled facility.

 VANADIUM DECOMPOSITION WET AIR  POLLUTION  CONTROL

 Vanadium  solids  produced  in  the molybdenum-vanadium separation
 step may  be  decomposed  in   a  furnace to   vanadium    oxide.
 Off-gases  from  the decomposition furnace may be controlled with
 a  scrubber  with a wastewater  discharge.   One  plant   reported
 having   a scrubber, but reuses all of the scrubber  liquor   in a
 co-product  recovery  operation.   The water  use  and discharge
 rates for vanadium  decomposition  wet air  pollution  control  are
 presented in Table  V-3 (page 3526).

 The  date for vanadium decomposition wet air pollution  control  is
 not  presented  in  this document  because  they have   been  claimed
 confidential by the sampled facility.

 MOLYBDENUM DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Molybdic  acid  produced in the molybdenum recovery  operation may
 be converted to technical grade molybdenum trioxide  in  a  drying
 furnace.   A wet scrubber may be  used to  control  emissions  from
 this    process,    and   the  scrubber  liquor  reused   in   the
 manufacturing  process.   The water use and discharge  rates  for
 molybdenum   drying  wet air pollution control are  presented  in
 Table V-4 (page 3527).

 The  chemical  analysis  date  for  molybdenum  drying  wet   air
 pollution control are not presented in this document because they
 have been claimed confidential by the sampled facility.

 PURE GRADE MOLYBDENUM

As.a result of new  information made available after  promulgation
 of  the regulation, EPA agreed to establish a new building  block
 for pure grade molybdenum wastewater for  this subcategory.   This
building  block was not included in the promulgated rule  because
 the  wastewater from this operation was included as part  of  the
 flow  from  the molybdenum filtrate solvent  extraction  building
block.    The  new  information  indicated  that   the  pure  grade
molybdenum   process  and  the  molybdenum   solvent   extraction
operations  are not directly linked as the Agency  had  believed.
This  new  building block would apply to  the  production  of  pure
grade molybdenum from commercial grade molybdenum and as shown in
Table V-5 (page 3527)  is  based on a production normalized flow of
23,280 1/kkg of pure molybdenum produced.
                               3525
-------
     SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT  - V


                            TABLE V-l

        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE  RATES FOR LEACH TAILINGS

                                grade molybdenum plus
                                plus vanadium produced)
Plant Code

  1119
              Percent Recycle
                 or Reuse
                                  Production
                                  Normalized
                                Water Use Flow

                                    19511
  Production
  Normalized
Discharge Flow

    19511 •
                             TABLE V-2
   1119
                                  Production
             Percent Recycle      Normalized
Plant Code   "^MS**        Water Use Flow
                                       58239
                                                     Production
                                                     Normalized
                                                    Discharge Flow
                                                         58239
                              Table V-3
            (l/kkg of vanadium produced by decomposition)


                                    Production        Production
                            -i       M^T-mal i zed        Normalized
        ,,    '"""si        Wa?ef^1lo»    Discharge Plow
  Plant Code       or_ Reuse        i	
   1119
                   100
                                       27900
                                  3526
-------
     SECONDARY
 MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
                            TABLE V-4

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
           MOLYBDENUM DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Plant Code
                 (1/kkg of molybdenum produced)
Percent Recycle
   or Reuse
                                   Production
                                   Normalized
                                 Water Use Flow
  Production
  Normalized
Discharge Flow
 1119
                   100
                                       629
 Plant Code
  1119
                            TABLE V-5

                 WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES  FOR
                       PURE GRADE MOLYBDENUM

             (1/kkg of pure grade molybdenum produced)
                      Production
 Percent Recycle      Normalized
    or Reuse        Water Use Flow
                                      23280
                                                      Production
                                                      Normalized
                                                    Discharge Flow.
                                                        23280
                                 3527
-------
      SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
                            TABLE V-6

          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                -  RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
                         LEACH TAILINGS

               Stream  Sample        Concentrations (mg/1)
Pollutant       Code    Type    Source    Day-1  Day-2   Day-3

                 These data have been claimed as
               confidential business information.
                            TABLE V-7

          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                  RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
        MOLYBDENUM FILTRATE SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

               Stream  Sample        Concentrations (mg/1)
Pollutant.      Code    Type    Source    Day-1  Day-2   Day-3

                 These data have been claimed as
               confidential business information.
Pollutant
                  TABLE V-8

SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
        RAW WASTEWATER SAMPLING DATA
             MOLYBDENUM FILTRATE

     Stream  Sample        Concentrations (mg/1)
      Code    Type    Source    Day-1  Day-2   Day-3

       These data have been claimed as
     confidential business information.
Pollutant
                  T,
-------
        SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  V
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                                       3538
-------
      SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI




                            SECTION VI

                      SELECTION OF POLLUTANTS
 This    section   examines   chemical  analysis  data   presented  in
 Section V and discusses the  selection  or  exclusion of  pollutants
 for  potential limitation.  The  discussion that  follows  presents
 and   briefly   discusses   the selection   of   conventional    arid
 nonconventional   pollutants  for  effluent  limitations.     Also
 described  is  the  analysis  that   was performed     to   select
 or  exclude   priority  pollutants   for further  consideration for
 limitations  and  standards.   Pollutants  will    be    considered
 for     limitation  if  they  are    present  in  concentrations
 treatable  by  the  technologies considered  in   this  analysis.
 The   treatable    concentrations    used    for     the  priority
 metals  were  the  long-term    performance     values  achievable
 by      chemical precipitation,   sedimentation,  and  filtration.
 The   treatable  concentrations used for   the  priority  organics
 were    the  long-term performance  values   achievable   by carbon
 adsorption.

 CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT  PARAMETERS

 As  part  of  this study,   the Agency examined   samples  for   two
 conventional pollutant parameters (total suspended solids and pH)
 and  several nonconventional pollutant  parameters.   On March 18,
 1985, the  Agency published a notice of data  availability  which
 stated   that   the  Agency  was   considering   regulating    the
 nonconventional  pollutants  aluminum,  ammonia,  boron,  cobalt,
 germanium,   iron,  manganese,  molybdenum,  tin,  titanium,   and
 vanadium in this subcategory.   For promulgation,  the  Agency has
 decided  to regulate only the nonconventional pollutants ammonia,
 iron and molybdenum.   The  remaining pollutants  (aluminum, boron,
 cobalt, germanium, manganese, tin, titanium and vanadium) are  not
 selected   for  limitation  because  they  will  be   effectively
 controlled  by  the  limitations  established  for  the  selected
 priority   metal   pollutants  and  the   nonconventional   metal
 pollutants iron and molybdenum.

 CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

 The conventional  and  nonconventional  pollutants  or  pollutant
 parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:

 ammonia
 molybdenum
 iron                       •
 total suspended solids (TSS)
pH

Ammonia was measured in the raw  wastewater at  concentrations well
above  the  32.2  mg/1 considered achievable with steam stripping


                               3539
-------
     SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


treatment  and  the  100  mg/1  achievable  with  air   stripping
treatment.    In  addition,  ammonia is expected to be present in
the wastewater based on  the raw  materials  (NH^Cl) used  during
processing.     For  these  reasons,   ammonia  is  selected  for
limitation in this subcategory.

Molybdenum was detected in the raw wastewater  in  concentrations
above  the  concentration  considered  achievable  by  treatment,
1.23    mg/1.    Molybdenum   was   detected  in   all   8    raw
wastewater samples analyzed.  For  this  reason and because it is
a  principal metal produced in this subcategory,   molybdenum  is
selected for limitations in this subcategory.

Iron  was  detected in the  raw  wastewater   in   concentrations
exceeding the concentration considered achievable with treatment,
0.28  mg/1.   Iron  was detected in all 8 raw wastewater  samples
analyzed.   In addition,   iron  is  expected  to be present   in
the   wastewater because of its use as a raw material in the iron
co-precipitation  wastewater  treatment   system.     For    these
reasons,   iron  is selected for limitation in this subcategory.

TSS was measured in  all  8  raw  wastewater  samples  above  the
treatable  concentration of 2.6 mg/1.   Although the pH of  leach
tailings  was measured at 9,  which is within the 7.5 to 10 range
considered acceptable,  the  pH  of  molybdenum  filtrate solvent
extraction raffinate was measured outside  the  acceptable range.
Most   of the technologies used to remove priority metals do   so
by carefully controlling pH,  and converting the  priority metals
to precipitates.   Priority-metal-containing precipitates  should
not  be discharged.  Meeting  a  limitation on   total  suspended
solids    also    ensures   that     sedimentation   to    remove
precipitated  priority  metals has been  effective.    For  these
reasons,    both    total  suspended   solids    and    pH    are
selected  for limitation in this subcategory.

TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The  frequency  of  occurrence  of  the  priority pollutants   in
the  wastewater  samples taken was computed but has been  claimed
confidential  by the one facility that was sampled.   These  data
provide    the   basis   for the   categorization   of   specific
pollutants,   as  discussed below.   The frequency of  occurrence
analysis  is based on the  raw wastewater  data    from   streams
884  and 387  (see  Section  V).  These  sampling  data are  from
leach   tailings   and   molybdenum filtrate  solvent  extraction
raffinate raw wastewaters.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The   toxic pollutants  listed in Table VI-1 (page 3544) were not
detected  in   any  wastewater  samples  from  this  subcategory;
therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations.
                               3540
-------
     SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


TOXIC POLLUTANTS   NEVER   FOUND   ABOVE    THEIR    ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION LIMIT

The   toxic  pollutants   listed below were never   found   above
their  analytical quantification concentration in any  wastewater
samples  from  this  subcategory?   therefore,   they   are   not
selected  for consideration in establishing limitations.

 23. chloroform
126. silver
127. thallium

TOXIC POLLUTANTS  PRESENT  BELOW  CONCENTRATIONS  ACHIEVABLE  BY
TREATMENT

The   toxic  pollutants  listed  below  are  not   selected   for
consideration  in  establishing limitations because   they   were
not  found  in  any wastewater  samples  from  this   subcategory
above  concentrations considered  achievable  by   existing    or
available     treatment  technologies.   These   pollutants   are
discussed below.

114. antimony
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
121. cyanide
123. mercury
125. selenium

Antimony  was   detected  above   its  analytical  quantification
concentration   in   4 of  8  samples.   These   values are   below   the
concentration   considered  achievable  by   identified    treatment
technology    (0.47  mg/1.  Therefore,  antimony  is not  considered
for limitation.

Beryllium   was detected  above   its  analytical  quantification
concentration  in   4 of  8  samples.   These  values are   below   the
concentration  considered  achievable  by    identified    treatment
 technology    (0.2  mg/1.    Therefore,  beryllium  is not  considered
 for limitation.

Cadmium   was   detected  above   its  analytical  quantification
 concentration  in   1  of  8  samples.   This   value    is   below   the
 concentration   considered  achievable  by  identified   treatment
 technology (0.049  mg/1).   Therefore,   cadmium is  not   considered
 for limitation.

 Cyanide  was  detected  above   its   analytical   quantification
 concentration  in  2   of 6 samples. These values  are   below   the
 concentration  considered   achievable  by  identified   treatment
 technology  (0.047 mg/1).    Therefore,  cyanide is not  considered
 for limitation.

 Mercury  was  detected  above   its   analytical   quantification
 concentration   in  6   of 8 samples.  These values are below  the


                                3541
-------
     SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


concentration  considered   achievable  by  identified  treatment
technology (0.036 mg/1).   Therefore,  mercury is not  considered
for limitation.
Selenium  was
concentration
concentration
detected  above  its   analytical
in  4  of 8 samples. These values
considered  achievable  by
        quantification
       are  below  the
identified   treatment
technology (0.2 mg/1.
limitation.
         Therefore, selenium is not considered for
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The following pollutants were not selected for limitation on  the
basis  that they are detectable in the effluent from only a small
number of sources within the subcategory and  they  are  uniquely
related to only those sources.

44. methylene chloride
45. methyl chloride
5 5. naphthalene
70. diethyl phthalate

Although  these pollutants were not selected for consideration in
establishing nationwide limitations, it may be appropriate, on  a
case-by-case basis, for  the  local permitter to specify effluent
limitations.

Methylene  chloride  was  found above its treatable concentration
(0.01  mg/1)  in  2  of   3   raw   wastewater   samples.    This
compound   is not attributable to specific materials or processes
associated    with   the   secondary  molybdenum   and   vanadium
subcategory;  however it is a common solvent used  in  analytical
laboratories.   Since  the possibility of sample contamination is
likely, methylene chloride is not considered for limitation.

Methyl chloride was found above its treatable concentration (0.01
mg/1)  in 3 of 3 raw wastewater samples.   This compound  is  not
attributable  to specific materials or processes associated  with
this  subcategory;  however,   it  is  a common solvent  used  in
analytical   laboratories.   Since  the  possibility  of   sample
contamination is  likely,   methyl chloride is not considered for
limitation.

Naphthalene  was  found above its treatable  concentration  (0.01
mg/1)  in  2  of  3  samples  analyzed.  This  compound  is   not
attributable  to  specific materials or processes  used  in  this
subcategory. In addition, very little removal can be expected for
naphthalene based on its low concentration in the raw waste.  For
these reasons, naphthalene is not considered for limitations.

Diethyl  phthalate  was  found  above its treatable concentration
(0.01 mg/1) in one of 3 samples analyzed. This  compound _is  not
attributable   to  specific materials or processes used  in  this
subcategory, but is  commonly used as a plasticizer in laboratory
and  field  sampling equipment.  For   these   reasons,   diethyl
                               3542
-------
     SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


phthalate  is  not  considered for limitations.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION
IN ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

The   pollutants   listed   below   were   selected  for  further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for  this
subcategory.    These   pollutants   are  discussed  individually
following the list.

115. arsenic
119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
128. zinc

Arsenic was detected  above  its  treatable  concentration  (0.34
mg/1)  in  4  of  8  samples.   Because  arsenic  is  present  in
concentrations   exceeding  the  concentration   achievable    by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.

Chromium  was  detected above its treatable  concentration  {0.07
mg/1) in 4 of 8 samples analyzed. Because chromium is present  in
concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.

Copper was detected above its treatable concentration (0.39 mg/1)
in  7  of  8  samples analyzed.  Because  copper  is  present  in
concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.

Lead was detected above its treatable concentrations (0.08  mg/1)
in  5  of  8  samples  analyzed.  Because  lead  was  present  in
concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.

Nickel was detected above its treatable concentration (0.22 mg/1)
in 5 of 8 samples analyzed. Concentrations ranged from 1.2 to  19
mg/1.  Because nickel is present in concentrations exceeding  the
concentration  achievable by identified treatment technology,  it
is selected for consideration for limitation.

Zinc  was detected above its treatable concentration (0.23  mg/1)
in  2  of  8  samples  analyzed.  Because  zinc  is  present   in
concentrations   exceeding   the  concentration   achievable   by
identified treatment technology, it is selected for consideration
for limitation.
                               3543
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                          TABLE VI-1

                TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 1.   Acenaphthene
 2.   Acrolein
 3.   Acrylonitrile
 4.   Benzene
 5.   Benzidine
 6.   Carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
 7.   Chlorobenzene
 8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
 9.   Hexachlorobenzene
10.   1,2-dichloroethane
11.   1,1,1-trichlorethane
12.   Hexachloroethane
13.   1,1-dichloroethane
14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
15.   1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16.   Chloroethane
17.   Bis (chloromethyl) ether  (Deleted)
18.   Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19.   2-chloroethyl vinyl ether  (mixed)
20.   2-chloronaphthalene
21.   2r4,6-trichlorophenol
22.   Parachlorometa cresol
24.   2-chlorophenol
25.   1,2-dichlorobenzene
26.   1,3-dichlorobenzene
27.   1,4-dichlorobenzene
28.  3,3-dichlorobenzidine
29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
32.  1,2-dichloropropane
33.  1,2-dichloropropylene  (1,3-dichloropropene)
34.• 2,4-dimethylphenol
35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38.  Ethylbenzene
39.  Pluoranthene
40.  4-chlorophenyl  phenyl  ether
41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42.  Bis  (2-chloroisopropyl)  ether
 43.  Bis  (2-chloroethoxy)  methane
 46.  Methyl bromide  (bromomethane)
 47.  Bromoform (tribromomethane)
 48.  Dichlorobromomethane
 49.  Trichlorofluoromethane (Deleted)
                               3544
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                    TABLE VI-1 (Continued)

                TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

50.  Dichlorodifluoromethane (Deleted)
51.  Chlorodibromomethane
52.  Hexachlorobutadiene
53.  Hexachloromyclopentadiene
54.  Isophorone
56.  Nitrobenzene
57.  Nitrophenol
58.  4-nitrophenol
59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
64.  Pentachlorophenol          >
65.  Phenol
66.  Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67.  Butyl benzyl phthalate
68.  Di-n-butyl phthalate
69.  Di-n-octyl phthalate
71.  Dimethyl phthalate
72.  Benzo(a)anthracene
73.  Benzo(a)pyrene
74.  3/4-benzofluroanthene
75.  Benzo(k)fluoranthene (11, 12-benzofluoranthene)
76.  Chrysene
77.  Acenaphthylene
78.  Anthracene
79.  Benzo(ghi)perylene (I, 12-benzoperylene)
80.  Fluorene
81.  Phenanthrene
82.  Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
83.  Indeno (l,2,-cd)pyrene (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
84.  Pyrene
85.  Tetrachloroethylene
86.  Toluene
87.  Trichloroethylene*
88.  Vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
89.  Aldrin*
90.  Dieldrin*
91.  Chlordane (technical mixture and metabolities)*
92.  4,4'-DDT
93.  4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
94.  4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)*
95.  A-endosulfan-Alpha*
96.  B-endosulfan-Beta*
97.  Endosulfan sulfate*
98.  Endrin*
99.  Endrin aldehyde*
                              3545
-------
     SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
116.
129.
                     TABLE VI-1 (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
Heptachlor*
Heptachlor epoxide*
Alpha-BHC
Beta-BHC
Gamma-BBC
Delta-BHC
PCB-1242 (Arochlor
         (Arochlor
         (Arochlor
         (Arochlor
PCB-1254
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016
1242)*
1254)*
1221)*
1232)*
1248)*
1260)*
1016)*
         (Arochlor
         (Arochlor
         (Arochlor
Toxaphene*
Asbestos (Fibrous)
2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*We  did  not  analyze  for these pollutants in  samples  of  raw
wastewater  from  this subcategory.   These  pollutants  are  not
believed  to  be present based on the Agency's  best  engineering
judgement  which  included  consideration of  raw  materials  and
process operations.
                               3546
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VII




                           SECTION VII

               CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
flows,  and  characteristics  of  the  wastewaters from secondary
molybdenum and vanadium  plants.   This  section  summarizes  the
description  of  these  wastewaters  and  indicates the treatment
technologies which  are  currently  practiced  in  the  secondary
molybdenum  and  vanadium  subcategory  for  each  waste  stream*
Secondly,  this  section  presents  the  control  and  treatment
technology options which were examined by the Agency for possible
application to the secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory.

CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

This  section  presents a summary of the  control  and  treatment
technologies that are currently  being  applied  to each  of  the
sources generating wastewater in this subcategory. As   discussed
in   Section   V,  wastewater  associated   with   the  secondary
molybdenum  and  vanadium  subcategory is  characterized  by  the
presence  of  ammonia,  iron, molybdenum, toxic metal  pollutants
and  suspended  solids.   This  analysis  is  supported   by  the
wastewater data presented for 2 raw waste streams in  Section  V.
Generally,   these  pollutants  are present  in   each   of   the
waste  streams  at concentrations above treatability,  and  these
waste  streams are commonly  combined  for  treatment.   Combined
treatment allows plants to take advantage of economic  scale  and
in  some  instances  to  combine streams of different  alkalinity
to reduce treatment  chemical  requirements.  The  one  plant  in
this  subcategory  currently  has a combined wastewater treatment
system,    consisting   of   ammonia   air   stripping,   caustic
precipitation  and  sedimentation.   The   two   options selected
for  consideration for BPT,  BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment based on
combined  treatment of  these  compatible  waste  streams will be
summarized toward the end of this section.

LEACH TAILINGS

The   calcined  product  from the roasting furnace  is  quenched,
ground and leached with water  in  order  to  remove  inerts  and
other   impurities  and solubilize molybdenum and vanadium.    The
pregnant  liquor  from leaching is a  solution   containing   the
molybdenum    and   vanadium   values.   Leaching  also   produces
tailings  which  may  be  discharged  as  a waste  stream   after
solvent  extraction. The one plant in this subcategory  generates
a leach tailings wastewater stream, and treats it along with  the
molybdenum  filtrate  solvent  extraction  raffinate   wastewater
stream    with    chemical   precipitation    and  sedimentation.-
The  wastewater  is  directly  discharged  after treatment.
                               3547
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VII


MOLYBDENUM FILTRATE SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

Treatment  of  molybdenum  filtrate solvent extraction  raffinate
consists of chemical precipitation and sedimentation, along  with
preliminary  treatment consisting of ammonia air  stripping.  The
wastewater  is directly discharged after treatment.

VANADIUM DECOMPOSITION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Emissions  from  a  vanadium decomposition furnace are controlled
with  a  wet  scrubber.  The scrubber liquor  is  reused  in  the
process  so there is no discharge from the air pollution  control
operation.

MOLYBDENUM DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Molybdic acid produced in the molybdenum  recovery  operation  is
converted to molybdenum trioxide in a calcining furnace.  The one
plant  in  this  subcategory  uses  a  wet  scrubber  to  control
emissions from the molybdenum  drying  furnace,  but  reuses  all
of  the  scrubber  liquor  in  the  molybdic  acid  process.   No
wastewater is discharged from the scrubber.

PURE GRADE MOLYBDENUM

As  discussed in Section V, EPA established a new building  block
for  pure grade molybdenum wastewater.  Pure grade molybdenum  is
produced  from  molybdic acid.  Wastewater from this  process  is
discharged after treatment.

CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

The Agency examined two control and treatment technology  options
that  are  applicable  to  the  secondary molybdenum and vanadium
subcategory.  The options selected  for  evaluation  represent  a
combination  of  preliminary treatment technologies applicable to
individual    waste   streams,    and    end-of-pipe    treatment
technologies.   The effectiveness of these treatment technologies
are discussed in Section VII of Vol. I.

OPTION A

Option  A  for  the secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory
requires  control  and  treatment  technologies  to  reduce   the
discharge of wastewater pollutant mass.

The  Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology.  Specifically, lime or  some  other
alkaline  compound is used to precipitate priority metal ions  as
metal  hydroxides.  The  metal hydroxides  and  suspended  solids
settle out and the sludge is collected. Vacuum filtration is used
to dewater sludge.

Preliminary  treatment  consisting of ammonia air  stripping  for
waste  streams  containing treatable concentrations of ammonia is


                               3548
-------
   SECONDARY MOii*BDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATBGORi  SECT - VII


also  included in Option  A.    Air stripping  is  an   effective
method  for  reducing  ammonia  concentrations.

Also  included  is  treatment consisting of iron (ferric chloride
or  ferrous  sulfate) co-precipitation   to   reduce   molybdenum
concentrations.     Iron   co-precipitation   is   an   effective
treatment step for molybdenum removal.

OPTION C

Option C for the secondary molybdenum  and  vanadium  subcategory
consists  of  all  control and treatment requirements of Option A
(ammonia  air  stripping,    iron    co-precipitation,   chemical
precipitation   and  sedimentation)  plus  multimedia  filtration
technology added at the end of the  Option  A  treatment  scheme.
Multimedia   filtration  is  used  to  remove  suspended  solids,
including  precipitates  of  metals,  "beyond  the   concentration
attainable  by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is of
the gravity,  mixed-media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid  sand  filters  or pressure filters would perform
satisfactorily.  The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
                               3549
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SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VII
            THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                             3550
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII



                          SECTION VIII

           COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a  summary  of  compliance  costs  for  the
secondary  molybdenum  and vanadium subcategory and a description
of  the treatment options  and  subcategory-specific  assumptions
used  to  develop  these  estimates.  Together with the estimated
pollutant removal performance presented  in  Section  X  of  this
supplement,  these  cost estimates provide a basis for evaluating
each regulatory option.  These cost estimates are  also  used  in
determining  the  probable  economic  impact of regulation on the
subcategory  at  different  pollutant   discharge   levels.    In
addition,  this  section addresses nonw.ater quality environmental
impacts  of  wastewater  treatment  and   control   alternatives,
including  air  pollution, solid wastes, and energy requirements,
which are specific  to  the  secondary  molybdenum  and  vanadium
subcategory.

TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

As  discussed  in  Section  VII,  two treatment options have been
developed for existing secondary molybdenum and vanadium sources.
The treatment schemes for each option are  summarized  below  and
schematically  presented in Figures X-l and X-2 (pages  3585  and
3586).

OPTION A

The  Option  A  treatment  scheme   includes preliminary treatment
consisting   of  ammonia  air stripping   for    waste    streams
containing    treatable    concentrations    of   ammonia,   iron
co-precipitation,  and chemical precipitation  and  sedimentation
end-of-pipe  treatment technology.

OPTION C

Option   C   consists  of  Option  A (ammonia air stripping,  iron
co-precipitation,       and       chemical     precipitation  and
sedimentation)   plus  multimedia   filtration technology added at
the end of the Option A treatment scheme.

COST METHODOLOGY

A detailed discussion of the  methodology  used  to  develop  the
compliance   costs  is  presented  in  Section VIII of the General
Development  Document.   Plant-by-plant compliance costs for   the
nonferrous   metals  manufacturing   category  have been revised as
necessary  following   proposal.    These   revisions   calculate
incremental  costs, above treatment  already in place, necessary to
comply  with the  promulgated effluent limitations and standards
and are presented in the administrative  record  supporting  this


                               3551
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII


regulation.   The  costs developed for the final  regulation  are
presented  in  Table  VIII-1  (page  3556)  for  the  one  direct
discharger in this subcategory.

Each  of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
is presented in Section VIII of the General Development Document.
Each subcategory contains a unique set of waste streams requiring
certain  subcategory-specific assumptions to  develop  compliance
costs.    Three  major  assumptions  relevant  to  the  secondary
molybdenum and vanadium subcategory are discussed briefly  below.

(1) Only the molybdenum  filtrate  solvent  extraction  raffinate
will  be  treated for ammonia removal.

(2) The plant has a chemical precipitation and  gravity  settling
system currently in-place.

(3) For costing purposes,  ammonia air stripping performance data
is  transferred to this subcategory  from  a plant in the primary
beryllium  subcategory.

NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Nonwater  quality impacts specific  to  the secondary  molybdenum
and vanadium subcategory,  including energy requirements,   solid
waste and air pollution are discussed below.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

The methodology used for determining the energy requirements  for
the  various  options is discussed in Section VIII of the General
Development Document.   Energy  requirements  for  Option  A  are
estimated  at  1,000,000  kwh/yr,  and for Option C the estimated
requirement is 1,023,000  kwh/yr.   Both  options  require  large
amounts   of  energy  because ammonia air stripping is an  energy
intensive technology.  Option C energy requirements increase over
those for Option A  because  filtration  is  being  added  as  an
end-of-pipe  treatment  technology.   Both Option A and Option  C
energy  requirements represent approximately ten percent of   the
energy  usage  in the secondary molybdenum and vanadium industry.
Although this is a large percentage  increase,  the  added  costs
will  be  partially  offset  by  the  additional  ammonia  values
recovered by the facility.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge  generated  in  the  secondary  molybdenum  and   vanadium
subcategory  is  due to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and
carbonates using lime or  other  chemicals.   Sludges  associated
with  the  secondary  molybdenum  and  vanadium  subcategory will
necessarily  contain  quantities  of priority  metal  pollutants.
Wastes  generated  by  secondary   metal   industries   can    be
regulated   as hazardous.    However,   the  Agency examined  the
solid  wastes  that  would be generated at  secondary  nonferrous
metals    manufacturing   plants  by  the   suggested   treatment


                               3552
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  VIII


technologies  and believes they are   not    hazardous    wastes
under  the  Agency's  regulations implementing  Section   3001   of
the   Resource   Conservation   and  Recovery   Act.     The    one
exception   to   this   is  solid  wastes  generated   by cyanide
precipitation.   These  sludges  are  expected to  be    hazardous
and   this  judgment  was included in this study.  None   of    the
non  cyanide   wastes  are  listed   specifically   as  hazardous.
Nor   are   they likely to exhibit a characteristic of  hazardous
waste.    This  judgment  is  made   based  on  the     recommended
technology   of   chemical   precipitation   sedimentation,    and
filtration.   By the addition of a small excess  of  lime during
treatment,    similar  sludges,    specifically   priority  metal
bearing  sludges,  generated by other industries such  as the iron
and  steel  industry   passed  the  Extraction   Procedure   (EP)
toxicity  test.    See 40 CPR 261.24„ Thus, the  Agency   believes
that   the   wastewater   sludges  will similarly   not   be    EP
toxic  if  the  recommended technology is applied.

Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are  not  expected  to  be  hazardous,
generators  of  these  wastes must test the waste to determine  if
the wastes meet any of the  characteristics  of  hazardous  waste
(see 40 CPR 262«,11).

If  these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the  scope  of  RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator  standards  would  require  generators   of   hazardous
nonferrous  metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting  requirements;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site,  they would have to prepare
a  manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted  off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility.   See 40 CFR 262.20 45  PR  33142   (May 19,
1980),  as  amended  at  45  PR  86973  (December 31, 1980).   The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
to  comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility.   See 40 CPR 263.20 45 PR 33151
(May 19,   1980), as amended at 45 PR 86973 (December  31,  1980).
Finally,  RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment,  storage,  and  disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464.  46 PR 2802 (January 12, 1981),
47 PR 32274 (July 26, 1982).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they  still
must  be   disposed  of  in  compliance  with  the Subtitle D open
dumping standards,  implementing 4004 of RCRA.   See  44  PR  53438
(September  13,   1979).   EPA  estimates that 850  metric  tons  of.
sludge  will be generated annually as a result of the  wastewater
treatment operations on this subcategory.
                               3553
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII


AIR POLLUTION

There is no reason to believe that any substantial air  pollution
problems    will  result  from  implementation  of  ammonia  _air
stripping,   iron   co-precipitation,   chemical   precipitation,
sedimentation, and  multimedia filtration.  Ammonia air stripping
as  presently  practiced  at the one plant  in  this  subcategory
yields    an  aqueous  ammonium salt by-product   stream.     The
other  technologies   transfer  pollutants  to  solid  waste  and
are  not likely to transfer pollutants to air.
                               3554
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII
                          Table VIII-1
The  cost  of compliance data are not presented here because  the
data   on  which  they  are  based  have  been  claimed   to   be
confidential.
                               3555
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - VIII
             THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                             3556
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                           SECTION IX

               BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
                       CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This  section  defines  the  effluent  characteristics attainable
through the application of best  practicable  control  technology
currently    available    (BPT).    BPT  reflects  the   existing
performance   by   plants  of   various    sizes,    ages,    and
manufacturing  processes  within  the  secondary  molybdenum  and
vanadium subcategory, as well as the established  performance  of
the  recommended  BPT systems.  Particular consideration is given
to the treatment already in place at p'lants within the data base.

The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total  cost
of  applying the technology in relation to the efflue.nt reduction
benefits  from  such  application,  the  age  of  equipment   and
facilities  involved,  the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts  (including  energy  requirements),
and  other  factors  the Administrator considers appropriate.  In
general, the BPT level represents the  average  of  the  existing
performances  of  plants  of  various  ages, sizes, processes, or
other common  characteristics.  Where  existing  performance   is
uniformly  inadequate,  BPT  may  be transferred from a different
subcategory  or  category.   Limitations  based  on  transfer  of
technology  are  supported  by  a  rationale  concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable  prediction
that  it  will  be, capable  of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits.  BPT   focuses   on  end-of-pipe  treatment  rather  than
process  changes  or  internal  controls,   except   where   such
practices are common industry practice.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT

The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes  used,  the  wastewaters  generated,  and the treatment
processes installed.  Information  was  collected  from  industry
using  data  collection  portfolios,  and  specific  plants  were
sampled  and  the  wastewaters  analyzed.   In  making  technical
assessments  of  data,  reviewing  manufacturing  processes,  and
assessing wastewater treatment technology options, both  indirect
and  direct  dischargers  have been considered as a single group.
An examination of plants  and  processes  did  not  indicate  any
process differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be
direct or indirect.

As explained in Section IV, the secondary molybdenum and vanadium
subcategory  has  been  subdivided into five potential wastewater
sources.  Since the water use,  discharge  rates,  and  pollutant
characteristics  of  each  of  these  wastewaters  is potentially
unique, effluent limitations will be developed for  each  of  the


                               3557
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


five building blocks.

For  each  building block, a specific approach was  followed  for
the development of BPT mass limitations. The first requirement to
calculate these limitations is to account for production and flow
variability from plant to plant. Therefore, a unit of  production
or production normalizing parameter (PNP) was determined for each
waste  stream  which could then be related to the flow  from  the
process to determine a production normalized flow.  Selection  of
the  PNP for each process element is discussed in   Section   IV.
Each   plant   within   the  subcategory  was  then  analyzed  to
determine which building blocks were present, the  specific  flow
rates generated for each subdivision, and the specific production
normalized  flows   for  each  subdivision.  This   analysis   is
discussed in detail in Section V.  Nonprocess wastewaters such as
rainfall  runoff and noncontact water are  not considered in  the
analysis.  Production normalized flows for each subdivision  were
then  analyzed  to determine the flow to be used as part  of  the
basis  for  BPT mass limitations.  The selected  flow  (sometimes
referred   to  as  the  BPT  regulatory  flow  or  BPT  discharge
rate) reflects the water use controls which are common  practices
within  the category.  The BPT regulatory flow is  based on   the
average   of all applicable data.  Plants with  normalized  flows
above  the  average  may have to implement some  method  of  flow
reduction to achieve the BPT limitations.

The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is  the  set
of  concentrations  that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in   place
for  each  wastewater source.  In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation  and
sedimentation   (lime  and settle technology) and a combination of
reuse  and recycle to reduce flow.    Ammonia  air stripping  _is
applied  to  streams  with  treatable  concentrations of ammonia.
Iron co-precipitation, is  applied  to   streams  with  treatable
concentrations of molybdenum.

Using  these  regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for  each  wastewater
source   or   subdivision.    This  calculation  was  made  on  a
stream-by-stream   basis,   primarily  because  plants  in   this
subcategory  may perform one or more of  the operations in various
combinations.  The mass loadings   (milligrams  of  pollutant  per
metric  ton of production  (mg/kkg) were  calculated by multiplying
the BPT regulatory flow  (1/kkg) by the   concentration  achievable
by  the  BPT  level  of   treatment  technology   (mg/1)  for  each
pollutant parameter  to be  limited under  BPT.  These mass loadings
are  published  in the Federal Register and  in 40 CFR Part 421  as
the BPT effluent limitations.

The mass discharge loadings which are allowed under BPT for  each
plant will be   the   sum   of  the   individual  mass  loadings  for
the   various   wastewater   sources   which   are    found    at
particular   plants. Accordingly,  all   the wastewater  generated


                                3558
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


within  a  plant  may be combined for treatment in  a  single  or
common   treatment   system, but  the  effluent  limitations  for
these  combined wastewaters are based on the  various  wastewater
sources  which  actually contribute to the combined  flow.   This
method accounts for  the  variety  of combinations of  wastewater
sources and production processes which may be found at  secondary
molybdenum and vanadium plants.

The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass  rather  than concentration.  This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except  for  controlling  pH).
The  production  normalized  wastewater  flow   (1/kkg)  is_a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.

The pollutant discharge attributable to  each   operation  can  be
calculated  from  the  regulatory (normalized)  flow and  effluent
concentration  achievable  by  the  treatment   technology.  These
discharges  may be summed  to  derive  an appropriate  limitation
for each plant.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

In  balancing  costs   in relation to pollutant  removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges,  the
volume  and  nature  of  discharges expected after application of
BPT,  the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost  and economic  impacts  of   the  required   pollution  control
level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality  problems  attributable  to  particular point sources or
industries, or water quality   improvements   in  particular  water
quality  bodies.   Accordingly,  water quality considerations were
not  the basis  for  selecting the  proposed or  promulgated BPT.

The  methodology for  calculating  pollutant removal  estimates  and
plant compliance  costs  is  discussed  in Section X.   The pollutant
removal  estimates  have been revised based on new  data   obtained
since proposal.   The  pollutant discharge  and removal estimates
for  the  secondary  molybdenum and vanadium subcategory are   shown
 in   Table   X-l  (page 3577).   Compliance   costs  for  the  direct
discharger are presented in Table X-2  (page  3578).

BPT  OPTION SELECTION

 The  technology  basis   for   the BPT   limitations   is Option   A,
 chemical  precipitation  and   sedimentation  technology  to  remove
metals and solids  from combined wastewaters  and  to   control   pH,
 ammonia     air  stripping   preliminary    treatment    to    remove
 ammonia,   and  iron   co-precipitation   to   reduce  molybdenum
 concentrations.    The Agency  believes that  these  technologies  are
 economically achievable.

 The   promulgated  technology  is  based  on  air  stripping   instead
 of  steam stripping for ammonia as  had been proposed because  the
 economic impact analysis showed that the costs  of steam stripping
 may  cause  the  only  facility  in  the  subcategory  to  close.


                                3559
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 Therefore,  the Agency concluded  that steam stripping   technology
 is   not  practicable  for  this  subcategory  and  decided  to rely  on
 air  stripping  which is  already  in  place.   The  Agency  is   also
 adding iron coprecipitation to the BPT model treatment technology
 for  this  subcategory  for  molybdenum  removal.    Ammonia  air
 stripping   and   chemical   precipitation  and     sedimentation
 technology  is  in-place  at the discharger  in  this  subcategory.
 The  BPT treatment scheme is   presented   in  Figure  IX-1   (page
 3563).

 Ammonia   air   stripping  is currently    practiced    in     the
 subcategory,   and  by  other  plants in  the  nqnferrous metals
 manufacturing   category.    Air  stripping   is   an    effective
 method  for  reducing ammonia   concentrations.    The    secondary
 molybdenum facility   recovers   ammonia values  in   a   by-product
 ammonium  chloride    recovery  system,   thus preventing ammonia
 discharge  to the  atmosphere.

 Iron  co-precipitation   is  not  currently practiced  in    this
 subcategory,  however,  it  is transferred to  this  subcategory
 because existing treatment for molybdenum  removal is  inadequate.
 Iron  co-precipitation   is  an  effective   method   for   reducing
 molybdenum concentrations in wastewater.

 Implementation  of  the   control  and  treatment  technologies of
 Option A would remove annually an   estimated  319   kilograms  of
 toxic   metals   and  28,000 kilograms of   TSS   over    estimated
 current   discharge.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE  RATES

 A   BPT discharge rate is  calculated  for each subdivision  based on
 the  average of the flows of the existing  plants,  as  determined
 from analysis  of  dcp.   The discharge   rate  is  used  with the
 achievable treatment  concentrations  to  determine   BPT   effluent
 limitations.   Since  the discharge rate may  be different  for each
 wastewater  sources,  separate  production   normalized  discharge
 rates for each of.the five wastewater sources are discussed below
 and    summarized   in  Table   IX-1  (page 3563).   The   discharge
 rates   are normalized on a  production  basis  by   relating  the
 amount    of  wastewater   generated   to    the   mass    of   the
 intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
 with the waste stream in question.  These production  normalizing
 parameters,  or  PNPs, are also listed in Table IX-1.

 Section  V  of this document further describes the discharge flow
 rates  and  presents  the water use and discharge  flow  rates  by
 subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5  (pages 3526 -  3527).

 LEACH TAILINGS

The  BPT  wastewater  regulatory flow rate at  proposal   and   at
promulgation   for  leach   tailings  was  12,540  1/kkg   (3,012
gal/ton)  of molybdenum and  vanadium produced.   EPA has agreed to
 revise  the leach tailing regulatory flow from 12,540  to  19,511


                               3560
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  IX


1/kkg   of  technical grade molybdenum plus  vanadium  plus  pure
grade molybdenum produced.  This change  reflects a   recalculation
of   the   average  flows  for  this  building  block    and    the
incorporation of new data.  This rate is allocated  only  for  those
plants  which   leach  calcined  spent   catalysts,   in   order   to
extract  molybdenum  and  vanadium.   Water  use  and  wastewater
discharge  rates  are  presented  in  Table V-l (page 3526).

MOLYBDENUM FILTRATE SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAPFINATE

The  BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  promulgated  for molybdenum
filtrate solvent extraction raffinate  was 60,548   1/kkg  (14,544
gal/ton)  of  molybdenum  and  vanadium  produced.  EPA has agreed
to  revise the molybdenum filtrate solvent  extraction   raffinate
regulatory  flow from 60,548 to 58,239 1/kkg of  technical   grade
molybdenum  plus  vanadium plus pure grade  molybdenum   produced.
This  change reflects the establishment of a new  building   block
for  pure  grade molybdenum.  The BPT rate is allocated  to  only
those  plants  recovering  molybdenum  and  vanadium  from   spent
catalysts by a dissolution and precipitation process.

Water   use  and  discharge  rates are shown in Table  V-2   (page
3526).    These rates are based on data gathered during  a  post-
proposal  sampling visit.

VANADIUM DECOMPOSITION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The   BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  at  proposal     and    at
promulgation   for  vanadium  decomposition  wet   air   pollution
control  is 0.1/kkg of vanadium produced by decomposition.   This
rate  is  based  on  the 100   percent  reuse  practiced   within
this   operation.   The  water  use  and  discharge  rates    are
presented  in Table V-3 (page 3526).

MOLYBDENUM DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  BPT  wastewater  discharge rate proposed and promulgated for
molybdenum drying  wet  air  pollution  control  is  0  1/kkg  of
molybdenum produced.  This rate is based on the 100 percent reuse
practiced  by  the only plant with this operation.   The water use
and discharge rates are presented in Table V-4 (page 3527).

PURE GRADE MOLYBDENUM

EPA  has established a pure grade molybdenum building  block  for
this subcategory.  As discussed in Section V,  this  building block
was  not included in the promulgated rule because  the  wastewater
from  this  operation was included as  part of the  flow  from  the
molybdenum filtrate solvent extraction raffinate building  block.
Information made available after promulgation indicated that  the
pure  grade molybdenum and the solvent extraction  operations  are
not as closely linked as the Agency had believed.   This  building
block would apply to the production of pure grade  molybdenum from
commercial  grade  molybdenum  and  is  based  on   a   production
normalized flow of 23,280 1/kkg of pure molybdenum produced.


                               3561
-------
   SECONDARY  MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                   SECT - IX
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The raw wastewater -ncentrations from Indivldua! operatlons^and





                            ow:
under BPT and are listed below:
115. arsenic
119. chromium
122. lead
124. nickel
     ammonia
     molybdenum
     iron
     TSS
     pH
 EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

 The   concentrations   achievable    by  ^j£i«£«»ol.  °*ol.th*
 technology   are   discussed   in   »~tion  ^vii   o

           ySS--Si an|olyS  " TJ~t  ^oni
 concentrations.  The   treatment   effectiveness         molybdenum
                                 3562
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT  -  IX
                            TABLE IX-1

             BPT REGULATORY FLOW ALLOWANCES FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
Building Block

1. Leach tailings
    BAT Regulatory
    Flow Allowance
(1/kkg)  (gal/ton)
2. Molybdenum filtrate
   solvent extraction
   raffinate
3. Vanadium decomposi-
   tion wet air pollu-
   tion control

4. Molybdenum drying
   wet air pollution
   control

5. Pure grade molyb-
   denum
   19511
   58239
 4687
13989
   23280
 5592
      PNP

kkg of technical grade
molybdenum plus vana-
dium plus pure grade
molybdenum produced

kkg of technical grade
molybdenum plus vana-
dium plus pure grade
molybdenum produced

kkg of vanadium pro-
duced by decomposition
                      kkg of molybdenum pro-
                      duced
 kkg  of pure molybdenum
 produced
                                 3563
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                           TABLE IX-2

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Leach Tailings  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
    Maximum for
    any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
*TSS
*pH
          40.778
           8.585
          37.077
           8.195
          37,460
          28.489
         125.452
        8078.000
          35.895
           4.097
           8.585
          23.410
          13.267
        Reserved
           7.414
          18.344
           1.951
         799.950
Within the range of 7
          18.145
           3.512
          19.511
           3.902
          24.779
          11.902
          62.438
        3551.000
          16.384
           1.757
           3.512
          11.902
           5.659
        Reserved
           4.293
           7.999

         380.460
  5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3564
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
    Maximum for
    any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
^Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
*TSS
*pH
         121.720
          25.625
         110.610  '
          24.460
         111.820
          85.029
         374.454
       24114.000
         107.152
          12.235
          25.624
          69.887
          39.600
        Reserved
          22.133
          54.749
           5.824
        2387.800
Within the range of 7,
           54.162
           10.483
           58.241
           11.648
           73.964
           35.522
          186.410
        10600.000
           48.920
            5.241
           10.484
           35.526
           16.890
         Reserved
           12.817
           23.873

         1135.660
  5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3565
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c)  Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
*Arsenic
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Zinc
Aluminum
*Ammonia
Boron
Cobalt
Germanium
*Iron
Manganese
*Molybdenum
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
*TSS
*pH Within
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
the range of
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
— — —
0.000
7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3566
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million IDS) of molybdenum produced
*Arsenic                      0.000
*Chromium                     0.000
 Copper                       0.000
*Lead                         0.000
*Nickel                       0.000
 Zinc                         0.000
 Aluminum                     0.000
*Ammonia                      0.000
 Boron                        0.000
 Cobalt                       0.000
 Germanium                    0.000
*Iron                         0.000
 Manganese                    0.000
*Molybdenum                   0.000
 Tin                          0.000
 Titanium                     0.000
 Vanadium                     0.000
*TSS                          0.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10,
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000
                           0.000

                           0.000
              0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3567
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX


                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                  BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
  Maximum for
  any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of pure molybdenum produced"
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia (as N)
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
*TSS
*pH
   48.655
   10.243
   44.232
    9.778
   44.698
   33.990
  149.700
 9638.000
   42.840
    4.889
   10.240
   27.936
   15.830
 Reserved
    8.846
   21.880
    2.329
  954.480
  21.650
   4.190
  23.280
   4.656
  29.566
  14.200
  74.500
4239.000
  19.500
   2.095
   4.190
  14.201
   6.751
Reserved
   5.122
   9.545

  453.960
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                                3568
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
   SECT  -  IX
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                            3569
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IX
            THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                             3570
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - x


                            SECTION x

        BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
industrial  category or subcategory, or by another category  from
which  it  is  transferable. Emphasis  is  placed  on  additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
currently used, as  well as reduction of the amount of water used
and   discharged,  process  control,  and  treatment   technology'
optimization.

The  factors  considered  in  assessi-ng best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age  of  equipment  and
facilities  involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts  (including  energy  requirements),
and    the   costs  of  application  of  such   technology.   BAT
represents   the    best    available   technology   economically
achievable  at  plants of various ages,  sizes,   processes,   or
other    characteristics.  BAT  may  be   transferred   from    a
different  subcategory   or   category  and  BAT   may    include
feasible  process changes or internal controls, even when not  in
common  industry practice.

The  statutory  assessment  of  BAT considers costs, but does not
require  a  balancing of  costs   against   pollutant   removals.
However,  in  assessing the proposed and promulgated   BAT,   the
Agency    has  given   substantial   weight   to   the   economic
achievability of the technology.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

The Agency reviewed  a  wide  range  of  technology  options  and
evaluated  the  available  possibilities  to ensure that the .most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the  basis  of
BAT.   To  accomplish  this,  the  Agency  elected to examine two
technology options  which  could  be  applied  to  the  secondary
molybdenum and vanadium subcategory as alternatives for the basis
of BAT effluent limitations.

For  the  development  of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in  the
subcategory  using  the  same  technical approach as described in
Section  IX for BPT limitations development.  The  differences  in
the  mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness  achievable  with  the   more   sophisticated   BAT
treatment technology.


The  treatment  technologies  considered  for  BAT are summarized
below:


                               3571
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
Option A (Figure X-l page 3585) is based on:

o Preliminary treatment with ammonia air stripping
  (where required)
o Iron coprecipitation
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation


Option C (Figure X-2 page 3586) is based on:


o Preliminary treatment with ammonia air stripping
  (where required)
o Iron coprecipitation
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration

The two options examined for BAT are discussed in great detail on
the following pages.  The first option considered (Option  A)  is
the  same  as  the BPT treatment and control technology which was
presented in the previous section.  The second option  represents
substantial progress toward the reduction of pollutant discharges
above and beyond the progress  achievable by BPT.

OPTION A

Option A for the secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory is
equivalent  to  the control and treatment technologies which were
analyzed for BPT  in  Section  IX   (see  Figure  X-l).   The  BPT
end-of-pipe  treatment   scheme  includes  chemical precipitation
and   sedimentation,   with  ammonia  air stripping   preliminary
treatment  of  wastewaters containing treatable  concentrations of
ammonia  and iron co-precipitation  to  control  molybdenum   (see
Figure  IX-1, page 3563).  The discharge rates  for Option A  are
equal  to the discharge  rates  allocated to each  stream as  a  BPT
discharge flow.

OPTION C

Option  C   for  the secondary  molybdenum and vanadium subcategory
consists of all control  and treatment requirements  of   Option   A
 (ammonia    air   stripping,    iron   co-precipitation,   chemical
precipitation   and    sedimentation)   plus multimedia  filtration
technology  added  at the  end of the  Option A treatment scheme  (see
Figure  X-2f page 3586). Multimedia filtration is used  to   remove
suspended  solids,  including precipitates of    metals, beyond   the
concentrations  attainable  by   gravity  sedimentation. The   filter
suggested   is  of  the   gravity, mixed media  type, although   other
forms   of   filters,    such as rapid  sand   filters   or  pressure
filters, would perform satisfactorily.
                                3572
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option, EPA  developed
estimates  of  the  pollutant  removals  and the compliance costs
associated with each option.   The  methodologies  are  described
below.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

A  complete  description of the methodology used to calculate the
estimated  pollutant  reduction,  or  benefit,  achieved  by  the
application  of  the  various  treatment  options is presented in
Section  X of Vol. I.   The  pollutant removal   estimates   have
been  revised  since  proposal based on new  data;  however,  the
methodology for calculating pollutant removals was not changed.

Next,  the  volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by first comparing the actual discharge to  the  regulatory
flow.  The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with
the other plant flows.  The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated  by  multiplying  the  achievable  concentration values
attainable with the option  (mg/1)  by  the  estimated  volume  of
process  wastewater  discharged by the subcategory.  Finally, the
mass of pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated
mass of pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory  and
the  mass  of  pollutant, discharged  after  application  of  the
treatment option.  The pollutant removal estimates for the direct
discharger in  the secondary molybdenum and  vanadium  subcategory
are presented  in Table X-l  (page 3563).

COMPLIANCE COSTS

In  estimating subcategory-wide  compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total  costs
associated   with    installation   and  operation  of  wastewater
treatment technologies to   plant  process  wastewater  discharge.
EPA   applied  the model to each plant.  The plant's investment and
operating costs are  determined by what treatment it has in  place
and   by   its   individual  process  wastewater discharge flow.  As
discussed above, this flow   is  either  the  actual  or   the  BAT
regulatory   flow,  whichever  is  lesser.   The final step was to
annualize the  capital costs, and to sum  the  annualized  capital
costs,   and   the  operating and maintenance costs for each plant,
yielding   the  cost    of   compliance  for   the    subcategory.
The   costs  developed for promulgation  are  presented in Table X-2
 (page 3578)  for  the  direct  discharger  in the secondary molybdenum
and   vanadium   subcategory. These costs were used   in  assessing
economic achievability.

BAT  OPTION  SELECTION-PROPOSAL

EPA  selected Option  C  for   the  proposed  BAT  which  includes
 chemical precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia  filtration,
with ammonia steam  stripping preliminary  treatment of  wastewaters


                                3573
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


containing treatable concentrations of  ammonia.

BAT OPTION SELECTION-PROMULGATION

After proposal, EPA collected additional data during  a  sampling
episode   at   one  facility  in this  subcategory.   These  data
include flow and production information, raw wastewater pollutant
loadings, and  treatment in-place information.  These  data  were
used to calculate production normalized flow rates and regulatory
flow  allowances.   These  data  were also used for recalculating
pollutant removal estimates and for revising compliance costs.

EPA  promulgated  BAT limitations for this subcategory  based  on
iron coprecipitation, chemical precipitation,  sedimentation  and
multimedia  filtration,  with preliminary treatment consisting of
ammonia  air  stripping.  The  end-of-pipe technology basis   for
the BAT limitations being promulgated is the same as that for the
proposed limitations with the addition of iron coprecipitation to
control  molybdenum.   In  addition,  the  treatment  performance
concentrations   for  toxic  metals,   upon  which  the   mass
limitations are based,  are equal to the values used to calculate
the proposed mass limitations.

EPA   is  promulgating multimedia  filtration  as  part  of   the
BAT  technology  because  this  technology  is  demonstrated   in
the nonferrous   metals   manufacturing   industry,  and  results
in   additional  removal  of  priority  metals.    In   addition,
filtration  adds reliability to the treatment system by making it
less susceptible to operator error and to sudden changes in   raw
wastewater  flow and pollutant concentrations.

Implementation  of  the  control  and  treatment  technologies of
Option C would remove annually  an  estimated  395  kilograms  of
priority metal  pollutants,   which  is  75 kilograms of priority
metal pollutants over the estimated BPT  removal.    The  ammonia
air stripping  technology  of  Option  C
an     estimated    569,296   kilograms
coprecipitation  would  remove  annually
of  molybdenum.
would  remove  annually
 of    ammonia.    Iron
an estimated 18,532  kg
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A BAT discharge  rate was calculated for  each  subdivision  based
upon  the  flows  of  the  existing  plants,  as  determined from
analysis of  the  data collection portfolios.  The  discharge  rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT  effluent limitations.   Since  the  discharge  rate  may be
different  for   each  wastewater  source,   separate   production
normalized   discharge   rates  for  each  of  the  five wastewater
sources  were determined and are summarized in  Table  X-3   (page
3579).    The discharge  rates are normalized  on  a  production
basis by relating the   amount  of  wastewater  generated  to  the
mass    of    the intermediate  product which is produced  by  the
process  associated  with the waste stream  in  question.   These
production    normalizing parameters, or PNPs, are also listed  in
                                3574
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
Table X-3.

The  promulgated BAT discharge rates are equal to the promulgated
BPT discharge rates.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The raw  wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
pollutants   and  pollutant  parameters  for   limitation.   This
examination   and  evaluation was presented in Section  VI.   The
Agency,   however,  has  chosen  not to regulate all  six   toxic
pollutants selected in this analysis.

The   high  cost  associated  with  analysis  for   toxic   metal
pollutants has prompted EPA to develop an alternative method  for
regulating  and  monitoring  priority'pollutant  discharges  from
the  nonferrous  metals  manufacturing  category.    Rather  than
developing   specific effluent  mass  limitations  and  standards
for each of the toxic metals found in treatable concentrations in
the  raw  wastewater from  a  given  subcategory,  the Agency  is
promulgating   effluent   mass  limitations  only    for    those
pollutants  generated  in  the greatest  quantities  as shown  by
the  pollutant  removal  analysis.  The pollutants  selected  for
specific limitation are listed below:

115. arsenic
119. chromium
122. lead
124. nickel
     ammonia (as N)
     molybdenum
     iron

By   establishing limitations and standards for   selected  toxic
metal  pollutants,  dischargers will attain the same  degree   of
control   over   priority metal toxic as they  would  have   been
required   to   achieve had all the priority  metal  toxic   been
directly limited.

This  approach  is  technically  justified  since  the  treatable
concentrations  used for chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology are  based  on  optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
multiple  metals removal.  Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at  very
nearly   the   same   rate   in   a  chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for  multiple  metals
removal.   Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewise
justified    because    this    technology     removes     metals
non-preferentially.

The  toxic metal  pollutants selected for specific  limitation in
the   secondary   molybdenum  and  vanadium    subcategory    are
arsenic,  chromium,  lead,   and  nickel.    Ammonia,  molybdenum
and  iron are also selected  for  limitation  since  the  methods
                               3575
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


used  to  control arsenic,  chromium, lead,  and  nickel  are not
o<=fpot-ive in the control of ammonia,  molybdenum and  iron.   me
following     toxic  metal  pollutants   are    excluded     from
limitation on the basis that they are effectively  controlled Jay
the  limitations  developed  for  arsenic,  chromium,   ea ,
nickel:

120. copper
128. zinc

EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The concentrations achievable by application of BA* «e diBcuj8ed
in Section VII of Vol.  I  and summarized  there  in  Table   vii  £J.
fSJe   248),  with the  exception of  the   treatment  effectiveness
concentrations for ammonia  and molybdenum, which ^e  discussed  in
Section IX   of  this  supplement. The achievable  concentrations,
bo?h   one day maximum and monthly average values, are multiplied
b? the BAT  normalized    discharge  flows summarized  in Table X-3
*-o  calculate the mass  of pollutants allowed   to  be   discharged
oer  mass  of product.    The   results of these  calculations  in
SilliSSs   of   pollutant per  kilogram of product   represent the
promulgated   BAT effluent* limitations   and   are    presented  in
Table  X-4  (page  3580) for  each  wastewater stream.
                                 3576
-------
 SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT - X
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-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                            TABLE X-2

                   COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                       DIRECT DISCHARGERS
The  cost of compliance data are not presented here  because  the
data   on  which  they  are  based  have  been  claimed   to   be
confidential.  EPA determined that the benefits justify the costs
for this subcategory.
                                3578
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                            TABLE X-3

             BAT REGULATORY FLOW ALLOWANCES FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
Building Block

1. Leach tailings
    BAT Regulatory
    Flow Allowance
(1/kkg)  (gal/ton)
   Molybdenum filtrate
   solvent extraction
   raffinate
3. Vanadium decomposi-
   tion wet air pollu-
   tion control

4. Molybdenum drying
   wet air pollution
   control

5. Pure grade molyb-
   denum
   19511
   58239
 4687
13989
   23280
 5592
      PNP

kkg of technical grade
molybdenum plus vana-
dium plus pure grade
molybdenum produced

kkg of technical grade
molybdenum plus vana-
dium plus pure grade
molybdenum produced

kkg of vanadium pro-
duced by decomposition
                      kkg of molybdenum pro-
                      duced
kkg of pure molybdenum
produced
                               3579
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                            TABLE X-4

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Leach Tailings  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    ma/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum p
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
* A Y»CSOTI 1 r*
^rlJuocilXw
"fa f*fa IT rvrm ntn
** 1*11 £ VJ1U4. lAlll
Copper
*T ao/3
"XJCclU
*Kfn nlc^l
**iN J-wKdJ.
Zinc,
Aluminum
*Ammonia
Boron
Cobalt
Germanium
*Iron
Manganese
*Molybdenum
Titanium
Vanadium
27.120
7.219
24.972
5.463
10.731
19 „ 900
119.210
8078.000
35.895
2.732
7.219
23.413
5.853
Reserved
7.414
10.341
1.951
12.097
2.927
11.901
2.536
7.219
8.195
52.870
3551.000
16.380
1.366
2.927
11.902
4.487
Reserved
4.293
4.487

 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3580
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY

(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Zinc
Aluminum
* Ammonia
Boron
Cobalt
Germanium
*Iron
Manganese
*Molybdenum
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
80.452
21.548
74.540
16.306
32.031
59.400
355.800
24114.000
107.200
8.154
21.550
69.887
17.470
Reserved
22.130
30.870
5.824
36.108
8.736
35.520
7.571
21.548
24.460
157.800
10600. '000
48.920
4.076
8.736
35.526
13.400
Reserved
12.810
13.400

*Regulated Pollutant
                               3581
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X


                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c)   Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control
                                                       BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
         Maximum for
         monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia  •
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
                                                  0.000
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3582
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                                3583
-------
    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  X


                      TABLE X-4  (Continued)

                  BAT MASS  LIMITATIONS FOR THE
          SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e)   Pure Grade Molybdenum  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                       Maximum for
                       any one day
                  Maximum for
                  monthly average
  mg/kg (pounds per million pounds)  of pure molybdenum produced"
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia (as N)
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
  32.359
   8.614
  29.798
   6.518
  12.804
  23.746
 142.200
9038.000
  42.830
   3.259
   8.614
  27.936
   6.984
Reserved
   8.846
  12.340
   2.328
                                         14.434
                                          3.492
                                         14.200
                                           3.026
                                          8.614
                                          9.778
                                         63.090
                                       4237.000
                                         19.560
                                          1.630
                                          3.492
                                         14.201
                                          5.354
                                       Reserved
                                          5.122
                                          5.354
                                3584
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND  VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
    SECT -  X
                  I


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                                                             ID'
                                                             O
                          3585
-------
SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND  VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
Molybdenum
nitrate Solve
Extraction
Rafflnate
Pure Gra
Molybden
                                                              g
                                                              OL
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                                                              a:
                                                              o
                                                              Ld
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                                                              UJ
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llution
                             3586
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI



                           SECTION XI

                NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
This   section   describes  the  technologies  for  treatment  of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for regulated pollutants for NSPS in the secondary molybdenum and
vanadium subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.
New  plants  have  the opportunity to design the  best  and  most
efficient   production   processes   and   wastewater   treatment
technologies  without  facing the added  costs  and  restrictions
encountered in retrofitting an existing plant. Therefore, EPA has
considered  the  best  demonstrated  process  changes,   in-plant
controls  and  end-of-pipe treatment  technologies  which  reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible as the basis for NSPS.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

New source performance  standards  are  equivalent  to  the  best
available   technology  (BAT)  selected  for  currently  existing
secondary molybdenum and  vanadium  plants.   This  result  is  a
consequence  of  careful  review by the Agency of a wide range of
technical options for  new  source  treatment  systems  which  is
discussed  in  Section  XI  of  Vol. I. Additionally,  there  was
nothing   found  to  indicate  that  the  wastewater  flows   and
characteristics  of  new plants  would not be  similar  to  those
from  existing plants,  since the  processes used by new  sources
are not expected to differ from those used at existing   sources.
Consequently,    BAT   production  normalized  discharge   rates,
which   are  based  on  the  best  existing  practices  of    the
subcategory,   can also be applied to new  sources.  These  rates
are presented in Table X-3 (page 3579).

Treatment  technologies  considered  for  the  NSPS  options  are
identical  to  the  treatment technologies considered for the BAT
options.  These options are:

OPTION A

o Preliminary treatment with ammonia air stripping
  (where required)
o Iron co-precipitation
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
                               3587
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


OPTION C

o Preliminary treatment with ammonia air stripping
  (where required)
o Iron co-precipitation
j Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration

NSPS OPTION SELECTION-PROPOSAL

EPA proposed that the technology basis for NSPS for the secondary
molybdenum and vanadium subcategory be  equivalent  to  Option  C
(chemical    precipitation,    sedimentation,    and   multimedia
filtration, with  preliminary  treatment  consisting  of  ammonia
steam stripping).

The  wastewater flow rates for NSPS were the same as the proposed
BAT flow rates.  Plow reduction measures for NSPS  and  BAT  were
not  considered feasible because no new demonstrated technologies
existed within the subcategory that improved on present water use
practices in the subcategory.  Therefore, EPA concluded that flow
reduction beyond the allowances  proposed  for  BPT  or  BAT  was
unachievable,  and  NSPS  flow rates should be equal to those for
BPT and BAT.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION-PROMULGATION

EPA  is  promulgating  NSPS  for  the  secondary  molybdenum  and
vanadium    subcategory    equivalent   to   Option    C    (iron
coprecipitation,   chemical  precipitation,  sedimentation,   and
multimedia filtration, with  preliminary treatment consisting  of
ammonia air stripping).

The wastewater flow rates for NSPS are the same as the  BAT  flow
rates.     The  NSPS  flow  rates  are  presented  in  Table  X-3
(page   3579).   Additional   flow     reduction     and     more
stringent   treatment technologies   are not demonstrated in  the
secondary  molybdenum and vanadium subcategory.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be found in treatable  concentrations  in  processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly, pollutants and  pollutant  parameters  selected  for
limitations  under  NSPS,  in  accordance  with  the rationale of
Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected for BAT.   The
conventional  pollutant  parameters  TSS and pH are also selected
for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the  same
as the discharge  rates for BAT and are shown in Table IX-1   (page
3563). The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per mass of
                                3588
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


product  is calculated by multiplying the  appropriate  treatment
effectiveness  concentration (mg/1) by the production  normalized
wastewater   discharge  flows  (1/kkg).  See  Section  X  for  . a
discussion of the use of treatment effectiveness  concentrations.
The results of these calculations are the mass-based  production-
related  new  source  performance  standards.  These  promulgated
standards are presented in Table XI-1 (page 3590).
                               3589
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
                           TABLE XI-1

                NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM
                    AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Leach Tailings  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
  Maximum  for
  any  one  day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc  .
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
*TSS
*pH
         27.120
          7.219
         24.970
          5.463
         10.731
         19.900
        119.200
       8078.000
         35.895
          2.732
          7.219
         23.413
          5.853
       Reserved
         " 7.414
         10.340
          1.951
        292.665
Within the range of 7.5
           12.097
            2.927
           11.900
            2.536
            7.219
            8.195
           52.870
         3551.000
           16.384
            1.366
            2.927
           11.902
            4.487
         Reserved
            4.293
            4.487

           234.132
      to  10.0 at all  times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3590
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-1 (Continued)

                NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM
                    AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
    Maximum for
    any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
*TSS
*pH
          80.952
          21.548  .
          74.540
          16.306
          32.031
          59.400
         355.800
       24144.000
         107.200
           8.154
          21.550
          69.887
          17.470
        Reserved
          22.130
          30.870
           5.824
         873.585
Within the range of 7
          36.108
           8.736
          35.520
           7.571
          21.548
          24.460
         157.800
       10600.000
          48.920
           4.076
           8.736
          35.526
          13.400
        Reserved
          12.810
          13.400

         698.868
  5 to 10.0 at all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3591
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-1 (Continued)

                NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM
                    AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c)  Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
*Arsenic
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Zinc
Aluminum
*Ammonia
Boron
Cobalt
Germanium
*Iron
Manganese
*Molybdenum
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
*TSS
*pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
• 	
0.000
7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3592
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-1 (Continued)

                NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM
                    AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Zinc
Aluminum
* Ammonia
Boron
Cobalt
Germanium
*Iron
Manganese
*Molybdenum
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
*TSS
*pH Within
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
the range of 7.5
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000

0.000
to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                              3593
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT  - XI
                     TABLE XI-1 (Continued)

       NSPS MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM
                    AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
       Maximum for
       any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  mg/kg (pounds per million pounds) of pure molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia (as N)
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
TSS
*pH
       32.359
        8.614
       29.798
        6.518
       12.804
       23.746
      142.200
      9638.000
       42.830
        3.259
        8.614
       27.936
        6.984
      Reserved
       88.460
       12.340
        2.328
      349.200
Within the range of 7.5
  14.434
   3.492
  14.200
   3.026
   8.614
   9.778
  63.090
 4237.000
  19.560
   1.630
   3.492
  14.201
   5.354
 Reserved
   5.122
   5.354

 279.360
 to  10.0 at'all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                                3594
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII



                           SECTION XII

                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment  of  process  wastewaters from new  sources  in  the
secondary molybdenum and vanadium subcategory. PSES are  designed
to  prevent  the  discharge of  pollutants  which  pass  through,
interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with  the operation
of  publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The  Clean  Water  Act
also requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic  metals,
that  limit  POTW sludge management alternatives.   New  indirect
discharge facilities, like new direct discharge facilities,  have
the  opportunity to incorporate the best  available  demonstrated
technologies, including process  changes, in-plant controls,  and
end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies,  and  to  use -plant   site
selection   to   ensure  adequate  treatment   system   function.
Pretreatment standards are to be technology based, and  analogous
to  the  best  available  or  best  demonstrated  technology  for
removal of toxic pollutants. Pretreatment standards for regulated
pollutants  are  presented  based on  the  selected  control  and
treatment technology.

PSES  is  not  being promulgated for the secondary molybdenum .and
vanadium subcategory  because  there  are  no  existing  indirect.
dischargers in this subcategory.  However, pretreatment standards
for new sources (PSNS) are promulgated.

TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before proposing and  promulgating  pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge   disposal  practices.   In  determining  whether
pollutants  pass through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary
treatment, the Agency compares  the  percentage  of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying  the  best available technology economically achievable.
A pollutant is deemed to pass through the POTW when  the  average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary treatment requirements, is  less  than  the  percentage
removed   by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT  effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.  (See generally, 46 FR
at  9415-16  (January 28, 1981).)

This  definition  of  pass  through   satisfies   two   competing
objectives   set   by   Congress  that   standards  for  indirect
dischargers be equivalent to  standards  for  direct  dischargers
while   at   the   same   time,  the  treatment  capability   and
performance of the POTW be recognized and taken into  account  in
regulating  the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.


                               3595
-------
  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII
The  Agency  compares  percentage removal rather than the mass or
concentration of pollutants discharged because the  latter  would
not  take  into  account the mass of pollutants discharged to the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in  the  POTW effluent to lower concentrations due to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

Options for pretreatment of  wastewaters  from  new  sources  are
based   on increasing the effectiveness of end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies.   All  in-plant changes and applicable  end-of-pipe
treatment processes have been discussed previously in Sections  X
and XI.  The options for PSNS, therefore, are the same as the BAT
options discussed in Section X. A  description  of each option is
presented in Section X.

Treatment technologies considered for the PSNS options are:

OPTION A

o Preliminary treatment with ammonia air stripping
  (where required)
o Iron co-precipitation
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

o Preliminary treatment with ammonia air steam stripping
  (where required)
o Iron co-precipitation
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration

PSNS OPTION SELECTION

Option    C  (ammonia  air  stripping,   iron   co-precipitation,
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration)
has been selected as the  regulatory  approach  for  pretreatment
standards   for   new   sources   (PSNS).    Option   C  prevents
pass-through  and is  equivalent  to  BAT  treatment  for  direct
dischargers.  In addition, Option C achieves effective removal of
priority    pollutants   by   incorporating   filtration    which
is demonstrated in the nonferrous metals manufacturing   category
at 25 plants, and will not result in adverse economic impacts.

The  wastewater  discharge  rates  for  the  promulgated PSNS are
identical to the promulgated BAT discharge rates for each   waste
stream.  The PSNS regulatory flow rates are identical to the  BAT
rates  and are shown in Table X-2 (page 3579). No flow  reduction
measures are feasible over the BAT regulatory flow rates  because
the  scrubbers  for the vanadium decomposition  furnace  and  the
molybdenum drying furnace presently operate at 100 percent  water
reuse. EPA does not believe that new  plants should achieve  flow


                               3596
-------
   SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


 reduction  in  any other  wastewater  streams  regulated  in  this
 subcategory.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 Pollutants   are  selected  for   limitation   in   accordance    with
 the   rationale  of  Sections VI  and X and are  identical to   those
 selected  for  limitation for BAT.   it is  necessary  to    promulgate
 PSNS   to   prevent  the  pass-through of arsenic,  chromium,   lead,
 nickel,   molybdenum, iron,  and ammonia,  which are  the     limited
 pollutants.   These  priority pollutants  are  removed  by  a   well-
 operated   POTW  achieving  secondary treatment at  an average  of 23
 percent    while  the   NSPS  and  BAT level  technology  removes
 approximately 90 percent.

 PRETREATMENT  STANDARDS  FOR NEW SOURCES

 Pretreatment  standards  for new sources are based on the pollutant
 concentrations     achievable   from  the    selected   treatment
 technologies,   (Option  C),  and   the   regulatory   'flow    rates
 determined in Section X for  BAT (see Table X-2, page 3579).    A
 mass of pollutant  per mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is given
 for  each  subdivision  within  the  subcategory.  This pollutant
 allocation    is    based  on  the  product   of   the   achievable
 concentration   from  the  selected model  treatment  (mg/1)    and
 the     production   normalized   wastewater    discharge    rate
 (1/kkg).   The achievable treatment concentrations for  PSNS  are
 identical  to those of  BAT and are discusses in Section X.   PSNS
are presented in Table XII-1 (page 3598).
                               3597
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                           TABLE XII-1

   PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a)  Leach Tailings  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mqAg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum plus
          vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
      27.120
       7.219
      24.972
       5.463
      10.731
      19.900
     114.210
    8078.000
      35.895
       2.732
       7.219
      23.413
       5.583
    Reserved
       7.414
      10.341
       1.951
          12.097
           2.927
          11.901
           2.536
           7.219
           8.195
          52.870
         3551.000
          16.380
           1.366
           2.927
          11.902
           4.487
         Reserved
           4.293
           4.487
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3598
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-1 (Continued)

   PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY


(b)  Molybdenum Filtrate Solvent Extraction Raffinate  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of technical grade molybdenum
        plus vanadium plus pure grade molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Zinc
Aluminum
* Ammonia
Boron
Cobalt
Germanium
*Iron
Manganese
*Molybdenum
Tin
Titanium
Vanadium
80.952
21.548
74.540 .
16.306
32.031
59.400
355.800
24114.000
107.200
8.154
21.550
69.887
17.470
Reserved
22.130
30.870
5.824
36.108
8.736
35.520
7.571
21.548
24.460
157.800
10600.000
48.920
4.076
8.736
35.526
13.400
Reserved
12.810
13.400

 *Regulated Pollutant
                                3599
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-1 (Continued)

   PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c)  Vanadium Decomposition Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
  rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of vanadium produced by decomposition
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3600
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-1 (Continued)

   PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(d)  Molybdenum Drying Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
          mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia
 Boron
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
            0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               3601
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  SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-1 (Continued)

   PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e)  Pure Grade Molybdenum  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) o£ pure molybdenum produced
*Arsenic
*Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Zinc
 Aluminum
*Ammonia (as N)
 Boron  •
 Cobalt
 Germanium
*Iron
 Manganese
*Molybdenum
 Tin
 Titanium
 Vanadium
    32.359
     8.614
    29.798
     6.518
    12.804
    23.746
   142.200
  4638.000
    42.830
     3.259
     8.614
    27.936
    6.984
  Reserved
     8.846
    12.340
     2;328
     14.434
      3.492
     14.200
      3.026
      8.614
      9.778
     63.090
   4237.000
     19.560
      1.630
      3.492
     14.201
     5.354
   Reserved
      5.122
      5.354
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                3602
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    SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XIII




                          SECTION XIII


         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA is  not  promulgating  best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for  the  secondary  molybdenum  and  vanadium
subcategory at this time.
                              3603
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SECONDARY MOLYBDENUM AND VANADIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XIII
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                            3604
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