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SECONDARY TANATALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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4552
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY. SECT - IV
'SECTION IV
SUBCATEGORIZATION
This section summarizes the factors considered during the
designation of the related subdivisions of the secondary tantalum
subcategory. Production normalizing parameters for each
subdivision are also discussed.
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY TANTALUM
SUBCATEGORY
The factors listed previously for general subcategorization were
each evaluated when considering subdivision of the secondary
tantalum subcategory. In the discussion that follows, the
factors will be described as they pertain to this particular
subcategory.-
The rationale for considering further subdivision of the
secondary tantalum subcategory is based primarily on differences
in the production processes and raw materials used. Within this
subcategory, different operations are performed which may or may
not have a water use or discharge, and which may require the
establishment of separate effluent limitations. While secondary
tantalum is still considered a single subcategory, a more
thorough examination of the production processes has illustrated
the need for limitations and standards based on specific flow
allowances for the following subdivisions:
(a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
(b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
(c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
(d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
(e) Leaching wet air pollution control.
The following discussion is intended to clarify and support the
reasons given above for subdividing the secondary tantalum
subcategory.
Secondary tantalum production can be generally described as
consisting of acid leaching of raw materials followed by water
rinsing and drying of the final tantalum powder product.
Variations of this process are due to differences in raw
materials. Such factors account for the first three subdivisions
listed above. A discussion of each subdivision follows.
Tantalum alloy scrap may be used as a raw material. This scrap
is generated in forming operations in which a tantalum-containing
alloy is rolled and stamped, The remaining metal skeleton is the
raw material for the acid leaching process. Leaching is done in a
batch mode by immersing the scrap in acid. . Spent acid - is
discharged as a waste stream.
Scrap electrical components containing tantalum may be used as a
4553
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
raw material. These components, predominantly capacitors, may
have plastic parts and be diverse in composition. Successive acid
leaching of batches of raw material is done in rotating
digesters. The spent acid is discharged after each cycle. The
process is complete when all impurities have been leached away,
leaving only the tantalum product.
Tantalum-bearing sludges may used as a raw material for secondary
tantalum recovery. The sludge is mixed with acid and acid-
soluable impurities are leached away. The residual solids
contain upgraded tantalum and are filtered to separate them from
the spent acid prior to subsequent purification.
The fourth subdivision arises from an additional purification
step that one plant includes in its production operations. After
remelting leached tantalum powder and solid tantalum scrap to
separate impurities, the tantalum product is crushed to a powder
and washed with acid. The acid wash removes surface oxides from
the tantalum powder resulting in a higher grade powder product.
The fifth subdivision accounts for wet scrubbers used to control
emissions from acid leaching operations. Acid fume generation
from the leaching of raw materials is a function of the type of
processes used by individual plants. In this subcategory, only
one plant uses a wet scrubber to control acid fumes from leaching
operations.
OTHER FACTORS
The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to be
inappropriate bases for subdivision. Air pollution control
methods, treatment costs, and total energy requirements are
functions of the selected subcategorization factors — metal
product, raw materials, and production processes. Therefore,
they are not independent factors and do not affect the
subcategorization which has been applied. Certain other factors
such as plant age, plant size, and the number of employees, were
also evaluated and determined to be inappropriate for use as
bases for subdivision of this subcategory.
PRODUCTION-NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
As discussed previously, the effluent limitations and standards
developed in this document establish mass limitations on the
discharge of specific pollutant parameters. To allow these
regulations to be applied to plants with various production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit of production. This factor is known as the production
normalizing parameter (PNP).
In general, for each production process which has a wastewater
associated with it, the actual mass of tantalum product or
intermediate produced will be used as the PNP. Thus, the PNPs
for the five subdivisions or building blocks are as follows:
4554
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IV
Building block
1. Tantalum alloy leach and
rinse
2. Capacitor leach and rinse
Tantalum sludge leach and
rinse
Tantalum powder acid wash
aind rinse
Leaching wet air pollution
control
PNP
tantalum powder produced
tantalum powder produced from
leaching
equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced
tantalum powder produced
equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced
Equivalent pure tantalum powder production was selected as the
PNP for subdivisions three and five because the product of
leaching tantalum-bearing sludge contains approximately 25 to 30
percent tantalum. Equivalent pure tantalum refers to the weight
of tantalum contained in the product.
4555
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
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4556
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SECTION V
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes the characteristics of the wastewaters
associated with the secondary tantalum subcategory. Water use
and discharge rates ar.e explained and then summarized in tables
at the end of this section. Data used to characterize the
wastewaters are presented. Finally, the specific source, water
use and discharge flows, and wastewater characteristics for each
separate wastewater source are discussed.
The two principal data sources were used are data collection
portfolios (dcp) and field sampling results. Data collection
portfolios completed for each secondary tantalum plant contain
information regarding wastewater flows and production levels.
In order to quantify the pollutant discharge from secondary
tantalum plants, a field sampling program was conducted. A
complete list of the pollutants considered and a summary of the
techniques used in sampling and laboratory analyses are included
in Section V of Vol. I. Because the analytical standard for TCDD
was judged to be too hazardous to be made generally available,
samples were never analyzed for this pollutant. Samples were also
not analyzed for asbestos. There is no reason to expect that
TCDD or asbestos would be present in nonferrous metals
manufacturing wastewater. One plant was selected for sampling in
the secondary tantalum subcategory. In general, the samples were.
analyzed for the. two classes of pollutants, priority metal
pollutants and criteria pollutants (which include both
conventional and nonconventional pollutants). Samples were not
analyzed for priority organic pollutants because there is no
reason to believe that organic pollutants would be present in
wastewaters generated by the secondary tantalum subcategory.
After proposal, EPA gathered additional wastewater sampling data
for two of the subdivisions in' this subcategory. These da'ta were
acquired through a self-sampling program which was undertaken at
the specific request of the Agency. The data include analyses for
the toxic metals antimony, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, silver, thallium, and zinc. The data also include
analyses for the nonconventional pollutant tantalum. These data
support the assumptions which EPA had made concerning the
presence and concentrations of pollutants in those subdivisions
where we did not have analytical data for specific pollutants.
For this reason, the selection of pollutant parameters for
limitation in this subcategory (Section VI) has not been revised
based on this new data.
As described in Section IV of this supplement, the secondary
tantalum subcategory has been divided into five subdivisions or
wastewater sources, so that the promulgated regulation contains
mass discharge limitations; and standards for five unit processes
discharging process wastewater. Differences in the wastewater
45^7
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
characteristics associated with these subdivisions are to be
expected. For this reason, wastewater streams corresponding to
each subdivision or building block are addressed separately in
the discussions that follow. These wastewater sources are:
(a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
(b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
(c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
(d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
(e) Leaching wet air pollution control.
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES
Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and two flow-to-
production ratios, water use and wastewater discharge flow, were
calculated for each stream. The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation. Water use is defined as the
volume of water or other fluid required for a given process per
mass of tantalum product and is therefore based on the sum of
recycle and make-up flows to a given process. Wastewater flow
discharged after pretreatment or recycle (if these are present)
is used in calculating the production normalized flow — the
volume of wastewater discharged from a given process to further
treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of tantalum produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater f1- ws associated
with a given stream result from recycle, evaporation, and
carry-over on the product. The production values used in
calculation correspond to the production normalizing parameter,
PNP, assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV. As an
example, tantalum powder acid wash and rinse wastewater flow is
related to the production of tantalum powder. As such, the
discharge rate is expressed in liters of acid wash and rinse
wastewater per metric ton of tantalum powder produced (gallons of
acid wash and rinse water per ton of tantalum powder).
The production normalized discharge flows were compiled and
statistically analyzed by stream type. These production
normalized water use and discharge flows are presented by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 (pages 4563 - 4564). Where
appropriate, an attempt was made to identify factors that could
account for variations in water use and discharge rates. _ These
variations are discussed later in this section by subdivision. A
similar analysis of factors affecting the wastewater flows is
presented in Sections IX, X, XI, and XII where representative
BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows are selected for use in
calculating the effluent limitations.
The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
secondary tantalum production come from two sources — data
collection portfolios and analytical data from fl~eld sampling
4558
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
trips.
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS
In the data collection portfolios, the secondary tantalum plants
that discharge wastewater were asked to specify the presence of
priority pollutants in their wastewater. Of the three secondary
tantalum plants, one did not respond to this portion of the
questionnaire. None of the plants responding to the
questionnaire reported the presence of priority organic
pollutants. The responses for the priority metals and cyanide
are summarized below:
Pollutant
Known Present
Antimony 0
Arsenic 0
Beryllium 0
Cadmium 0
Chromium 2
Coppe r 1
Cyanide 0
Lead 0
Mercury 1
Nickel 1
Selenium 0
Silver 0
Thallium 0
Zinc 1
FIELD SAMPLING DATA
Believed Present
(Based on Raw Materials and
Process Chemicals Used)
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present in
wastewater from secondary tantalum plants, wastewater samples
were collected at a single plant, which represents one-third of
the secondary tantalum plants in the United States, and accounts
for 44 percent of all secondary tantalum production. A diagram
indicating the sampling sites and contributing production
processes is shown in Figure V-l (page 4586).
Raw wastewater data are summarized in Tables V-6 through V-9
(pages 4565 - 4577). Analytical results for capacitor leach and
rinse and tantalum powder acid wash and rinse waste streams are
given in Tables V-6 and V-7, respectively. Table V-8 shows
analytical results from samples taken from a holding tank (sump)
into which the spent acid stream flows, as well as other streams
from unrelated plant processes. Table V-9 shows data from a
similar type of holding tank (sump) into which the acid wash and
water rinse stream flows, along with other unrelated waste
streams. Finally, Table V-10 (page 4581) shows the analytical
results of the samples taken of the final effluent, after having
been treated and prior to discharge to a surface stream. Note
that the stream numbers listed in the tables correspond to those
4559
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
given in the plant sampling site diagram, Figure V-l (page 4586).
Where no data are listed for a specific day of sampling, the
wastewater samples for the stream were not collected. Sampling
was only done for two classes of pollutants: priority metal
pollutants, and criteria pollutants which include both
conventional and nonconventional pollutants.
The data tables include some samples measured at concentrations
considered not quantifiable. The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable, and volatile organics generally are considered not
quantifiable at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.
Below this concentration, organic analytical results are not
quantitatively accurate; however, the analyses are useful to
indicate the presence of a particular pollutant. The pesticide
fraction is considered not quantifiable at concentrations equal
to or less than 0.005 mg/1.
It should be noted that the detection limits shown on the data
tables for priority metals and conventional and nonconventional
pollutants are not the same in. all cases as the published
detection limits for these pollutants by the same analytical
methods. The detection limits used were reported with the
analytical data and hence are the appropriate limits to apply to
the data. Detection limit variation can occur as a result of_ a
number of laboratory-specific/ equipment-specific. and daily
operator-specific factors. These factors can include day-to-day
differences in machine calibration, variation in stock solutions,
and variation in operators.
The statistical analysis of data includes some samples measured
at concentrations considered not quantifiable. For data
considered as detected but below quantifiable concentrations^ a
value of zero is used for averaging. Priority organic,
nonconventional, and conventional pollutant data reported with a
"less than" sign are considered as detected, but not further
quantifiable. A value of zero is also used for averaging. If a
pollutant is reported as not detected, it is assigned a value of
zero in calculating the average. Finally, priority metal values
reported as less than a certain value were considered as not
quantifiable, and consequently were .assigned a value of zero in
the calculation of the average.
Finally, appropriate source water concentrations are presented
with the summaries of the sampling data. The method by which
each sample was collected is indicated by number, as follows::
1 one-time grab 4 8-hour automatic composite
2 manual composite during intermit- 5 24-hour manual .composite
tent process operation 6 24-hour automatic composite
3 8-hour manual composite
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION
The secondary tantalum subcategory has been divided into five
subdivisions'. The wastewater characteristics and discharge rates
4560
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
corresponding
this section.
to each subdivision are described separately in
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
Spent acid is generated when batches of scrap tantalum alloy from
forming operations are acid leached to recover tantalum. After
leaching, the residual tantalum metal is rinsed with water to
remove excess acid. The rinse water is discharged to treatment
along with the spent acid. Table V-l (page 4563) shows the
production normalized water use and discharge rates for the
tantalum alloy leach and rinse waste stream in liters per metric
ton of tantalum powder produced.
Although the two component waste streams in this subdivision were
not directly sampled, it is expected that their respective waste
characteristics will be similar to two waste streams from this
subcategory that were sampled. Spent acid from tantalum alloy
leaching is expected to have similar characteristics to capacitor
leaching wastewater which was sampled. Consequently, treatable
concentrations of toxic metals including copper, nickel, and zinc
are expected, as well as low pH. Wastewater characteristics for
capacitor leaching wastewater are shown in Table V-6 (page 4565).
The water rinse component of the tantalum alloy leach and rinse
waste stream is expected to have similar pollutant concentrations
to the tantalum powder acid wash and rinse waste stream. Table
V-7 (page 4569) shows the analytical data for this waste stream.
The water rinse portion of the waste stream is expected to be
acidic and contain treatable concentrations of toxic metals
including copper and nickel.
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
This waste stream is composed of spent acid generated by leaching
scrap capacitors and other electrical components that contain
tantalum. The acid leaches away all impurities leaving behind a
residue of tantalum metal powder. The spent acid is discharged
to treatment along with rinse water used to remove excess acid.
Table V-2 shows production normalized flows in liters per metric
ton of tantalum metal produced.
Table V-6 summarizes the field sampling data for this waste
stream. From this data, it can be seen that capacitor leaching
spent acid can be characterized by an acidic pH, treatable
concentrations of toxic metals including copper, lead, and zinc,
and treatable concentrations of suspended solids.
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
This wastewater stream arises from the upgrading of tantalum-
bearing sludge. The sludge is leached with acid, rinsed with
water and the residual solids separated from the liquid phase by
filtration. Successive leaching operations are performed until
the desired level of purity is attained. The production
4561
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
normalized flow is shown in Table V-3, (page 4563) in liters per
metric ton of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced.
At proposal, specific wastewater characteristics data for this
stream were not available. Following proposal, sampling data for
this subdivision were acquired through a self-sampling effort
initiated at the specific request of the Agency. These data are
presented in Table V-ll (page 4585) and show show treatable
concentrations of toxic and nonconventional metals.
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
Acid washing is used to polish the powdered tantalum by removing
surface oxides that may have formed in the previous stages of: the
production process. The subsequent water rinse is used to wash
the acid from the powder prior to drying. Table V-4 (page_ 4564)
shows the production normalized flows for this operation in
liters per metric ton of tantalum powder produced.
A sample of this wastewater was taken after residual tantalum was
recovered by ammonium hydroxide precipitation. This step is
assumed not to affect constituents in the waste stream other than
tantalum and ammonia. Because of the raw materials and
production operations used by this plant, there is no reason to
expect that treatable concentrations of ammonia are generated in
the acid wash and water rinse process. Therefore, the
concentrations of ammonia presented in Table V-7 (page 4569) are
assumed to be caused by addition of ammonium hydroxide in the
tantalum recovery opera-tion, and can be disregarded when
characterizing the acid wash and water rinse waste stream. The
pH may also be modified by the addition of ammonium hydroxide,
but the data in Table V-7 show that the pH of the waste stream
after tantalum recovery is still acidic. Accounting for these
differences, the acid wash and water rinse waste stream is
characterized by treatable concentrations of copper and nickel,
and having an acidic pH.
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
One plant reported using a wet scrubber to control hydrochloric
acid fumes generated in acid leaching operations. The scrubber
liquor blowdown is discharged to treatment. Table V-5 (page
4564) shows the production normalized flows for the scrubbing
operation in liters per metric ton of equivalent pure tantalum
powder produced.
Following proposal, sampling data for this subdivision were
acquired through a self-sampling effort at the specific request
of the Agency. These data presented in table V-ll (page 4585)
show treatable concentrations of toxic and nonconventional
metals, thus corroborating the data used at proposal.
4562
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-l
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
(1000 1/kkg of tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
p3-ant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1145 0 230.6 230.6
TABLE V-2
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
(1000 1/kkg of tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1089 0 20.2 20.2
TABLE V-3
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
(1000 1/kkg of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1146 205.3
4563
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-4
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
(1000 l/kkg of^ tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1089 0 0.350 0.350
TABLE V-5
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1000 i/kkg o_f equivalent pure tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1146 58-8
4564
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
TABLE V-ll
SECONDARY TANTALUM SAMPLING DATA
RAW WASTEWATER DATA FROM SELF-SAMPLING PROGRAM
POLLUTANT
Sample No.
Toxic Pollutants
114. antimony
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
126. silver
128. zinc
Nonconventional Pollutants
aluminum
cobalt
iron
manganese
molybdenum
tantalum
tin
titanium
vanadium
NOTES:
CONCENTRATION
88143
0.059
<0.050
0.120
0.528
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
1.600
<0.050
<0.500
<0.500
0.420
<0.050
7.920
12.000
5.000
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<1.000
88144
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0.600
1.010
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<0.200
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0.500
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1.200
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<50.000
<20.000
10.300
Sample No. 88143 = Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Sample No. 88144 = Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
4585
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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Tantalum
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i
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i
t
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i
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i
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i
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Figure V-1
SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY TANTALUl^I PLANT A
4586
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
This_ section examines the chemical analysis data presented in
Section V and discusses the selection or exclusion of pollutants
for potential limitation. The discussion that follows presents
and briefly discusses selection of conventional and
nonconventional pollutants for effluent limitations. Also
described is the analysis that was performed to select or exclude
priority pollutants for further consideration for limitations and
standards. Pollutants will be considered for limitation if they
are present in concentrations treatable by the technologies
considered in this analysis. The treatable concentrations used
for the priority metals were the long-term performance values
achievable by chemical precipitation. sedimentation, and
filtration. The treatable concentrations used for the priority
organics were the long-term performance values achievable by
carbon adsorption.
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
This study examined samples from the secondary tantalum
subcategory for two conventional pollutant parameters (total
suspended solids and pH) and several nonconventional pollutant
parameters.
The conventional and nonconventional pollutants or pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
tantalum
total suspended solids (TSS)
pH
Based on an examination of the production processes employed in
the secondary tantalum .subcategory, it is expected that
concentrations of tantalum could be present in the wastewater
generated in this subcategory. For this reason, tantalum is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TSS concentrations ranging from 29 to 80,000 mg/1 were observed
in the raw waste samples analyzed for this study. All the
concentrations are well above the 2.6 mg/1 treatable
concentration. Most of the specific methods used to remove toxic
metals do so by converting these metals to precipitates, and
these toxic-metal-containing precipitates should not be
discharged. Meeting a limitation on total suspended solids helps
ensure that removal of these precipitated toxic metals has been
effective. For these reasons, total suspended solids are
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
The pH values observed during this study ranged from 1.8 to 10.5.
Seven of the values were equal to or less than 4.8, and one other
was outside the 7.5 to 10.0 range considered desirable for
4587
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
discharge to receiving waters. Many deleterious effects are
caused by extreme pH values or rapid changes in pH. Also,
effective removal of toxic metals by precipitation requires
careful control of pH. Since pH control within the desirable
limits is readily attainable by available treatment, pH is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in the raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page 4591).
Table VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from streams 464
and 466 (see Section V). These data provide the basis for the
categorization of specific pollutants, as discussed below.
Treatment plant and sump effluent samples were not considered in
the frequency count. Note that sampling was not done for any
priority organic pollutants.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 4592) were never
detected in any raw wastewater samples from this^ subcategory.
Therefore, they are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
The toxic pollutants listed below were never found above their
analytical quantification concentration in any raw wastewater
samples from this subcategory; therefore, these pollutants are
not selected for consideration in establishing limitations.
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
119. chromium
125. selenium
127. thallium
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT
The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because they were not found in any raw
wats^ewater samples from this subcategory above concentrations
considered achievable by existing or available treatment
technologies. These pollutants are discussed individually
following the list.
115. arsenic
123. mercury
Arsenic was detected above its quantification concentration of
0.010 mg/1 in two of the samples analyzed. The detected values
were both 0.02 mg/1. The treatable concentration for arsenic is
4588
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
0.34 mg/1, much higher than any of the analyzed samples indicate
Therefore, arsenic is not selected for limitation.
Mercury was detected above its quantification concentration of
0.0001 mg/1 in all three samples analyzed. The analysis showed a
range of 0.0004 mg/1 to 0.0037 mg/1, well below the treatable
concentration for mercury of 0.036 mg/1. For this reason
mercury is not selected- for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The priority pollutants listed below are selected for further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for this
subcategory. The toxic pollutants selected for further
consideration for limitation are each discussed following the
-L X S t •
114. antimony
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
126. silver
128. zinc
Antimony was detected below the quantification concentration of
0.100 mg/1 in one sample (<0.01 mg/1). The other two samples
indicated treatable concentrations of antimony of 1.0 mg/1 and 47
mg/1. The treatable concentration for antimony is 0.47 mg/1
Therefore, antimony is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Copper was discovered above treatable concentrations in three
samples analyzed. The treatable concentration for copper is 0.39
mg/1. The concentrations detected were 4.65 mg/1, 17,100 mg/1,
and 49,200 mg/1. Since these waste streams contain substantial
concentrations of treatable copper, this metal is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
Lead was detected above treatable concentrations in two samples
analyzed. The treatable concentration for lead is 0.08 mg/1 The
sample concentrations showed 6,100 mg/1 and 15,900 mg/1 of lead
Because of such large lead concentrations in the waste streams,
lead is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Nickel was detected above treatability (0.22 mg/1) in all three
of the samples analyzed. Detected concentrations were found to
be 2.45 mg/1, 1,890 mg/1, and 3,580 mg/1. Therefore, nickel is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Silver was detected below the quantification concentration of
0.02 mg/1 in one of the three samples that were analyzed. The
sample registered <0.01 mg/1. The remaining two samples were
both above the treatable concentration of 0.07 mg/1
Concentrations of 30.0 and 50 mg/1.of silver were detected, and
4589
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
thus silver is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Zinc was detected above the treatable concentration of 0.23 mg/1
in two samples showing 2,810 mg/1 and 8,060 mg/1 of ^^- ™e
remaining sample was below treatability indicating only 0.12 mg/1
zinc. However, because of the significant quantities found in
two samples, zinc is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
4590
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
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•8
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
1. acenaphthene*
2. acrolein*
3. acrylonitrile*
4 benzene*
5. benzidine*
6. carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)*
7. chlorobenzene*
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene*
9. hexachlorobenzene*
10. 1,2-dichloroethane*
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane*
12. hexachloroethane*
13. 1,1-dichloroethane*
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane*
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane*
16. chloroethane*
17. bis (chloromethyl) ether (DELETED)*
18. bis (2-chloroethyl) ether*
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)*
20. 2-chloronaphthalene*
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol*
22. parachlorometa cresol*
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)*
24. 2-chlorophenol*
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene*
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene*
27. l>4-dichlorobenzene*
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine*
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene*
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroerhylene*
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol*
32. 1,2-dichloropropane*
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)*
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol*
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene*
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene*
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine*
38. ethylbenzene*
39. fluoranthene*
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether*
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether*
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether*
43. bis(2-choroethoxy) methane*
44. methylene chloride (dichloromethane)*
45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)*
46. methyl bromide (bromomethane)*
47. bromoform (tribromomethane)*
48. dichlorobromomethane*
49. trichlorofluoromethane (DELETED)*
4592
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
50. dichlorodifluoromethane (DELETED)*
51. chlorodibromomethane*
52. hexachlorobutadiene*
53. hexachlorocyc^opentadiene*
54. isophorone*
55. naphthalene*
56. nitrobenzene*
57. 2-nitrophenol*
58. 4-nitrophenol*
59. 2,4-dinitrophenoi*
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol*
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine*
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine*
63. N-nitrosodi-n-prppylamine*
6 4. pentachlorophenol*
65. phenol*
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate*
67. butyl benzyl phthalate*
68. di-n-butyl phthalate*
69. di-n-octyl phthaiate*
70. diethyl phthalate*
71. dimethyl phthalate*
72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)*
73. benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)*
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene*
75. benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)*
76. chrysene*
77. acenaphthylene*
78. anthracene*
79. benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)*
80. fluorene*
81. phenanthrene*
82. dibenzo (a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)*
83. indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)*
84. pyrene*
85. tetrachloroethylene*
86. toluene*
87. trichloroethylene*
88. vinyl chloride (Chloroethylene)*
89. aldrin*
90. dieldrin*
91. chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)*
92. 4,4'-DDT*
93. 4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
94. 4,4'-DDD(p,p TDE)*
95. Alpha-endosulfan*
96. Beta-endosulfan*
97. endosulfan sulfate*
99. endrin aldehyde*
4593
-------
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
116.
121.
129.
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
heptachlor*
heptachlor epoxide*
Alpha-BHC*
Beta-BHC*
Gamma-BHC (lindane)*
Delta-BHC*
PCB-1242 (Arochlor
PCB-1254 (Arochlor
PCB-1221 (Arochlor
PCB-1232 (Arochlor
PCB-1248 (Arochlor
PCB-1260 (Arochlor
PCB-1016 (Arochlor
1242)*
1254)*
1221)*
1232)*
1248)*
1260)*
1016)*
toxaphene*
asbestos (Fibrous)
cyanide (Total)*
2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodiberizo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*We did not analyze for these pollutants in samples of raw
wastewater from this subcategory. These pollutants are not
believed to be present based on the Agency's best engineering
judgement which includes consideration of raw materials and
process operations.
4594
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
SECTION VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters from secondary
tantalum plants. This section summarizes the description of
these wastewaters and indicates the treatment technologies which
are currently practiced in the secondary tantalum subcategory for
each wastewater stream. Secondly, this section presents the
control and treatment technology options which were examined by
the Agency for possible application to the secondary tantalum
subcategory.
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
Control and treatment technologies are discussed in Section VII
of Vol. I and the pollutant concentrations achievable with these
treatment technologies are presented in table VII-21 (page 248)
of that volume. The basic principles of these technologies and
the applicability to wastewaters similar to those found in this
subcategory are presented there. This section presents a summary
of the control and treatment technologies that are currently
being applied to each of the sources generating wastewater in
this subcategory. As discussed in Section V, wastewater
associated with the secondary tantalum subcategory is
characterized by the presence of the toxic metal pollutants and
suspended solids. This analysis is supported by the raw
(untreated) wastewater data presented for specific sources as
well as combined waste streams in Section V. Generally, these
pollutants are present in each of the wastewater streams at
concentrations above the levels achievable by treatment, and
these wastewaters are commonly combined for treatment.
Construction of one wastewater treatment system for combined
treatment allows plants to take advantage of economies of scale
and in some instances to combine streams of different alkalinity
to reduce treatment chemical requirements. All three plants in
this subcategory currently have combined wastewater treatment
systems including chemical precipitation and sedimentation. The
options selected for consideration for BPT, BAT, NSPS, and
pretreatment based on combined treatment of compatible
wastewaters are summarized toward the end of this section.
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
Tantalum recovery from alloy scrap is accomplished by immersing
the scrap_ into an acid bath and leaching away all impurities.
Water rinsing of the tantalum powder residue follows the leaching
operation and is designed to remove residual acid from the
tantalum powder before drying. The spent acid, along with the
once-through rinse water is discharged to lime and settle
treatment. Polymer addition is used to aid flocculation and
settling. The final effluent is discharged directly.
4595
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
Tantalum is recovered from scrap capacitors and other electrical
components by successive batch leaching. The spent acid contains
hiqh concentrations of dissolved metals and also some suspended
solids. The wastewater from this operation and other wastewater
streams is treated using chemical precipitation and
sedimentation. The treated effluent is discharged to a surface
water.
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
Tantalum recovery from sludge requires successive leaching
filtering and washing operations. The filtrate and wash water
may be sent to a metal by-product recovery process prior to being
discharged to the wastewater treatment facility. _After treatment
consisting of chemical precipitation and sedimentation, the
effluent is discharged.
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
One plant washes tantalum powder with acid and subsequently
rinses it with water prior to the final drying of the product.
The acid wash is designed to remove surface oxides from the
tantalum powder, and the water rinse removes residual acid before
drvinq. The acid and water stream are combined and pretreated
with ammonium hydroxide to precipitate dissolved tantalum. After
filtering the precipitate, the filtrate is routed to the
treatment system for treatment consisting of Chemical
precipitation and sedimentation. It is then discharged to a
surface water.
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
A wet scrubber may be used to control emissions of acid fumes
generated by acid leaching operations. A caustic solution is
circulated in the scrubber, and a 92 percent recycle rate is
oresentlv practiced. The scrubber discharge is combined with
other wastewater streams and treated by chemical precipitation
and sedimentation. The final effluent is discharged to a surface
stream.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
The Agency examined two control and treatment technology options
that are applicable to the secondary tantalum subcategory. The
options selected for evaluation represent applicable end-of-pipe
treatment technologies.
Examination of the waste streams in this subcategory shows that
no in-process flow reduction, beyond that presently being
practiced, is achievable. Therefore, options including flow
reduction were not considered.
4596
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
OPTION A
Option A for the secondary tantalum subcategory requires control
and treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of wastewater
pollutant mass.
The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology. Specifically, lime or some other
alkaline compound is used to precipitate metal ions as metal
hydroxides. The metal hydroxides and suspended solids settle out
and the sludge is collected. Vacuum filtration is used to
dewater sludge.
OPTION C
Option C for the secondary tantalum subcategory consists of all
control and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids/
including precipitates of metals, beyond the concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter suggested is of
the gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of filters,
such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters would perform
satisfactorily. The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
4597
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4598
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a summary of compliance costs for the
secondary tantalum subcategory and a description of the treatment
options and subcategory-specific assumptions used to develop
these estimates. Together with the estimated pollutant removal
performance presented in Section X of this supplement, these cost
estimates provide a basis for evaluating each regulatory option.
These cost estimates are also used in determining the probable
economic impact of regulation on the subcategory at different
pollutant discharge levels. In addition, this section addresses
nonwater quality environmental impacts of wastewater treatment
and control alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes,
and energy requirements, which are specific to the secondary
tantalum subcategory.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
As discussed in Section VII, two treatment options have been
developed and considered- in promulgating limitations and
standards for the secondary tantalum subcategory. These options
are summarized below and schematically presented in Figures X-l
and X-2 (pages 4624 and 4625).
OPTION A
The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology.
OPTION C
Option C for the secondary tantalum subcategory consists of all
control and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance costs is presented in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Plaht-by-plant compliance costs have been
estimated for the nonferrous metals manufacturing category and
are presented in the administrative record supporting this
regulation. Compliance cost estimates developed for the
promulgated regulation are presented in Table VIII-1 (page 4602)
for the direct dischargers in this subcategory. These cost
estimates are equivalent to those developed for the proposed
regulation. ;
Each of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
has been previously discussed. No subcategory-specific
4599
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
assumptions were used in developing compliance costs for the
secondary tantalum subcategory.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Energy requirements for Option A are estimated at 37,000 kwh/yr,
and for Option C the estimated requirement is 39,000 kwh/yr.
Option C energy requirements increase over those for Option A
because filtration is being added as an end-of-pipe treatment
technology. Since recycle of scrubber liquor is already in place
in this subcategory, energy requirement savings resulting from
flow reduction measures are not reflected in this analysis. Both
options represent about two percent of a typical plant s energy
usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements of
the treatment options considered will not have a significant
impact on total plant energy consumption.
SOLID WASTE
Sludge generated in the secondary tantalum subcategory is due to
the precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates using lime
or other chemicals. Sludges associated with the secondary
tantalum subcategory will necessarily contain quantities of toxic
metal pollutants. Wastes generated by secondary metal industries
can be regulated as hazardous. However, the Agency examined the
solid waste that would be generated at secondary nonferrous
metals manufacturing plants by the suggested treatment
technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes under the
Aaency's regulations implementing Section 3001 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. The one exception to this is
solid wastes generated by cyanide precipitation. These sludges
are expected to be hazardous and this judgment was included in
this study. None of the non-cyanide wastes are listed
specifically as hazardous. Nor are they likely to exhibit a
characteristic of hazardous waste. This judgment is made based
on the recommended technology of chemical precipitation and
filtration. By the addition of a small excess of lime during
treatment, similar sludges, specifically toxic metal bearing
sludges, generated by other industries such as the iron and steel
industry passed the Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test. See
40 CPR 8261.24. Thus, the Agency believes that the wastewater
sludges will similarly not be EP toxic if the recommended
technology is applied.
4600
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII,
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management: program, requiring regulation, from
the point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators of hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a manifest, which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premise to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142 (May 19,
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May 19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
Even If these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR 53438
(September 13, 1979). It is estimated that the secondary
tantalum subcategory will generate 386 metric tons of sludge per
year when implementing the promulgated BPT treatment technology.
The Agency has calculated as part of the costs for wastewater
treatment the cost of hauling and disposing of these wastes.
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems will result from implementation of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration. These
technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
4601
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
TABLE VIII-1
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March, 1982 Dollars)
Total Required
Option Capital Cost
A 6,462
C 13,474
Total
Annual Cost
58,854
63,466
4602
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT). BPT reflects
the existing performance by plants of various sizes, ages, and
manufacturing processes within the secondary tantalum
subcategory, as well as the established performance of the
recommended BPT systems. Particular consideration is given to
the treatment already in place at plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported, by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transfera-ble, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than process
changes or internal controls, except where such practices are
common industry practice.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
The Agency studied this subcategory to identify the processes
used, the wastewaters generated, and the treatment processes
installed. Information was collected from industry using data
collection portfolios, and specific plants were sampled and the
wastewaters analyzed. In making technical assessments of data,
reviewing manufacturing processes, and . assessing wastewater
treatment technology options, both indirect and direct
dischargers have been considered as a single group. An
examination of plants and processes did not indicate any process
differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be direct
or indirect.
As explained in Section IV the secondary tantalum subcategory
has been subdivided into five potential wastewater sources. Since
the water use, discharge rates, and pollutant characteristics of
each of these wastewaters is potentially unique, effluent
limitations are developed for each of the five subdivisions.
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach was followed
for the development of BPT mass limitations. The first
4603
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
requirement to calculate these limitations is to account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant. Therefore,
a unit of production or production normalizing parameter (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV. Each plant within the subcategory was then
analyzed to determine which subdivisions were present, the
specific flow rates generated for each subdivision, and the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision. This
analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
are not considered in the analysis.
Production normalized flows for each subdivision were then
analyzed to determine the flow to be used as part of the basis
for BPT mass limitations. The selected flow (sometimes referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water use controls which are common practices within the
category. The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data. Plants with normalized flows above the average
may have to implement some method of flow reduction to achieve
the BPT limitations.
The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the set
of concentrations that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology. Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in place
for each wastewater source. In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle technology) and a combination of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.
Using these regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source or subdivision. This calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream basis, primarily because plants in this subcategory may
perform one or more of the operations in various combinations.
The mass loadings (milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
- mg/kg) were calculated by multiplying the BPT
flow (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable by the
of treatment technology (mg/1) for each pollutant
to be limited under BPT. These mass loadings are
in the Federal Register and in 40 CFR Part 421 as the
production
regulatory
BPT level
parameter
published
effluent limitations.
The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to the combined flow. This method accounts for the variety of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
4604
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
may be found at secondary tantalum plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation, for each plant.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level. The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.
The methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table X-l
(page 4618) shows the pollutant removal estimates for each
treatment option for direct dischargers. Compliance costs for
direct dischargers are presented in Table X-2 (page 4619).
BPT OPTION SELECTION
The technology basis for the proposed and promulgated BPT
limitations is Option A, chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology to remove metals;and solids from combined wastewaters
and to control pH. These technologies are demonstrated and
economically achievable since they are already in place at all of
the direct dischargers in this subcategory. The BPT treatment
scheme is presented in Figure IX-1 (page 4612).
Implementation of the promulgated BPT limitations will remove
annually an estimated 26,268 kilograms of toxic metals and 20,079
kilograms of TSS from raw wastewater generated by the secondary
tantalum industry. Projected capital and annual costs are $6,462
and $58,854 (1982 dollars), respectively, to achieve the
promulgated BPT limitations.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing plants as determined
from analysis of data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BPT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
4605
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the five wastewater
sources are discussed below and summarized in Table IX-1. The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by relating
the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
intermediate product which is produced by the process associated
with the waste scream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs. are also listed in Table IX-1.
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 (pages 4564 -
4565).
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for tantalum alloy leach and
rinse is 230,600 1/kkg (55,261 gal/ton) of tantalum powder
produced based on the only water use rate reported. This rate
is allocated only for those plants which leach tantalum alloy
scrap material by immersion into an acid bath and use water to
rinse the tantalum powder product before it is dried. Water use
and wastewater discharge rates are presented in Table V-l (page
4564).
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for capacitor leach and rinse
is 20200 1/kkg (4841 gal/ton) of tantalum powder produced. This
rate is allocated only for those plants whose raw material is
scrap electrical components containing tantalum. Recovery of
tantalum powder is performed by successive leachings of the raw
material. The production normalized flows for this subdivision
are presented in Table V-2 (page 4564).
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
The proposed and promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rate for
tantalum sludge leach and rinse is 205300 1/kkg (49198 gal/ton)
of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced, based on the one
water use rate reported. This rate is allocated only for those
plants which use tantalum-bearing sludge as their raw material.
The upgrading of tantalum-bearing sludge involves filtration for
solids and spent acid separation and rinsing of the residual
solids with water prior to the next leaching step. Water use and
wastewater discharge rates are presented in Table V-3 (page
4564).
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for tantalum powder acid wash
and rinse is 350 1/kkg (84 gal/ton) of tantalum powder produced
by the plant, based on the only reported water use rate. This
rate is allocated only for those plants that incorporate a final
acid wash of the tantalum powder to remove surface oxides,
4606
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
followed by a water rinse which cleans the powder prior to
drying. The one plant that reported using such a system uses a
tantalum recovery operation consisting of pH adjustment by
ammonia addition and recovery of the precipitated tantalum
solids. After treatment for tantalum recovery, the wastewater is
further treated and discharged. The production normalized water
use and discharge rates are presented in Table V-4 (page 4565).
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for acid leach wet air
pollution control is 4880 1/kkg (1169 gal/ ton) of equivalent
pure tantalum powder produced. This rate is allocated for those
plants which use a wet air pollution control system to control
acid fumes which arise from the leaching operations. The
available data indicate that this scrubber operates at 92 percent
recycle. The BPT flow is based on this demonstrated recycle
performance of the acid fume scrubber. Production normalized
water use and discharge rates for this subdivision are presented
in Table V-5 {page 4565).
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation was presented in Section VI and also in Section X. A
total of seven pollutants or pollutant parameters are selected
for limitation under BPT and are listed below:
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
128. zinc
tantalum
TSS
pH
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The pollutant concentrations achievable by application of the
promulgated BPT (both one-day maximum and monthly average values)
are multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows summarized
in Table IX-1 (page 4608) to calculate the mass of pollutants
allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The results of
these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
product represent the BPT effluent limitations and are presented
in Table IX-2 (page 4609) for each individual waste stream.
4607
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
;TABLE IX-2
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
661.800
438.100
: 96.850
442.800
94.550
336.700
il03.800
9,455.000
295.200
230.600
46.120
292.900
39.200
140.700
4,497.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
57.970
38.380
8.484
38.780
8.282
29.490
9.090
828.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
25.860
20.200
4.040
25.650
3.434
12.320
393.900
*Regulated Pollutant
4609
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony 589.200 262.800
*Copper 390.100 205.300
*Lead 86.230 41.060
*Nickel 394.200 260.700
Silver 84.170 34.900
*Zinc 299.700 125.200
*Tantalum 92.390
*TSS 8,417.000 4,003.000
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse BPT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony 1.005 0.448
*Copper 0.665 0.350
*Lead 0.147 0.070
*Nickel 0.672 0.445
Silver 0.144 0.060
*Zinc 0.511 0.214
*Tantalum 0.158
*TSS 14.350 6.825
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4610
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
14.010
9.272
2 050
9.370
2.001
7.125
2.196
200.100
6.246
4.880
0.976
6.198
0.830
2.977
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
95.160
*Regulated Pollutant
4611
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
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4612
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These effluent limitations are based on the best control and
treatment technology used by a specific point source within the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another category from
which it is transferable. Emphasis is placed on additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment systems
currently used, as well" as reduction of the amount of water used
and discharged, process control, and treatment technology
optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology BAT represents
the best available technology economically achievable at plants
of various ages, sizes, processes, or other characteristics. BAT
may include feasible process changes or internal controls, even
when not in common industry practice.
The required assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removals However,
in assessing the proposed and promulgated BAT, the Agency has
given substantial weight to the economic achievability of the
technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine two
technology options which could be applied to the secondary
tantalum subcategory as alternatives for the basis of BAT
effluent limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as described in
Section IX for BPT limitations development. The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
A complete description of the methodology used to calculate the
estimated pollutant removal achieved by the application of the
various treatment options is presented in Section X of Vol. I. In
short, sampling data collected during the field sampling program
were used to characterize the major wastewater streams considered
for regulation. At each sampled facility, the sampling data were
4613
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
production normalized for each unit operation (i.e.. mass of
pollutant generated per mass of product manufactured). This
value, referred to as the raw waste, was used to estimate the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the secondary tantalum
subcategory. The pollutant removal estimates were calculated for
each plant by first estimating the total mass of each pollutant
in the untreated wastewater. This was calculated by first
multiplying the raw waste values by the corresponding production
value for that stream and then summing these values for each
pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.
Next, the volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory flow.
The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the
other plant flows. The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated by multiplying the achievable concentration values
attainable with the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of
process wastewater discharged by the subcategory. The mass of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of pollutant discharged after application of the treatment
option. The pollutant removal estimates for direct dischargers
in the secondary tantalum subcategory are presented in Table X-l-
(page 4618). These estimates are the same as those developed for
the proposed regulation.
COMPLIANCE COSTS
In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total costs
associated with installation and operation of wastewater
treatment technologies to plant process wastewater discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant. The plant's investment and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in place
and by its individual process wastewater discharge flow.' As
discussed above, this flow is either the actual or the BAT
regulatory flow, whichever is lesser. The final step was to
annualize the capital costs, and to sum the annualized capital
costs, and the operating and maintenance costs for each p>lant,
yielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory. The
compliance costs associated with the various options are
presented in Table X-2 (page 4619) for direct dischargers in the
secondary tantalum subcategory. These costs were used in
assessing economic achievability.
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed BAT .for the secondary tantalum subcategory based on
Option C, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration technology.
The estimated capital cost of proposed BAT was $13,474 and. the
annual cost was $63,466 (1982 dollars). Implementation of the
proposed BAT technology was estimated to remove 4.9 kilograms of
4614
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
priority pollutants and 35,5 kilograms of suspended solids over
the estimated BPT removal.
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA_is promulgating BAT limitations_,for this subcategory based on
Option C, which includes chemical precipitation, sedimentation,
and multimedia filtration. The estimated capital cost of
promulgated BAT is $13,474 (1982 dollars) and the annual cost is
$63,466_(1982 dollars). The end-of-pipe treatment configuration
for Option C is presented in Figure X-2 (page 4625).
EPA is promulgating BAT with multimedia filtration as part of the
model technology because this technology results in additional
removal of toxic metals. Filtration is also presently
demonstrated at 25 plants throughout the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category. Filtration adds reliability to the
treatment system by making it less susceptible to operator error
and to sudden changes*,in raw wastewater flow and concentrations.
Implementation of the control and treatment technologies of
Option C would remove annually an estimated 26,273 kilograms of
toxic metal pollutants and 20,115 kilograms of suspended solids,
which is 4.9 kilograms of toxic metal pollutants and 35.5
kilograms of suspended solids over the estimated BPT removal.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BAT discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision based
upon the flows of the existing plants, as determined from
analysis of the data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the five wastewater
sources were determined and are summarized in Table X-3 (page
4620). The discharge rates are normalized on a production basis
by relating the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
intermediate product which is produced by the process associated
with the waste stream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table X-3.
The BAT discharge rates reflect no flow reduction requirements as
compared to the BPT option flows. In-process flow reduction
beyond the BPT,allowances is not achievable for any waste streams
in this subcategory. As an example, the acid leach scrubber used
at one of the secondary tantalum plants already operates at 92
percent recycle. Consequently, the BAT and BPT production
normalized discharge flows are identical.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutants and pollutant parameters for limitation. This
. 4615
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
examination and evaluation was presented in Section VI._ The
Agency, however, has chosen not to regulate all six priority
pollutants selected in this analysis. The high cost associated
with analysis for toxic metal pollutants has prompted EPA to
develop an alternative method for regulating and monitoring
priority pollutant discharges from the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category. Rather than developing specific effluent
mass limitations and standards for each of the toxic metals found
in treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater from a given
subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent mass limitations
only for those pollutants generated in the greatest quantities as
shown by the pollutant removal estimate analysis. The pollutants
selected for specific limitation are listed below:
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
128. zinc
tantalum
By establishing limitations and standards for certain metal
pollutants, dischargers will attain the same degree of control
over toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
This approach is technically justified since the achievable
concentrations used for chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology are based on optimized treatment for concomitant
multiple metals removal. Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at very
nearly the same rate in a chemical precipitation and
sedimentation treatment system operated for multiple metals
removal. Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewise
justified because this technology removes metals non-
preferentially.
The pollutants selected for specific limitation in the secondary
tantalum subcategory are copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and
tantalum. The following toxic metal pollutants are excluded from
limitation on the basis that they are effectively controlled by
the limitations developed-for copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and
tantalum: ;
114. antimony ;
126. silver
The priority metal pollutants copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, as
well as the nonconventional metal pollutant tantalum, are
specifically limited to .ensure the control of the excluded
priority metal pollutants These pollutants are indicators of
the performance of the treatment technology.
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The achievable concentrations, both one day maximum and monthly
4616
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY . SECT - X
average values, are multiplied by the BAT normalized discharge
flows summarized in Table X-3 (page 4620) to calculate the mass
of pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The
results of these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per
kilogram of product represent the BAT effluent limitations and
are presented in Table X-4 (page 4621) for each wastewater
stream.
4617
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-2
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Direct Dischargers
Option
A
C
Total Required
Capital Cost
(1982 dollars)
6462
13474
Total
Annual Cost
(1982 dollars)
58854
63466
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM-SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4620
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-4
BAT. .MASS .LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
* Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27 . 670
96.850
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse
BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
(Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver ,
*Zinc
*Tantalum
38.990
25.860
5.656
11.110
5.858
20.600
9.090
17.370
12.320
2.626
7.474
2.424
8.484
*Regulated Pollutant
4621
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
of equivalent pure
396.200
262.800
57.480
112.900
59.540
209.400
92.390
tantalum powder
176.600
125.200
26.690
75.960
24.640
86.230
produced
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
0.676
0.448
0.098
0.193
0.102
0.357
0.158
0.301
0.214
0.046
0.130
0.042
0.147
*Regulated Pollutant
4622
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
(lb/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
9.418
6.246
1.366
2.684
1.415
4.978
2.196
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
*Regulated Pollutant
4623
-------
I
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4625
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4626
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
SECTION XI
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The basis for new source performance standards (NSPS) is the best
available demonstrated technology (.BDT) . New plants have the
opportunity to design the best and most efficient production
processes and wastewater treatment technologies without facinq
the added costs and restrictions encountered in retrofitting an
existing plant. Therefore, EPA has considered the best
demonstrated process changes, in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe
6? easible? 16S Whi°h redU°e pollution to the maximum
This section describes the technologies for treatment of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for regulated pollutants for NSPS in the secondary tantalum
subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS
New source performance standards are equivalent to the best
available technology (BAT) selected for currently existing
secondary tantalum plants. This result is a consequence ol
careful review by the Agency of a wide range of technical options
for new source treatment systems which is discussed in Section IX
tl_.he General Development Document. Additionally, there was
nothing found to indicate that the wastewater flows and
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those from
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are not
expected to differ from those used at existing screes .
Consequently, BAT production normalized discharge rates, which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory, can
are
in
Treatment technologies considered for the NSPS options are
identical to the treatment technologies considered for the BAT
options. These options are:
OPTION A
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION C
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology for
the secondary tantalum subcategory be equivalent to Option C
•462'
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
sedimentation, and multimedia
The
(chemical precipitation,
filtration) .
wastewater flow rates for proposed NSPS are the Bane as the
BAT flow rates. Flow reduction measures for NSPS were
wbn£e?^^^
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and NSPS flow rates should be equal to those for
BAT.
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA is promulgating NSPS for the secondary tantalum subcafcegory
based on Option C (chemical precipitation. Sedimentation, and
SSSS-fc ^^^^^^eZ^^^^ *
ss-.^.sjrsa'^ss ,1 PS 2:
no? flasible? because dry scrubbing is not demonstrated for
cSntro??ing Missions from.acid leaching °P««,ons ^nature
of these emissions (acid fumes, hot particulate matter j
SLhnicllly precludes tne use of dry scrubbers. Therefore,, EPA
is including In allowance from this source at NSPS equivalent to
that promulgated for BAT. EPA also does not believe that new
SSnts could achieve any additional flow reduction beyond the 92
percent scrubber effluent recycle presently practiced in the
industry.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Aaency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be fSSd in treatable concentrations in processes within new
sources will bl any different than with existing sources.
icco?dfng!y, pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for
l?m?tat?ony under NSPS, in accordance with the "t^nal*
and X, are identical to those selected for BAT.
pollutant parameters TSS and PH are also selected
for limitation.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1. The
mass of pollutlnt allowed to be discharged per mass of Product is
calculated by multiplying the appropriate achievable
concentration (mg/1) by the production normalized wastewater
diScSrgS flows (1/kkg). The results of these calculations
are the9produ^ion-based nSw source performance standards. These
standards are presented in Table XI-2.
4628
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2
NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH Within
Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum
445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
3,459.000
the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
powder produced
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27.670
96.850
— — —
2,767.000
all times
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
38.990
25.860
5.656
11.110
5.858
20.600
9.090
303.000
17.370
12.320
2.626
7.474
2.424
8.484
242.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4630
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or:Maximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony 396.200 176.600
*Copper 262.800 125.200
*Lead 57.480 26.690
*Nickel 112.900 75.960
Silver 59.540 24.640
*Zinc 209.400 86.230
*Tantalum 92.390
*TSS 3,080.000 2,464.000
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony 0.676 0.301
*Copper 0.448 0.214
*Lead 0.098 0.046
*Nickel 0.193 0.130
Silver 0.102 0.042
*Zinc 0.357 0.147
*Tantalum 0.158
*TSS 5.250 4.200
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4631
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
Table XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
9.418
6.246
1.366
2.684
1.415
4.978
2.196
73.200
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
58.560
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4632
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
,SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the.control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from new sources in the
secondary tantalum subcategory. PSES are designed to prevent the
discharge of pollutants which pass through, interfere with, or
are otherwise incompatible with the operation of publicly owned
treatment works (POTW). The Clean Water Act requires
pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic metals, that limit
POTW sludge management alternatives. New indirect discharge
facilities, like new direct discharge facilities, have the
opportunity to incorporate the best available demonstrated
technologies, including process changes, in-plant controls, and
end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to use plant site
selection to ensure adequate treatment system installation.
Pretreatment standards are to be technology based, analogous to
the best available technology for removal of toxic pollutants.
Pretreatment standards for regulated pollutants are presented
based on the selected control and treatment technology.
Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES) will not be
promulgated for the secondary tantalum subcategory because there
are no existing indirect dischargers in this subcategory.
However, pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS) will be
promulgated.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
Before proposing and promulgating pretreatment standards, the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen sludge disposal practices. In determining whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary
treatment, the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable. A
pollutant is deemed to pass through the POTW when the average
percentage removed nationwide by well-operated POTW meeting
secondary treatment requirements, is less than the percentage
removed by direct dischargers complying with BAT effluent
standards guidelines for that pollutant.
This definition of pass through satisfies the two competing
objectives set by Congress that standards for indirect
dischargers be equivalent to standards for direct dischargers
while at the same time the treatment capability and performance
of the POTW be recognized and taken into account in regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.. The Agency
compares percentage removal; rather than the mass or concentration
of pollutants .discharged because the latter would not take into
account the mass of pollutants discharged to the POTW from non-
4633
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
industrial sources or the dilution of the pollutants in the POTW
effluent to lower concentrations due to the addition of large
amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES
Options for pretreatment of wastewaters from new sources are
based on increasing the effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment
technologies. All in-plant changes and applicable end-of-pipe
treatment processes have been discussed previously in Sections X
and XI. The options for PSNS, therefore, are the same as the BAT
options discussed in Section X.
A description of each option is presented in Section X. Treatment
technologies considered for the PSNS options are:
OPTION A
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION C
o
o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Multimedia filtration
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed PSNS for the secondary tantalum subcategory based on
Option C, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration. The wastewater discharge rates proposed for PSNS are
equivalent to the proposed BAT discharge rates. No flow
reduction measures for PSNS were considered feasible beyond the
rates proposed for BAT.
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA has selected Option C (chemical precipitation, sedimentation,
and multimedia filtration) as the regulatory approach for
pretreatment standards for new sources on the basis that it
achieves effective removal of toxic pollutants and is
demonstrated by 25 plants throughout the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category.
The wastewater discharge rates for PSNS are identical to the
promulgated BAT discharge rates for each waste stream. The PSNS
discharge rates are shown in Table XII-1 (page 4636). No
additional flow reduction measures for PSNS are feasible. EPA
does not believe that new plants could achieve flow reduction
beyond the 92 percent scrubber effluent recycle presently
practiced in the industry.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Pollutants selected for limitation, in accordance with the
rationale of Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected
4634
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
for limitation for BAT. It is necessary to promulgate PSNS to
prevent the pass-through of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, which
are the limited pollutants. These toxic pollutants are removed
by a well-operated POTW achieving secondary treatment at an
average of 48 percent while BAT level technology removes
approximately 99 percent.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Pretreatment standards are based on the pollutant concentrations
achievable from the selected treatment technology, (Option C),
and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT. A mass
of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is given for
each subdivision within the subcategory. This pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from the promulgated treatment (mg/1) and the production
normalized wastewater discharg.e rate (1/kkg). The achievable
treatment concentrations for BAT are identical to those for PSNS.
PSNS are presented in Table XII-2 (page 4637).
4635
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
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4636
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2
PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg
Antimony
* Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
(Ib/million
Ibs) of tantalum
• 445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
powder produced
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27.670
96.850
—,~»—m
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
38.990
25.860
5.656
11.110
5.858
20.600
9.090
17.370
12.320
2.626
7.474
2.424
8.484
*Regulated Pollutant
4637
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
396.200
262.800
57.480
112.900
59.540
209.400
92.390
176.600
125.200
26.690
75.960
24.640
86.230
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for "~
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
0.676
0.448
0.098
0.193
0.102
0.357
0.158
0.301
0.214
0.046
0.130
0.042
0.147
*Regulated Pollutant
463.8
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
(Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
9.418
6.246
366
684
1.415
4.978
2.196
1
2
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
*Regulated Pollutant
4639
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4640
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY . SECT -.XIII
SECTION XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA- is not promulgating best conventional pollutant control
technology (BCT) for the secondary tantalum subcategory at this
time.
4641
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4642
-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
for the
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
William K. Reilly
Administrator
Rebecca Hanmer
Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
Martha Prothro, Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
Industrial Technology Division
Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
Metals Industry Branch
and
Technical Project Officer
May 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Industrial Technology Division
Washington, D. C. 20460
4643
-------
4644
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
II
III
CONCLUSIONS
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
4655
4667
IV
V
Description of Secondary Uranium Production
Raw Materials
Uranium Tetrafluoride Production
Magnesium Reduction Process
Process Wastewater Sources
Other Wastewater Sources
Age, Production, and Process Profile
SUBCATEGORIZATION
Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
Other Factors
Production Normalizing Parameters
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
Wastewater Flow Rates
Wastewater Characteristics Data
Data Collection Portfolio
Field Sampling Data
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
Subdivision
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
Control
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
4667
4667
4668
4669
4669
4669
4669
4677
4677
4678
4678
4681
4682
4682
4683
4683
4684
4684
4685
4685
4685
4685
4686
4686
4686
4687
4645
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
VI
VII
VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
Parameters Selected
Toxic Priority Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of
Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
Consideration in Establishing Limitations and
Standards
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Current Control and Treatment Practices
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
Control
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
Control and Treatment Options
Option A • \ •
Option C
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
Treatment. Options for Existing Sources
Option A
Option C
Cost Methodology
Nonwater Quality Aspects
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
4730
4730
4730
4730
4731
4739
4739
4739
4739
4740
4740
4740
4740
4740
4741
4741
4741
4741
4742
4743
4743
4743
4743
4743
4744
4744
4744
4745
4646
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
IX
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE
Technical Approach to BPT
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
BPT Option Selection - Proposal
BPT Option Selection - Promulgation
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
Control
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE
Technical Approach to BAT 4763
Option A 4764
Option C 4754
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates 4764
Pollutant Removal Estimates 4764
Compliance Costs 4765
BAT Option Selection - Proposal 4765
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation 4766
Wastewater Discharge Rates 4766
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 4757
Effluent Limitations 4768
NEW'SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 4779
Technical Approach to NSPS 4779
NSPS Option Selection - Proposal 4780
NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation 4780
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 4730
New Source Performance Standards 4780
4747
4749
4749
4750
4750
4750
4751
4751
4752
4752
4752
4753
4753
4753
4754
4754
4763
4647
-------
r
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
XII
TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
XIII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatraent Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 4797
Page
4787
4787
4788
4788
4788,
4789
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Paqe
III-l Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 4671
in the Secondary Uranium Subcategory by
Discharge Type
III-2 Production Ranges for the Secondary Uranium 4672
Subcategory
III-3 Summary of Secondary Uranium Subcategory Process 4673
and Associated Waste Streams
V-l Water Use and Discharge Rates for Refinery Sump 4688
Filtrate
V-2 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Slag Leach 4688
Reslurry
V-3 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Digestion Wet 4688
Air Pollution Control
V-4 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Solvent 4689
Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
V-5 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Evaporation 4689
and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control
V-6 Water Use and Discharge Rates for 4689
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
V-7. Water Use and Discharge Rates for 4690
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
V-8 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Magnesium 4690
Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
V-9 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Laundry 4690
Wastewater
V-10 Refinery Sump Filtrate Sampling Data 4691
V-ll Solvent Extraction Raffinate After Lime Addition 4694
and Sedimentation Sampling Data
V-12 Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate Sampling 4702
Data
4649
-------
1
Table
V-13
V-14
V-15
1 V-16
1 . VI-1
1 VI-2
I VI-3
I IX-1
1
I IX-2
1
1 x-i
1
I X-2
1
• X-3
1
I X-4
I
• XI-1
• XI-2
• XII-1
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Hydrofluorination Alkaline (KOH) Scrubber Raw
Wastewater Sampling Data
Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Raw Wastewater
Sampling Data
Uranium Laundry/Lab Waste Raw Wastewater
Sampling Data
Plant 6 Filtrate Raw Wastewater Sampling Data
Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants
Secondary Uranium Subcategory Raw Wastewater
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory Direct Discharges
BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct
Dischargers
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
BAT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
NSPS for the Secondary Uranium Subcategory
PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the
Page 1
4706 1
4709 1
4719 1
1
4723 I
4733 1
4736 1
4746 1
4755 1
1
4756 I
1
4769 I
1
4770 I
1
4771 I
1
4772. 1
j
4781 1
1
4782 1
4790 1
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
XII-2 PSNS for the Secondary Uranium Subcategory
4791
4650
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
III-l Uranium Tetrafluoride Production Process in the 4674
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
III-2 Magnesium Reduction Process in the Secondary 4675
Uranium Subcategory
III-3 Geographic Locations of the Secondary Uranium 4676
Subcategory. Plants
V-l Sampling Locations at Secondary Uranium Plant A 4726
V-2 Sampling Locations at Secondary Uranium Plant B 4727
IX-1 BPT Treatment Scheme for the Secondary Uranium 4761
Subcategory
X-l BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A 4777
X-2 BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C 4778
4651
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4652
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
SECTION I
SUMMARY
This document provides the technical basis for promulgating
effluent limitations based on best practicable technology (BPT)
and best available technology (BAT) for existing direct
dischargers, standards of performance for new source direct
dischargers (NSPS), and. pretreatment standards for new indirect
dischargers (PSNS).
The secondary uranium subcategory consists of three plants. Of
the three plants, two discharge directly to surface waters, and
one achieves zero discharge of process wastewater.
EPA first studied the secondary uranium subcategory to determine
whether differences in raw materials, final products,
manufacturing processes, equipment, age and size of plants, or
water usage required the development of separate effluent
limitations and standards for different segments of the
subcategory. This involved a detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge and treated effluent characteristics, including the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant, and the constituents
of wastewaters including priority pollutants. As a result, nine
subdivisions or building blocks have been identified for this
subcategory that warrant separate effluent limitations. These
include:
(a) Refinery sump filtrate,
(b) Slag leach reslurry,
,(e) Digestion wet air pollution control,
(d) Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
(e) Evaporation and denitration wet .air pollution control,
(f) Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
(g) .Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
(h) Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water, and
(i) Laundry wastewater.
EPA also identified several distinct control and treatment
technologies (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the
secondary uranium subcategory. The Agency analyzed both
historical and newly generated data on the performance of these
technologies, including their nonwater quality environmental
impacts and air quality, •solid waste generation, and energy
requirements. EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp) and plant
visits. " f
Engineering .costs were prepared ftpr each of the control and
treatment options considered for the subcategory. These costs
were then used by the Agency to estimate the impact of
implementing the various options on the subcategory. For each
4653
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
Metals Manufacturing Industry."
capital cost of $54,800 and an annual cost of $90,400.
For BAT, filtration is added as an effluent
an annual cost of $106,700.
best demonstrated technology.
of-pipe treatment techniques equivalent to BAT.
finalized.
The mass limitations and standards for BPT,
are presented in Section II.
BAT, NSPS, and PSNS
4654
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
SECTION II
'CONCLUSIONS
EPA has divided the secondary uranium subcategory into nine
subdivisions for the purpose of effluent limitations and
standards. These subdivisions are:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Refinery sump filtrate,
Slag leach reslurry,
Digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water, and
Laundry wastewatef.
BPT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology. The " ""
promulgated:
C — — £T — «*-.*. ^** w**A^4 OCtJiiUCil 1
following BPT effluent limitations
are
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
b) Slag
r>,->i i .,4-
(lb/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
(total) 32.270
139.300
140.800
2,567.000
3,007.000
Within the range of 7 . 5
Leach Reslurry BPT
13.200
73.340
93.140
1,459.000
1,430.000
to 10.0 at all times
Pollutant Property
Any One Day
Maximum for
MonthlY Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refTnery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
PH
2.009
8.675
8.767
1P9.800
187.200
0.822
4.566
5.799
90.860
89.070
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4655
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - II
(c) Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
- Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
PollStant Property Any. One Day Monthly Average
- mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total) ,0.0.00 JJ-JJOO
SSS ° °°° °-000
SSoride 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
pH
(d) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
PollStaSt Property Any One Day Monthly Average ^
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)! of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total) '2.802 1.146
SlSS '"IMS 8.089
Fluoride 222.900 126.700
Fluoride 261.100 124.200
PH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air. Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million'Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total) ' /O.OOO
NickSl 0.000 0.000
?tSo?ide o.ooo o.ooo
Fluoride 0>000
TSS
pH
Within the range'of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4656
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(f) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
PH
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0.000
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(g) Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH Within the
Ibs) of uranium
0.009
0.038
0.038
0.700
0.820
range of 7.5 to
tetrafluoride produce
0.004
0.020
0.025
0.398
0.390
10.0 at all times
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.013
0.057
0.058
1.054
1.234
0.005
0.030
0.038
0.599
0.587
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4657
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(i) Laundry Wastewater BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
tag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.084
0.365
0.369
6.720
7,872
0.035
0.192
0.244
3.821
3.744
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
BAT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
aoDlication of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following BAT effluent
limitations are promulgated,:
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
1.689
5.844
2.511
159.800
0.685
2.785
1.689
90.860
4658
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(c) Digestion Web Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 000
(d) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
(total)
2.357
8.152
3.503
222.900
0.955
3.885
2.357
126.700
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
(total)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(£).' Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
'kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4659
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.007
0.026
0.011
0.700
0.003
0.012
0.007
0.398
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium re
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.011
0.039
0.017
1.054
0.005
0.018
0.011
0.599
uct i on
(i) Laundry Wastewater BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.036
0.123
0.053
3.360
0.014
0.059
0.036
1.910
NSPS are promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following effluent
standards are promulgated for new sources:
4660
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium
(total) 27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
1,100.000
Within the range of 7.5
processed in the refin
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
880.100
to 10.0 at all times
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(Ib/million
(total)
Within the
Ibs) of uranium
1.689
5.844
2.511
159.800
68.490
range of 7.5- to
processed in the refin
0.685
2.785
1.689
. 90.860
54.790
10.0 at all times
(c) Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
PH
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4661
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(d) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
2.357
8.152
3.503
222.900
95.540
0.955
3.885
2.357
126.700
76.430
Within the range of 7.5 to 10 at all times
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
f) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range'of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4662
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(g) Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
0.007
0.026
0.011
0.700
0.300
pH
0.003
0.012
0.007
0.398
0.240
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
0.011
0.039
0.017
1.054
0.452
PH
0.005
0,018
0.011
0.599
0.361
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(i) Laundry Wastewater NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
P«
0.036
0.123
0.053
3.360
1.440
0.014
0.059
0.036
1.910
1.152
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
PSES is not being promulgated for this subcategory at this time
because there are no existing indirect dischargers in the
secondary uranium subcategory.
PSNS_ are promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following pretreatment
standards are promulgated for new sources:
4663
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate
PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the retinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
1.689
1 5.844
2.511
159.800
0.685
2.785
1.689
90.860
(c) Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(d)
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
2.357
8.152
3.503
222.900
0.955
3.885
2.357
126.700
4664
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 000
0.000
(f) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(g) Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.007
0.026
0.011
0.700
0.003
0.018
0.007
0.39S
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.011
0.039
0.017
1.054
0.005
0.018
0.011
0.599
4665
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(i) Laundry Wastewater PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.036
0.123
0.053
0.360
0.014
0.059
0.036
1.910
EPA is not promulgating BCT at this time for the secondary
uranium subcategory.
4666
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
SECTION III
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
This section of the secondary uranium supplement describes the
raw materials and processes used in producing secondary uranium
and presents a profile of the secondary uranium plants identified
in this study.
Secondary uranium is processed domestically as two general types
of materials; slightly enriched with approximately 0.95 percent
U235' an<3 depleted uranium with approximately 0.2O percent ^35.
Natural grade uranium contains approximately 0.70 percent U235.
The slightly enriched material is processed at one facility
operated by the U.S. Department of Energy. This material is used
to fabricate fuel cores for "production reactors" which are used
to produce plutonium.
The major use of depleted uranium is in ordinance applications.
The source of depleted uranium is depleted uranium hexafluoride,
UFs resulting from enrichment of natural uranium for nuclear
applications. The high density and pyrophoricity of uranium
metal reduced from depleted UFs make it ideal for use in armor
penetrating ammunition. Other uses of secondary uranium are
containers for spent nuclear reactor residues, radiation
shielding applications, ballast and counterweights on aircraft
control surfaces, and research. . -,,
DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY URANIUM PRODUCTION
The production of secondary uranium can be divided into two
distinct stages. The first stage is production of uranium
tetrafluoride, UF4, from secondary materials, and the second
stage is magnesium reduction of uranium tetrafluoride to pure
uranium metal. All the plants in this subcategory perform the
second stage process, but only one plant produces uranium
tetrafluoride from secondary materials. The secondary uranium
production processes are shown schematically in Figures III-l and
III-2 (pages 4674 and 4675), and are described in the following
paragraphs.
RAW MATERIALS
The raw material necessary for the production of uranium by the
magnesium, reduction process is uranium tetrafluoride, QF4. This
material is generally obtained from enrichment plants which
produce uranium for nuclear energy applications. The enrichment'
process involves separation of enriched UF6 from depleted UFs.
Much of the depleted uranium hexaf luoride is converted to U.F4
which is subsequently used as a raw material in the magnesium
reduction process. Uranium- tetrafluoride is also produced from
uranium-bearing scrap. One of the plants in this subcategory
uses uranium scrap (mainly 'off-spec product or machining scrap),
4667
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
residues, and magnesium reduction slag as raw materials in
addition to using uranium tetrafluoride. The following
discussions describe the production of uranium from secondary
sources and the production of uranium metal from uranium
tetrafluoride in more detail.
URANIUM TETRAPLUORIDE PRODUCTION
One plant in the secondary Cranium subcategory has the capacity
to manufacture uranium tetrafluoride from scrap uranium
materials. This plant uses the manufactured UP4 in _its
magnesium reduction operation as a supplement to UF4 obtained
from other sources. This process is primarily a uranium recovery
operation, as the raw materials are scrap from machining
operations, and slag generated by magnesium reduction. The
magnesium fluoride slag Is recycled to the recovery process
whenever its residual uranium content is economically
recoverable.
The first step in the recovery process is acid leaching the raw
materials to dissolve uranium. Nitric acid is used in all
digestion, leaching, and dissolving operations. The resultant
uranyl nitrate solution is filtered and undissolved solids are
discarded.
Solvent extraction follows the dissolution operation. In the
solvent extraction process, uranyl nitrate is extracted into a
solvent phase from the impure solution with an organic solvent
such as tributyl phosphate in kerosene. The solvent extraction
raffinate is discharged to treatment.
Following the solvent extraction operation the uranyl nitrate is
stripped from the organic phase with deionized water. The
aqueous uranyl nitrate solution undergoes evaporation to produce
a dry uranyl nitrate product which is calcined causing the
nitrate to burn off as gaseous nitrogen oxides. The resulting
product is yellow uranium trioxide, UO3.
The final stages of uranium tetrafluoride production involve two
operations; hydrogen reduction and hydrofluorination. Uranium
trioxide is reduced by hydrogen to produce uranium dioxide, UO2-
Hydrogen for this process is obtained by cracking ammonia. Then,
uranium dioxide is contacted with vaporized hydrofluoric acid at
elevated temperatures. The resulting product is uranium
tetrafluoride, UF4, which is feed material for the magnesium
reduction operation. ;
The potential waste streams associated with the production of
uranium tetrafluoride are generated in the preliminary acid
leaching .steps and the solvent extraction and purification
operations. Wet air pollution controls are also used in this
process to scrub gases from the acid leaching, evaporation and
denitration, and hydrofluorination operations.
4668
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION PROCESS
The magnesium reduction process is widely used to produce uranium
metal from uranium tetrafluoride. Uranium tetrafluoride is mixed
with magnesium and reduced to uranium metal in a thermite-type
bomb reduction vessel. ; The reduction reaction requires about
three minutes and reaches a temperature around 1,900°C. After
the magnesium fluoride slag and uranium metal are allowed to
cool, the uranium metal is mechanically separated from the slag.
No process water is associated with this process,. therefore no
waste streams are generated.
PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES,
Although a variety of processes are involved in secondary uranium
production, the process wastewater sources can be subdivided as
follows:
(a) Refinery sump filtrate,
(b) Slag leach reslurry,
(c) Digestion wet air pollution control,
(d) Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
(e) Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
(f) Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
(g) Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
(h) Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash, and
(i) Laundry wastewater.
OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
Other wastewaters may be associated with the secondary uranium
subcategory. These wastewater streams include stormwater runoff,
and maintenance and cleanup water. These waste streams are not
considered as a part of this rulemak-ing. EPA believes that the
flows and pollutant loadings associated with these waste streams
are insignificant relative to the waste streams selected and are
best handled by the appropriate permit authority on a case-by-
case basis under authority of Section 402 of the Clean Water Act.
AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE
Figure III-3 (page 4676) shows the location of the three
secondary uranium plants operating in the United States. All
three plants are on the eastern part of the country. Table III-1
(page 4671) shows the relative ages of the three plants. This
shows that two plants were built in the early years of the
uranium industry, while the third plant was built in the early
1970's. It was probably built in anticipation of the growth of
the 'uranium industry due to commercial uses of uranium, primarily
in power generation. Table III-2 (page 4672) gives the yearly
production ranges for the three plants in this subcategory.
4669
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
Table III-3 (page 4673) provides a summary of the number of
plants generating wastewater for the waste streams associated
with various proclsses and the number of plants with the process.
4670
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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4671
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - HI
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4674
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
UF,
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and Mg Metal
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and Mg Blend
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Air Cooling
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f
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Figure III-2
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION PROCESS IN THE
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
4675
-------
r
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
SECTION IV
SUBCATEGORI ZATION
<
S-UBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY URANIUM
»o!L fact°rs nlistfd Previously under general subcategorization
were each evaluated when considering subdivision of the seconda?v
uranium subcategory. m the discussion that follows, th^actSrs
will be described as they pertain to this particular subcatego?y?
=o™/ati°nale. f°r considering further subdivision of the
secondary uranium subcategory is based primarily on difference!
in the production processes and raw materials used, within thil
subcategory a number of different operations are performed which
may or may not have a water use or discharge, and which mav
require the establishment of separate effluen? limitations^
While secondary uranium is still considered a single '
°rh 9
e«y
Jllustra Jd°r?h9h examlnati?? of the production processes* Si
illustrated the need for limitations and standards based on
specific flow allowances for the following subdivisions:
1. Refinery sump filtrate,
2. Slag leach reslurry,
3. Digestion wet air pollution control,
4. Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
I' ^a?°£ati°? T? denitration wet air pollution control,
6. Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
7. Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
8. Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash, and
9. Laundry wastewater.
^r™ subdivisions follow directly from differences within the
te?r^luo?idf for^ SCraP' residues' and -lag to produce u?anium
tetrafluoride for use in magnesium reduction to uranium metal.
Leaching of the raw materials gives rise to the first
source o wasewtr is
r s
maerac, 1S ?enerat^ by leaching uranium from the raw
diachiS^ ? 9 ".Procesaed' the residual solids are
discharged as a slurry which may be a significant source of
acid fumes Ln^T^ 'H™ scrubbers whi^ are used to control
leaching operation is also a source of
Solvent extraction is used in the refining process to purifv a
uranium intermediate product. Solvent ext?action result in a
raffinate waste stream that contains significant quantities of
4677
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IV
pollutants.
Subdivisions five through seven arise from wet air pollution
controls which control emissions from the process used to refine
Scrip? residues, and slag,to a usable, product. Evaporation,
denitration, and hydrofluorination are all operations that
necessitate'air pollution control systems In some cases, water
iicse is recvcled to the process rather than discharged. The
potential Sou?cSs of wastSwater and associated pollutants require
that each subdivision be examined and handled on an individual
basis. Subdivisions eight and nine result from ^°?r w*f ^JJ
the magnesium reduction and casting area and laundering of plant
personnel clothing.
OTHER FACTORS
The other factors considered in this evaluation either support
the establishment of the seven subdivisions or were shown to be
inappropriate bases for subdivision. Air pollution control
methods, treatment costs, and total energy requirements are
functions of the selected :subcategorization factors --metal
product, raw materials, and production processes. Therefore,
they are not independent factors and do not affect the
subcategorization which has been applied. As discussed in
Section IV of the General iDevelopment Document, certain other
factors, such as plant age, plant size, and the number of
employes, were also^valuatld and determined to Jj inappropriate
for use as bases for subdivision of nonferrous metals plants.
PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
As discussed previously, the effluent limitations and standards
developed in this document establish mass limitations on the
discharge of specific pollutant parameters. To allow these
reflations to be applied to plants with various production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit of production. This factor is known as the production
normalizing parameter (PNP).
In general, for each production process which has a wastewater
associated with it, the actual mass of uranium intermediate
prodScfproduced will be used as the PNP. Thus, the PNPs for the
nine subdivisions are as follows:
Subdivision
1. Refinery sump filtrate
2. Slag leach reslurry
3. Digestion wet air pollution
control
PNP
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
4678
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
4. Solvent extraction raffinate
filtrate
5. Evaporation and denitration
wet air pollution control
6. Hydrofluorination water
scrubber
7. Hydrofluorination alkaline
scrubber
8. Magnesium reduction and
casting floor wash
9. Laundry wastewater
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
kkg of uranium trioxide
produced
kkg of uranium tetraf luoride
produced
kkg of uranium tetraf luoride
produced
kkg of uranium produced by
magnesium reduction
kkg of uranium produced by
magnesium reduction
The
for
last two subdivisions were added after proposal to account
additional waste streams documented by the plants in ?heir
ifv' thff Pr°P°sal'.the Agency had ^nsuffiXeSt Sata to
quantify the flow associated with these operations
<- dUring ?°St Pr°P°sal sampling visits have enabled
Promul9ate discharge allowances for these building
Based on comments from the industry received between proposal and
promulgation, the Agency revised the production nSrSzJnc
parameters for the first four subdivisions. The ?NPs we?e
changed from the mass of uranium trioxide produced to the mass of
uranium processed within the subdivision operation. ThiS enSblSf
plants to calculate their regulatory discharge ailowaiceS wnln
they perform operations on a batch or campaign basis?
s^bdiv!sion nan»es have also been altered since proposal
was done in response to industry comments requesting that
the industry. ***** ** modified to refle^ actual practice \ithfn
4679
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4680
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SECTION V
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes the characteristics of the wastewaters
associated with the secondary uranium subcategory. Water use and
discharge rates are explained and then summarized. Data used to
characterize the wastewaters are presented, and the specific
source, water use and discharge flows, and wastewater
characteristips for "each separate wastewater source are
discussed.
Section V of the General Development Document contains a detailed
description of the data sources and methods of analysis used to
characterize wastewater from the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category. To summarize this information briefly, two principal
data sources were used: data collection portfolios (dcp) and
field sampling results. Data collection portfolios contain
information regarding wastewater flows and production levels.
In order to quantify the pollutant discharge from secondary
uranium plants, a field sampling program was conducted after
proposal. A complete list of the pollutants considered and a
summary of the techniques used in sampling and laboratory
analyses are included in Section V of Vol. I. Wastewater samples
were analyzed for 124 of the 126 priority pollutants and other
pollutants deemed appropriate. Because the analytical standard
for TCDP was judged to be too hazardous to be made generally
available, samples were never analyzed for this pollutant.
Samples were also never analyzed for asbestos. There is no
reason to expect that TCDD or asbestos would be present in
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastewater. Two plants were
selected for sampling in the subcategory. In general, the
samples were analyzed for three classes of pollutants: toxic
organic pollutants, toxic metal pollutants, and criteria
pollutants (which includes both conventional and nonconventional
pollutants).
Additional wastewater flow and production data were received
through industry comments and sampling activities between
proposal and promulgation. This aided EPA in promulgating
discharge allowances for magnesium reduction and casting floor
wash and laundry wastewater which had not previously been
proposed. It also aided EPA in revising the production
normalized flows for several subdivisions.
As described in Section IV of this supplement, the secondary
uranium subcategory has been split into nine subdivisions or
wastewater sources, so that the proposed regulation contains mass
discharge limitations and standards for nine unit processes
discharging process wastewater. Differences in the wastewater
characteristics associated . with these subdivisions are to be
expected. For this reason, wastewater streams corresponding to
each subdivision,are addressed separately in the discussions that
4681
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
follow. These wastewater sources are:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Refinery sump filtrate,
Slag leach reslurry/
Digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
Magnesium reduction^and casting floor wash, and
Laundry wastewater.
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES
Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and two flow-to-
production ratios, water use and wastewater discharge flow, were
calculated for each stream. The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation. Water use is defined as the
volume of water or other fluid required for a given process per
mass of uranium product and is therefore based on the sum o'f
recycle and make-up flows to a given process. Wastewater flow
discharged after pretreatment or recycle (if these are present)
is used in calculating the: production normalized flow — the
volume of wastewater discharged from a given process to further
treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of uranium produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater flows associated
with a given stream result from recycle, evaporation, and
carry-over on the product^. The production values used in
calculation correspond to the production normalizing parameter,
PNP, assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV. As an
example, refinery sump filtrate wastewater flow is related to the
mass of uranium processed in the refinery. As such, the
discharge rate liters of refinery sump filtrate per metric ton of
uranium processed in the 'refinery (gallons of refinery sump
filtrate per ton of uranium processed in the refinery).
The production normalized discharge flows were compiled and
statistically analyzed by stream type. These production
normalized water use and discharge flows are presented by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-9 at the end of this section.
Where appropriate, an attempt was made to identify factors that
could account for variations in water use and discharge rates.
These variations are discussed later in this section by
subdivision. A similar analysis of factors affecting the
wastewater flows is presented in Sections X, XI, and XII where
representative BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows are selected for
use in calculating the effluent limitations.
The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
secondary uranium production come from two sources — data
4682
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
collection portfolios and analytical data from sampling.
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS
In the data collection portfolios, the secondary uranium plants
were asked to specify the presence or absence of toxic pollutants
in their wastewater. The one .plant responding to this
questionnaire did not report the presence of any toxic organic
pollutants. The responses for the toxic metals and cyanide are
summarized below:
Pollutant
Known Present
Antimony 0
Arsenic 0
Beryllium 0
Cadmium 0
Chromium 1
Copper 1
Cyanide 0
Lead 0
Mercury 0
Nickel 1
Selenium 0
Silver 0
Thallium 0
Zinc 0
FIELD SAMPLING DATA
Believed Present
(Based on Raw Materials and
Process Chemicals Used)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants in
wastewater from secondary uranium plants, wastewater samples were
collected at two of the plants belonging to this subcategory.
Diagrams indicating the sampling sites, waste streams and
production processes are shown in Figures V-l and V-2 (paqes 4726
and 4727).
Tables V-10 through V-16 summarize the data for
pollutants as well as other pollutants that
appropriate to this subcategory.
124 priority
were considered
Table V-10 (page 4691) presents the data for refinerv sump
filtrate. Tables V-ll and V-12 (pages 4694 and 4702) summarize
the data for solvent extraction raffinate after lime addition and
sedimentation (V-ll), and after additional treatment consisting
of pH adjustment and filtration (V-12). Tables V-13 (page 4706),
V-14 (page 4709), and V-15 (page 4719) show the data for
hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber wastewater, reduction and
casting floor wash, and laundry wastewater, respectively.
Finally, Table V-16 (page 4723) presents data for treated
wastewater from reduction and casting as well as machining
operations. Note that the stream numbers listed in the tables
correspond to those given in the plant sampling site diagrams,
4683
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Figures V-l and V-2 (pages 4727 and 4727). Where no data are
listed for a specific day of sampling, the wastewater samples for
the stream were not collected.
The data tables include-some samples measured at concentrations
considered not quantifiable. Metal values_reported as less than
a certain value were considered not quantifiable.
The detection limits shown on the data tables for metals and
conventional and nonconventional pollutants are not the same in
all cases as the published detection limits for these pollutants
by the same analytical methods. The detection limits used were
reported with the analytical data and hence are the appropriate
as a result of a number of laboratory-specific, equipment-
specific, and daily operator-specific factors. These factors can
include day-to-day differences in machine calibration, variation
in stock solutions, and variation in operators.
The statistical analysis of data includes some samples measured
at concentrations considered not quantifiable. For data
considered as detected but below quantifiable concentrations, a
value of zero is used for averaging. Nonconventional and
conventional pollutant data reported with a "less than" sign are
considered as detected, but not further quantifiable. A value of
zero is used for averaging. Metal values reported as less than a
certain value were considered as below quantification, and
consequently were assigned a value of zero in the calculation of
the average.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION
Since secondary uranium production involves nine principal
sources of wastewater and each has potentially different
characteristics and flows, the wastewater characteristics and
discharge rates corresponding to each subdivision will be
described separately. A brief description of why the associated
production processes generate a wastewater will also be
discussed. [
REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE ;
The source of this waste stream is in the refinery digestion
operation. Here the uranium scrap, residues, and compounds are
acid leached, dissolving the uranium into solution. The primary
sources of wastewater in the digestion and dissolving operations
are puntp leakage, pump seal water, spills, and hosedown water.
The latter is required for health and safety reasons. The
production normalized water use and discharge rates for refinery
sump filtrate are given in Table V-l (page 4688) in liters per
metric ton of uranium processed in the refinery.
The sampling data for refinery sump filtrate are presented in
Table V-10 (page 4691). The data show that this wastewater is
characterized by treatable concentrations of chromium, magnesium,
and suspended solids.
4684
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SLAG LEACH RESLURRY
This waste stream originates in the refinery digestion operation.
Magnesium fluoride slag containing residual levels of uranium is
acid leached to recover the uranium values. After leaching, the
undissolved solids are filtered and discharged to treatment as a
slurry. The production normalized water use and discharge rates
for slag leach reslurry are given in Table V-2 (page 4688) in
liters per metric ton of uranium processed in the refinery.
Although no sampling data are available for this wastewater, it
is assumed to be similar to the refinery sump filtrate with
treatable concentrations of magnesium and suspended solids.
DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The_ acid leach operation, at the start of the uranium scrap,
residue, and slag refining process, includes a water scrubbing
system to control the discharge of acidic fumes and particulate
matter. The scrubber liquor is recycled within the scrubber
system, but a blowdown stream prevents build-up of acid and
particulates. The blowdown stream is reused in the acid
digestion and dissolution operation. Table V-4 (page 4689) shows
the production normalized water use and discharge rates for
digestion wet air pollution control.
Because the scrubber liquor is entirely recycled and reused, no
discharge of wastewater results from the use of digestion wet air
pollution control.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE
Solvent extraction follows the acid leaching operation and is
used to purify the uranium compound in solution. An organic
solvent, tributyl phosphate in a kerosene carrier, selectively
extracts the uranium compound from an acid solution. The solvent
extraction raffinate filtrate is discharged to treatment. Table
V-3 (page 4688) presents the production normalized water use and
discharge rates for the solvent extraction raffinate filtrate in
liters per metric ton of uranium processed in Solvent extraction.
Although the Agency was ;not able to obtain samples of this
wastewater prior to treatment, the data in Table V-ll (page 4694)
for solvent extraction raffinate after lime addition and
sedimentation show that this wastewater contains concentration;-
of several priority metals far in excess of their treatable
concentrations. These metals include antimony, chromium, copper,
lead, selenium, and zinc. Treatable concentrations of magnesium,
uranium, and suspended solids are also present.
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATICM WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
!
A water scrubber is used to control vapors and fumes from the
evaporation and denitration operations. Evaporation is used . to
4685
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
concentrate the uranium solution (uranyl nitrate) after.it has
been stripped from the organic phase into an aqueous phase. After
evaporation, the concentrated intermediate uranium product is
calcined to drive off the nitrate bound to the uranium and to
produce dry uranium trioxide. The nitrates in the air react to
form nitric acid, and the scrubber is used to control these acid
fumes. Table V-5 (page 4689) shows the production normalized
water use and discharge rates for the evaporation and denitration
fume scrubber.
Because the scrubber liquor has a high acid content, it is
recycled for use in the digestion operation. There it is used to
dilute fresh acid used for leaching and dissolution. Since the
scrubber liquor is entirely reused, no discharge of_wastewater is
practiced in the evaporation and denitration operations.
HYDROPLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
The hydrofluorination unit produces uranium tetrafluoride by
contacting uranium dioxide with vaporized hydrofluoric acid at
elevated temperatures. The off-gases from this operation contain
significant quantities of unreacted hydrofluoric acid. The
scrubber on this unit scrubs the acid fumes from the operation by
absorbing the hydrofluoric acid into water. Scrubbed gases are
vented to the alkaline scrubber. Table V-7 (page 4690) shows the
production normalized water use and discharge rates in liters per
metric ton of uranium tetrafluoride produced.
Since the hydrofluorination scrubber cleans what is predominantly
vaporized unreacted hydrofluoric acid, the scrubber liquor
concentrates this acid as it is recycled through the system.
When the desired concentration of hydrofluoric acid is attained,
the liquor is drawn off an4 sold for industrial use. For this
reason, no discharge of wastewater occurs from the
hydrofluorination water scrubber.
HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER
This scrubber handles vent gases from the hydrofluorination water
scrubber. These gases originated in the hydrofluorination
operation where uranium dioxide is converted to uranium
tetrafluoride. Hydrofluoric acid fumes that were not absorbed by
the water scrubber are cleaned and neutralized by the KOH
scrubber prior to venting the exhaust gases to the atmosphere.
Scrubber blowdown is discharged to treatment. Production
normalized water use and discharge rates are presented in Table
V-6 (page 4689) in liters per metric ton of uranium tetrafluoride
produced.
The sampling data for hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber
wastewater are presented in Table V-13 (page 4706). These data
show that this wastewater is characterized by an alkaline ,pH and
treatable concentrations of arsenic, copper, and nickel.
4686
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER
Water is used to wash floors and equipment in the magnesium
reduction and casting area. This water is eventually discharged
as a wastewater stream. Table V-8 (page 4690) presents the
production normalized water use and discharge rates for magnesium
reduction and casting floor wash water in liters per metric ton
of uranium produced by magnesium reduction.
The analytical data for this waste stream are presented in Table
V-14 (page 4709). The data show that this wastewater is
characterized by treatable concentrations of copper, lead, zinc
magnesium, uranium, and suspended solids. '
LAUNDRY WASTEWATER
Water is used to wash the clothing of plant personnel working in
process areas. This practice helps to minimize the amount of
uranium which leaves the plant site on workers and their clothes
This water is eventually discharged as a wastewater stream!
Water use and discharge rates for laundry wastewater are
presented in Table V-9 (page 4790) in liters per metric ton of
uranium produced by magnesium reduction.
The analytical data for this waste stream are presented in Table
V-15 (page 4719).
4687
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
: Table V-l
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
; Production
Production Normalized
Percent Normalized Discharge
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Flow
1175
0 73,340 73,340
TABLE V-2
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SLAG LEACH RESLURRY
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
Production
Production Normalized
Percent Normalized Discharge
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Flow
1175 ' o 4,566 4,566
TABLE V-3
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
: Production
Production Normalized
:Percent Normalized Discharge
Plant Code : Recycle Water Use Flow
1175 100 NR 0
4688
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-4
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
Plant Code
1175
Production
Production Normalized
Percent Normalized Discharge
Recycle Water Use Flow
6,369
6,369
TABLE V-5
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of uranium trioxide produced)
Plant Code
1175
Percent
Recycle
100
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
0
TABLE V-6
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
(1/kkg of uranium tetrafluoride produced)
Plant Code
1175
Percent
Recycle
100
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
0
4689
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
TABLE V-7
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER
(1/kkg of uranium tetrafluoride produced)
Plant Code
1175
Percent
Recycle
NR
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
20
TABLE V-8
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER
(1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium reduction)
Production
Plant Code
1175
1066
Percent
Reqycle
0
0
Normalize^
Water Use
331
30.1
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
331
30.1
TABLE V-9
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
LAUNDRY WASTEWATER.
(1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium reduction)
Plant Code
1175
1066
Percent
Recycle
'NR
o
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
192
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
NR
192
4690
-------
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