United States
 Environmental Protection1
 Agency
            Office of Water Regulations
            and Standards (WH-552)
            Industrial Technology Division
            Washington, DC 20460
EPA 440H-89-019.8
May 1989
Office of Water
                       FINAL
Development
Document for
Effluent Limitations
Guidelines and
Standards for the
IMonferrous Metals
Manufacturing
Point Source
Category
Volume VIII
Primary Columbium —Tantalum
Secondary Tantalum
Secondary  Uranium
                20;
    *"
              Fax:;
              jett.george@epa.gov
        George M. Jett
        Chemical Engineer
      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
      Engineering jnd Analysis Division (4303)
       1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW
       Washington, D.C. 20460
                          I Printed on RecyctedPaPer|

-------
                  ORGANIZATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This development document for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category  consists  of  a  general  development  document   which
considers  the general and overall aspects of the regulation  and
31  subcategory specific supplements. These parts  are  organized
into 10 volumes as listed below.

The information in the general document and in the supplements is
organized  by sections with the same type of information reported
in  the same section of each part.  Hence to find information  on
any  specific aspect of the category one would need only look  in
the  same  section  of  the general  document  and  the  specific
supplements of interest.

The ten volumes contain contain the following subjects:
   Volume I

   Volume II



   Volume III




   Volume IV




   Volume V




   Volume VI




   Volume VII
General Development Document

Bauxite Refining
Primary Aluminum Smelting
Secondary Aluminum Smelting

Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Electrolytic Copper Refining
Secondary Copper Refining
Metallurgical Acid Plants

Primary Zinc
Primary Lead
Secondary Lead
Primary Antimony

Primary Precious Metals and Mercury
Secondary Precious Metals
Secondary Silver
Secondary Mercury

Primary Tungsten
Secondary Tungsten and Cobalt
Primary Molybdenum and Rhenium
Secondary Molybdenum and Vanadium

Primary Beryllium
Primary Nickel and Cobalt
Secondary Nickel
Secondary Tin
   Volume VIII Primary Columbium and Tantalum
               Secondary Tantalum
               Secondary Uranium

   Volume IX   Primary and Secondary Titanium
               Primary Zirconium and Hafnium

   Volume X    Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
               Primary Rare Earth Metals
               Secondary Indium

-------
                DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT

                         for

    EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS

                       for the

NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY

                     VOLUME VIII

           Primary Columbium and Tantalum
                 Secondary Tantalum
                  Secondary Uranium

                  William K.  Reilly
                    Administrator
                Rebecca .Hanmer,  Acting
          Assistant Administrator for Water
              Martha Prdthro,  Director
      Office of Water Regulations  and Standards
           Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
           Industrial Technology Division


            Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
              Metals Industry Branch
                        and
             TechnicaliProject Officer
                    May 1989
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Office of Water
     Office of Water Regulations and Standards
          Industrial Technology Division
             Washington, D. C.  20460

-------

-------
                  ORGANIZATION OF THIS DOCUMENT

This development document for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category  consists  of  a  general  development  document   which
considers  the general and overall aspects of the regulation  and
31  subcategory specific supplements. These parts  are  organized
into 10 volumes as listed below.

The information in the general document and in the supplements is
organized  by sections with the same type of information reported
in-  the same section of each part.  Hence to find information  on
any  specific aspect of the category one would need only look  in
the  same  section  of  the general  document  and  the  specific
supplements of interest.

The ten volumes contain contain the following subjects:
   Volume I

   Volume II



   Volume III




   Volume IV




   Volume V




   Volume VI




   Volume VII
 General Development Document

 Bauxite Refining
 Primary Aluminum Smelting
 Secondary Aluminum Smelting

 Primary Copper Smelting
 Primary Electrolytic Copper Refining
 Secondary Copper Refining
 Metallurgical  Acid Plants

 Primary Zinc
 Primary Lead
 Secondary Lead
 Primary Antimony

 Primary Precious Metals and Mercury
 Secondary Precious  Metals
 Secondary Silver
 Secondary Mercury

 Primary Tungsten
 Secondary Tungsten  and  Cobalt
 Primary Molybdenum  and  Rhenium
 Secondary Molybdenum and  Vanadium

 Primary Beryllium
 Primary Nickel and  Cobalt
 Secondary  Nickel
 Secondary  Tin
  Volume VIII Primary Columbium and Tantalum
              Secondary Tantalum
              Secondary Uranium
  Volume IX
  Volume X
Primary and Secondary Titanium
Primary Zirconium and Hafnium

Primary and Secondary Germanium and Gallium
Primary Rare Earth Metals
Secondary Indium

-------
11

-------
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
Supplement
Primary Columbium and Tantalum
Secondary Tantalum
Secondary Uranium
                                                  Paqe
4319



4527



4643
For detailed contents see detailed contents list in
individual supplement.
                              111

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IV

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NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
                       for the
     Primary Columbium and Tantalum Subcategory
                  William K.  Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca  Hanmer
     Acting Assistant Administrator  for Water
             Martha Prothro, Director
     Office of Water Regulations and Standards
           Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
          Industrial Technology Division
            Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
              Metals Industry Branch
                        and
             Technical Project Officer
                    May 1989


       U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                  Office of Water
     Office  of Water Regulations and Standards
          Industrial Technology Division
             Washington, D. C.   20460
                        4319

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4320

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          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Section

I

II

III
IV
V
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
 SUMMARY

 CONCLUSIONS      .

 SUBCATEGORY PROFILE

 Description of Primary Columbium and Tantalum
  Production
 Raw Materials
 Digestion of Ore or Slag
 Separation of Salts
 Reduction of Salt to Metal
 Consolidation and Casting
 Process Wastewater Sources
 Other Wastewater Sources
 Age, Production, and Process Profile

 SUBCATEGORIZATION

 Factors Considered in Subdividing the Primary
  Columbium and Tantalum Subcategory
 Other Factors
 Production Normalizing Parameters

 WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

 Wastewater Sources, Discharge Rates and
  Characteristics
 Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
 Solvent Extraction Raffinate
 Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control
 Precipitation and Filtration of Metal Salt
 Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution
  Control
 Tantalum Salt Drying
Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control
Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal Wastewater
Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal Wet Air
  Pollution Control
Tantalum Powder Wash and Scrubber
Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling
4351
4351
4352
4353
4353
4354
4354
4355

4362

4362

4363
4363

4365

4365

4368
4368
4369
4369
4369

4369
4370
4370
4370

4370
4371
                               4321

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          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
VI
VII
VIII
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SELECTION OP POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their
  Analytical Quantification Limit
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number
  of Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
  Consideration for Limitations and Standards

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Current Control and Treatment Practices
Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate
Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control
Precipitation and Filtration
Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution
  Control
Tantalum Salt Drying
Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control
Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal
Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal Wet Air
  Pollution Control
Tantalum Powder Wash
Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling
Control and Treatment Options
Option A
Option B
Option C
Control and Treatment Options Rejected

COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Treatment Options Costed for Existing Sources
Option A
Option B
Option C
Cost Methodology
Nonwater Quality Aspects
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
Page

4425

4425

442(5
442(5
4427

4427

4427

4430


4441

4441
4441
444.1
4442
4442
4442

4443
4443
4443
4443

4444
4444
4444
4444
4444
4444
4445

4447

4447
4447
4447
4447
4448
4448
4448
4448
4450
                                4322

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           PRIMARY COLUMBIA.AND  TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
 Section
 IX
 X
XI
                   TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)
  BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
  AVAILABLE

  Technical Approach to BPT
  Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
  BPT Option Selection
  Wastewater Discharge Rates
  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
  Solvent Extraction Raffinate
  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control
  Precipitation and Filtration of Metal Salt
  Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution
   Control
  Tantalum Salt Drying Wet Air Pollution Control
 Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control
 Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal
 Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal Wet Air
   Pollution Control
 Tantalum Powder Wash and Scrubber
 Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling
 Regulated Pollutant Parameters
 Effluent Limitations

 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
 ACHIEVABLE

 Technical  Approach  to  BAT
 Option  A
 Option  B
 Recycle of Water Used  in  Wet A P  C
 Option  C
 Pollutant Removal Estimates
 Compliance Costs
 BAT Option Selection
 Wastewater Discharge Rates
 Concentrate Digestion Wet Air  Pollution Control
 Solvent  Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control
 Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution
  Control
 Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control
 Reduction of Tantalum Salt To Metal Wet Air
  Pollution Control
 Regulated Pollutant Parameters
 Effluent Limitations

 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Technical Approach to NSPS
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
New Source Performance Standards
 4455
 4457
 4457
 4459
 4459
 4460
 4461
 4461
 4462

 4462
 4462
 4463
 4463

 4463
 4464
 4464
 4464

 4475
 4475
 4476
 4476
 4476
 4477
 4477
 4478
 4478
 4479
 4479
 4480
 4480

 4480
 4481

 4481
 4482

 4497

4497
4498
4498
                               4323

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          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
XII
XIII
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatment Standards for Existing and
  New Sources                     , „ . .   ,.
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
PSES and PSNS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards

BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
Page

4507

4507
4508

4508
4508
4509
4509

4525
                                 4324

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Table
III-1
1 1 1-2
III-3
V-l
V-2
V-3
V-4
V-5
V-6
V-7
V-8
V-9
V-10
V-ll
V-l 2
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
. _ Title
Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of
Plants in the Primary Columbium - Tantalum
Subcategory By Discharge Type
Production Ranges for the Primary Columbium -
Tantalum Subcategory
Production Processes Utilized by the Primary
Columbium - Tantalum Subcategory
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Concentrate
Digestion Wet Air ; Pollution Control
Primary Columbium; - Tantalum Sampling Data
Concentrate Digestor Scrubber Raw Wastewater
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Solvent
Extraction Raff inate
Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
Solvent Extraction Raff inate Raw Wastewater
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Solvent
Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control
Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
Solvent Extraction Scrubber Raw Wastewater
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Precipitation
and Filtration of Columbium - Tantalum Salt
Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
Precipitation and Filtration Raw Wastewater
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Precipitation
and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Tantalum
Salt Drying
Water Use and Discharge Rate for Oxides
Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control
Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data


Page
4356
4357
4358
4372
4373
4378
4379
4383
4384
4387
4388
4391
4392
4393
4394
Metal Salt Drying Scrubber, Reduction of Salt
to Metal and Reduction of Salt to Metal Scrubbers
Raw Wastewater    ,
                     4325

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          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                   LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table                  Title

V-13      Water Use and Discharge Rate for Reduction of
          Tantalum Salt to Metal

V-14      Water Use and Discharge Rate for Reduction of
          Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution Control

V-15      Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
          Miscellaneous Raw Wastewater - Plant A

V-16      Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
          Miscellaneous Raw Wastewater - Plant B

V-17      Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
          Miscellaneous Raw Wastewater - Plant C

V-18      Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
          Miscellaneous Treatment Plant Samples - Plant A

V-19      Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
          Miscellaneous Treatment Plant Samples - Plant B

V-20      Primary Columbium - Tantalum Sampling Data
          Miscellaneous Treatment Plant Samples - Plant D

VI-1      Frequency of Occurrence of  Priority Pollutants
          Primary Columbium - Tantalum Subcategory
          Raw Wastewater

VI-2      Priority Pollutants Never Detected

VIII-1   Cost of Compliance  for  the  Primary Columbium -
          Tantalum Subcategory  Direct Dischargers

VIII-2   Cost of Compliance  for  the  Primary Columbium -
          Tantalum Subcategory  Indirect Dischargers

 IX-1      BPT Wastewater  Discharge  Rates  for the
          Primary Columbium - Tantalum  Subcategory

 IX-2      BPT Effluent Limitations  for  the Primary
          Columbium  - Tantalum Subcategory

 X-l       Current  Recycle Practices Within the Primary
           Columbium  - Tantalum Subcategory
 Page

 4400


. 4401


 4402


 4404


 4407


 4411


 4414


 4417


 4435




 4439

 4452


 4453


 4465


 44(57


 4484
                                4326

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           PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
 Table


 X-2



 X-3



 X-4



 XI-1



 XI-2



 XII -1



 XII-2



 XII-3



XII-4
          LIST OF TABLES (Continued)


              Title

 Pollutant Removal1 Estimates for Primary
 Columbium - Tantalum Direct Dischargers


 BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary
 Columbium - Tantalum Subcategory


 BAT Effluent Limitations for the Primary
 Columbium - Tantalum Subcategory


 NSPS Wastewater  Discharge Rates for the Primary
 Columbium - Tantalum Subcategory


 NSPS for  the Primary Columbium - Tantalum
 Subcategory


 Pollutant Removal Estimates  for  Primary
 Columbium   -  Tantalum Indirect  Dischargers

 PSES and PSNS Wastewater Discharge  Rates for the
 Primary Columbium - Tantalum Subcategory

 PSES for the Primary Columbium - Tantalum
 Subcategory


PSNS for the Primary Columbium - Tantalum
Subcategory
 Page

 4435



 4486


 44««



 4499



 4501



 4510



 4511



4513
   J
                              4327

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          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Figure

III-l


III-2



V-l

V-2

V-3

V-4

IX-1


X-l


X-2


X-3
               LIST OP FIGURES

              Title

Primary'Columbium - Tantalum Production
Process

Geographic Locations of the Primary Antimony
Subcategory Plants

Sampling Sites at Columbium - Tantalum Plant A

Sampling Sites at Columbium - Tantalum Plant B

Sampling Sites at Columbium - Tantalum Plant C

Sampling Sites at Columbium - Tantalum Plant D

BPT Treatment Scheme  Primary Columbium -
Tantalum Subcategory

BAT Treatment Scheme   Option A
Primary Columbium  - Tantalum  Subcategory

BAT Treatment Scheme   Option  B
Primary Columbium  - Tantalum  Subcategory

BAT Treatment  Scheme   Option  C
Primary Columbium  - Tantalum  Subcategory
Page

4359



4361



4420

4422

4423

4424

4473


4494



4495



 4496
                                 4328

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT -  I
                             SECTION I

                              SUMMARY
 This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
 effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
 *!!f1.rbe?t " available  technology (BAT)  for  direct  dischargers
 pretreatment   standards   for   indirect   dischargers   (PSES)!
 pretreatment  standards for new indirect dischargers (PSNS),  and
 standards of performance for new source direct dischargers (NSPS)
 for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory.

 The  primary  columbium-tantalum  subcategory  consists  of  five
 plants.  Of the five plants, three discharge directly to  rivers,
 ™rtf'  ,S*?treams'?-two. discharge to-  publicly  owned  treatment
 works  (POTW);   and  none .achieve  zero  discharge  of   process
 Wcl S16W ci t G IT •                    .

 EPA  first studied the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory  to
 determine whether  differences in raw materials,  final -products,
 manufacturing processes,   equipment,  age and size of plants,  and
 water  usage,  required  the development  of  separate   effluent
 limitations    and   standards  for   different  segments   of   the
 subcategory.   This  involved a detailed  analysis   of  wastewater
 discharge and treated  effluent characteristics, including (1)  the
 sources and  volume of  water  used,  the processes employed, and  the
 sources  of  pollutants and wastewaters  in the plant;  and (2)   the
 constituents  of  wastewaters,  including  toxic pollutants
                                                               in-
Several  distinct  control and treatment technologies  (both  m-
plant^ and  end-of-pipe)  applicable to  the  primary  columbium-
tantalum  subcategory were identified.  The Agency analyzed  both
historical  and newly generated data on the performance of  these
technologies,  including - their  nonwater  quality  environmental
impacts  (air  quality  and solid waste  generation)  and  energy
requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of  the  control  and
treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
were  then  used  by  the  Agency,  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the  various  options on the  industry.   For  each
control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most
effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
of  pollutants,  the  number,of  potential  closures,  number  of
employees  affected, and impact on price were  estimated.   These
results are reported in a separate document entitled The Economic
ImPacfc  Analysis  of Effluent  Limitations and Standards" fo^r	the"
Nonferrous Smelting and Refining Industry/   '~^	~	"	—

Based  on  consideration  of the above  factors,   EPA  identified
various control and treatment  technologies which  formed the basis


                           4329

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                  SECT  -  I
for  BPT and selected control and treatment appropriate for  each
set  of  standards  and limitations.  The  mass  limitations  and
standards  for  BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES, and PSNS are  presented  in
Section II.

After  examining the various treatment technologies,  the  Agency
has identified BPT to represent the average of the best  existing
technology.   Metals  removal  based  on lime  precipitation  and
sedimentation  technology is the basis for the  BPT  limitations.,
Steam  stripping is selected as the technology basis for  ammonia
limitations.   To meet the BPT effluent limitations based on this
technology,   the   primary  columbium-tantalum  subcategory   is
expected  to incur a capital cost of $680,000  (1982 dollars)  and
annual cost of $1,140,000 (1982 dollars).
                                                              in-
Por  BAT, the Agency has built upon the BPT basis by  adding
process  control  technologies which include recycle  of  process
water  from  air  pollution control  and  metal  contact  cooling
wastewater streams.  Filtration is added as an effluent polishing
step  to  the  end-of-pipe treatment scheme.   To  meet  the  BAr
effluent  limitations  based  on  this  technology,  the  primary
columbium-tantalum  subcategory is estimated to incur  a  capital
cost of $830,000 and an annual cost of $1,202,000.

The  best demonstrated technology (BDT),  which is the  technical
basis  of NSPS,  is equivalent to BAT.   In  selecting  BDT,  EPA
recognizes  that new plants have the opportunity to implement the
best  and  most efficient manufacturing processes  and  treatment
technology.   As  such,  the  technology basis of  BAT  has  been
determined as the best demonstrated technology.

The Agency selected the same  technology as BAT for PSES.  To_meet
the  pretreatment  standards  for existing  sources,  the  primary
columbium-tantalum  subcategory  is estimated to incur a  capital
cost of $1,030,000 and an annual cost of $701,000.  For PSNS, the
Agency   selected  end-of-pipe  treatment  and  in-process   flow
reduction control techniques  equivalent to NSPS.
                                4330

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                              SECT  -  II
                             SECTION II

                           "CONCLUSIONS

 EPA  has divided the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory  into
 11  subdivisions  for  the purpose of  effluent  limitations  and
 standards.   These subdivisions are:
 (a)
 (b)
 (c)
 (d)
 (e)
 (f)
 (9)
 (h)
 (i)

 (j)
 (k)
Concentrate digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent extraction raffinate,
Solvent extraction wet air pollution control,
Precipitation and filtration,,
Precipitation and filtration wet air pollution control,
Tantalum salt drying,
Oxides calcining wet air pollution control,
Reduction of tantalum salt to metal,
Reduction of tantalum salt to metal wet air pollution
control,
Tantalum powder wash and wet air pollution control, and
Consolidation and casting contact cooling.
BPT    is  promulgated  based  on   the   effluent   concentrations
achievable  by   the  application of  chemical  precipitation  and
sedimentation    (lime   and  settle)    technology,   along   with
preliminary  treatment consisting  of ammonia steam stripping  for
selected  waste  streams.  The following BPT effluent  limitations
are promulgated:           ,

(a)  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                                     2.612
                                     9.080
                                   829.000
                                   217.700
                                   255.000
        1.244
        3.794
      364.500
      124.400
      121.300
             Within  the  range of  7.0 to 10.0 at all  times
                               4331

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT -  II
     Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                      3.845
                     13.370
                  1,221.000
                    320.400
                    375.400
         1.831
         5.585
       536.500
       183.100
       178.500
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
     Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
Total Suspended  Solids
pH
                      1.032            0.491
                      3.586            1.498
                    327.400          143.900
                     85.960           49.120
                    100.700           47.890
              Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
                       at all times
 (d)  Precipitation and  Filtration    BPT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly  Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate  digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of  concentrate  digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
 TSS
 pH
                       5.570
                      19.990
                   1,825.000
                     479.100
                     561.300
          2.738
          8.350
        802.200
        273.800
        267.000
 Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
                                4332

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - II
 (e)  Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control   BPT
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
 TSS
 pH
                      26.680
                      92.730
                   8,466.000
                   2,223.000
                   2,604.000
         12.700
         38.740
      3,722.000
      1,270.000
      1,239.000
 Within the range of  7.0  to 10.0  at all times
 (f)   Tantalum Salt  Drying    BPT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of  tantalum salt dried
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of  tantalum salt dried
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                      25.430
                      88.390
                  8,070.000
                  2,119.000
                  2,482.000
        12.110
        36.930
     3,548.000
     1,211.000
     1,181.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (g)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried	
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                     16.140
                     56.100
                  5,122.000
                  1,345.000
                  1,576.000
         7.685
        23.440
     2,252.000
       768.500
       749.200
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4333

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT - II
(h)  Reduction of_ Tantalum Salt to Metal   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                     69.750
                    242.500
                 22,140.000
                  5,813.000
                  6,809.000
        33.220
       101.300
     9,732.000
     3,322.000
     3,239.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
     Reduction of Tantalum SaJLt to MetalL We_t Air_ Pollution
          Control  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
PH
                      0.858
                      2.983
                    272.400
                     71.510
                     83.770
          0.409
          1.246
        119.700
         40.860
         39.840
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (j)  Tantalum  Powder Wash   BPT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
               Maximum  for
               Any One  Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
    	Metric Units  - mg/kg  of  tantalum powder  washed
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs  of  tantalum powder  washed
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
 TSS
 pH
                       8.582
                      29.830
                   2,724.000
                     715.200
                     837.800
          4.087
         12.470
      1,198.000
        408.700
        398.500
 Within the range of 7.0  to 10.0  at all times
                                4334

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                    SECT - II
      Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling   BPT
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                     Maximum for
                     Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
 Metric Units -
 English Units

 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
 TSS
 PH
 mg/kg of columbium or  tantalum cast or consolidated
- Ibs/million Ibs  of columbium or  tantalum cast or
  consolidated
                            0.000
                            0.000
                            0.000
                            0.000
                            0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.0~00
          0.000
          0.000
      Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0 at all  times
 BAT   is  promulgated  based  on  the   effluent   concentrations
 achievable   by  the  application  of   chemical   precipitation,
 sedimentation,  and  multimedia,  filtration  (lime,  settle,  and
 filter)  technology and in-process flow reduction control methods,
 along  with  preliminary treatment consisting  of  ammonia  steam
 stripping for selected waste streams.  The following BAT effluent
 limitations are promulgated:
 (a)   Concentrate Digestion Wet Air  Pollution Control
                                       BAT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                    Maximum for
                    Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
            Metric  Units  -  mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English  Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate  digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Fluoride
                           0.174
                           0.635
                          82.910
                          21.770
         0.081
         0.261
        36.450
        12.440
 (b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate
                     BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                    Maximum for
                    Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
                           2.564
                           9.338
                       1,221.000
                         320.400
         1.190
         3.845
       536.500
       183.100
                               4335

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - II
     Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
       0.069
       0.251
      32.790
       8.610
         0.032
         0.103
        14.420
         4.920
(d)  Precipitation and Filtration
 BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
        3.833
       13.960
    1,825.000
      479.100
          1.780
          5.750
        802.200
        273.800
 (e)  Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control
                            BAT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
 Maximum for
 Any  One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
            Metric  Units  -  mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate  digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Fluoride
        1.778
        6.478
      846.600
      222.300
          0.826
          2.668
        372.200
        127.000
                                4336

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                      SECT - II
 (f)   Tantalum Salt  Drying
BAT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
       Maximum for
       Any One Day
   Maximum for
Monthly  Average
            Metric  Units  -  mg/kg  of  tantalum salt  dried
       English Units  -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  tantalum salt dried
 Lead       V
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Fluoride
             16.950
             61.750
          8,070.000
          2,119.000
          7.871
         25.430
      3,548.000
      1,211.000
 (g)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
       Maximum for
       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Lead
Z i'nc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
              1.076
              3.919
            512.200
            134.500
         0.500
         1.614
       225.200
        76.840
(h)  Reduction of Tantalum :Salt to Metal   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
      Maximum  for
      Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    ~~Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
            46.500
           169.400
        22,140.000
         5,813.000
        21.590
        69.750
     9,732.000
     3,322.000
                               4337

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                  SECT  -  II
(i)   Reduction of  Tantalum Salt  to Metal  Wet
     Control  BAT
                                                 Pollution
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                   Maximum for
                                   Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    	Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
                                          0.572
                                          2.084
                                        272.400
                                         71.510
         0.266
         0.858
       119.700
        40.860
 (j)  Tantalum Powder Wash   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                   Maximum for
                                   Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    	Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
                                          5.721
                                         20.840
                                      2,724.000
                                        715.200
          2.656
          8.582
      1,198.000
        408.700
 (k)  Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling   BAT
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                                   Maximum for
                                   Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
 Metric  Units  - mg/kg  of  columbium  or  tantalum  cast or  consolidated
 English Units -  Ibs/million  Ibs  of columbium or  tantalum  cast  or
                 consolidated
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
 NSPS  are  promulgated  based  on  the   effluent    concentrations
 achievable   by  the  application  of    chemical    precipitation,
 sedimentation,   and  multimedia  filtration  (lime,   settle,   and
 filter)  technology and in-process flow  reduction  control methods,
 along  with  preliminary treatment consisting  of  ammonia  steam
 stripping  for   selected waste streams.   The  following  effluent
 standards are promulgated for new sources:
                                4338

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


 (a)   Concentrate Digestion Wet  Air Pollution Control  NSPS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
               Maximum  for
               Any One  Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
     ~~Metric  Units  -  mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English  Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia
Fluoride
TSS
pH
; 0.174
0.635
82.910
21.770
9.330
Within the range of 7.0 to 10^,0
0.081
0.261
36.450
12.440
7.464
at all times
 (b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
     ~~Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                      2.564
                      9.338
                  1,221.000
                    320.400
                    137.300
         1.190
         3.845
       536.500
       183.100
       109.900
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(c)  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric
English Units
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
PH
Units - mg/kg
- Ibs/million





Within the r,
of concentrate digested
Ibs of concentrate digested
0.069 0.032
0.251 0.103
32.790 14.420
8.610 4.920
3.690 2.952
ange of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4339

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT - II
(d)  Precipitation and Filtration NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                      3.833
                     13.960
                  1,825.000
                    479.100
                    205.400
         1.780
         5.750
       802.200
       273.800
       164.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (e)Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/millibn Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                      1.778
                      6.478
                    846.600
                    222.300
                     95.270
          0.826
          2.668
        372.200
        127.000
         76.210
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (£)   Tantalum Salt  Drying  NSPS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
               Maximum  for
               Any One  Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
      	Metric Units  - mg/kg of tantalum salt  dried
       English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
 TSS
 pH
                      16.950
                      61.750
                   8,070.000
                   2,119.000
                     908.200
          7.871
         25.430
      3,548.000
      1,211.000
        726.500
 Within the range of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
                                4340

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


 (g)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
   Maximum-for
 Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as  N)
 Fluoride
 TSS
 PH
                       1.076
                       3.919
                     512.200
                     134.500
                      57.630
          0.500
          1.614
        225.200
         76.840
         46.110
Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
 (h)  Reduction of Tantalum  Salt  to Metal NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                     46.500
                    169.400
                 22,140.000
                  5,813.000
                  2,491.000
         21.590
         69.750
     9,732.000
     3,322.000
     1,993.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(i)  Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution
          Control NSPS                    '•	
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum .for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.572
2.084
272.400
: -•-••• 71.510
•;::•. 30.650
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
0.266
0.858
119.700
40.860
24.520
at all times
                               4341

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT - II
(j)  Tantalum Powder Wash NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any  One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   	Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                                     5.721
                                    20.840
                                 2,724.000
                                   715.200
                                   306.500
         2.656
         8.582
     1,198.000
       408.700
       245.220
               Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (k)
Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
Metric Units  - mg/kg of  columbium or tantalum cast or consolidat
English  Units -  Ibs/million  Ibs  of  columbium or tantalum cast 01
                 consolidated
                                           0.000             0.000
                                           o.ooo             o.ooo
         (as N)                             0.000             0.000
                     Within the range of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
 PSES  are  promulgated based on the effluent  concentrations
 achievable  by  the application of  chemical  precipitation,
 sedimentation,  and multimedia filtration (lime,  settle,  and
 filter)   technology  and in-process flow  reduction  control
 methods,  along  with  preliminary treatment  consisting   of
 ammonia  steam stripping for selected  waste  streams.    The
 following effluent standards are promulgated:

 (a)  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                               Maximum  for
                               Any  One  Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
     	Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Fluoride
                                      0.174
                                      0.635
                                     82.910
                                     21.770
         0.081
         0.261
        36.450
        12.440
                                4342

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  II


  (b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSES  PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
        2.564
        9.338
    1,221.000
      320.400
          1.190
          3.845
        536.500
        183.100
 (c)   Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
            Metric Units  -  mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate  digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as N)
 Fluoride
       0.069
       0.251
      32.790
       8.610
          0.032
          0.103
        14.420
          4.920
 (d)  Precipitation and Filtration PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
       3.833
      13.960
   1/825.000
     479.100
         1.780
         5.750
       802.200
       273.800
                               4343

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT - II
(e)Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution•Control   PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of  concentrate  digested
                     __  i  •.••••    -i 1_ 	  	 C.  .«. «. ..* >•« f^ v* 4— 'v* -ft 4- r*\ /H 1 /T t
      ixieuiXL; uiio-i-o   "'^a/ "••» — 	     ,   -   -, .   _i.'_j
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate  digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
                                      1.778
                                      6.478
                                    846.600
                                    222.300
         0.826
         2.668
       372.200
       127.000
 (f)  Tantalum  Salt  Drying  PSES  PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                               Maximum for
                               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
      	Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried    _
       English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
                                     16.950
                                     61.750
                                  8,070.000
                                  2,119.000
          7.871
         25.430
      3,548.000
      1,211.000
 (g)   oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                               Maximum for
                               Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
 	Metric Units - mg/kg of. columbium-tantalum  oxide  dried
 English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
                                      1.076
                                      3.919
                                    512.200
                                    134.500
          0.500
          1.614
        225.200
         76.840
                                 4344

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                SECT - II
 (h)   Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal PSES
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
•Maximum for
Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt  reduced
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as  N)
 Fluoride
       46.500
      169.400
   22,140.000
    5,813.000
         21.590
         69.750
      9,732.000
      3,322.000
 (i)  Reduction  o_f  Tantalum, Salt  to Metal Wet  Air  Pollution
           Control  PSES                                   —
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt  reduced
     English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs of  tantalum salt reduced
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
       0. 572
       2.084
     272.400
      71.510
         0.266
         0.858
       119.700
        40.860
(j)  Tantalum Powder Wash PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
       5.721
      20.840
   2,724.000
     715.200
         2.656
         8.582
     1,198.000
       408.700
                               4345

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIDM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT - II
(k)
Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum
                       cast or consolidated
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
                                     0.000
                                     0.000
                                     0.000
                                     0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
PSNS  are  promulgated  based  on  the  effluent   concentrations
achievable   by  the  application  of   chemical   precipitation,
sedimentation,  and  multimedia  filtration   (lime,  settle,  and
filter) technology and in-process flow reduction control methods,
along  with  preliminary treatment consisting  of  ammonia  steam
stripping  for  selected waste streams.  The  following  effluent
standards are promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution  Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum  for
                              Any  One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           Metric  Units  - mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as  N)
 Fluoride
                                      0.174
                                      0.635
                                     82.910
                                     21.770
          0.081
          0.261
         36.450
         12.440
 (b)   Solvent  Extraction Raffinate PSNS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                               Maximum for
                               Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
                                      2.564
                                      9.338
                                  1,221.000
                                    320.400
          1.190
          3.845
        536.500
        183.100
                                4346

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                SECT - II
 (c)  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
          /Metric Units - ing/kg of concentrate digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
        0.069
        0.251
       32.790
        8.610
          0.032
          0.103
         14.420
          4.920
 (d)   Precipitation and  Filtration PSNS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           Metric  Units - mg/kg of  concentrate digested
     English Units -  Ibs/million  Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
       3.833
      13.960
   1,825.000
     479.100
         1.780
         5.750
       802.200
       273.800
 (e) Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
       1.778
       6.478
     846.600
     222.300
         0.826
         2.668
       372.200
       127.000
                               4347

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT  -  II
(f)  Tantalum Salt Drying PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     	Metric Units - mg/Kg or tantalum salt dried   _
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
                                    16.950
                                    61.750
                                 8,070.000
                                 2,119.000
         7.871
        25.430
     3,548.000
     1,211.000
 (9)
Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
	Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units  - Ibs/million  Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as  N)
Fluoride
                                     1.076
                                     3.919
                                   512.200
                                   134.500
          0.500
          1.614
        225.200
         76.840
 (h)   Reduction of  Tantalum Salt  to  Metal  PSNS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia (as N)
 Fluoride
                                     46.500
                                    169.400
                                 22,140.000
                                  5,813.000
         21.590
         69.750
      9,732.000
      3,322.000
                                4348

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     PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT - II
 (i)   Reduction  of  Tantalum :Salt  to Metal  Wet  Air  Pollution
      Control  PSNS                                     :
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
          Metric Units -mg/kg of  tantalum  salt  reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of  tantalum salt  reduced
 Lead
 Zinc
 Ammonia  (as.N)
 Fluoride
       0.572
       2.084
     272.400
      71.510
          0.266
          0.858
        119.700
         40.860
 (j)  Tantalum Powder Wash PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    ~~Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units — Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia  (as N)
Fluoride
       5.721
      20.840
   2,724.000
     715.200
         2.656
         8.582
     1,198.000
       408.700
(k)  Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
                consolidated
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
                               4349

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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                            4350

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III



                            SECTION III

                        SUBCATEGORY PROFILE


 This _  section  of  the  primary  columbium-tantalum   supplement
 describes  the raw materials and processes used in  manufacturing
 primary columbium and tantalum salts and in subsequent production
 of  the  respective metals.  It also presents a  profile  of  the
 colurabium  and tantalum plants identified in this  study.    While
 chemists  refer to periodic table element number 41  as   niobium
 (Nb),  in American metallurgy it is known as columbium, and  this
 name will be used in this report.

 DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM PRODUCTION

 The  processes  used  at a  columbium  and  tantalum   production
 facility  depend  largely  upon the raw  material  used and  the
 plant's final product.   Four basic operations from ore or  slag to
 metal  must be performed:   physical and chemical breakup  of  the
 ore  or  slag to form columbium and tantalum  salts  (digestion);
 separation  of the columbium and tantalum salts from  each  other
 and  from the various impurities present;  reduction of the   salt
 to the  respective metal;  and fabrication of the metals into  some
 consistent  form,   e.g.,  ingots, bars,  or   plates.    Some   plants
 perform  the  first two operations,  and some the last  two;   some
 perform  all  four  operations.   A typical   plant  in  the  first
 category is shown in Figure III-l (page 4359).

 RAW MATERIALS

'Ore  concentrates  and slags are  the  chief  raw materials  for   the
 production  of   columbium   and  tantalum.    Ore   concentrates   are
 +derived  principally  from  the minerals   columbite,   tantalite,
 pyrochlore,  and  ferroniobium, these minerals  having  a  relatively
 high  concentration of the desired metals.   Columbium and tantalum
 ores  are   not   currently   mined in   the  United  States,   rather
 concentrates  are   imported from Canada, Brazil,  and Australia.
 Columbium-tantalum  ore concentrates  contain  approximately  50  to
 60  percent   columbium pentpxide  (Nb2O5)  or  tantalum  pentoxide
 (Ta2O5).   Slags  from foreign  tin  production have also been  found
 to  be a  reliable source.  There  are several sources  of tin slags,
 but   the  primary  source is Thailand  and Malaysia.    These  slags
 generally contain  eight to  14 percent Nb2O5 and Ta2O5.  Columbium
 and   tantalum  are   usually  found  together,  and   are  somewhat
 difficult to separate.

 DIGESTION OF ORE OR  SLAG

The  ore  or  slag   is  first  pulverized  to  approximately  the
consistency  of  talcum  powder.  Then,  columbium  and  tantalum
 (along  with  some impurities) are leached from   the  powder  by
either hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, or by chlorine gas.
                               4351

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
Treatment  of the ore or slag powder with chlorine gas at 500  to
1,OOOC  evolves  the volatile pentachlorides  of   columbium  and
tantalum,  as well as the chlorides of various other  substances.
These are removed by selective condensation and the columbium and
tantalum  chlorides are separated by distillation.  This  process
is completely anhydrous and generates no wastewater streams.  The
process  has  been used in the past, but is not now in use  on  a
commercial scale due to the difficulty in separating the tantalum
chloride and columbium chloride by distillation.

in the leaching process, aqueous hydrofluoric acid (sulfuric acid
may also be used in conjunction with hydrofluoric acid) Dissolves
columbium, tantalum, and impurity metals from the Powder, forming
the  fluoride salts of these metals.   Unreacted  concentrate  or
slaq (gangue) is removed by settling and decantation and disposed
of  as  a  low  level radioactive  waste.   Leaching  is  a  more
advantageous method for digesting the ore or slag because of  the
ease  with  which  the columbium and tantalum   fluorides  can  be
separated  by  solvent extraction,,  Acid mist generated   in  the
iXching  process  may  be  controlled  by  wet   scrubbers.   The
scrubber liquor produced is a source of wastewater.

SEPARATION OF SALTS

Separation  and  purification  of   the  columbium  and  tantalum
flSSrideS is most  economically achieved using solvent extraction.
Methvl  isobutyl ketone  (MIBK) is the most commonly used  solvent.
XparatioS of columbium and  tantalum by this method hinges  on the
different solubilities  that  the fluoride salts  of the two   metals
exhibit   in MIBK as  a  function of hydrofluoric  acid normality   in
the  feed.  For  instance, tantalum shows a great affinity for  the
organic  MIBK)  phase at  low  normalities, while  the  normality must
be   substantially   increased for columbium  to  show   a similar
affinity.  Usually,  a  low  normality feed stream is  contacted with
MIBK?   whereupon   tantalum  salt of  high   purity  is   extracted.
Additional   hydrofluoric   acid   is  then  added   to  increase   the
normal??? of   the aqueous phase,   (the  columbium-laden stream)
which is then  contacted with fresh  MIBK, extracting  the columbium
 salt.
 The  raffinate  from this step is a source  of  wastewater.    The
 columbium and tantalum are next extracted from MIBK by  Jeionized
 water.    Following  extraction,  the  MIBK  raffinate  stream  is
 recycled.   Wet  air pollution control used  to  control  solvent
 extraction air fumes is a source of wastewater.

 Columbium and tantalum salts are precipitated from the  deionized
 water,   usually  by  the  addition  of  ammonia  (to  precipitate
 columbium) andpotassium fluoride (to precipitate an intermediate
 tantalum salt).  Ammonia is also used to precipitate high  purity
 tantalum  oxides.  Fluoride fumes generated during  precipitation
      be controlled by a wet scrubber.  The  crystal  precipitates
 are  filtered  from  the aqueous mother  liquor,  which  is  then
 discarded.   The crystals are then washed with water  and _  dried.
 Columbium  oxide  precipitates are calcined in a kiln  using  wet
                                4352

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     PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  III


  scrubbers   to control gaseous fumes.  A pure columbium  pentoxide
  is  achieved when calcined:at 850°C in an  oxidizing   atmosphere.
  Tantalum salts are also dried, but wet scrubbers  are.not normally
  used;  however, the water vapor may be condensed,  captured,  and
  discharged.

  REDUCTION OF SALT TO METAL

  A   number  of methods exist for the reduction  of  .columbium  and
  tantalum   salts  to  metal.   They  include  sodium   reduction,
  aluminothermic reduction, carbon reduction, and electrolysis.

  Sodium reduction is a popular method for producing both columbium
  and tantalum from their salts.   In this process,  sodium reduces
  the  columbium  or  tantalum to metal.    Layers of the  salt  are
  alternated  with  layers of sodium in  a  reaction  vessel,  then
  capped  with sodium chloride to prevent oxidation of the  reduced
 metal.   The reaction mixture is often ignited electrically,  but
 once  ignited,   the exothermic reaction is self-sustaining.   Wet
  scrubbers  are  often used to control the gaseous  emissions  from
 the  reaction vessel.    After cooling,   the columbium or tantalum
 metal-containing material is crushed,  and any iron picked up from
 the reaction vessel is  removed magnetically.   The remaining metal
 powder  is  further purified by leaching with water,  followed  bv
 nitric or hydrochloric  acid.

 The aluminothermic reaction also may be  used on  both   columbium
 and tantalum  salts.    This  method also  may  be used  on  certain
 ferrocolumbium  ores  which do not require  digestion and  separation
 of  columbium and  tantalum salts.  The salt  (or  ore) is  mixed with
 aluminum   powder.   Potassium  chlorate   is  added  to  provide
 additional   reaction  heat,  and magnesium is  added  to  properly
 ignite the  mixture.  Columbium and tantalum  are  reduced  to metal
 while  aluminum  is  oxidized.

 Carbon reduction  takes place  through a two-step  route  known  as
 the  Balke process and can be  used  on both columbium and  tantalum
 salts.    Its predominant use,  however,   is the reduction of  the
 metal  oxides.   The metal oxide is first mixed with fine   carbon
 and  heated  under vacuum to 1,800C,  where a metal  carbide  and
 carbon monoxide are formed.   The carbide is then  mixed with more
 oxide  and reacts to form the pure metal and more carbon monoxide.
 No known wastewater is generated during this process.

 Electrolytic  reduction of tantalum is sometimes practiced  using
 fused  salt  techniques.  Potassium fluotantalate   (K2TaF7),  the
 crystal  which  was  precipitated by potassium  fluoride  in  the
 separation  of  salts  step, is electrolyzed to  yield  the  pure
 tantalum  metal,  which  is then separated from  'the  cathode  by
pulverizing both metal and cathode acid, leaching out the cathode
material (usually carbon).

CONSOLIDATION AND CASTING

Both  columbium  and  tantalum  show a   tendency  to  lose  their


                               4353

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   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
metallic    characteristics,   particularly   malleability    and
ductility,  when even small amounts of impurities are present  in
the metal matrix.  Therefore, special techniques_must be used  to
further purify the metals and work them into their desired  form.
Some of the more popular processes include electron beam melting,
cold-crucible  arc  melting,  and  simultaneous  compacting   and
resistance heating.

Electron  beam  melting is currently the most  common  method  of
consolidation.  A beam of high voltage, low current electrons  is
focused  onto the crude metal and the top of a retractable  ingot
contained in a water-cooled copper cylinder.  The beam melts  the
crude  metal, and the falling molten globules form a pool on  top
of  the inqot.  The process is continuous, with the  ingot  being
lowered as the molten metal solidifies.  Most impurities boil out
of  the  pool into the high vacuum environment  required  by  the
electron beam and are removed.

Arc melting occurs in much  the same way as electron beam melting,
except that a low voltage,  high current arc of electricity melts
the crude metal.  ,

Simultaneous  compaction  and direct  resistance   heating  is  the
oldest  process  used and is somewhat undesirable, as   the  metal
must  be processed  two or three times  to reach sufficient  purity.
The   metal  is typically compacted  at  about  6,900  atmospheres  and
heated to  1,400  to 1,500°C  for several hours.   It is  then   rolled
and  sintered  at  2,300°C.  Several  rolling and sintering steps may
be  required.


PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES

 In   summary,   the  major  uses of  water in   primary  columbium arid
 tantalum  processing  are:

       1.   Concentrate digestion  wet  air  pollution control,
       2.   Solvent  extraction,
       3.   Solvent  extraction wet air pollution  control,
       4.   Precipitation and filtration of metal salt,
       5.   Precipitation and filtration wet air  pollution control,
       6.   Tantalum salt drying
       7.   Oxides calcining wet air pollution control,
       8.   Reduction of tantalum salt to metal,
       9.   Reduction of tantalum salt to metal wet air pollution
           control,                               .              ,
      10.   Tantalum powder wash and wet air pollution control, and
      11.   Consolidation and casting contact cooling.

 OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

 There  may  be  other  wastewater  streams  associated  with _ the
 production   of   primary  columbium-tantalum.     The   principal
 wastewater stream is maintenance and cleanup water.  This  stream
 is not considered as part of this rulemaking.  EPA believes  that


                                4354

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                 SECT - III
  r«          pol4^ant loadings associated with this  wastewater
it  S  bLt^hln^f1^' «lative to. the wastewaters selected and
it  is  best  handled by the appropriate permit  authority  on  a
       "eS1S  Under the authorifcy of Section  402
 Clen  WarAct;                                           of   the

 AGE, PRODUCTION, AND  PROCESS PROFILE

 All _ five  of  the columbium-tantalum plants   identified   in   this
 ?S2?  ^^If1" in  the  20-year period  just  after World   War   II
 (Table   III-l,   page  4356).   Average  plant   production    is
 approximately  450 tons per year, as shown in Table  III-2  (page
S?n£e II3>2 ^P^9e 4360) dePicts the geographic locations of  the
plants  comprising  the  columbium-tantalum  subcategory  of  the
                        The P^nts are scattered, with  half  the
 idwest oh  wes?.
Table  ni-3  (page 4358) lists the  major  production  processes
presently used in the columbium-tantalum subcategory.  Also shown
is the number of plants discharging from these processes
                              4355

-------
        PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
                           SECT - III
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-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
                      TABLE III-2
               PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE
           COLUMBIUM -;TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
       Production Ranges
       for 1976 (tons/yr)

        Less than 450

        More than 450

        TOTAL
Number of Plants

       3

       2^

     ..5
                         4357

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


                           TABLE II1-3

              PRODUCTION PROCESSES UTILIZED BY THE
                COLUMBIUM - TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

                          Number of Plants   Number of Plants
     Process                with Process   Generating Wastewater

Digestion                        3                  ~

  -Air pollution Control         3                  3

Extraction                       3                  ~

  Solvent Extraction Raffinate   3                  3
  Air Pollution Control          2                  2

Precipitation and Filtration     3                  -

  Precipitation and Filtration   3                  3
    wastewater
  Air Pollution Control          2                  2

Salt Drying                      2                  2

Oxide Calcining                  4

  Air Pollution Control          4                  4

Reduction of Tantalum Salt       4                  -

  Reduction Wastewater           3                  3
  Air Pollution Control          2                  2

Tantalum Powder Wash             1                  i

Consolidation and Casting        4

  Contact Cooling Water          1                  i
Through  reuse or evaporation practices, a plant may  "generate"  a
wastewater from a particular process but not discharge  it.
                                4358

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT -  III
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                     4359

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT  -  III
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-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
         THIS PAGE  INTENTIONALLY LEFT  BLANK
                         4361

-------
      PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
                            SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION
Thid  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation Sf ^subdivisions of the primary columbium-tantalum
subcategory.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM
SUBCATEGORY,
            lv                 :
The  factors  listed  for  general,  subcategorization  were  each
evaluated   when  establishing  the  primary   columbium-tantalum
Subcategory  and  its  subdivisions.   In  the  discussion   that
follows?  the factors will be described as they pertain  to  this
particular  subcategory.

The   rationale  for  considering  subdivision  of  the   primary
cofumbium-Sntalum   subcategory  is  based  primarily   on   the
production  process used.  Within this subcategory, a  number  of
different   operations are performed, which may or may not have  a
water  use  or discharge, and which may require the  establishment
of   separate effLent limitations and standards.   While  primary
columbium-tantalum  is still considered a single  subcategory,  a
Sore thorough examination of the production  processes, water  use
and  discharge  practices,  and pollutant  generation  rates  has
illustrated the  need for limitations and standards based  on  a
specific  set of waste streams.  Limitations  and standards will be
baled on  specific flow allowances for  the following subdivisions:

      1.   Concentrate digestion wet  air pollution control,
      2.   Solvent extraction  raffinate,
      3.   Solvent extraction  wet  air pollution  control,
      4.   Precipitation  and  filtration of metal salt,
      5.   Precipitation  and  filtration wet air  pollution control,
      6.   Tantalum  salt  drying           <
      7.   Oxides  calcining wet air  pollution control,
       8.   Reduction of  tantalum salt to metal,      _     ,,  ..
       9.   Reduction of  tantalum salt to metal wet  air  pollution

      10    Tantalum powder wash and  wet air  pollution  control,  and
      11.   Consolidation and  casting contact  cooling.

 These  subdivisions  follow  directly from differences within  the
 two distinct production stages of primary columbium and tantalum:
 production  of  salts from ore concentrates  and  slags,   and  the
 ?educ?ion  o?  salts to produce the  metals.   Plants _processing
 primary columbium and tantalum fall into three categories: plants
 which perform the ore-to-salt operation,  plants which perform the
 salt-to-metal   operation,   and   plants  which'  Perform   .both
 operations.    A   review  of-  the  sampling  data   shows   that
 Significantly  different  wastewater volumes and  characteristics
 are produced by the two manufacturing processes.    Therefore,  11
                                4362

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       PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
           SECT - IV
 subdivisions   of  the  primary  columbium-tantalum  subcategory  are
 necessary.

 OTHER FACTORS

 The  other  factors  considered  in  this  evaluation were  shown  to   be
 inappropriate  bases for  subcategorization.  Air pollution control
 methods,   treatment   costs, nonwater  quality  aspects  and   total
 energy    requirements    are    functions   of     the    selected
 subcategorization  factors—metal  product,   raw   materials,   and
 production processes. Therefore, they are not independent factors
 and   will  not  affect   the  method   of  subcategorization.     As
 discussed  in. Section IV of  the  General  Development  Document,
 certain  other  factors  such as plant age, plant   size,  and   the
 number of employees were also evaluated and were  determined  to be
 inappropriate  for  use  as/bases for  subcategorization  of  this
 subcategory.

 PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

 The  effluent limitations and standards developed  in this document
 establish  mass limitations on the discharge of   pollutants.    To
 allow  these  regulations  to be applied to plants  with  various
 production  capacities,  the mass of  pollutant  discharge must   be
 related  to a unit of production.   This factor is known  as   the
 production normalizing parameter (PNP).   In general,  the amount
 of product or intermediate produced by a particular manufacturing
 process is used as the PNP.   This is based on  the principle that
 the  amount  of water generated is proportional to the amount   of
 product  made.   The PNPs for the 11  primary  columbium-tantalum
 subdivisions are shown below:
1.  Concentrate digestion wet air
     pollution control

2.  Solvent extraction raffinate

3.  Solvent extraction wet air
     pollution control

4.  Precipitation and filtration
     of metal salt         ;

5.  Precipitation and filtration
     wet air pollution control

6.  Tantalum salt drying   ;,

7.  Oxides calcining wet air
8.   Reduction of tantalum salt
     to metal
kkg of concentrate digested


kkg of concentrate digested

kkg of concentrate digested


kkg of concentrate digested


kkg of concentrate digested


kkg of tantalum salt dried

kkg of columbium or
 tantalum oxide calcined
 (dried)

kkg of tantalum salt
 reduced  - -'   .   .
                               4363

-------
      PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
          SECT ~ IV
9.  Reduction of tantalum salt
     to metal wet air pollution
     control

10. Tantalum powder wash and
     wet air pollution control

11. Consolidation and casting
     contact cooling
kkg of tantalum salt
 reduced
kkg of tantalum powder
 washed

kkg of columbium or
 tantalum consolidated or
 cast
Other production normalizing parameters were considered; however,
they  were rejected.  In the proposed mass limitations  for  this
subcategory,  the  production  normalizing  parameter  for   each
subdivision  was the quantity of product recovered.  It has  been
demonstrated  to the Agency, however, that choosing PNPs in  this
manner  for the first five subdivisions is not appropriate.   Ore
concentrates  and  tin  slags  contain  significantly   different
columbium-tantalum values, and thus require different amounts  of
processing  chemicals  to recover equivalent amounts  of  metals.
Production  normalized flow rates presented in Section  V  verify
this  concept.  A  much  better  correlation  between  flow   and
production  results  when the PNP is changed to the mass  of  raw
material rather than the mass of product.
                                4364

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V



                            : SECTION V

             WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

 This   section  describes  the  characteristics   of   wastewater
 associated with the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory.  Data
 used to quantify wastewater flow and pollutant concentrations are
 presented,  summarized,   and  discussed.    The  contribution   of
 specific production processes to the overall wastewater discharge
 from  primary  columbium-tantalum plants  is  identified  whenever
 possible.

 The  two  principal  data sources used in  preparation  of  this
 document are data collection portfolios  (dcp)  and field  sampling
 results.    Data   collection  portfolios   contain   information
 regarding  wastewater flows.   A significant amount of  data  has
 also   been  collected  from  comments on  the   proposed   mass
 limitations and specific data requests to verify comments.

 In  order  to  quantify   the  pollutant   discharge  from  primary
 columbium-tantalum   plants,    a  field   sampling   program   was
 conducted.    Wastewater   samples were  collected  in  two  phases:
 screening  and verification.   The first phase,   screen  sampling,
 was  to  identify  which toxic pollutants  were  present  in  the
 wastewaters  from  production  of the various metals.    Screening
 samples  were  analyzed  for  125 of  the 126  toxic  pollutants  and
 other   pollutants  deemed appropriate.    Because  the   analytical
 standard  for  TCDD  was judged to  be  too hazardous   to  be   made
 generally  available,  samples  were   never  analyzed   for    this
 pollutant;    There   is   no  reason to expect  that  TCDD  would be
 present  in columbium-tantalum wastewater.   A total  of 10  plants
 were   selected  for   screen,sampling   in  the   nonferrous  metals
 manufacturing  category  with one  of those plants in  the  primary
 columbium-tantalum   subcategory.    In  general,  the   samples   were
 analyzed   for   three  classes   of  pollutants:    toxic   organic
 pollutants,   toxic  metal  pollutants,  and  criteria  pollutants
 (which    includes   both   conventional   and     nonconventional
 pollutants).

 As  described   in  Section IV  of  this  supplement,  the  primary
 columbium-tantalum  subcategory has been further subdivided   into
 11  subdivisions  or building  blocks, each representing  a  major
 source   of  wastewater in the  subcategory.   Differences  in  the
 wastewater characteristics associated with these subdivisions are
 to   be   expected.    For  this   reason,   wastewater   streams
 corresponding to each subdivision are addressed separately in the
 discussions that follow.

WASTEWATER SOURCES, DISCHARGE RATES, AND  CHARACTERISTICS


The  wastewater data presented in this  section were evaluated  in
light  of  production  process information compiled  during  this
study.   As a result,  it was possible  to  identify the  principal


                               4365

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


wastewater sources in the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory.  ,
They are:

      1.  Concentrate digestion wet air pollution control,
      2.  Solvent extraction raffinate,
      3.  Solvent extraction wet air pollution control,
      4.  Precipitation and filtration of metal salt,
      5.  Precipitation and filtration wet air pollution control,
      6.  Tantalum salt drying,
      7.  Oxides calcining wet air pollution control,
      8.  Reduction of tantalum salt to metal,
      9.  Reduction of tantalum salt to metal wet air pollution
          control,                                .
     10.  Tantalum powder wash and wet air pollution control, and
     11.  Consolidation and casting contact cooling.

Data  supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and  two  flow-to-
production   ratios  were  calculated for each  stream.   The  two
ratios,   water   use   and  wastewater   discharge    flow,   are
differentiated by the flow value used  in calculation.  Water  use
is  defined  as the volume of water or  other fluid (e.g.,   solvent
extraction   raffinate) required for a  given process  per  mass  of
product  and  is therefore based on.  the  sum of  recycle and   make-up
flows   to a given process.  Wastewater  flow  discharged after
pretreatment or  recycle   (if  these  are  present)   is  used  in
calculating   the  production  normalized flow —   the   volume  of
wastewater discharged from a given process to further   treatment,
disposal, or discharge  per  mass  of  columbium  or   tantalum
produced. Differences between the water use  and  wastewater  flows
associated with  a given  stream result  from recycle,   evaporation,
and  carry-over   on  the  product.  The production   values   used  in
calculation   correspond  to  the production normalizing   parameter,
PNP,   assigned   to  each  stream,  as outlined  in  Section  IV._  The
production   normalized   flows  were  compiled  and  statistically
analyzed by  stream  type.  Where  appropriate,  an  attempt was   made
 to  identify factors that  could  account  for  variations  in  water
use.   This  information  is  summarized  in  this  section.   A  similar
 analysis of  factors affecting  the wastewater  values is  presented
 in  Sections  X, XI,  and XII where representative BAT,  BDT,   and
 pretreatment discharge  flows are selected  for use in  calculating
 the effluent limitations and standards.   As  an example, reduction
 of  tantalum salt to metal  air scrubbing flow is related  to  the
 reduction  production.   As  such,  the  discharge rate is  expressed
 in liters of scrubber wastewater per  metric ton of metal reduced.

 In  order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present in
 wastewater  from primary  columbium-tantalum  plants,  wastewater
 samples  were  collected at four of the five  primary  columbium--
 tantalum plants.   Diagrams  indicating the sampling  sites  and
 contributing  production  processes  are  shown  in  Figures  V-l
 through  V-4  (pages 4420 - 4423).

 The  raw wastewater  sampling data for  the  primary . columbium-
 tantalum subcategory are presented in Tables V-2, V-4, V-6,  V-8,
 and V-12, (pages 4373, 4379, 4384, 4388, and 4394   respectively).
                             4366

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT •=• V
 Treated wastewater sampling data are shown in Tables V-18 throuqh
 V-20 (pages 4411, 4414 and 4417). Tables V-15 through V-17 (pagis
 4402,   4404,  and  4407)  show miscellaneous  raw  wastewater  for
 plants A,  B, and C.   These ,data were not used for the  wastewater
 characterizations  discussed  below  because  the  wastewater  is
 combined  with  nonprocess  water or  is  generated  by  nonscope
 processes.   Where  no  data are listed for  a  specific  day  of
 sampling,  the wastewater  samples for the stream were omitted   If
 the analysis did not detect a pollutant in a waste  stream,   the
 pollutant  was omitted from the table.

 The data   tables  include some wastewater  samples  measured  at
 concentrations  not   considered quantifiable.   The  base  neutral
 extractables,   acid  fraction extractables, and volatile  organics
 are generally considered  not quantifiable at concentrations  at or
 below   0.010  mg/1.    Below  this  concentration,   the  data    is
 considered  too susceptible to random  error to be   quantitatively
 accurate.    However,  these data are useful in that they  indicate
 the presence  of a particular pollutant.   The pesticide  fraction
 is  considered  nonquantifiable at concentrations equal to or   less
 than  0.005  mg/1.  Nonquantifiable  results are designated in   the
 tables   with an asterisk  (double asterisk for  less than or  eaual
 to  0.005 mg/1).                                                 .

 These detection limits  shown on the data  tables are not the   same
 in   all  cases,  as  the  published   detection   limits  for  these
 pollutants by  the  same  analytical methods.   The detection limits
 used were   reported  with the analytical  data  and  hence  are   the
 appropriate  limits   to  apply  to   the   data.   Detection  limit
 variation  can   occur   as,ar-result  of  a   number   of   laboratory-
 specific,    equipment-specific,   and   daily    operator-specific
 factors.   These   factors can include  day-to-day   differences   in
 machine  calibration,  variation  in stock solutions,  and   variation
 in  operators.      ,         ; .                         .. •   v

 The  statistical analysis  of  data includes  some  samples   measured
 at  concentrations  considered not quantifiable.   Data  reported  as
 an   asterisk  are  considered  as detected  but   below   quantifiable
 concentrations, and a value of  zero  is used  for averaging.  Toxic
 organic,   nonconventional,   and    conventional  pollutant  data
 reported with a  "less than" sign are considered as detected,  but
 not  further  quantifiable.   A value of  zero  is  also  used  for
 averaging.    If  a pollutant  is reported as not detected,  it   is
 excluded in calculating the -average.  Finally, toxic metal values
 reported  as  less  than  a certain value were considered  as  not
 detected,  and a zero was used  in the calculation of  the average
 For example, three samples reported as ND, .*-, and 0.021 mg/1 have
an average  value of 0.010 mg/1.
The  method  by which each sample was collected is
number, as follows.
                                         indicated  by
     2
     3
one-time grab
24-hour manual composite
24-hour automatic: composite
                           4367

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
     4     48-hour manual composite
     5     48-hour automatic composite
     6     72-hour manual composite_
     7     72-hour automatic composite

in the data collection portfolios,  all of the columbium-tantalum
plants indicated that the toxic organic pollutants were known  or
believed to be absent from their wastewater.  The majority of the
metals were believed to be absent as summarized below:
Antimony
Arsenic
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
 Known
Present

   1
   1
                           Believed
                           Present
                1
                1

                1
                1
Believed
 Absent

    2
    2
    3
    2
    1
    2
    2
    1
    1
    4
    2
    3
Known
Absent

  1
  1
  1
  2
  1
  1
  2
  2
  1
  1
  2
  1
CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The   first  step   in  the production  of  primary   columbium   and
tantalum  is   the  digestion  of ore  concentrates  and   slags  with
hydrofluoric    acid.   The   process  solubilizes   columbium    and
tStalum, along with various other  metals which require   removal.
Three of  the  five  columbium-tantalum  plants  use wet scrubbers   on
their  concentrate digestion process.  Water  use   and  discharge
rates  are shown in liters per metric ton  of  columbium-tantalum
concentrate digested in  Table V-l  (page 4372).

Table V-2 (page 4373) summarizes  the  raw wastewater sampling data
for   the  toxic and selected  conventional  and   nonconventional
pollutants.    The  wet scrubber liquor is strongly  acidic  (pH   of
approximately  2.0), containing  suspended  solids,  fluorides,   and
some   metals  at   treatable concentrations  (see _Table  V-2).
Insoluble gangue  impurities are  removed by  filtration.    On-site
disposal   of  gangue   impurities   is  required   because  it  _ is
 radioactive.   The  waste  gangue slurry is  typically contained  in a
holding  pond,  the  overflow from which  is   acidic and  contains
quantifiable   concentrations of  metals,  fluorides, and  suspended
 solids.

 SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

 The  digested  solution  containing  columbium  and  tantalum  is
 contacted with an organic solvent such  as  methyl  isobutyl  ketone
 (MIBK)  in a  two step multistage  extraction process, resulting  in
                                4368

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


 the  extraction and separation of  columbium and tantalum.    Three
 plants  discharge   this  wastewater as  shown in  Table   V-3  (page
 4378).  The impurities from digestion  remaining in the  raffinate
 typically   include   treatable   concentrations   of    organics,
 fluorides,   metals,  suspended solids,  and  oil and  grease.    The
 sampling data   from  an extraction raffinate   waste  stream  are
 presented in Table  V-4 (page 4379).

 SOLVENT  EXTRACTION  WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 After extraction,   the   organic streams  bearing   columbium  and
 tantalum are often contacted with deionized water to   strip  the
 columbium  and   tantalum  from the organic   phase.   The  organic
 solvent   is then recycled to the first  extraction   process.    Two
 plants use  wet  scrubbers to control  air emissions  from extraction
 operations.   One of these plants  uses  the  same scrubber for  air
 pollution   control   of  concentrate   digestion    and   solvent
 extraction.   The water use and discharge  rates for the two plants
 are  presented  in Table  V-5 (page  4383) in  liters  per  metric  ton
 of_  columbium-tantalum concentrate digested.   This wastewater   is
 acidic and  contains concentrations of toxic  organics and  metals,
 fluorides,   and suspended  solids as shown  in  Table   V-6  (page
 4384) .

 PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION OF METAL SALT

 Precipitation  of pure metal  salts from the  aqueous phase  may   be
 accomplished  by ammonia  addition  to form columbium and  tantalum
 oxides.   All three  plants  reporting this waste  stream  discharge
 it   as shown  in  Table V-7  (page 4387).  The  filtrate  wastewater
 typically contains  treatable  concentrations  of ammonia,  fluoride,
 metals,  and  suspended solids.  Ammonia stripping   is   frequently
 practiced to  recover ammonia  from  the filtrate prior to  discharge
 of  the waste  stream.  Tantalum may also be recovered by  treatment
 of   the  solubilized  tantalum salt with  hydrofluoric   acid  and
 potassium   fluoride  to  precipitate   potassium   fluotantalate
 (I^TaFy).  This  precipitate also requires filtration   and
 washing, leaving a  filtrate effluent stream  containing measurable
 concentrations of potassium,  fluorides, and  chlorides  (see  Table
 V-8)  (page 4388).

 PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Gaseous fumes emitted during precipitation of  columbium-tantalum
 are  controlled with wet  scrubbers  at two plants.   The  scrubber
 liquor   reflects  the  precipitation  supernatant  and  contains
 fluoride and ammonia.   One of the  plants pretreats the  scrubber
 liquor  with ammonia steam stripping prior to central  treatment.
 The  water  use and discharge rates for this scrubbing  operation
 are presented in Table V-9  (page 4391)*"

TANTALUM SALT DRYING

Following  filtration, potassium fluotantalate  precipitates   are
usually  dried  to  yield  purified  salts.    Two  of  the   five


                               4369

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


columbium-tantalum  plants  capture steam in  drying  operations.
Water  discharge  rates  are shown in  Table  V-10  (page  4392).
Wastewater   associated   with   this   process   reflects    the
precipitation    process    used.    For    example,    treatable
concentrations of fluoride may be present when potassium fluoride
is used as the reagent for precipitation.  Table V-12 (page 4394)
shows  data  from  combined wastewater  from  the  tantalum  salt
drying,  reduction  of salt-to metal, and reduction  of  salt  to
metal scrubber waste streams.

OXIDES CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Columbium-tantalum  oxides are precipitated from  solution  using
ammonia  and  then  dried and calcined in a  kiln.   Four  plants
reported  using  wet  scrubbers to control  emissions  from  this
process  as  shown in Table V-ll (page  4393).   Scrubber  liquor
blowdown  will contain a large quantity of ammonia and  is  steam
stripped at two plants.


REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WASTEWATER

Reduction  processes  vary  somewhat  in  the  columbium-tantalum
subcategory.   Of the several reduction techniques  discussed  in
Section III, only two were reported in practice by plants in  the
columbium-tantalum  subcategory.   The  first  of  these,  sodium
reduction,  appears  to be the dominant technique.   The  process
requires  extensive washing of the product metal with water or  a
combination  of  water  and  acid.   The  production   normalized
discharge rates are shown in Table V-13  (page 4400).  This  waste
stream  typically contains treatable concentrations  of  fluoride
(see  Table V-12, page 4394), as well as toxic metals,  chloride,
and   oil .  and  grease.  The  other  reduction   process   used,
aluminothermic reduction, is reported to generate no  wastewater.
The  waste  streams are some times passed through  a  cyclone  to
recover  valuable  columbium and tantalum solids.   In  addition,
water is used for sizing at one of the plants surveyed.  However,
this wastewater stream is combined with washing operations and is
not further considered as a separate wastewater stream.

REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

Reduction  process emissions are frequently controlled  with  wet
scrubbers.   The  resulting discharge is similar to the reduction
washing streams.   This waste stream may also be passed through a
cyclone  to  recover columbium and tantalum solids,  if  present.
Water  use and discharge rates are presented in Table V-14   (page
4401)  in  liters  per  metric ton  of   tantalum  metal  reduced.
Sampling  data for this waste stream are contained  in Table  V-12
(page  4394).   This  waste  water  contains  many  of  the  same
pollutants found in reduction of salt to metal wastewater.

TANTALUM POWDER WASH AND SCRUBBER

Following reduction, tantalum powder may be acid washed to, impart


                               4370

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


certain  surface  characteristics.   This  waste  stream   should
contain  very little toxic metals or fluoride.  However, it  will
be  characterized.by a low 'pH.  This waste stream should  not  be
confused  with  the  reduction  of  salt  to  metal   wastewater.
Although  an acid medium may be used and achieve similar  surface
characteristics,  reduction  of  salt  to  metal  wastewater   is
generated  primarily  to leach away  potassium  fluoride,  sodium
fluoride, and sodium chloride salts.  Therefore, tantalum  powder
wash is only applicable to those plants that carry out a separate
wash  step from reduction of salt to metal;  The only plant  with
this  stream reported a once through water usage of 20,433  1/kkg
of tantalum powder washed.

CONSOLIDATION AND CASTING CONTACT COOLING

Only  one of the plants surveyed practiced direct contact cooling
of metal castings.    This plant recycles 100 percent of the water
used  for  this  operation,  resulting  in  zero  discharge.   No
sampling data were available for this waste stream.
                               4371.

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
  SECT - V
                            TABLE V-l

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
         CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

       (1/kkg of columbium-tantalum concentrate digested)
                              Production
Production

Plant Code
507
509
519*
Percent
Recycle
0
0
80
Normalized
Water Use
6219
100191
93800
Normalized
Discharge Rate
6129
100191
13132
* Same scrubber used for solvent extraction wet air pollution
  control.
                               4372

-------
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM  AND  TANTALUM
                     SECT  - V


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-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - V
                            TABLE V-3

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                  SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

       (1/kkg of columbium-tantalum concentrate digested)
Plant Code

   507

   509

   519
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Recycle

   0

   0

   0
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  10971

   7338

   9463
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    10971

     7338

     9463
                                4378

-------
        PRIMARY COLUMBIUM; AND TANTALUM
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-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                           ' TABLE V-5   .

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
          SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

       (1/kkg of columbium-tantalum concentrate digested)
Plant Code
507
519*
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0
80
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2456
93800
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                                                   2456

                                                  13132
* Same scrubber used in concentrate digestion
                              4383

-------
           PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM
                                                      SECT  - V
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-------
             PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM
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-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


                            TABLE V-7

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
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       (1/kkg of columbium-tantalum concentrate digested)
Plant Code

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  12912
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    18419

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    12912
                              4387

-------
        PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


                            TABLE V-9

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
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       (1/kkg of columbium-tantalum concentrate digested)
Plant Code

   509

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  12910
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   114116

    12910
                             4391

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                           TABLE V-10

               WATER USE AND  DISCHARGE RATES  FOR
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Plant Code
509
509*
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0
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17493
60544
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                                4392

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   . SECT - V
                            TABLE V-ll

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
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Plant Code

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                              4393

-------
          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - V
                            TABLE V-13

                WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
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                 (1/kkg of tantalum salt reduced)
Plant Code

   507

   513

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   0

   0

   0
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Normalized
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 272542

 170696

  54975
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  Normalized
Discharge Rate

   272542

   170696

    54975
                                4400

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - V
                            TABLE V-14

                WATER USE. AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
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                (1/kkg of tantalum metal reduced)
Plant Code

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     2043
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-------
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-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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-------
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-------
        PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM
SECT - V
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-------
       PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM    SECT - V
 Source Water
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                           Figure V-l

        SAMPLING SITES  AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT A
                               4420

-------
       PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM     SECT - V
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                            Figure  V-2

SAMPLING SITES  AT  COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM  PLANT A (Continued)
                               4421

-------
PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM  AND TANTALUM
                           SECT -  V
Source
Water
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 SAMPLING  SITES  AT  COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM  PLANT  B
                              4422

-------
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XI AND TANTALUM SECT - V
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  SAMPLING SITES AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT C
                          4423

-------
  PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM      SECT -  V
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Lime Addition
                               022
                                                                Holding Tank
                                                        024
                                                                 Filter
                                                                 Presses
                                                           0.101 MGD
                                                                   Lagoon
                                                                  Discharge
                           Figure  V-5

    SAMPLING  SITES  AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM  PLANT  D
                               4424

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -VI



                            SECTION VI

                 SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS             *

 This  section  examines the chemical analysis data  presented  in
 Section V and discusses the selection or exclusion of  pollutants
 tor  potential limitation. The discussion that follows  describes
 the  analysis that was-performed to select or exclude  pollutants
 for   further  consideration  for  limitations   and   standards.
 Pollutants  will be considered for limitations and  standards  if
 they are present in concentrations treatable by the  technologies
 identified  in this analysis.   The,treatable concentrations  used
   u- 'tht-,  fc°xic  metals were  the  long-term  performance  values
 achievable by lime precipitation, sedimentation,  and  filtration.
 The treatable concentrations used for the toxic organics were the
 long-term performance values achievable by carbon adsorption.

 After  proposal,  the Agency re-evaluated the treatment performance
 of  activated  carbon  adsorption  to  control   toxic    organic
 pollutants.   The treatment performance for the acid   extractable
 baseneutral  extractable,  and volatile organic pollutants has  been
 set equal to  the  analytical quantification limit of 0.010 mg/1
 The analytical  quantification  limit for  pesticides and total
 phenols  (by  4-AAP  method)  is 0.005 mg/1,  which is below  the 0.010
 mg/1  accepted  for  the  other toxic  organics.    However,   to  be
 consistent,   the treatment performance of 0.010 mg/1 is  used   for
 pesticides  and  total  phenols.   The 0.010 mg/1  concentration  is
 achievable,  assuming  enough carbon is used in  the column   and  a
 suitable   contact  time  is allowed.  The frequency of occurrence
 tor 36 of  the  toxic pollutants has been redetermined based on the
 revised  treatment  performance value.  As  a  result, the   following
 pollutants,  which   were  not selected at   proposal,  have  been
 selected for further consideration for  limitation:

     '4.   benzene                                           .
      6.   carbon tetrachloride
     85.   tetrachloroethylene

 CONVENTIONAL AND.NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

 This  study examined samples from the primary  columbium-tantalum
 subcategory for three conventional pollutant parameters  (oil  and
 grease,  total suspended solids,   and pH) and six nonconventional
 pollutant parameters (ammonia,   chemical oxygen demand, chloride,
 fluoride, total organic carbon,  and total phenols).

The  following  conventional  and nonconventional  pollutants
pollutant   parameters   are  selected   for   consideration   i
establishing limitations for the  columbium-tantalum subcategory:

     ammonia
     total; suspended solids (TSS)
     fluoride
    '     '
                               4425
or
in

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI
Five   of   eight   samples  analyzed   for   ammonia   exhibited
concentrations  in  excess  of 40 mg/1  (above  the  treatability
concentration) with values reported as high as 3,210 mg/1.  Since
five  of  eight  samples  are above  the  32  mg/1  concentration
attainable with steam stripping, ammonia is selected for  further
consideration.

The concentration of suspended solids in the 11 samples for which
it was analyzed ranged from 1 mg/1 to 27,890 mg/1.   Furthermore,
most  of  the treatment used to remove toxic metals  does  so  by
precipitating  the metals or their salts,  and these toxic  metal
precipitates  should  not be discharged.   A limitation on  total
suspended  solids then,  would help ensure that the toxic  metals
are  removed.   Thus,  total  suspended solids  is  selected  for
consideration for limitation.

Fluoride  ions in low concentration (approximately 1.0 mg/1)  are
beneficial   in   drinking  water  supplies.    However,   higher
concentrations   (above 10 mg/1) can be harmful and even fatal  to
humans  and  animals.   All four samples  analyzed  for   fluoride
contained  very  high concentrations of this  pollutant   (ranging
from 2,800 to 24,000 mg/1).  The identified treatment  technology
can  reduce fluoride concentrations to 14.5 mg/1.   Consequently,
fluoride is selected for consideration for limitation.

The pH range measured was 1.87 to  11.0.  Many deleterious effects
are caused by either extreme pH values,  or rapid changes in  pH.
Effective removal of toxic metals  requires careful control of pH.
Therefore,  pH   is  considered  for specific regulation   in  this
subcategory.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS

The frequency of occurrence of toxic pollutants in the wastewater
samples  taken is presented in Table VI-1  (page 4435).  These data
provide  the basis  for  the categorization  of specific  pollutants
as  discussed below.  Table VI-1 is based  on raw wastewater  data
from  streams   22,   25,  113,  114,  and  117  shown   in  Figures  V-l
through  V-5 and  presented  in  Tables V-2, V-4, V-6, V-8, and V-12.
Treatment  plant   samples were not considered  in   the  frequency
count. Streams  23,  48,  49, 50,  51, 52,  115, and 116 were  not used
because  they  contain either  treated wastewater or  wastewater from
processes not considered for  regulation  in this rulemaking.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER  DETECTED

The   toxic pollutants  listed  in  Table  VI-2 (page  4439)  were   not
detected  in  any   wastewater  samples  from   this   subcategory;
therefore,    they    are  not   selected   for   consideration    in
establishing  limitations:
                                4426

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI


 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
 QUANTIFICATION LIMIT       ;

 The  toxic pollutants listed below were never found  above  their
 analytical quantification concentration in any wastewater samples
 from  this  subcategory;  therefore,  they are  not  selected  for
 consideration in establishing limitations.

       14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane
       15.   1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
       20.   2-chloronaphthalene
       35.   2,4-dinitrotoluene
       36.   2,6-dinitrotoluene
       39.   fluoranthene
       67.   butyl benzyl phthalate
       73.   benzo(a)pyrene
       78.   anthracene     (a)
       80.   fluorene
       81.   phenanthrene   (a)
      113.   toxaphene
      121.   cyanide

 (a)   Reported together  as a  combined  value.

 TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS  ACHIEVABLE  BY
 TREATMENT

 The pollutants  listed below  are not selected for consideration  in
 establishing   limitations because  they were  not   found   in  any
 wastewater  samples   from this subcategory above   concentrations
 considered    achievable   by   existing  or   available   treatment
 technologies.     These   pollutants  are  discussed   individually
 following the  list.

      117.   beryllium
      126.   silver

 Beryllium was detected in  five  of six samples analyzed.  However,
 it  was found above its  quantification limit in only two samples,
 both at concentrations below  the treatable concentration of  0.20
 mg/1 for this pollutant.   The  concentrations of beryllium in-the
 two samples were  0.18 and  0.02  mg/1.  Therefore, beryllium is not
 selected for consideration for  limitation.

 Silver was detected in two of  six samples analyzed,  at values of
 0.06  and  0.07 mg/1.    However,  treatment technology  available
 cannot bring the silver concentration below 0.07 mg/1,   so silver
 is not selected for consideration for limitation.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The following pollutants were not selected for regulation on  the
basis that they were detectable in the effluent from only a small
number of sources within the'subcategory and are uniquely related
to only those sources.
                               4427

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
       1.   acenaphthene
      12.   hexachloroethane                                  !
      23.   chloroform
      44.   methylene chloride
      47.   bromoform
      48.   dichlorobromomethane
      54.   isophorone
      56.   nitrobenzene
      66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
      68.   di-n-butyl phthalate
      71.   dimethyl phthalate
     106.   PCB-1242       (a)
     107.   PCB-1254       (a)
     108.   PCB-1221       (a)
     109.   PCB-1232       (a)
     110.   PCB-1248       (b)
     111.   PCB-1260       (b)
     112.   PCB-1016       (b)
     123.   mercury

(a)r(b)  Reported together as a combined value.

Acenaphthene was detected in one of seven samples,  with the  one
detected  value  above  the 0.010 mg/1  concentration  considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology.   The  value
detected in the sample was 0.017 mg/1.   From the waste stream in
which acenaphthene was detected,  two other samples of this waste
stream  reported  acenaphthene  as a  not  detected.   Therefore,
acenaphthene  is  not  considered  characteristic  of  columbium-
tantalum wastewaters and is not considered for limitation.

Hexachloroethane  was  present in only one out of  seven  samples
taken,  at  0.023  mg/1.   Concentrations  above 0.010  mg/1  are
considered  treatable  by the  identified  treatment  technology.
Also,  in the dcp, all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated
that  this  pollutant was either known or believed to be  absent.
Therefore, hexachloroethane is not selected for consideration for
limitation.

Chloroform, a common laboratory solvent, was detected in 10 of 14
samples,  ranging from 0.017 to 0.24 mg/1.   Concentrations above
the  analytical quantification limit in two of the  three  blanks
(0.052  mg/1  and  0.015 mg/1) analyzed raise the  likelihood  of
sample contamination.   Also,  in the dcp,  all of the columbium-
tantalum plants indicated that this pollutant was either known or
believed to be absent.   Chloroform,  therefore,  is not selected
for consideration for limitation.

One very high value of methylene chloride,  88.4 mg/1,  was found
in one of 14 samples;  methylene chloride was not detected in the
remaining  13  samples.   But this solvent  is  so  pervasive  in
laboratories  that  this  one case of detection (out  of  14)  is
probably due to sample contamination.  The presence of  methylene
chloride in one of the blanks attests to this.  Also, in the dcp,
                               4428

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -VI


 all   of  the  columbium-tantalum  plants  indicated  that   this
 pollutant was either known or believed to be absent.   Therefore,
 methylene      chloride  is not selected  for  consideration  for
 limitation.

 Bromoform was found in two of the 14 raw waste samples.  Only one
 of   the  concentrations  found  was  above   the    0.010   mg/1
 concentration  considered  'attainable with  identified  treatment
 technology.  The  treatable  value was  0.021  mg/1.   The  other
 concentration  was  below the  analytical  quantification  limit.
 Therefore,  bromoform  is  not  selected  for  consideration  for
 limitation.

 Dichlorobromomethane was detected in one of the 14 samples,  at a
 concentration  above  the  0.010  mg/1  concentration  considered
 attainable  with  identified  treatment  technology.   The  value
 detected  in the sample was 0.038 mg/1.   TWO other  samples  from
 the  waste stream in which dichlorobromomethane was  reported were
 analyzed.    The results were one "hot detected" and  one "detected
 below       quantification       concentration."       Therefore,
 dichlorobromomethane   is   not   considered   characteristic   of
 columbium-tantalum   wastewaters  and  is  not   considered   for
 limitation.

 Isophorone was  found in two of seven  samples;  only one  was  above
 the  0.010  mg/1   concentration  considered  attainable  with  the
 identified   treatment   technology.    The  other  sample   had   a
 concentration   below the analytical  quantification   limit.    The
 treatable  value was  0.029 mg/1 and was  obtained from a  sample  of
 solvent^ extraction   raffinate.   Two other   samples of   solvent
 extraction  raffinate were  reported as  not  detected.    Therefore
 isophorone is not  considered for  limitation.

 Nitrobenzene was detected in one of seven samples,   and above the
 0.010    mg/1   concentration   considered  attainable   with    the
 identified  treatment   technology.  The value   detected  was   0.1
 mg/1. This value was obtained  from a  sample of  solvent extraction
 raffinate  in  which  two other samples  were   reported  as  not
 detected.    Nitrobenzene,  therefore,  is  not  considered   for
 limitation.

 Bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate  was  reported  present  above   its
 analytical  quantification  limit in  five of seven  samples;  the
 reported concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg/1 to 1.2 mg/1.   This
 compound is a plasticizer found in many plastic materials used in
manufacturing  plants, thus it is not considered attributable  to
 specific  materials or processing in  this subcategory.  Also/ in
 the dcp, all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this
pollutant was either known or believed to be absent.    Therefore
bis(2-ethylhexyl)  phthalate is not selected for consideration for
limitation.

Di-n-butyl    phthalate  was ,: measured  above  its   concentration
considered  attainable with the identified treatment technology in
three  of seven samples; the measured concentrations  ranged  from


                  • ' -      •  '   4429  .     .     •  - "

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
0.012  mg/1 to 0.08 mg/1.  This substance is a plasticizer^  found
in  many  products  used  in  manufacturing  plants;   it  is  riot
considered  a pollutant specific to this point source.  Also,  in
the dcp, all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this
pollutant was either known or believed to be absent.    Therefore,
di-n-butyl  phthalate  is  not^  selected  for  consideration  for
limitation.

Dimethyl  phthalate  was  reported present above  its  analytical
quantification  limit  in  two of  seven  samples;  the  reported
concentrations were 0.012 mg/1 and 0.02 mg/1.  This compound is a
plasticizer found in many plastic materials used in manufacturing
plants, and is not considered a point source specific  pollutant.
Also, in the dcp, all of the cplumbium-tantalum plants  indicated
that  this pollutant was either known or believed to  be  absent.
Therefore,  dimethyl phthalate is not selected for  consideration
for limitation.

PCB-1242,  PCB-1254,  and  PCB-1221  were  measured  above  their
analytical  quantification  limit in only one of  seven  samples.
The  observed  concentration was 0.0516 mg/1.   Since  PCBs  were
found   in  just  one  plant, and since in the  dcp,  all  of  the
columbium-tantalum  plants  indicated  that  this  pollutant  was
either  known or believed to be absent, they are not selected  for
consideration for limitation.

PCB-1232,  PCB-1248,  PCB-1260,  and PCB-1016 were measured above
their   analytical quantification limit in one of  seven  samples.
The  observed  concentration was 0.336 mg/1.   Since  PCB's  were
found   in  only  one plant,  and since in the  dcp,  all  of  the
columbium-tantalum  plants  indicated  that  this  pollutant  was
either  known or believed to be absent,  they are not selected for
consideration for limitation.

Mercury was found above  the concentration achievable by treatment
in  one of  six  samples.  Only one sample  at  0.063  mg/1  was
detected above the treatable concentration of 0.036 mg/1.    Since
the  five  other samples  were below the  treatable  concentration,
mercury is not selected  for consideration for limitation.

TOXIC   POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION FOR
LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

The  toxic pollutants   listed below were  selected   for  further
consideration  in  establishing  limitations and standards for   this
subcategory.   The   toxic pollutants selected are each  discussed
following  the  list.

        4.  benzene
        6.  carbon tetrachloride
        7.  chlorobenzene
        8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
       10.   1,2-dichloroethane
       30.   1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
       38.   ethylbenzene
                                4430

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  - VI
       51.  chlorodibromomethane
       85.  tetrachloroethylene
       87.  trichloroethylene
      114.  antimony
      115 .  arsenic
      116.  asbestos
      118.  cadmium
      119.  chromium
      120.  copper
      122.  lead
      124.  nickel
      125.  selenium
      127.  thallium
      128.  zinc

 Benzene  was  detected  in  12 of 14 samples,  with  one  of  the
 concentrations  above  the 0.010  mg/1  concentration  considered
 attainable  with the identified treatment technology.  Eleven  of
 these  samples were below the quantification concentration.   The
 value detected above the treatable concentration was 0.042  mg/1
 Benzene  was  detected in four different  process  waste  streams
 representing two plants.  Therefore, benzene cannot be considered
 site-specific  and  is  selected for  further  consideration  for
 limitation.

 Carbon  tetrachloride  was  found in three of the 14 samples, with
 two  of   the   concentrations  above the 0.010  mg/1   concentration
 considered attainable with identified treatment technology.    The
 values   found above  the  treatable concentration were  0.017  mq/1
 and  0.074 mg/1.    Both of these values are from the same  waste
 stream   and  represent two of  the six samples  from   concentration
 digestion scrubber.    Therefore,  carbon tetrachloride is  selected
 tor further consideration for  limitation.

 Chlorobenzene  was detected in three of 14 samples,   with two of
 the  concentrations  above the  0.010  mg/1  concentration considered
 attainable with the  identified treatment  technology.   The values
 detected   above the  treatable concentration  were  1.00  and  0.034
 mg/1.,   Both   of these values are  from  the same waste stream  and
 represent  two of the  six  samples analyzed from  solvent extraction
 raffinate.    Therefore,   Chlorobenzene   is   selected  for   further
 consideration for limitation.

 1,2,4-Trichloroethylene  was  detected  in two of  seven   samples
 with_one  of   the  values above  the   0.01  mg/1   concentratioA
 considered  attainable with ' the identified treatment  technology
 The  value detected above its treatable concentration  was   0  051
mg/1. Both samples in which 1,2, 4-trichloroethylene was  detected
are from solvent extraction raffinate.  Since the waste stream is
 trom^ a solvent extraction process using an organic solvent,  and
1,2,4-trichloroethylene    was    found   above    a    treatable
concentration,  it  is  selected for  further  consideration  for
limitation.  '

1,2-Dichloroethane  was detected in nine of 14 samples,   with two
                               4431

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI


of  the  concentrations  above  the  0.010  mg/1    concentration
considered  attainable with the identified treatment  technology.
The values detected above the treatable concentration ranged from
0.016 mg/1 to 0.156 mg/1.  1,2-Dichloroethane was detected  above
quantification   in   five  different   process   waste   streams
representing two different plants.  Therefore, 1,2-dichloroethane
is   not   site-specific,>  and  it  is   selected   for   further
consideration for limitation.

1,2-trans-dichloroethylene  was  detected in two of  14  samples,
with	both   of  the  concentrations  above   the   0.010   mg/1
concentration considered attainable with the identified treatment
technology.    The   values   detected   above   the    treatable
concentration  were 0.484 and 0.26 mg/1.  These two  values  were
taken  from two different waste streams that were  sampled  three
times  each.   One of these streams is  from  solvent  extraction
where   organic   solvents  are  used.    Therefore,   1,2-trans-
dichloroethylene is selected for consideration for limitation.

Ethylbenzene was detected in four of 14 samples,  with two of the
concentrations  above  the 0.010  mg/1  concentration  considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology.   The values
detected  above  the treatable concentration were 0.04  mg/1  and
0 057  mg/1.   Ethylbenzene was detected in two different process
waste streams representing two plants.   Therefore,  ethylbenzene
is selected for further  consideration  for limitation.

Chlorodibromomethane was detected  in four of  14 samples, with one
of   the   concentrations  above  the  0.010  mg/1    concentration
considered  attainable with  the identified treatment -technology.
The  values detected above its concentration considered attainable
with identified   treatment  technology ranged  from  0.02  to  7.08
mq/1   The  detection   of   Chlorodibromomethane  was  not  site-
specific  as it was detected  in three different process wastewater
streams representing two plants.   Therefore,  Chlorodibromomethane
is selected for further  consideration  for limitation.

Tetrachloroethylene  was found in four of 14   samples,   with  two
samples   above  the  concentration  considered   attainable  with
identified  treatment  technology.  The values  detected  above  the
treatable  concentration were    0.157 mg/1    and   0.235   mg/1.
Tetrachloroethylene  was found in three different  process  waste
streams   representing   two plants.   Therefore,  this  compound   is
selected  for  further  consideration for limitation.

Trichloroethylene  was  detected  in 12  of  14  samples,   with one  of
the  concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration  considered
attainable  with  the  identified  treatment  technology.    Eleven  of
these samples  were below the quantification   concentration.   The
value  detected  above  the  treatable  concentration was 0.235 mg/1.
T>-ichloroethylene  was detected  in four different  process waste
streams   representing   two plants.   Trichloroethylene cannot^  be
considered  site-specific  and is  therefore  selected  for  further
consideration for  limitation.
                                4432

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI


 Antimony was found in five of seven samples analyzed; in all five
 of these, it was measured above its treatable concentration (0.47
 mg/1)  at  concentrations  ranging up  to  30  mg/1.   Therefore
 antimony is selected for further consideration for limitation.

 Arsenic  was  found in all six samples  analyzed;  three  samples
 contained  concentrations  above its treatable  concentration  of
 0.34 mg/1.   Values were as high as 45 mg/1.    Therefore, arsenic
 is selected for further consideration for limitation.

 Analyses  were  made  for asbestos at only one  plant.    The  raw
 wastewater  sample contained 980 million fibers per liter  (MFL),
 while  the  plant  influent contained less  than  9  MFL.   Since
 asbestos was detected and is above the treatable concentration of
 10 MFL in the only sample analyzed,  it is considered for   further
 consideration for limitation.

 Cadmium was 'detected in four of  six  samples,   and was found above
 its treatable concentration of 0.049  mg/1.   The concentration of
 cadmium  in  the sample was  40   mg/1.    Cadmium,  therefore,   is
 selected for further consideration for  limitation.

 Five   of six samples analyzed  for  chromium showed  concentrations
 in excess of its treatable  concentration (0.07 mg/1).  Wastewater
 at one sampling site was found  to contain 1,000 mg/1 on  each   of
 three  days  sampled.    Therefore,  chromium is  selected for further
 consideration for limitation.

 Copper  was  found in all  six samples  analyzed,   and  occurred   at
 concentrations   above its treatable concentration of  0.39 mg/1  in
 five of these.    Values  ranged from 0.8  to 300  mg/1.   Therefore,
 copper is selected  for  further consideration  for  limitation.

 Lead occurred far above  its treatable concentration of 0.08  mg/1
 in five of six samples.   Concentrations  ranged  from 1.0  to 1,000
 mg/1.   Lead,  therefore,  is selected for  further  consideration for
 limitation.

 Two  out of  six  samples analyzed for nickel yielded values  above
 the    treatable   concentration  of  0.22  mg/1.    The   reported
 concentrations were 5 and 1 mg/1.  Therefore, nickel is  selected
 for further  consideration for  limitation.

 Selenium  was found in three of six samples analyzed,  all  three
 above   its treatable concentration (0.20 mg/1).   Values were  as
 high   as 70 mg/1.   Therefore,  selenium is selected for  further
 consideration for limitation.

Thallium was found above its treatable concentration of 0.34 mg/1
 in three of six samples,  with concentrations of 0.83,  1.14, and
 1.18  mg/1.    Therefore,   thallium  is  selected  for   further
consideration for limitation.

Four  of  six samples analyzed contained zinc  at  concentrations
above the treatability concentration  of 0.23 mg/1.  Values ranged


                               4433

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                  SECT - VI
from less than 400 mg/1 to 1,000 mg/1.  Zinc is thus selected for
further consideration for limitation.
                                4434

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM    SECT  - VI
   n S
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                     4435

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM    SECT  - VI

























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                       4436

-------
         PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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                                    4437

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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                      4438

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                       TABLE VI.-2

             TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

   2.  acrolein                    •    .  ;
   3.  acrylonitrile
   5.  benzidine
   9.  hexachlorobenzene
  11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
  13.  1,1-dichloroethane
  16.  chloroethane       .      '
  17.  DELETED
  18.  bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
  19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
  21.  2,4,6-trichlorophenol
  22.  parachlorometa cresol
  24.  2-chlorophenol                 "
  25.  1,2-dichlorobenzene
  26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
  27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
  28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
  29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
  31.   274-dichlorophenol
  32.   1,2-dichloropropane
  33.   1,3-dichloropropylene
  34.   2,4-dimethylphenol
  37.   If2-diphenylhydrazine
  40.   4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
  41.   4-bromophenyl  phenyl ether
  42.   bis(2-chloroisopropyl)  ether
  43.   bis(2-chloroethoxy)  methane
  45.   methyl  chloride
  46.   methyl  bromide
  49.   DELETED            .
  50.   DELETED
  52.   hexachlorobutadiene
  53.   hexachlorocyclopentadiene
  55.   naphthalene
  57.   2-nitrophenol
  58.   4-nitrophenol
  59.   2,4-dinitrophenol
  60.   4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
  61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
  62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
  63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
  64.  pentachlorophenol
  65.  phenol
  69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
 70.  diethyl phthalate   .
 72.  benzo(a)anthracene
 74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
                          4439

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                 TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

             TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

  75.  benzo(k)fluoranthene
  76.  chrysene
  77.  acenaphthylene
  79.  benzo(ghi)perylene
  82.  dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
  83.  indeno(l,2, 3-cd)pyren.e
  84.  pyrene
  86.  toluene
  88.  vinyl chloride
  89.  aldrin
  90.  dieldrin
  91.  chlordane
  92.  4,4'-DDT
  93.  4,4'-DDE
  94.' 4,4'-ODD
  95.  alpha-endosulfan
  96.  beta-endosulfan
  97.  endosulfan sulfate
  98.  endrin
  99.  endrin aldehyde
 100.  heptachlor
 101.  heptachlor epoxide
 102.  alpha-BHC
 103.  beta-BHC
 104.  gamma-BHC
 105.  delta-BHC
 129.  2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
                           4440

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII



                            SECTION VII

                 CONTROL AND. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES


 The  preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
 flows,   and  characteristics of the wastewaters generated in  the
 primary columbium-tantal'um subcategory.    This section summarizes
 the  description of these wastewaters and indicates the level  of
 treatment which is currently practiced for each waste stream.

 CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

 This  section  presents a summary of the   control   and  treatment
 technologies   that are  currently applied  to each of  the  sources
 generating wastewater   in  this subcategory.    As  discussed  in
 Section  V,   wastewater associated with   the  primary  columbium-
 tantalum  subcategory  is characterized by the  presence  of  the
 toxic  metal   pollutants,  ammonia,  and suspended   solids.    This
 analysis  is   supported by the raw  (untreated)  wastewater   data
 presented for specific  sources as well as combined waste  streams
 in  Section V.   Generally,  these pollutants are present in each of
 the waste streams  at  concentrations above treatability,  so   these
 waste  streams are commonly  combined for  treatment to reduce  the
 concentrations  of  these  pollutants.    Construction   of    one
 wastewater treatment  system  for combined  treatment allows plants
 to   take advantage of economies of  scale,  and  in some  instances,
 to   combine streams of  differing alkalinity to  reduce  treatment
 chemical requirements.   Four  plants in this subcategory  currently
 have lime and settle treatment systems.   As such,  three options
 were   selected for  consideration  for   BPT,   BAT,   BDT,    and
 pretreatment   in   this   subcategory  after  proposal,  based   on
 combined treatment  of these  compatible waste streams.

 CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET  AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL

 All   three plants  which practice  digestion  use hydrofluoric   acid
 to   leach  the  columbium  and   tantalum   ore   concentrates.    The
 leachate   goes  to  solvent  extraction.  Wet  scrubbers  are  used   at
 all   three  plants,  one with  recycle  (86 percent)   and   a   bleed
 stream,  and two with once-through water usage.  Wet scrubbers  are
 necessary  due  to  the acidic  nature  of  the   emissions   and   the
 presence of gaseous fluoride.  The  scrubber liquor  has   treatable
 concentrations  of  suspended  solids,  fluoride and   metals.    The
 addition   of  alkali is used in all cases to   reduce   these,  high
 concantrations.   Existing wastewater  treatment schemes  for  this
 waste  stream  are  lime  precipitation  and  sedimentation,   and
 neutralization with caustic.

 SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE

After methyl isobutyl ketone extraction the barren  raffinate must
be treated.   One plant of the three plants with this  wastewater
 recycles  a  portion of the .raffinate to the leaching process  to


                               4441    •     -    -.

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -VII


utilize  the acidic nature of this waste stream.   The  raffinate
has characteristics similar to the concentrate digestion scrubber
liquor.  This stream is treated as follows:

     1.  Lime addition and sedimentation (partial recycle);
     2.  Lime addition, sedimentation, and filtration
         (no recycle); and
     3.  Neutralization and equalization pond (no recycle).

SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

This  waste  stream  is generated by wet  air  pollution  control
equipment  located  over  the solvent  extraction  process.   Two
plants  use  wet  scrubbers to  control  solvent  extraction  air
emissions.  One plant does not recycle the scrubber effluent; the
other  plant  uses the same scrubber for solvent  extraction  and
concentrate  digestion,  practicing 86  percent  recycle.   Waste
characteristics  are very similar to those found in  the  solvent
extraction  raffinate  and concentrate  digester  scrubber  waste
streams;  treatment  similar  to  these  two  waste  streams   is
indicated.   Indeed,  the established  treatment  techniques  are
identical:

     1.  Lime addition and sedimentation (partial recycle), and
     2.  Lime addition, sedimentation, (no recycle).

PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION

The  metal  salts  in  the  pregnant  extraction  solutions   are
precipitated  either  by oxide precipitation with ammonia  or  by
potassium  fluoride  precipitation  of  potassium   fluotantalate
(K2TaF7).  The  barren solutions must  subsequently  be  treated.
Three  plants produce this wastewater.  The  wastewater  contains
treatable  concentrations  of  ammonia,  fluoride,  metals,   and
suspended solids. The following wastewater treatment schemes  are
practiced for this stream:

     1.  Ammonia steam stripping, lime addition, and
         sedimentation (partial recycle);  and
     2.  Neutralization and equalization pond (no recycle).


PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL

This   waste  stream   is generated by wet   air   pollution   control
equipment located over the precipitation process.  Two plants use
wet  scrubbers  to control precipitation air  emissions.    Neither
plant   recycles this  wastewater.   Waste characteristics are very
similar   to  those  found in  the  precipitation  and  filtration
supernatant.    One  plant  discharges this waste stream  with  no
treatment,  while the other uses ammonia steam  stripping followed
by lime and settle treatment.
                                4442

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
 TANTALUM SALT DRYING

 Only  one  of  the five plants surveyed  captures  tantalum  salt
 drying steam.   This wastewater contains treatable concentrations
 of fluoride when potassium fluoride is used in precipitation. The
 treatment scheme used to treat tantalum salt drying wastewater by
 the one plant is lime and settle.                           -

 OXIDES CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Pour  of the five plants surveyed  practice calcining of columbium
 pentoxide prior to shipment or further processing.   Wet scrubbers
 are  necessary to control ammonia  and fluoride  emissions  during
 this process.   Two plants practice recycle with recycle rates of
 89  and 100 percent.    Suspended solids and metals  may be present
 in  this  wastewater  in addition to ammonia  and  fluoride.    The
 treatment  schemes used to treat oxide calcining scrubber  liquor
 by the four plants which practice  calcining are as  follows:

      1.   Ammonia steam stripping and lime  and settle (no
          recycle),
      2.   Ammonia steam stripping and lime  and settle (recycle),
          and
      3.   No treatment.

 REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO  METAL

 Four  plants reduce columbium or  tantalum salts  to the  metal.   One
 plant practices   aluminothermic  reduction,  which  produces  no
 wastewater.    The   other  three plants  practice  sodium   reduction.
 Leaching  after  sodium reduction,   a common  practice  for-  tantalum
 production,  is  a major  source  of wastewater.  After  completion of
 the   reduction   reaction   and  subsequent  cooling,   the   tantalum
 exists  as  small particles  of  metal  in a matrix  of potassium  and
 sodium  salts.   The  salts  are removed by successive   leaches  in
 water  and   acid to produce a  pure metal powder.   The   resulting
 wastewater  contains fluoride at  treatable concentrations, as well
 as  toxic metals and  oil and grease.   The  wastewater   treatment
 schemes used  for this waste stream are as follows:

      1.  Lime addition and sedimentation, and
      2.  Caustic addition and centrifugation  (no recycle).

 REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 Wet scrubbers are used to control emissions during the   reduction
 reaction.   Two  plants  use wet  scrubbers,  neither  practicing
 recycle  of the scrubber liquor.   This wastewater is  similar   in
 characteristic  to the reduction wastewater.  It  contains  toxic
metals  and  fluoride and chloride  in  treatable  concentrations.
Treatment for the waste stream consists of:

     1.  Lime addition and sedimentation (no recycle),  and
     2.  Caustic addition and centrifugation (no recycle).
                               4443

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII  !


TANTALUM POWDER WASH

One  plant  washes  tantalum powder after reduction  and  uses  a
scrubber  in  this  process.   No  recycle  was  reported.   This
wastewater  is  expected to be acidic and contain  little  or  no
toxic  pollutants.   Currently this plant treats  the  wastewater
using lime and settle treatment methods.

CONSOLIDATION AND CASTING CONTACT COOLING

Four plants reported consolidation and casting  operations.   One
plant generates no wastewater.  Two plants use noncontact cooling
water.   The  fourth  plant generates contact cooling  water  but
recycles  100  percent through a cooling  tower.   Therefore,  no
wastewater is discharged for this waste stream.

CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS

The  Agency  examined  three  control  and  treatment  technology
alternatives  since proposal that are applicable to  the  primary
columbium-tantalum   subcategbry.   The  options   selected   for
evaluation represent a combination of in-process flow  reduction,
pretreatment  technology applicable_to individual waste   streams,
and end-of-pipe treatment technologies.

OPTION A

Option A for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory   requires
treatment  technologies to  reduce pollutant mass.   The Option  A
treatment scheme consists of ammonia steam stripping  preliminary
treatment .applied to the combined streams of  precipitation ; and
filtration-- of   metal  salts  wastewater,   precipitation   and
filtration  wet air pollution control, and oxides  calcining  wet
air pollution control.  Preliminary treatment is followed by lime
precipitation and sedimentation applied to the combined stream of
steam  stripper  effluent and the remaining  wastewater   sources.
Chemical  precipitation is  used to remove metals and fluoride  by
the   addition  of  lime  followed  by   gravity   sedimentation.
Suspended solids are also removed from the process.

OPTION B

Option B for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory_  consists
of  all  treatment  requirements  of  Option  A   (ammonia   steam
stripping,  lime precipitation, and sedimentation)  plus   control
technologies to reduce  the  discharge of wastewater volume.   Water
recycle  and reuse are  the  principal control mechanisms for  'flow
reduction.

OPTION C

Option  C for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory  consists
of  all control and treatment  requirements of Option   B   (ammonia
steam stripping,  in-process  flow  reduction,   lime precipitation,
and sedimentation) plus multi-media  filtration  technology  added at


                                4444

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


 the end of the Option B treatment scheme.   Multimedia filtration
 is  used  to remove suspended solids,  including precipitates  of
 metals,   beyond   the  concentration   attainable   by   gravity
 sedimentation.   The  filter suggested is of the  gravity,  mixed
 media  type, although other forms of filters such as  rapid  sand
 filters or pressure filters would perform as well.  The  addition
 of_  filters  also provides consistent removal during  periods  in
 which  there  are  rapid  increases  in  flows  or  loadings   of
 pollutants to the treatment system.

 CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS REJECTED

 Three additional treatment technologies were considered prior  to
 proposing  mass  limitations  for this subcategory  as  discussed
 below.    Activated  alumina  and reverse  osmosis  were  rejected
 because  they  were  not demonstrated in  the  nonferrous  metals
 manufacturing  category,  nor  were  they  readily  transferable.
 Activated  carbon  adsorption treatment did not  receive  further
 consideration because the levels of toxic organics present in the
 primary columbium-tantalum subcategory are present only in  trace
 (deminimus  quantities)   and are neither causing  nor   likely  to
 cause toxic effects.

 OPTION  D

 Option  D for  the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consisted
 of Option C (ammonia  steam stripping,   in-process  flow reduction,
 lime  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and multimedia   filtration)
 with  the addition of activated  alumina technology at  the  end  of
 the Option C  treatment scheme.    The  activated  alumina process  is
 used  to  remove  dissolved  fluoride   which  remains   after   lime
 precipitation.

 OPTION  E

 Option_E for  the  primary columbium-tantalum subcategory  consisted
 of Option  C  (ammonia  steam stripping,   in-process  flow reduction/
 lime  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and multimedia   filtration)
 with  the  addition of  granular activated carbon  technology at the
 end  of   the Option C  treatment   scheme.    The   activated  carbon
 process  is utilized to control the discharge of  toxic  organics.

 OPTION F

 Option^F for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consisted
 of Option C (ammonia steam stripping,   in-process flow reduction,
 lime  precipitation,  sedimentation,  and multimedia   filtration)
 with   the" addition  of  reverse  osmosis  and   multiple-effect
 evaporation  technologies  at the end of the Option  C  treatment
 scheme.   Option  F is used for complete recycle  of  the  treated
water by controlling the concentration of dissolved solids.
                               4445

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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII
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                             4446

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  - VIII



                            SECTION VIII

             COSTS, ENERGY AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS


 This  _section  describes  the method used to  develop  the  costs
 associated with the control and treatment technologies  suggested
 in  Section VII for wastewaters from  primary  columbium-tantalum
 plants.   The  energy consumption  of each technology as  well  as
 solid  waste and air pollution.aspects are also discussed.   Cost
 curves are presented in Section VIII of Vol. I showing the  total
 annual  cost  of  each  treatment  and  control  technology  as  a
 function of wastewater flow rate.

 TREATMENT OPTIONS COSTED FOR EXISTING SOURCES

 Three  control and treatment options are considered for  treating
 wastewater from the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory.  Cost
 estimates  have  been  developed  for each  of  the  control  and
 treatment options. The options are summarized below and presented
 schematically in Figures X-l through X-3 (pages 4494 - 4496).

 OPTION A

 Option  A for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consists
 of  lime precipitation and sedimentation end-of-pipe  technology,
 with   ammonia  steam stripping preliminary  treatment  for  waste
 streams containing treatable concentrations  of  ammonia.    Streams
 with   treatable  concentrations of  ammonia include  precipitation
 and  filtration  of metal  salts wastewater,   precipitation  and
 filtration scrubber watery and oxides calcining scrubber water.

 OPTION B

 Option  B for  the  primary columbium-tantalum subcategory requires
 control  .and   treatment  technologies  to  reduce  the  discharge  of
 wastewater volume  and pollutant  mass.    The  recycle  of  metal salt
 drying  scrubber   water,   concentrate digestion   scrubber,    and
 solvent   extraction scrubber water  through holding tanks   is  the
,control   mechanism  for  flow reduction.  The Option   B  treatment
 scheme consists of  ammonia steam stripping preliminary  treatment
 for  streams containing  treatable concentrations of  ammonia,   and
 end-of-pipe  treatment technology consists of lime  precipitation
 and sedimentation.

 OPTION C

 Option C  consists  of all the control and treatment   technologies
 of  Option  B   (flow reduction,  ammonia  steam  stripping,  lime
 precipitation, and  sedimentation) with the addition  of multimedia
 filtration to the end-of-pipe treatment scheme.
                               4447

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   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


COST METHODOLOGY

A  detailed  discussion of the methodology used  to  develop  the
compliance  costs  is presented in Section VIII  of  the  General
Development Document.  Plant-by-plant compliance costs have  been
estimated for the nonferrous metal manufacturing category and are
presented   in   the  administrative   record   supporting   this
regulation.  A comparison of the developed costs for proposal and
the  revised  costs  for the final regulation  are  presented  in
Tables VIII-1 and VIII-2 (pages 4452 and 4453) for the direct and
indirect dischargers, respectively.

Each of the major assumptions used to develop compliance costs is
presented  in Section VIII of the General  Development  Document.
However,  each subcategory contains a unique set of waste streams
requiring  certain  subcategory-specific assumptions  to  develop
compliance costs.   Seven major assumptions are discussed briefly
below.

(1)  Several  plants  utilized  sodium  hydroxide  addition   for
     wastewater   treatment.  This  type  of  treatment  is   not
     considered to be equivalent to lime addition due to the need
     to  remove fluoride in the wastewater as  calcium  fluoride.
     The Agency therefore included compliance costs for  treating
     with lime for these plants.
(2)  Ammonia steam stripping requirements may exceed  the  excess
     steam  generation capacity at any given plant. Therefore^  a
     steam  generation  unit is included in the  steam  stripping
     costs.

(3)  Due  to  the  large volume of  wastewater  treatment  sludge
     generated  by  some plants in this  subcategory,   the  costs
     of  developing and maintaining nonhazardous sludge  disposal
     sites are used instead of the normal contract hauling.

(4)  EPA   included  the  cost of segregation  and  treatment  for
     one  plant  that  currently commingles   its  wastewater  and
     gangue.   These  costs eliminate any  conceivable  need  for
     sludge disposal as a radioactive waste.

(5)  Recycle  of  air  pollution   scrubber   liquor   is  based  on
     recycle  through  a  holding  tank  after  lime   and   settle
     treatment.   Annual  costs associated with  maintenance  are
     included   in   the estimated compliance  costs.    If a  plant
     currently   recycles  scrubber liquor, capital costs  of  the
     recycle equipment  (holding  tank, pumps,  and piping) are  not
     included  in  the compliance  costs.

 (6)  Subsequent    to  proposal,  one    columbium-tantalum   plant
     commented   that  the   selected  lime   and  settle  technology
     could not  be  installed on-site  because  of  land   limitations.
     Specifically,   a clarifier  of sufficient size  could not   fit
     within  the  available  space  at  the plant.  However,   through
      Section  308  requests and  telephone contacts,  the Agency   has
     determined  that   the  clarifier  could be  installed   at  .the


                                4448

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


      existing  plant site. (This determination is  documented  in
      the administrative record supporting this regulation). Costs
      for  the treatment technology were developed for this  plant
      assuming a clarifier of sufficient size could be used.

 (7)  Annual  costs  for operation and maintenance  of  wastewater
      treatment  systems  are  included in  compliance  costs  for
      plants with treatment in place because there are no previous
      BPT  or BAT regulations promulgated which account for  these
      costs.

 NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

 A  general  discussion  of the nonwater quality  aspects  of  the
 control  and  treatment  options considered  for   the  nonferrous
 metals   category  is  contained in Section VIII  of  the  General
 Development  Document.   Nonwater quality impacts  specific to  the
 primary   columbium-tantalum   subcategory,    including    energy
 requirements,  solid waste and.air pollution are discussed below.

 ENERGY  REQUIREMENTS

 Energy    requirements   for  .the  three  options  considered   are
 estimated  at   5.22 mwh/yr,  5.22 mwh/yr,   and 5.27   mwh/yr  for
 Options A,  B,  and  C respectively.   Option  C  would increase energy
 requirements over  Option A  by approximately  one percent.    Option
 C  represents roughly one percent  of a  typical  plant's   electrical
 usage.   It  is  therefore concluded that the energy requirements of
 the treatment  options considered  will  have no  significant   impact
 on total plant  energy consumption.

 SOLID WASTE

 Sludges   associated   with    the   primary     columbium-tantalum
 subcategory  will  necessarily  contain  additional  quantities   (and
 concentrations)  of  toxic metal pollutants.  Wastes generated   by
 primary   smelters   and   refiners, .are  currently   exempt   from
 regulation by Act  of Congress  (Resource Conservation and Recovery
 Act  (RCRA)), Section 3001(b).  Consequently,   sludges  generated
 from  treating primary  industries' wastewater are  not  presently
 subject  to regulation as hazardous wastes.

 Sludge   generation in the primary columbium-tantalum  subcategory
 is  due   to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and  carbonates
 along  with calcium fluoride using lime.   If a small  excess  of
 lime is  added during treatment, the Agency does not believe  these
 sludges  would be identified as hazardous under RCRA.


The  Agency  received comments stating that wastewater  treatment
sludges  generated in the primary columbium-tantalum  subcategory
would  have  to be disposed of as low  level  radioactive  waste.
There are no RCRA regulations applicable to low level radioactive
wastes,  so the claim appears exaggerated.  The Agency, therefore,
requested  specific  data and information from the commenters  so


                               4449

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   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


that the comments could be properly evaluated.   However, no data
or  information were submitted to support this claim.   In  fact,
one commenter submitted information and data showing the cost  of
disposal  for  gangue,  the  waste material remaining  after _the
columbium-tantalum  values are extracted from the  raw  material,
rather  than for wastewater treatment sludge.   In any case,  the
Agency believes the disposal of gangue as a low level radioactive
material is an expense of doing business and not attributable  to
the treatment of wastewaters.

Commenters  in the secondary aluminum subcategory claim  stripped
ammonia will have to be disposed of as corrosive hazardous waste.
The Agency does not agree with the commenters because ammonia has
an  intrinsic  value.   In  the  columbium-tantalum  subcategory,
ammonia   is  a  process  chemical  and  may  be  reused   as   a
precipitating agent.

Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result  of  these guidelines are not expected  to  be  hazardous,
generators  of  these wastes must test the waste to determine  if
the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).

If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point  of  generation  to  point  of  final  disposition.   EPA's
generator   standards  would  require  generators  of   hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet  containerization,
labeling,  recordkeeping, and reporting requirements;  if  plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to  prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from  the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment,  storage,
or  disposal  facility.  See 40 CFR 262.20 45 PR 33142   (May  19,
1980),  as  amended  at 45 FR 86973   (December  31,  1980).   The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous  wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes  are
delivered to a permitted facility.  See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May  19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR  86973 (December  31,  1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment,  storage, and disposal facilities allowed  to  receive
such wastes.  See 40 CFR Part 464 46  FR 2802  (January 12,  1981),
47 FR 32274  (July 26, 1982).

Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous,  they still
must  be  disposed  of  in compliance with the  Subtitle  D  open
dumping standards,  implementing  4004 of RCRA.   See 44  FR  53438
(September 13,   1979).   The Agency has calculated as part of the
costs  for wastewater treatment the cost of  hauling  and  disposing
of these wastes.    EPA estimates  implementation of lime,  settle,
and filter technology will produce approximately 25,000  tons  per
year  of  sludge  at  20 percent   solids.   Multimedia  filtration
technology  will not  result  in any significant amount  of   sludge
over that generated by  lime  precipitation.
                                4450

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   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


AIR POLLUTION

There  is no reason to believe that any .substantial air pollution
problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.   These
technologies  transfer  pollutants  to solid  waste  and  do  not
involve  air  stripping or any other physical process  likely  to
transfer: pollutants to air.  -'-  .
                              4451

-------
           PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM     SECT - VIII
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                                       4452

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           PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII
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                             4454

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      PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -IX



                            SECTION IX

      BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE


 This  section  defines  the effluent  characteristics  attainable
 through  the application of best practicable  control  technology
 currently available  (BPT), BPT reflects the existing  performance
 by  Planjs  °? various sizes, ages, and  manufacturing  processes
 within the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory, as well as the
 established   performance   of  the  recommended   BPT   systems
 Particular  consideration  is given to the treatment  already  in
 place at plants within the data base.

 The  factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
 or applying the technology in relation to the effluent  reduction
 benefits  from  such  application,  the  age  of  equipment   and
 facilities  involved, the manufacturing processes used,   nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts (including  energy  requirements)
 and  other factors the Administrator considers  appropriate.    In
 general,   the  BPT level represents the average  of  the   existing
 performances  of  plants of various ages,   sizes,  processes,   or
 other  common  characteristics.   Where  existing  performance   is
 uniformly  inadequate,   BPT may  be transferred from  a  different
 subcategory   or  category.   Limitations  based  on  transfer    of
 technology  are  supported   by a rationale   concluding  that   the
 technology is,  indeed,  transferable, and a  reasonable prediction
 that   it  ^will  be capable of  achieving   the  prescribed   effluent
 limits.  BPT  focuses  on  end-of-pipe treatment  rather  than process
 changes   or   internal controls,  except  where  such  practices   are
 common  industry practice.  "                           m-es».   are

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT  '.'. •

 The Agency studied the nonferrous  metals category to  identify  the
 processes used,   the wastewaters  generated,   and  the   treatment
 processes installed.. Information  was collected  from  the category
 using  data   collection  portfolios,  and   specific   plants  were
 sampled   and  the  wastewaters analyzed.  Additional data  used  in
 the   final  rule  were obtained through comments  and   Section   308
 requests.   Some   of  the factors which  must  be  considered  in
 establishing effluent limitations based on BPT have already  been
 discussed.  The age of equipment and facilities,  processes  used,
 and  raw  materials were taken into  account  in   subcategorization
 and subdivision and are discussed fully in Section IV.   Nonwater
 quality impacts and energy requirements are considered in Section


As  explained  in  Section  IV,  the  primary  columbium-tantalum
 subcategory ;has  been subdivided into  11  potential  wastewater
 sources.  _ Since  thewateruse,  discharge rates,  and  pollutant
characteristics  of  each  of these  wastewaters   is  potentially
unique,  effluent limitations!will be developed for each of the  11
subdivisions.                >  -                   .
                               4455

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX
For  each of the subdivisions,  a specific approach was  followed
for  the  development of BPT mass limitations.   To  account  for
production  and flow variability from plant to plant, a  unit  of
production   or  production  normalizing  parameter   (PNP)   was
determined  for each waste stream which could then be related_  to
the  flow from the process to determine a  production  normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is  discussed
in  Section  IV.  Each process within the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed  to  determine (1) whether or  not  operations  included
generated wastewater, (2) specific flow rates generated, and  (3)
the specific production normalized flows for each process.   This
analysis  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
wastewater  such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
is not considered in the analysis.

Normalized flows were analyzed to determine which flow was to  be
used as part of the basis for BPT mass limitations.  The selected
flow  (sometimes  referred  to as a BPT regulatory  flow  or  BPT
discharge rate) reflects the water use controls which are  common
practices within the category.  The BPT normalized flow is  based
on  the average of all applicable data.  Plants  with  normalized
flows above the average may have to implement some method of flow
reduction to achieve the BPT limitations.                     ;

For  the  development of effluent limitations,  mass  limitations
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision.   This
calculation  was  made on  a  stream-by-stream  basis,  primarily
because plants  in this subcategory may perform one or more of the
operations   in  various  combinations.   The  mass   limitations
(milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of production unit - mg/kg)
were calculated by multiplying the BPT normalized  flow  (1/kkg) by
the  concentration  achievable  using the  BPT  treatment  system
(mg/1) for each pollutant parameter to be limited  under BPT.

The  mass limitations which are allowed under BPT  for each  plant
will  be the sum of the  individual mass loadings for  the   various
wastewater   sources  which   are  found  at   particular    plants.
Accordingly,   all the wastewater generated within  a plant  may  be
combined  for  treatment  in a  single or common treatment   system,
but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
based on the various wastewater  sources which actually  contribute
to  the combined flow.   This  method accounts  for the  variety  _of
combinations of wastewater sources and production  processes which
may  be  found at primary  columbium-tantalum plants.

The  Agency  usually  establishes wastewater  limitations in  terms of
mass  rather than concentration.   This approach prevents  the use
of  dilution as a treatment method  (except  for  controlling  pH).
The  production normalized   wastewater  flow  (1/kkg)   is   a   link
between  the production  operations and  the  effluent   limitations.
The  pollutant discharge  attributable  to  each operation   can, be
calculated   from   the  normalized flow and  effluent  concentration
achievable   by the  treatment  technology  and  summed to  derive  an
appropriate limitation  for  each  subcategory.
                                4456

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT, -IX
 BPT  effluent  limitations  are  based  on  the  average  of  the
 discharge flow rates for each source; consequently,- the treatment
 technologies  which are currently used by the lowest  dischargers
 will  be the treatment technologies most likely required to  meet
 BPT  effluent  limitations.   Section VII  discusses  the  various
 treatment  technologies  which are currently in  place  for  each
 wastewater   source.   In most  cases,   the  current   treatment
 technologies consist of chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
 (lime  and  settle  technology) and a combination  of  reuse  and
 recycle  to  reduce flow.  Ammonia steam stripping  is  added  to
 streams with treatable concentrations of ammonia.

 The  overall  effectiveness   of  end-of-pipe  treatment  for  the
 removal  of wastewater pollutants is improved by the  application
 of  water flow controls within the process to limit the volume of
 wastewater  requiring  treatment.    The   controls   or  in-process
 technologies  recommended  under BPT include only  those  measures
 which  are  commonly practiced within the subcategory  and  which
 reduce   flows  to   meet the  production normalized  flow  for  each
 operation.

 In making technical assessments of data,   reviewing manufacturing
 processes,  and assessing wastewater treatment technology options,
 both indirect and direct  dischargers have been  considered  as  a
 single   group.   An  examination of plants and processes did  not
 indicate any process differences based on the type  of  discharge,
 whether  it  be direct or indirect.

 INDUSTRY COST AND  POLLUTANT  REMOVAL ESTIMATES

 In  balancing costs  in  relation to pollutant   removal   estimates,
 EPA  considers  the  volume  and  nature  of existing discharges,   the
 volume   and   nature  of  discharges  expected after  application  of
 BPT,  the  general environmental  effects of  the  pollutants,  and  the
 cost  and  economic   impacts of  the   required  pollution   control
 level.   The  Act does  not require or permit  consideration of  water
 quality  problems  attributable  to  particular  point   sources  or
 industries,   or  water  quality  improvements in  particular   water
 quality  bodies.  Accordingly,  water quality  considerations  were
 not  the basis  for selecting the promulgated BPT.

 The  methodology for  calculating pollutant  removal estimates  and
 plant  compliance  costs is discussed  in Section  X.   Table  X-2
 (page  4485)  shows the estimated pollutant  removal estimates  for
 each  treatment option for direct dischargers.  Compliance   costs
 for direct dischargers are presented in Table VII-I-1  (page 4452).

 BPT OPTION SELECTION


The   BPT  selected  consists  of  chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation ' (lime  and settle technology) with  ammonia  steam
stripping   preliminary  treatment  of   wastewaters   containing
treatable  concentrations  of  ammonia.   The  best   practicable


                               4457

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX


technology  is  presented in Figure IX-1 (page  4472).   The  .BPT
treatment is equivalent to Option A described in Section VII  and
does  not differ from that proposed.  Lime and settle  technology
is currently demonstrated by all three primary columbium-tantalum
direct dischargers.

Ammonia steam stripping is demonstrated in the nonferrous  metals
manufacturing  category  and  at two  primary  columbium-tantalum
facilities.   EPA  proposed treatment performance  concentrations
based  on  levels achieved in the iron  and  steel  manufacturing
category.

Chemical  analysis  data were collected of raw  waste  (treatment
influent)  and  treated waste (treatment effluent) from one  coke
plant of the iron and steel manufacturing category.  A contractor
for  EPA,  using EPA sampling and  chemical  analysis  protocols,
collected  six paired samples in a two-month period.  These  data
are  the data base for determining the effectiveness  of  ammonia
steam   stripping  technology  and  are  contained   within   the
administrative   record   supporting  this   document.    Ammonia
treatment  at  this coke plant consisted of two  steam  stripping
columns  in  series with steam injected countercurrently  to  the
flow  of  the  wastewater.   A lime  reactor  for  pH  adjustment
separated the two stripping columns.

The  raw  untreated  wastewater samples from  the  coke  facility
contained ammonia concentrations of 599, 226, 819, 502, 984,  and
797  mg/1.   Raw untreated wastewater samples  from  the  primary
columbium-tantalum  subcategory contained ammonia  concentrations
of  53.1 , 496.1, 25,700, 18,500, and 16,900 mg/1.  These  latter
three  concentrations  represent three days of  sampling  from  a
calciner scrubber.

The  Agency has verified the proposed steam stripping performance
values  using  steam  stripping data collected  at  a  zirconium-
hafnium  plant in the nonferrous metals  manufacturing  category.
Data  collected by the plant represent almost two years of  daily
operations and support the long-term mean and variability, used  to
establish   treatment   effectiveness.   Although   the   ammonia
concentrations  in columbium-tantalum wastewater are higher   than
those  in  iron  and  steel  wastewater,  the  columbium-tantalum
ammonia  data  are comparable to raw wastewater  data  from   this
zirconium-hafnium plant.

The  Agency  has chosen not to  regulate toxic  organic  pollutant
parameters on a subcategory-wide basis  for the primary columbium-
tantalum subcategory.   Primary columbium-tantalum plants may use
an  organic  solvent  in a liquid-liquid ion exchange  process  to
extract  columbium-tantalum from digested concentrates.   In  the
pollutant  reduction  removals prior  to proposal,   it was estimated
that   the   subcategory  generates   170  kg/yr    toxic   organic
pollutants.  The Agency believes the  toxic organic pollutants  in
the  primary columbium-tantalum subcategory are present  only;  in
trace  amounts  and thus are not regulated on  a   subcategory-wide
basis.   However,  it  is possible toxic organic pollutants  may  be


                                4458

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX


 present in larger concentrations at an individual plant than  the
 Agency  sampling  data indicate.  .Therefore,  the  permitting  or
 control authority should check for the presence of toxic  organic
 pollutants on a case-by-case basis and determine if they  reauire
 treatment.

 The   Agency   has  re-evaluated  lime  and   settle   technology
 performance   for  fluoride,  removal.   The  proposed   treatment
 performance for fluoride was transferred from the electrical  and
 electronic component manufacturing (.phase. I) lime and settle mean
 performance.  Coitimenters urged the Agency to transfer .treatability
 values from the inorganic chemical industry instead.  The  Agency
 disagrees.  The  Agency believes/the electronics data  base  more
 closely  reflects  the  treatability of  fluoride  in  nonferrous
 metals manufacturing wastewaters because of the type of  fluoride
 present.    The   fluoride   present   in   inorganic    chemicals
 manufacturing (hydrofluoric acid production) exists  as a  complex
 fluoride   mineral containing silicates and other  compounds  that
 complicate  removal by lime.precipitation.   in nonferrous  metals
 manufacturing  and  electronics,  the  fluoride  disassociates  in
 water  to  fluoride ion,  which can be readily removed  from solution
 by lime as calcium fluoride.

 However,   examination  of  the electronics  data has  led the  Agency
 to conclude that  the raw  concentrations of  fluoride  in nonferrous
 metals manufacturing wastewaters  more closely resemble the higher
 concentrations found   in  electrical and  electronics  phase  II
 rather than phase I  (49 FR  55690,  December  14,  1983).   Therefore,
 the Agency believes  it  is appropriate to  use the mean performance
 and daily  maximum variability developed for  electronics  phase  II
 to establish  treatment  effectiveness  for  fluoride  removal  by lime
 and settle treatment.

 BPT will   result  in the  removal  of an estimated 61,093  kg/yr  of
 toxic  pollutants,   1,692,000 kg/yr of conventional   pollutants,
 973,000 kg/yr  of  fluoride,  and 941,000 kg/yr of ammonia  from  raw
 discharge   levels.   The  estimated capital investment  cost of  BPT
 is  $0.68 million  (March,  1982 dollars) and  the  estimated  annual
 cost is $1.1 million.  These  costs represent wastewater  treatment
 equipment  not  currently in place.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES                         ,          -   .

 A   BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
 the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
 from  analysis  of  dcp.   The discharge rate is  used  with   the
 achievable  treatment  concentration to  determine  BPT  effluent
 limitations.  Since  the discharge rate may be different for each
 wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
 for  each  of the 11 wastewater sources are discussed  below  and
 summarized  in Table IX-1 (page 4465).  The discharge  rates  are
generally normalized on a production basis by relating the amount
of_ wastewater generated to the mass of the intermediate  product
which;is produced by the process associated.with the  waste stream
 in  question.   These production normalizing parameters, or  PNPs,
                               4459

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX


are listed in Table IX-1 (page 4465).

Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
rates  and  presents the water use and discharge flow  rates  for
each plant by subdivision.

CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  proposed  BPT  wastewater  discharge  rate  for  concentrate
digestion  wet  air  pollution control was  10,915  1/kkg  (2,618
gal/ton)  of  columbium-tantalum salt  produced  from  digestion.
This  rate  was  allocated only for  plants  practicing  wet  air
pollution  control  for  concentrate  digestion.   Three   plants
reported wastewater discharges from concentrate digestion wet air
pollution control, but dcp information provided by one plant  was
insufficient  to calculate a discharge rate.  Therefore, the  BPT
discharge  rate  was  based on the average of  two  plants  which
discharged   8,692.4  and  13,135.5  1/kkg   (2,084.5  and   3,150
gal/ton).

The proposed concentrate digestion wet air pollution control flow
allowance  has  been revised based on new  data  and  information
received  through comments and special information requests.   It
has  been  demonstrated  to  the  Agency  that  water  usage  for
concentrate  digestion scrubbers correlates  better with the  mass
of  concentrate or slag digested than the product recovered  from
digestion.   This  is  due to  the   different  columbium-tantalum
values   contained  in ore concentrates and tin  slags.   A  plant
processing tin slags, which contain  much less  columbium-tantalum
than ore concentrates, would digest  much more raw material than  a
plant   using  ore  concentrates  to  recover  equal  amounts   of
columbium-tantalum.   Therefore,  the  Agency  has  changed   the
production  normalizing  parameter from  columbium-tantalum  salt
recovered to the mass of  raw material digested.

There   are  three values available from which  to  determine  the
discharge rate as shown  in Table V-l (page 4372).  Plant  519 will
not  be used because  it  scrubs air emissions from  digestion  and
solvent   extraction.   Water use in fume   control   is   directly
related to the volume of  gas being scrubbed;  consequently,  plant
519  water usage may  not  be comparable to the other   two  plants.
Water  use  at plant  509  will not  be used because  it discharges   16
more   times water  (on a  production normalized basis)   than  plant
507.    There  is  no  engineering  reason this discharge  rate  should
be "so  high.  The  BAT  discharge  rate is  thus set  equal   to  the
demonstrated  rate  at  plant  507,  or 6,219  1/kkg  (1,491  gal/ton)  of
 raw material  digested.

 SOLVENT EXTRACTION  RAFFINATE

The  proposal  BPT wastewater  discharge  rate  for  solvent  extraction
 raffinate   was   26,916  1/kkg  (6,470.4 gal/ton)   of   columbium   or
 tantalum  salt   extracted.   This rate was based   on   the   average
 discharge  rate  of  two plants,  which  discharged  19,268 and  34,694
 1/kkg   (4,620   and   8,320  gal/ton).   A   third   plant    reported


                                4460                          ;

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX


 insufficient data to calculate a discharge rate.

 The_proposal solvent extraction raffinate flow allowance has been
 revised  based  on  new data  and  information  received  through
 comments   and  specific  requests  for  information.   As   with
 concentrate  digestion  wet air pollution control,  it  has  been
 demonstrated to the Agency water usage correlates better with the
 mass  of concentrate or. slag digested than the product  recovered
 from  solvent  extraction. The  production  normalized  discharge
 flows - for  plants 507 and 509 changed from proposal  because  of
 this  change  in  production normalizing  parameter.   Plant  509
 submitted  data  in response to a request, allowing  a  discharge
 flow to be calculated.  Water usage rates for solvent  extraction,
 production normalized with the mass of raw material digested, are
 presented in Table V-3.   The promulgated discharge rate is  based
 on  the  average  of  the three values,   or  9,155  1/kkg  (2,195
 gal/ton)  of raw material digested.

 SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 The  proposal  BPT discharge rate for solvent extraction wet  air
 pollution control  was 4,301 1/kkg (1,034 gal/ton)  of columbium or
 tantalum salt extracted.   This rate was  allocated  only for plants
 practicing wet  air pollution control  for solvent extraction.   Two
 plants  reported this wastewater,  however,  one plant  uses  the same
 scrubber   for both solvent extraction and  concentrate  digestion
 wet  air  pollution control.    The BPT discharge  rate was  based on
 the  discharge  of  the single plant  which only scrubbed  emissions
 from  solvent  extraction.
                           , i -
 As  with   concentrate digestion wet air   pollution  control,   the
 discharge rate  for  solvent  extraction  raffinate wet  air pollution
 control has been revised.   Water  use  and discharge rates  for  this
 stream are presented  in Table  V-5.  Plant  519  was  not  considered
 in  the determination of  the BPT  discharge  rate because   it   uses
 the  same  scrubber  to   control  emissions   from    concentrate
 digestion.  Water use for  this scrubber  is expected  to be  larger
 because of the  added  volume of gas scrubbed versus that for plant
 507.   The BPT  discharge  rate  is set equal to  the  discharge   rate
 at  plant  507  of  2,456 1/kkg (589  gal/ton)  of   raw  material
 digested.    Plant    519,  however,  should  receive   both   the
 concentrate  digestion and solvent extraction wet  air  pollution
 control flow allowance.

 PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION OF METAL SALTS

 The  proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for precipitation and
 filtration  waste streams was 247,223 1/kkg (59,428  gal/ton)  of
 columbium  or tantalum salt precipitated.   Three plants reported
producing this waste stream.  The BPT discharge rate was based on
 the  discharge rate of one of the plants.   The two other  plants
 reported insufficient data to calculate a discharge rate.

Data and information were received through comments and  specific
requests for additional information so that production normalized


                               4461

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX


flows  are  available for three plants.  Table  V-7  (page  4387)
presents  production normalized discharges for the three  plants.
The  production  normalizing  parameter  for  precipitation   and
filtration  has  also been changed to the mass  of  raw  material
digested  rather  than the columbium-tantalum  recovered  through
precipitation.   Water  discharge and production  were  found .to
correlate  much better with the mass of raw material used as  the
production  normalizing  parameter.  The BPT  discharge  rate  is
determined  from  the average of the three  reported  values,  or
13,689 1/kkg  (3,283 gal/ton) of raw material digested.

PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

A  discharge allowance for precipitation and filtration  wet  air
pollution  control has been added to cover  wastewater  generated
from fume scrubbing during precipitation.  This wastewater stream
was  not considered at proposal.  Two plants  reportedly  operate
this  scrubber  as  shown  in Table V-9   (page  4391).   The  BPT
discharge  is the average discharge rate of these two plants,  or
63,513 1/kkg  (15,231 gal/ ton) of raw material digested.

TANTALUM SALT DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The proposal  BPT wastewater discharge  rate for metal salt  drying
wet  air  pollution control was 83,643 1/kkg  (20,106 gal/ton)  of
columbium or  tantalum salt dried.   This  rate was allocated  only
for  plants   practicing wet air pollution control for metal  salt
drying emissions.  Four plants discharged a metal salt drying wet
air pollution control waste stream.    Two plants discharging this
waste  stream reported sufficient dcp  information to calculate;   a
discharge  rate.   The  two plants generated  11,563  and  156,125
1/kkg   (2,773   and 37,440 gal/ton) respectively,  of  metal  salt
drying wet air  pollution wastewater.   The BPT discharge rate  was
the average discharge rate of these two plants.

Based  on the information obtained through  comments  and  special
requests  for  additional information, the  proposed  metal  salt
drying  scrubber  allowance has been divided  into   tantalum  salt
drying  and   oxides   calcining wet air pollution
plants  reported capturing  steam  generated  during
drying.   One  of these plants  reported  its data
with  oxides  calcining wet air pollution control,  and  the  data
cannot  be separated.  Therefore,  the discharge  rate  is  set   equal
to  one   reported   value  of  60,542  1/kkg   (14,518   gal/ton)   of
tantalum  salt dried.

OXIDES  CALCINING WET  AIR  POLLUTION CONTROL
                              r            "                    ;
A  separate   flow   allowance  is   established   for   the   calcining
operations  used to  dry  columbium-tantalum pentoxide.   Four  plants
 reported   using a   scrubber   to   control  emissions   from   this
operation  as  shown  in  Table  V-ll   (page   4393).    One   plant
 currently  recycles  at  an  89 percent  rate,   one   plant  reported
 using  treated effluent  as scrubber liquor make-up (therefore  100
percent  recycle),   and  two plants  reported   using  once-through
 control.   Two
 tantalum  salt
in  conjunction
                                4462

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX  •


 systems.  The BPT discharge is based on the average water use  at
 plants  4225,  509, and 507. This value is  38,422  1/kkg  (9,214
 gal/ton) of oxide production from calcining.

 REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL                ,

 The proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for reduction of  salt
 to  metal  was 352,663 1/kkg (84,775 gal/ton)   of   columbium  or
 tantalum  reduced.  This rate was based on the average  discharge
 rate  of two plants, which : discharged 170,740  and  536,282  1/kkg
 (40,945   and   128,605  gal/ton).    A   third   plant   reported
 insufficient dcp information to calculate a discharge rate.

 Based  on  a  re-evaluation of data from  dcp   and  trip  reports
 available to the Agency before proposal, discharge rates are  now
 available  for three plants as shown in Table  V-13  (page  4400).
 The  BPT discharge is thus chosen as the average discharge  rate,
 or  166,071 1/kkg (39,825  gal/ton)  of salt produced.   Two of  the
 plants currently meet this discharge rate.

 REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 The  proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for  reduction of salt
 to  metal wet air pollution  control was 21,521  1/kkg  (5,173  gal/
 ton)  of columbium or tantalum reduced.    This  rate was  allocated
 only  for those  plants  practicing wet air  pollution   control   for
 reduction  emissions.    The   BPT  discharge rate  was based on  the
 average   discharge   rate  of   the   two plants   reporting   this
 wastewater.   The  two plants'  generated 2,168 and  40,978 1/kkg  (520
 and 9,827 gal/ton)  respectively,  of this wastewater.

 No  new  information has  been  received on reduction  of   salt   to
 metal    wet   air   pollution  control;   however,   this   discharge
 allowance was re-evaluated  to  try  to determine  any   reasons   for
 the  large   variation in water  usage.   Both plants  have   similar
 reduction operations   and   both  use   rotoclone   type  scrubbers.
 Information   available  to  the Agency  does  not suggest  any   reason
 for  such  a large  variation in production normalized water   usage
 There   fore,  the  BPT  discharge  is based   on  plant   519,  which
 reports   19   times   less water  than plant   513.   Thus,   the   BPT
 discharge  rate   is  2,043 1/kkg (490  gal/ton)  of  tantalum  salt
 produced.

 TANTALUM POWDER WASH AND SCRUBBER

A  discharge allowance  for tantalum powder wash and scrubber  has
 been  added  to cover wastewater generated from  tantalum  powder
washing  after  reduction.    Only one plant reported   this  waste
stream  and  the  BPT  discharge is  set  equal  to  the  current
discharge practices at this;plant of 20,433 1/kkg (4,900 gal/ton)
of tantalum powder washed.   Flow data could not be separated from
the scrubber and washing operation.
                               4463

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          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM
                                               SECT - IX
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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX
                            TABLE IX-2

                 BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a)   Concentrate Digestion Wet Air  Pollution Control  BPT
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
   Maximum for
Monthly  Average
            Metric  Units  -  mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate  digested
  Antimony
  Arsenic
  Cadmium
  Chromium
  Copper
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Selenium
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                      17,850
                      13.000
                       2.114
                       2.736
                      11.820
                       2.612
                      11.940
                       7.649
                      12.750
                       9.080
                     829.000
                     217.700
                     255.000
          7
          5,
          0,
          1,
     960
     784
     933
     119
          6.219
          1
          7
          3
          5,
     244
     898
     420
     659
        3.794
      364.500
      124.400
      121.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested~~
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                      26.280
                      19.130
                       3.113
                       4.028
                      17.400
                       3.845
                      11.580
                      11.260
                      18.770
                      13.370
                   1,221.000
                     320.400
                     375.400
 11.720
  8.524
    373
    648
    155
    831
    630
    035
  8.331
  5.585
536.500
183.100
178.500
         1
         1
         9
         1
        11
         5
Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
                               4467

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT -IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(c)  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
            Maximum for
          Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                      7
                      5
   .049
   .133
  0.835
  1.081
  4.666
  1.032
  4.716
  3.021
  5.035
  3.586
327.400
 85.960
100.700
  3.144
  2.284
  0.368
  0.422
  2.456
  0.491
  3.119
  1.351
  2.235
  1.498
143.900
 49.120
 47.890
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(d)  Precipitation and Filtration   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
            Maximum for
          Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
39.290
28.610
4.654
6.023
26.010
5.570
26.010
16.840
28.060
19.990
1,825.000
479.100
561.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
17.530
12.730
2.053
2.464
13.690
2.733
13.690
7.529
12.460
8.350
802.200
273.800
267.000
at all times
                               4468

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX
                      TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                 BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e)  Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control
                                           BPT
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested

  Antimony
  Arsenic
  Cadmium
  Chromium
  Copper
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Selenium
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as  N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                     182.300
                     132.700
                      21.590
                      27.950
                     120.700
                      26.680
                     122.000
                      78.120
                     130.200
                      92.730
                   8,466.000
                   2,223.000
                   2,604.000
         81.300
         59.070
          9.527
         11.430
         63.510
         12.700
         80.660
         34.930
         57.800
         38.740
     3,722.000
     1,270.000
     1,239.000
 Within the range of  7.0  to 10.0  at  all  times
 (f)  Tantalum Salt Drying   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum  for
               Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                    173.800
                    126.500
                     29.580
                     26.640
                    115.000
                     25.430
                    116.200
                     74.470
                    124.100
                     88.390
                  8,070.000
                  2,119.000
                  2,482.000
        77.490
        56.300
         9.081
        10.900
        60.540
        12.110
        76.890
        33.300
        55.090
        36.930
     3,548.000
     1,211.000
     1,181.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4469

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT  -IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(9)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried ;
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                    110.300
                     89.300
                     13.060
                     16.910
                     73.000
                     16.140
                     73,770
                     47.260
                     78.770
                     56.100
                  5,122.000
                  1,345.000
                  1,576.000
        49.180
        35.730
         5.763
         6.916
        38.420
         7.685
        48.800
        21.130
        48.800
        23.440
     2,252.000
       768.500
       749.200
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (h)  Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
 *Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia  (as  N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                    476.600
                    347.100
                     56.460
                     73.070
                    315.500
                     69.750
                    315.500
                     69.750
                    318.900
                    242.500
                 22,140.000
                  5,813.000
                  6,809.000
        212.600
        154.140
         24.910
          29.89
        166.100
         33.220
        166.100
         33.210
        210.900
        101.300
      9,732.000
      3,322.000
      3,239.000
Within  the  range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                                4470

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX


                      TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                 BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
              PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (i)  Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution
           Control  BPT                           ~~	
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
  Antimony
  Arsenic
  Cadmium
  Chromium
  Copper
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Selenium
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                       5.863
                       4.270
                       0.695
                       0.899
                       3.882
                       0.858
                       3.958
                       2.513
                       4.188
                       2.983
                     272.400
                      71.510
                      83.770
          2.615
          1.900
          0.306
          0.368
          2.043
          0.409
          2.595
          1.124
          1.859
          1.246
       119.700
        40.860
        39.840
 Within the range of 7.0  to 10.0 at all times
 (U)  Tantalum Powder Wash  BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                      58.640
                      42.710
                      6.947
                      8.991
                      38.820
                      8.852
                      39.230
                      25.130
                      41.890
                      29.830
                  2,724.000
                    715.200
                    837.800
        26.150
        19.000
         3.065
         3.678
        20.430
         4.087
        25.950
        11.240
        18.600
        12.470
     1,198.000
       408.700
       398.500
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4471

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT -IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

                BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling   BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
                consolidated
 Antimony                                 0.000            0.000
 Arsenic                                  0.000            0.000
 Cadmium                                  0.000            0.000
 Chromium                                 0.000            0.000
 Copper                                   0.000            0.000
*Lead                                     0.000            0.000
 Nickel                                   0.000            0.000
 Selenium                                 0.000            0.000
 Thallium                                 0.000            0.000
*Zinc                                     0.000            0.000
*Ammonia (as N)                           0.000            0.000
*Fluoride                                 0.000            0.000
*TSS                                      0.000            0.000
*pH                 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                                4472

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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM
SECT  -  IX
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                       4473

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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -IX
           THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                           4474

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
                             SECTION X

         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE

 These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
 treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
 industrial category or subcategory, or by another category  where
 it  is  readily transferable. Emphasis is  placed  on  additional
 treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
 currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water  used
 and   discharged,   process , control,  and  treatment   technology
 optimization.

 The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
 economically  achievable (BAT)  include the age of  equipment  and
 facilities involved, the process used, process changes,   nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts  (including  energy  requirements),
 and the costs  of application of such technology.  At a minimum BAT
 technology represents the best  available technology at plants  of
 various ages,  sizes, processes, or  other characteristics.  BAT may
 be transferred from a different subcategory or category.   BAT may
 include feasible process changes or internal controls, even  when
 not in common  industry practice.

 The _statutory  assessment of BAT considers costs,   but  does  not
 require a  balancing of costs against effluent  reduction   benefits
 However,   in  assessing  BAT,   the  Agency has   given  substantial
 weight to  the  economic achievability of  the selected technology.

 TECHNICAL  APPROACH  TO BAT

 The  Agency  reviewed  a  wide  range of   technology   options   and
 evaluated  the  available possibilities  to  ensure  that   the   most
 effective  and beneficial technologies were  used as  the basis of
 BAT.    To  accomplish this,   the Agency  elected to examine   three
 technology,  options   which   could  be  applied  to   the   primary
 columbium-tantalum  subcategory  as treatment  options  for the  basis
 of  BAT effluent  limitations.

 For   the development  of  BAT  effluent  limitations,  mass  loadings
 were   calculated for  each wastewater  source  or subdivision in  the
 subcategory  using   the  same  technical approach as   described  in
 Section IX for BPT  limitations  development.   The differences  in
 the  mass loadings  for BPT and  BAT are due to increased treatment
 effectiveness   achievable  with  the  more   sophisticated    BAT
 treatment  technology, and  reductions   in   the  effluent   flows
 allocated to various waste streams.

The  treatment  technologies,  considered for  BAT  are  presented
 below: . - '  .

Option-A- (Figure' X-l, page 4494) is  based on

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
                               4475

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X


     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

Option B (Figure X-2, page 4495) is based on                  :

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction

Option C (Figure X-3, page 4496) is based on

     o  Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  In-process flow reduction
     o  Multimedia filtration

The  three  options  examined for BAT are  discussed  in  greater
detail below.  The first option considered is the same as the BPT
treatment which was presented in the previous section.   The last
two options represent substantial progress toward the  prevention
of  polluting  the  environment  above and  beyond  the  progress
achievable by BPT.

OPTION A

Option  A  for  the  primary  columbium-tantalum  subcategory  is
equivalent  to the control and treatment technologies which  were
selected  for BPT in Section IX.  The BPT  end-of-pipe  treatment
scheme  includes lime precipitation, sedimentation, with  ammonia
steam  stripping  preliminary treatment (see  Figure  X-l).   The
discharge  rates  for Option A are equal to the  discharge  rates
allocated to each stream as a BPT discharge flow.

OPTION B

Option B for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory  achieves
lower  pollutant discharge by building upon the Option A  end^-of-
pipe  treatment  technology,  which  consists  of  ammonia  steam
stripping, lime precipitation, and sedimentation.  Flow reduction
measures are added to Option A treatment (see Figure X-2).  These
flow reduction measures result in the concentration of pollutants
in  scrubber liquor effluents.   Treatment of a more concentrated
effluent  allows achievement of a greater net  pollutant  removal
and  introduces  the possible economic benefits  associated  with
treating a lower volume of wastewater.

Methods  used in Option B to reduce process wastewater generation
or discharge rates are presented below:


Recycle of Water Used in Wet Air Pollution Control

There  are  five  wastewater  sources  associated  with  wet  air
pollution  control  which  are  regulated  under  these  effluent
limitations:
                               4476

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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X


      o Concentrate digestion scrubber,
      o Solvent extraction scrubber,
      o Precipitation and filtration scrubber,
      o Oxides calcining drying scrubber, and
     - o Reduction of salt to metal scrubber.

 Table  X-l  (page 4484) presents the number of  plants  reporting
 wastewater   use  with  these  sources,  the  number  of   plants
 practicing  recycle of scrubber liquor, and the range of  recycle
 values being used.  Although some plants report total recycle  of
 their  scrubber  water,  some blowdown or  periodic  cleaning  is
 likely  to  be needed to prevent the build-up  of  dissolved  and
 suspended solids since the water picks up particulates and  fumes
 from the air.

 OPTION C

 Option C for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory  consists
 of  all  control and treatment requirements of Option B  (ammonia
 steam stripping,   in-process flow reduction,  lime precipitation,
 and sedimentation)  plus multimedia filtration technology  added at
 the  end  of  the Option B treatment   scheme, (see  Figure   X-3).
 Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to   remove  suspended   solids\
 including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond the concentrations
 attainable by  gravity sedimentation.   The filter  suggested  is  of
 the  gravity,  mixed media type,  although other filters,   such  as
 rapid sand filters  or pressure  filters, would perform as  well.


 As one  means of  evaluating each  technology  option,   EPA developed
 estimates  of  the pollutant  removal estimates and  the  compliance
 costs   associated  with   each  option.    The methodologies   are
 described below.

 POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

 A   complete description of the methodology  used to calculate   the
 estimated pollutant  reduction achieved  by the  application of   the
 various   treatment  options  is  presented  in  Section  X  of   the
 General   Development Document.   The pollutant removal  estimates
 have  been revised from proposal based  on comments and new  data
 However,   the methodology for calculating pollutant  removals  was
 not changed.  The data used for estimating pollutant  removals are
 the same  as those used to revise the compliance costs.

 Sampling   data  collected during the field sampling program  were
 used  to   characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for
 regulation.   At  each sampled facility,  the sampling data  were
 production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of
pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).   This
 value,  referred  to as the raw waste,  was used to estimate  the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the  columbium-tantalum
 subcategory.  By multiplying the total subcategory production for
a  unit operation by the corresponding raw waste value,  the mass
of pollutant generated for that unit operation was estimated.


                               4477

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
The volume of wastewater discharged after the application of each
treatment  option was estimated for each operation at each  plant
by  comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.   The
smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the  other
plant flows.  The mass of pollutant: discharged was then estimated
by  multiplying the achievable concentration values attainable by
the  option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of process  wastewater
discharged by the subcategory.   The mass of pollutant removed is
simply  the  difference between the estimated mass  of  pollutant
generated  within  the  subcategory and  the  mass  of  pollutant
discharged after application of the treatment option.

The pollutant removal estimates for the direct dischargers in the
primary  columbium-tantalum subcategory are presented in Table X-
2 (page 4485).

COMPLIANCE COST

Compliance costs presented at proposal were estimated using  cost
curves,   which   related  the  total   costs   associated   with
installation  and operation of wastewater treatment  technologies
to plant process wastewater discharge.  EPA applied these  curves
on  a  per  plant basis, a plant's costs  —  both  capital,  and
operating  and maintenance — being determined by what  treatment
it  has  in  place  and  by  its  individual  process  wastewater
discharge  (from dcp). The final step was to annualize the capital
costs, and to sum the annualized capital costs, and the operating
and  maintenance costs, yielding the cost of compliance  for  the
subcategory.

Since proposal, the cost estimation methodology has been  changed
as discussed in Section VIII of Vol. I. A design model and  plant
specific   information  were used to size a  wastewater  treatment
system  for each discharging facility.  After completion  of  the
design, capital and annual costs were estimated for each unit  of
the  wastewater treatment system.  Capital costs rely  on  vendor
quotes,  while annual costs were developed from  the  literature.
The revised compliance costs for direct dischargers are presented
in Table VIII-1  (page 4452).

BAT OPTION SELECTION

For  BAT,  EPA   is promulgating mass limitations  based  on  lime
precipitation and sedimentation with ammonia steam stripping with
additional reduction   in pollutanc  discharge  achieved   through
inprocess  wastewater flow reduction and  the use of filtration  as
an  effluent  polishing  step.  The end-of-pipe  and  pretreatment
technology basis  for  BAT limitations being promulgated^  is  the
same  as   that   for  the  proposed  limitations.   Ammonia  steam
stripping   is  currently demonstrated at   two  columbium-tantalum
facilities.   Filtration   is  not   demonstrated   within   this
subcategory,  but  is   transferred  from   six  nonferrous_ metals
subcategories  where it  is demonstrated  in  23 plants.   With  the
exception   of  limits   for fluoride,  the   treatment  performance


                                4478

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      PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY     SECT - X


  concentrations  upon  which  the mass  limitations   are   based   are
  equal   to  the  values  used  to  calculate   the   proposed  mass
  limitations.  The mass limitations  for  fluoride have been revised
  for  the reasons discussed in Section  IX - BPT Option Selection.

  Revision  of the proposed flow allowances is  consistent  with   the
  changes  made   for  the  promulgated  BPT   limitations.     The
  differences  between the promulgated  BPT and  BAT flow  allowances
  are  due to flow reduction of scrubber  liquors at  BAT.    The   BAT
  flow allowances are discussed in detail below.

  EPA estimates that application of BAT will remove  61,400  kq/vr of
  toxic   metals  and 1,694,000 kg/yr of nonconventional  pollutants
  over  raw  discharge rates.    BAT will  result  in  the  estimated
  removal  of  283  kg/yr of toxic pollutants and  1,980  kg/yr  of
  nonconventional pollutants over the estimated BPT discharge.  The
  final BAT effluent mass limitations will remove 57 kg/yr of toxic
 metals  over the intermediate BAT option considered, which  lacks
  filtration.    Both  options   are  economically  achievable.   The
 Agency believes that the incremental removal justifies  selection
 of  filtration  as part of BAT model technology.    The  estimated
 capital  investment  cost  of BAT is  $0.83   million  (March,  1982
 dollars) and the estimated annual  cost is  $1.2 million.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

 A  BAT discharge rate was  calculated for each  subdivision  based
 upon  the  flows  of the existing  plants,   as determined   from
 analysis of  dcp.   The discharge rate is  used with  the   achievable
 treatment concentration to  determine  BAT   effluent limitations
 Since  the  discharge rate may  be  different  for  each   wastewater
 source,   separate  production  normalized  discharge  rates for  each
 of  the  11 wastewater sources were determined and  are   summarized
 in  Table X-3  (page  4486).   The discharge   rates   are   generally
 normalized  on   a  production basis  by  relating   the   amount   of
 wastewater  generated  to  the mass of  the   intermediate   product
 which  is produced by  the process associated with the waste stream
 in  question.  These production normalizing parameters  (PNP)
 also  listed in Table X-3.
are
The  BAT  wastewater  discharge rate equals  the  BPT  wastewater
discharge  rate for seven of the 11 waste streams in the  primary
columbium-tantalum subcategory.  Based on the available data, the
Agency did not find that further flow reduction would be feasible
for  these  wastewater sources.  The  rationale  for  determining
these  regulatory flows is presented in Section  IX.   Wastewater
streams  for  which  BAT  discharge rates  differ  from  BPT  are
discussed below.

CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  proposed  BAT  wastewater  discharge  rate  for  concentrate
digestion  wet  air  pollution control  was  5,156  1/kkg  (1,237
gal/ton)  of columbium-tantalum salt produced from digestion.   The
BAT discharge rate was based on 90  percent recycle of the average
                               4479

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X


water use of two plants.  A third plant reported insufficient dcp
information to calculate a discharge rate.

The  proposed  BAT discharge rate has been revised based  on  the
considerations  presented in Section IX of  this  document.   The
promulgated  BAT discharge rate is based on 90 percent recycle of
the  BPT  discharge  rate,  or 622 1/kkg  (149  gal/ton)  of  raw
material digested.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The proposed BAT wastewater discharge rate for solvent extraction
wet  air  pollution  control  was  430  1/kkg  (103  gal/ton)  of
columbium or tantalum salt extracted.  The BAT discharge rate was
based  on 90 percent recycle of the water use at one of  the  two
plants which generate this waste stream.

The  proposed  BAT discharge rate has been revised based  on  the
considerations  presented  in Section IX of this  document.   The
promulgated  discharge  rate  is 246 1/kkg (60  gal/ton)  of  raw
material digested,  and it is based on 90 percent recycle of  the
BPT  discharge rate.   One plant uses the same scrubber for  both
solvent  extraction  and concentrate digestion wet air  pollution
control.   Both  discharge allowances apply to this  plant  since
water  use in the scrubber is probably increased due to the added
volume of air scrubbed.

PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

A  discharge  allowance for this waste stream was  not  proposed.
Re-evaluation of the information supplied to the Agency has shown
that  a  discharge allowance is necessary  for  plants  operating
scrubbers   on  precipitation  and  filtration  processes.    The
promulgated BAT discharge rate is based on 90 percent recycle  of
the  BPT  discharge  rate,  or 6,351  1/kkg   (1,523  gal/ton)  of
concentrate digested.

OXIDES CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The  proposed BAT wastewater discharge rate for metal salt drying
wet air pollution control was 16,479.4 1/kkg  (3,961.4 gal/tori) of
columbium  or tantalum  salt dried.   The  BAT discharge   rate  was
based  on  90  percent  recycle of the water use at one   of   these
plants.   Two  plants reported insufficient  dcp   information  to
calculate  water  usage,  and the water usage of   one   plant  was
extremely high.  These  plants were not considered  in  calculating
the BAT discharge rate.


As discussed in  Section  IX,  the proposed metal  salt drying  wet
air  pollution control  allowance  has been divided  into  tantalum
salt drying and oxides  calcining  wet air  pollution control.   The
promulgated   BAT  discharge   rate for oxides  calcining  wet  air
pollution  control   is   based on  90  percent  recycle   of  the  BPT
discharge   rate,  or  3,842  1/kkg  (921 gal/ton) of columbium .or


                                4480

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     PRIMARY COLQMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
 tantalum oxide dried.

 REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 The  BAT promulgation  discharge rate is equal to  the  BPT  rate
 presented  in Section IX of this document, which is  2,043  1/kkg
 (490  gal/ton) of tantalum salt reduced.  The proposal  discharge
 rate  was  based  on  90  percent  recycle;  ,  recycle  is   not
 appropriate for the two plants that operate this scrubber.   Both
 plants utilize rotoclone scrubbers which are much different  than
 once   through  scrubbers  such  as  packed  towers  or   venturi
 scrubbers.    Although there may be a discharge from  a  rotoclone
 scrubber,  the scrubber acts as a sparge tank by drawing the  gas
 stream  through  a body of water in a tank.  Water  droplets  and
 mist  created due to turbulence are captured and routed  back  to
 the tank.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 In implementing the Clean Water Act,  the Agency placed particular
 emphasis   on   the  toxic  pollutants.     The   raw   wastewater
 concentrations from individual operations and the subcategory  as
 a  whole were  examined to select certain  pollutants and  pollutant
 parameters  for limitation.   This examination and evaluation  was
 presented in  Section VI.   The Agency,  however,  has chosen not  to
 regulate all  21 toxic pollutants selected in this analysis.

 The columbium-tantalum subcategory  generates an estimated  80,000
 kg/yr   of  toxic pollutants,   of which only 170 kg/yr   are  toxic
 organic  pollutants.    The Agency believes  that the  toxic organic
 pollutants  in the columbium-tantalum  subcategory are present only
 in  trace  (deminimus  quantities)  and are   neither  causing  nor
 likely   to  cause toxic effects.   However,   it  is possible  toxic
 organic pollutants  may be  present in  larger  concentrations at   an
 individual  plant  than  the   Agency   sampling    data    indicate.
 Therefore,  the permitting or  control  authority should  check  for
 the presence  of toxic organic  pollutants  on  a  case-by-case  basis
 and determine   if  they require  treatment.   The  following  toxic
 organic pollutants  are excluded  from  regulation:

      4.  benzene
      6.  carbon  tetrachloride
      7.  chlorobenzene
      8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
     10.  1,2-dichloroethane
     30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
     38.  ethylbenzene
     51.  chlorodibromomethane
     85.  tetrachloroethylene
     87.  trichloroethylene

The  cost associated with analysis for toxic metal pollutants has.
prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for regulating  and
monitoring  toxic pollutant discharges from the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category.  Rather than developing specific effluent
                               4481

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
mass limitations and standards for each of the toxic metals found
    treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater from  a  given
subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent mass limitations
only for those pollutants generated in the greatest quantities as
shown by the pollutant removal estimate analysis.  The pollutants
selected for specific limitation are listed below:

     122.  lead
     128.  zinc
           ammonia (as N)
           fluoride

By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants,  dischargers  will attain the same degree of  control
over  toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required  to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.

This  approach  is  justified  technically  since  the  treatable
concentrations  used  for lime  precipitation  and  sedimentation
technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
multiple metals removal.  Thus, even though metals have  somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at  very
nearly  the same rate in a lime precipitation  and  sedimentation
treatment   system   operated  for   multiple   metals   removal.
Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewise  justified
because this technology removes metals non-preferentially.

The  toxic metal pollutants selected for specific  limitation  in
the  columbium-tantalum subcategory to control the discharges  of
toxic  metal  pollutants  are lead and  zinc.   Ammonia  is  also
selected  for  limitation since the methods used to control  lead
and  zinc  are  not effective in the  control  of  ammonia.   The
following  toxic pollutants are excluded from limitation  on  the
basis  that  they are effectively controlled by  the  limitations
developed for lead and zinc:

     114.  antimony
     115.  arsenic
     116.  asbestos
     118.  cadmium
     119.  chromium  (Total)
     120.  copper
     124.  nickel
     125.  selenium
     127.  thallium


EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The  concentrations achievable by application of  BAT are discussed
in   Section VII of Vol.  I and summarized there  in  Table   VII-21
(page  248).  The treatment effectiveness of both one day  maximum
and  monthly average values are multiplied by the  BAT  normalized
discharge  flows summarized in Table X-3  (page 4486) to  calculate
the  mass  of  pollutants allowed to be discharged per  mass  of
                                4482

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X


product.   The  results of these calculations  in  milligrams  of
pollutant  per  kilogram of product represent  the  BAT  effluent
limitations  and are presented in Table X-4 (page 4488) for  each
waste stream.
                              4483

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    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
           SECT - X
                            TABLE X-l

               CURRENT RECYCLE PRACTICE WITHIN THE
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
    Process

Concentrate Digestion
Wet Air Pollution
Control
Solvent Extraction Wet
Air Pollution control

Precipitation Wet Air
Pollution Control

Oxides Calcining Wet
Air Pollution Control

Reduction of Tantalum Salt
to Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control
                       Number of
                      Plants With
                      Wastewater
No. of Plants
 Practicing
  Recycle
 Range of
 Recycle
Values (%;

0 - 86
                                                       0 - 86
               89 - 100
                                4484

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                  PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM  AND  TANTALUM
                                                                        SECT  -  X
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-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIDM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - X
                            TABLE X-4

                BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(a)  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
, 1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
(b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
      17.670
      12,730
       1.831
       3.387
      11.720
       2.563
       5.035
       7.507
       7.507
       9.338
   1,221.000
     320.400
         7.873
         5,676
         0.732
         1.373
         5.585
         1.190
         0.000
         3.387
         3. 387
         3.845
        536.500
        183.100
                               4488

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
                       TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                 BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS  FOR. THE
              PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (c)   Solvent  Extraction  Wet Air Pollution Control   BAT
Pollutant  of
Pollutant  Property
 Maximum for
 Any  One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
           Metric Units - nig/kg of concentrate digested  '   "
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic .
Cadmium
Chromium ,
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc :
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.475
0.342
f 0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.135
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
0.21-2
0.153
0.020
0.167
0.000
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0 .103
14.420
4.920
     Precipitation and Filtration   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
26.430
19.030
2.738
5.065
17.520
3.833
7.529
11.230
19.170
13.960
1,825.000
479.100
11.770
8.487
1.095
2.053
8.350
1.780
5.065
5.065
8. 350
5.750
802.200
273.800
                               4489

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - X
(e)  Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control
                           BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - nig/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate.digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
      12.260
       8.828
       1.270
       2.350
       8.129
       1.778
       3.493
       5.208
       8.891
       6.478
     846.600
     222.300
         5.462
         3.938
         0.508
         0.953
         3.874
         0.826
         2.350
         2.350
         3.874
         2.668
       372.200
       127.000
 (f)  Tantalum Salt Drying   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
116.800
84.150
12.110
22.400
77.490
16.950
33.300
49.640
84.760
16.950
61.750
8,070.000
2,119.000
52.070
37.540
4.843
9.081
36.930
7.870
22.400
22.400
36.930
7.871
25.430
3,548.000
1,211.000
                                4490

-------
     PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  X


 (g)   Oxides  Calcining Wet  Air Pollution Control  BAT
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 Any  One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
      Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper ;
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
(h) Reduction of Tantalum Salt
; :
7.415
5.340
0.768
1.422
4.918
1.076
2.113
3.150
5.379
3.919
512.200
134.500
to Metal BAT

3.304
2.382
0. 307
0.576
2.344
0.500
1.422
1.422
2.344
1.614
225.200
76.840

Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
91.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22,140.000
5,813.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.910
101.300
21. 590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9,732.000
3,322.000
                              4491

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT - X
(i)
                 TABLE X-4 (Continued)

           BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
        PRIMARY COLUMBIUMr-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control  BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
; 3.943
2.840
0.409
0.756
2.615
0.572
1.124
1.675
2.860
2.084
272.400
71.510
1.757
1.267
0.163
0 .306
1.246
0.2:66
0.756
0.756
1.246
0.858
119.700
40.860
 (j)  Tantalum Powder Wash   BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum  for
                              Any  One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units  - mg/kg  of  tantalum powder washed
    English Units  -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
28.610
20.840
2,724.000
715.200
17.570
12.670
1.635
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8. 582
l/198'.OOO
408.700
                                4492

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

                BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
             PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
)   Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling
                                                 BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                                 Maximum for
                                 Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million. Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
                consolidated
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead :
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0.000
                              4493

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM     SECT  - X
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     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT - XI
                             SECTION XI       ••

                  NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 This  section describes the control technology for  treatment  of
 wastewater   from  new  sources,   and  presents  mass   discharge
 limitations  of  regulated .pollutants for NSPS  in  the  primary
 columbium-tantalum  subcategory,  based on the  described  control
 technology.  New plants have the  opportunity to design  the  best
 and most  efficient production processes and wastewater  treatment
 technologies,   without  facing the added costs  and  restrictions
 encountered  in retrofitting an existing plant.    Therefore,   EPA
 had  considered the best demonstrated process  changes,   in-plant
 controls,   and  end-of-pipe treatment technologies  which  reduce
 pollution  to  the maximum extent feasible. -•••-.'••

 TECHNICAL  APPROACH TO BDT

 All  of  the   treatment technology options applicable to  a   new
 source were previously considered for the  BAT options.   For  this
 reason,  three options were considered for BDT,  all identical  to
 BAT  Options   A,   B,  and C,  which are  discussed  in  Section  X.
 Briefly,   the  treatment technologies  used  for the   three  options
 are as follows:

 OPTION A
   o
   o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia
OPTION B
   o
   o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia
In-process flow reduction
OPTION C
   o
   o

   o
   o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia
In-process flow reduction
Multimedia filtration
Partial  or  complete  recycle  and reuse  of  wastewater  is  an
essential  part of the last, two options.  Recycle and  reuse  can
precede  or  follow  end-of-pipe  treatment,   A  more   detailed
discussion of the treatment options is presented in Section X.

EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology  for
the  primary  columbium-tantalum  subcategory  be  equal  to  BAT
(Option  C).   Review,  of the subcategory indicated that  no  new
                               4497

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI


demonstrated  technologies that improve on BAT technology  exist.
Therefore, EPA is promulgating effluent mass limitations for NSPS
equivalent to BAT.

Dry scrubbing is not demonstrated for controlling emissions  from
concentrate   digestion,  oxides  calcining,  precipitation   and
filtration,  and  salt to metal reduction.  The nature  of _these
emissions  (acidic  fumes, hot  particulate  matter)  technically
precludes the use of dry scrubbers.  Therefore, EPA is  including
an  allowance  for  these  sources at  NSPS  equivalent  to  that
promulgated  for BAT.  The Agency also does not believe that  new
plants  could achieve any additional flow reduction  beyond  that
promulgated for BAT.

Activated  alumina   (Option  D)  was  considered;  however,  this
technology  was rejected because it too was not  demonstrated  in
this  category,  nor  was it clearly transferable  to  nonferrous
wastewater.   Activated  carbon  (Option E) was also  considered;
however,  this  technology  was  eliminated  because  it   is  not
necessary,  since  toxic organic pollutants are not selected  for
limitation in this subcategory.

Reverse  osmosis   (Option F) was considered for  the  purpose  of
achieving  zero  discharge of process  wastewater;  however,  the
Agency  ultimately   rejected  this  technology  because  it   was
determined that its  performance for this specific purpose  was not
adequately  demonstrated  in  this category nor  was  it   clearly
transferable from another category.

REGULATED POLLUTANT  PARAMETERS

The Agency has no  reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be  found  in  treatable concentrations in processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly,  pollutants  and pollutant parameters  selected  for
limitation in Section X are also selected for  limitation in NSPS.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE  STANDARDS

The NSPS  discharge  flows  for each  wastewater  source are the  same
as  the   BAT discharge  rates listed  in Section X.   The  mass  of
pollutant  allowed   to  be  discharged per  mass  of  product  is
calculated  by multiplying  the  appropriate  achievable  treatment
concentration  by the production normalized wastewater  discharge
flows   (1/kkg).    These achievable treatment   concentrations  are
discussed  in Section VII.   The  results of  these  calculations  are
the  production-based new source performance  standards,  and  are
presented   in  Table XI-2   (page   4501).   The   NSPS    wastewater
discharge   rates  are presented  in  Table XI-1  (page  4499).   Since
both    the   discharge   flows   and   the    achievable   treatment
concentrations are the  same for new  sources and  BAT,  the NSPS are
identical  to the  BAT mass limitations.
                                4498

-------
          PRIMARY COLUMBIUM  AND TANTALUM
SECT - XI
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-------
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SECT - XI



























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-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - XI
                            TABLE XI-2

        NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a)   Concentrate Digestion Wet  Air  Pollution Control NSPS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
            Metric  Units  -  mg/kg  of  concentrate  digested
      English  Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate  digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium .
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium : .
*Zinc ;
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
9.330
7.0 to 10.0
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
7.464
at all times
(b) Solvent Extraction Raff inate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - rng/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                     17.670
                     12.730
                      1.831
                      3.387
                     11.720
                      2.563
                      5.035
                      7.507
                     12.820
                      9.338
                   1220.000
                    320.400
                    137.300
         7.873
         5.676
         0.732
         1.373
         5.585
         1.190
         3.387
         3.387
         5.535
         3.845
       536.500
       183.100
       109.900
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4501

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

       NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(c)  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                      0.475
                      0.342
                      0.049
                      0.091
                      0.315
                      0.069
                      0.135
                      0.202
                      0.344
                      0.251
                     32.790
                      8.610
                      3.690
         0.212
         0.153
         0.020
         0.037
         0.150
         0.032
         0.091
         0.091
         0.150
         0.103
        14.420
         4.920
         2.952
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(d)  Precipitation and Filtration NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                     26.420
                     19.030
                      2.738
                      5.065
                     17.520
                      3.833
                      7.529
                     11.230
                     19.170
                     13.960
                   1825.000
                    479.100
                    205.400
         1
         2
 11.770
  8.487
   .095
   .053
  8.350
  1.780
  5.065
  5.065
  8.350
  5.750
802.200
273.800
164.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                                4502

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - XI
                      TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

        NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e)Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
            Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested'
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
  Antimony
  Arsenic
  Cadmium
  Chromium
  Copper
 *Leacl
  Nickel
  Selenium
  Thallium
 *'zinc
 *Ammonia (as  N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                      12.260
                       8.828
                       1.270
                       2.350
                       8.129
                       1.778
                       3.493
                       5.208
                       8.891
                       6.478
                     846.600
                     222.300
                      95.270
          5.462
          3.938
          0.508
          0.953
          3.874
          0.826
          2.350
          2.350
          3.874
          2.668
       372.200
       127.000
        76.210
 Within the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
 (f)  Tantalum Salt Drying NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum  for
               Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                    116.800
                     84.150
                     12.110
                     22.400
                     77.490
                     16.950
                     33.300
                     49.640
                     84.760
                     61.750
                   8070.000
                   2119.000
                    908.200
        52.070
        37.540
         4.843
         9.081
        36.930
         7.870
        22.400
        22.400
        36.930
        25.430
      3548.000
      1211.000
       726.500
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4503

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT  -  XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

       NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(g)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
          Maximum for
        Monthly Average
     Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                                     7.415
                                     5.340
                                     0.768
                                     1.422
                                     4.918
                                     1.076
                                     2.113
                                     3.150
                                      .379
                                      ,919
                                   512.200
                                   134.500
                                    57.630
5
3
  3.304
  2.382
  0.307
  0.576
  2.344
  0.499
  1.422
  1.422
  2.344
  1.614
225.200
 76.840
 46.110
               Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
 (h)
Reduction of_ Tantalum Salt to Metal NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                              Maximum for
                              Any One Day
          Maximum for
        Monthly Average
    	Metric  Units  - mg/kg  of  tantalum salt  reduced
     English  Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  tantalum  salt  reduced
  Antimony
  Arsenic
  Cadmium
  Chromium
  Copper
 *Lead
  Nickel
  Selenium
  Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia  (as N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                                   320.500
                                   230.800
                                    33.210
                                    61.450
                                   212.600
                                    46.500
                                    91.340
                                   136.200
                                   232.500
                                   169.400
                                  22140.000
                                   5813.000
                                   2491.000
               142.800
               103.000
                13.290
                24.900
               101.300
                21.590
                61.450
                61.450
               101.300
                69.750
              9732.000
              3322.000
              1993.000
               Within  the  range  of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
                                4504

-------
     PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - XI
                      TABLE XI-2  (Continued)

        NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (i)   Reduction of  Tantalum Salt  to  Metal  Wet  Air  Pollution
           Control  NSPS
 Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                Maximum for
                Any One Day
          Maximum for
        Monthly Average
          Metric   Units   -  mg/kg  of   tantalum    salt
 English Units  - Ibs/million  Ibs of  tantalum  salt  reduced
                                       reduced
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
 *Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
 *Zinc
 *Ammonia (as N)
 *Fluoride
 *TSS
 *pH
                       3.943
                       2.840
                       0.409
                       0.756
                       2.615
                       0.572
                        .124
                        .675
                        .860
                       2.084
                     272.400
                      71.510
                      30.650
1
1
2
  1.757
  1.267
  0.163
  0.306
  1.246
  0.266
  0.756
  0.756
  1.246
  0.858
119.700
 40.860
 24.520
Within  the  range of  7.0  to  10.0  at  all  times
(j)  Tantalum Powder Wash NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
               Maximum for
               Any One Day
          Maximum for
        Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
                     39.440
                     28.400
                      4.087
                      7.560
                     26.150
                      5.721
                     11.240
                     16.760
                     28.610
                     20.840
                   2724.000
                    715.200
                    306.500
                17.570
                12.670
                 1.635
                 3.065
                12.460
                 2.656
                 7.560
                 7.560
                12.460
                 8.582
              1198.000
               408.700
               245.220
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                               4505

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

       NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLDMBIUM-TANTALDM SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
                consolidated
 Antimony                                 0.000            0.000
 Arsenic                                  0.000            0..000
 caamSim                                  o.ooo            o.,ooo
 Chromium                                 0.000            0.000
 Conner                                   O-000            °"000
*£ead                                     0.000            0.000
 Nickel                                   O-O00            °"000
 silenium                                 0.000            0.000
 Thallium                                 0.000            0.0.00
*Zinc                                     O-000            °*000
*Ammonia (as N)                           0.000            0.000
*Fluoride                                 0.000            0.000
*TSS                                      o.ooo            o.ooo
*pH                 Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
                                4506

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
                            SECTION XII

                       PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

 This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
 pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
 sources in the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory.   PSES  are
 designed  to  prevent  the discharge  of  pollutants  which  pass
 through,  interfere with,  or are otherwise incompatible with  the
 operation  of publicly owned treatment works (POTW).   The  Clean
 Water  Act of 1977  requires pretreatment for pollutants,  such  as
 toxic  metals,  that limit POTW sludge  management  alternatives.
 New  indirect  discharge facilities, like  new  direct   discharge
 facilities,    have   the  opportunity  to  incorporate   the   best
 available  demonstrated technologies,  including  process  changes,
 in-plant controls,  and end-of-pipe treatment technologies,  and to
 use  plant  site selection to ensure  adequate  treatment  system
 installation.   Pretreatment standards  are to be  technology-based,
 analogous  to the best available or best demonstrated   technology
 for  removal  of toxic pollutants.  Pretreatment  standards  for
 regulated pollutants are presented based on the  selected   control
 and treatment technology.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH  TO PRETREATMENT

 Before   proposing  pretreatment  standards,   the   Agency  examines
 whether   the  pollutants discharged by the  industry  pass   through
 the  POTW or   interfere with the  POTW operation   or its   chosen
 sludge   disposal  practices.    In determining   whether   pollutants
 pass  through a well-operated  POTW,  achieving  secondary  treatment,
 the Agency compares  the percentage of  a  pollutant  removed by POTW
 with  the  percentage  removed by direct  dischargers  applying  the
 best  available technology  economically achievable.   A  pollutant
 is  deemed  to pass  through the  POTW when the  average   percentage
 removed   nationwide  by well-operated  POTW   meeting   secondary
 treatment  requirements, is less than  the percentage  removed  by
 direct   dischargers  complying   with   BAT   effluent   limitations
 guidelines for  that  pollutant.   (See generally, 46 FR at  9415-16
 (January  28, 1981).)

 This  definition  of  pass through satisfies   the  two  competing
 objectives   set   by   Congress  that  standards   for   indirect
 dischargers  be equivalent to standards  for  direct  dischargers,
 while at  the same time,  the treatment  capability and  performance
 of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in   regulating
 the discharge  of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

 The  Agency compares percentage  removal  rather than  the  mass  or
 concentration  of pollutants discharged because the latter  would
 not  take  into account the mass of pollutants discharged to  the
 POTW  from  non-industrial  sources  nor  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
 the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
                               4507

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                         SECT  - XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES

Options  for pretreatment of wastewaters are based on  increasing
the effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment technologies.  All in-
plant changes and applicable end-of-pipe treatment processes have
been discussed previously in Sections X and XI.   The options for
PSES  and  PSNS,  therefore,  are  the same as  the  BAT  options
discussed in Section X.

A description of each option is presented in Section X,  while  a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment  process  and achievable treatment  concentrations  are
presented in Section VII of the General Development Document.

The treatment technology options for the PSES and PSNS are:

Option A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Ammonia steam stripping of wastewaters containing
        treatable concentrations of ammonia
Option B
     o
     o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of ammonia
In-process flow reduction
Option C
     o   Chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation
     o   Ammonia steam  stripping of  wastewaters containing
         treatable concentrations of ammonia
     o   In-process flow  reduction
     o   Multimedia filtration


 INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT  REMOVAL ESTIMATES

 The  industry cost and  environmental  benefits of  each   treatment
 option  were used  to determine  incremental  removals and  costs.  The
 methodology  applied in  calculating pollutant reduction benefits
 and  plant compliance costs  is  discussed in Section X. Table  XII-1
 (page   4510)  shows the estimated pollutant removals for indirect
 dischargers,  while compliance  costs are presented  in Table VIII-2
 (page  4453).

 PSES AND PSNS OPTION SELECTION

 EPA  is promulgating PSES equal to  BAT for this  subcategory.    It
 is necessary to promulgate  PSES to  prevent pass-through of   lead,
 zinc,   fluoride,   and ammonia.    The technology  basis for  PSES is
 lime  precipitation and  sedimentation,  ammonia  steam  stripping,
 wastewater flow  reduction and- filtration.  Flow  reduction  for. the
                                4508

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
                           :

 selected  technology  represents an 80 percent reduction in  flow
 over current discharge rates.

 Implementation  of the promulgated PSES limitations would  remove
 an  estimated 18,590 kg/yr of  toxic pollutants,  290,460 kg/yr  of
 ammonia,  and ' 400,175  kg/yr   of  fluoride  over  estimated  raw
 discharge.  The final PSES effluent mass limitations will  remove
 57  kg/yr  of  toxic metals over the  intermediate  PSES  options
 considered,    which   lacks   filtration.     Both   options   are
 economically  achievable  and   both  prevent  pass-through.   The
 Agency  is  thus  selecting PSES equal  to  BAT.    The  estimated
 capital  cost  for achieving PSES is $1.0   million  (March,  1982
 dollars), and the annual cost  is $0.7 million.

 The  technology basis for promulgated PSNS is identical to  NSPS,
 PSES,   and BAT.   The same pollutants pass  through as at PSES,  for
 the  same  reasons.    EPA knows  of  no economically   feasible,
 demonstrated technology that is better than PSES  technology.   The
 PSES  flow  allowances  are based  on  minimization  of  process
 wastewater   whenever   possible   through  the    use   of   lime
 precipitation  and  sedimentation  to  remove fluoride  for   wet
 scrubbing   wastewater.   Because  PSNS  does  not   include   any
 additional  costs compared to  NSPS and PSES,  the  Agency does   not
 believe it will  prevent  entry  of new plants.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT  PARAMETERS

 The pollutants  and  pollutant  parameters selected for  limitation,
 in  accordance with the rationale of  Section X,  are  identical   to
 those  selected for limitation  for  BAT.  PSES  and  PSNS  prevent  the
 pass-through of  lead,  zinc,  fluoride,  and  ammonia.

 PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

 The PSES  and  PSNS  discharge  flows  are   identical   to  the   BAT
 discharge  flows   for  all  processes.   These discharge   flows   are
 listed  in  Table  XII-2  (page  4511).  The mass  of pollutant  allowed
 to  be discharged per mass  of product  is calculated by multiplying
 the achievable  treatment  concentration (mg/1) by the   normalized
 wastewater   discharge  flow  (1/kkg).   Pretreatment  standards   for
 existing and  new  sources,  as determined from  the above procedure,
 are shown   in Tables  XII-3 and  XII-4  (pages  4513 and   4519)   for
 each waste stream.

Mass-based   standards  are promulgated  for  the  columbium-tantalum
 subcategory  to ensure  that the standards are achieved by means of
pollutant  removal  rather than by dilution.   They are particularly
 important  since   the  standards are based  upon  flow  reduction;
pollutant  limitations  associated with flow reduction cannot  be
measured any other way but as a reduction of mass discharged. The
flow  reduction  over estimated current flow for   the  columbium-
tantalum subcategory is 80 percent.
                               4509

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - XII
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       PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT  -  XII
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                              4511

-------
           PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM
                                                SECT  -  XII
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                                      4512

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - XII
                           TABLE XI1-3

      PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a)  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
(b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSES  PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
17.670
12.730
1.831
3.387
11.720
2.563
5.035
7.507
12.820
9.338
1221.000
320.400
7.873
5.676
0.732
1.373
5.585
1.190
3.387
3.387
5.585
3.845
536.500
183.100
                               4513

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
              SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

      PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(c)  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
         Maximum for
       Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Pluoride
0.475
0.342
0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.135
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
0.212
0.153
0.020
0.037
0.150
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0.103
14.420
4.920
 (d)  Precipitation and Filtration PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
          Maximum for
        Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia  (as N)
*Fluoride
       26.420
       19.030
        2.738
        5.065
       17.520
         .833
3
7.
          529
       11.230
       19.170
       13.960
     1825.000
      479.100
 11.770
  8.487
  1.095
  2.053
  8.350
   ,780
   .065
   .065
  8.350
  5.750
802.200
273.800
1
5
5
                                4514

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND  TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
               SECT  -  XII
                     TABLE  XII-3  (Continued)

      PSES FOR THE PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e)Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control  PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
12.260
8.828
1.270
2.350
8.129
1.778
3.493
5.208
8.891
6.478
846.600
222.300
5.462
3.938
0.508
0.953
3.874
0.826
2.350
2.350
3.874
2.668
372.200
127.000
(f)  Tantalum Salt Drying PSES  PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Leacl
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
116.800
84.150
12.110
22.400
77.490
16.950
33.300
49.640
84.760
61.750
8070.000
2119.000
52.070
37.540
4.843
9.081
36.930
7.870
22.400
22.400
36.930
25.430
3548.000
1211.000
                               4515

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
              SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

      PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(g)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
	Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
       7.415
       5.340
       0.768
       1.442
       4.918
       1.076
       2.113
       3.150
       5.379
       3.919
     512.200
     134.500
         3,304
         2.382
         0.307
         0.576
         2.344
         0.500
         1.422
         1.422
         2.344
         1.614
       225.200
        76.840
 (h)  Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of  tantalum salt  reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs  of  tantalum salt  reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
51.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22,140.000
5,813.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.910
101.300
21.590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9,732.000
3,322.000
                                4516

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT  -  XII
                     TABLE XII-3  (Continued)

      PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (i)  Reduction of Tantalum Salt tzo Metal Wet Air Pollution
          Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
            Maximum for
          Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
       3,
       2,
    ,943
    ,840
  0.409
  0.756
  2.615
  0.572
  1.124
  1.675
  2.860
  2.084
272.400
 71.510
1
1,
    .757
    .267
  0.163
  0.306
  1.246
  0.266
  0.756
  0.756
  1.246
  0.858
119.700
 40.860
(j)  Tantalum Powder Wash PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
            Maximum for
          Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluor ide
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
: 28.610
20.840
2,724.000
715.200
17.570
12.670
1.635
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8.582
1,198.000
408.700
                               4517

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
              SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-3 (Continued)

      PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum
                       cast or consolidated
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
       0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
         0.000
                                4518

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - XII
                           TABLE XII-4

       PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a)  Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium .
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
(b)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Coppe r
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
17.670
12.730
1.831
3.387
11.720
2.563
5.035
7.507
12.820
9.338
1,221.000
320.400
7.873
5.676
0.732
1.373
5.585
1.190
3.387
3.387
5.585
3.845
536.500
183.100
                               4519

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

      PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(c)  Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Pluoride
0.475
0.342
0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.1353
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
0.212
0.153
0.020
0.037
0.150
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0.103
14.420
4.920
(d)  Precipitation and Filtration PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
26.420
19.030
2.738
5.065
17.522
3.833
7.529
11.230
19.170
13.960
1,825.000
479.100
11.770
8.487
2.053
2.053
8.350
1.780
5.065
5.065
8.350
5.750
802.200
273.800
                                4520

-------
    PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


                      TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

       PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e)  Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
 Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
   Maximum for
Monthly  Average
            Metric  Units  -  mg/kg of  concentrate  digested
      English Units -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  concentrate  digested

 Antimony                                 12.260
 Arsenic                                   8.828
 Cadmium                                   1.270
 Chromium                                  2." 350
 Copper                  ,                 8.129
 *Lead                                     1.788
 Nickel                                    3.493
 Selenium                                  5.208
 Thallium                                  8.891
 *Zinc                                     6.478
 *Ammonia (as  N)                          846.600
 *Fluoride                                222.300
                         5.462
                         3.938
                         0.508
                         0.963
                         3.874
                         0.826
                         2.350
                         2.350
                         3.874
                         2.668
                      372.200
                      127.000
 (f)  Tantalum Salt Drying PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
           Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
      English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
     116.800
      84.150
      12.110
      22.400
      77.490
      16.950
      33.300
      49.640
      84.760
      61.750
   8,070.000
   2,119.000
        52.070
        37.540
         4.843
         9.081
        36.930
         7.871
        22.400
        22.400
        36.930
        25.430
     3,548.000
     1,211.000
                               4521

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

      PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM- TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(9)  Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Ave;rage
	Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Copper
*Lead
 Nickel
 Selenium
 Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
       7.415
       5.340
       0.768
       1.422
       4.918
       1.076
       2.113
       3.150
       5.379
       3.919
     512.200
     134.500
         3 ,,304
         2.382
         0.307
         0,576
         2,. 344
         0.500
         1.422
         1.422
         2.344
         1.614
       225.200
        76.840
 (h)  Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units  - mg/kg  of  tantalum  salt  reduced
      English  Units  -  Ibs/million Ibs  of  tantalum salt  reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc *
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
91.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22,140.000
5,813.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.910
101.300
21.590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9,732.000
3,322.000
                                4522

-------
    PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - XII
                      TABLE  XI1-4  (Continued)

      PSNS FOR  THE  PRIMARY  COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY

 (i)  Reduction  of Tantalum  Salt Jbo Metal Wet Air Pollution
     Control  PSNS                           	
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
     English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium :
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
3.943
2.840
0.409
0.756
2.615
0.572
1.124
1.675
2.860
2.084
272.400
71.510
1.757
1.267
0.163
0.306
1.246
0.266
0.756
0.756
1.246
0.858
119.700
40.860
(j)  Tantalum Powder Wash PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
          Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
    English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
28.610
20.840
2,724.000
715.200
17.570
12.670
3.065
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8.582
1,198.000
408.700
                               4523

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
              SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-4 (Continued)

      PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(k)  Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
                consolidated
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
                                4524

-------
   PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII





                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY



EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for the primary columbium-tantalum  subcategory
at this time.
                              4525

-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII
            THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                             4526

-------
NONPERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
                       for the
           Secondary Tantalum Subcategory
                  William K.  Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant Administrator for Water


              Martha Prothro,  Director
      Office of  Water Regulations and Standards
           Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
           Industrial Technology Division
            Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
              Metals Industry Branch
                        and
             Technical Project Officer
                    May 1989
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Office of Water
     Office of Water Regulations and Standards
          Industrial Technology Division
             Washington, D. C.  20460
                        4527

-------
4528

-------
                SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section

I

II

III
IV
V
SUMMARY

CONCLUSIONS

SUBCATEGORY PROFILE

Description of Secondary Tantalum Production
Raw Materials
Acid Leaching
Washing and Rinsing
Process Wastewater Sources
Other Wastewater Sources
Age, Production, and Process Profile

SUBCATEGORIZATION

Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary
  Tantalum Subcategory
Other Factors
Production Normalizing Parameters

WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

Wastewater Flow Rates
Wastewater Characteristics Data
Data Collection Portfolios
Field Sampling Data
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
  Subdivision
Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse
Capacitor Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
4545
4545
4545
4546
4546
4547
4547

4553

4553

4554
4554

4557

4558
4558
4559
4559
4560

4561
4561
4561
4562
4562
                           4529

-------
                SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                  TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
VI
VII
VIII
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their
  Analytical Quantification Concentration
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentration
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
  Consideration in Establishing Limitations
  and Standards

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Current Control and Treatment Practices
Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse
Capacitor Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
Control and Treatment Options
Option A
Option C

COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Treatment Options for Existing Sources
Option A
Option C
Cost Methodology
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
Page

4587

4587

4588
4588
4588

4588

4589



4595

4595
4595
4596
4596
4596
4596
4596
4597
4597

4599

4599
4599
4599
4599
4600
4600
4601
                                4530

-------
                 SECONDARY TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS  (Continued)
 Section
 IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE

Technical Approach to BPT
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
BPT Option Selection
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse
Capacitor Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations

BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE

Technical Approach to BAT
Pollutant Removal Estimates
Compliance Costs
BAT Option Selection - Proposal
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

Technical Approach to NSPS
NSPS Option Selection - Proposal
NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
New Source Performance Standards

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option,Selection - Proposal
PSNS Option Selection - Promulgation
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards

BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
4603
4605
4605
4605
4606
4606
4606
4606
4606
4607
4607

4613
4613
4613
4613
4614
4615
4615
4615
4616

4627

4627
4627
4628
4628
4628

4633

4633
4634
4634
4634
4634
4635

4641
                               4531

-------
                SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Paqe
III-l     Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 4548
          in the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory by
          Discharge Type

III-2     Production Ranges for the Secondary Tantalum     4548
          Subcategory

III-3     Summary of Secondary Tantalum Subcategory        4549
          Processes and Associated Waste Streams

V-l       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Tantalum       4563
          Alloy Leach and Rinse

V-2       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Capacitor      4563
          Leach and Rinse

V-3       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Tantalum       4563
          Sludge Leach and Rinse

V-4       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Tantalum       4564
          Powder Acid Wash and Rinse

V-5       Water Use and Discharge Rates for Leaching Wet   4564
          Air Pollution Control

V-6       Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Waste Acid from 4565
          Tantalum Leaching Raw Wastewater

V-7       Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Filtrate from   4569
          NH4OH Precipitation of Tantalum Raw
          Wastewater

V-8       Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Sump Number 2   4573
          Effluent Raw Wastewater  '

V-9       Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Sump Number 3   4577
          Effluent Raw Wastewater

V-10      Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Treated         4581
          Effluent

V-ll      Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Raw             4585
          Wastewater from  Self-Sampling Program
                            4532

-------
                 SECONDARY TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
                   LIST OP TABLES  (Continued)
Table
Title
                                                            Paqe
VT-1      Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants    4590
          Secondary Tantalum Subcategory Raw Wastewater

VI-2      Toxic Pollutants Never Detected                   4592

VIII-1    Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tantalum     4592
          Subcategory Direct Dischargers

IX-1      BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary  4608
          Tantalum Subcategory

IX-2      BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Tantalum   4609
          Subcategory

X-l       Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct            4618
          Dischargers

X-2       Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tantalum     4619
          Subcategory

X-3       BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary  4620
          Tantalum Subcategory

X-4       BAT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Tantalum   4621
          Subcategory

XI-1      NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the           4629
          Secondary Tantalum Subcategory

XI-2      NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory       4630

XII-1     PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the           4636
          Secondary Tantalum Subcategory

XII-2     PSNS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory       4637
                               4533

-------
                SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure


III-l

III-2


V-l

IX-1


X-l

X-2
                Title
Secondary Tantalum Production Processes
Paqe
4550
Geographic Locations of the Secondary Tantalum   4551
Subcategory Plants
Sampling Sites at Secondary Tantalum Plant A
4586
BPT Treatment Scheme for the Secondary Tantalum  4612
Subcategory
BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A

BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C
4624

4625
                               4534

-------
             SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                        SECT  -  I
                             SECTION I

                      SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
 This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
 effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
 and   best  available  technology  (BAT)   for    existing   direct
 dischargers, pretreatment standards for new indirect   dischargers
 (PSNS),   and  standards  of performance  for  new  source  direct
 dischargers (NSPS).

 The secondary tantalum subcategory consists of three  plants.   All
 three plants  treat  their process wastewater  and  discharge   the
 effluent directly to  rivers or streams.

 EPA first studied the secondary tantalum  subcategory  to  determine
 whether    differences   in   raw   materials,    final   products,
 manufacturing  processes,  equipment,  age  and size of   plants,   or
 water usage,   required  the  development  of   separate   effluent
 limitations   and standards  for   different  segments   of   the
 subcategory.    This   involved a detailed  analysis  of wastewater
 discharge  and treated effluent characteristics,   including   the
 sources  and volume of water used,  the processes  used,  the sources
 of  pollutants  and wastewaters in the  plant,  and  the  constituents
 of  wastewaters,  including  priority pollutants.   As  a  result, five
 subdivisions  have  been  identified  for   this   subcategory that
 warrant  separate  effluent  limitations.  These  are:
     o
     o
     o
     o
     o
Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
Capacitor leach and rinse,
Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
Leaching wet air pollution control.
EPA  also  identified  several  distinct  control  and  treatment
technologies   (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable  to  the
secondary   tantalum  subcategory.    The  Agency  analyzed  both
historical  and newly generated data on the performance of  these
technologies,  including  their  nonwater  quality  environmental
impacts  and  air quality,  solid waste  generation,  and  energy
requirements.  EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported  in  the  data collection  portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
visits.

Engineering  costs  were  prepared for each of  the  control  and
treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
were  then  used  by  the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the various options on the subcategory.   For  each
control  and  treatment option that the Agency found to  be  most
effective  and technically feasible in controlling the  discharge
of  pollutants,  we estimated the number of  potential  closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price.  These results
are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact
                               4535

-------
            SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
 SECT - I
Analysis of Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Nonferrous
Metals Manufacturing Industry."

After  examining  the various treatment technologies,  the Agency
has identified BPT to represent the average of the best  existing
technology.   Metals  removal based on chemical precipitation and
sedimentation  technology (lime and settle) is the basis for  the
BPT  limitations. To meet the BPT effluent limitations  based  on
this  technology, the secondary tantalum subcategory is  expected
to  incur an estimated capital cost of $6,462 and an annual  cost
of $58,854.

For BAT, filtration is added as an effluent polishing step to the
BPT  end-of-pipe  treatment  scheme.  To meet  the  BAT  effluent
limitations  based  on this technology,  the  secondary  tantalum
subcategory  is estimated to incur a capital cost of $13,474  and
an annual cost of $63,466.

New  source  performance  standards are equivalent  to  BAT.   In
selecting   NSPS,  EPA  recognizes  that  new  plants  have   the
opportunity   to   implement   the  best   and   most   efficient
manufacturing  processes and treatment technology.  As such,  the
technology  basis  of  BAT  has  been  determined  as  the   best
demonstrated technology.

PSES  is not being promulgated for this subcategory because there
are  no existing  indirect dischargers in the secondary  tantalum
subcategory.  For PSNS, the Agency selected end-of-pipe treatment
techniques equivalent to BAT.

The  best  conventional  technology  (BCT) replaces  SAT  for  the
control of conventional pollutants.  BCT is not being promulgated
at  this   time because the methodology for BCT has not  yet  been
finalized.
 The mass  limitations  and  standards  for  BPT,
 are presented  in  Section  II.
BAT.  NSPS, and PSNS
                                4536

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT ~II
                            SECTION II

                            CONCLUSIONS

 EPA  has  divided the secondary tantalum  subcategory  into  five
 subdivisions   for  the  purpose  of  effluent  limitations   and
 standards.  These subdivisions are:

 (a)   Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
 (b)   Capacitor leach and rinse,
 (c)   Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
 (d)   Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse,  and
 (e)   Leaching wet air pollution control.

 BPT   is   promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
 application   of    chemical   precipitation   and   sedimentation
 technology.     The   following  BPT   effluent   limitations   are
 promulgated:
 (a)   Tantalum Alloy  Leach  and  Rinse   BPT
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
         Maximum for
         Any  One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       nig/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
(b) Capacitor

438.100
96.850
442.800
336.700
103.800
9,455.000
Within the range of 7.5
Leach and Rinse BPT

230
46
292
140

4,497
to 10.0 at

.600
.120
.900
.700

.000
all times

Pollutant Property
         Maximum for
         Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
              38.380
               8.484
              38.780
              29.490
               9.090
             828.200
       20.200
        4.040
       25.650
       12.320

      393.900
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               4537

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - II
(c)  Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
          Maximum for
          Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  equivalent  pure  tantalum   powder
produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
              390.100
               86.230
              394.200
              299.700
               92.390
            8,417.000
     205.300
      41.060
     260.700
     125.200

   4,003.000
 Within the  range  of  7.5  to  10.0 at all  times
 (d)  Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
           Maximum for
           Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
                 0.665
                 0.147
                 0 672
                 0.511
                 0.158
                14.350
         0  350
         0.070
         0.445
         0.214

         6.825
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 (e)   Leaching Wet Air  Pollution Control
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
           Maximum for
           Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
 mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of equivalent pure tantalum powder  produced
 Copper
 Lead
 Nickel
 Zinc
 Tantalum
 TSS
 pH
                 9.272
                 2.050
                 9.370
                 7.125
                 2.196
               200.100
         4.880
         0.976
         6.198
         2.977

        95.160
Within the range of 7.5 of 10.0 at all times
                                4538

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                      SECT - II
 BAT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
 application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
 multimedia  filtration  technology.   The following  BAT  effluent
 limitations are promulgated:

 (a)  Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse  BAT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
 Maximum for
 Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
        m9Ag (Ib/million Ibs)  of tantalum powder  produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
295.200
64.570
126.800
235.200
103.800
140.700
29.980
85.320
96.850

 (b)   Capacitor  Leach and Rinse   BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach

tantalum powder
25.860
5.656
11.110
2O. 600
9.090
and Rinse BAT

produced from
12.320
2.626
7.474
8.484

leaching


Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
    262.800
     57.480
    112.900
    209.400
     92.390
      125.200
       26.690
       75.960
       86.230
                               4539

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - II
(d)  Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
      0.448
      0.098
      0.193
      0.357
      0.158
        0.214
        0.046
        0.130
        0.147
(e)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
      6.246
      1.366
      2.684
      4.978
      2.196
        2.977
        0.634
        1.806
        2.050
NSPS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
multimedia   filtration  technology    The   following   effluent
standards are promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum  for
Any  One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly  Average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
295.200
64.570
126.800
235.200
103.800
3,459.000
Within the range of 7.5
120.700
29.980
85.320
96.850

2,767.000
to 10.0 at all times
                                4540

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                 SECT  -  II
 (b)   Capacitor  Leach  and Rinse  NSPS
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
           Maximum  for
           Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  tantalum powder  produced  from leaching
 Copper
 Lead
 Nickel
 Zinc
 Tantalum
 TSS
 pH
                25.860
                 5.656
                11.110
                20.600
                 9.090
                303.000
       12.320
        2.626
        7.474
        8.484

       242.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 (c)  Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
           Maximum for
           Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
               262.800
                57.480
               112.900
               209.400
                92.390
             3,080.000
      125.200
       26.690
       75.960
       86.230

    2,464.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d)  Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
           Maximum for
           Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced

Copper                       0.448             0.214
Lead                         0.098             0.046
Nickel                       0.193             0.130
Zinc                         0.357             0.147
Tantalum                     0.15
TSS                          5.250             4.200
pH          Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               4541

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT - II
(e)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum
powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
                             6.246
                             1
        2.977
        0.634
        1.806
                   ,366
                 2.684
                 4.978             2.050
                 2.196
                73.200            58.560
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
PSES  are  not  being  promulgated  for  the  secondary  tantalum
subcategory  at this time because there are no existing  indirect
dischargers in the secondary tantalum subcategory.
PSNS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
      _.  • __    _.=   _i	i — -i  	„; „; t-^t-1 ^n     sedimentation,   and
                                           following  pretreatment
application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
multimedia  filtration  technology.  The
standards are promulgated for new sources:

(a)  Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  tantalum powder  produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
                          295.200
                           64.570
                          126.800
                          235.200
                          103.800
      140.700
       29.980
       85.320
       96.850
                                4542

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                      SECT -  II
 (b)   Capacitor  Leach  and  Rinse  PSNS
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
Maximum  for
Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs) of  tantalum powder  produced  from leaching
 Copper
 Lead
 Nickel
 Zinc
 Tantalum
    25.860
     5.656
    •11.110
    20.600
     9.090
       12.320
        2.626
        7.474
        8.484
 (c)  Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
    262.800
     57.480
    112.900
    209.400
     92.390
      125.200
       26.690
       75.960
       86.230
(d)  Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
      0.448
      0.098
      0.193
      0.357
      0.158
        0.214
        0.046
        0.130
        0.147
                               4543

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - II
(e)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum
powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
      6.246
      1.366
      2.684
      4.978
      2.196
        2.977
        0.634
        1.806
        2.050
EPA is not promulgating BCT at this time for the secondary
tantalum subcategory.
                                4544

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
                            SECTION III

                         INDUSTRY PROFILE
 This   section of  the  secondary tantalum  supplement  describes   the
 raw  materials and  processes  used  in  producing  secondary  tantalum
 and   presents a  profile ; of  the   secondary   tantalum    plants
 identified  in this  study.

 The   present  uses  of  tantalum  stem   from    three   important
 properties;  a high  melting point,  resistance to corrosive agents,
 and dielectric properties.  Tantalum  mill products  such as  sheet
 are  made   into  corrosion  resistant chemical equipment,  heat
 exchangers,   reaction vessels  and  other  equipment  that   can
 withstand    high  temperatures  and   severe  acid   environments.
 Tantalum has been used in surgical applications such as   surgical
 implants  and suture  wire because  it  is  inert to body fluids   and
 tissue.   The  electronic  industry   has  many   applications   for
 tantalum,   primarily  in capacitors.   Tantalum capacitors  provide
 higher  volumetric  .capacitance  efficiency than other  capacitor
 materials,   and  function  well  at  high  and   low  temperatures.
 Alloying with tantalum produces  alloys with good high temperature
 strength that have  applications  in aerospace products.    Tantalum
 alloys also  have  favorable fabricating characteristics.

 DESCRIPTION  OF SECONDARY TANTALUM PRODUCTION

 Secondary tantalum  production  methods vary from time to time   and
 from  plant   to  plant primarily because  of  the  different   raw
 materials  that  may  be used  in the  process.   Basically,  acid
 leaching is  used  to dissolve metal impurities in the raw material
 leaving  behind an  upgraded tantalum product.   In  the  following
 sections  the   variations to this fundamental operation  will  be
 described.   Figure  III-l (page 4550) presents a  flow diagram   for
 the secondary  tantalum production processes.

 RAW MATERIALS

 The plants presently producing secondary tantalum use three types
 of raw materials:    alloy scrap, scrap tantalum-bearing electrical
 components,  and tantalum-bearing sludge.   Stamping operations are
 the  primary   source  of raw materials for one plant  which  uses
 alloy scrap  as  a  raw material.

ACID LEACHING

Different types of acid leaching  processes are used depending on
 the raw material being processed.   Scrap alloy is immersed in  a
nitric  acid  bath  and the spent acid is discharged in  a  bat.ch
flow.     This  waste  stream  contains  high  concentrations   of
dissolved metals,  the constituents depending upon the make-up  of
the scrap alloy.
                               4545
                                                          -.*
                                                          *«

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
Electrical  components  such as capacitors are acid leached in  a
batch  process.   The  acid   which  may  be  a  combination   of
hydrochloric,  nitric   and sulfuric, is poured into  a  rotating
digestor  filled  with tantalum-bearing scrap.  Leaching  in  the
digester  continues  until the acid is spent, usually  about  two
days  per  batch.  The spent acid is then discharged as  a  waste
stream  along with rinse water, and the digestor is  filled  with
fresh  acid. This procedure is repeated up to 15 times  depending
on  the  amount  of materials to be leached from  each  batch  of
scrap.

Recovering  tantalum  from  sludge  involves  a  series  of  acid
leaches, and may sometimes include caustic leaching depending  on
the  materials  present  in the sludge.  The  recovery  of  other
valuable  materials from tantalum-bearing sludges  may  determine
how  the leaching steps are done.  After each leaching step,  the
more pure tantalum is filtered to separate it from the  dissolved
impurities. If the filtrate does not contain recoverable material
it  is combined with rinse water and discharged as  a  wastewater
stream.

One plant practicing  acid leaching  of tantalum-bearing  sludges
reported  the  use of a wet air pollution control device  on  the
leaching  vessel.   A wastewater stream is discharged  from  this
device.

WASHING AND RINSING

The  washing  and rinsing operations employed are dependent  upon
the  form of the product recovered and on the desired  purity  of
the end product.   When processing scrap tantalum alloys, a water
rinse is employed on a continuous once-through basis.  Rinsing is
performed after completing  the acid leaching step for a batch of
scrap alloy.  Water use is determined by the amount of product to
be  washed.   The tantalum alloy scrap wash water,  combined with
acid leachate  constitutes a waste stream.

Tantalum metal product derived from  electrical components is also
rinsed and acid washed in batch operations.  An acid wash is used
to  polish   the purified metal pov/der by  removing  any  residual
surface  oxides  from  the metal.  A water   rinse  follows  which
washes  away  any  residual  acid.   This  waste  stream  may  be
pretreated   to   recover  dissolved   tantalum  before   routing  to
wastewater treatment.

Water is used  to wash the upgraded tantalum  solids to  remove  all
acid prior to  the next leaching operation.   Filtering  is used  to
retain   the   upgraded  tantalum  while  separating   the    liquid
fraction.  If  the filtrate contains  recoverable  materials,  both
the  filtrate  and   the wash water are   routed  to  the   recovery
operation.   Otherwise,  both  flows are   routed  to  wastewater
treatment.
                                4546

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


 PROCESS  WASTEWATER SOURCES

 Although  two   fundamental  processes  are   involved  in   secondary
 tantalum  production,   variations   in raw  materials  and   specific
 procedures  require  that   the   process wastewater   sources    be
 subdivided as  follows:

      (a)  Tantalum  alloy leach and  rinse,
      (b)  Capacitor leach and rinse
      (c)  Tantalum  sludge leach and rinse,
      (d)  Tantalum  powder acid wash and rinse  and
      (e)  Leaching  wet air pollution control.

 OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

 There  may  be  other   wastewater   streams  associated   with  the
 secondary tantalum subcategory.   These wastewaters   may include
 stormwater runoff,  and  maintenance and cleanup  water. These waste
 streams   are not considered  as a part  of   this   rulemaking.   EPA
 believes   that  the flows and pollutant loadings   associated  with
 these  waste  streams   are  insignificant relative  to the  waste
 streams  selected   and are best handled by  the appropriate  permit
 authority on a  case-by-case  basis  under authority  of  Section  403
 of the Clean Water  Act.

 AGE, PRODUCTION AND PROCESS PROFILE

 Figure   III-2   (page  4551)  shows  the  location  of  the  three
 secondary  tantalum plants  currently operating   in  the  United
 States.  All three  plants are located  in the eastern part of  the
 United States.

 Table  III-l  (page 4548) shows the relative  age  and  discharge
 status  of  the  tantalum plants.  All  three  plants  are  direct
 dischargers and all were built prior to World War  II.  From Table
 III-.2  (page  4548)  it  can  be  seen  that  secondary  tantalum
 production  is not done on a large scale,  and production at  each
plant yaries.

Table  III-3  (page  4549)  provides a  summary of  the  number  of
plants  generating  wastewater for the waste  streams  associated
with various processes and the number of plants with the process.
                               4547

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                          SECT - III
                           TABLE III-l

        INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE)  SUMMARY OF  PLANTS
    IN THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY BY DISCHARGE TYPE

                 Initial Operating Year (Range)
(Plant Age in Years)
Type of
Plant
Direct
Indirect
Zero
Total
1983-
1944
(1-40)
0
0
0
0
1943-
1934
(41-50)
1
0
0
1
1933-
1904
(51-80)
1
0
0
1
Before
1904
(80+)
1
0
0
1
Total
3
0
0
3
                           TABLE II1-2

    PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
               Tantalum Production Ranges for 1982
Plant Type

Direct

Indirect

Zero
  0-8
tons/yr

   1

   0

   0
  9-17
tons/yr

   1

   0

   0
 18-26
tons/yr

   1

   0

   0
Total Number
 of Plants

      3

      0

      0
                               4548

-------
                       SECONDARY  TANATALUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  III
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          SECONDARY TANATALUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III

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SECONDARY TANATALUM SUBCATEGORY  SECT - III
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                  4551

-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III
      THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                       4552

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             SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY.    SECT -  IV



                           'SECTION IV

                        SUBCATEGORIZATION

This  section  summarizes  the  factors  considered  during   the
designation of the related subdivisions of  the  secondary tantalum
subcategory.   Production   normalizing   parameters   for   each
subdivision are also discussed.

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY TANTALUM
SUBCATEGORY

The factors listed previously for general subcategorization  were
each  evaluated  when considering subdivision   of  the  secondary
tantalum  subcategory.   In  the  discussion  that  follows,  the
factors  will  be described as they pertain  to this  particular
subcategory.-

The   rationale  for  considering  further  subdivision  of   the
secondary tantalum subcategory is based primarily on  differences
in the production processes and raw materials used.  Within  this
subcategory, different operations are performed which may or  may
not  have  a water use or discharge, and which  may  require  the
establishment of separate effluent limitations.  While  secondary
tantalum  is  still  considered  a  single  subcategory,  a  more
thorough examination of the production processes has  illustrated
the  need  for limitations and standards based  on  specific  flow
allowances for the following subdivisions:

     (a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
     (b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
     (c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
     (d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
     (e) Leaching wet air pollution control.

The  following discussion is intended to clarify and support  the
reasons  given  above  for  subdividing  the  secondary  tantalum
subcategory.

Secondary  tantalum  production  can be  generally  described  as
consisting  of acid leaching of raw materials followed  by  water
rinsing  and  drying  of  the  final  tantalum  powder   product.
Variations  of  this  process  are  due  to  differences  in  raw
materials.  Such factors account for the first  three subdivisions
listed above.   A discussion of each subdivision follows.

Tantalum  alloy scrap may be used as a raw material.   This  scrap
is generated in forming operations in which a tantalum-containing
alloy is rolled and stamped,   The remaining metal skeleton is the
raw material for the acid leaching process.  Leaching is done in a
batch  mode  by  immersing  the scrap  in  acid. . Spent  acid - is
discharged as  a waste stream.

Scrap electrical components containing tantalum may be used as  a


                           4553

-------
             SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV


raw  material.  These components, predominantly  capacitors,  may
have plastic parts and be diverse in composition. Successive acid
leaching  of  batches  of  raw  material  is  done  in   rotating
digesters.   The spent acid is discharged after each cycle.   The
process  is complete when all impurities have been leached  away,
leaving only the tantalum product.

Tantalum-bearing sludges may used as a raw material for secondary
tantalum  recovery.  The  sludge is mixed  with  acid  and  acid-
soluable  impurities  are  leached  away.   The  residual  solids
contain upgraded tantalum and are filtered to separate them  from
the spent acid prior to subsequent purification.

The  fourth  subdivision arises from an  additional  purification
step that one plant includes in its production operations.  After
remelting  leached  tantalum  powder and solid tantalum scrap  to
separate impurities,  the tantalum product is crushed to a powder
and washed with acid.   The acid wash removes surface oxides from
the tantalum powder resulting in a higher grade powder product.

The fifth subdivision accounts for wet scrubbers used to  control
emissions  from acid leaching  operations.   Acid fume generation
from the leaching  of raw materials is a function of the type  of
processes used by individual plants.   In this subcategory,  only
one plant uses a wet scrubber to control acid fumes from leaching
operations.

OTHER FACTORS

The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to  be
inappropriate  bases  for  subdivision.   Air  pollution  control
methods,  treatment  costs,  and total  energy  requirements  are
functions  of  the selected subcategorization  factors  —  metal
product,  raw  materials, and production  processes.   Therefore,
they   are  not   independent  factors  and  do  not  affect   the
subcategorization which has been applied.  Certain other  factors
such as plant age, plant size, and the number of employees,  were
also  evaluated  and determined  to be inappropriate  for  use  as
bases for subdivision of this subcategory.

PRODUCTION-NORMALIZING PARAMETERS

As  discussed  previously,  the effluent limitations and  standards
developed   in this document establish mass  limitations  on  the
discharge  of  specific  pollutant parameters.   To  allow  these
regulations   to   be  applied to  plants  with  various  production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to  a
unit  of  production.   This factor  is known  as  the  production
normalizing parameter  (PNP).

In  general,   for  each production process which  has  a  wastewater
associated  with   it,  the  actual mass   of   tantalum product  or
intermediate   produced will be  used  as the  PNP.  Thus,  the  PNPs
for the  five  subdivisions or building blocks are as  follows:
                            4554

-------
             SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
             SECT - IV
         Building block

1.  Tantalum alloy leach and
    rinse

2.  Capacitor leach and rinse
    Tantalum sludge leach and
    rinse

    Tantalum powder acid wash
    aind rinse

    Leaching wet air pollution
    control
         PNP
tantalum powder produced
tantalum powder produced from
leaching

equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced

tantalum powder produced
equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced
Equivalent  pure tantalum powder production was selected  as  the
PNP  for  subdivisions  three and five  because  the  product  of
leaching tantalum-bearing sludge contains approximately 25 to  30
percent tantalum.  Equivalent pure tantalum refers to the  weight
of tantalum contained in the product.
                              4555

-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IV
  THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                   4556

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V



                            SECTION V

            WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

This  section  describes the characteristics of  the  wastewaters
associated  with the secondary tantalum subcategory.   Water  use
and  discharge rates ar.e explained and then summarized in  tables
at  the  end  of this section.  Data  used  to  characterize  the
wastewaters  are presented.  Finally, the specific source,  water
use and discharge flows, and wastewater characteristics for  each
separate wastewater source are discussed.

The  two  principal data sources were used  are  data  collection
portfolios  (dcp)  and field sampling results.   Data  collection
portfolios  completed for each secondary tantalum  plant  contain
information regarding wastewater flows and production levels.

In  order  to  quantify the pollutant  discharge  from  secondary
tantalum  plants,  a  field sampling program  was  conducted.   A
complete  list of the pollutants considered and a summary of  the
techniques used in sampling and laboratory analyses are  included
in Section V of Vol. I. Because the analytical standard for  TCDD
was  judged to be too hazardous to be made  generally  available,
samples were never analyzed for this pollutant. Samples were also
not  analyzed  for asbestos.  There is no reason to  expect  that
TCDD   or  asbestos  would  be  present  in   nonferrous   metals
manufacturing wastewater.  One plant was selected for sampling in
the secondary tantalum subcategory.  In general, the samples were.
analyzed  for  the.  two classes of  pollutants,   priority  metal
pollutants   and   criteria  pollutants   (which   include   both
conventional  and nonconventional pollutants).  Samples were  not
analyzed  for  priority organic pollutants because  there  is  no
reason  to  believe that organic pollutants would be  present  in
wastewaters generated by the secondary tantalum subcategory.

After proposal,  EPA gathered additional wastewater sampling data
for two of the subdivisions in' this subcategory.  These da'ta were
acquired through a self-sampling program which was undertaken  at
the specific request of the Agency. The data include analyses for
the toxic metals antimony, beryllium, cadmium, chromium,  copper,
lead, nickel, silver, thallium, and zinc.  The data also  include
analyses for the nonconventional pollutant tantalum.  These  data
support  the  assumptions  which  EPA  had  made  concerning  the
presence  and concentrations of pollutants in those  subdivisions
where  we did not have analytical data for  specific  pollutants.
For  this  reason,  the selection  of  pollutant  parameters  for
limitation in this subcategory (Section VI)  has not been  revised
based on this new data.

As  described  in Section IV of this  supplement,  the  secondary
tantalum  subcategory has been divided into five subdivisions  or
wastewater  sources, so that the promulgated regulation  contains
mass discharge limitations; and standards for five unit  processes
discharging  process wastewater.  Differences in  the  wastewater


                           45^7

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


characteristics  associated  with these subdivisions  are  to  be
expected.   For this reason, wastewater streams corresponding  to
each  subdivision or building block are addressed  separately  in
the discussions that follow.  These wastewater sources are:

     (a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
     (b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
     (c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
     (d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
     (e) Leaching wet air pollution control.

WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated,  and two  flow-to-
production ratios,  water use and wastewater discharge flow, were
calculated for each stream.  The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation.   Water use is defined as the
volume  of water or other fluid required for a given process  per
mass  of  tantalum product and is therefore based on the  sum  of
recycle  and make-up flows to a given process.   Wastewater  flow
discharged  after pretreatment or recycle  (if these are  present)
is  used  in calculating the production normalized  flow  —  the
volume  of wastewater discharged from a given process to  further
treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of tantalum  produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater f1- ws associated
with  a  given  stream  result  from  recycle,  evaporation,  and
carry-over  on  the  product.   The  production  values  used  in
calculation  correspond to the production  normalizing  parameter,
PNP,  assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV.  As  an
example,  tantalum powder acid wash and rinse wastewater flow  is
related  to  the  production of tantalum powder.   As  such,  the
discharge  rate   is expressed in liters of acid  wash  and   rinse
wastewater per metric ton of tantalum powder produced (gallons of
acid wash and  rinse water per ton of tantalum powder).

The  production   normalized  discharge  flows  were  compiled and
statistically   analyzed  by  stream   type.    These   production
normalized  water  use  and  discharge   flows  are  presented  by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5  (pages  4563 - 4564).   Where
appropriate,   an  attempt was made  to identify  factors that   could
account  for variations  in  water use and discharge  rates.  _  These
variations are discussed later  in  this  section by subdivision.   A
similar  analysis of factors affecting the  wastewater   flows  is
presented  in  Sections  IX,  X,  XI,  and XII  where   representative
BPT,  BAT, NSPS,  and pretreatment  flows are  selected  for   use  in
calculating the  effluent limitations.

The water use  and discharge rates  shown do not  include nonprocess
wastewater, such  as  rainfall runoff and noncontact  cooling water.

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS  DATA

Data  used  to  characterize  the  various  wastewaters  associated with
 secondary   tantalum production  come  from two  sources   —  data
 collection  portfolios   and analytical data from  fl~eld   sampling


                            4558

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT - V
 trips.

 DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

 In the  data  collection portfolios,   the secondary tantalum plants
 that discharge wastewater were  asked to specify the presence  of
 priority pollutants  in their  wastewater.    Of  the three secondary
 tantalum   plants,  one  did not  respond to this   portion  of  the
 questionnaire.     None   of   the   plants   responding    to   the
 questionnaire    reported   the  presence  of  priority   organic
 pollutants.   The  responses for  the priority metals   and  cyanide
 are summarized  below:
 Pollutant
Known Present
Antimony             0
Arsenic              0
Beryllium            0
Cadmium              0
Chromium             2
Coppe r               1
Cyanide              0
Lead                 0
Mercury              1
Nickel               1
Selenium             0
Silver               0
Thallium             0
Zinc                 1

FIELD SAMPLING DATA
     Believed Present
(Based on Raw Materials and
  Process Chemicals Used)
                                1
                                0
                                0
                                1
                                0
                                1
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                1
                                0
                                1
                                0
                                1
In  order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present in
wastewater  from secondary tantalum  plants,  wastewater  samples
were collected at a single plant,  which represents one-third  of
the secondary tantalum plants in the United States,  and accounts
for 44  percent of all secondary tantalum production.   A diagram
indicating   the  sampling  sites  and  contributing   production
processes is shown in Figure V-l (page 4586).

Raw  wastewater  data are summarized in Tables  V-6  through  V-9
(pages  4565 - 4577). Analytical results for capacitor leach  and
rinse  and tantalum powder acid wash and rinse waste streams  are
given  in  Tables  V-6 and V-7, respectively.   Table  V-8  shows
analytical results from samples taken from a holding tank  (sump)
into which the spent acid stream flows, as well as other  streams
from  unrelated  plant processes.  Table V-9 shows  data  from  a
similar type of holding tank (sump) into which the acid wash  and
water  rinse  stream  flows, along  with  other  unrelated  waste
streams.    Finally,  Table V-10 (page 4581)  shows  the  analytical
results of the samples taken of the final effluent, after  having
been  treated and prior to discharge to a surface  stream.   Note
that the  stream numbers listed in the tables correspond to  those
                           4559

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


given in the plant sampling site diagram, Figure V-l (page 4586).
Where  no  data are listed for a specific day  of  sampling,  the
wastewater  samples for the stream were not collected.   Sampling
was  only  done for two classes of  pollutants:   priority  metal
pollutants,   and   criteria  pollutants   which   include   both
conventional and nonconventional pollutants.

The  data tables include some samples measured at  concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable,  and volatile organics generally are considered  not
quantifiable  at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.
Below  this  concentration,  organic analytical results  are  not
quantitatively  accurate;  however,  the analyses are  useful  to
indicate  the presence of a particular pollutant.   The pesticide
fraction  is considered not quantifiable at concentrations  equal
to or less than 0.005 mg/1.

It  should be noted that the detection limits shown on  the  data
tables  for priority metals and conventional and  nonconventional
pollutants  are  not  the  same in. all  cases  as  the  published
detection  limits  for these pollutants by  the  same  analytical
methods.   The  detection  limits used  were  reported  with  the
analytical data and hence are the appropriate limits  to apply  to
the  data.  Detection limit variation can occur as a  result of_  a
number  of  laboratory-specific/  equipment-specific.  and  daily
operator-specific  factors.  These factors can include  day-to-day
differences in machine calibration, variation in stock solutions,
and variation in operators.

The  statistical analysis of data includes  some samples  measured
at   concentrations  considered  not  quantifiable.    For   data
considered  as detected but below quantifiable concentrations^  a
value   of  zero   is  used  for  averaging.   Priority   organic,
nonconventional, and conventional pollutant data  reported with   a
"less   than"  sign are considered as  detected,  but   not  further
quantifiable.  A value of  zero  is also  used for averaging.   If   a
pollutant  is  reported as not detected,  it  is assigned a value  of
zero  in calculating  the average.  Finally,  priority metal   values
reported   as  less than a  certain value  were   considered  as  not
quantifiable,  and consequently were .assigned  a value of  zero  in
the  calculation of the average.

Finally,   appropriate  source  water  concentrations  are  presented
with   the   summaries of  the  sampling  data.   The  method by   which
each  sample was collected  is  indicated  by  number,  as  follows::

 1 one-time grab                      4 8-hour automatic  composite
 2 manual  composite during  intermit-  5 24-hour  manual  .composite
   tent process  operation             6 24-hour  automatic composite
 3 8-hour  manual  composite

 WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

 The  secondary   tantalum subcategory has been  divided  into  five
 subdivisions'.   The wastewater characteristics  and discharge rates


                            4560

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                             SECT - V
 corresponding
 this  section.
to  each subdivision are described  separately  in
 TANTALUM ALLOY  LEACH AND  RINSE

 Spent  acid  is generated when  batches  of  scrap  tantalum alloy  from
 forming  operations  are acid  leached  to  recover  tantalum.   After
 leaching,   the   residual  tantalum metal  is  rinsed with water   to
 remove excess  acid.   The  rinse  water is discharged  to treatment
 along  with the  spent acid.  Table  V-l (page  4563)   shows   the
 production   normalized  water  use and discharge rates for   the
 tantalum alloy  leach and  rinse waste  stream in liters  per  metric
 ton of tantalum powder produced.

 Although the two component  waste  streams in this subdivision were
 not directly sampled,  it is expected that  their respective waste
 characteristics will  be similar to  two waste streams from  this
 subcategory that  were sampled.   Spent  acid from tantalum  alloy
 leaching is expected to have similar  characteristics to capacitor
 leaching  wastewater  which  was sampled.   Consequently, treatable
 concentrations  of  toxic metals including copper, nickel, and zinc
 are expected,   as  well as low pH.  Wastewater  characteristics  for
 capacitor leaching wastewater are shown  in  Table V-6  (page 4565).

 The  water  rinse component  of the tantalum  alloy leach and  rinse
 waste  stream is  expected to have similar pollutant concentrations
 to  the tantalum powder acid wash and rinse  waste stream.   Table
 V-7 (page 4569)  shows the analytical  data for  this waste  stream.
 The  water   rinse  portion of the waste stream  is expected  to  be
 acidic  and  contain  treatable concentrations   of  toxic  metals
 including copper and nickel.

 CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE

 This waste  stream  is composed of spent acid  generated  by leaching
 scrap  capacitors  and other electrical  components  that  contain
 tantalum.     The acid leaches away all impurities leaving behind a
 residue  of  tantalum metal powder.   The spent acid is discharged
 to  treatment along with rinse water used to remove excess  acid.
 Table V-2 shows production  normalized flows  in liters per  metric
 ton of tantalum metal produced.

 Table  V-6   summarizes  the field sampling  data for  this  waste
 stream.   From this data,    it can be seen that capacitor leaching
 spent  acid  can  be characterized by  an  acidic  pH,  treatable
 concentrations of toxic metals including   copper, lead, and zinc,
 and treatable concentrations of  suspended solids.

 TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE

This  wastewater  stream arises  from the  upgrading   of  tantalum-
bearing  sludge.   The sludge is  leached  with acid,   rinsed  with
water and the residual solids separated from the  liquid phase   by
 filtration.    Successive leaching operations are  performed   until
 the  desired  level  of  purity   is   attained.    The   production
                           4561

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


normalized flow is shown in Table V-3, (page 4563) in liters  per
metric ton of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced.

At  proposal, specific wastewater characteristics data  for  this
stream were not available.  Following proposal, sampling data for
this  subdivision  were acquired through a  self-sampling  effort
initiated  at the specific request of the Agency. These data  are
presented  in  Table  V-ll (page 4585) and  show  show  treatable
concentrations of toxic and nonconventional metals.

TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE

Acid washing is used to polish the powdered tantalum by  removing
surface oxides that may have formed in the previous stages of: the
production  process.  The subsequent water rinse  is used to  wash
the acid from the powder prior to drying.  Table  V-4 (page_ 4564)
shows  the  production  normalized flows for   this  operation  in
liters per metric ton of tantalum powder produced.

A sample of this wastewater was taken after residual tantalum was
recovered  by  ammonium hydroxide precipitation.   This  step  is
assumed not to affect constituents in the waste  stream other than
tantalum   and  ammonia.   Because  of  the  raw  materials   and
production  operations used by this plant, there  is no reason  to
expect that treatable concentrations of ammonia  are generated  in
the   acid  wash  and  water  rinse  process.     Therefore,   the
concentrations of ammonia presented in Table V-7  (page 4569)  are
assumed  to  be caused by addition of ammonium hydroxide   in  the
tantalum   recovery  opera-tion,  and  can  be  disregarded  when
characterizing  the acid wash and water rinse  waste stream.   The
pH  may also be modified by the addition of  ammonium  hydroxide,
but   the data  in Table V-7 show that  the pH of the  waste   stream
after  tantalum recovery  is still acidic.  Accounting  for these
differences,   the  acid  wash and water  rinse  waste  stream   is
characterized  by  treatable concentrations of  copper and   nickel,
and having an  acidic pH.

LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

One   plant  reported using a wet  scrubber to  control  hydrochloric
acid   fumes  generated  in  acid  leaching  operations.  The   scrubber
liquor  blowdown   is discharged  to  treatment.    Table  V-5  (page
4564)   shows   the  production  normalized flows  for  the  scrubbing
operation   in  liters per  metric  ton  of  equivalent  pure   tantalum
powder  produced.

 Following   proposal,   sampling   data  for   this  subdivision  were
 acquired   through a self-sampling  effort at  the  specific  request
 of  the  Agency.  These data  presented in  table V-ll  (page  4585)
 show  treatable  concentrations   of   toxic  and    nonconventional
 metals,  thus corroborating  the  data  used  at  proposal.
                            4562

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


                           TABLE V-l


               WATER USE  AND DISCHARGE RATES  FOR
                TANTALUM  ALLOY  LEACH  AND  RINSE

           (1000 1/kkg of tantalum powder produced)

                            Production          Production
                  Percent      Normalized          Normalized
p3-ant Code        Recycle       Water Use        Discharge Flow

  1145               0             230.6               230.6
                          TABLE V-2
              WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                  CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE

           (1000 1/kkg of tantalum powder produced)

                              Production          Production
                 Percent      Normalized          Normalized
      Code       Recycle       Water Use        Discharge Flow
  1089              0             20.2               20.2
                          TABLE V-3


              WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
               TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE

  (1000 1/kkg of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced)

                              Production          Production
                 Percent      Normalized          Normalized
Plant Code       Recycle       Water Use        Discharge Flow

  1146                                              205.3
                         4563

-------
        SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V
                          TABLE V-4


              WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
             TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE

          (1000 l/kkg of^ tantalum powder produced)

                              Production          Production
                 Percent      Normalized          Normalized
Plant code       Recycle       Water Use        Discharge Flow

  1089              0              0.350              0.350
                          TABLE V-5


             WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
             LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

   (1000 i/kkg o_f equivalent pure tantalum powder produced)

                              Production          Production
                 Percent      Normalized          Normalized
Plant code       Recycle       Water Use        Discharge Flow

   1146                                              58-8
                          4564

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-------
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-------
           SECONDARY  TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
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                           TABLE V-ll

                 SECONDARY TANTALUM SAMPLING DATA
         RAW WASTEWATER DATA FROM SELF-SAMPLING PROGRAM
  POLLUTANT

      Sample No.

Toxic Pollutants

114. antimony
117. beryllium
118. cadmium

119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead

124. nickel
126. silver
128. zinc

Nonconventional Pollutants

aluminum
cobalt
iron

manganese
molybdenum
tantalum

tin
titanium
vanadium

NOTES:
    CONCENTRATION
 88143
 0.059
<0.050
 0.120

 0.528
<0.100
<0.200

<0.200
 1.600
<0.050
<0.500
<0.500
 0.420

<0.050
 7.920
12.000

 5.000
<0.200
<1.000
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 <0.050
  0.600

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 <0.200

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 <0.050
  0.500
 <0.500
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 <0.050
 <5.000
<50.000
<20.000
 10.300
Sample No. 88143 = Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Sample No. 88144 = Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
                               4585

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT - V
  Acids
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1 T
*~""— ' ' ' Chemical
	 (^^ 	 fc- Sumn ? _,_,,.. /Y\. .._..._...>. Prp.pipttal-lon
^^ ^"^ and
Sedimentation
i >
s=r— — ^sJ
NH.OH ® j 4661
1 T
1
Additional
'* Hrecipitation * Filter * Tantalum
Product

                            Figure V-1

         SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY TANTALUl^I PLANT A
                               4586

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                            SECTION VI

                 SELECTION OF POLLUTANT  PARAMETERS

 This_  section   examines  the chemical analysis  data   presented   in
 Section  V and  discusses  the selection or  exclusion  of   pollutants
 for  potential limitation.  The  discussion that  follows  presents
 and    briefly   discusses    selection    of    conventional     and
 nonconventional   pollutants for   effluent  limitations.    Also
 described is the analysis that  was performed to  select  or exclude
 priority pollutants  for  further consideration  for limitations  and
 standards.  Pollutants will be  considered for  limitation  if  they
 are  present   in  concentrations treatable by  the technologies
 considered  in this  analysis.   The treatable concentrations  used
 for  the priority metals were  the long-term   performance  values
 achievable   by   chemical   precipitation.   sedimentation,    and
 filtration.    The treatable concentrations used  for the priority
 organics were  the  long-term performance values   achievable   by
 carbon adsorption.

 CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

 This   study   examined   samples from   the  secondary   tantalum
 subcategory  for   two conventional  pollutant  parameters  (total
 suspended  solids  and pH) and several   nonconventional  pollutant
 parameters.

 The  conventional  and nonconventional  pollutants   or  pollutant
 parameters selected  for  limitation  in this subcategory  are:

     tantalum
     total suspended solids  (TSS)
     pH

 Based  on an examination  of  the  production processes employed   in
 the   secondary   tantalum .subcategory,    it  is   expected   that
 concentrations  of   tantalum could be present  in  the  wastewater
 generated  in   this subcategory.  For this  reason,   tantalum   is
 selected for limitation  in  this  subcategory.

 TSS  concentrations ranging from 29 to 80,000 mg/1 were  observed
 in  the  raw  waste samples analyzed for   this  study.    All  the
 concentrations   are   well   above  the   2.6   mg/1   treatable
 concentration.  Most of the specific methods used to   remove  toxic
metals  do  so by converting these metals  to  precipitates,   and
 these   toxic-metal-containing   precipitates   should   not   be
discharged.  Meeting a limitation on total suspended solids helps
 ensure  that removal of these precipitated toxic metals has  been
effective.   For  these   reasons,  total  suspended   solids   are
 selected for limitation in this  subcategory.

The pH values  observed during this study ranged from 1.8 to 10.5.
Seven of the values were equal to or less than  4.8,  and one other
was  outside  the  7.5 to 10.0  range considered desirable  for
                           4587

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


discharge  to  receiving waters.  Many  deleterious  effects  are
caused  by  extreme  pH values or rapid  changes  in  pH.   Also,
effective  removal  of  toxic metals  by  precipitation  requires
careful  control  of pH.  Since pH control within  the  desirable
limits  is  readily  attainable by  available  treatment,  pH  is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.

TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in the raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page  4591).
Table  VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from streams  464
and  466 (see Section V).  These data provide the basis  for  the
categorization  of  specific  pollutants,  as  discussed   below.
Treatment plant and sump effluent samples were not considered  in
the  frequency  count. Note that sampling was not  done  for  any
priority organic pollutants.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 4592) were  never
detected  in  any raw wastewater samples from  this^ subcategory.
Therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION

The  toxic pollutants listed below were never found  above  their
analytical  quantification  concentration in any  raw  wastewater
samples  from this subcategory; therefore, these  pollutants  are
not selected for consideration in establishing limitations.

     117.  beryllium
     118.  cadmium
     119.  chromium
     125.  selenium
     127.  thallium

PRIORITY POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT

The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing  limitations because they were not found in any  raw
wats^ewater  samples  from this subcategory  above  concentrations
considered   achievable  by  existing  or   available    treatment
technologies.    These  pollutants  are  discussed   individually
following the list.

     115.  arsenic
     123.  mercury

Arsenic  was  detected above its quantification concentration  of
0.010 mg/1 in two of the samples analyzed.   The detected  values
were both 0.02 mg/1.   The  treatable concentration for arsenic is


                                4588

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


  0.34 mg/1, much higher than any of the analyzed samples  indicate
  Therefore, arsenic is not selected for limitation.

  Mercury  was  detected above its quantification concentration  of
  0.0001 mg/1 in all three samples analyzed.  The analysis showed a
  range  of 0.0004  mg/1 to 0.0037 mg/1,  well below the   treatable
  concentration  for  mercury  of 0.036  mg/1.   For  this  reason
  mercury is not selected- for limitation.

  TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
  ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

  The  priority  pollutants listed below are selected  for  further
  consideration in establishing limitations and standards for  this
  subcategory.    The   toxic  pollutants   selected   for   further
  consideration  for  limitation are each discussed  following  the
  -L X S t •

      114.   antimony
      120.   copper
      122.   lead
      124.   nickel
      126.   silver
      128.   zinc

 Antimony   was  detected  below the quantification concentration  of
 0.100   mg/1   in one sample  (<0.01  mg/1).    The  other  two  samples
 indicated  treatable concentrations of  antimony  of  1.0  mg/1  and  47
 mg/1.   The   treatable  concentration for antimony  is   0.47   mg/1
 Therefore,  antimony  is  selected for further  consideration for
 limitation.

 Copper  was  discovered above treatable concentrations   in   three
 samples analyzed.   The  treatable concentration  for copper is 0.39
 mg/1.   The concentrations detected were 4.65 mg/1,  17,100  mg/1,
 and  49,200 mg/1.    Since these waste streams contain  substantial
 concentrations  of  treatable copper,   this metal is selected for
 further consideration for limitation.

 Lead  was detected above treatable concentrations in two  samples
 analyzed.  The treatable concentration for lead is 0.08 mg/1  The
 sample  concentrations showed 6,100 mg/1 and 15,900 mg/1  of  lead
 Because  of such large lead concentrations in the waste   streams,
 lead is selected for further consideration for limitation.

 Nickel  was detected above treatability (0.22 mg/1) in all   three
 of the samples analyzed.   Detected concentrations were found  to
 be 2.45 mg/1,   1,890 mg/1,  and 3,580 mg/1.  Therefore, nickel is
 selected for further consideration for  limitation.

 Silver  was  detected  below the quantification  concentration  of
 0.02  mg/1  in  one of the three samples  that were  analyzed.    The
sample  registered   <0.01 mg/1.    The remaining  two samples  were
both   above   the    treatable  concentration   of    0.07   mg/1
Concentrations  of  30.0  and 50 mg/1.of  silver were  detected,  and


                               4589

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI


thus silver is selected for further consideration for limitation.

Zinc  was detected above the treatable concentration of 0.23 mg/1
in  two samples showing 2,810 mg/1 and 8,060 mg/1 of  ^^-   ™e
remaining sample was below treatability indicating only 0.12 mg/1
zinc.   However,  because of the significant quantities found  in
two  samples,  zinc  is  selected for further  consideration  for
limitation.
                                4590

-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                    SECT - VI
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-------
     SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                      TABLE VI-2

            TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 1.   acenaphthene*
 2.   acrolein*
 3.   acrylonitrile*
 4   benzene*
 5.   benzidine*
 6.   carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)*
 7.   chlorobenzene*
 8.   1,2,4-trichlorobenzene*
 9.   hexachlorobenzene*
10.   1,2-dichloroethane*
11.   1,1,1-trichloroethane*
12.   hexachloroethane*
13.   1,1-dichloroethane*
14.   1,1,2-trichloroethane*
15.   1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane*
16.   chloroethane*
17.   bis (chloromethyl) ether (DELETED)*
18.   bis (2-chloroethyl) ether*
19.   2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)*
20.   2-chloronaphthalene*
21.   2,4,6-trichlorophenol*
22.   parachlorometa cresol*
23.   chloroform  (trichloromethane)*
24.   2-chlorophenol*
25.   1,2-dichlorobenzene*
26.   1,3-dichlorobenzene*
27.   l>4-dichlorobenzene*
28.   3,3'-dichlorobenzidine*
29.   1,1-dichloroethylene*
30.   1,2-trans-dichloroerhylene*
31.   2,4-dichlorophenol*
32.   1,2-dichloropropane*
33.   1,2-dichloropropylene  (1,3-dichloropropene)*
34.   2,4-dimethylphenol*
35.   2,4-dinitrotoluene*
36.   2,6-dinitrotoluene*
37.   1,2-diphenylhydrazine*
38.   ethylbenzene*
39.   fluoranthene*
40.   4-chlorophenyl phenyl  ether*
41.   4-bromophenyl phenyl  ether*
42.   bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether*
43.   bis(2-choroethoxy) methane*
44.   methylene chloride  (dichloromethane)*
45.   methyl  chloride  (chloromethane)*
46.   methyl  bromide (bromomethane)*
47.   bromoform (tribromomethane)*
48.   dichlorobromomethane*
49.   trichlorofluoromethane (DELETED)*
                           4592

-------
      SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VI
                 TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

             TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 50.   dichlorodifluoromethane (DELETED)*
 51.   chlorodibromomethane*
 52.   hexachlorobutadiene*
 53.   hexachlorocyc^opentadiene*
 54.   isophorone*
 55.   naphthalene*
 56.   nitrobenzene*
 57.   2-nitrophenol*
 58.   4-nitrophenol*
 59.   2,4-dinitrophenoi*
 60.   4,6-dinitro-o-cresol*
 61.   N-nitrosodimethylamine*
 62.   N-nitrosodiphenylamine*
 63.   N-nitrosodi-n-prppylamine*
 6 4.   pentachlorophenol*
 65.   phenol*
 66.   bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate*
 67.   butyl benzyl phthalate*
 68.   di-n-butyl  phthalate*
 69.   di-n-octyl  phthaiate*
 70.   diethyl phthalate*
 71.   dimethyl phthalate*
 72.   benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)*
 73.   benzo (a)pyrene  (3,4-benzopyrene)*
 74.   3,4-benzofluoranthene*
 75.   benzo(k)fluoranthane  (11,12-benzofluoranthene)*
 76.   chrysene*
 77.   acenaphthylene*
 78.   anthracene*
 79.   benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)*
 80.   fluorene*
 81.   phenanthrene*
 82.   dibenzo (a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)*
 83.   indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)*
 84.   pyrene*
 85.   tetrachloroethylene*
 86.   toluene*
 87.   trichloroethylene*
 88.   vinyl chloride (Chloroethylene)*
 89.  aldrin*
 90.  dieldrin*
 91.  chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)*
 92.   4,4'-DDT*
 93.   4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
 94.   4,4'-DDD(p,p TDE)*
95.  Alpha-endosulfan*
96.  Beta-endosulfan*
97.  endosulfan sulfate*
99.  endrin aldehyde*
                          4593

-------
    100.
    101.
    102.
    103.
    104.
    105.
    106.
    107.
    108.
    109.
    110.
    111.
    112.
    113.
    116.
    121.
    129.
          SECONDARY  TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT  - VI


                     TABLE VI-2  (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS  NEVER DETECTED
heptachlor*
heptachlor epoxide*
Alpha-BHC*
Beta-BHC*
Gamma-BHC (lindane)*
Delta-BHC*
PCB-1242 (Arochlor
PCB-1254 (Arochlor
PCB-1221 (Arochlor
PCB-1232 (Arochlor
PCB-1248 (Arochlor
PCB-1260 (Arochlor
PCB-1016 (Arochlor
                   1242)*
                   1254)*
                   1221)*
                   1232)*
                   1248)*
                   1260)*
                   1016)*
toxaphene*
asbestos (Fibrous)
cyanide (Total)*
2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodiberizo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*We  did  not  analyze for these pollutants  in  samples  of  raw
wastewater  from  this  subcategory.   These pollutants  are  not
believed  to  be present based on the Agency's  best  engineering
judgement  which  includes  consideration of  raw  materials  and
process operations.
                                4594

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII



                            SECTION VII

                CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

 The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
 flows,  and  characteristics of the  wastewaters  from  secondary
 tantalum  plants.   This section summarizes  the  description  of
 these wastewaters and indicates the treatment technologies  which
 are currently practiced in the secondary tantalum subcategory for
 each  wastewater  stream.  Secondly, this  section  presents  the
 control  and treatment technology options which were examined  by
 the  Agency  for possible application to the   secondary  tantalum
 subcategory.

 CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

 Control  and treatment technologies are  discussed in Section  VII
 of  Vol. I and the pollutant concentrations achievable with  these
 treatment  technologies are presented in table VII-21 (page   248)
 of   that volume.  The basic principles of these  technologies  and
 the  applicability to wastewaters similar to  those found  in   this
 subcategory are presented there.  This section presents a   summary
 of   the  control  and treatment  technologies  that   are currently
 being  applied  to each of the  sources generating   wastewater   in
 this    subcategory.    As  discussed  in   Section   V,    wastewater
 associated   with   the   secondary   tantalum   subcategory   is
 characterized  by the presence  of the toxic metal  pollutants  and
 suspended  solids.    This  analysis  is   supported  by the    raw
 (untreated)   wastewater  data presented  for specific   sources   as
 well   as combined waste streams in Section  V.   Generally,   these
 pollutants  are  present  in each of  the  wastewater   streams   at
 concentrations  above  the levels achievable   by   treatment,   and
 these    wastewaters    are  commonly   combined  for    treatment.
 Construction of   one  wastewater  treatment  system for  combined
 treatment   allows  plants to take  advantage  of  economies of   scale
 and in  some  instances  to combine  streams  of different   alkalinity
 to  reduce  treatment  chemical requirements.  All three  plants   in
 this   subcategory  currently have  combined  wastewater  treatment
 systems  including  chemical precipitation  and sedimentation.    The
 options   selected  for   consideration  for   BPT,  BAT,   NSPS,   and
pretreatment    based    on  combined    treatment    of    compatible
wastewaters  are summarized toward  the  end of this  section.

TANTALUM ALLOY  LEACH AND RINSE

Tantalum   recovery from  alloy scrap is accomplished by  immersing
the  scrap_  into an acid bath and  leaching  away all  impurities.
Water rinsing of the tantalum powder residue follows the leaching
operation  and  is  designed to remove  residual  acid  from  the
tantalum  powder before drying.   The spent acid,  along with the
once-through  rinse  water  is  discharged  to  lime  and  settle
treatment.   Polymer  addition  is used to aid  flocculation  and
settling.  The final effluent is discharged directly.
                               4595

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE

Tantalum is recovered from scrap capacitors and other  electrical
components by successive batch leaching.  The spent acid contains
hiqh  concentrations of dissolved metals and also some  suspended
solids.  The wastewater from this operation and other  wastewater
streams    is   treated   using   chemical   precipitation    and
sedimentation.  The treated effluent is discharged to  a  surface
water.

TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE

Tantalum   recovery  from  sludge  requires  successive  leaching
filtering  and washing operations.   The filtrate and wash  water
may be sent to a metal by-product recovery process prior to being
discharged to the wastewater treatment facility.  _After treatment
consisting  of  chemical  precipitation  and  sedimentation,  the
effluent is discharged.

TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE

One   plant  washes  tantalum powder with  acid  and  subsequently
rinses  it with water prior to the final drying of   the  product.
The   acid  wash  is designed to  remove  surface  oxides  from  the
tantalum powder, and the water rinse removes residual acid before
drvinq.   The acid and water stream are combined  and  pretreated
with  ammonium hydroxide to precipitate  dissolved  tantalum.  After
filtering  the  precipitate,  the  filtrate  is   routed  to   the
treatment   system   for   treatment    consisting   of   Chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation.  It  is  then  discharged  to   a
surface water.

LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

A wet scrubber may be  used to control emissions of acid  fumes
generated  by acid leaching  operations.   A caustic solution  is
circulated   in  the scrubber,  and a 92 percent recycle  rate  is
oresentlv  practiced.   The  scrubber discharge is combined   with
other wastewater  streams and treated by   chemical   precipitation
and  sedimentation.  The  final effluent  is  discharged to a  surface
stream.

CONTROL AND  TREATMENT  OPTIONS

The   Agency  examined  two  control and  treatment  technology  options
 that are  applicable  to the  secondary  tantalum   subcategory.    The
options   selected  for  evaluation represent applicable end-of-pipe
 treatment  technologies.

 Examination   of  the  waste streams in  this  subcategory shows   that
 no  in-process   flow  reduction,   beyond   that   presently  being
 practiced,   is   achievable.    Therefore,   options including   flow
 reduction were  not considered.
                                4596

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
OPTION A
Option A for the secondary tantalum subcategory requires  control
and  treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of wastewater
pollutant mass.

The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical  precipitation
and sedimentation technology.   Specifically,  lime or some other
alkaline  compound  is  used to precipitate metal ions  as  metal
hydroxides.  The metal hydroxides and suspended solids settle out
and  the  sludge  is collected.   Vacuum filtration  is  used  to
dewater sludge.

OPTION C

Option  C for the secondary tantalum subcategory consists of  all
control   and  treatment  requirements  of  Option  A   (chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation)  plus  multimedia   filtration
technology  added  at the end of the Option A  treatment  scheme.
Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove  suspended   solids/
including  precipitates  of  metals,  beyond  the   concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
the  gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of  filters,
such  as  rapid sand filters or pressure  filters  would  perform
satisfactorily.  The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
                              4597

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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - VII
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                      4598

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII



                           SECTION VIII

            COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS


 This  section  presents  a summary of compliance  costs  for  the
 secondary tantalum subcategory and a description of the treatment
 options  and  subcategory-specific  assumptions used  to  develop
 these  estimates.  Together with the estimated pollutant  removal
 performance presented in Section X of this supplement, these cost
 estimates provide a basis for evaluating each regulatory  option.
 These  cost estimates are also used in determining  the  probable
 economic  impact  of regulation on the subcategory  at  different
 pollutant discharge levels.  In addition,  this section  addresses
 nonwater  quality environmental impacts of  wastewater  treatment
 and control alternatives, including air pollution, solid  wastes,
 and  energy  requirements,  which are specific  to  the  secondary
 tantalum subcategory.

 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

 As   discussed  in Section VII,  two treatment   options   have   been
 developed   and  considered-  in  promulgating   limitations    and
 standards for the secondary tantalum subcategory.   These  options
 are  summarized below and schematically presented in Figures   X-l
 and X-2  (pages 4624 and  4625).

 OPTION A

 The  Option A treatment  scheme  consists of chemical precipitation
 and sedimentation technology.

 OPTION C

 Option   C for  the  secondary  tantalum subcategory  consists  of   all
 control    and   treatment  requirements   of  Option  A    (chemical
 precipitation   and   sedimentation)   plus  multimedia    filtration
 technology  added  at  the  end  of  the Option A treatment  scheme.

 COST METHODOLOGY

A   detailed  discussion of the methodology used   to  develop   the
 compliance   costs   is  presented in  Section VIII of  the  General
Development  Document.   Plaht-by-plant  compliance costs have been
estimated   for  the nonferrous metals manufacturing  category  and
are  presented  in   the  administrative  record  supporting  this
 regulation.    Compliance  cost  estimates  developed   for   the
promulgated  regulation are presented in Table VIII-1 (page  4602)
for  the  direct  dischargers in this  subcategory.   These  cost
estimates  are  equivalent to those developed  for  the  proposed
regulation.                ;

Each  of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
has   been   previously   discussed.   No    subcategory-specific


                               4599

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII


assumptions  were  used in developing compliance  costs  for  the
secondary tantalum subcategory.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

Energy requirements for Option A are estimated at 37,000  kwh/yr,
and  for  Option C the estimated requirement  is  39,000  kwh/yr.
Option  C  energy requirements increase over those for  Option  A
because  filtration  is being added as an  end-of-pipe  treatment
technology.  Since recycle of scrubber liquor is already in place
in  this subcategory, energy requirement savings  resulting  from
flow reduction measures are not reflected in this analysis.  Both
options  represent about two percent of a typical plant s  energy
usage.  It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements of
the  treatment  options considered will not  have  a  significant
impact on total plant energy consumption.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge  generated in the secondary tantalum subcategory is due to
the  precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates using  lime
or  other  chemicals.   Sludges  associated  with  the  secondary
tantalum subcategory will necessarily contain quantities of toxic
metal pollutants.  Wastes generated by secondary metal industries
can be regulated as hazardous.  However, the Agency examined  the
solid  waste  that  would be generated  at  secondary  nonferrous
metals   manufacturing   plants  by   the   suggested   treatment
technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes under the
Aaency's   regulations implementing Section 3001 of  the  Resource
Conservation  and  Recovery Act.  The one exception   to  this  is
solid  wastes generated by cyanide precipitation.  These   sludges
are  expected to be hazardous  and this judgment was   included  in
this   study.   None  of  the  non-cyanide  wastes    are    listed
specifically  as  hazardous.   Nor are they likely  to exhibit   a
characteristic  of hazardous waste.  This judgment is made based
on  the  recommended  technology of  chemical  precipitation  and
filtration.  By   the addition  of a small excess  of   lime   during
treatment,  similar  sludges,  specifically  toxic  metal   bearing
sludges, generated by other  industries such as the iron and steel
industry passed  the  Extraction Procedure  (EP)  toxicity  test.  See
40  CPR  8261.24. Thus, the  Agency believes that  the wastewater
sludges  will  similarly  not  be EP   toxic   if   the   recommended
technology is applied.
                                4600

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          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VIII,


 Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
 result  of  these guidelines are not expected  to  be hazardous,
 generators  of these wastes must test the waste to  determine  if
 the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous   waste
 (see 40  CFR 262.11).

 If   these wastes  should be  identified or  are listed as hazardous,
 they  will  come   within the scope  of RCRA's  "cradle to   grave"
 hazardous waste management:  program,   requiring  regulation,   from
 the  point  of generation to point  of final disposition.    EPA's
 generator  standards   would  require  generators  of  hazardous
 nonferrous  metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
 labeling,   recordkeeping,   and  reporting  requirements;   if  plants
 dispose  of hazardous  wastes off-site,   they would have to prepare
 a manifest,  which would track the movement of  the wastes from the
 generator's  premise  to a permitted  off-site  treatment,  storage,
 or   disposal  facility.   See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142  (May   19,
 1980),   as  amended   at 45  FR 86973   (December  31,   1980).    The
 transporter  regulations require  transporters of hazardous   wastes
 to   comply with the manifest  system  to assure  that  the wastes  are
 delivered to a permitted facility.   See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
 (May 19,   1980),   as  amended  at  45 FR 86973 (December 31,   1980).
 Finally,  RCRA regulations establish  standards  for  hazardous waste
 treatment,   storage,   and disposal facilities  allowed to receive
 such wastes.    See 40  CFR Part 464 46  FR  2802  (January 12,  1981),
 47  FR 32274  (July  26,  1982).

 Even If  these  wastes  are not  identified as  hazardous,  they still
 must  be   disposed  of  in compliance with   the   Subtitle  D  open
 dumping   standards,   implementing 4004  of  RCRA.   See 44 FR 53438
 (September   13,  1979).   It  is  estimated  that  the  secondary
 tantalum  subcategory will generate 386 metric  tons of sludge  per
 year  when implementing  the promulgated BPT  treatment technology.
 The  Agency  has calculated as part of  the  costs  for  wastewater
 treatment  the  cost of hauling and disposing of  these wastes.

AIR  POLLUTION

There is no  reason to believe that any substantial air  pollution
problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.   These
 technologies  transfer  pollutants  to solid waste  and  are  not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
                               4601

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     SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
     SECT - VIII
                      TABLE VIII-1

COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                   DIRECT DISCHARGERS

                  (March, 1982 Dollars)
               Total Required
    Option      Capital Cost

      A              6,462

      C             13,474
    Total
Annual Cost

    58,854

    63,466
                            4602

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           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX



                            SECTION IX

      BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE


 This  section  defines  the effluent   characteristics  attainable
 through  the application of best  practicable  control  technology
 currently  available (BPT). BPT reflects
 the existing performance by plants of various   sizes,  ages,   and
 manufacturing    processes    within   the   secondary    tantalum
 subcategory,  as   well  as  the established  performance   of   the
 recommended  BPT  systems.   Particular consideration is  given   to
 the treatment already in place at plants within the data  base.

 The factors considered in identifying BPT include  the total  cost
 of  applying the technology  in relation to the  effluent  reduction
 benefits   from such  application,  the  age  of   equipment    and
 facilities  involved,  the manufacturing processes  used,   nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts (including energy   requirements),
 and  other factors  the Administrator  considers  appropriate.    In
 general,   the  BPT  level represents the average of   the   existing
 performances  of  plants of various ages,  sizes,   processes,   or
 other   common  characteristics.   Where  existing  performance   is
 uniformly  inadequate,   BPT may be  transferred  from  a  different
 subcategory  or   category.   Limitations  based  on   transfer    of
 technology  are   supported,  by a  rationale   concluding  that   the
 technology is,  indeed,  transfera-ble,  and a  reasonable prediction
 that   it   will  be capable of  achieving  the  prescribed   effluent
 limits. BPT focuses  on end-of-pipe  treatment rather  than  process
 changes   or   internal  controls, except  where such   practices  are
 common  industry practice.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO  BPT

 The  Agency   studied this subcategory  to  identify   the  processes
 used,   the   wastewaters  generated, and   the  treatment  processes
 installed.    Information was  collected  from  industry  using  data
 collection   portfolios,  and specific plants were sampled and  the
 wastewaters   analyzed.   In making technical assessments of  data,
 reviewing  manufacturing  processes,  and . assessing   wastewater
 treatment    technology   options,   both   indirect   and   direct
 dischargers   have  been  considered  as  a  single  group.    An
 examination  of plants and processes did not indicate any  process
 differences  based on the type of discharge, whether it be  direct
 or indirect.

As  explained  in  Section IV the  secondary tantalum  subcategory
 has been  subdivided into five potential wastewater sources. Since
 the water use,  discharge rates, and pollutant  characteristics  of
 each  of  these  wastewaters  is  potentially  unique,   effluent
 limitations are developed for each of  the five  subdivisions.

For  each of  the subdivisions, a specific approach  was   followed
 for   the  development  of  BPT mass   limitations.   The    first


                               4603

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          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT  -  IX
requirement  to  calculate these limitations is  to  account  for
production and flow variability from plant to plant.   Therefore,
a  unit of production or production normalizing  parameter  (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be  related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is  discussed
in  Section  IV.   Each plant within  the  subcategory  was  then
analyzed  to  determine  which  subdivisions  were  present,  the
specific  flow  rates  generated for each  subdivision,  and  the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.   This
analysis  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
are not considered in the analysis.

Production  normalized  flows  for  each  subdivision  were  then
analyzed  to determine the flow to be used as part of  the  basis
for BPT mass limitations.  The selected flow (sometimes  referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water  use  controls  which  are  common  practices  within   the
category.  The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data.  Plants with normalized flows above the  average
may  have to implement some method of flow reduction  to  achieve
the BPT limitations.

The  second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the  set
of  concentrations that are achievable by application of the  BPT
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control  and treatment technologies which are currently in  place
for each wastewater source.   In most cases,  the current control
and  treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation   (lime and settle technology) and a combination  of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.

Using  these regulatory flows and the achievable  concentrations,
the  next step is to calculate mass loadings for each  wastewater
source or subdivision.  This calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream  basis,  primarily because plants in this subcategory  may
perform  one  or more of the operations in various  combinations.
The  mass  loadings  (milligrams of  pollutant  per  kilogram  of
            - mg/kg)  were  calculated  by  multiplying  the  BPT
            flow   (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable by  the
            of  treatment technology  (mg/1)  for  each  pollutant
           to  be limited under BPT.   These  mass  loadings  are
           in the Federal Register and in 40 CFR Part 421 as  the
production
regulatory
BPT  level
parameter
published
effluent  limitations.

The mass  loadings which  are  allowed  under BPT  for each plant will
be  the   sum  of the  individual mass  loadings   for   the  various
wastewater    sources   which   are   found  at  particular   plants.
Accordingly,  all the wastewater  generated within a plant may  be
combined  for treatment  in a single  or common   treatment  system,
but   the  effluent limitations for these  combined wastewaters  are
based on  the  various  wastewater sources  which  actually contribute
to  the combined flow.   This method  accounts for the  variety  of
combinations  of wastewater sources and production processes which
                                4604

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 may be found at secondary tantalum plants.

 The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
 mass  rather than concentration.    This approach prevents the use
 of  dilution as a treatment method (except  for  controlling  pH).
 The  production  normalized  wastewater flow (1/kkg)   is  a  link
 between  the production operations and the  effluent  limitations.
 The  pollutant  discharge attributable to each operation  can  be
 calculated  from the normalized flow and  effluent  concentration
 achievable  by  the treatment technology and summed to derive  an
 appropriate limitation, for each plant.

 INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

 In  balancing costs in  relation to pollutant  removal  estimates,
 EPA  considers the volume and nature of existing discharges,   the
 volume  and  nature of  discharges  expected  after  application  of
 BPT,  the general environmental effects  of the pollutants,  and the
 cost   and  economic  impacts of the  required  pollution  control
 level.   The Act does not  require or permit  consideration of water
 quality  problems  attributable to particular  point   sources  or
 industries,   or  water  quality improvements  in  particular water
 quality  bodies.   Accordingly,  water  quality considerations  were
 not the basis for selecting  the proposed or  promulgated  BPT.

 The  methodology for calculating pollutant  removal  estimates   and
 plant  compliance  costs  is  discussed in Section X.   Table   X-l
 (page  4618)   shows   the  pollutant   removal   estimates   for  each
 treatment   option for direct  dischargers.  Compliance  costs   for
 direct  dischargers  are  presented in Table X-2  (page 4619).

 BPT OPTION  SELECTION

 The  technology  basis  for   the  proposed   and  promulgated   BPT
 limitations  is  Option A,  chemical precipitation  and sedimentation
 technology  to  remove metals;and solids  from  combined  wastewaters
 and  to  control  pH.  These  technologies  are   demonstrated   and
 economically achievable since they  are already in place at  all of
 the  direct dischargers in this subcategory.  The  BPT  treatment
 scheme  is presented  in Figure IX-1  (page 4612).

 Implementation  of   the promulgated BPT  limitations  will   remove
 annually an estimated 26,268 kilograms of toxic metals and  20,079
 kilograms  of TSS from raw wastewater generated by the  secondary
 tantalum industry.  Projected capital and annual costs are  $6,462
 and   $58,854   (1982  dollars),  respectively,   to  achieve    the
 promulgated BPT limitations.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based  on
 the  average of the flows of the existing  plants  as  determined
 from analysis of data collection portfolios.   The discharge rate
 is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BPT  effluent  limitations.   Since the  discharge  rate  may  be


                               4605

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


different   for  each  wastewater  source,   separate   production
normalized  discharge  rates  for each  of   the  five  wastewater
sources  are discussed below and summarized in Table  IX-1.   The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by  relating
the   amount  of  wastewater  generated  to  the  mass   of   the
intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
with the waste scream in question.  These production  normalizing
parameters, or PNPs. are also listed in Table IX-1.

Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
rates  and  presents the water use and discharge flow  rates  for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 (pages 4564 -
4565).

TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate for tantalum alloy  leach  and
rinse  is  230,600  1/kkg (55,261  gal/ton)  of  tantalum  powder
produced   based on the only water use rate reported.  This  rate
is  allocated  only for those plants which leach  tantalum  alloy
scrap  material by immersion into an acid bath  and use water  to
rinse the tantalum powder product before it is dried.  Water  use
and  wastewater discharge rates are presented in Table V-l  (page
4564).

CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate for capacitor leach and  rinse
is  20200 1/kkg (4841 gal/ton) of tantalum powder produced.  This
rate  is  allocated only for those plants whose raw  material  is
scrap  electrical  components containing  tantalum.  Recovery  of
tantalum  powder is performed by  successive leachings of the  raw
material.  The production normalized flows for  this  subdivision
are presented  in Table V-2  (page  4564).

TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE

The  proposed  and promulgated BPT wastewater discharge  rate  for
tantalum  sludge leach and  rinse  is 205300 1/kkg  (49198  gal/ton)
of  equivalent  pure tantalum powder produced, based on  the  one
water  use rate reported.   This  rate is allocated  only for  those
plants  which  use tantalum-bearing sludge as their  raw  material.
The upgrading  of tantalum-bearing sludge involves  filtration for
solids  and   spent  acid  separation  and rinsing of   the  residual
solids with  water prior  to  the  next leaching step.   Water  use and
wastewater   discharge   rates are  presented  in  Table  V-3   (page
4564).

TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE

The   BPT wastewater  discharge rate for  tantalum powder acid  wash
and   rinse  is  350  1/kkg  (84 gal/ton) of tantalum  powder  produced
by   the plant,  based on  the only reported water use  rate.   This
rate  is allocated  only  for  those plants that  incorporate a  final
acid   wash   of the tantalum powder   to  remove   surface   oxides,


                                4606

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           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 followed  by  a  water rinse which cleans  the  powder  prior  to
 drying.    The one plant that reported using such a system uses  a
 tantalum  recovery  operation  consisting  of  pH  adjustment  by
 ammonia   addition  and  recovery  of  the  precipitated  tantalum
 solids.   After treatment for tantalum recovery,  the wastewater is
 further  treated and discharged.   The production normalized  water
 use and  discharge rates are presented in Table V-4 (page 4565).

 LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 The  BPT  wastewater  discharge   rate  for   acid  leach  wet  air
 pollution  control  is 4880 1/kkg (1169 gal/ ton)   of  equivalent
 pure tantalum powder produced.   This rate is allocated for  those
 plants   which use a wet air pollution control system  to  control
 acid fumes  which  arise  from   the  leaching  operations.    The
 available data indicate that this scrubber  operates at 92 percent
 recycle.    The  BPT flow is based on  this   demonstrated  recycle
 performance  of  the acid fume   scrubber.   Production  normalized
 water use and discharge rates for this subdivision are  presented
 in  Table  V-5  {page 4565).

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The raw wastewater concentrations from individual  operations  and
 the subcategory   as   a whole were   examined  to   select   certain
 pollutant  parameters   for   limitation.   This   examination    and
 evaluation  was  presented in Section  VI  and  also  in Section X.   A
 total  of seven pollutants  or pollutant parameters are   selected
 for limitation  under BPT and are  listed below:

      120.  copper
      122.  lead
      124.  nickel
      128.  zinc
            tantalum
            TSS
            pH

EFFLUENT  LIMITATIONS

The  pollutant  concentrations achievable by application  of  the
promulgated BPT (both one-day maximum and monthly average values)
are  multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows  summarized
in  Table  IX-1 (page 4608) to calculate the mass  of  pollutants
allowed    to  be discharged per mass of product.  The  results  of
these  calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per  kilogram  of
product  represent the BPT effluent limitations and are  presented
in Table  IX-2 (page 4609) for each individual waste stream.
                               4607

-------
            SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
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           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                      SECT - IX
                           ;TABLE IX-2
    BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a)  Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse  BPT
 Pollutant  or
 pollutant  property
                 Maximum for
                 any one day
Maximum  for
monthly  average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  tantalum powder  produced
 Antimony
 *Copper
 *Lead
 *Nickel
 Silver
 *Zinc
 *Tantalum
 *TSS
 *pH
                     661.800
                     438.100
                    :  96.850
                     442.800
                      94.550
                     336.700
                    il03.800
                   9,455.000
        295.200
        230.600
         46.120
        292.900
         39.200
        140.700

      4,497.000
Within  the  range of 7.5  to  10.0  at  all  times
 (b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                Maximum for
                any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
                      57.970
                      38.380
                       8.484
                      38.780
                       8.282
                      29.490
                       9.090
                     828.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
          25.860
          20.200
           4.040
          25.650
           3.434
          12.320

         393.900
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4609

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          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY


(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced

 Antimony                   589.200             262.800
*Copper                     390.100             205.300
*Lead                        86.230              41.060
*Nickel                     394.200             260.700
 Silver                      84.170              34.900
*Zinc                       299.700             125.200
*Tantalum                    92.390                 	
*TSS                      8,417.000           4,003.000
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse  BPT

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced

 Antimony                     1.005               0.448
*Copper                       0.665               0.350
*Lead                         0.147               0.070
*Nickel                       0.672               0.445
 Silver                       0.144               0.060
*Zinc                         0.511               0.214
*Tantalum                     0.158                 	
*TSS                         14.350               6.825
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                                4610

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           SECONDARY TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                      SECT  -  IX
                     TABLE  IX-2  (Continued)

                  BPT MASS  LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                 SECONDARY  TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                Maximum for
                any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
                      14.010
                       9.272
                       2 050
                       9.370
                       2.001
                       7.125
                       2.196
                     200.100
           6.246
           4.880
           0.976
           6.198
           0.830
           2.977
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
          95.160
*Regulated Pollutant
                              4611

-------
   SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT -  IX
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                        4612

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            SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X



                             SECTION X

         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE

 These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
 treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
 industrial  category or subcategory, or by another category  from
 which  it  is  transferable. Emphasis  is  placed  on  additional
 treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
 currently used, as well" as reduction of the amount of water  used
 and   discharged,   process  control,  and  treatment   technology
 optimization.

 The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
 economically  achievable  (BAT)  include the age of equipment  and
 facilities involved,  the process used, process changes, nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts  (including  energy  requirements),
 and  the costs of  application of such technology  BAT  represents
 the  best available technology  economically achievable at  plants
 of various ages, sizes,  processes,  or other characteristics.  BAT
 may  include feasible process changes or internal controls,   even
 when not in common industry practice.

 The  required  assessment of BAT considers costs,   but  does  not
 require a balancing of costs against pollutant  removals  However,
 in  assessing  the proposed and  promulgated BAT,  the   Agency  has
 given  substantial  weight  to the economic achievability  of  the
 technology.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

 The  Agency   reviewed a  wide range of   technology   options  and
 evaluated  the  available possibilities  to  ensure that   the  most
 effective and  beneficial technologies  were  used as the  basis  of
 BAT.    To accomplish this,  the Agency  elected to   examine  two
 technology options   which   could be  applied   to  the   secondary
 tantalum   subcategory as  alternatives   for  the  basis   of  BAT
 effluent  limitations.

 For   the  development  of BAT  effluent limitations,  mass   loadings
 were  calculated for  each wastewater source or  subdivision in  the
 subcategory  using   the same technical approach as  described  in
 Section   IX for BPT  limitations development.   The differences in
 the mass  loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment.


 POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
 estimated  pollutant removal achieved by the application  of  the
 various treatment options is presented in Section X of Vol. I. In
 short, sampling data collected during the field sampling  program
were used to characterize the major wastewater streams considered
 for regulation.  At each sampled facility, the sampling data were


                               4613

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           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e..  mass  of
pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured).   This
value,  referred  to as the raw waste, was used to  estimate  the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the secondary  tantalum
subcategory.  The pollutant removal estimates were calculated for
each  plant by first estimating the total mass of each  pollutant
in  the  untreated  wastewater.  This  was  calculated  by  first
multiplying the raw waste values by the corresponding  production
value  for  that stream and then summing these  values  for  each
pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.

Next,  the  volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant  by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory  flow.
The  smaller of the two values was selected and summed  with  the
other  plant  flows.   The mass of pollutant discharged was  then
estimated  by  multiplying the  achievable  concentration  values
attainable  with  the  option  (mg/1) by the estimated  volume  of
process  wastewater discharged by the subcategory.   The mass  of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of  pollutant  discharged  after  application  of  the  treatment
option.   The pollutant removal estimates for direct  dischargers
in the secondary tantalum subcategory are presented in Table X-l-
(page 4618). These estimates are the same as those developed  for
the proposed regulation.

COMPLIANCE COSTS

In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs,  the first  step
was to develop a cost estimation model,  relating the total costs
associated   with  installation  and  operation   of   wastewater
treatment  technologies  to plant process  wastewater  discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant.  The plant's investment  and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in  place
and  by  its individual process wastewater  discharge  flow.'   As
discussed  above,  this  flow  is either the  actual  or  the  BAT
regulatory  flow,  whichever is lesser.  The final  step  was  to
annualize  the capital costs, and to sum the  annualized  capital
costs,  and the operating and maintenance costs for  each  p>lant,
yielding  the  cost  of  compliance  for  the  subcategory.   The
compliance   costs  associated  with  the  various  options   are
presented in Table X-2  (page 4619) for direct dischargers in  the
secondary   tantalum  subcategory.  These  costs  were  used   in
assessing economic achievability.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  proposed BAT .for the secondary tantalum subcategory based on
Option C,  chemical precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration technology.

The  estimated capital cost of proposed BAT was $13,474  and.  the
annual  cost was $63,466  (1982 dollars).   Implementation of  the
proposed BAT technology was estimated to remove 4.9 kilograms  of


                               4614

-------
            SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


 priority  pollutants and 35,5 kilograms of suspended solids  over
 the estimated BPT removal.

 BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

 EPA_is promulgating BAT limitations_,for this subcategory based on
 Option C,  which includes chemical precipitation,  sedimentation,
 and  multimedia  filtration.   The  estimated  capital  cost   of
 promulgated BAT is $13,474  (1982 dollars) and the annual cost  is
 $63,466_(1982 dollars).  The end-of-pipe treatment  configuration
 for Option C is presented in Figure X-2 (page 4625).

 EPA is promulgating BAT with multimedia filtration as part of the
 model  technology because this technology results  in  additional
 removal   of   toxic  metals.   Filtration  is   also   presently
 demonstrated  at  25  plants  throughout  the  nonferrous  metals
 manufacturing  category.   Filtration  adds  reliability  to   the
 treatment system by making it less susceptible to operator  error
 and to sudden changes*,in  raw wastewater flow and concentrations.

 Implementation  of  the  control and  treatment  technologies  of
 Option  C would remove  annually  an estimated 26,273 kilograms  of
 toxic metal  pollutants  and 20,115 kilograms  of suspended  solids,
 which  is  4.9  kilograms   of toxic  metal  pollutants   and  35.5
 kilograms of  suspended  solids over the estimated BPT  removal.

 WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

 A   BAT discharge rate was  calculated for  each   subdivision  based
 upon   the  flows  of the  existing  plants,  as   determined  from
 analysis   of  the data collection portfolios.   The discharge  rate
 is  used with  the achievable  treatment  concentrations  to  determine
 BAT  effluent   limitations.   Since the  discharge  rate  may  be
 different   for   each  wastewater  source,   separate   production
 normalized discharge   rates for each of   the   five  wastewater
 sources were  determined and are summarized in  Table  X-3   (page
 4620).  The discharge rates  are  normalized on a  production   basis
 by  relating the  amount  of wastewater generated to the mass  of the
 intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
 with the waste stream in question.  These production  normalizing
 parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table X-3.

 The BAT discharge rates reflect no  flow reduction requirements as
 compared   to  the BPT option  flows.    In-process  flow   reduction
 beyond  the BPT,allowances is  not  achievable for any waste streams
 in  this subcategory.  As an  example, the acid leach scrubber  used
 at  one of the secondary tantalum plants already operates   at  92
 percent  recycle.   Consequently,   the  BAT  and  BPT  production
 normalized discharge flows are identical.

 REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

 The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations  and
 the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined   to  select  certain
pollutants   and  pollutant  parameters  for   limitation.    This


                             .  4615

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


examination  and  evaluation was presented in  Section  VI._  The
Agency,  however,  has chosen not to regulate  all  six  priority
pollutants  selected in this analysis. The high  cost  associated
with  analysis  for toxic metal pollutants has  prompted  EPA  to
develop  an  alternative  method for  regulating  and  monitoring
priority   pollutant  discharges  from  the   nonferrous   metals
manufacturing category.  Rather than developing specific effluent
mass limitations and standards for each of the toxic metals found
in  treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater from  a  given
subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent mass limitations
only for those pollutants generated in the greatest quantities as
shown by the pollutant removal estimate analysis.  The pollutants
selected for specific limitation are listed below:

     120.  copper
     122.  lead
     124.  nickel
     128.  zinc
           tantalum

By  establishing  limitations  and standards  for  certain  metal
pollutants,  dischargers will attain the same degree  of  control
over  toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required  to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.

This  approach  is  technically justified  since  the  achievable
concentrations used for chemical precipitation and  sedimentation
technology  are  based  on optimized  treatment   for  concomitant
multiple metals removal.  Thus, even though metals have  somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be  removed at  very
nearly   the   same  rate  in  a   chemical   precipitation   and
sedimentation  treatment  system  operated  for   multiple  metals
removal.  Filtration as part of the technology basis is  likewise
justified   because   this   technology   removes  metals   non-
preferentially.

The pollutants selected for specific  limitation  in the  secondary
tantalum    subcategory  are  copper,  lead,   nickel,  zinc,   and
tantalum.   The following toxic metal pollutants  are excluded from
limitation  on the basis that they are effectively controlled  by
the   limitations  developed-for copper,  lead, nickel,   zinc,  and
tantalum:                  ;

      114.   antimony        ;
      126.   silver

The priority metal pollutants copper,  lead,  nickel, and  zinc, as
well   as   the  nonconventional  metal  pollutant   tantalum,   are
specifically   limited   to  .ensure  the  control   of   the  excluded
priority   metal  pollutants   These pollutants are  indicators  of
the performance  of  the  treatment  technology.

EFFLUENT  LIMITATIONS

The   achievable  concentrations,  both  one day  maximum  and   monthly
                                4616

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY .  SECT - X


average  values, are multiplied by the BAT  normalized  discharge
flows  summarized in Table X-3 (page 4620) to calculate the  mass
of  pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product.  The
results  of  these calculations in milligrams  of  pollutant  per
kilogram  of product represent the BAT effluent  limitations  and
are  presented  in  Table X-4 (page  4621)  for  each  wastewater
stream.
                              4617

-------
              SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                 SECT - X
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-------
       SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                        TABLE X-2


COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

                   Direct Dischargers
Option

  A

  C
Total Required
 Capital Cost
(1982 dollars)

    6462

   13474
    Total
 Annual Cost
(1982 dollars)

    58854

    63466

-------
        SECONDARY TANTALUM-SUBCATEGORY     SECT - X
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                              4620

-------
            SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                             TABLE X-4

    BAT. .MASS .LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a)  Tantalum  Alloy Leach and Rinse  BAT
 Pollutant  or
 pollutant  property
Maximum  for
any one  day
Maximum for
monthly average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of  tantalum powder  produced
Antimony
* Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27 . 670
96.850

 (b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse
         BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver ,
*Zinc
*Tantalum
      38.990
      25.860
       5.656
      11.110
       5.858
      20.600
       9.090
          17.370
          12.320
           2.626
           7.474
           2.424
           8.484
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4621

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4 (Continued)

   BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
of equivalent pure
396.200
262.800
57.480
112.900
59.540
209.400
92.390
tantalum powder
176.600
125.200
26.690
75.960
24.640
86.230

produced





 (d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse  BAT

 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
        0.676
        0.448
        0.098
        0.193
        0.102
        0.357
        0.158
            0.301
            0.214
            0.046
            0.130
            0.042
            0.147
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                4622

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - X
                      TABLE X-4  (Continued)

   BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE  SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
      (lb/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
       9.418
       6.246
       1.366
       2.684
       1.415
       4.978
       2.196
           4.197
           2.977
           0.634
           1.806
           0.586
           2.050
*Regulated Pollutant
                              4623

-------
I
                          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - X
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-------
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                    4625

-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     4626

-------
            SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI



                             SECTION XI

                  NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS


  The basis  for  new  source  performance standards  (NSPS)  is  the  best
  available  demonstrated   technology (.BDT) .  New plants  have   the
  opportunity  to  design the  best and   most  efficient  production
  processes  and wastewater  treatment technologies  without  facinq
  the  added costs and  restrictions  encountered in  retrofitting  an
  existing   plant.   Therefore,  EPA has  considered   the   best
  demonstrated process  changes, in-plant  controls,  and  end-of-pipe

       6? easible?    16S  Whi°h redU°e pollution   to  the  maximum
 This   section  describes  the  technologies  for  treatment   of
 wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
 for  regulated  pollutants  for NSPS in  the  secondary  tantalum
 subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

 New  source  performance  standards are equivalent  to  the  best
 available   technology  (BAT)   selected  for  currently  existing
 secondary  tantalum  plants.    This result is  a  consequence  ol
 careful review by the Agency of a wide range of technical options
 for new source treatment systems which is discussed in Section IX
   tl_.he  General Development  Document.   Additionally,   there  was
 nothing   found  to  indicate   that  the  wastewater   flows   and
 characteristics of new plants  would not be similar to  those  from
 existing  plants,  since the processes used by new sources are  not
 expected    to  differ   from  those  used  at  existing   screes .
 Consequently,   BAT production  normalized discharge rates,   which
 are based on  the  best  existing practices of the  subcategory,   can
are
                                                                in
Treatment   technologies   considered   for   the  NSPS  options  are
identical   to  the  treatment  technologies considered for  the  BAT
options.  These options are:

OPTION A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology  for
the  secondary  tantalum  subcategory be equivalent to  Option  C
                              •462'

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                        SECT - XI
                            sedimentation,    and    multimedia
The
(chemical   precipitation,
filtration) .

     wastewater flow rates  for proposed NSPS are the Bane as  the
         BAT flow rates.   Flow reduction measures for NSPS were

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              and NSPS flow  rates should be equal to  those  for

BAT.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

EPA  is promulgating NSPS for the secondary tantalum  subcafcegory
based  on Option C  (chemical   precipitation.   Sedimentation,  and

SSSS-fc  ^^^^^^eZ^^^^ *

           ss-.^.sjrsa'^ss             ,1 PS 2:
no?  flasible?  because  dry   scrubbing is not  demonstrated  for
cSntro??ing Missions from.acid leaching  °P««,ons   ^nature
of   these  emissions   (acid   fumes,  hot   particulate   matter j
SLhnicllly  precludes  tne use of dry scrubbers.  Therefore,,  EPA
is  including  In allowance from this source at NSPS equivalent  to
that  promulgated   for  BAT.  EPA also does not believe   that  new
SSnts could  achieve any additional flow  reduction beyond the  92
percent  scrubber   effluent recycle presently  practiced in  the
industry.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Aaency has no  reason to believe that  the pollutants  that will
be   fSSd  in treatable concentrations  in processes  within  new
sources  will  bl   any  different  than  with  existing   sources.
icco?dfng!y,   pollutants   and pollutant parameters  selected  for
l?m?tat?ony under   NSPS,   in accordance  with  the  "t^nal*
            and X, are  identical to  those selected for BAT.
              pollutant parameters TSS and PH are  also  selected
 for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

 The NSPS discharge flows  for each wastewater  source are the  same
 as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown  in Table XI-1.  The
 mass of pollutlnt allowed  to be discharged per  mass of Product  is
 calculated   by   multiplying   the    appropriate    achievable
 concentration      (mg/1)  by  the production normalized  wastewater
 diScSrgS  flows     (1/kkg).  The results of  these  calculations
 are the9produ^ion-based nSw source performance standards.  These
 standards  are presented in Table XI-2.
                               4628

-------
         SECONDARY  TANTALUM  SUBCATEGORY
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          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                    SECT  - XI
                           TABLE XI-2

           NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                Maximum for
                any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH Within
Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum
445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
3,459.000
the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
powder produced
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27.670
96.850
— — —
2,767.000
all times
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                Maximum for
                any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
                      38.990
                      25.860
                       5.656
                      11.110
                       5.858
                      20.600
                       9.090
                     303.000
          17.370
          12.320
           2.626
           7.474
           2.424
           8.484

          242.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                                4630

-------
           SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


                      TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

            NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

 (c)  Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse  NSPS

 Pollutant  or:Maximum forMaximum for
 pollutant  property     any one day     monthly average


 nig/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of equivalent  pure tantalum powder  produced

 Antimony                    396.200             176.600
 *Copper                      262.800             125.200
 *Lead                         57.480              26.690
 *Nickel                      112.900              75.960
 Silver                       59.540              24.640
 *Zinc                        209.400              86.230
 *Tantalum                     92.390                 	
 *TSS                       3,080.000           2,464.000
 *pH    Within the  range of  7.5  to  10.0  at  all  times
 (d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average


       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced

 Antimony                     0.676               0.301
*Copper                       0.448               0.214
*Lead                         0.098               0.046
*Nickel                       0.193               0.130
 Silver                       0.102               0.042
*Zinc                         0.357               0.147
*Tantalum                     0.158                 	
*TSS                          5.250               4.200
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


*Regulated Pollutant
                               4631

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  XI


                     Table XI-2  (Continued)

           NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(e)  Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
                 Maximum for
                 any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
 mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
                       9.418
                       6.246
                       1.366
                       2.684
                       1.415
                       4.978
                       2.196
                      73.200
          4.197
          2.977
          0.634
          1.806
          0.586
          2.050

         58.560
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
                                4632

-------
          SECONDARY  TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  XII



                           ,SECTION  XII

                      PRETREATMENT STANDARDS


 This  section  describes  the.control  and treatment technologies  for
 pretreatment  of  process   wastewaters from new  sources   in   the
 secondary tantalum  subcategory.  PSES are designed  to prevent  the
 discharge  of pollutants which pass through,  interfere  with,   or
 are   otherwise  incompatible with the operation of publicly owned
 treatment  works    (POTW).   The   Clean    Water    Act    requires
 pretreatment  for   pollutants, such as toxic  metals,  that limit
 POTW   sludge  management alternatives.   New  indirect  discharge
 facilities,   like   new  direct  discharge   facilities,  have   the
 opportunity   to incorporate the   best  available   demonstrated
 technologies,   including process changes, in-plant  controls,   and
 end-of-pipe   treatment  technologies,  and  to  use  plant  site
 selection  to  ensure   adequate  treatment  system  installation.
 Pretreatment  standards are  to be technology  based, analogous   to
 the   best available  technology for  removal  of  toxic  pollutants.
 Pretreatment  standards  for regulated pollutants   are  presented
 based on  the  selected control and treatment technology.

 Pretreatment  standards for  existing sources  (PSES) will   not   be
 promulgated   for the secondary tantalum subcategory because there
 are   no   existing   indirect  dischargers  in  this   subcategory.
 However,   pretreatment  standards for new sources (PSNS) will   be
 promulgated.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

 Before  proposing  and promulgating pretreatment  standards,   the
 Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
 pass  through  the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or  its
 chosen    sludge  disposal  practices.    In  determining   whether
 pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving  secondary
 treatment,  the  Agency compares the percentage  of  a  pollutant
 removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
 applying  the best available technology economically achievable. A
 pollutant  is  deemed to pass through the POTW when  the  average
 percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
 secondary  treatment  requirements,  is less than  the  percentage
 removed   by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
 standards guidelines for that pollutant.

 This  definition  of  pass through satisfies  the  two  competing
 objectives   set   by  Congress  that   standards   for   indirect
 dischargers  be  equivalent to standards  for  direct  dischargers
while  at the same time the treatment  capability and  performance
of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in  regulating
 the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers..  The Agency
compares percentage removal; rather than the mass or concentration
of  pollutants .discharged because  the  latter would  not take  into
account  the mass of pollutants discharged to the POTW from  non-


                               4633

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT  -  XII
industrial sources or the dilution of the pollutants in the  POTW
effluent  to  lower concentrations due to the addition  of  large
amounts of non-industrial wastewater.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

Options  for  pretreatment  of wastewaters from new  sources  are
based  on increasing the effectiveness of  end-of-pipe  treatment
technologies.   All  in-plant changes and applicable  end-of-pipe
treatment  processes have been discussed previously in Sections X
and XI.  The options for PSNS, therefore, are the same as the BAT
options discussed in Section X.

A description of each option is presented in Section X. Treatment
technologies considered for the PSNS options are:

OPTION A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION C

     o
     o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Multimedia filtration
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA proposed PSNS for the secondary tantalum subcategory based on
Option C,  chemical precipitation,  sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration. The wastewater discharge rates proposed for PSNS  are
equivalent  to  the  proposed  BAT  discharge  rates.   No   flow
reduction  measures for PSNS were considered feasible beyond  the
rates proposed for BAT.

PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

EPA has  selected Option C  (chemical precipitation, sedimentation,
and  multimedia  filtration)  as  the   regulatory  approach   for
pretreatment  standards  for  new sources on the  basis  that  it
achieves  effective   removal  of  toxic   pollutants   and   is
demonstrated  by  25  plants  throughout  the  nonferrous  metals
manufacturing category.

The  wastewater  discharge  rates for PSNS are  identical   to  the
promulgated BAT discharge  rates for each waste stream.  The  PSNS
discharge  rates  are  shown  in Table  XII-1  (page   4636).   No
additional  flow  reduction measures for PSNS are  feasible.  EPA
does   not  believe  that new plants could achieve  flow reduction
beyond   the   92  percent   scrubber  effluent  recycle   presently
practiced  in  the  industry.

REGULATED  POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected  for   limitation,   in  accordance with  the
 rationale  of Sections VI  and X,   are  identical  to those  selected
                                4634

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


for  limitation for BAT.   It is necessary to promulgate PSNS  to
prevent the pass-through of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, which
are the limited pollutants.   These toxic pollutants are  removed
by  a  well-operated  POTW achieving secondary  treatment  at  an
average   of  48  percent  while  BAT  level  technology  removes
approximately 99 percent.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Pretreatment standards are based on the pollutant  concentrations
achievable  from the selected treatment technology,  (Option  C),
and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT.  A  mass
of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is given  for
each   subdivision  within  the  subcategory.    This   pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from   the  promulgated  treatment  (mg/1)  and  the   production
normalized  wastewater  discharg.e rate (1/kkg).   The  achievable
treatment concentrations for BAT are identical to those for PSNS.
PSNS are presented in Table XII-2 (page 4637).
                               4635

-------
             SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT  -  XII
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                                 4636

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - XII
                           TABLE XII-2

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg
Antimony
* Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
(Ib/million







Ibs) of tantalum
• 445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
powder produced
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27.670
96.850
—,~»—m
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
     38.990
     25.860
      5.656
     11.110
      5.858
     20.600
      9.090
         17.370
         12.320
          2.626
          7.474
          2.424
          8.484
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4637

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-2 (Continued)

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
     396.200
     262.800
      57.480
     112.900
      59.540
     209.400
      92.390
         176.600
         125.200
          26.690
          75.960
          24.640
          86.230
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse  PSNS

Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for "~
monthly average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
       0.676
       0.448
       0.098
       0.193
       0.102
       0.357
       0.158
           0.301
           0.214
           0.046
           0.130
           0.042
           0.147
*Regulated Pollutant
                                463.8

-------
         SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-2 (Continued)

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
         Maximum for
         monthly average
      (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
 Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
       9.418
       6.246
         366
         684
       1.415
       4.978
       2.196
1
2
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
*Regulated Pollutant
                              4639

-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
      THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                       4640

-------
          SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY  . SECT -.XIII




                          SECTION XIII

         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY



EPA-  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for the secondary tantalum subcategory at  this
time.
                              4641

-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XIII
    THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     4642

-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
           DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
                       for the
            Secondary Uranium Subcategory
                  William K.  Reilly
                    Administrator
                   Rebecca Hanmer
      Acting Assistant  Administrator  for  Water


             Martha  Prothro,  Director
      Office of Water Regulations  and Standards
           Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
          Industrial Technology Division


            Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
              Metals Industry Branch
                        and
             Technical Project Officer
                    May 1989
       U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Office of Water
     Office of Water Regulations and Standards
          Industrial Technology Division
             Washington, D. C.  20460
                        4643

-------
4644

-------
                  SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
 Section
                         TABLE OF CONTENTS
           SUMMARY
 II
 III
 CONCLUSIONS
 SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
 4655


 4667
IV
V
 Description of Secondary Uranium Production
 Raw Materials
 Uranium Tetrafluoride Production
 Magnesium Reduction Process
 Process Wastewater  Sources
 Other  Wastewater  Sources
 Age, Production,  and Process  Profile

 SUBCATEGORIZATION

 Factors Considered  in Subdividing  the  Secondary
  Uranium Subcategory
 Other  Factors
 Production Normalizing Parameters

 WATER  USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

 Wastewater Flow Rates
 Wastewater Characteristics Data
 Data Collection Portfolio
 Field  Sampling Data
 Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
  Subdivision
 Refinery  Sump Filtrate
 Slag Leach Reslurry
 Digestion  Wet Air Pollution Control
 Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
 Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
  Control
 Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
 Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
 Laundry Wastewater
 4667
 4667
 4668
 4669
 4669
 4669
 4669

 4677

 4677

 4678
 4678

 4681

 4682
 4682
 4683
 4683
 4684

 4684
 4685
 4685
 4685
 4685

4686
4686
4686
4687
                              4645

-------
                 SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
VI
VII
 VIII
                  TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
  Parameters Selected
Toxic Priority Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
  Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of
  Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
  Consideration in Establishing Limitations and
  Standards

CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

Current Control and Treatment Practices
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
  Control
Hydrofluorination Water  Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and  Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
Control and Treatment Options
Option A      •  \  •
Option C

COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

Treatment. Options  for Existing  Sources
Option A
Option C
Cost Methodology
Nonwater  Quality Aspects
Energy Requirements
 Solid Waste
Air Pollution
                                                           4730
                                                           4730
                                                           4730

                                                           4730

                                                           4731
4739

4739
4739
4739
4740
4740
4740

4740
4740
4741
4741
4741
4741
4742

4743

4743
4743
4743
4743
4744
4744
4744
4745
                                4646

-------
                  SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
 Section
 IX
XI
                   TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
 BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
 AVAILABLE

 Technical Approach to BPT
 Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
 BPT Option Selection - Proposal
 BPT Option Selection - Promulgation
 Wastewater Discharge Rates
 Refinery Sump Filtrate
 Slag Leach Reslurry
 Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
 Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
 Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
   Control
 Hydrofluorination Water  Scrubber
 Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
 Magnesium Reduction and  Casting Floor Wash Water
 Laundry Wastewater
 Regulated Pollutant Parameters
 Effluent Limitations

 BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY  ECONOMICALLY
 ACHIEVABLE

 Technical Approach to  BAT                        4763
 Option  A                                        4764
 Option  C                                        4754
 Industry Cost  and  Pollutant Removal Estimates    4764
 Pollutant Removal  Estimates                      4764
 Compliance  Costs                                 4765
 BAT  Option  Selection - Proposal                  4765
 BAT  Option  Selection - Promulgation              4766
 Wastewater  Discharge Rates                       4766
 Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   4757
 Effluent  Limitations                             4768

 NEW'SOURCE  PERFORMANCE STANDARDS                 4779

 Technical Approach to NSPS                       4779
 NSPS Option Selection - Proposal                 4780
 NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation             4780
Regulated Pollutant Parameters                   4730
New Source Performance Standards                 4780
                                                            4747
                                                            4749
                                                            4749
                                                            4750
                                                            4750
                                                            4750
                                                            4751
                                                            4751
                                                            4752
                                                            4752

                                                            4752
                                                            4753
                                                            4753
                                                            4753
                                                            4754
                                                            4754

                                                            4763
                               4647

-------
r
                            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
           Section
           XII
                             TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
           XIII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS

Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatraent Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources

BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY   4797
Page

4787

4787
4788
4788
4788,
4789

-------
                  SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                          LIST OF TABLES
 Table
Title
                                                            Paqe
 III-l     Initial Operating Year  (Range)  Summary of Plants 4671
           in the Secondary Uranium Subcategory by
           Discharge Type

 III-2     Production Ranges for the Secondary Uranium      4672
           Subcategory

 III-3     Summary of Secondary Uranium Subcategory  Process 4673
           and Associated Waste Streams

 V-l        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for Refinery Sump   4688
           Filtrate

 V-2        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for Slag Leach      4688
           Reslurry

 V-3        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for Digestion Wet   4688
           Air  Pollution  Control

 V-4        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for Solvent         4689
           Extraction Raffinate Filtrate

 V-5        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for Evaporation     4689
           and  Denitration Wet Air  Pollution Control

 V-6        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for                 4689
           Hydrofluorination Water  Scrubber

 V-7.        Water  Use and  Discharge  Rates for                 4690
           Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber

 V-8        Water  Use  and  Discharge  Rates for Magnesium       4690
           Reduction  and  Casting Floor Wash Water

V-9        Water  Use  and  Discharge  Rates for Laundry         4690
           Wastewater

V-10      Refinery  Sump  Filtrate Sampling Data              4691

V-ll       Solvent Extraction Raffinate After Lime Addition  4694
          and Sedimentation Sampling Data

V-12      Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate Sampling    4702
          Data
                               4649

-------
1

Table
V-13
V-14

V-15

1 V-16
1 . VI-1
1 VI-2
I VI-3

I IX-1
1
I IX-2
1
1 x-i
1
I X-2
1
• X-3
1
I X-4
I
• XI-1

• XI-2
• XII-1
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Hydrofluorination Alkaline (KOH) Scrubber Raw
Wastewater Sampling Data
Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Raw Wastewater
Sampling Data
Uranium Laundry/Lab Waste Raw Wastewater
Sampling Data
Plant 6 Filtrate Raw Wastewater Sampling Data
Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants
Secondary Uranium Subcategory Raw Wastewater
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory Direct Discharges
BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct
Dischargers
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
BAT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
NSPS for the Secondary Uranium Subcategory
PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the


Page 1
4706 1
4709 1

4719 1
1
4723 I
4733 1
4736 1
4746 1

4755 1
1
4756 I
1
4769 I
1
4770 I
1
4771 I
1
4772. 1
j
4781 1
1
4782 1
4790 1
          Secondary Uranium Subcategory
XII-2     PSNS for the Secondary Uranium Subcategory
4791
                               4650

-------
                 SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                         LIST OF FIGURES
Figure                      Title                          Page


III-l     Uranium Tetrafluoride Production Process in the  4674
          Secondary Uranium Subcategory

III-2     Magnesium Reduction Process in the Secondary     4675
          Uranium Subcategory

III-3     Geographic Locations of the Secondary Uranium    4676
          Subcategory. Plants

V-l       Sampling Locations at Secondary Uranium Plant A  4726

V-2       Sampling Locations at Secondary Uranium Plant B  4727

IX-1      BPT Treatment Scheme for the Secondary Uranium   4761
          Subcategory

X-l       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A                4777

X-2       BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C                4778
                           4651

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  SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                 4652

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
                             SECTION I

                              SUMMARY
 This  document  provides  the technical  basis  for  promulgating
 effluent  limitations based on best practicable technology  (BPT)
 and   best  available  technology  (BAT)  for   existing   direct
 dischargers,  standards  of  performance for  new  source  direct
 dischargers  (NSPS), and. pretreatment standards for new  indirect
 dischargers (PSNS).

 The  secondary uranium subcategory consists of three  plants.   Of
 the  three plants, two discharge directly to surface waters,  and
 one achieves zero discharge of process wastewater.

 EPA first studied the secondary uranium subcategory to  determine
 whether   differences   in   raw   materials,   final   products,
 manufacturing  processes,  equipment,  age and size of  plants,   or
 water  usage  required  the  development  of  separate   effluent
 limitations   and standards  for  different  segments   of   the
 subcategory.   This   involved a detailed analysis  of  wastewater
 discharge  and  treated effluent characteristics,   including  the
 sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
 of  pollutants and wastewaters in the  plant,  and the  constituents
 of  wastewaters including priority pollutants.   As  a result,  nine
 subdivisions  or   building blocks have been  identified  for  this
 subcategory  that warrant  separate effluent   limitations.    These
 include:

     (a)  Refinery  sump filtrate,
     (b)  Slag leach reslurry,
     ,(e)  Digestion wet air  pollution control,
     (d)  Solvent extraction raffinate  filtrate,
     (e)  Evaporation  and  denitration wet  .air  pollution control,
     (f)  Hydrofluorination  water  scrubber,
     (g) .Hydrofluorination  alkaline  scrubber,
     (h)  Magnesium reduction and  casting  floor wash  water, and
     (i)  Laundry wastewater.

EPA  also   identified several  distinct  control   and   treatment
technologies   (both  in-plant and  end-of-pipe) applicable  to  the
secondary    uranium   subcategory.    The  Agency  analyzed   both
historical   and newly generated data on  the performance of  these
technologies,  including   their  nonwater  quality  environmental
impacts  and  air quality,   •solid waste  generation,  and  energy
requirements.  EPA also studied various  flow reduction techniques
reported  in  the  data  collection portfolios  (dcp)  and  plant
visits.                             "                        f

Engineering  .costs  were  prepared ftpr each of  the  control  and
treatment  options considered for the subcategory.   These  costs
were  then  used  by   the  Agency  to  estimate  the  impact   of
implementing  the various options on the subcategory.   For  each
                               4653

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
Metals Manufacturing Industry."






capital cost of $54,800 and an annual cost of $90,400.

For BAT, filtration  is added as an effluent



an annual  cost of  $106,700.




 best  demonstrated  technology.



 of-pipe treatment  techniques equivalent to BAT.




 finalized.
 The mass limitations and standards for BPT,
 are presented in Section II.
  BAT,  NSPS, and PSNS
                                 4654

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT - II
                            SECTION II
                            'CONCLUSIONS
 EPA  has  divided  the secondary uranium  subcategory  into  nine
 subdivisions   for  the  purpose  of  effluent  limitations   and
 standards.  These subdivisions are:
     (a)
     (b)
     (c)
     (d)
     (e)
     (f)
     (g)
     (h)
     (i)
Refinery sump filtrate,
Slag leach reslurry,
Digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent   extraction   raffinate   filtrate,
Evaporation  and denitration wet air  pollution control,
Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water, and
Laundry wastewatef.
 BPT  is   promulgated based on the  performance achievable  by  the
 application    of    chemical   precipitation   and   sedimentation
 technology.     The    "  ""
 promulgated:
                     C	— — £T — «*-.*. ^**   w**A^4   OCtJiiUCil 1
            following  BPT  effluent   limitations
                                                     are
 (a)  Refinery  Sump  Filtrate   BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
b) Slag
r>,->i i .,4-
(lb/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
(total) 32.270
139.300
140.800
2,567.000
3,007.000
Within the range of 7 . 5
Leach Reslurry BPT

13.200
73.340
93.140
1,459.000
1,430.000
to 10.0 at all times

Pollutant Property
              Any  One  Day
  Maximum for
MonthlY Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refTnery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
PH
                 2.009
                 8.675
                 8.767
               1P9.800
               187.200
     0.822
     4.566
     5.799
    90.860
    89.070
    Within the  range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all  times
                           4655

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - II


(c)  Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT

- Pollutant or        Maximum for       Maximum for
PollStant Property     Any. One Day     Monthly Average

- mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery

Chromium (total)         ,0.0.00             JJ-JJOO

SSS                    ° °°°             °-000
SSoride                  0.000             0.000
                          0.000             0.000
             Within the  range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
pH
 (d)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate  BPT
    Pollutant or	Maximum for       Maximum for
 PollStaSt Property     Any One Day     Monthly Average    ^

 	mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)! of uranium processed in the refinery

 Chromium  (total)         '2.802               1.146

 SlSS                  '"IMS               8.089
 Fluoride                 222.900             126.700
 Fluoride                 261.100             124.200
 PH          Within  the range of  7.5  to 10.0 at all  times


 (e)  Evaporation and  Denitration Wet  Air. Pollution  Control  BPT

 	Pollutant or	Maximum for        Maximum for
 Pollutant Property      Any One Day      Monthly Average
        mg/kg (Ib/million'Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced

 Chromium (total)     '   /O.OOO

 NickSl                    0.000             0.000
 ?tSo?ide                  o.ooo             o.ooo
 Fluoride                                    0>000
 TSS
 pH
Within the range'of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                                 4656

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                SECT - II
 (f)  Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  BPT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
            Maximum for
            Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
     mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of uranium tetrafluoride produced
 Chromium (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
 TSS
 PH
               0.000
               0.000
               o.ooo
               0.000
               0.000
      0.000
      0..000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 (g)   Hydrofluorination Alkaline  Scrubber   BPT
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
            Maximum for
            Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH Within the
Ibs) of uranium
0.009
0.038
0.038
0.700
0.820
range of 7.5 to
tetrafluoride produce
0.004
0.020
0.025
0.398
0.390
10.0 at all times
(h)  Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
           Maximum for
           Any  One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
               0.013
               0.057
               0.058
               1.054
               1.234
     0.005
     0.030
     0.038
     0.599
     0.587
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               4657

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                SECT - II
(i)  Laundry Wastewater  BPT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
            Maximum for
            Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
tag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
               0.084
               0.365
               0.369
               6.720
               7,872
     0.035
     0.192
     0.244
     3.821
     3.744
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
BAT  is  promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
aoDlication   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
multimedia  filtration  technology.  The following  BAT  effluent
limitations are promulgated,:

(a)  Refinery Sump Filtrate  BAT
   Pollutant  or
Pollutant  Property
            Maximum for
            Any One Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  uranium processed  in  the  refinery
 Chromium (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
               27.140
               93.880
               40.340
            2,567.000
     11.000
     44.740
     27.140
  1,459.000
 (b)   Slag Leach Reslurry  BAT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of uranium processed in the refinery
 Chromium (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
                1.689
                5.844
                2.511
              159.800
      0.685
      2.785
      1.689
     90.860
                                4658

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                   SECT  -  II
 (c)  Digestion Web Air Pollution Control  BAT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
              Maximum  for
              Any One  Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 000
 (d)   Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate  BAT
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
          (Ib/million Ibs)  of uranium processed in the refinery
 Chromium
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
(total)
  2.357
  8.152
  3.503
222.900
  0.955
  3.885
  2.357
126.700
 (e)   Evaporation  and  Denitration  Wet Air  Pollution  Control   BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
                 Maximum for
               Monthly Average
       mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
(total)
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
  0.000
(£).' Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum  for
             Any One  Day
                Maximum  for
              Monthly Average
       'kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
                 0.000
                 0.000
                 0.000
                 0.000
                   0.000
                   0.000
                   0.000
                   0.000
                               4659

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                           SECT  -  II
     Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
                          0.007
                          0.026
                          0.011
                          0.700
     0.003
     0.012
     0.007
     0.398
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium re
Chromium  (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
                           0.011
                           0.039
                           0.017
                           1.054
       0.005
       0.018
       0.011
       0.599
                                                           uct i on
 (i)  Laundry Wastewater  BAT
   Pollutant or
Pollutant  Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly  Average
mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  uranium produced by magnesium  reduction
 Chromium (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
                          0.036
                          0.123
                          0.053
                          3.360
      0.014
      0.059
      0.036
      1.910
 NSPS  are promulgated based on the performance achievable  by  the
 application   of  chemical  precipitation,    sedimentation,    and
 multimedia   filtration  technology.    The    following  effluent
 standards are promulgated for new sources:
                                4660

-------
           SECONDARY  URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                 SECT - II
 (a)   Refinery  Sump  Filtrate   NSPS
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant  Property
            Maximum  for
            Any One  Day
  Maximum  for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium
(total) 27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
1,100.000
Within the range of 7.5
processed in the refin
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
880.100
to 10.0 at all times
 (b)  Slag Leach Reslurry  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
            Maximum for
            Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(Ib/million
(total)



Within the
Ibs) of uranium
1.689
5.844
2.511
159.800
68.490
range of 7.5- to
processed in the refin
0.685
2.785
1.689
. 90.860
54.790
10.0 at all times
(c)  Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
            Maximum for
            Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
               0.000
               0.000
               0.000
               0.000
               0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
PH
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                               4661

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                 SECT  -  II
(d)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
                                  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum  for
             Any  One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                2.357
                8.152
                3.503
              222.900
               95.540
     0.955
     3.885
     2.357
   126.700
    76.430
  Within the range of 7.5  to 10  at  all  times
(e)  Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                0.000
                0.000
                0.000
                0.000
                0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
f)  Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
     ag/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium  (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
                0.000
                0.000
                0.000
                0.000
                0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
Within the range'of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
                                4662

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - II
 (g)  Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber  NSPS
    Pollutant or
 Pollutant Property
              Maximum for
              Any One Day
   Maximum for
 Monthly  Average
           (Ib/million Ibs)  of uranium tetrafluoride produced
 Chromium (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
 TSS
                 0.007
                 0.026
                 0.011
                 0.700
                 0.300
 pH
      0.003
      0.012
      0.007
      0.398
      0.240
 Within  the  range  of  7.5  to  10.0  at  all  times
 (h)   Magnesium Reduction and Casting  Floor  Wash  NSPS
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
             Maximum  for
             Any One  Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  uranium  produced  by magnesium  reduction
 Chromium  (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
 TSS
                  0.011
                  0.039
                  0.017
                  1.054
                  0.452
PH
      0.005
      0,018
      0.011
      0.599
      0.361
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 (i)  Laundry Wastewater  NSPS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
             Maximum for
             Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
      (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium  (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
P«
                0.036
                0.123
                0.053
                3.360
                1.440
     0.014
     0.059
     0.036
     1.910
     1.152
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
PSES  is not being promulgated for this subcategory at this  time
because  there  are  no  existing  indirect  dischargers  in  the
secondary uranium subcategory.

PSNS_ are promulgated based on the performance achievable by  the
application   of  chemical  precipitation,   sedimentation,   and
multimedia  filtration  technology.  The  following  pretreatment
standards are promulgated for new sources:
                               4663

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                     SECT - II
(a)   Refinery Sump Filtrate
                       PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                       Maximum for
                       Any One Day
                                   Maximum for
                                 Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of uranium processed in the retinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
                   27.140
                   93.880
                   40.340
                2,567.000
                                           11.000
                                           44.740
                                           27.140
                                        1,459.000
(b)  Slag Leach Reslurry  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                 Maximum  for
                 Any One  Day
                                         Maximum for
                                       Monthly Average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
                     1.689
                   1  5.844
                     2.511
                   159.800
                                            0.685
                                            2.785
                                            1.689
                                           90.860
 (c)  Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                                         Maximum  for
                                       Monthly Average
   mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the  refinery
Chromium  (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
                     0.000
                     0.000
                     0.000
                     0.000
                                             0.000
                                             0.000
                                             0.000
                                             0.000
 (d)
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
                                             PSNS
    Pollutant  or
 Pollutant  Property
                  Maximum for
                  Any One Day
                                          Maximum for
                                        Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)  of  uranium processed  in  the  refinery
 Chromium (total)
 Copper
 Nickel
 Fluoride
                     2.357
                     8.152
                     3.503
                   222.900
                                             0.955
                                             3.885
                                             2.357
                                           126.700
                                4664

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - II
(e)  Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
   0.000
   0.000
   0 000
   0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0 000
     0.000
(f)  Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
   0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
     0.000
(g)  Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
    mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
    0.007
    0.026
    0.011
    0.700
      0.003
      0.018
      0.007
      0.39S
(h)  Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
   0.011
   0.039
   0.017
   1.054
     0.005
     0.018
     0.011
     0.599
                               4665

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - II
(i)  Laundry Wastewater  PSNS
   Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
  Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
   0.036
   0.123
   0.053
   0.360
     0.014
     0.059
     0.036
     1.910
EPA  is  not  promulgating BCT at this  time  for  the  secondary
uranium subcategory.
                                4666

-------
           SECONDARY  URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT -  III



                            SECTION III

                        SUBCATEGORY PROFILE


 This   section   of  the  secondary  uranium supplement describes   the
 raw  materials  and processes  used  in  producing  secondary   uranium
 and presents a  profile of  the secondary uranium plants  identified
 in  this  study.

 Secondary  uranium  is processed domestically as  two general types
 of  materials;  slightly enriched with approximately 0.95   percent
 U235'  an<3  depleted uranium with  approximately 0.2O percent ^35.
 Natural  grade  uranium contains  approximately 0.70 percent U235.
 The  slightly   enriched material  is  processed   at  one  facility
 operated by the U.S. Department  of Energy.  This material  is used
 to  fabricate fuel  cores for  "production reactors" which are  used
 to  produce plutonium.

 The major use  of  depleted uranium is in ordinance  applications.
 The source of depleted uranium is  depleted uranium  hexafluoride,
 UFs  resulting  from enrichment  of natural  uranium  for   nuclear
 applications.   The  high  density  and  pyrophoricity  of   uranium
 metal  reduced  from depleted  UFs make it ideal  for use  in armor
 penetrating  ammunition.   Other uses of  secondary  uranium   are
 containers  for   spent  nuclear   reactor   residues,   radiation
 shielding  applications, ballast and  counterweights  on  aircraft
 control  surfaces,  and  research.                              .  -,,

 DESCRIPTION OF  SECONDARY URANIUM PRODUCTION

 The production  of  secondary uranium  can be  divided  into   two
 distinct   stages.   The  first stage  is  production  of   uranium
 tetrafluoride,  UF4,   from secondary  materials,  and  the  second
 stage  is  magnesium reduction of  uranium tetrafluoride  to  pure
 uranium  metal.  All the plants in  this subcategory  perform   the
 second   stage  process,  but  only  one  plant  produces   uranium
 tetrafluoride  from secondary materials.  The  secondary   uranium
 production processes are shown schematically in Figures III-l  and
 III-2  (pages 4674 and  4675), and are described in the  following
 paragraphs.

 RAW MATERIALS

 The  raw material necessary for the production of uranium  by   the
magnesium, reduction process is uranium tetrafluoride,  QF4.  This
material   is  generally  obtained from  enrichment  plants  which
produce uranium for nuclear energy applications.  The  enrichment'
process  involves separation of enriched UF6 from  depleted  UFs.
Much  of   the depleted uranium hexaf luoride is converted   to  U.F4
which  is  subsequently used as a raw material in  the   magnesium
 reduction  process.  Uranium- tetrafluoride is  also produced  from
uranium-bearing  scrap.   One of  the plants in  this   subcategory
uses uranium scrap (mainly 'off-spec product or machining  scrap),


                               4667

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


residues,  and  magnesium  reduction slag  as  raw  materials  in
addition   to   using  uranium  tetrafluoride.    The   following
discussions  describe  the production of uranium  from  secondary
sources  and  the  production  of  uranium  metal  from   uranium
tetrafluoride in more detail.

URANIUM TETRAPLUORIDE PRODUCTION

One  plant in the secondary Cranium subcategory has the  capacity
to   manufacture   uranium  tetrafluoride  from   scrap   uranium
materials.   This  plant  uses  the  manufactured  UP4   in  _its
magnesium  reduction  operation as a supplement to  UF4  obtained
from other sources.  This process is primarily a uranium recovery
operation,  as  the  raw  materials  are  scrap  from   machining
operations,  and  slag  generated by  magnesium  reduction.   The
magnesium  fluoride  slag  Is recycled to  the  recovery  process
whenever   its   residual   uranium   content   is   economically
recoverable.

The  first step in the recovery process is acid leaching the  raw
materials  to  dissolve  uranium.  Nitric acid  is  used  in  all
digestion,  leaching, and dissolving operations.   The  resultant
uranyl  nitrate solution is filtered and undissolved  solids  are
discarded.

Solvent  extraction follows the dissolution  operation.   In  the
solvent  extraction process,  uranyl nitrate is extracted into  a
solvent  phase  from the impure solution with an organic  solvent
such as tributyl phosphate in kerosene.   The solvent  extraction
raffinate  is discharged to treatment.

Following  the solvent extraction operation the uranyl nitrate is
stripped   from  the  organic phase  with  deionized  water.   The
aqueous uranyl nitrate solution undergoes evaporation to  produce
a  dry  uranyl  nitrate product which   is  calcined  causing  the
nitrate  to burn off as gaseous nitrogen oxides.   The  resulting
product  is yellow uranium trioxide, UO3.

The final  stages of uranium  tetrafluoride production involve  two
operations;   hydrogen reduction and hydrofluorination.   Uranium
trioxide  is reduced by hydrogen  to produce uranium dioxide, UO2-
Hydrogen  for this process is obtained  by cracking  ammonia.  Then,
uranium  dioxide  is contacted with vaporized hydrofluoric acid  at
elevated    temperatures.   The   resulting  product   is   uranium
tetrafluoride,  UF4,  which  is  feed material   for  the  magnesium
reduction  operation.        ;

The  potential  waste streams associated with  the  production  of
uranium   tetrafluoride  are  generated in  the   preliminary  acid
leaching  .steps  and  the  solvent  extraction   and  purification
operations.   Wet  air  pollution controls are  also  used  in  this
process   to  scrub  gases  from the acid  leaching,   evaporation  and
denitration, and hydrofluorination  operations.
                            4668

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - III


 MAGNESIUM REDUCTION PROCESS

 The magnesium reduction process is widely used to produce uranium
 metal from uranium tetrafluoride.   Uranium tetrafluoride is mixed
 with  magnesium and reduced to uranium metal in  a  thermite-type
 bomb  reduction  vessel.   ; The reduction reaction requires  about
 three  minutes and reaches a temperature around  1,900°C.   After
 the  magnesium  fluoride  slag and  uranium metal  are  allowed  to
 cool, the uranium metal is mechanically separated from the  slag.
 No  process water is associated with this process,.  therefore  no
 waste streams are generated.

 PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES,

 Although a variety of processes are involved in secondary uranium
 production,   the  process wastewater sources can be  subdivided as
 follows:

      (a)  Refinery sump filtrate,
      (b)  Slag leach reslurry,
      (c)  Digestion wet air pollution control,
      (d)  Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
      (e)  Evaporation and  denitration wet  air pollution control,
      (f)  Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
      (g)  Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
      (h)  Magnesium reduction and casting  floor  wash,  and
      (i)  Laundry wastewater.

 OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES

 Other   wastewaters  may be  associated with the   secondary  uranium
 subcategory.  These wastewater  streams  include  stormwater runoff,
 and  maintenance  and cleanup water.  These waste  streams  are   not
 considered as a  part  of this  rulemak-ing.  EPA  believes that   the
 flows and pollutant  loadings associated with these waste  streams
 are  insignificant  relative to the waste streams  selected and   are
 best  handled by  the  appropriate permit authority on  a  case-by-
 case basis under authority of Section 402 of the Clean Water Act.

 AGE, PRODUCTION, AND  PROCESS PROFILE

 Figure  III-3  (page   4676)  shows   the  location  of  the  three
 secondary  uranium  plants operating in the United  States.   All
 three plants are on the eastern part of the country.   Table III-1
 (page   4671) shows  the relative ages of the three  plants.   This
 shows   that  two  plants were built  in the  early  years  of  the
 uranium  industry, while the third plant was built in  the  early
 1970's.   It was probably built in anticipation of the growth  of
 the 'uranium industry due to commercial uses of uranium, primarily
 in  power generation.  Table III-2   (page 4672) gives   the  yearly
production ranges for the three plants in this subcategory.
                               4669

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
Table  III-3  (page  4673) provides a summary of  the  number  of
plants  generating  wastewater for the waste  streams  associated
with various proclsses and the number of plants with the process.
                                4670

-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  III

























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                 4671

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   SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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                        4674

-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - III
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   MAGNESIUM  REDUCTION PROCESS IN THE
     SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                4675

-------
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                          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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-------
              SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV
                             SECTION IV

                          SUBCATEGORI ZATION
                                                          <

                       S-UBDIVIDING THE  SECONDARY URANIUM


»o!L fact°rs nlistfd Previously under  general  subcategorization
were each evaluated when considering subdivision of the seconda?v
uranium subcategory.   m the discussion that follows, th^actSrs
will be described as they pertain to this particular subcatego?y?

=o™/ati°nale. f°r   considering  further  subdivision  of   the
secondary  uranium subcategory is based primarily on  difference!
in the production processes and raw materials used,  within  thil
subcategory a number of different operations are performed  which
may  or  may  not have a water use or discharge,  and  which  mav
require  the  establishment  of  separate  effluen?  limitations^
While secondary uranium is still considered a single            '

           °rh                                9
                                                            e«y
 Jllustra Jd°r?h9h  examlnati?? of the  production  processes* Si
 illustrated  the  need  for limitations and  standards  based  on
 specific flow allowances for the following subdivisions:

      1.   Refinery sump filtrate,
      2.   Slag leach reslurry,
      3.   Digestion wet air  pollution  control,
      4.   Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
      I'   ^a?°£ati°? T? denitration  wet  air pollution control,
      6.   Hydrofluorination  water scrubber,
      7.   Hydrofluorination  alkaline scrubber,
      8.   Magnesium reduction and casting  floor wash, and
      9.   Laundry wastewater.

^r™  subdivisions  follow  directly from  differences   within   the
te?r^luo?idf for^  SCraP'   residues' and -lag to produce u?anium
tetrafluoride for  use  in magnesium reduction to uranium metal.

Leaching  of the  raw materials gives  rise to the  first
                                    source o  wasewtr is
                                                        r  s
maerac,       1S  ?enerat^ by leaching uranium  from  the  raw
diachiS^         ?  9  ".Procesaed'  the residual  solids  are
discharged   as a slurry which  may be a  significant  source  of

acid  fumes  Ln^T^ 'H™ scrubbers whi^ are used to control
                      leaching  operation is  also  a  source  of
Solvent  extraction is used in the refining process to  purifv  a
uranium  intermediate product.   Solvent ext?action result in  a
raffinate  waste  stream that contains significant quantities  of


                               4677

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
        SECT  -  IV
pollutants.

Subdivisions  five  through seven arise from  wet  air  pollution
controls  which control emissions from the process used to refine
Scrip?  residues,  and  slag,to a usable,  product.   Evaporation,
denitration,   and  hydrofluorination  are  all  operations  that
necessitate'air pollution control systems    In some cases, water
iicse  is  recvcled to the process  rather  than  discharged.   The
potential Sou?cSs of wastSwater and associated pollutants require
that  each  subdivision be examined and handled on an  individual
basis.   Subdivisions eight and nine result from ^°?r w*f ^JJ
the magnesium reduction and casting area and laundering of  plant
personnel clothing.

OTHER FACTORS

The  other  factors considered in this evaluation either  support
the  establishment of the seven subdivisions or were shown to  be
inappropriate  bases  for  subdivision.   Air  pollution  control
methods,   treatment  costs,  and total  energy  requirements  are
functions  of  the selected :subcategorization  factors  --metal
product,   raw  materials, and production  processes.   Therefore,
they    are not   independent  factors  and  do  not  affect   the
subcategorization which  has  been  applied.   As  discussed   in
Section  IV  of  the General iDevelopment Document,  certain   other
factors,   such   as  plant  age, plant  size,  and  the  number   of
employes, were  also^valuatld and determined  to  Jj inappropriate
for use as bases for  subdivision of  nonferrous metals  plants.

PRODUCTION NORMALIZING  PARAMETERS

As discussed previously,   the  effluent limitations and  standards
developed  in   this  document  establish mass   limitations   on  the
discharge  of   specific  pollutant  parameters.    To   allow  these
 reflations   to  be   applied  to  plants  with   various   production
 capacities,  the mass  of pollutant  discharged  must be  related to a
 unit   of  production.    This  factor  is known   as  the  production
 normalizing parameter (PNP).

 In  general,   for each production process which has  a  wastewater
 associated  with  it,  the actual mass  of  uranium  intermediate
 prodScfproduced will be used as the PNP.  Thus, the  PNPs for the
 nine subdivisions are as follows:
           Subdivision

 1.  Refinery sump filtrate
 2.  Slag leach reslurry
  3.  Digestion wet air pollution
     control
            PNP

kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery

kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery

kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
                                 4678

-------
             SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  IV
 4.  Solvent extraction raffinate
     filtrate

 5.  Evaporation and denitration
     wet air pollution control

 6.  Hydrofluorination water
     scrubber

 7.  Hydrofluorination alkaline
     scrubber

 8.  Magnesium reduction and
     casting floor wash

 9.  Laundry wastewater
                                    kkg of uranium processed in
                                    the refinery

                                    kkg of uranium trioxide
                                    produced

                                    kkg of uranium tetraf luoride
                                    produced

                                    kkg of uranium tetraf luoride
                                    produced

                                    kkg  of  uranium produced by
                                   magnesium reduction

                                   kkg of  uranium produced by
                                   magnesium reduction
The
for
      last   two subdivisions  were added after  proposal  to   account
      additional waste  streams  documented by the plants in  ?heir
      ifv'  thff Pr°P°sal'.the Agency  had ^nsuffiXeSt   Sata   to
quantify   the   flow  associated  with   these   operations
        <-  dUring ?°St  Pr°P°sal sampling visits have  enabled
            Promul9ate discharge allowances  for  these   building
Based on comments from the industry received between proposal and
promulgation,  the  Agency  revised  the  production  nSrSzJnc
parameters  for  the  first four  subdivisions.   The  ?NPs  we?e
changed from the mass of uranium trioxide produced to the mass of
uranium processed within the subdivision operation.  ThiS enSblSf
plants  to calculate their regulatory discharge  ailowaiceS  wnln
they perform operations on a batch or campaign basis?
         s^bdiv!sion nan»es have also been altered since proposal
      was done in response to industry comments  requesting  that
the industry. ***** ** modified to refle^ actual practice \ithfn
                              4679

-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - IV
   THIS PAGE  INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     4680

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V



                             SECTION V

             WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS

 This  section  describes the characteristics  of  the   wastewaters
 associated with the secondary uranium subcategory.  Water  use  and
 discharge  rates are explained and then  summarized. Data used   to
 characterize  the  wastewaters are presented,   and  the  specific
 source,    water   use  and  discharge   flows,    and   wastewater
 characteristips   for  "each  separate  wastewater    source    are
 discussed.

 Section  V of the General Development Document contains a detailed
 description  of the data sources  and methods  of analysis used   to
 characterize wastewater from the  nonferrous metals  manufacturing
 category.    To summarize this information briefly,  two principal
 data  sources  were used:    data  collection portfolios (dcp)   and
 field  sampling  results.    Data   collection  portfolios   contain
 information regarding wastewater  flows and production  levels.

 In   order   to  quantify the  pollutant  discharge  from secondary
 uranium   plants,   a  field sampling  program was   conducted  after
 proposal.    A  complete list  of the  pollutants  considered  and a
 summary   of  the   techniques   used  in  sampling  and  laboratory
 analyses  are included in Section  V of  Vol. I. Wastewater   samples
 were  analyzed for  124  of  the 126  priority pollutants  and  other
 pollutants   deemed  appropriate. Because  the  analytical  standard
 for  TCDP   was judged to be  too hazardous to  be  made  generally
 available,   samples  were  never   analyzed  for   this  pollutant.
 Samples  were  also  never analyzed  for  asbestos.   There  is  no
 reason to   expect   that TCDD or  asbestos  would  be  present  in
 nonferrous   metals   manufacturing  wastewater.  Two  plants  were
 selected  for   sampling   in the   subcategory.   In  general,   the
 samples  were   analyzed  for three  classes of  pollutants:   toxic
 organic   pollutants,   toxic   metal  pollutants,   and   criteria
 pollutants  (which includes both conventional and  nonconventional
 pollutants).

 Additional   wastewater   flow  and production  data  were  received
 through   industry   comments   and  sampling  activities   between
 proposal  and   promulgation.   This  aided  EPA  in  promulgating
 discharge   allowances for magnesium  reduction and  casting  floor
 wash   and   laundry  wastewater  which  had  not  previously  been
 proposed.     It  also  aided  EPA  in  revising  the   production
 normalized  flows for  several  subdivisions.

As  described  in Section IV of  this  supplement,  the  secondary
 uranium  subcategory  has  been split into nine  subdivisions  or
wastewater  sources, so that the proposed regulation contains mass
discharge   limitations  and  standards for   nine  unit  processes
discharging  process wastewater.   Differences in the   wastewater
characteristics  associated . with these subdivisions  are  to  be
expected.   For this reason,   wastewater streams corresponding to
each subdivision,are addressed separately in the discussions that


                               4681

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - V
follow.  These wastewater sources are:
     1
     2
     3
     4
     5
     6
     7
     8
     9
Refinery sump filtrate,
Slag leach reslurry/
Digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
Magnesium reduction^and casting floor wash, and
Laundry wastewater.
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES

Data  supplied by dcp responses were evaluated,  and two flow-to-
production ratios,  water use and wastewater discharge flow, were
calculated for each stream.  The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation.   Water use is defined as the
volume  of water or other fluid required for a given process  per
mass  of  uranium product and is therefore based on  the  sum  o'f
recycle  and make-up flows to a given process.   Wastewater  flow
discharged  after pretreatment or recycle (if these are  present)
is  used  in calculating the: production normalized  flow  —  the
volume  of wastewater discharged from a given process to  further
treatment,  disposal, or discharge per mass of uranium  produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater flows associated
with  a  given  stream  result  from  recycle,  evaporation,  and
carry-over  on  the  product^.   The  production  values  used  in
calculation  correspond to the production normalizing  parameter,
PNP,  assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV.  As  an
example, refinery sump filtrate wastewater flow is related to the
mass  of  uranium  processed in  the  refinery.   As  such,  the
discharge rate liters of refinery sump filtrate per metric ton of
uranium  processed  in  the  'refinery  (gallons  of  refinery  sump
filtrate per ton of uranium  processed in the  refinery).

The   production  normalized  discharge flows  were  compiled  and
statistically   analyzed  by stream  type.    These   production
normalized  water  use  and  discharge  flows  are  presented  by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-9 at the  end of this section.
Where appropriate,  an attempt was made to identify factors  that
could account  for variations in water use and discharge   rates.
These  variations  are  discussed  later  in this   section   by
subdivision.    A  similar   analysis  of  factors  affecting  the
wastewater  flows  is presented in Sections X,  XI,  and XII  where
representative BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows are  selected for
use  in calculating the effluent  limitations.

The  water use and  discharge  rates  shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such  as  rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water.

WASTEWATER  CHARACTERISTICS  DATA

Data used  to  characterize  the various wastewaters  associated with
secondary   uranium  production   come  from   two   sources   — data
                                4682

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


 collection portfolios and analytical data from sampling.

 DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS

 In the data collection portfolios,   the secondary uranium  plants
 were asked to specify the presence  or absence of toxic pollutants
 in   their  wastewater.   The  one  .plant  responding   to   this
 questionnaire  did not report the presence of any  toxic  organic
 pollutants.   The responses for the toxic metals and cyanide  are
 summarized below:
 Pollutant
Known Present
 Antimony            0
 Arsenic             0
 Beryllium           0
 Cadmium             0
 Chromium            1
 Copper               1
 Cyanide             0
 Lead                 0
 Mercury             0
 Nickel               1
 Selenium            0
 Silver               0
 Thallium            0
 Zinc                 0

 FIELD SAMPLING DATA
      Believed Present
(Based on Raw Materials and
 Process Chemicals Used)
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
                                0
 In  order  to  quantify  the  concentrations  of  pollutants   in
 wastewater from secondary uranium plants, wastewater samples were
 collected  at  two of the plants belonging to  this  subcategory.
 Diagrams  indicating  the  sampling  sites,  waste  streams   and
 production processes are shown in Figures V-l and V-2 (paqes 4726
 and 4727).
Tables  V-10  through  V-16 summarize the data for
pollutants  as  well  as other pollutants  that
appropriate to this subcategory.
                                      124  priority
                                  were  considered
Table  V-10  (page  4691) presents the  data  for  refinerv  sump
filtrate.   Tables V-ll and V-12 (pages 4694 and 4702)  summarize
the data for solvent extraction raffinate after lime addition and
sedimentation  (V-ll), and after additional treatment  consisting
of pH adjustment and filtration (V-12).  Tables V-13 (page 4706),
V-14  (page  4709),  and  V-15 (page  4719)  show  the  data  for
hydrofluorination  alkaline  scrubber wastewater,  reduction  and
casting   floor  wash,  and  laundry  wastewater,   respectively.
Finally,  Table  V-16  (page  4723)   presents  data  for  treated
wastewater  from  reduction  and casting  as  well  as  machining
operations.   Note that the stream numbers listed in  the  tables
correspond  to those given in the plant sampling  site  diagrams,
                               4683

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


Figures  V-l  and V-2 (pages 4727 and 4727).  Where no  data  are
listed for a specific day of sampling, the wastewater samples for
the stream were not collected.

The  data tables include-some samples measured at  concentrations
considered not quantifiable.   Metal values_reported as less than
a certain value were considered not quantifiable.

The  detection  limits  shown on the data tables for  metals  and
conventional  and nonconventional pollutants are not the same  in
all cases as the published detection limits for these  pollutants
by  the same analytical methods.   The detection limits used were
reported  with the analytical data and hence are the  appropriate
as  a  result  of a  number  of  laboratory-specific,  equipment-
specific, and daily operator-specific factors.  These factors can
include day-to-day differences in machine calibration,  variation
in stock solutions, and variation in operators.

The  statistical analysis of data includes  some samples  measured
at   concentrations  considered  not  quantifiable.    For   data
considered  as detected but below quantifiable concentrations,  a
value  of  zero  is  used  for  averaging.   Nonconventional  and
conventional pollutant data reported with a "less than" sign  are
considered as detected, but not further quantifiable.  A value of
zero is used for averaging.  Metal values reported as less  than a
certain  value  were  considered  as  below quantification,  and
consequently were assigned a value of zero  in the calculation  of
the average.

WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION

Since   secondary  uranium  production  involves  nine  principal
sources   of  wastewater  and  each  has  potentially   different
characteristics  and  flows,  the wastewater characteristics  and
discharge  rates  corresponding  to  each   subdivision  will   be
described separately.  A brief description  of why the  associated
production   processes   generate  a  wastewater  will   also   be
discussed.                  [

REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE      ;

The  source  of  this waste  stream is  in   the   refinery  digestion
operation.   Here the uranium scrap,  residues,  and  compounds are
acid leached,  dissolving  the  uranium into  solution.  The primary
sources  of wastewater  in  the  digestion and dissolving operations
are  puntp leakage, pump  seal  water,  spills, and  hosedown   water.
The  latter   is   required  for  health  and  safety   reasons.  The
production normalized water use  and  discharge  rates  for   refinery
sump   filtrate are given in Table V-l  (page 4688)  in  liters  per
metric ton of uranium processed  in  the  refinery.

The  sampling  data  for  refinery sump filtrate  are   presented   in
Table   V-10  (page 4691).   The data  show  that  this   wastewater   is
characterized by treatable concentrations of  chromium, magnesium,
and  suspended  solids.


                                4684

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
 SLAG LEACH RESLURRY

 This waste stream originates  in the refinery digestion operation.
 Magnesium fluoride slag  containing residual  levels  of  uranium  is
 acid leached  to  recover  the uranium values.    After leaching,  the
 undissolved  solids are  filtered and discharged  to  treatment  as a
 slurry.    The production normalized water  use and discharge rates
 for   slag  leach reslurry are given in  Table V-2 (page  4688)   in
 liters per metric ton  of uranium processed in the refinery.

 Although   no  sampling  data are available for this wastewater,   it
 is   assumed  to   be similar to the refinery   sump   filtrate   with
 treatable concentrations of magnesium and  suspended solids.

 DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

 The_  acid  leach operation,   at the start  of the uranium  scrap,
 residue,   and slag refining process,  includes a water  scrubbing
 system  to control the discharge of acidic fumes and  particulate
 matter.    The scrubber  liquor is recycled  within   the  scrubber
 system,   but   a   blowdown stream prevents  build-up   of  acid   and
 particulates.    The blowdown  stream  is  reused   in  the   acid
 digestion and dissolution operation.  Table  V-4  (page  4689) shows
 the   production   normalized   water  use  and  discharge  rates   for
 digestion wet air  pollution control.

 Because   the  scrubber  liquor  is entirely recycled and  reused,   no
 discharge of  wastewater  results from  the use of  digestion wet  air
 pollution control.

 SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE  FILTRATE

 Solvent   extraction follows  the  acid leaching operation  and   is
 used  to   purify  the uranium  compound in   solution.     An  organic
 solvent,   tributyl  phosphate  in  a  kerosene  carrier,   selectively
 extracts  the  uranium compound  from  an acid solution.   The solvent
 extraction  raffinate filtrate  is  discharged  to treatment.   Table
 V-3  (page  4688) presents  the production normalized water use   and
 discharge  rates  for the  solvent extraction raffinate filtrate   in
 liters per metric  ton  of  uranium  processed in Solvent  extraction.

 Although   the  Agency  was ;not  able to  obtain   samples  of  this
 wastewater prior  to treatment,  the  data in Table V-ll  (page 4694)
 for   solvent  extraction  raffinate  after  lime  addition    and
 sedimentation  show that  this wastewater contains  concentration;-
 of  several   priority  metals far in  excess  of  their  treatable
 concentrations.  These metals include antimony, chromium, copper,
 lead, selenium, and zinc.  Treatable  concentrations  of magnesium,
 uranium, and  suspended solids are also present.

 EVAPORATION AND DENITRATICM WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
                           !

A  water  scrubber  is used to control vapors  and fumes  from   the
 evaporation and denitration operations.    Evaporation is used  . to


                                4685

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


concentrate  the  uranium solution (uranyl nitrate) after.it  has
been stripped from the organic phase into an aqueous phase. After
evaporation,  the  concentrated intermediate uranium  product  is
calcined  to  drive off the nitrate bound to the uranium  and  to
produce  dry uranium trioxide.   The nitrates in the air react to
form nitric acid,  and the scrubber is used to control these acid
fumes.   Table  V-5 (page 4689) shows the  production  normalized
water use and discharge rates for the evaporation and denitration
fume scrubber.

Because  the  scrubber  liquor has a high  acid  content,  it  is
recycled for use in the digestion operation.  There it is used to
dilute  fresh acid used for leaching and dissolution.   Since the
scrubber liquor is entirely reused, no discharge of_wastewater is
practiced in the evaporation and denitration operations.

HYDROPLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER

The  hydrofluorination  unit produces  uranium   tetrafluoride  by
contacting  uranium  dioxide with vaporized hydrofluoric acid  at
elevated temperatures.  The off-gases from this  operation  contain
significant  quantities  of  unreacted  hydrofluoric  acid.   The
scrubber on this unit scrubs  the acid fumes from the operation by
absorbing the hydrofluoric acid  into water.   Scrubbed gases  are
vented  to the alkaline scrubber.  Table V-7  (page  4690) shows the
production  normalized water use  and discharge rates  in liters per
metric  ton  of uranium tetrafluoride produced.

Since the hydrofluorination scrubber cleans what is  predominantly
vaporized   unreacted  hydrofluoric  acid,  the   scrubber    liquor
concentrates  this  acid as it is  recycled   through the   system.
When the desired concentration of hydrofluoric  acid is  attained,
the   liquor  is  drawn off an4  sold  for industrial use.   For   this
reason,  no    discharge    of   wastewater    occurs  from   the
hydrofluorination water  scrubber.

HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER

This scrubber handles  vent gases from the hydrofluorination water
scrubber.    These   gases   originated  in  the   hydrofluorination
operation    where   uranium dioxide  is  converted   to    uranium
tetrafluoride.  Hydrofluoric acid fumes  that  were not absorbed  by
the  water   scrubber   are   cleaned and   neutralized  by   the KOH
 scrubber   prior to  venting the exhaust  gases to  the atmosphere.
 Scrubber    blowdown  is   discharged  to  treatment.    Production
 normalized  water  use and discharge rates are presented  in  Table
V-6 (page  4689) in liters per metric  ton of uranium tetrafluoride
 produced.

 The   sampling   data  for  hydrofluorination  alkaline    scrubber
 wastewater  are presented in Table V-13 (page 4706).  These  data
 show that this  wastewater is  characterized by an alkaline ,pH  and
 treatable concentrations of arsenic,  copper, and nickel.
                            4686

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V


 MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER

 Water   is  used   to wash floors and  equipment   in  the  magnesium
 reduction and  casting area.    This water is eventually discharged
 as   a   wastewater   stream.   Table V-8 (page 4690)   presents   the
 production normalized water  use and  discharge  rates for magnesium
 reduction  and casting floor wash water  in liters per  metric   ton
 of  uranium produced by magnesium reduction.

 The analytical data for this waste stream are  presented in  Table
 V-14  (page 4709).    The  data show that  this  wastewater   is
 characterized  by treatable concentrations  of copper, lead,  zinc
 magnesium,  uranium,  and suspended solids.                        '

 LAUNDRY WASTEWATER

 Water is  used  to wash  the clothing of plant personnel working   in
 process   areas.   This  practice helps to minimize  the  amount   of
 uranium which  leaves the plant  site on workers and  their clothes
 This  water  is  eventually  discharged as  a  wastewater  stream!
 Water  use  and  discharge   rates  for  laundry   wastewater   are
 presented   in Table V-9  (page 4790)  in liters per metric  ton  of
 uranium produced by magnesium reduction.

The analytical data for this waste stream are presented in  Table
V-15 (page 4719).
                              4687

-------
   SECONDARY  URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT - V


               :    Table  V-l

        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
             REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE


  (1/kkg of uranium processed  in  the refinery)

               ;                           Production
                           Production     Normalized
               Percent     Normalized     Discharge
Plant Code     Recycle     Water  Use         Flow
  1175
0           73,340         73,340
                    TABLE V-2

        WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
               SLAG LEACH RESLURRY


   (1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)

                                          Production
                           Production     Normalized
               Percent     Normalized     Discharge
Plant Code     Recycle     Water Use         Flow

    1175       '    o           4,566          4,566
                     TABLE V-3

         WATER USE  AND DISCHARGE  RATES  FOR
        DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL


   (1/kkg of uranium processed  in the refinery)

               :                           Production
                            Production    Normalized
               :Percent     Normalized    Discharge
 Plant Code    : Recycle     Water Use         Flow

     1175          100           NR               0
                        4688

-------
     SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - V
                      TABLE V-4

          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
        SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE

    (1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
  Plant Code
     1175
                            Production
             Production      Normalized
 Percent      Normalized      Discharge
 Recycle      Water  Use          Flow
                6,369
                   6,369
                      TABLE V-5

          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
        (1/kkg of uranium trioxide produced)
  Plant Code
      1175
Percent
Recycle

   100
Production
Normalized
Water Use

     NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
   Flow

     0
                      TABLE V-6

          WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
          HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
      (1/kkg  of  uranium  tetrafluoride produced)
  Plant  Code
      1175
Percent
Recycle

   100
Production
Normalized
Water Use

     NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
   Flow

     0
                        4689

-------
    SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - V
                     TABLE V-7

         WATER USE AND  DISCHARGE RATES FOR
        HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE  SCRUBBER
     (1/kkg  of  uranium tetrafluoride  produced)
 Plant Code
    1175
Percent
Recycle

  NR
Production
Normalized
Water Use

    NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
   Flow

    20
                     TABLE V-8

         WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES  FOR
 MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR  WASH WATER
(1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium reduction)
                            Production

Plant Code
1175
1066
Percent
Reqycle
0
0
Normalize^
Water Use
331
30.1
                           Production
                           Normalized
                           Discharge
                              Flow
                                               331

                                                30.1
                     TABLE V-9

         WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
                LAUNDRY WASTEWATER.
(1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium reduction)
 Plant Code

    1175

    1066
Percent
Recycle

   'NR

   o
Production
Normalized
Water Use

    NR

    192
Production
Normalized
Discharge
   Flow

    NR

    192
                        4690

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-------
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-------
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-------
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-------
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                  SECONDARY  URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                    SECT  - V
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
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          SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                              SECT -  V
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
    THIS PAGE  INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                 4728

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            SECONDARY  URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VI



                            SECTION VI

                 SELECTION  OF POLLUTANT  PARAMETERS

 This   section   examines  the chemical analysis  data presented   in
 Section V  and  discusses  the selection or exclusion of  pollutants
 for  potential limitation.  The discussion that  follows  presents
 and    briefly   discusses  the selection  of    conventional    and
 nonconventional  pollutants for   effluent  limitations.    Also
 described  is the analysis  that was  performed to select or exclude
 toxic   priority  pollutants for  further    consideration    for
 limitations  and standards.  Pollutants will  be  considered   for
 limitation if  they are present in  concentrations treatable by  the
 technologies    considered   in this analysis.     The   treatable
 concentrations  used  for the priority metals were  the  long-term
 performance    values   achievable   by    chemical   precipitation,
 sedimentation,  and filtration.  The treatable  concentrations used
 for  the priority organics  were the long-term  performance  values
 achievable by  carbon  adsorption.

 CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED

 As  part   of   this study, The Agency examined   samples  from  two
 plants   in    this  subcategory  for  toxic,    conventional   and
 nonconventional  pollutants.   The conventional  and nonconventional
 pollutants or  pollutant  parameters  selected for  limitation in the
 secondary  uranium subcategory are:

      fluoride
      total suspended solids  (TSS)
      pH

 Fluoride  was   found  in the  two   samples  of   hydrofluorination
 alkaline scrubber wastewater  at concentrations of  19,000 mg/1 and
 32,000  mg/1,  significantly higher  than  the 14.5 mg/1  achievable
 with identified  treatment technology.   For this  reason,  fluoride
 is selected for  limitation  in this  subcategory.

 TSS  concentrations ranging from less than 1 to  1,600  mg/1  were
 observed in the  raw waste samples analyzed for this study.    Most
 of  these  concentrations are well above the 2.6  mg/1  treatable
 concentration.    Most  of  the specific methods  used  to  remove
 priority metals do so by converting these metals  to precipitates,
 and these metal-containing precipitates should not be discharged.
Meeting a limitation on  total suspended solids helps ensure  that
 removal  of these precipitated toxic metals has  been  effective.
 For  these  reasons,   total suspended  solids  are  selected  for
 limitation in this subcategory.

The pH values observed during this study ranged from 6.0  to 15.3.
These values suggest  that the pH of secondary uranium wastewaters
may  be  outside the  7.5 to 10.0  range considered  desirable  for
discharge  to  receiving waters.    Many deleterious  effects  are
caused  by  extreme  pH values or rapid  changes  in  pH.    Also,


                               4729

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT - VI
effective  removal  of  toxic metals  by  precipitation  requires
careful  control  of pH.  Since pH control within  the  desirable
limits  is  readily  attainable by  available  treatment,   pH  is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.

Ammonia  and uranium have been considered for regulation in  this
subcategory.  Neither pollutant has been selected for  regulation
at  promulgation.  Data collected after proposal  indicated  that
ammonia  is no longer used in the secondary  uranium  processing.
Therefore,  EPA  is  not promulgating  limitations  for  ammonia.
Effluent  limitations  for uranium have not been  established  in
this  subcategory.   Pursuant to the Supreme  Court's  ruling
Train  v.  Colorado Public Interest Research Group,  426  U.S
          EPA  lacks the authority under the Clean Water  Act
          this  pollutant  since it is  a  "source"  material
(1976).
regulate
defined  by
Energy Act.
in
 1
to
as
             the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under  the  Atomic
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS

The  frequency of occurrence of the toxic pollutants in  the  raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page  4373).
Table VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from streams  124,
135, 121, 126, 405, and 908 {see Section V).  These data  provide
the  basis  for  the categorization of  specific  pollutants,  as
discussed below.  Treatment plant samples were not considered  in
the frequency count.

TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

The  toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2  (page 4736)  were  not
detected  in  any raw wastewater samples from  this  subcategory.
Therefore,   they   are  not  selected   for   consideration   in
establishing limitations:

TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT

The   toxic  pollutants  listed  below  are  not   selected   for
consideration  in establishing limitations because they were  not
found  in any raw wastewater samples from this subcategory  above
concentrations  considered  achievable by existing  or  available
treatment technologies.

     117.  beryllium
     121.  cyanide
     123.  mercury

TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES

The following pollutants were not selected  for limitation on  the
basis  that they were detected in the effluent from only a  small
number  of  sources  within the  subcategory,  and  are  uniquely
related to only these sources:
                               4730

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
      66.  bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
     127.  thallium

Although  these  pollutants were not selected for  limitation   in
establishing  national  guidelines,  it  may be appropriate on  a
case-by-case basis for the local permitting authority to  specify
effluent limitations.

Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected in one of two samples  of
secondary   uranium  raw  wastewater  analyzed.    The   observed
concentration  is  0.989 mg/1.  This compound  is  .a  plasticizer
commonly  used  in field sampling equipment and is  not  used   or
formed  as  a by-product in this subcategory.  For  this  reason,
bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)   phthalate  is  not  selected   for   further
consideration for limitation.

Thallium  was detected above its treatable concentration of  0.34
mg/1  in  only  one out of 10  samples  analyzed.   The  observed
treatable  concentration is 3 mg/1.   The Agency has no reason  to
believe  that  treatable  concentrations of  thallium  should   be
present  in  secondary uranium wastewaters and does  not  believe
that  the one observed treatable value is representative  of  the
subcategory.   For  these reasons,  thallium is not selected  for
further consideration for .limitation.

PRIORITY POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS

The  toxic  pollutants  listed below  are  selected  for  further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for  this
subcategory.    The   toxic  pollutants  selected   for   further
consideration  for  limitation are each discussed  following  the
list.
114.
115.
118.
119.
120.
122.
124.
125.
126.
128.
antimony
arsenic
cadmium
chromium
copper
lead
nickel
selenium
silver
zinc
Antimony  was  detected above its treatability  concentration  of
0.47  mg/1  in three out of 10  samples  analyzed.   Antimony  is
selected for further consideration £or limitation.

Arsenic was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.34
mg/1  in  two out of 10 samples.   These samples showed 12.0  and
14.0 mg/1 arsenic in the raw wastewater.   Therefore,  arsenic is
selected for further consideration for limitation.

Cadmium  was detected above its treatable concentration of  0.049
                               4731

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
mg/1 in four samples containing 1.2, 0.73, 0.055, and 0.064 rag/1.
Cadmium is selected for further consideration for limitation.

Chromium  was  detected above its treatability  concentration  of
0.07  mg/1 in three out of 10 samples analyzed.   The  analytical
data  showed  0.072,  0.075,  and  25 mg/1 chromium  in  the  raw
wastewater.   Chromium is selected for further consideration  for
limitation.                 •

Copper  was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.39
mg/1 in four out of 10 samples analyzed.   The observed treatable
concentrations  ranged  from  0.084 to  4,160  mg/1.   Copper  is
selected for further consideration for limitation.

Lead was detected above its treatable concentration of 0.08  mg/1
in  three  out  of 10 samples analyzed.   The  samples  indicated
0.089,  4.1,  and 14 mg/1 of' lead in the raw wastewater.  Lead is
selected for further consideration for limitation.

Nickel was detected above its treatability concentration of  0.22
mg/1 in four out of 10 samples analyzed.   Nickel is selected for
further consideration for limitation.

Selenium  was  detected above its treatability  concentration  of
0.20 mg/1 in five out of 10 raw wastewater samples analyzed.
Therefore,  selenium  is selected for further  consideration  for
limitation.

Silver  was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.07
mg/1 in three out of 10 samples analyzed.  Silver is selected for
further consideration for limitation.


Zinc  was detected above its treatability concentration  of  0.23
mg/1  in seven out of 10 samples analyzed.   Zinc is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
                               4732

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                SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
            SECT  -  VI
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                 SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                        SECT  - VI
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                                       4734

-------
                      SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                                                  SECT  -  VI
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                                                4735

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                           TABLE VI-2

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 1.  acenaphthene
 2.  acrolein
 3.  acrylonitrile
 4.  benzene
 5.  benzidine
 6.  carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
 7.  chlorobenzene
 8.  1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
 9.  hexachlorobenzene
10.  1,2-dichloroethane
11.  1,1,1-trichloroethane
12.  hexachloroethane
13.  1,1-dichloroethane
14.  1,1,2-trichloroethane
15.  1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16.  chloroethane
17.  bis (chloromethyl) ether (deleted)
18.  bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19.  2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
20.  2-chloronaphthalene
21.  2r4,6-trichlorophenol
22.  parachlorometa cresol
23.  chloroform (trichloromethane)
2?.  2-chlorophenol
25.  lr2-dichlorobenzene
26.  1,3-dichlorobenzene
27.  1,4-dichlorobenzene
28.  3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
29.  1,1-dichloroethylene
30.  1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31.  2,4-dichlorophenol
32.  1,2-dichloropropane
33.  1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34.  2,4-dimethylphenol
35.  2,4-dinitrotoluene
36.  2,6-dinitrotoluene
37.  1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38.  ethylbenzene
39.  fluoranthene
40.  4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41.  4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42.  bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43.  bis(2-choroethoxy) methane
44.  methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
45.  methyl chloride  (chloromethane)
46.  methyl bromide (brqmomethane)
47.  bromoform (tribromomethane)
48.  dichlorobromomethane
49.  trichlorofluoromethane (deleted)
                               4736

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           SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
               SECT - VI
                     TABLE VI-2  (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

 50.  dichlorodifluoromethane  (deleted)
 51.  chlorodibromomethane
 52.  hexachlorobutadiene
 53.  hexachlorocyclopentadiene
 54.  isophorone
 55.  naphthalene
 56.  nitrobenzene
 57.  2-nitrophenol
 58.  4-nitrophenol
 59.  2,4-dinitrophenol
 60.  4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
 61.  N-nitrosodimethylamine
 62.  N-nitrosodiphenylamine
 63.  N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
 64.  pentachlorophenol
 65.  phenol
 67.  butyl benzyl phthalate
 68.  di-n-butyl phthalate
 69.  di-n-octyl phthalate
 70.  diethyl phthalate
 71.  dimethyl phthalate
 72.  benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
 73.  benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
 74.  3,4-benzofluoranthene
 75.  benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
 76.  chrysene
 77.  acenaphthylene
 78.  anthracene
 79.  benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
 80.  fluorene
 81.  phenanthrene
 82.  dibenzo (a,h)anthracene
 83.  indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene
 84.  pyrene
 85.  tetrachloroethylene
 86.  toluene
 87.  trichloroethylene
 88.  vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
 89.  aldrin*
 90.  dieldrin*
 91.  chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)*
 92.  4,4'-DDT*
93.  4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
94.  4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)*
95.  a-endosulfan.Alpha*
96.  b-endosulfan-8eta*
97.  endosulfan sulfate*
98.  endrin*
99.  endrin aldehyde*
(1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
(w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)
                               4737

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
                     TABLE VI-2 (Continued)

                 TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED

100. heptachlor*
101. heptachlor epoxide*
102. a-Alpha-BHC*
103. b-Beta-BHC*
104. r-Gamma-BHC(lindane)*
105. g-Delta-BHC*
106. PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)*
107. PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)*
108. PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)*
109. PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)*
110. PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)*
111. PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)*
112. PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)*
113. toxaphene*
116. asbestos (Fibrous)
129. 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)

*We did not analyze for these pollutants in samples of raw
 wastewater from this subcategory.  These pollutants are not
 believed to be present based on the Agency's best engineering
 judgment  which  includes  consideration of  raw  materials  and
process operations.
                               4738

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
                            SECTION VII

                CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES


 The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the  sources,
 flows,  and characteristics of the wastewaters from the secondary
 uranium plants.  This section summarizes the description of these
 wastewaters  and  indicates the treatment technologies which  are
 currently practiced in the secondary uranium subcategory for each
 wastewater  stream.  Also, this section presents the control  and
 treatment  technology options which were examined by  the  Agency
 for possible application to the secondary uranium subcategory.

 CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES

 This  section  presents  a summary of the control  and  treatment
 technologies  that  are currently being applied to each  of  the
 sources generating wastewater in this subcategory.    As discussed
 in  Section V,   wastewater associated with the secondary  uranium
 subcategory  is characterized by the presence  of the toxic  metal
 pollutants and  suspended solids.    This analysis is supported  by
 the raw (untreated)  wastewater data,  presented in Section V,  from
 a   uranium  ore mill.    It is expected that  these pollutants  are
 present  in  each of the waste streams  at  concentrations  above
 treatability,   and  these waste streams are  commonly combined for
 treatment.    Construction of  one  wastewater  treatment  system  for
 combined  treatment   allows plants  to take advantage of  economic
 scale   and  in   some instances to combine  streams   of   different
 alkalinity to reduce treatment chemical requirements.   The direct
 discharging plant  in  this subcategory currently has a  combined
 wastewater   treatment system  including chemical  precipitation and
 sedimentation.    The options  selected for  consideration for   BPT,
 BAT,   NSPS,  and pretreatment  will be  summarized  toward  the end  of
 this section.

 REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE

 Refinery sump filtrate wastewater has  its  source  in  the digestion
 operation.   Components   of this wastewater  include  pump  leakage,
 pump seal water,  spills,  and  washdown  water.  All these flows are
 collected   in.a  sump to which  chemicals are added to  precipitate
 uranium.   After  filtration with a leaf filter,   the filtrate   is
 discharged   to   a  general   sump  for  treatment  consisting   of
 neutralization,   flocculation  and sedimentation, and discharge  to
 a surface water.

 SLAG LEACH RESLURRY

 In  addition  to  solid  uranium  scrap  and  uranium   residues,
magnesium fluoride slag from  the magnesium reduction operation  is
 used  as  a  raw material for  uranium  recovery.   The  recovery
process^ involves  acid leaching the slag  to  .dissolve  uranium.
Separation of the uranium-containing acid and the leached slag  is
                               4739

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


done  by filtration, after which the slag solids  are  reslurried
with  water.  The slurry is treated by neutralization and  rotary
precoat  filtration.   The filtrate is discharged  to  a  surface
water.

DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

The acid leaching operation includes a water scrubber for control
of acid fumes generated from leaching.   The system  recirculates
water  to  absorb  particulates and acid gases,  and  a  blowdown
stream prevents build-up of acid and particulates.  The  blowdown
stream is reused in the acid digestion and dissolution operation.
Since  the  scrubber liquor is entirely recycled and  reused,  no
discharge to the treatment system occurs.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE

Purification  of  the  uranium compound that  results  from  acid
leaching  is done by solvent extraction.   An organic solvent  is
used  to selectively extract the uranium compound from  the  acid
solution.   Impurities  from  acid leaching are left in the  acid
solution.    This  solvent  extraction  raffinate   filtrate   is
discharged  to combined treatment consisting of neutralization and
sedimentation, followed by discharge to a surface water.

EVAPORATION AND DENITRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

After  purification  by solvent extraction,  the  uranyl  nitrate
solution  is concentrated by evaporation.   The calcination  step
which  follows converts the Uranium compound to uranium trioxide.
Calcination off-gases  contain  much  nitric  acid.   Since  the
scrubber  liquor  absorbs  the nitric acid,  the  liquor  is  not
discharged  as a wastewater but used to dilute fresh acid in  the
digestion operation.  Therefore, no wastewater is discharged from
the evaporation and denitration operations.

HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER

Hydrofluorination,   as  described  above,   involves  contacting
uranium  dioxide with vaporized hydrofluoric acid at an  elevated
temperature.    Unreacted  hydrofluoric  acid  fumes  are  passed
through  a  water scrubber which absorbs much of  the  hydrofluoric
acid.  Vent gases pass to the  second scrubber  noted  above.   Since
the scrubber liquor over the hydrofluorination unit  absorbs  acid,
the   liquor is  circulated until a  specified   concentration  of
hydrofluoric  acid  is attained.   Then  the  solution  is drawn off
and sold for industrial use.   Therefore,   the   hydrofluorination
water  scrubber discharges no wastewater  to  treatment.

HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER

Hydrofluorination    involves   contacting    uranium   dioxide  with
hydrofluoric acid  to produce uranium  tetrafluoride.  The offgases
from  this operation, after passing  through  a water  scrubber,  are
scrubbed  by  a  circulating ;KOH  solution  which   neutralizes and


                                4740

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - VII


 scrubs  the  acidic  fumes.  The scrubber  liquor  is  completely
 recycled until scrubber efficiency diminishes; then the liquor is
 batch  discharged to combined treatment.  Treatment  consists  of
 neutralization and sedimentation, followed by direct discharge to
 a surface water.

 MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER

 Water  is  used  to wash floors and equipment  in  the  magnesium
 reduction  and  casting  area.    One plant uses a  floor  washing
 machine  and  a second plant washes floors manually.    The  plant
 which uses a floor washing machine discharges the wash water to a
 batch  chemical precipitation and sedimentation treatment  system
 prior  to  discharge  to  surface waters.    At  the  other  plant
 reporting  this stream, the reduction and casting wash  water  is
 combined  with  machining wastewater and treated  using  chemical
 precipitation and rotary precoat filtration prior to  discharge to
 surface waters.

 LAUNDRY WASTEWATER

 Two  plants   reported   the use  of water  to wash the  clothing  of
 plant personnel working in production areas.   One facility treats
 the  resulting wastewater in a  batch chemical  precipitation  and
 sedimentation  treatment  system  prior  to discharge   to  surface
 waters.    The other  facility reporting  this  practice,  discharges
 laundry  wastewater  to  surface  waters after  treatment   consisting
 of  chemical  precipitation and sedimentation.

 CONTROL AND  TREATMENT OPTIONS

 The Agency examined  two control  and  treatment  technology  options
 that   are applicable to the  secondary uranium   subcategory.    The
 options   selected  for evaluation represent applicable end-of-pipe
 treatment technologies.

 Examination   of the waste  streams  in  this  subcategory shows   that
 no further in-process flow reduction  is achievable.   Recycle   of
 laundry wastewater has  been  considered in  Section X, BAT.  On  the
 VI),   options   including  activated   carbon adsorption  were   not
 considered.

 OPTION A

 Option  A for the secondary uranium subcategory requires  control
 and  treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of  pollutant
 mass.

 The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical  precipitation
 and sedimentation technology.   Specifically,  lime or some other
 alkaline  compound  is  used to precipitate dissolved  metals  as
metal  hydroxides.   The  metal hydroxides and  suspended  solids
 settle  out and the sludge is collected.    Vacuum  filtration  is
 used to dewater sludge.
                               4741

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I
                   SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
         OPTION C

         Option  C  for the secondary uranium subcategory consists of  all
         control   and  treatment  requirements  of  Option  A   (chemical
         precipitation  and  sedimentation)   plus  multimedia   filtration
         technology  added  at the end of the Option A  treatment  scheme.
         Multimedia  filtration  is  used  to  remove  suspended   solids,
         including  precipitates  of  metals,  beyond  the   concentration
         attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The filter suggested is  of
         the  gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of  filters,
         such  as  rapid sand filters or pressure  filters  would  perform
         satisfactorily.  The addition of filters also provides consistent
         removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
         in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
                                         4742

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
                           SECTION VIII

            COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS


 This  section  presents  a summary of compliance  costs  for  the
 secondary  uranium subcategory and a description of the treatment
 options  and  subcategory-specific assumptions  used  to  develop
 these  estimates.   Together with the estimated pollutant removal
 performance presented in Section X of this supplement, these cost
 estimates provide a basis for evaluating each regulatory  option
 These  cost estimates are also used in determining  the  probable
 economic  impact  of regulation on the subcategory  at  different
 pollutant discharge levels.   In addition, this section  addresses
 nonwater  quality environmental impacts of  wastewater  treatment
 and control alternatives, including air pollution, solid  wastes
 and  energy  requirements, which are specific  to  the  secondarv
 uranium subcategory.                                             *

 TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES

 As  discussed  in Section VII,  two treatment  options   have  been
 developed   and  considered   in  promulgating   limitations   and
 standards  for  the secondary uranium subcategory.   These  options
 are  summarized below and schematically presented in Fiqures  X-l
 and X-2  (pages  4777  and  4778).                          y
 OPTION A

 The Option A  treatment scheme consists of chemical
 and sedimentation technology.

 OPTION C
        precipitation
Option  C for the secondary uranium subcategory consists  of  all
control   .and  treatment  requirements  of  Option  A   (chemical
precipitation  and  sedimentation)  plus  multimedia   filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.

COST METHODOLOGY

A  detailed  discussion of the methodology used  to  develop  the
compliance  costs is presented in Section VIII of Vol. I.   Plant-
by-plant compliance costs for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category  have  been  revised as  necessary  following  proposal
These  revisions  calculate incremental  costs,  above  treatment
already  in  place,   necessary to  comply  with  the  promulgated
effluent  limitations  and  standards and are  presented  in  the
administrative  record supporting this regulation.   A  comparison
of the costs developed for.proposal and the revised costs  for the
final  regulation are presented in Table VIII-1 (page  4746)  for
the direct discharger in this subcategory.

Each  of the general assumptions used to develop compliance  costs
                               4743

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         SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                           SECT  -  VIII
is presented in Section VIII of the General Development Document.
Subcategory-specific   assumptions   were  used   in   developing
compliance costs for the secondary uranium subcategory are listed
below.
     (1)
          Costs  for  purchasing  a floor  washing  machine  were
          included  in  the compliance cost estimates  for  plant
          1175  because  the Agency believes that this  piece  of
          equipment is necessary for this facility to achieve the
          flow  allowance  for magnesium  reduction  and  casting
          floor wash water.

NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS

A  general  discussion  of the nonwater quality  aspects  of  the
control  and  treatment  options considered  for  the  nonferrous
metals  category  is  contained in Section VIII  of  the  General
Development  Document.  Nonwater quality impacts specific to  the
secondary  uranium  subcategory, including  energy  requirements,
solid waste and air pollution are discussed below.

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

The  methodology used for determining the energy requirements for
the  various options is discussed in Section VIII of the  General
Development  Document.   Energy  requirements for  Option  A  are
estimated  at  52,000  kwh/yr, and for  Option  C  the  estimated
requirement  is  62,000  kwh/yr.  Option  C  energy  requirements
increased  over  those for Option A because filtration  is  being
added as an end-of-pipe treatment technology.  Since recycle  and
reuse   of   scrubber  liquor  is  already  practiced   in   this
subcategory,  energy  requirement  savings  resulting  from  flow
reduction  measures  are not  reflected in  this  analysis.   Both
Option  A and Option C energy requirements represent less than   1
percent  of the energy usage  in the secondary  uranium  industry.
It  is  therefore concluded that the energy requirements  of  the
treatment  options  considered will have  no significant impact  on
total plant energy  consumption.

SOLID WASTE

Sludge  generated  in the secondary uranium subcategory is due  _ to
the  precipitation  of metals  as hydroxides and   carbonates  using
lime    Sludges associated with the secondary uranium subcategory
will necessarily contain quancities of toxic metal pollutants.

Wastes  generated  by secondary metal  industries  can  be  regulated
as hazardous.  However,  the'Agency  examined the  solid wastes  that
would  be generated at  secondary nonferrous metals   manufacturing
plants  by the suggested treatment  technologies  and  believes  they
Ire   not  hazardous  wastes  under   the  Agency's   regulations
implementing   Section   3001,  of  the  Resource   Conservation   and
Recovery  Act.  None of  the  secondary uranium  subcategory   wastes
are  listed   specifically  as  hazardous,  nor are   they _  likely   to
exhibit  a characteristic  of  hazardous waste.   This   judgment   is
                                4744

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
 made  based on the recommended technology of  lime  precipitation
 and filtration. By the addition of a small excess of lime  during
 treatment,  similar  sludges, specifically  toxic  metal  bearing
 sludges, generated by other industries such as the iron and steel
 industry passed the Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test.  See
 40  CFR  S261.24. Thus, the Agency believes that  the  wastewater
 sludges  will  similarly  not  be EP  toxic  if  the  recommended
 technology is applied.

 Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
 result  of  these  guidelines are not expected to  be  hazardous,
 generators  of these wastes must test the waste to  determine  if
 the  wastes  meet any of the characteristics of  hazardous  waste
 (see 40 CFR 262.11).

 If these wastes should be identified or are listed as  hazardous,
 they  will  come  within the scope of RCRA's  "cradle  to  grave"
 hazardous  waste management program,  requiring  regulation  from,
 the  point  of generation to point of final  disposition.    EPA's
 generator   standards  would  require  generators  to   hazardous
 nonferrous metals manufacturing  wastes  to meet  containerization,
 labeling,  recordkeeping,  and reporting requirements;   if   plants
 dispose of hazardous  wastes off-site, they  would have to  prepare
 a  manifest which would track the  movement of the wastes  from  the
 generator's premises  to a  permitted off-site treatment,   storage,
 or  disposal  facility.   See 40 CFR 262.20  45  FR 33142   (May  19
 1980),   as  amended  at 45 FR 86973  (December  31,   1980).    The
 transporter regulations require transporters  of  hazardous   wastes
 to comply with the manifest system to assure  that the wastes   are
 delivered to a permitted facility.   See  40  CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
 (May   19,  1980),  as amended at 45  FR  86973  (December  31,   1980).
 Finally,  RCRA  regulations  establish standards  for hazardous  waste
 treatment,   storage,  and disposal  facilities allowed  to   receive
 such wastes.   See  40  CFR Part  464  46  FR  2802  (January 12,   1981)
 47  FR  32274 (July  26,  1982).                                    "

 Even if  these  wastes  are not  identified as hazardous,  they still
 must  be   disposed  of  in  compliance  with  the  Subtitle   D  open
 dumping   standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA.  See 44  FR  53438
 (September  13,  1979).   It  is estimated that the secondary uranium
 subcategory will generate  285 metric  tons of sludge per year when
 implementing   the   BPT  treatment   technology.    The  Agency  has
 calculated  as  part  of the  costs for wastewater treatment the cost
 of  hauling  and disposing of these wastes.

 AIR POLLUTION

 There  is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems   will   result   from   implementation   of    chemical
precipitation,  sedimentation,  and multimedia  filtration.   The
model technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not
 likely to transfer pollutants to air.
                               4745

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r
                   SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                  SECT - VIII
                                    TABLE VIII-1

              COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                 DIRECT DISCHARGERS

                                (March 1982 Dollars)
          Option

            A

            C
      Proposal Cost
Capital Cost   Annual Cost
                Promulgation Cost
            Capital Cost   Annual Cost
   28,600

   54,300
73,600

86,500
54,800

88,000
 90,400

106,700
                                          4746

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX




                            SECTION IX

      BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
 This  section  defines the  effluent   characteristics  attainable
 through  the application of best  practicable   control  technology
 currently available (BPT). BPT reflects  the existing   performance
 by  plants  of various sizes,  ages, and   manufacturing  processes
 within  the  secondary  uranium  subcategory,   as   well  as    the
 established  performance  of the  model BPT  systems.    Particular
 consideration  is   given  to the  treatment already  in  place   at
 plants within the  data base.

 The  factors considered in identifying  BPT include the total  cost
 of applying the technology in  relation to the  effluent  reduction
 benefits   from  such   application,  the   age   of  equipment    and
 facilities  involved,  the manufacturing  processes used,   nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts  (including energy   requirements),
 and  other factors the Administrator considers  appropriate.    In
 general,   the  BPT level represents the  average of  the   existing
 performances   of   plants of  various ages,  sizes,   processes,   or
 other   common  characteristics.   Where  existing  performance   is
 uniformly  inadequate,   BPT  may be transferred  from  a  different
 subcategory  or  category.   Limitations   based  on  transfer    of
 technology are  supported  by a  rationale  concluding  that   the
 technology is,  indeed,  transferable, and  a reasonable  prediction
 that   it   will be  capable of achieving  the  prescribed   effluent
 limits  BPT focuses on  end-of-pipe treatment rather than  process
 changes   or   internal  controls, except where such   practices   are
 common  industry practice.

 TECHNICAL  APPROACH TO BPT

 The Agency  studied the  nonferrous metals category to identify  the
 processes   used,   the   wastewaters generated,   and  the  treatment
 processes   installed.    Information was collected   from   industry
 using  data   collection   portfolios,  and  specific  plants  were
 sampled  and  the  wastewaters  analyzed.   In  making  technical
 assessments   of  data,   reviewing  manufacturing  processes,   and
 assessing wastewater treatment technology options,   both  indirect
 and  direct   dischargers have been considered  as a single  group.
 An  examination  of  plants and processes did   not  indicate  any
 process differences based on the type of discharge,  whether it  be
 direct or  indirect.

As explained  in .Section IV, the secondary uranium subcategory has
 been subdivided into seven potential wastewater  sources.   Since
 the water use,  discharge rates, and pollutant characteristics  of
each  of  these  wastewaters  is  potentially   unique,   effluent
 limitations will be developed for  each  of the  seven  subdivisions.

For  each of the subdivisions,   a  specific approach  was  followed


                               4747

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
for   the  development  of  BPT  mass  limitations.   The   first
requirement  to  calculate these limitations is  to  account  for
production and flow variability from plant to plant.   Therefore,
a  unit of production or production normalizing  parameter  (PNP)
was  determined  for each wastewater stream which could  then  be
related  to the flow from the process to determine  a  production
normalized flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is
discussed  in Section IV.  Each plant within the subcategory  was
then  analyzed to determine which subdivisions were present,  the
specific  flow  rates  generated for each  subdivision,  and  the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.   This
analysis  is  discussed  in  detail  in  Section  V.   Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling  water
are not considered in the analysis.

Production  normalized  flows  for  each  subdivision  were  then
analyzed  to  determine the flow to be used as part of the  basis
for BPT mass limitations.   The selected flow (sometimes referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water  use  controls  which  are  common  practices  within   the
category.  The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data.  Plants with normalized flows above the  average
may  have to implement some method of flow reduction  to  achieve
the BPT limitations.

The  second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the  set
of  concentrations that are achievable by application of the  BPT
level of treatment technology.  Section VII discusses the various
control  and treatment technologies which are currently in  place
for each wastewater source.   In most cases,  the current control
and  treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation  (lime and settle technology) and a combination  of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.

Using  these regulatory flows and the achievable  concentrations,
the  next step is to calculate mass loadings for each  wastewater
source or subdivision.  This calculation was made on a strearn-by-
stream  basis,  primarily because plants in this subcategory  may
perform  one or more of the operations in  various  combinations.
The  mass  loadings  (milligrams of  pollutant  per  kilogram  of
production  - mg/kg) were calculated based on the BPT  regulatory
flow (1/kkg) and the concentration achievable by the BPT level of
treatment  technology (mg/1) for each pollutant parameter _to  be
limited  under  BPT.  These mass loadings are  published  in  the
Federal  Register  and  in  40  CFR  Part  421  as  the  effluent
limitations.

The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be  the  sum  of the individual mass  loadings  for  the  various
wastewater   sources  which  are  found  at  particular   plants.
Accordingly,  all the wastewater generated within a plant may  be
combined  for treatment in a single or common  treatment  system,
but  the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters  are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to  the combined flow.  This method accounts for the  variety  of
                               4748

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           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  IX


 combinations  of wastewater  sources  and production  processes  which
 may  be  found  at secondary uranium plants.

 The  Agency usually establishes  wastewater  limitations  in  terms  of
 mass rather than concentration.   This approach  prevents  the use
 of   dilution  as a treatment method  (except for   controlling  pH).
 The   production  normalized  wastewater  flow  (1/kkg)   is  a  link
 between  the  production operations  and the effluent  limitations.
 The   pollutant  discharge attributable to  each operation  can   be
 calculated from  the normalized  flow and  effluent  concentration
 achievable by the treatment technology  and summed to  derive   an
 appropriate limitation for  each plant.

 INDUSTRY  COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

 In   balancing costs in relation  to pollutant removal  estimates,
 EPA  considers the volume and nature of existing  discharges,  the
 volume  and  nature of discharges expected after  application   of
 BPT,  the  general environmental effects of  the pollutants, and the
 cost and  economic  impacts of the required  pollution  control
 level.  The Act does not require or permit consideration  of  water
 quality  problems  attributable to  particular  point   sources   or
 industries,   or  water  quality improvements in particular   water
 quality bodies.   Accordingly,  water quality considerations were
 not  the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.

 The   methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates  and
 plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X.   The pollutant
 removal  estimates have been revised since proposal.   Table  X-l
 (page   4769)  shows  the pollutant  removal  estimates  for  each
 treatment   option for direct  dischargers.  Compliance  costs  for
 direct  dischargers are presented in Table  X-2 (page 4770).

 BPT  OPTION  SELECTION - PROPOSAL

 EPA   proposed  BPT  requirements   for  the   secondary   uranium
 subcategory.   The  technology basis for the BPT  limitations   is
 lime precipitation and sedimentation technology to remove  metals
 and  solids  from combined wastewaters and to control pH.  BPT also
 includes ammonia steam stripping.   These technologies are already
 in-place    at  the  one  discharger  in  the  subeategory.    The
 pollutants  specifically  proposed  for  regulation  at  BPT  are
 chromium,   copper,  nickel,  ammonia, fluoride,  uranium,   TSS,  and
 pH.

 Implementation  of  the  proposed  BPT  limitations  will  remove
 annually  an  estimated 1,280 kg of toxic metals,  12,000  kg  of
 ammonia and 1,763 kg of TSS.  While the one discharging plant has
 the equipment in-place to comply with BPT,  we  do not believe that
 the  plant  is currently achieving the proposed  BPT  limitations.
We project  capital and annual costs of $28,600 and $37,644   (1982
 dollars)  respectively for, modifications to technology   presented
 in-place  at  the discharging facility to  achieve  proposed  BPT
 regulations.
                               4749

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          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
BPT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

The  promulgated  technology  basis for the  BPT  limitations  is
Option A.  chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology to
remove metals and solids from combined wastewaters and to control
pH.  The promulgated technology basis for BPT limitations differs
from  the  proposed  technology basis.   These  technologies  are
demonstrated  and economically achievable since they are  already
in place at several discharging plants throughout the  nonferrous
metals manufacturing category.

Implementation  of  the promulgated BPT limitations  will  remove
annually  an  estimated  100[kg of  toxic  metals,  4,283  kg  of
nonconventional  pollutants,  and 651 kg of TSS.  While  the  one
discharging  plant has most of the equipment in-place  to  comply
with  BPT,  EPA  does not believe that  the  plant  is  currently
achieving  the promulgated BPT limitations.  The Agency  projects
capital  and annual costs of $54,800 and $90,400  (1982  dollars)
respectively  for modifications to technology presently  in-place
at   the   discharging  facility  to  achieve   promulgated   BPT
regulations.  The end-of-pipe treatment configuration for  Option
A is presented in Figure IX-1 (page 4761).

WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES

A  BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the  average of the flows of the existing plants,  as  determined
from analysis of data collection portfolios.   The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BPT  effluent  limitations.   Since the  discharge  rate  may  be
different   for  each  wastewater  source,  separate   production
normalized  discharge  rates  for each of  the  seven  wastewater
sources  are discussed below and summarized in Table  IX-1.   The
discharge rates are normalized oh a production basis by  relating
the   amount  of  wastewater  generated  to  the  mass   of   the
intermediate product which is produced by the process  associated
with the waste stream in question.  These production  normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table IX-1.

Section  V of this document further describes the discharge  flow
rates  and  presents the water use and discharge flow  rates  for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-7 (pages 4788 -
4790).

REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal for refinery  sump
filtrate  (formerly,  refinery filtrate at proposal)  was  34,800
1/kkg  (8,340 gal/ton) of uranium trioxide produced.   This  rate
was  allocated  for those plants that acid  leach  scrap  uranium
materials  to  recover the uranium.  The BPT discharge  rate  was
based  on flow information provided by one plant.   Post-proposal
comments  and information showed that the proposed flow  was  not
accurate  and that the production normalizing parameter  was  not
appropriate.   EPA studied the data and decided to  promulgate  a
                               4750

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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                             SECT - IX
                                                                the
 .The  BPT wastewater  discharge  rate  at  promulgation  for  refinery
  sump  filtrate   is   73,340   1/kkg   (17,580   gal/ton)   of  uranium
  SJSS?886?!/?  thVefinery«   This rate  is  allocated only for ?hose
  plants  that  employ  acid  leaching and  dissolution   operations  to
  recover   uranium from  secondary sources.  The  flow from  the  one
  plant _in  this   subcategory having this  operation  was  used  to
  determine the promulgated BPT  regulatory  flow.

  SLAG LEACH RESLURRY

  The   BPT   wastewater discharge rate at proposal  for   slaq   leach
  ir/^Ur^in(f°^!r1^ *Slag leach slurry at  proposal)   was   3,800
  1/kkg  (910  gal/ton) of uranium trioxide produced.  This  rate   was
  allocated   only  for those plants which leach  magnesium   fluoride
  slag,  recycled from the magnesium reduction operation,  to recover
  the  _ residual uranium in the slag.   Post-proposal  comments   from
  the  industry  indicated a difficulty with the PNP chosen  for   this
  ?? ™1ViS*°n*   If a Plant °Perates  leaching on a campaign  basis,
  it must have a way to determine its regulatory allowances without
 waiting  for  the  next  process  step  to  be  completed.    EPA
 acknowledged   this   difficulty  and  chose  a   new   PNP   for
 promulgation.    However,   the  wastewater  flow  ( 1/vr )  used  to
 calculate the regulatory flow (1/kkgj was not altered.

 The  promulgated  BPT wastewater discharge rate  for  slaq  leach
 reslurry is 4,566 1/kkg (1,094   gal/ton)  of  uranium processed  in
 the refinery.   This rate  is  allocated only for  those plants which
 recover  uranium by leaching magnesium fluoride slag.   One plant
 in this subcategory has this operation,  and the promulgated  BPT
 discharge  rate  is based  on  the water use  at this  plant.   Table
 V-2  (page 4688)  presents  water use  and discharge rates for  slaa
 leach reslurry.                                               =>-«.ay

 DIGESTION WET  AIR POLLUTION  CONTROL

 The  BPT  wastewater discharge rate at proposal  for  digestion  wet
 air  pollution control  was  30  1/kkg (7.2   gal/ton)   of  uranium
 trioxide   produced based on partial  recycle  of   scrubber  liquor
 This  rate  was  allocated only  for those  plants that  incorporate  a
 water  scrubber on the acid leaching and  dissolution   operation
 Post-proposal  comments from  the industry clarified the  Aqencv ' s
.understanding   of the  digestion   scrubber's   operation     The
 comments   indicated • that  scrubber  blowdown  is  reused   in   the
 leaching   and  dissolution operation because it  contains  nitric
 acid.   Thus   no   discharge occurs from this  scrubber,   and   EPA
 decided  to  change the discharge rate  for   this  subdivision   at
 promulgation.                                             =-<-uu   etc

 The   BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation  for  digestion
 wet   air  pollution control is zero.   This rate is  allocated   to
 those plants that  operate a water scrubber to control fumes  from
 acid  leaching  and dissolution.  The promulgated  BPT  discharge
                               4751

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
rate  is based upon water use information supplied by a plant  in
this subcategory having a digestion operation scrubber.  Existing
practice  at this plant is such that 100 percent of the. scrubber
liquor  is recycled or reused. Therefore, it is appropriate  that
the BPT regulatory flow should be zero.

SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE

The  BPT wastewater discharge rate used at proposal  for  solvent
extraction  raffinate  filtrate  (formerly,  solvent   extraction
rlffinite at proposal) was 5,300 1/kkg  (1,270 gal/ton) of uranium
trioxide  produced.   This rate was allocated  for  those  plants
which  purif? the acid-dissolved uranium compound  by  extracting
the uranium compound into an organic solvent, leaving behind  all
impurities  that  were  leached along with  the  uranium.   Post-
Soposal  comments from the industry indicated a difficulty  with
the POT chosen for this subdivision.  If a plant operates so vent
extraction  on  a  campaign  basis, it  must  have  a  method  to
Hte?mine  i?s regulatory allowance without waiting for the  next
orocess  step to be completed.  EPA acknowledged this  difficulty
2nd  Sose fnew PNP fo? promulgation   However   the  wastewater
flow  (1/yr) used to calculate the  regulatory flow  (1/kkg) was not
altered.

The  BPT  wastewater discharge  rate at  promulgation   for  action
raffinate  filtrate  is  6,369 1/kkg  (1,526  gal/ton)   of  uranium
those  plants  using   solvent   extraction  procedures   to  purify
uranium  compounds  dissolved   in  solution as a   result  of  acid
leaning anS dissolution.  The  BPT discharge rate  at  promulgation
II based on the  water  use at  one plant  in  the  subcategory  having
this   operation.  Production  normalized water  use   and discharge
rates  are presented  in Table  V-4  (page  4689).

EVAPORATION AND  DENITRATION WET AIR  POLLUTION  CONTROL

Zero   discharge   is   used at  promulgation  for   evaporation  and
deration wit  air  pollution control  (formerly,  evaporation  and
calcination   wet  air   pollution   control   at   proposal).     This
?eqSir^men?   inapplicable  to those  plants that   use  evaporators
Ind  cSlcinators  to  respectively  concentrate   an  intermediate
S?aniSm compound and then calcine  it to produce  uranium trioxide
The  BPT  discharge rate is:promulgated as zero  because  the  one
 discharging  plant in this subcategory  that uses  these  operations
 recyc?el  111 scrubber liquor to  the digestion  operation    This
 production  normalized discharge  rate  is also  presented in  Table
 V-5 (page 4689) .

 HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER

 Zero  discharge  is used at  promulgation  for  hydrofluorination
 water  scrubber  (formerly,; hydrofluorination wet  air  pollution
 control at proposal) wastewater.   This requirement is  applicable
 only  to those plants which; use a water scrubber to control  acid
 fumL from the hydrofluorination unit.  The BPT discharge rate is
 promulgated  as  zero because the one plant in  this  subcategory
                                4752

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX


 that  operates  such a scrubber recycles the scrubber  liquor  to
 absorb the hydrofluoric acid fumes until a desired  concentration
 of hydrofluoric acid is attained.   Then the scrubber solution  is
 drawn  off  and  sold for industrial  use.   Since  this  recycle
 technology  is  demonstrated  within this  subcategory,   the  BPT
 discharge  rate reflects that capability.  Table V-6 (page  4689)
 also   presents  the  water  use  and  discharge  rate  for    the
 hydrofluorination water scrubber system.

 HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER

 The  BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal   and   promulgation
 for  hydrofluorination  alkaline  scrubber  (formerly,    hydrogen
 reduction and  hydrofluorination KOH wet air pollution control  at
 proposal)   wastewater  is  20  1/kkg  (4.8  gal/ton)   of  uranium
 tetrafluoride   produced based on partial  recycle.  This   rate  is
 allocated  only  for those plants   that  hydrofluorinate  uranium
 dioxide  to produce uranium tetrafluoride,  and  scrub the  gases
 from this operation with a KOH scrubber.   The BPT  discharge   rate
 reflects the demonstrated performance of  this scrubber   operating
 at   a high rate of recycle.   Table V-7 (page 4690) also   presents
 the water  use  and discharge  rates  for this wastewater stream.

 MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER

 The  BPT  wastewater  discharge rate  used  at   promulgation  for
 magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water is  30.1  1/kkg of
 uranium produced by magnesium reduction.   This rate  is   allocated
 to  all  plants  which produce  uranium metal  by magnesium   reduction
 of   uranium tetrafluoride.   This rate is  based on  the production
 normalized  flow reported by  plant  1066.   This plant uses  a   floor
 washing  machine,  thereby achieving a lower  wastewater   discharge
 rate   than  facilities  which  do  not  use  a  floor  washing   machine.
 This  rate  is used  as the basis  for  the  BPT  flow allowance  because
 this  water  use   and   discharge   rate  is   demonstrated   and   is
 achievable  through the  use of a floor washing machine.

 There was no wastewater  discharge allowance  at proposal for   this
 subdivision  because the  Agency did  not have sufficient   data  at
 the   time   to   quantify   production   normalized  water  use    and
 discharge rates.   These  rates, which  are based on data  collected
 by  the Agency  since proposal, are presented in Table  V-8   (page
 4690).                                                       ^ y

 LAUNDRY WASTEWATER

 The  BPT  wastewater discharge rate at promulgation  for  laundry
 wastewater  is  192  1/kkg  of  uranium  produced  by   magnesium
 reduction.  This   rate is allocated to all plants  which  produce
 uranium  metal by magnesium reduction of  uranium  tetrafluoride.
This rate, is based on one facility for which the Agency  obtained
 sufficient data to calculate a production normalized  flow.

There was no wastewater discharge  allowance at  proposal for  this
 subdivision  because the Agency did not have sufficient  data  at


                               4753

-------
I
                   SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
         the  time  to  calculate  production  normalized  water  use  and
         discharge  rates.    These rates,  which are based  on  information
         collected by the Agency since proposal, are presented in Table V-
         9 (page 4690) .

         REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

         The  raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
         the  subcategory  as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
         pollutant  parameters  for  limitation.   This  examination   and
         evaluation  was  presented  in  Section VI.   A  total  of  seven
         pollutants  or pollutant parameters are selected  for  limitation
         under BPT and are listed below:

         119.  chromium
         120.  copper
         124.  nickel
               fluoride
               TSS
               pH

         EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

         The  treatable  concentrations achievable by application  of  the
         promulgated  BPT  are  discussed in Section VII  of  Vol.  I  and
         summarized   there  in Table VII-21  (page 248).   These  treatable
         concentrations  (both one day maximum and monthly average  values)
         are  multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows  summarized
         in  Table  IX-1 (page 4755) to calculate the mass  of  pollutants
         allowed  to  be discharged per mass of product.  The   results  of
         these  calculations  in milligrams of pollutant per  kilogram  of
         product  represent the BPT effluent limitations and are  presented
         in Table IX-2  (page 4756) for each individual waste stream.
                                         4754

-------
             SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                            SECT - IX
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-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                        SECT -  IX
                           TABLE IX-2

   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
*pH    Within the
         210.500
         153.300
          24.940
          32.270
         139.300
          30.800
         140.800
          90.210
          30.070
         107.100
       2,567.000
         476.700
       3,007.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0
         93.880
         68.210
         11.000
         13.200
         73.340
         14.670
         93.140
         40.340
         12.470
         44.740
      1,459.000
        346.900
      1,430.000
at all times
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
     Maximum for
     any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium                ,
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
*pH    Within  the  range  of
          13.100
           9.543
           1.552
           2.009
           8.675
           1.918
           8.767
           5.616
           1.872
           6.666
         159.800
          29.680
         187.200
         7.5 to 10.0 at
          5.844
          4.246
          0.685
          0.822
          4.566
          0.913
          5.799
          2.511
          0.776
          2.785
          90.860
          21.600
          89.040
    all  times
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                4756

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT  -  IX
                      Table IX-2  (Continued)

    BPT MASS  LIMITATIONS  FOR THE  SECONDARY  URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (c)  Solvent  Extraction Raffinate Filtrate  BPT
 Pollutant  or
 pollutant  property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
rag/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  uranium processed  in  solvent  extraction
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 *Chromium
 *Copper
 Lead
 *Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
 *Fluoride
 Uranium
 *TSS
 *pH    Within the range of
     18.280
     13.310
      2.165
      2.802
     12.100
      2.675
     12.230
      7.834
      2.611
      9.299
    222.900
     41.400
    261.100
    7.5 to 10.0 at
          8.152
          5.923
          0.955
          1.146
          6.369
          1.274
          8.089
          3.503
          1.083
          3.885
        126.700
         30.130
        124.200
   all times
(d) Digestion Operation Wet Air Pollution Control  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
                               4757

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - IX
                     Table IX-2 (Continued)

   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control
                                    BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ootf
0.000
0.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
times
 (f) Hydrofluorination KOH Scrubber  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within
0.057
0.042
0.007
0.009
0.038
0.008
0.038
0.025
0.008
0.029
0.700
0.130
0.820
the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.026
0.019
0.003
0.004
0.020
0.004
0.025
0.011
0.003
0.012
0.398
0.095
0.390
times
 *Regulated  Pollutant
                                4758

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                     SECT - IX
                      TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

    BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (9) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  BPT
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
Maximum for
any, one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
mg/kg (lb/million Ibs)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH. Within the range of
of uranium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
7.5 to 10.0
tetraf luoride produce
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
at all times
 (h) Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (lb/million
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
^Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
Ibs) of uranium produced by
0.086
0.063
0.010
0.013
0.057
0.013
0.058
0.037
0.012.
0.044
1.054
0.196
1.234
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
magnesium reduction
0.039
0.028
0.005
0.005
0.030
0.006
0.038
0.017
0.005
0.018
0.599
0.142
0.587
times
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4759

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                    SECT - IX
                     TABLE IX-2 (Continued)

   BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(i) Laundry Washwater  BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
 Ant imony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium                    '
*Chromium                   [
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
*pH    Within  the  range  of  7
      0.551
      0.401
      0.065
      0.085
      0.365
      0.081
      0.369
      0.236
      0.079
      0.280
      6.720
      1.248
      7.872
      .5 to 10.0 at
          0.246
          0.179
          0.029
          0.035
          0.192
          0.038
          0.244
          0.106
          0.033
          0.117
          3.821
          0.908
          3.744
   all  times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                4760

-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
IX
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                                                            H
                                                            PH
                                                            P3
                  4761

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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - IX
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                      4762

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X



                             SECTION X

         BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE


 These  effluent  limitations are based on the  best  control  and
 treatment  technology used by a specific point source within  the
 industrial  category or subcategory,  or by another industry  from
 which  it  is  transferable. Emphasis  is  placed  on  additional
 treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment  systems
 currently used, as well as reduction  of the amount of water  used
 and   discharged,   process  control,   and  treatment   technology
 optimization.

 The  factors  considered in assessing best  available  technology
 economically  achievable (BAT)  include the age of  equipment  and
 facilities involved,  the process used, process changes,   nonwater
 quality  environmental impacts  (including  energy  requirements),
 and  the costs of  application of such technology.  BAT  represents
 the  best available technology  economically achievable at  plants
 of various ages, sizes,  processes,  or other characteristics.   BAT
 may be transferred from a different subcategory or category.   BAT
 may  include feasible process changes or  internal  controls,   even
 when not in common industry practice.

 The  statutory assessment of BAT considers costs,  but  does   not
 require a balancing of costs against  pollutant removals.  However,
 in  assessing  the proposed and  promulgated BAT,  the   Agency   has
 given  substantial  weight to the economic achievability of   the
 technology.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT

 The  Agency   reviewed a   wide range  of   technology   options   and
 evaluated  the  available possibilities to ensure  that   the  most
 effective and  beneficial technologies were used as the  basis  of
 BAT.    To accomplish this,  the Agency  elected to   examine   two
 technology   options   which  could be   applied   to  the   secondary
 uranium subcategory as alternatives for the basis of  BAT  effluent
 limitations.

 For   the  development  of BAT  effluent  limitations,  mass   loadings
 were   calculated for  each  wastewafcer source or  subdivision in  the
 subcategory   using  the same  technical approach as  described  in
 Section  IX for BPT  limitations development.   The differences  in
 the  mass loadings  for BPT and BAT are due to  increased treatment
 effectiveness   achievable  with  the  more   sophisticated   BAT
 treatment technology.


The treatment technologies considered for BAT are summarized
below:

Option A  (Figure X-l, page 4777):


                               4763

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM!SUBCATEGORY
                                           SECT - X
     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

Option C (Figure X-2, page 4778):

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration

The  two options examined for BAT are discussed in greater detail
below.  The first option considered (Option A) is the same as the
BPT  treatment and control technology which was presented in  the
previous  section.   The  second  option  represents  substantial
progress  toward the reduction of pollutant discharges above  and
beyond the progress achievable by BPT.
                  secondary uranium subcategory is equivalent  to
                  treatment technologies which were analyzed  for
                  (see Figures IX-1 or X-l, pages 4761 or  4777).
                  -pipe  treatment   scheme   includes   chemical
                  sedimentation.  The discharge rates for  Option
                   discharge rates allocated to each stream as  a
OPTION A

Option  A for the
the  control  and
BPT in Section IX
The   BPT   end-of
precipitation and
A are equal to the
BPT discharge flow.

OPTION C

Option  C for the secondary uranium subcategory consists  of  all
control   and  treatment  requirements  of  Option  A   (chemical
precipitation   and  sedimentation  plus  multimedia   filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme (see
Figure  X-2).  Multimedia filtration is used to remove  suspended
solids,  including  precipitates  of  toxic  metals,  beyond  the
concentrations  attainable by gravity sedimentation.  The  filter
suggested  is  of the gravity, mixed media type,  although  other
forms of filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters,
would perform satisfactorily.

INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

As one means of evaluating each technology option,  EPA developed
estimates  of  the pollutant removals and  the  compliance  costs
associated  with  each option.   The methodologies are  described
below.

POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES

A  complete description of the methodology used to calculate  the
estimated   pollutant  removal,  or  benefit,  achieved  by   the
application  of  the various^ treatment options  is  presented   in
Section  X  of the General Development Document.   The  pollutant
removal  estimates  have  been revised  from  proposal  based   on
industry  comments and new information; however,  the  methodology
for  calculating  pollutant  removals was not changed.   The  data
                                4764

-------
            SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


 used for estimating removals are the same as those used to revise
 compliance costs.

 Sampling  data  collected during the field sampling program  were
 used  to  characterize  the major waste  streams  considered  for'
 regulation.   At  each sampled facility,  the sampling data  were
 production  normalized  for each unit operation  (i.e.,  mass  of
 pollutant  generated  per mass of  product  manufactured)."   This
 value,  referred  to as the raw waste,  was used to estimate  the
 mass  of  pollutants  generated  within  the  secondary   uranium
 subcategory.   The pollutant removal estimates were calculated for
 each  plant by first estimating the total mass of each  pollutant
 in  the  untreated  wastewater.  This  was  calculated  by  first
 multiplying the raw waste values by the corresponding  production
 value  for  that stream and then summing these  values  for   each
 pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.

 Next,  the volume of wastewater discharged after the  application
 of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
 plant  by comparing the actual  discharge to the regulatory  flow.
 The  smaller  of the two values  was  selected and summed  with  the
 other  plant   flows.   The mass  of pollutant discharged  was   then
 estimated  by  multiplying the   achievable  concentration values
 attainable with  the  option (mg/1)  by the  estimated  volume  of
 process  wastewater discharged  by the subcategory.   The  mass  of
 pollutant removed is  the difference  between the estimated mass  of
 pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the  mass
 of  pollutant  discharged  after  application  of   the  treatment
 option.    The pollutant removal estimates  for direct   dischargers
 in  the secondary uranium subcategory are  presented  in Table  X-l
 (page 4769).

 COMPLIANCE  COSTS

 In  estimating  subcategory-wide compliance  costs, the  first   step
 was  to  develop  a cost  estimation  model,  relating the  total  costs
 associated    with   installation  and  operation   of    wastewater
 treatment   technologies   to  plant process  wastewater   discharge.
 EPA  applied the  model  to  each plant.  The plant's investment  and
 operating costs  are determined  by what treatment it has  in  place
 and   by   its  individual process wastewater  discharge   flow.   As
 discussed  above,   this   flow is  either  the   actual  or  the  BAT
 regulatory  flow,  whichever is lesser.  The  final  step  was  to
 annualized  the  capital costs,  and to sum the annualized  capital
 costs,  and the  operating and maintenance costs for  each  plant,
 yielding   the   cost  of  compliance  for  the  subcategory.     A
 comparison  of the costs developed for proposal and  the  revised
 costs for promulgation is presented in Table X-2 (page 4778)   for
 direct  discharges in the secondary uranium  subcategory.   These
 costs were used  in assessing economic achievability.

BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA  selected  Option  C  for the  proposed  BAT  which  included
pretreatment  with  ammonia  steam stripping for  selected  waste


                               4765

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
streams,  followed by chemical precipitation,  sedimentation, and
multimedia  filtration.   The estimated capital cost of  proposed
BAT was $54,300,  and the annual cost was $86,500 (1982 dollars).
Implementation  of the proposed BAT technology was  estimated  to
removeTf
-------
             SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
  discharge  rates  with the exception of  the  laundry  wastewater
  urxn'i m ^ ?AT 510^ rate f°r laundry ^stewater is 96  Vkkg  of
  uranium  produced  by magnesium reduction,  based  on  50  percent

  equipment?  -   *  ^  "^ USlng  a  h°lding  tank  and  «^Se
    /
  REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

  The  raw wastewater  concentrations from individual  operations   and
  the   subcategory as  a whole were  examined  to  select  certain
              ^ P°llutant   Parameters   for  limitation.     This
   on™       and e^aluation  was  presented  in  Section   VI.    The
  Agency,   however,   has  chosen not to  regulate   all   eight  toxic
  pollutants  selected in  this analysis.                 <^gnt  coxic

  The  high  cost associated with  analysis for  toxic metal pollutants
  has   prompted EPA to_ develop an alternative  method for r^gulaSng
  and   monitoring  toxic pollutant  discharges  from  the  nonferroul
  metals manufacturing category.    Rather than  developing  racific
  effluent  mass   limitations and standards for each of  thJP ?oxic
 metals  found  in treatable concentrations in the raw  wastewate?
  from  a given subcategory,  the Agency is  promulgating  effluent
       1mitatl°ns. only  for those pollutants  generated  in  the
           qUaJtltieS1 as Shown bv the Pollutant removal  estimate^
        below?    P°llutants selected for specific limitation  are
            119.
            120.
            124.
chromium
copper
nickel
fluoride
 By  establishing  limitations  and standards  for  certain  priority
 nSnf   P°llutants,.  dischargers   will  attain the same   degree  of
 control  over   toxic  metal  pollutants as  they   would   have   been
 This   approach   is   technically   justified  since   the   treatable
 ?e£hno?oa     S  USKd  f^ chemical  Precipitation and  sedimenSion
 technology ^are based  on optimized  treatment  for  concomitant
 multiple metals removal.  Thus, even though metals  have  somewhat
 different theoretical solubilities, they Sill be removed aT ve?y
 nearly   the    same  rate  in  a   chemical   precipitation   and
 sedimentation   treatment  system  operated  fo?  multiple  me tils
 removal   Filtration as part of the technology basis is  likewf^e
                             ^'logy   removes   metals  ^
The priority metal pollutants selected for specific limitation in
tnv^S^C?ndary1iUraniUm subcateg°ry to control the discharges  of
toxic metal pollutants are chromium,  copper,  and  nickel!   The
the SaJ?f ^°?1^metal P°^utants ^ excluded from limitation on
the basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
developed for chromium, copper,  and nickel:            ^imitations
                               4767

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  X
     114.   antimony
     115.   arsenic
     118.   cadmium
     122.   lead
     125.   selenium
     126.   silver
     128.   zinc
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS

The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in qpction VII of Vol. I and are summarized there in Table vii ^i
fLae  248)   The achievable concentrations both one day  maximum
and  monthly average values are multiplied by the BAT  normalized
|?scha?ge flows summarized in Table X-3 to calculate the mass  of
waste stream.
                                4768

-------
                 SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  X
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                                  4769

-------
r
  SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                 SECT  -  X
                                     TABLE  X-2

              COST  OF  COMPLIANCE  FOR  THE  SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                                 DIRECT DISCHARGERS

                                (March 1982  Dollars)
          Option

            A

            C
      Proposal Cost
Capital Cost   Annual Cost
                Promulgation Cost
            Capital Cost   Annual Cost
   28,600

   54,300
73,600

86,500
54,800

88,000
 90,400

106,700
                                          4770

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                                                 SECT - X
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-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


                            TABLE X-4

   BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
141.500
101.900
14.670
27.140
93.880
20.540
40.340
60.140
21.270
74.810
2,567.000
314.600
63.070
45.470
5.867
11.000
44.740
9.534
27.140
27.140
8.801
30.800
1,459.000
228.800
         Leach Reslurry  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
8.812
6.347
.913
1.689
5.844
1.278
2.511
3.744
1.324
4.657
159.800
19.590
3.927
2.831
.365
.685
2.785
.594
1.689
1.689
.548
1.918
90.860
14.250
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4772

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            SECONDARY  URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY   SECT  -  X


                       TABLE X-4  (Continued)

    BAT MASS LIMITATIONS  FOR THE  SECONDARY  URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY

 (c)  Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate   BAT
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum  for
monthly  average
mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed  in solvent extraction
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
12.290
8.853
1.274
2.357
8.152
1.783
3.503
5.223
1.847
6.496
222.900
27.320
5.477
3.949
0.510
0.955
3.885
0.828
2.357
2.357
0.764
2.675
126.700
19.870
(d) Digestion Operation Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
ing/kg (lb/million Ibs)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
of uranium processed
0.000
0.000
. 0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
in the refinery
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4773

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X


                     TABLE- X-4 (Continued)

   BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(f) Hydrofluorination KOH Scrubber  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.039
0.028
0.004
0.007
0.026
0.006
0.011
0.016
0.006
0.020
0.700
0.086
0.017
0.012
0.002
0.003
0.012
0.003
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.008
0.398
0.062
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4774

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            SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY    SECT  -  X
                      Table X-4  (Continued)

                  BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
                  SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (g) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.boo
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(h) Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
of uranium produced
0.058
0.042
0.006
0.011
0.039
0.008
0.017
0.025
0.009
0.031
1.054
0.129
by magnesium reduction
0.026
0.019
0.002
0.005
0.018
0.004
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.013
0.599
0.094
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4775

-------
           SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - X
                      TABLE-4 (Continued)

   BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(i) Laundry Washwater  BAT '
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
      0.185
      0.133
      0.019
      0.036
      0.123
      0.027
      0.053
      0.079
      0.028
      0.098
      3.360
      0.412
          0.083
          0.060
          0.008
          0.014
          0.059
          0.013
          0.036
          0.036
          0.012
          0.040
          1.910
          0.300
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4776

-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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-------
         SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI




                            SECTION XI

                 NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
 This    section   describes   the   technologies   for   treatment    of
 wastewater  from new  sources and  presents  mass  discharge  standards
 for   regulatory  pollutants  for NSPS  in   the   secondary  uranium
 subcategory,  based   on  the selected   treatment technology.   New
 plants  have the opportunity to design  the best and  most  efficient
 production   processes   and  wastewater   treatment    technologies
 without .  facing the  added  costs  and restrictions  encountered   in
 retrofitting  an existing  plant.   Therefore, EPA  has considered
 the   best  demonstrated  process  changes,  in-plant   controls,   and
 end-of-pipe treatment technologies which  reduce pollution  to   the
 maximum extent  feasible.

 TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS

 New   source performance   standards are equivalent  to   the  best
 available  technology  (BAT)  selected  for  currently   existing
 secondary  uranium   plants.   This result  is   a  consequence   of
 careful review  by the Agency  of  a  wide range of technical  options
 for new source  treatment systems which is  discussed in Section  XI
 of  the   General Development  Document.  Additionally,  there  was
 nothing   found  to  indicate  that  the   wastewater  flows   and
 characteristics  of new plants would not be similar  to those  from
 existing  plants, since the processes used  by new sources are  not
 expected    to  differ  from   those  used   at   existing   sources.
 Consequently,  BAT production normalized discharge  rates,  which
 are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory,,  can
 also  be  applied to new sources.  These rates are  presented   in
 Table X-3 (page  4771).

 Treatment   technologies  considered  for   the  NSPS  options  are
 identical   to  the treatment technologies considered for the  BAT
 options.  These options are:

OPTION A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration
                               4779

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL

EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology  for
the  secondary  uranium  subcategory be equivalent  to  Option  C
(chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration
with ammonia steam stripping for selected streams).

The  wastewater  flow rates proposed for NSPS were  the  same  as
those proposed for BAT.  Flow reduction measures for NSPS and BAT
were  not  considered feasible because EPA believed that  no  new
demonstrated  technologies  existed within the  subcategory  that
improved   on  present  water  use  practices.   Therefore,   EPA
concluded  that NSPS flow rates should be equal to those  of  BPT
and BAT.

NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION

EPA  is promulgating best available demonstrated  technology  for
the   secondary  uranium  subcategory  equivalent  to  Option   C
(chemical    precipitation,   sedimentation,    and    multimedia
filtration). Filtration technology is demonstrated  in 25  plants
in the nonferrous metals manufacturing category.

The  promulgated  wastewater flow rates for NSPS are the same  as
the promulgated BAT flow rates.  Flow reduction measures for NSPS
are  not  considered feasible.   EPA does not  believe  that  new
plants  could achieve any additional flow reduction beyond the 90
to  100 percent scrubber effluent recycle presently practiced
the industry.
                        in
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be  found  in treatable concentrations in  processes  within  new
sources  will  be  any  different  than  with  existing  sources.
Accordingly,  pollutants  and  pollutant parameters selected  for
limitation  under  NSPS,  in  accordance with  the  rationale  of
Sections VI and X,  are identical to those selected for BAT.  The
conventional  pollutant parameters TSS and pH are  also  selected
for limitation.

NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

The  NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1   (page
4781). The mass of pollutant allowed to be discharged per mass of
product  is  based on the product of the  appropriate  achievable
concentration   (mg/1)  and the production  normalized  wastewater
discharge  flows (1/kkg).  The results of these calculations  are
the  production-based  new source performance  standards.   These
standards are presented in Table XI-2  (page 4782).
                                4780

-------
           SECONDARY  URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI









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                            4781

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
                           TABLE XI-2
           NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
               Maximum  for
               any  one  day
           Maximum for
           monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
*pH    Within the range










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141.500
101.900
14.670
27.140
93.880
20.540
40.340
60.140
21.270
74.810
567.000
314.600
100.000
7.5 to 10.0
63.070
45.470
5.867
11.000
44.740
9.534
27.140
27.140
8.801
30.800
1,459.000
228.800
880.100
at all times
 (b) Slag Leach Reslurry  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                Maximum for
                any one day
            Maximum for
            monthly average
   mg/kg  (Ib/million  Ibs)  of  uranium processed  in  the  refinery
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
 *Chromium
 *Copper
 Lead
 *Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
 *Fluoride
 Uranium
 *TSS
 *pH
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                      5
                      1
  8.812
  6.347
   .913
   ,689
   .844
   .278
  2.511
  3.744
  1.'324
  4.657
159.800
 19.590
 68.490
                                          3
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                                         14
                                         54
927
831
365
685
785
594
689
689
548
918
,860
,250
,790
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                4782

-------
         SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


                      TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

            NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (c) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate  NSPS
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
                  Maximum for
                  any one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
ragAg (Ib/million Ibs) of
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
,*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
uranium processed
12.290
8.853
1.274
2.357
8.152
1.783
3.503
5.223
1.847
6.496
222.900
27.320
95.540
in solvent extr
5.477
3.949
0 . 510
0 . 955
3.885
0 . 828
2.357
2.357
0.764
2 . 675
126.700
19.870
76.430
       Within  the  range  of  7.5  to  10.0  at  all  times


 (d) Digestion  Operation  Wet Air  Pollution  Control  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
                 Maximum  for
                 any one  day
Maximum for
monthly average
   mg/
'kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in  the  refinery
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
*pH
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
                       0.000
 Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
                               4783

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                 SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2 (Continued)

           NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
       mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produce*
 (f) Hvdrofluorination KOH Scrubber   NSPS
 Pollutant  or
 pollutant  property
 Maximum for
 any  one day
 Maximum for
 monthly average
     mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs)  of uranium tetrafluoride  p
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                    NSPS
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Pluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
times
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.039
0.028
0.004
0.007
0.026
0.006
0.011
0.016
0.006
0.020
0.700
0.086
0.300
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.017
0.012
0.002
0.003
0.012
0.003
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.008
0.398
0.062
0.240
times
                                4784

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI
                     TABLE XI-2  (Continued)

           NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (g) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
    mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
*TSS
      0.058
      0.042
      0.006
      0.011
      0.039
      0.008
      0.017
      0.025
      0.009
      0.031
      1.054
      0.129
      0.452
          0.026
          0.019
          0.002
          0.005
          0.018
          0.004
          0.011
          0.011
          0.004
          0.013
          0.599
          0.094
          0.361
       Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all tir.es
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4785

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY   SECT - XI


                     TABLE XI-  (Continued)

           NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY


(i) Laundry Washwater  NSPS

Pollutant orMaximum for-Maximum for
pollutant property     any one day     monthly average

mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction

 Antimony                    0.185               0.083
 Arsenic                     0.133               0.060
 Cadmium                     0.019               0.008
*Chromium                    0.036               0.014
*Copper                      0.123               0.059
 Lead                        0.027               0.013
*Nickel                      0.053               0.036
 Selenium                    0.079               0.036
 Silver                      0.028               0.012
 Zinc                        0.098               0.040
*Fluoride                    3.360               1.910
 Uranium                     0.412               0.300
*TSS                         1.440               1.152
*pH    Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times


*Regulated Pollutant
                               4786

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY     SECT  -  XII



                            SECTION XII

                     PRETREATMENT STANDARDS


This  section describes  the  control and treatment technologies  for
pretreatment  of  process   wastewaters from new sources   in   the
secondary uranium subcategory.  PSES are. designed to prevent   the
discharge  of pollutants which pass through,  interfere  with,  or
are   otherwise  incompatible with the operation  of publicly owned
treatment   works    (POTW).   The  Clean  Water   Act   requires
pretreatment  for  pollutants, such as toxic metals,  that limit
POTW  sludge  management alternatives.   New  indirect  discharge
facilities,  like  new  direct  discharge  facilities,  have   the
opportunity  to  incorporate  the  best  available   demonstrated
technologies,   including process changes, in-plant controls,   and
end-of-pipe  treatment  technologies,  and  to  use  plant  site
selection  to   ensure   adequate  treatment  system  installation.
Pretreatment  standards are to be technology based, analogous  to
the best available or best  demonstrated  technology for removal of
toxic pollutants.

Pretreatment  standards for existing sources  (PSES) will   not  be
promulgated  for the secondary uranium subcategory because there
are   no  existing  indirect  dischargers  in   this  subcategory.
However,  pretreatment  standards for new sources (PSNS) will  be
promulgated. Pretreatment standards for  regulated pollutants  are
presented based on the  selected control  and treatment technology.

TECHNICAL, APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT

Before  proposing and promulgating  pretreatment  standards,  the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with  the POTW operation or its
chosen   sludge  disposal  practices.     In  determining   whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving  secondary
treatment,  the  Agency  compares the percentage of  a  pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying  the best available technology economically  achievable.
A  pollutant is deemed to pass through the POTW when the   average
percentage  removed  nationwide  by  well-operated  POTW  meeting
secondary  treatment  requirements,   is less than the  percentage
removed - by  direct  dischargers  complying  with  BAT   effluent
limitations guidelines for  that pollutant.

This  definition  of  pass  through satisfies  the  two  competing
objectives   set  by  Congress   that   standards   for   indirect
dischargers  be  equivalent to standards for  direct  dischargers
while  at the same time the treatment  capability and  performance
of  the POTW be recognized and taken into account  in  regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.

The  Agency  compares percentage removal rather  than the mass  or
concentration  of pollutants discharged because  the latter   would


                               4787

-------
       SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII


not  take into account the mass of pollutants discharged  to  the
POTW   from  non-industrial  sources  or  the  dilution  of   the
pollutants  in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations  due  to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.

PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

Options  for  pretreatment of wastewaters from  new  sources  are
based  on increasing the effectiveness of end-of- pipe  treatment
technologies.   All  in-plant changes and applicable  end-of-pipe
treatment  processes have been discussed previously in Sections X
and XI.  The options for PSNS, therefore, are the same as the BAT
options  discussed in Section X. A description of each option  is
presented in Section X.

Treatment technologies considered for the PSNS options are:

OPTION A

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation

OPTION C

     o  Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
     o  Multimedia filtration

PSNS OPTION SELECTION         ;

Option C (chemical precipitation,  sedimentation,  and multimedia
filtration)  has  been selected as the  regulatory  approach  for
pretreatment  standards  for  new sources.   The  basis  of  this
selection  is  in accordance with the rationale for selection  of
the BAT option in Section X.   Option C prevents pass-through and
is  equivalent  to  BAT treatment  for  direct  dischargers.   In
addition,  Option  C  achieves  effective  removal  of   priority
pollutants  by incorporating filtration which is demonstrated  by
25   plants  throughout  the  nonferrous   metals   manufacturing
category.

The wastewater discharge rates for promulgated PSNS are identical
to the promulgated BAT discharge rates for each waste stream. The
PSNS  discharge rates are shown in Table XII-1 (page  4790).   No
additional  flow  reduction measures for PSNS are  feasible.  EPA
does  not believe that new plants should achieve  flow  reduction
beyond the 90 to 100 percent scrubber effluent recycle  presently
practiced in the industry.

REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS

Pollutants  selected  for  limitation,  in  accordance  with  the
rationale of Sections VI and X,  are identical to those  selected
for  limitation for BAT.   It. is necessary to promulgate PSNS  to
prevent  the  pass-through  of  chromium,   copper,  nickel,  and
fluoride, which are the limited pollutants.
                               4788

-------
       SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES

Pretreatment   standards  for  new  sources  are  based  on   the
achievable concentrations from the selected treatment technology,
(Option  C), and the discharge rates determined in Section X  for
BAT.  A mass of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg)  allocation
is  given  for  each subdivision within  the  subcategory.   This
pollutant  allocation  is based on the product of  the  treatable
concentration  from  the  promulgated treatment  (mg/1)  and  the
production  normalized .wastewater discharge rate  (1/kkg).   The
achievable  treatment  concentrations for BAT  are  identical  to
those for PSNS.  PSNS are presented in Table XII-2 (page 4791).
                              4789

-------
               SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT -  XII
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                                      4790

-------
       SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                               SECT - XII
                           TABLE XII-2

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY .URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

 (a) Refinery Sump Filtrate  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
              Maximum for
              any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc ,
*Fluoride
Uranium
Ibs) of uranium
141.500
101.900
14.670
27.140
93.880
20.540
40.340
60.140
21.270
74.810
2,567.000
314.600
processed in the refinery
63.070
45.470
5.867
11.000
44.740
9.534
27.140
27.140
8.801
30.800
1,459.000
228.800
(b)
Leach Reslurry  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
              Maximum for
              any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
         (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
8.812
6.347
0.913
1.689
5.844
1.278
2.511
3.744
1.324
4.657
159.800
19.590
3.927
2.831
0.365
0.685
2.785
0.594
1.689
1.689
0.548
1.918
90.860
14.250
^Regulated Pollutant
                               4791

-------
       SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                 SECT - XII
                     TABLE XII-2 (Continued)

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(c) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
          Maximum for
          monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in solvent extraction
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
     12.290
      8.853
      1.274
      2.357
      8.152
      1.783
        ,503
        ,223
        ,847
      6.496
    222.900
     27.320
3,
5,
1,
  3.949
  0.510
  0.955
  3.885
  0.828
  2.357
  2.357
  0.764
  2.675
126.700
 19.870
(d) Digestion Operation Wet Air Pollution Control  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
          Maximum for
          monthly average
   mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4792

-------
        SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY
                  SECT  -  XII
                     TABLE  XI1-2  (Continued)

            PSNS FOR THE  SECONDARY URANIUM  SUBCATEGORY

 (e)  Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control   PSNS
 Pollutant or
 pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum  for
monthly  average
mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(f) Hydrofluorination KOH Scrubber  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.039
0.028
0.004
0.007
0.026
0.006
0.011
0.016
0.006
0.020
0.700
0.086
0.017
0.012
0.002
0.003
0.012
0.003
0.007
0.007
0.002
0.008
0.398
0.062
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4793

-------
       SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                 SECT - XII
                     Table XII-2 (Continued)

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY

(g) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
      0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
          0.000
    Reduction and Casting Floor Wash  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg  (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
0.058
0.042
0.006
0.011
0.039
0.008
0.017
0.025
0.009
0.031
1.054
0.129
0.026
0.019
0.002
0.005
0.018
0.004
0.011
0.011
0.004
0.013
0.599
0.094
 *Regulated Pollutant
                                4794

-------
       SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
                 SECT - XII
                     Table XII-2  (Continued)

           PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Laundry Washwater  PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
 Antimony
 Arsenic
 Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
 Lead
*Nickel
 Selenium
 Silver
 Zinc
*Fluoride
 Uranium
      0.185
      0.133
      0.019
      0.036
      0.123
      0.027
      0.053
      0.079
      0.028
      0.098
      3.360
      0.412
          0.083
          0.060
          0.008
          0.014
          0.059
          0.013
          0.036
          0.036
          0.012
          0.040
          1.910
          0.300
*Regulated Pollutant
                               4795

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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XII
                         4796

-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII




                          SECTION XIII


         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY




EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for the secondary uranium subcategory at  this
time.
                              4797

-------


-------
          SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII




                          SECTION XIII


         BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA  is  not  promulgating best  conventional  pollutant  control
technology  (BCT)  for the secondary uranium subcategory at  this
time.
                               4797

-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY    SECT - XIII
     THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
                     4798

-------