-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - V
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4419
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - V
Source Water
XX
047
046
VGA Blank
Ball Mill
and Sizing
Wastewater
Scrap
Cleaning
Degreasing
Noncontact
Cooling Water
Laboratory
Wastes
051
20 GPD
Mixing HCL
Addition
Centrifuge
1,380 GPD
Discharge
xx
048
Figure V-l
SAMPLING SITES AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT A
4420
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - V
! Reduced co
Leaching Wastes
Siring
Rococlone
Scrubber
052
Piclcling Rinse
—Hg>
0 G?D
050
Condensaca crora
Drying ?urnac*s
3,600 G?D
Nonconcacc
Coaling Water
.Mixing M
Adaieion
Centrifuge
36,480 GPD
Figure V-2
SAMPLING SITES AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT A (Continued)
4421
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - V
Source
Water
Ill
Digester
Scrubber and
Extraction
Raffinate
114
0.096 MOT
Gangue Slurry
Pond Overflow
Scum Eductor
of K2TaF7
Dryer, Reduc-
tion
Leaching
Scrubber
Liquors
Nb/Ta
Precipitation
Supernatant
Ammonia
Scripper
Koncontact
Cooling Water
116
0.014 MGD
XN
113
0.082 MGD
117
0.02 MGD
110 ! VOA Blank.
Mix Tanks
Lime Addition
115
0.26 MGD
Lagoons
112
•*»Recycle Co
Procasses
Using Water
0.11 MGD
Discharge
Figure V-3
SAMPLING SITES AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT B
4422
-------
Vases Solid Slurry
PRIMARY COH
i Waste Raffinate
From solvent
Extraction
JiXliilD
t
Spent Filtrate
From Salt
Precipitation
I Floor Mash Water
i
Wet Air Pollution
Control on Digestion,
and Calcining Oven
Noncontact Cooling
Mater
-
Miscellaneous
Wastewater
W
XI AND TANTALUM SECT - V
NaOH
i f
' ' i
I
\ , • '
> <*>
96
Equalization Ponci
T
Discnarge
Figure V-4
SAMPLING SITES AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT C
4423
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - V
:Tb Filtrate,
Mb Salt, Dry-
ing Scrubber
023
0.0353 MGD
Extraction
Sarfinate
I <&
025
0.0134 MGD
Ta Filtrate
ta Reduction
Wastes
Foundry
Extraction
Scrubber, Wash
Down, Digester
Scrubber
Other Metal
Refining
0.0276 MGD
MH Stripping
Lime
Addition
Mix Tanks
Lime Addition
022
Holding Tank
024
Filter
Presses
0.101 MGD
Lagoon
Discharge
Figure V-5
SAMPLING SITES AT COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM PLANT D
4424
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -VI
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS *
This section examines the chemical analysis data presented in
Section V and discusses the selection or exclusion of pollutants
tor potential limitation. The discussion that follows describes
the analysis that was-performed to select or exclude pollutants
for further consideration for limitations and standards.
Pollutants will be considered for limitations and standards if
they are present in concentrations treatable by the technologies
identified in this analysis. The,treatable concentrations used
u- 'tht-, fc°xic metals were the long-term performance values
achievable by lime precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration.
The treatable concentrations used for the toxic organics were the
long-term performance values achievable by carbon adsorption.
After proposal, the Agency re-evaluated the treatment performance
of activated carbon adsorption to control toxic organic
pollutants. The treatment performance for the acid extractable
baseneutral extractable, and volatile organic pollutants has been
set equal to the analytical quantification limit of 0.010 mg/1
The analytical quantification limit for pesticides and total
phenols (by 4-AAP method) is 0.005 mg/1, which is below the 0.010
mg/1 accepted for the other toxic organics. However, to be
consistent, the treatment performance of 0.010 mg/1 is used for
pesticides and total phenols. The 0.010 mg/1 concentration is
achievable, assuming enough carbon is used in the column and a
suitable contact time is allowed. The frequency of occurrence
tor 36 of the toxic pollutants has been redetermined based on the
revised treatment performance value. As a result, the following
pollutants, which were not selected at proposal, have been
selected for further consideration for limitation:
'4. benzene .
6. carbon tetrachloride
85. tetrachloroethylene
CONVENTIONAL AND.NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
This study examined samples from the primary columbium-tantalum
subcategory for three conventional pollutant parameters (oil and
grease, total suspended solids, and pH) and six nonconventional
pollutant parameters (ammonia, chemical oxygen demand, chloride,
fluoride, total organic carbon, and total phenols).
The following conventional and nonconventional pollutants
pollutant parameters are selected for consideration i
establishing limitations for the columbium-tantalum subcategory:
ammonia
total; suspended solids (TSS)
fluoride
' '
4425
or
in
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
Five of eight samples analyzed for ammonia exhibited
concentrations in excess of 40 mg/1 (above the treatability
concentration) with values reported as high as 3,210 mg/1. Since
five of eight samples are above the 32 mg/1 concentration
attainable with steam stripping, ammonia is selected for further
consideration.
The concentration of suspended solids in the 11 samples for which
it was analyzed ranged from 1 mg/1 to 27,890 mg/1. Furthermore,
most of the treatment used to remove toxic metals does so by
precipitating the metals or their salts, and these toxic metal
precipitates should not be discharged. A limitation on total
suspended solids then, would help ensure that the toxic metals
are removed. Thus, total suspended solids is selected for
consideration for limitation.
Fluoride ions in low concentration (approximately 1.0 mg/1) are
beneficial in drinking water supplies. However, higher
concentrations (above 10 mg/1) can be harmful and even fatal to
humans and animals. All four samples analyzed for fluoride
contained very high concentrations of this pollutant (ranging
from 2,800 to 24,000 mg/1). The identified treatment technology
can reduce fluoride concentrations to 14.5 mg/1. Consequently,
fluoride is selected for consideration for limitation.
The pH range measured was 1.87 to 11.0. Many deleterious effects
are caused by either extreme pH values, or rapid changes in pH.
Effective removal of toxic metals requires careful control of pH.
Therefore, pH is considered for specific regulation in this
subcategory.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of toxic pollutants in the wastewater
samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page 4435). These data
provide the basis for the categorization of specific pollutants
as discussed below. Table VI-1 is based on raw wastewater data
from streams 22, 25, 113, 114, and 117 shown in Figures V-l
through V-5 and presented in Tables V-2, V-4, V-6, V-8, and V-12.
Treatment plant samples were not considered in the frequency
count. Streams 23, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 115, and 116 were not used
because they contain either treated wastewater or wastewater from
processes not considered for regulation in this rulemaking.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 4439) were not
detected in any wastewater samples from this subcategory;
therefore, they are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations:
4426
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION LIMIT ;
The toxic pollutants listed below were never found above their
analytical quantification concentration in any wastewater samples
from this subcategory; therefore, they are not selected for
consideration in establishing limitations.
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
39. fluoranthene
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
73. benzo(a)pyrene
78. anthracene (a)
80. fluorene
81. phenanthrene (a)
113. toxaphene
121. cyanide
(a) Reported together as a combined value.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT
The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because they were not found in any
wastewater samples from this subcategory above concentrations
considered achievable by existing or available treatment
technologies. These pollutants are discussed individually
following the list.
117. beryllium
126. silver
Beryllium was detected in five of six samples analyzed. However,
it was found above its quantification limit in only two samples,
both at concentrations below the treatable concentration of 0.20
mg/1 for this pollutant. The concentrations of beryllium in-the
two samples were 0.18 and 0.02 mg/1. Therefore, beryllium is not
selected for consideration for limitation.
Silver was detected in two of six samples analyzed, at values of
0.06 and 0.07 mg/1. However, treatment technology available
cannot bring the silver concentration below 0.07 mg/1, so silver
is not selected for consideration for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
The following pollutants were not selected for regulation on the
basis that they were detectable in the effluent from only a small
number of sources within the'subcategory and are uniquely related
to only those sources.
4427
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
1. acenaphthene
12. hexachloroethane !
23. chloroform
44. methylene chloride
47. bromoform
48. dichlorobromomethane
54. isophorone
56. nitrobenzene
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
68. di-n-butyl phthalate
71. dimethyl phthalate
106. PCB-1242 (a)
107. PCB-1254 (a)
108. PCB-1221 (a)
109. PCB-1232 (a)
110. PCB-1248 (b)
111. PCB-1260 (b)
112. PCB-1016 (b)
123. mercury
(a)r(b) Reported together as a combined value.
Acenaphthene was detected in one of seven samples, with the one
detected value above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology. The value
detected in the sample was 0.017 mg/1. From the waste stream in
which acenaphthene was detected, two other samples of this waste
stream reported acenaphthene as a not detected. Therefore,
acenaphthene is not considered characteristic of columbium-
tantalum wastewaters and is not considered for limitation.
Hexachloroethane was present in only one out of seven samples
taken, at 0.023 mg/1. Concentrations above 0.010 mg/1 are
considered treatable by the identified treatment technology.
Also, in the dcp, all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated
that this pollutant was either known or believed to be absent.
Therefore, hexachloroethane is not selected for consideration for
limitation.
Chloroform, a common laboratory solvent, was detected in 10 of 14
samples, ranging from 0.017 to 0.24 mg/1. Concentrations above
the analytical quantification limit in two of the three blanks
(0.052 mg/1 and 0.015 mg/1) analyzed raise the likelihood of
sample contamination. Also, in the dcp, all of the columbium-
tantalum plants indicated that this pollutant was either known or
believed to be absent. Chloroform, therefore, is not selected
for consideration for limitation.
One very high value of methylene chloride, 88.4 mg/1, was found
in one of 14 samples; methylene chloride was not detected in the
remaining 13 samples. But this solvent is so pervasive in
laboratories that this one case of detection (out of 14) is
probably due to sample contamination. The presence of methylene
chloride in one of the blanks attests to this. Also, in the dcp,
4428
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -VI
all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this
pollutant was either known or believed to be absent. Therefore,
methylene chloride is not selected for consideration for
limitation.
Bromoform was found in two of the 14 raw waste samples. Only one
of the concentrations found was above the 0.010 mg/1
concentration considered 'attainable with identified treatment
technology. The treatable value was 0.021 mg/1. The other
concentration was below the analytical quantification limit.
Therefore, bromoform is not selected for consideration for
limitation.
Dichlorobromomethane was detected in one of the 14 samples, at a
concentration above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered
attainable with identified treatment technology. The value
detected in the sample was 0.038 mg/1. TWO other samples from
the waste stream in which dichlorobromomethane was reported were
analyzed. The results were one "hot detected" and one "detected
below quantification concentration." Therefore,
dichlorobromomethane is not considered characteristic of
columbium-tantalum wastewaters and is not considered for
limitation.
Isophorone was found in two of seven samples; only one was above
the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered attainable with the
identified treatment technology. The other sample had a
concentration below the analytical quantification limit. The
treatable value was 0.029 mg/1 and was obtained from a sample of
solvent^ extraction raffinate. Two other samples of solvent
extraction raffinate were reported as not detected. Therefore
isophorone is not considered for limitation.
Nitrobenzene was detected in one of seven samples, and above the
0.010 mg/1 concentration considered attainable with the
identified treatment technology. The value detected was 0.1
mg/1. This value was obtained from a sample of solvent extraction
raffinate in which two other samples were reported as not
detected. Nitrobenzene, therefore, is not considered for
limitation.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was reported present above its
analytical quantification limit in five of seven samples; the
reported concentrations ranged from 0.02 mg/1 to 1.2 mg/1. This
compound is a plasticizer found in many plastic materials used in
manufacturing plants, thus it is not considered attributable to
specific materials or processing in this subcategory. Also/ in
the dcp, all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this
pollutant was either known or believed to be absent. Therefore
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is not selected for consideration for
limitation.
Di-n-butyl phthalate was ,: measured above its concentration
considered attainable with the identified treatment technology in
three of seven samples; the measured concentrations ranged from
• ' - • ' 4429 . . • - "
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
0.012 mg/1 to 0.08 mg/1. This substance is a plasticizer^ found
in many products used in manufacturing plants; it is riot
considered a pollutant specific to this point source. Also, in
the dcp, all of the columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this
pollutant was either known or believed to be absent. Therefore,
di-n-butyl phthalate is not^ selected for consideration for
limitation.
Dimethyl phthalate was reported present above its analytical
quantification limit in two of seven samples; the reported
concentrations were 0.012 mg/1 and 0.02 mg/1. This compound is a
plasticizer found in many plastic materials used in manufacturing
plants, and is not considered a point source specific pollutant.
Also, in the dcp, all of the cplumbium-tantalum plants indicated
that this pollutant was either known or believed to be absent.
Therefore, dimethyl phthalate is not selected for consideration
for limitation.
PCB-1242, PCB-1254, and PCB-1221 were measured above their
analytical quantification limit in only one of seven samples.
The observed concentration was 0.0516 mg/1. Since PCBs were
found in just one plant, and since in the dcp, all of the
columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this pollutant was
either known or believed to be absent, they are not selected for
consideration for limitation.
PCB-1232, PCB-1248, PCB-1260, and PCB-1016 were measured above
their analytical quantification limit in one of seven samples.
The observed concentration was 0.336 mg/1. Since PCB's were
found in only one plant, and since in the dcp, all of the
columbium-tantalum plants indicated that this pollutant was
either known or believed to be absent, they are not selected for
consideration for limitation.
Mercury was found above the concentration achievable by treatment
in one of six samples. Only one sample at 0.063 mg/1 was
detected above the treatable concentration of 0.036 mg/1. Since
the five other samples were below the treatable concentration,
mercury is not selected for consideration for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION FOR
LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The toxic pollutants listed below were selected for further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for this
subcategory. The toxic pollutants selected are each discussed
following the list.
4. benzene
6. carbon tetrachloride
7. chlorobenzene
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dichloroethane
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
38. ethylbenzene
4430
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
51. chlorodibromomethane
85. tetrachloroethylene
87. trichloroethylene
114. antimony
115 . arsenic
116. asbestos
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
125. selenium
127. thallium
128. zinc
Benzene was detected in 12 of 14 samples, with one of the
concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology. Eleven of
these samples were below the quantification concentration. The
value detected above the treatable concentration was 0.042 mg/1
Benzene was detected in four different process waste streams
representing two plants. Therefore, benzene cannot be considered
site-specific and is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Carbon tetrachloride was found in three of the 14 samples, with
two of the concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration
considered attainable with identified treatment technology. The
values found above the treatable concentration were 0.017 mq/1
and 0.074 mg/1. Both of these values are from the same waste
stream and represent two of the six samples from concentration
digestion scrubber. Therefore, carbon tetrachloride is selected
tor further consideration for limitation.
Chlorobenzene was detected in three of 14 samples, with two of
the concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology. The values
detected above the treatable concentration were 1.00 and 0.034
mg/1., Both of these values are from the same waste stream and
represent two of the six samples analyzed from solvent extraction
raffinate. Therefore, Chlorobenzene is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
1,2,4-Trichloroethylene was detected in two of seven samples
with_one of the values above the 0.01 mg/1 concentratioA
considered attainable with ' the identified treatment technology
The value detected above its treatable concentration was 0 051
mg/1. Both samples in which 1,2, 4-trichloroethylene was detected
are from solvent extraction raffinate. Since the waste stream is
trom^ a solvent extraction process using an organic solvent, and
1,2,4-trichloroethylene was found above a treatable
concentration, it is selected for further consideration for
limitation. '
1,2-Dichloroethane was detected in nine of 14 samples, with two
4431
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
of the concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration
considered attainable with the identified treatment technology.
The values detected above the treatable concentration ranged from
0.016 mg/1 to 0.156 mg/1. 1,2-Dichloroethane was detected above
quantification in five different process waste streams
representing two different plants. Therefore, 1,2-dichloroethane
is not site-specific,> and it is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene was detected in two of 14 samples,
with both of the concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1
concentration considered attainable with the identified treatment
technology. The values detected above the treatable
concentration were 0.484 and 0.26 mg/1. These two values were
taken from two different waste streams that were sampled three
times each. One of these streams is from solvent extraction
where organic solvents are used. Therefore, 1,2-trans-
dichloroethylene is selected for consideration for limitation.
Ethylbenzene was detected in four of 14 samples, with two of the
concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology. The values
detected above the treatable concentration were 0.04 mg/1 and
0 057 mg/1. Ethylbenzene was detected in two different process
waste streams representing two plants. Therefore, ethylbenzene
is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Chlorodibromomethane was detected in four of 14 samples, with one
of the concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration
considered attainable with the identified treatment -technology.
The values detected above its concentration considered attainable
with identified treatment technology ranged from 0.02 to 7.08
mq/1 The detection of Chlorodibromomethane was not site-
specific as it was detected in three different process wastewater
streams representing two plants. Therefore, Chlorodibromomethane
is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Tetrachloroethylene was found in four of 14 samples, with two
samples above the concentration considered attainable with
identified treatment technology. The values detected above the
treatable concentration were 0.157 mg/1 and 0.235 mg/1.
Tetrachloroethylene was found in three different process waste
streams representing two plants. Therefore, this compound is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Trichloroethylene was detected in 12 of 14 samples, with one of
the concentrations above the 0.010 mg/1 concentration considered
attainable with the identified treatment technology. Eleven of
these samples were below the quantification concentration. The
value detected above the treatable concentration was 0.235 mg/1.
T>-ichloroethylene was detected in four different process waste
streams representing two plants. Trichloroethylene cannot^ be
considered site-specific and is therefore selected for further
consideration for limitation.
4432
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
Antimony was found in five of seven samples analyzed; in all five
of these, it was measured above its treatable concentration (0.47
mg/1) at concentrations ranging up to 30 mg/1. Therefore
antimony is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Arsenic was found in all six samples analyzed; three samples
contained concentrations above its treatable concentration of
0.34 mg/1. Values were as high as 45 mg/1. Therefore, arsenic
is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Analyses were made for asbestos at only one plant. The raw
wastewater sample contained 980 million fibers per liter (MFL),
while the plant influent contained less than 9 MFL. Since
asbestos was detected and is above the treatable concentration of
10 MFL in the only sample analyzed, it is considered for further
consideration for limitation.
Cadmium was 'detected in four of six samples, and was found above
its treatable concentration of 0.049 mg/1. The concentration of
cadmium in the sample was 40 mg/1. Cadmium, therefore, is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Five of six samples analyzed for chromium showed concentrations
in excess of its treatable concentration (0.07 mg/1). Wastewater
at one sampling site was found to contain 1,000 mg/1 on each of
three days sampled. Therefore, chromium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Copper was found in all six samples analyzed, and occurred at
concentrations above its treatable concentration of 0.39 mg/1 in
five of these. Values ranged from 0.8 to 300 mg/1. Therefore,
copper is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Lead occurred far above its treatable concentration of 0.08 mg/1
in five of six samples. Concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 1,000
mg/1. Lead, therefore, is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Two out of six samples analyzed for nickel yielded values above
the treatable concentration of 0.22 mg/1. The reported
concentrations were 5 and 1 mg/1. Therefore, nickel is selected
for further consideration for limitation.
Selenium was found in three of six samples analyzed, all three
above its treatable concentration (0.20 mg/1). Values were as
high as 70 mg/1. Therefore, selenium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Thallium was found above its treatable concentration of 0.34 mg/1
in three of six samples, with concentrations of 0.83, 1.14, and
1.18 mg/1. Therefore, thallium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Four of six samples analyzed contained zinc at concentrations
above the treatability concentration of 0.23 mg/1. Values ranged
4433
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
from less than 400 mg/1 to 1,000 mg/1. Zinc is thus selected for
further consideration for limitation.
4434
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - VI
n S
Cs) •— OO —
1 \
:iC POLLUTANTS
SUBCATEGORY
Detected
ter of Detected Below Below Treat-
npies Quantification able Concen-
lyzed ND Concentration tratinn
Table VI-1
)CCURRENCE OF TOX
,UMBI UM-TANTALUM
RAW WASTEWATER
ble
tra- Nunber of Numl
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4435
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - VI
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4436
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - VI
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4437
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - VI
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4438
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
TABLE VI.-2
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
2. acrolein • . ;
3. acrylonitrile
5. benzidine
9. hexachlorobenzene
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
16. chloroethane . '
17. DELETED
18. bis(2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22. parachlorometa cresol
24. 2-chlorophenol "
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
31. 274-dichlorophenol
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,3-dichloropropylene
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol
37. If2-diphenylhydrazine
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. bis(2-chloroethoxy) methane
45. methyl chloride
46. methyl bromide
49. DELETED .
50. DELETED
52. hexachlorobutadiene
53. hexachlorocyclopentadiene
55. naphthalene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
64. pentachlorophenol
65. phenol
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
70. diethyl phthalate .
72. benzo(a)anthracene
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
4439
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
75. benzo(k)fluoranthene
76. chrysene
77. acenaphthylene
79. benzo(ghi)perylene
82. dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
83. indeno(l,2, 3-cd)pyren.e
84. pyrene
86. toluene
88. vinyl chloride
89. aldrin
90. dieldrin
91. chlordane
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4,4'-DDE
94.' 4,4'-ODD
95. alpha-endosulfan
96. beta-endosulfan
97. endosulfan sulfate
98. endrin
99. endrin aldehyde
100. heptachlor
101. heptachlor epoxide
102. alpha-BHC
103. beta-BHC
104. gamma-BHC
105. delta-BHC
129. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
4440
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
SECTION VII
CONTROL AND. TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters generated in the
primary columbium-tantal'um subcategory. This section summarizes
the description of these wastewaters and indicates the level of
treatment which is currently practiced for each waste stream.
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
This section presents a summary of the control and treatment
technologies that are currently applied to each of the sources
generating wastewater in this subcategory. As discussed in
Section V, wastewater associated with the primary columbium-
tantalum subcategory is characterized by the presence of the
toxic metal pollutants, ammonia, and suspended solids. This
analysis is supported by the raw (untreated) wastewater data
presented for specific sources as well as combined waste streams
in Section V. Generally, these pollutants are present in each of
the waste streams at concentrations above treatability, so these
waste streams are commonly combined for treatment to reduce the
concentrations of these pollutants. Construction of one
wastewater treatment system for combined treatment allows plants
to take advantage of economies of scale, and in some instances,
to combine streams of differing alkalinity to reduce treatment
chemical requirements. Four plants in this subcategory currently
have lime and settle treatment systems. As such, three options
were selected for consideration for BPT, BAT, BDT, and
pretreatment in this subcategory after proposal, based on
combined treatment of these compatible waste streams.
CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
All three plants which practice digestion use hydrofluoric acid
to leach the columbium and tantalum ore concentrates. The
leachate goes to solvent extraction. Wet scrubbers are used at
all three plants, one with recycle (86 percent) and a bleed
stream, and two with once-through water usage. Wet scrubbers are
necessary due to the acidic nature of the emissions and the
presence of gaseous fluoride. The scrubber liquor has treatable
concentrations of suspended solids, fluoride and metals. The
addition of alkali is used in all cases to reduce these, high
concantrations. Existing wastewater treatment schemes for this
waste stream are lime precipitation and sedimentation, and
neutralization with caustic.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE
After methyl isobutyl ketone extraction the barren raffinate must
be treated. One plant of the three plants with this wastewater
recycles a portion of the .raffinate to the leaching process to
4441 • - -.
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -VII
utilize the acidic nature of this waste stream. The raffinate
has characteristics similar to the concentrate digestion scrubber
liquor. This stream is treated as follows:
1. Lime addition and sedimentation (partial recycle);
2. Lime addition, sedimentation, and filtration
(no recycle); and
3. Neutralization and equalization pond (no recycle).
SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
This waste stream is generated by wet air pollution control
equipment located over the solvent extraction process. Two
plants use wet scrubbers to control solvent extraction air
emissions. One plant does not recycle the scrubber effluent; the
other plant uses the same scrubber for solvent extraction and
concentrate digestion, practicing 86 percent recycle. Waste
characteristics are very similar to those found in the solvent
extraction raffinate and concentrate digester scrubber waste
streams; treatment similar to these two waste streams is
indicated. Indeed, the established treatment techniques are
identical:
1. Lime addition and sedimentation (partial recycle), and
2. Lime addition, sedimentation, (no recycle).
PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION
The metal salts in the pregnant extraction solutions are
precipitated either by oxide precipitation with ammonia or by
potassium fluoride precipitation of potassium fluotantalate
(K2TaF7). The barren solutions must subsequently be treated.
Three plants produce this wastewater. The wastewater contains
treatable concentrations of ammonia, fluoride, metals, and
suspended solids. The following wastewater treatment schemes are
practiced for this stream:
1. Ammonia steam stripping, lime addition, and
sedimentation (partial recycle); and
2. Neutralization and equalization pond (no recycle).
PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
This waste stream is generated by wet air pollution control
equipment located over the precipitation process. Two plants use
wet scrubbers to control precipitation air emissions. Neither
plant recycles this wastewater. Waste characteristics are very
similar to those found in the precipitation and filtration
supernatant. One plant discharges this waste stream with no
treatment, while the other uses ammonia steam stripping followed
by lime and settle treatment.
4442
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
TANTALUM SALT DRYING
Only one of the five plants surveyed captures tantalum salt
drying steam. This wastewater contains treatable concentrations
of fluoride when potassium fluoride is used in precipitation. The
treatment scheme used to treat tantalum salt drying wastewater by
the one plant is lime and settle. -
OXIDES CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pour of the five plants surveyed practice calcining of columbium
pentoxide prior to shipment or further processing. Wet scrubbers
are necessary to control ammonia and fluoride emissions during
this process. Two plants practice recycle with recycle rates of
89 and 100 percent. Suspended solids and metals may be present
in this wastewater in addition to ammonia and fluoride. The
treatment schemes used to treat oxide calcining scrubber liquor
by the four plants which practice calcining are as follows:
1. Ammonia steam stripping and lime and settle (no
recycle),
2. Ammonia steam stripping and lime and settle (recycle),
and
3. No treatment.
REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL
Four plants reduce columbium or tantalum salts to the metal. One
plant practices aluminothermic reduction, which produces no
wastewater. The other three plants practice sodium reduction.
Leaching after sodium reduction, a common practice for- tantalum
production, is a major source of wastewater. After completion of
the reduction reaction and subsequent cooling, the tantalum
exists as small particles of metal in a matrix of potassium and
sodium salts. The salts are removed by successive leaches in
water and acid to produce a pure metal powder. The resulting
wastewater contains fluoride at treatable concentrations, as well
as toxic metals and oil and grease. The wastewater treatment
schemes used for this waste stream are as follows:
1. Lime addition and sedimentation, and
2. Caustic addition and centrifugation (no recycle).
REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Wet scrubbers are used to control emissions during the reduction
reaction. Two plants use wet scrubbers, neither practicing
recycle of the scrubber liquor. This wastewater is similar in
characteristic to the reduction wastewater. It contains toxic
metals and fluoride and chloride in treatable concentrations.
Treatment for the waste stream consists of:
1. Lime addition and sedimentation (no recycle), and
2. Caustic addition and centrifugation (no recycle).
4443
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII !
TANTALUM POWDER WASH
One plant washes tantalum powder after reduction and uses a
scrubber in this process. No recycle was reported. This
wastewater is expected to be acidic and contain little or no
toxic pollutants. Currently this plant treats the wastewater
using lime and settle treatment methods.
CONSOLIDATION AND CASTING CONTACT COOLING
Four plants reported consolidation and casting operations. One
plant generates no wastewater. Two plants use noncontact cooling
water. The fourth plant generates contact cooling water but
recycles 100 percent through a cooling tower. Therefore, no
wastewater is discharged for this waste stream.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
The Agency examined three control and treatment technology
alternatives since proposal that are applicable to the primary
columbium-tantalum subcategbry. The options selected for
evaluation represent a combination of in-process flow reduction,
pretreatment technology applicable_to individual waste streams,
and end-of-pipe treatment technologies.
OPTION A
Option A for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory requires
treatment technologies to reduce pollutant mass. The Option A
treatment scheme consists of ammonia steam stripping preliminary
treatment .applied to the combined streams of precipitation ; and
filtration-- of metal salts wastewater, precipitation and
filtration wet air pollution control, and oxides calcining wet
air pollution control. Preliminary treatment is followed by lime
precipitation and sedimentation applied to the combined stream of
steam stripper effluent and the remaining wastewater sources.
Chemical precipitation is used to remove metals and fluoride by
the addition of lime followed by gravity sedimentation.
Suspended solids are also removed from the process.
OPTION B
Option B for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory_ consists
of all treatment requirements of Option A (ammonia steam
stripping, lime precipitation, and sedimentation) plus control
technologies to reduce the discharge of wastewater volume. Water
recycle and reuse are the principal control mechanisms for 'flow
reduction.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consists
of all control and treatment requirements of Option B (ammonia
steam stripping, in-process flow reduction, lime precipitation,
and sedimentation) plus multi-media filtration technology added at
4444
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
the end of the Option B treatment scheme. Multimedia filtration
is used to remove suspended solids, including precipitates of
metals, beyond the concentration attainable by gravity
sedimentation. The filter suggested is of the gravity, mixed
media type, although other forms of filters such as rapid sand
filters or pressure filters would perform as well. The addition
of_ filters also provides consistent removal during periods in
which there are rapid increases in flows or loadings of
pollutants to the treatment system.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS REJECTED
Three additional treatment technologies were considered prior to
proposing mass limitations for this subcategory as discussed
below. Activated alumina and reverse osmosis were rejected
because they were not demonstrated in the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category, nor were they readily transferable.
Activated carbon adsorption treatment did not receive further
consideration because the levels of toxic organics present in the
primary columbium-tantalum subcategory are present only in trace
(deminimus quantities) and are neither causing nor likely to
cause toxic effects.
OPTION D
Option D for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consisted
of Option C (ammonia steam stripping, in-process flow reduction,
lime precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration)
with the addition of activated alumina technology at the end of
the Option C treatment scheme. The activated alumina process is
used to remove dissolved fluoride which remains after lime
precipitation.
OPTION E
Option_E for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consisted
of Option C (ammonia steam stripping, in-process flow reduction/
lime precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration)
with the addition of granular activated carbon technology at the
end of the Option C treatment scheme. The activated carbon
process is utilized to control the discharge of toxic organics.
OPTION F
Option^F for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consisted
of Option C (ammonia steam stripping, in-process flow reduction,
lime precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration)
with the" addition of reverse osmosis and multiple-effect
evaporation technologies at the end of the Option C treatment
scheme. Option F is used for complete recycle of the treated
water by controlling the concentration of dissolved solids.
4445
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4446
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This _section describes the method used to develop the costs
associated with the control and treatment technologies suggested
in Section VII for wastewaters from primary columbium-tantalum
plants. The energy consumption of each technology as well as
solid waste and air pollution.aspects are also discussed. Cost
curves are presented in Section VIII of Vol. I showing the total
annual cost of each treatment and control technology as a
function of wastewater flow rate.
TREATMENT OPTIONS COSTED FOR EXISTING SOURCES
Three control and treatment options are considered for treating
wastewater from the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory. Cost
estimates have been developed for each of the control and
treatment options. The options are summarized below and presented
schematically in Figures X-l through X-3 (pages 4494 - 4496).
OPTION A
Option A for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consists
of lime precipitation and sedimentation end-of-pipe technology,
with ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment for waste
streams containing treatable concentrations of ammonia. Streams
with treatable concentrations of ammonia include precipitation
and filtration of metal salts wastewater, precipitation and
filtration scrubber watery and oxides calcining scrubber water.
OPTION B
Option B for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory requires
control .and treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of
wastewater volume and pollutant mass. The recycle of metal salt
drying scrubber water, concentrate digestion scrubber, and
solvent extraction scrubber water through holding tanks is the
,control mechanism for flow reduction. The Option B treatment
scheme consists of ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment
for streams containing treatable concentrations of ammonia, and
end-of-pipe treatment technology consists of lime precipitation
and sedimentation.
OPTION C
Option C consists of all the control and treatment technologies
of Option B (flow reduction, ammonia steam stripping, lime
precipitation, and sedimentation) with the addition of multimedia
filtration to the end-of-pipe treatment scheme.
4447
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance costs is presented in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Plant-by-plant compliance costs have been
estimated for the nonferrous metal manufacturing category and are
presented in the administrative record supporting this
regulation. A comparison of the developed costs for proposal and
the revised costs for the final regulation are presented in
Tables VIII-1 and VIII-2 (pages 4452 and 4453) for the direct and
indirect dischargers, respectively.
Each of the major assumptions used to develop compliance costs is
presented in Section VIII of the General Development Document.
However, each subcategory contains a unique set of waste streams
requiring certain subcategory-specific assumptions to develop
compliance costs. Seven major assumptions are discussed briefly
below.
(1) Several plants utilized sodium hydroxide addition for
wastewater treatment. This type of treatment is not
considered to be equivalent to lime addition due to the need
to remove fluoride in the wastewater as calcium fluoride.
The Agency therefore included compliance costs for treating
with lime for these plants.
(2) Ammonia steam stripping requirements may exceed the excess
steam generation capacity at any given plant. Therefore^ a
steam generation unit is included in the steam stripping
costs.
(3) Due to the large volume of wastewater treatment sludge
generated by some plants in this subcategory, the costs
of developing and maintaining nonhazardous sludge disposal
sites are used instead of the normal contract hauling.
(4) EPA included the cost of segregation and treatment for
one plant that currently commingles its wastewater and
gangue. These costs eliminate any conceivable need for
sludge disposal as a radioactive waste.
(5) Recycle of air pollution scrubber liquor is based on
recycle through a holding tank after lime and settle
treatment. Annual costs associated with maintenance are
included in the estimated compliance costs. If a plant
currently recycles scrubber liquor, capital costs of the
recycle equipment (holding tank, pumps, and piping) are not
included in the compliance costs.
(6) Subsequent to proposal, one columbium-tantalum plant
commented that the selected lime and settle technology
could not be installed on-site because of land limitations.
Specifically, a clarifier of sufficient size could not fit
within the available space at the plant. However, through
Section 308 requests and telephone contacts, the Agency has
determined that the clarifier could be installed at .the
4448
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
existing plant site. (This determination is documented in
the administrative record supporting this regulation). Costs
for the treatment technology were developed for this plant
assuming a clarifier of sufficient size could be used.
(7) Annual costs for operation and maintenance of wastewater
treatment systems are included in compliance costs for
plants with treatment in place because there are no previous
BPT or BAT regulations promulgated which account for these
costs.
NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
A general discussion of the nonwater quality aspects of the
control and treatment options considered for the nonferrous
metals category is contained in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Nonwater quality impacts specific to the
primary columbium-tantalum subcategory, including energy
requirements, solid waste and.air pollution are discussed below.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Energy requirements for .the three options considered are
estimated at 5.22 mwh/yr, 5.22 mwh/yr, and 5.27 mwh/yr for
Options A, B, and C respectively. Option C would increase energy
requirements over Option A by approximately one percent. Option
C represents roughly one percent of a typical plant's electrical
usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements of
the treatment options considered will have no significant impact
on total plant energy consumption.
SOLID WASTE
Sludges associated with the primary columbium-tantalum
subcategory will necessarily contain additional quantities (and
concentrations) of toxic metal pollutants. Wastes generated by
primary smelters and refiners, .are currently exempt from
regulation by Act of Congress (Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act (RCRA)), Section 3001(b). Consequently, sludges generated
from treating primary industries' wastewater are not presently
subject to regulation as hazardous wastes.
Sludge generation in the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory
is due to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates
along with calcium fluoride using lime. If a small excess of
lime is added during treatment, the Agency does not believe these
sludges would be identified as hazardous under RCRA.
The Agency received comments stating that wastewater treatment
sludges generated in the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory
would have to be disposed of as low level radioactive waste.
There are no RCRA regulations applicable to low level radioactive
wastes, so the claim appears exaggerated. The Agency, therefore,
requested specific data and information from the commenters so
4449
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
that the comments could be properly evaluated. However, no data
or information were submitted to support this claim. In fact,
one commenter submitted information and data showing the cost of
disposal for gangue, the waste material remaining after _the
columbium-tantalum values are extracted from the raw material,
rather than for wastewater treatment sludge. In any case, the
Agency believes the disposal of gangue as a low level radioactive
material is an expense of doing business and not attributable to
the treatment of wastewaters.
Commenters in the secondary aluminum subcategory claim stripped
ammonia will have to be disposed of as corrosive hazardous waste.
The Agency does not agree with the commenters because ammonia has
an intrinsic value. In the columbium-tantalum subcategory,
ammonia is a process chemical and may be reused as a
precipitating agent.
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators of hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20 45 PR 33142 (May 19,
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May 19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR 53438
(September 13, 1979). The Agency has calculated as part of the
costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and disposing
of these wastes. EPA estimates implementation of lime, settle,
and filter technology will produce approximately 25,000 tons per
year of sludge at 20 percent solids. Multimedia filtration
technology will not result in any significant amount of sludge
over that generated by lime precipitation.
4450
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any .substantial air pollution
problems will result from implementation of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration. These
technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and do not
involve air stripping or any other physical process likely to
transfer: pollutants to air. -'- .
4451
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - VIII
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4454
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT), BPT reflects the existing performance
by Planjs °? various sizes, ages, and manufacturing processes
within the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory, as well as the
established performance of the recommended BPT systems
Particular consideration is given to the treatment already in
place at plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
or applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements)
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable prediction
that it ^will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than process
changes or internal controls, except where such practices are
common industry practice. " m-es». are
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT '.'. •
The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes used, the wastewaters generated, and the treatment
processes installed.. Information was collected from the category
using data collection portfolios, and specific plants were
sampled and the wastewaters analyzed. Additional data used in
the final rule were obtained through comments and Section 308
requests. Some of the factors which must be considered in
establishing effluent limitations based on BPT have already been
discussed. The age of equipment and facilities, processes used,
and raw materials were taken into account in subcategorization
and subdivision and are discussed fully in Section IV. Nonwater
quality impacts and energy requirements are considered in Section
As explained in Section IV, the primary columbium-tantalum
subcategory ;has been subdivided into 11 potential wastewater
sources. _ Since thewateruse, discharge rates, and pollutant
characteristics of each of these wastewaters is potentially
unique, effluent limitations!will be developed for each of the 11
subdivisions. > - .
4455
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach was followed
for the development of BPT mass limitations. To account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant, a unit of
production or production normalizing parameter (PNP) was
determined for each waste stream which could then be related_ to
the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV. Each process within the subcategory was then
analyzed to determine (1) whether or not operations included
generated wastewater, (2) specific flow rates generated, and (3)
the specific production normalized flows for each process. This
analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewater such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
is not considered in the analysis.
Normalized flows were analyzed to determine which flow was to be
used as part of the basis for BPT mass limitations. The selected
flow (sometimes referred to as a BPT regulatory flow or BPT
discharge rate) reflects the water use controls which are common
practices within the category. The BPT normalized flow is based
on the average of all applicable data. Plants with normalized
flows above the average may have to implement some method of flow
reduction to achieve the BPT limitations. ;
For the development of effluent limitations, mass limitations
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision. This
calculation was made on a stream-by-stream basis, primarily
because plants in this subcategory may perform one or more of the
operations in various combinations. The mass limitations
(milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of production unit - mg/kg)
were calculated by multiplying the BPT normalized flow (1/kkg) by
the concentration achievable using the BPT treatment system
(mg/1) for each pollutant parameter to be limited under BPT.
The mass limitations which are allowed under BPT for each plant
will be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to the combined flow. This method accounts for the variety _of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at primary columbium-tantalum plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can, be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation for each subcategory.
4456
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT, -IX
BPT effluent limitations are based on the average of the
discharge flow rates for each source; consequently,- the treatment
technologies which are currently used by the lowest dischargers
will be the treatment technologies most likely required to meet
BPT effluent limitations. Section VII discusses the various
treatment technologies which are currently in place for each
wastewater source. In most cases, the current treatment
technologies consist of chemical precipitation and sedimentation
(lime and settle technology) and a combination of reuse and
recycle to reduce flow. Ammonia steam stripping is added to
streams with treatable concentrations of ammonia.
The overall effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment for the
removal of wastewater pollutants is improved by the application
of water flow controls within the process to limit the volume of
wastewater requiring treatment. The controls or in-process
technologies recommended under BPT include only those measures
which are commonly practiced within the subcategory and which
reduce flows to meet the production normalized flow for each
operation.
In making technical assessments of data, reviewing manufacturing
processes, and assessing wastewater treatment technology options,
both indirect and direct dischargers have been considered as a
single group. An examination of plants and processes did not
indicate any process differences based on the type of discharge,
whether it be direct or indirect.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level. The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the promulgated BPT.
The methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table X-2
(page 4485) shows the estimated pollutant removal estimates for
each treatment option for direct dischargers. Compliance costs
for direct dischargers are presented in Table VII-I-1 (page 4452).
BPT OPTION SELECTION
The BPT selected consists of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation ' (lime and settle technology) with ammonia steam
stripping preliminary treatment of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of ammonia. The best practicable
4457
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
technology is presented in Figure IX-1 (page 4472). The .BPT
treatment is equivalent to Option A described in Section VII and
does not differ from that proposed. Lime and settle technology
is currently demonstrated by all three primary columbium-tantalum
direct dischargers.
Ammonia steam stripping is demonstrated in the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category and at two primary columbium-tantalum
facilities. EPA proposed treatment performance concentrations
based on levels achieved in the iron and steel manufacturing
category.
Chemical analysis data were collected of raw waste (treatment
influent) and treated waste (treatment effluent) from one coke
plant of the iron and steel manufacturing category. A contractor
for EPA, using EPA sampling and chemical analysis protocols,
collected six paired samples in a two-month period. These data
are the data base for determining the effectiveness of ammonia
steam stripping technology and are contained within the
administrative record supporting this document. Ammonia
treatment at this coke plant consisted of two steam stripping
columns in series with steam injected countercurrently to the
flow of the wastewater. A lime reactor for pH adjustment
separated the two stripping columns.
The raw untreated wastewater samples from the coke facility
contained ammonia concentrations of 599, 226, 819, 502, 984, and
797 mg/1. Raw untreated wastewater samples from the primary
columbium-tantalum subcategory contained ammonia concentrations
of 53.1 , 496.1, 25,700, 18,500, and 16,900 mg/1. These latter
three concentrations represent three days of sampling from a
calciner scrubber.
The Agency has verified the proposed steam stripping performance
values using steam stripping data collected at a zirconium-
hafnium plant in the nonferrous metals manufacturing category.
Data collected by the plant represent almost two years of daily
operations and support the long-term mean and variability, used to
establish treatment effectiveness. Although the ammonia
concentrations in columbium-tantalum wastewater are higher than
those in iron and steel wastewater, the columbium-tantalum
ammonia data are comparable to raw wastewater data from this
zirconium-hafnium plant.
The Agency has chosen not to regulate toxic organic pollutant
parameters on a subcategory-wide basis for the primary columbium-
tantalum subcategory. Primary columbium-tantalum plants may use
an organic solvent in a liquid-liquid ion exchange process to
extract columbium-tantalum from digested concentrates. In the
pollutant reduction removals prior to proposal, it was estimated
that the subcategory generates 170 kg/yr toxic organic
pollutants. The Agency believes the toxic organic pollutants in
the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory are present only; in
trace amounts and thus are not regulated on a subcategory-wide
basis. However, it is possible toxic organic pollutants may be
4458
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
present in larger concentrations at an individual plant than the
Agency sampling data indicate. .Therefore, the permitting or
control authority should check for the presence of toxic organic
pollutants on a case-by-case basis and determine if they reauire
treatment.
The Agency has re-evaluated lime and settle technology
performance for fluoride, removal. The proposed treatment
performance for fluoride was transferred from the electrical and
electronic component manufacturing (.phase. I) lime and settle mean
performance. Coitimenters urged the Agency to transfer .treatability
values from the inorganic chemical industry instead. The Agency
disagrees. The Agency believes/the electronics data base more
closely reflects the treatability of fluoride in nonferrous
metals manufacturing wastewaters because of the type of fluoride
present. The fluoride present in inorganic chemicals
manufacturing (hydrofluoric acid production) exists as a complex
fluoride mineral containing silicates and other compounds that
complicate removal by lime.precipitation. in nonferrous metals
manufacturing and electronics, the fluoride disassociates in
water to fluoride ion, which can be readily removed from solution
by lime as calcium fluoride.
However, examination of the electronics data has led the Agency
to conclude that the raw concentrations of fluoride in nonferrous
metals manufacturing wastewaters more closely resemble the higher
concentrations found in electrical and electronics phase II
rather than phase I (49 FR 55690, December 14, 1983). Therefore,
the Agency believes it is appropriate to use the mean performance
and daily maximum variability developed for electronics phase II
to establish treatment effectiveness for fluoride removal by lime
and settle treatment.
BPT will result in the removal of an estimated 61,093 kg/yr of
toxic pollutants, 1,692,000 kg/yr of conventional pollutants,
973,000 kg/yr of fluoride, and 941,000 kg/yr of ammonia from raw
discharge levels. The estimated capital investment cost of BPT
is $0.68 million (March, 1982 dollars) and the estimated annual
cost is $1.1 million. These costs represent wastewater treatment
equipment not currently in place.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES , - .
A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing plants, as determined
from analysis of dcp. The discharge rate is used with the
achievable treatment concentration to determine BPT effluent
limitations. Since the discharge rate may be different for each
wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
for each of the 11 wastewater sources are discussed below and
summarized in Table IX-1 (page 4465). The discharge rates are
generally normalized on a production basis by relating the amount
of_ wastewater generated to the mass of the intermediate product
which;is produced by the process associated.with the waste stream
in question. These production normalizing parameters, or PNPs,
4459
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
are listed in Table IX-1 (page 4465).
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates for
each plant by subdivision.
CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposed BPT wastewater discharge rate for concentrate
digestion wet air pollution control was 10,915 1/kkg (2,618
gal/ton) of columbium-tantalum salt produced from digestion.
This rate was allocated only for plants practicing wet air
pollution control for concentrate digestion. Three plants
reported wastewater discharges from concentrate digestion wet air
pollution control, but dcp information provided by one plant was
insufficient to calculate a discharge rate. Therefore, the BPT
discharge rate was based on the average of two plants which
discharged 8,692.4 and 13,135.5 1/kkg (2,084.5 and 3,150
gal/ton).
The proposed concentrate digestion wet air pollution control flow
allowance has been revised based on new data and information
received through comments and special information requests. It
has been demonstrated to the Agency that water usage for
concentrate digestion scrubbers correlates better with the mass
of concentrate or slag digested than the product recovered from
digestion. This is due to the different columbium-tantalum
values contained in ore concentrates and tin slags. A plant
processing tin slags, which contain much less columbium-tantalum
than ore concentrates, would digest much more raw material than a
plant using ore concentrates to recover equal amounts of
columbium-tantalum. Therefore, the Agency has changed the
production normalizing parameter from columbium-tantalum salt
recovered to the mass of raw material digested.
There are three values available from which to determine the
discharge rate as shown in Table V-l (page 4372). Plant 519 will
not be used because it scrubs air emissions from digestion and
solvent extraction. Water use in fume control is directly
related to the volume of gas being scrubbed; consequently, plant
519 water usage may not be comparable to the other two plants.
Water use at plant 509 will not be used because it discharges 16
more times water (on a production normalized basis) than plant
507. There is no engineering reason this discharge rate should
be "so high. The BAT discharge rate is thus set equal to the
demonstrated rate at plant 507, or 6,219 1/kkg (1,491 gal/ton) of
raw material digested.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE
The proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for solvent extraction
raffinate was 26,916 1/kkg (6,470.4 gal/ton) of columbium or
tantalum salt extracted. This rate was based on the average
discharge rate of two plants, which discharged 19,268 and 34,694
1/kkg (4,620 and 8,320 gal/ton). A third plant reported
4460 ;
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
insufficient data to calculate a discharge rate.
The_proposal solvent extraction raffinate flow allowance has been
revised based on new data and information received through
comments and specific requests for information. As with
concentrate digestion wet air pollution control, it has been
demonstrated to the Agency water usage correlates better with the
mass of concentrate or. slag digested than the product recovered
from solvent extraction. The production normalized discharge
flows - for plants 507 and 509 changed from proposal because of
this change in production normalizing parameter. Plant 509
submitted data in response to a request, allowing a discharge
flow to be calculated. Water usage rates for solvent extraction,
production normalized with the mass of raw material digested, are
presented in Table V-3. The promulgated discharge rate is based
on the average of the three values, or 9,155 1/kkg (2,195
gal/ton) of raw material digested.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposal BPT discharge rate for solvent extraction wet air
pollution control was 4,301 1/kkg (1,034 gal/ton) of columbium or
tantalum salt extracted. This rate was allocated only for plants
practicing wet air pollution control for solvent extraction. Two
plants reported this wastewater, however, one plant uses the same
scrubber for both solvent extraction and concentrate digestion
wet air pollution control. The BPT discharge rate was based on
the discharge of the single plant which only scrubbed emissions
from solvent extraction.
, i -
As with concentrate digestion wet air pollution control, the
discharge rate for solvent extraction raffinate wet air pollution
control has been revised. Water use and discharge rates for this
stream are presented in Table V-5. Plant 519 was not considered
in the determination of the BPT discharge rate because it uses
the same scrubber to control emissions from concentrate
digestion. Water use for this scrubber is expected to be larger
because of the added volume of gas scrubbed versus that for plant
507. The BPT discharge rate is set equal to the discharge rate
at plant 507 of 2,456 1/kkg (589 gal/ton) of raw material
digested. Plant 519, however, should receive both the
concentrate digestion and solvent extraction wet air pollution
control flow allowance.
PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION OF METAL SALTS
The proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for precipitation and
filtration waste streams was 247,223 1/kkg (59,428 gal/ton) of
columbium or tantalum salt precipitated. Three plants reported
producing this waste stream. The BPT discharge rate was based on
the discharge rate of one of the plants. The two other plants
reported insufficient data to calculate a discharge rate.
Data and information were received through comments and specific
requests for additional information so that production normalized
4461
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
flows are available for three plants. Table V-7 (page 4387)
presents production normalized discharges for the three plants.
The production normalizing parameter for precipitation and
filtration has also been changed to the mass of raw material
digested rather than the columbium-tantalum recovered through
precipitation. Water discharge and production were found .to
correlate much better with the mass of raw material used as the
production normalizing parameter. The BPT discharge rate is
determined from the average of the three reported values, or
13,689 1/kkg (3,283 gal/ton) of raw material digested.
PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
A discharge allowance for precipitation and filtration wet air
pollution control has been added to cover wastewater generated
from fume scrubbing during precipitation. This wastewater stream
was not considered at proposal. Two plants reportedly operate
this scrubber as shown in Table V-9 (page 4391). The BPT
discharge is the average discharge rate of these two plants, or
63,513 1/kkg (15,231 gal/ ton) of raw material digested.
TANTALUM SALT DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for metal salt drying
wet air pollution control was 83,643 1/kkg (20,106 gal/ton) of
columbium or tantalum salt dried. This rate was allocated only
for plants practicing wet air pollution control for metal salt
drying emissions. Four plants discharged a metal salt drying wet
air pollution control waste stream. Two plants discharging this
waste stream reported sufficient dcp information to calculate; a
discharge rate. The two plants generated 11,563 and 156,125
1/kkg (2,773 and 37,440 gal/ton) respectively, of metal salt
drying wet air pollution wastewater. The BPT discharge rate was
the average discharge rate of these two plants.
Based on the information obtained through comments and special
requests for additional information, the proposed metal salt
drying scrubber allowance has been divided into tantalum salt
drying and oxides calcining wet air pollution
plants reported capturing steam generated during
drying. One of these plants reported its data
with oxides calcining wet air pollution control, and the data
cannot be separated. Therefore, the discharge rate is set equal
to one reported value of 60,542 1/kkg (14,518 gal/ton) of
tantalum salt dried.
OXIDES CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
r " ;
A separate flow allowance is established for the calcining
operations used to dry columbium-tantalum pentoxide. Four plants
reported using a scrubber to control emissions from this
operation as shown in Table V-ll (page 4393). One plant
currently recycles at an 89 percent rate, one plant reported
using treated effluent as scrubber liquor make-up (therefore 100
percent recycle), and two plants reported using once-through
control. Two
tantalum salt
in conjunction
4462
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX •
systems. The BPT discharge is based on the average water use at
plants 4225, 509, and 507. This value is 38,422 1/kkg (9,214
gal/ton) of oxide production from calcining.
REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL ,
The proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for reduction of salt
to metal was 352,663 1/kkg (84,775 gal/ton) of columbium or
tantalum reduced. This rate was based on the average discharge
rate of two plants, which : discharged 170,740 and 536,282 1/kkg
(40,945 and 128,605 gal/ton). A third plant reported
insufficient dcp information to calculate a discharge rate.
Based on a re-evaluation of data from dcp and trip reports
available to the Agency before proposal, discharge rates are now
available for three plants as shown in Table V-13 (page 4400).
The BPT discharge is thus chosen as the average discharge rate,
or 166,071 1/kkg (39,825 gal/ton) of salt produced. Two of the
plants currently meet this discharge rate.
REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposal BPT wastewater discharge rate for reduction of salt
to metal wet air pollution control was 21,521 1/kkg (5,173 gal/
ton) of columbium or tantalum reduced. This rate was allocated
only for those plants practicing wet air pollution control for
reduction emissions. The BPT discharge rate was based on the
average discharge rate of the two plants reporting this
wastewater. The two plants' generated 2,168 and 40,978 1/kkg (520
and 9,827 gal/ton) respectively, of this wastewater.
No new information has been received on reduction of salt to
metal wet air pollution control; however, this discharge
allowance was re-evaluated to try to determine any reasons for
the large variation in water usage. Both plants have similar
reduction operations and both use rotoclone type scrubbers.
Information available to the Agency does not suggest any reason
for such a large variation in production normalized water usage
There fore, the BPT discharge is based on plant 519, which
reports 19 times less water than plant 513. Thus, the BPT
discharge rate is 2,043 1/kkg (490 gal/ton) of tantalum salt
produced.
TANTALUM POWDER WASH AND SCRUBBER
A discharge allowance for tantalum powder wash and scrubber has
been added to cover wastewater generated from tantalum powder
washing after reduction. Only one plant reported this waste
stream and the BPT discharge is set equal to the current
discharge practices at this;plant of 20,433 1/kkg (4,900 gal/ton)
of tantalum powder washed. Flow data could not be separated from
the scrubber and washing operation.
4463
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - IX
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
TABLE IX-2
BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
17,850
13.000
2.114
2.736
11.820
2.612
11.940
7.649
12.750
9.080
829.000
217.700
255.000
7
5,
0,
1,
960
784
933
119
6.219
1
7
3
5,
244
898
420
659
3.794
364.500
124.400
121.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Solvent Extraction Raffinate BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested~~
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
26.280
19.130
3.113
4.028
17.400
3.845
11.580
11.260
18.770
13.370
1,221.000
320.400
375.400
11.720
8.524
373
648
155
831
630
035
8.331
5.585
536.500
183.100
178.500
1
1
9
1
11
5
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4467
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT -IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
7
5
.049
.133
0.835
1.081
4.666
1.032
4.716
3.021
5.035
3.586
327.400
85.960
100.700
3.144
2.284
0.368
0.422
2.456
0.491
3.119
1.351
2.235
1.498
143.900
49.120
47.890
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Precipitation and Filtration BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
39.290
28.610
4.654
6.023
26.010
5.570
26.010
16.840
28.060
19.990
1,825.000
479.100
561.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0
17.530
12.730
2.053
2.464
13.690
2.733
13.690
7.529
12.460
8.350
802.200
273.800
267.000
at all times
4468
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control
BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
182.300
132.700
21.590
27.950
120.700
26.680
122.000
78.120
130.200
92.730
8,466.000
2,223.000
2,604.000
81.300
59.070
9.527
11.430
63.510
12.700
80.660
34.930
57.800
38.740
3,722.000
1,270.000
1,239.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(f) Tantalum Salt Drying BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
173.800
126.500
29.580
26.640
115.000
25.430
116.200
74.470
124.100
88.390
8,070.000
2,119.000
2,482.000
77.490
56.300
9.081
10.900
60.540
12.110
76.890
33.300
55.090
36.930
3,548.000
1,211.000
1,181.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4469
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT -IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(9) Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried ;
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
110.300
89.300
13.060
16.910
73.000
16.140
73,770
47.260
78.770
56.100
5,122.000
1,345.000
1,576.000
49.180
35.730
5.763
6.916
38.420
7.685
48.800
21.130
48.800
23.440
2,252.000
768.500
749.200
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
476.600
347.100
56.460
73.070
315.500
69.750
315.500
69.750
318.900
242.500
22,140.000
5,813.000
6,809.000
212.600
154.140
24.910
29.89
166.100
33.220
166.100
33.210
210.900
101.300
9,732.000
3,322.000
3,239.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4470
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control BPT ~~
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
5.863
4.270
0.695
0.899
3.882
0.858
3.958
2.513
4.188
2.983
272.400
71.510
83.770
2.615
1.900
0.306
0.368
2.043
0.409
2.595
1.124
1.859
1.246
119.700
40.860
39.840
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(U) Tantalum Powder Wash BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
58.640
42.710
6.947
8.991
38.820
8.852
39.230
25.130
41.890
29.830
2,724.000
715.200
837.800
26.150
19.000
3.065
3.678
20.430
4.087
25.950
11.240
18.600
12.470
1,198.000
408.700
398.500
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4471
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT -IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
consolidated
Antimony 0.000 0.000
Arsenic 0.000 0.000
Cadmium 0.000 0.000
Chromium 0.000 0.000
Copper 0.000 0.000
*Lead 0.000 0.000
Nickel 0.000 0.000
Selenium 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
*Zinc 0.000 0.000
*Ammonia (as N) 0.000 0.000
*Fluoride 0.000 0.000
*TSS 0.000 0.000
*pH Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4472
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - IX
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4473
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -IX
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4474
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These effluent limitations are based on the best control and
treatment technology used by a specific point source within the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another category where
it is readily transferable. Emphasis is placed on additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water used
and discharged, process , control, and treatment technology
optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology. At a minimum BAT
technology represents the best available technology at plants of
various ages, sizes, processes, or other characteristics. BAT may
be transferred from a different subcategory or category. BAT may
include feasible process changes or internal controls, even when
not in common industry practice.
The _statutory assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against effluent reduction benefits
However, in assessing BAT, the Agency has given substantial
weight to the economic achievability of the selected technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine three
technology, options which could be applied to the primary
columbium-tantalum subcategory as treatment options for the basis
of BAT effluent limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as described in
Section IX for BPT limitations development. The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness achievable with the more sophisticated BAT
treatment technology, and reductions in the effluent flows
allocated to various waste streams.
The treatment technologies, considered for BAT are presented
below: . - ' .
Option-A- (Figure' X-l, page 4494) is based on
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
4475
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Option B (Figure X-2, page 4495) is based on :
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o In-process flow reduction
Option C (Figure X-3, page 4496) is based on
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o In-process flow reduction
o Multimedia filtration
The three options examined for BAT are discussed in greater
detail below. The first option considered is the same as the BPT
treatment which was presented in the previous section. The last
two options represent substantial progress toward the prevention
of polluting the environment above and beyond the progress
achievable by BPT.
OPTION A
Option A for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory is
equivalent to the control and treatment technologies which were
selected for BPT in Section IX. The BPT end-of-pipe treatment
scheme includes lime precipitation, sedimentation, with ammonia
steam stripping preliminary treatment (see Figure X-l). The
discharge rates for Option A are equal to the discharge rates
allocated to each stream as a BPT discharge flow.
OPTION B
Option B for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory achieves
lower pollutant discharge by building upon the Option A end^-of-
pipe treatment technology, which consists of ammonia steam
stripping, lime precipitation, and sedimentation. Flow reduction
measures are added to Option A treatment (see Figure X-2). These
flow reduction measures result in the concentration of pollutants
in scrubber liquor effluents. Treatment of a more concentrated
effluent allows achievement of a greater net pollutant removal
and introduces the possible economic benefits associated with
treating a lower volume of wastewater.
Methods used in Option B to reduce process wastewater generation
or discharge rates are presented below:
Recycle of Water Used in Wet Air Pollution Control
There are five wastewater sources associated with wet air
pollution control which are regulated under these effluent
limitations:
4476
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
o Concentrate digestion scrubber,
o Solvent extraction scrubber,
o Precipitation and filtration scrubber,
o Oxides calcining drying scrubber, and
- o Reduction of salt to metal scrubber.
Table X-l (page 4484) presents the number of plants reporting
wastewater use with these sources, the number of plants
practicing recycle of scrubber liquor, and the range of recycle
values being used. Although some plants report total recycle of
their scrubber water, some blowdown or periodic cleaning is
likely to be needed to prevent the build-up of dissolved and
suspended solids since the water picks up particulates and fumes
from the air.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory consists
of all control and treatment requirements of Option B (ammonia
steam stripping, in-process flow reduction, lime precipitation,
and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration technology added at
the end of the Option B treatment scheme, (see Figure X-3).
Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids\
including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond the concentrations
attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter suggested is of
the gravity, mixed media type, although other filters, such as
rapid sand filters or pressure filters, would perform as well.
As one means of evaluating each technology option, EPA developed
estimates of the pollutant removal estimates and the compliance
costs associated with each option. The methodologies are
described below.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
A complete description of the methodology used to calculate the
estimated pollutant reduction achieved by the application of the
various treatment options is presented in Section X of the
General Development Document. The pollutant removal estimates
have been revised from proposal based on comments and new data
However, the methodology for calculating pollutant removals was
not changed. The data used for estimating pollutant removals are
the same as those used to revise the compliance costs.
Sampling data collected during the field sampling program were
used to characterize the major waste streams considered for
regulation. At each sampled facility, the sampling data were
production normalized for each unit operation (i.e., mass of
pollutant generated per mass of product manufactured). This
value, referred to as the raw waste, was used to estimate the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the columbium-tantalum
subcategory. By multiplying the total subcategory production for
a unit operation by the corresponding raw waste value, the mass
of pollutant generated for that unit operation was estimated.
4477
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
The volume of wastewater discharged after the application of each
treatment option was estimated for each operation at each plant
by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory flow. The
smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the other
plant flows. The mass of pollutant: discharged was then estimated
by multiplying the achievable concentration values attainable by
the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of process wastewater
discharged by the subcategory. The mass of pollutant removed is
simply the difference between the estimated mass of pollutant
generated within the subcategory and the mass of pollutant
discharged after application of the treatment option.
The pollutant removal estimates for the direct dischargers in the
primary columbium-tantalum subcategory are presented in Table X-
2 (page 4485).
COMPLIANCE COST
Compliance costs presented at proposal were estimated using cost
curves, which related the total costs associated with
installation and operation of wastewater treatment technologies
to plant process wastewater discharge. EPA applied these curves
on a per plant basis, a plant's costs — both capital, and
operating and maintenance — being determined by what treatment
it has in place and by its individual process wastewater
discharge (from dcp). The final step was to annualize the capital
costs, and to sum the annualized capital costs, and the operating
and maintenance costs, yielding the cost of compliance for the
subcategory.
Since proposal, the cost estimation methodology has been changed
as discussed in Section VIII of Vol. I. A design model and plant
specific information were used to size a wastewater treatment
system for each discharging facility. After completion of the
design, capital and annual costs were estimated for each unit of
the wastewater treatment system. Capital costs rely on vendor
quotes, while annual costs were developed from the literature.
The revised compliance costs for direct dischargers are presented
in Table VIII-1 (page 4452).
BAT OPTION SELECTION
For BAT, EPA is promulgating mass limitations based on lime
precipitation and sedimentation with ammonia steam stripping with
additional reduction in pollutanc discharge achieved through
inprocess wastewater flow reduction and the use of filtration as
an effluent polishing step. The end-of-pipe and pretreatment
technology basis for BAT limitations being promulgated^ is the
same as that for the proposed limitations. Ammonia steam
stripping is currently demonstrated at two columbium-tantalum
facilities. Filtration is not demonstrated within this
subcategory, but is transferred from six nonferrous_ metals
subcategories where it is demonstrated in 23 plants. With the
exception of limits for fluoride, the treatment performance
4478
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
concentrations upon which the mass limitations are based are
equal to the values used to calculate the proposed mass
limitations. The mass limitations for fluoride have been revised
for the reasons discussed in Section IX - BPT Option Selection.
Revision of the proposed flow allowances is consistent with the
changes made for the promulgated BPT limitations. The
differences between the promulgated BPT and BAT flow allowances
are due to flow reduction of scrubber liquors at BAT. The BAT
flow allowances are discussed in detail below.
EPA estimates that application of BAT will remove 61,400 kq/vr of
toxic metals and 1,694,000 kg/yr of nonconventional pollutants
over raw discharge rates. BAT will result in the estimated
removal of 283 kg/yr of toxic pollutants and 1,980 kg/yr of
nonconventional pollutants over the estimated BPT discharge. The
final BAT effluent mass limitations will remove 57 kg/yr of toxic
metals over the intermediate BAT option considered, which lacks
filtration. Both options are economically achievable. The
Agency believes that the incremental removal justifies selection
of filtration as part of BAT model technology. The estimated
capital investment cost of BAT is $0.83 million (March, 1982
dollars) and the estimated annual cost is $1.2 million.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BAT discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision based
upon the flows of the existing plants, as determined from
analysis of dcp. The discharge rate is used with the achievable
treatment concentration to determine BAT effluent limitations
Since the discharge rate may be different for each wastewater
source, separate production normalized discharge rates for each
of the 11 wastewater sources were determined and are summarized
in Table X-3 (page 4486). The discharge rates are generally
normalized on a production basis by relating the amount of
wastewater generated to the mass of the intermediate product
which is produced by the process associated with the waste stream
in question. These production normalizing parameters (PNP)
also listed in Table X-3.
are
The BAT wastewater discharge rate equals the BPT wastewater
discharge rate for seven of the 11 waste streams in the primary
columbium-tantalum subcategory. Based on the available data, the
Agency did not find that further flow reduction would be feasible
for these wastewater sources. The rationale for determining
these regulatory flows is presented in Section IX. Wastewater
streams for which BAT discharge rates differ from BPT are
discussed below.
CONCENTRATE DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposed BAT wastewater discharge rate for concentrate
digestion wet air pollution control was 5,156 1/kkg (1,237
gal/ton) of columbium-tantalum salt produced from digestion. The
BAT discharge rate was based on 90 percent recycle of the average
4479
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
water use of two plants. A third plant reported insufficient dcp
information to calculate a discharge rate.
The proposed BAT discharge rate has been revised based on the
considerations presented in Section IX of this document. The
promulgated BAT discharge rate is based on 90 percent recycle of
the BPT discharge rate, or 622 1/kkg (149 gal/ton) of raw
material digested.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposed BAT wastewater discharge rate for solvent extraction
wet air pollution control was 430 1/kkg (103 gal/ton) of
columbium or tantalum salt extracted. The BAT discharge rate was
based on 90 percent recycle of the water use at one of the two
plants which generate this waste stream.
The proposed BAT discharge rate has been revised based on the
considerations presented in Section IX of this document. The
promulgated discharge rate is 246 1/kkg (60 gal/ton) of raw
material digested, and it is based on 90 percent recycle of the
BPT discharge rate. One plant uses the same scrubber for both
solvent extraction and concentrate digestion wet air pollution
control. Both discharge allowances apply to this plant since
water use in the scrubber is probably increased due to the added
volume of air scrubbed.
PRECIPITATION AND FILTRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
A discharge allowance for this waste stream was not proposed.
Re-evaluation of the information supplied to the Agency has shown
that a discharge allowance is necessary for plants operating
scrubbers on precipitation and filtration processes. The
promulgated BAT discharge rate is based on 90 percent recycle of
the BPT discharge rate, or 6,351 1/kkg (1,523 gal/ton) of
concentrate digested.
OXIDES CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposed BAT wastewater discharge rate for metal salt drying
wet air pollution control was 16,479.4 1/kkg (3,961.4 gal/tori) of
columbium or tantalum salt dried. The BAT discharge rate was
based on 90 percent recycle of the water use at one of these
plants. Two plants reported insufficient dcp information to
calculate water usage, and the water usage of one plant was
extremely high. These plants were not considered in calculating
the BAT discharge rate.
As discussed in Section IX, the proposed metal salt drying wet
air pollution control allowance has been divided into tantalum
salt drying and oxides calcining wet air pollution control. The
promulgated BAT discharge rate for oxides calcining wet air
pollution control is based on 90 percent recycle of the BPT
discharge rate, or 3,842 1/kkg (921 gal/ton) of columbium .or
4480
-------
PRIMARY COLQMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
tantalum oxide dried.
REDUCTION OF TANTALUM SALT TO METAL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT promulgation discharge rate is equal to the BPT rate
presented in Section IX of this document, which is 2,043 1/kkg
(490 gal/ton) of tantalum salt reduced. The proposal discharge
rate was based on 90 percent recycle; , recycle is not
appropriate for the two plants that operate this scrubber. Both
plants utilize rotoclone scrubbers which are much different than
once through scrubbers such as packed towers or venturi
scrubbers. Although there may be a discharge from a rotoclone
scrubber, the scrubber acts as a sparge tank by drawing the gas
stream through a body of water in a tank. Water droplets and
mist created due to turbulence are captured and routed back to
the tank.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
In implementing the Clean Water Act, the Agency placed particular
emphasis on the toxic pollutants. The raw wastewater
concentrations from individual operations and the subcategory as
a whole were examined to select certain pollutants and pollutant
parameters for limitation. This examination and evaluation was
presented in Section VI. The Agency, however, has chosen not to
regulate all 21 toxic pollutants selected in this analysis.
The columbium-tantalum subcategory generates an estimated 80,000
kg/yr of toxic pollutants, of which only 170 kg/yr are toxic
organic pollutants. The Agency believes that the toxic organic
pollutants in the columbium-tantalum subcategory are present only
in trace (deminimus quantities) and are neither causing nor
likely to cause toxic effects. However, it is possible toxic
organic pollutants may be present in larger concentrations at an
individual plant than the Agency sampling data indicate.
Therefore, the permitting or control authority should check for
the presence of toxic organic pollutants on a case-by-case basis
and determine if they require treatment. The following toxic
organic pollutants are excluded from regulation:
4. benzene
6. carbon tetrachloride
7. chlorobenzene
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dichloroethane
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
38. ethylbenzene
51. chlorodibromomethane
85. tetrachloroethylene
87. trichloroethylene
The cost associated with analysis for toxic metal pollutants has.
prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for regulating and
monitoring toxic pollutant discharges from the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category. Rather than developing specific effluent
4481
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
mass limitations and standards for each of the toxic metals found
treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater from a given
subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent mass limitations
only for those pollutants generated in the greatest quantities as
shown by the pollutant removal estimate analysis. The pollutants
selected for specific limitation are listed below:
122. lead
128. zinc
ammonia (as N)
fluoride
By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants, dischargers will attain the same degree of control
over toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
This approach is justified technically since the treatable
concentrations used for lime precipitation and sedimentation
technology are based on optimized treatment for concomitant
multiple metals removal. Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at very
nearly the same rate in a lime precipitation and sedimentation
treatment system operated for multiple metals removal.
Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewise justified
because this technology removes metals non-preferentially.
The toxic metal pollutants selected for specific limitation in
the columbium-tantalum subcategory to control the discharges of
toxic metal pollutants are lead and zinc. Ammonia is also
selected for limitation since the methods used to control lead
and zinc are not effective in the control of ammonia. The
following toxic pollutants are excluded from limitation on the
basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
developed for lead and zinc:
114. antimony
115. arsenic
116. asbestos
118. cadmium
119. chromium (Total)
120. copper
124. nickel
125. selenium
127. thallium
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in Section VII of Vol. I and summarized there in Table VII-21
(page 248). The treatment effectiveness of both one day maximum
and monthly average values are multiplied by the BAT normalized
discharge flows summarized in Table X-3 (page 4486) to calculate
the mass of pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of
4482
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
product. The results of these calculations in milligrams of
pollutant per kilogram of product represent the BAT effluent
limitations and are presented in Table X-4 (page 4488) for each
waste stream.
4483
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-l
CURRENT RECYCLE PRACTICE WITHIN THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Process
Concentrate Digestion
Wet Air Pollution
Control
Solvent Extraction Wet
Air Pollution control
Precipitation Wet Air
Pollution Control
Oxides Calcining Wet
Air Pollution Control
Reduction of Tantalum Salt
to Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control
Number of
Plants With
Wastewater
No. of Plants
Practicing
Recycle
Range of
Recycle
Values (%;
0 - 86
0 - 86
89 - 100
4484
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - X
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - X
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4487
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIDM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-4
BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
, 1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
(b) Solvent Extraction Raffinate BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
17.670
12,730
1.831
3.387
11.720
2.563
5.035
7.507
7.507
9.338
1,221.000
320.400
7.873
5,676
0.732
1.373
5.585
1.190
0.000
3.387
3. 387
3.845
536.500
183.100
4488
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR. THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant of
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - nig/kg of concentrate digested ' "
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic .
Cadmium
Chromium ,
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc :
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.475
0.342
f 0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.135
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
0.21-2
0.153
0.020
0.167
0.000
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0 .103
14.420
4.920
Precipitation and Filtration BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
26.430
19.030
2.738
5.065
17.520
3.833
7.529
11.230
19.170
13.960
1,825.000
479.100
11.770
8.487
1.095
2.053
8.350
1.780
5.065
5.065
8. 350
5.750
802.200
273.800
4489
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
(e) Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control
BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - nig/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate.digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
12.260
8.828
1.270
2.350
8.129
1.778
3.493
5.208
8.891
6.478
846.600
222.300
5.462
3.938
0.508
0.953
3.874
0.826
2.350
2.350
3.874
2.668
372.200
127.000
(f) Tantalum Salt Drying BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
Lead
Zinc
Ammonia (as N)
Fluoride
116.800
84.150
12.110
22.400
77.490
16.950
33.300
49.640
84.760
16.950
61.750
8,070.000
2,119.000
52.070
37.540
4.843
9.081
36.930
7.870
22.400
22.400
36.930
7.871
25.430
3,548.000
1,211.000
4490
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
(g) Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper ;
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
(h) Reduction of Tantalum Salt
; :
7.415
5.340
0.768
1.422
4.918
1.076
2.113
3.150
5.379
3.919
512.200
134.500
to Metal BAT
3.304
2.382
0. 307
0.576
2.344
0.500
1.422
1.422
2.344
1.614
225.200
76.840
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
91.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22,140.000
5,813.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.910
101.300
21. 590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9,732.000
3,322.000
4491
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
(i)
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUMr-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
; 3.943
2.840
0.409
0.756
2.615
0.572
1.124
1.675
2.860
2.084
272.400
71.510
1.757
1.267
0.163
0 .306
1.246
0.2:66
0.756
0.756
1.246
0.858
119.700
40.860
(j) Tantalum Powder Wash BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
28.610
20.840
2,724.000
715.200
17.570
12.670
1.635
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8. 582
l/198'.OOO
408.700
4492
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
) Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling
BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million. Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
consolidated
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead :
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0.000
4493
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SECT - X
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
SECTION XI ••
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
This section describes the control technology for treatment of
wastewater from new sources, and presents mass discharge
limitations of regulated .pollutants for NSPS in the primary
columbium-tantalum subcategory, based on the described control
technology. New plants have the opportunity to design the best
and most efficient production processes and wastewater treatment
technologies, without facing the added costs and restrictions
encountered in retrofitting an existing plant. Therefore, EPA
had considered the best demonstrated process changes, in-plant
controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies which reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible. -•••-.'••
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BDT
All of the treatment technology options applicable to a new
source were previously considered for the BAT options. For this
reason, three options were considered for BDT, all identical to
BAT Options A, B, and C, which are discussed in Section X.
Briefly, the treatment technologies used for the three options
are as follows:
OPTION A
o
o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia
OPTION B
o
o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia
In-process flow reduction
OPTION C
o
o
o
o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment of
wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of ammonia
In-process flow reduction
Multimedia filtration
Partial or complete recycle and reuse of wastewater is an
essential part of the last, two options. Recycle and reuse can
precede or follow end-of-pipe treatment, A more detailed
discussion of the treatment options is presented in Section X.
EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology for
the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory be equal to BAT
(Option C). Review, of the subcategory indicated that no new
4497
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
demonstrated technologies that improve on BAT technology exist.
Therefore, EPA is promulgating effluent mass limitations for NSPS
equivalent to BAT.
Dry scrubbing is not demonstrated for controlling emissions from
concentrate digestion, oxides calcining, precipitation and
filtration, and salt to metal reduction. The nature of _these
emissions (acidic fumes, hot particulate matter) technically
precludes the use of dry scrubbers. Therefore, EPA is including
an allowance for these sources at NSPS equivalent to that
promulgated for BAT. The Agency also does not believe that new
plants could achieve any additional flow reduction beyond that
promulgated for BAT.
Activated alumina (Option D) was considered; however, this
technology was rejected because it too was not demonstrated in
this category, nor was it clearly transferable to nonferrous
wastewater. Activated carbon (Option E) was also considered;
however, this technology was eliminated because it is not
necessary, since toxic organic pollutants are not selected for
limitation in this subcategory.
Reverse osmosis (Option F) was considered for the purpose of
achieving zero discharge of process wastewater; however, the
Agency ultimately rejected this technology because it was
determined that its performance for this specific purpose was not
adequately demonstrated in this category nor was it clearly
transferable from another category.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be found in treatable concentrations in processes within new
sources will be any different than with existing sources.
Accordingly, pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for
limitation in Section X are also selected for limitation in NSPS.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the same
as the BAT discharge rates listed in Section X. The mass of
pollutant allowed to be discharged per mass of product is
calculated by multiplying the appropriate achievable treatment
concentration by the production normalized wastewater discharge
flows (1/kkg). These achievable treatment concentrations are
discussed in Section VII. The results of these calculations are
the production-based new source performance standards, and are
presented in Table XI-2 (page 4501). The NSPS wastewater
discharge rates are presented in Table XI-1 (page 4499). Since
both the discharge flows and the achievable treatment
concentrations are the same for new sources and BAT, the NSPS are
identical to the BAT mass limitations.
4498
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - XI
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-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - XI
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium .
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium : .
*Zinc ;
*Ammonia
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
9.330
7.0 to 10.0
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
7.464
at all times
(b) Solvent Extraction Raff inate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - rng/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
17.670
12.730
1.831
3.387
11.720
2.563
5.035
7.507
12.820
9.338
1220.000
320.400
137.300
7.873
5.676
0.732
1.373
5.585
1.190
3.387
3.387
5.535
3.845
536.500
183.100
109.900
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4501
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
0.475
0.342
0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.135
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
3.690
0.212
0.153
0.020
0.037
0.150
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0.103
14.420
4.920
2.952
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Precipitation and Filtration NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
26.420
19.030
2.738
5.065
17.520
3.833
7.529
11.230
19.170
13.960
1825.000
479.100
205.400
1
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11.770
8.487
.095
.053
8.350
1.780
5.065
5.065
8.350
5.750
802.200
273.800
164.300
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4502
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e)Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested'
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Leacl
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*'zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
12.260
8.828
1.270
2.350
8.129
1.778
3.493
5.208
8.891
6.478
846.600
222.300
95.270
5.462
3.938
0.508
0.953
3.874
0.826
2.350
2.350
3.874
2.668
372.200
127.000
76.210
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(f) Tantalum Salt Drying NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
116.800
84.150
12.110
22.400
77.490
16.950
33.300
49.640
84.760
61.750
8070.000
2119.000
908.200
52.070
37.540
4.843
9.081
36.930
7.870
22.400
22.400
36.930
25.430
3548.000
1211.000
726.500
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4503
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
7.415
5.340
0.768
1.422
4.918
1.076
2.113
3.150
.379
,919
512.200
134.500
57.630
5
3
3.304
2.382
0.307
0.576
2.344
0.499
1.422
1.422
2.344
1.614
225.200
76.840
46.110
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(h)
Reduction of_ Tantalum Salt to Metal NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
91.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22140.000
5813.000
2491.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.900
101.300
21.590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9732.000
3322.000
1993.000
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4504
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
3.943
2.840
0.409
0.756
2.615
0.572
.124
.675
.860
2.084
272.400
71.510
30.650
1
1
2
1.757
1.267
0.163
0.306
1.246
0.266
0.756
0.756
1.246
0.858
119.700
40.860
24.520
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Tantalum Powder Wash NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
*TSS
*pH
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
28.610
20.840
2724.000
715.200
306.500
17.570
12.670
1.635
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8.582
1198.000
408.700
245.220
Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4505
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY COLDMBIUM-TANTALDM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
consolidated
Antimony 0.000 0.000
Arsenic 0.000 0..000
caamSim o.ooo o.,ooo
Chromium 0.000 0.000
Conner O-000 °"000
*£ead 0.000 0.000
Nickel O-O00 °"000
silenium 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.0.00
*Zinc O-000 °*000
*Ammonia (as N) 0.000 0.000
*Fluoride 0.000 0.000
*TSS o.ooo o.ooo
*pH Within the range of 7.0 to 10.0 at all times
4506
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
sources in the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory. PSES are
designed to prevent the discharge of pollutants which pass
through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with the
operation of publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The Clean
Water Act of 1977 requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as
toxic metals, that limit POTW sludge management alternatives.
New indirect discharge facilities, like new direct discharge
facilities, have the opportunity to incorporate the best
available demonstrated technologies, including process changes,
in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
use plant site selection to ensure adequate treatment system
installation. Pretreatment standards are to be technology-based,
analogous to the best available or best demonstrated technology
for removal of toxic pollutants. Pretreatment standards for
regulated pollutants are presented based on the selected control
and treatment technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
Before proposing pretreatment standards, the Agency examines
whether the pollutants discharged by the industry pass through
the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its chosen
sludge disposal practices. In determining whether pollutants
pass through a well-operated POTW, achieving secondary treatment,
the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant removed by POTW
with the percentage removed by direct dischargers applying the
best available technology economically achievable. A pollutant
is deemed to pass through the POTW when the average percentage
removed nationwide by well-operated POTW meeting secondary
treatment requirements, is less than the percentage removed by
direct dischargers complying with BAT effluent limitations
guidelines for that pollutant. (See generally, 46 FR at 9415-16
(January 28, 1981).)
This definition of pass through satisfies the two competing
objectives set by Congress that standards for indirect
dischargers be equivalent to standards for direct dischargers,
while at the same time, the treatment capability and performance
of the POTW be recognized and taken into account in regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.
The Agency compares percentage removal rather than the mass or
concentration of pollutants discharged because the latter would
not take into account the mass of pollutants discharged to the
POTW from non-industrial sources nor the dilution of the
pollutants in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations due to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
4507
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
Options for pretreatment of wastewaters are based on increasing
the effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment technologies. All in-
plant changes and applicable end-of-pipe treatment processes have
been discussed previously in Sections X and XI. The options for
PSES and PSNS, therefore, are the same as the BAT options
discussed in Section X.
A description of each option is presented in Section X, while a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment process and achievable treatment concentrations are
presented in Section VII of the General Development Document.
The treatment technology options for the PSES and PSNS are:
Option A
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Ammonia steam stripping of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of ammonia
Option B
o
o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Ammonia steam stripping of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of ammonia
In-process flow reduction
Option C
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Ammonia steam stripping of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of ammonia
o In-process flow reduction
o Multimedia filtration
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
The industry cost and environmental benefits of each treatment
option were used to determine incremental removals and costs. The
methodology applied in calculating pollutant reduction benefits
and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table XII-1
(page 4510) shows the estimated pollutant removals for indirect
dischargers, while compliance costs are presented in Table VIII-2
(page 4453).
PSES AND PSNS OPTION SELECTION
EPA is promulgating PSES equal to BAT for this subcategory. It
is necessary to promulgate PSES to prevent pass-through of lead,
zinc, fluoride, and ammonia. The technology basis for PSES is
lime precipitation and sedimentation, ammonia steam stripping,
wastewater flow reduction and- filtration. Flow reduction for. the
4508
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
:
selected technology represents an 80 percent reduction in flow
over current discharge rates.
Implementation of the promulgated PSES limitations would remove
an estimated 18,590 kg/yr of toxic pollutants, 290,460 kg/yr of
ammonia, and ' 400,175 kg/yr of fluoride over estimated raw
discharge. The final PSES effluent mass limitations will remove
57 kg/yr of toxic metals over the intermediate PSES options
considered, which lacks filtration. Both options are
economically achievable and both prevent pass-through. The
Agency is thus selecting PSES equal to BAT. The estimated
capital cost for achieving PSES is $1.0 million (March, 1982
dollars), and the annual cost is $0.7 million.
The technology basis for promulgated PSNS is identical to NSPS,
PSES, and BAT. The same pollutants pass through as at PSES, for
the same reasons. EPA knows of no economically feasible,
demonstrated technology that is better than PSES technology. The
PSES flow allowances are based on minimization of process
wastewater whenever possible through the use of lime
precipitation and sedimentation to remove fluoride for wet
scrubbing wastewater. Because PSNS does not include any
additional costs compared to NSPS and PSES, the Agency does not
believe it will prevent entry of new plants.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for limitation,
in accordance with the rationale of Section X, are identical to
those selected for limitation for BAT. PSES and PSNS prevent the
pass-through of lead, zinc, fluoride, and ammonia.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
The PSES and PSNS discharge flows are identical to the BAT
discharge flows for all processes. These discharge flows are
listed in Table XII-2 (page 4511). The mass of pollutant allowed
to be discharged per mass of product is calculated by multiplying
the achievable treatment concentration (mg/1) by the normalized
wastewater discharge flow (1/kkg). Pretreatment standards for
existing and new sources, as determined from the above procedure,
are shown in Tables XII-3 and XII-4 (pages 4513 and 4519) for
each waste stream.
Mass-based standards are promulgated for the columbium-tantalum
subcategory to ensure that the standards are achieved by means of
pollutant removal rather than by dilution. They are particularly
important since the standards are based upon flow reduction;
pollutant limitations associated with flow reduction cannot be
measured any other way but as a reduction of mass discharged. The
flow reduction over estimated current flow for the columbium-
tantalum subcategory is 80 percent.
4509
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - XII
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PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - XII
2
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4511
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM
SECT - XII
s
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4512
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XI1-3
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
(b) Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSES PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
17.670
12.730
1.831
3.387
11.720
2.563
5.035
7.507
12.820
9.338
1221.000
320.400
7.873
5.676
0.732
1.373
5.585
1.190
3.387
3.387
5.585
3.845
536.500
183.100
4513
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Pluoride
0.475
0.342
0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.135
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
0.212
0.153
0.020
0.037
0.150
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0.103
14.420
4.920
(d) Precipitation and Filtration PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
26.420
19.030
2.738
5.065
17.520
.833
3
7.
529
11.230
19.170
13.960
1825.000
479.100
11.770
8.487
1.095
2.053
8.350
,780
.065
.065
8.350
5.750
802.200
273.800
1
5
5
4514
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e)Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
12.260
8.828
1.270
2.350
8.129
1.778
3.493
5.208
8.891
6.478
846.600
222.300
5.462
3.938
0.508
0.953
3.874
0.826
2.350
2.350
3.874
2.668
372.200
127.000
(f) Tantalum Salt Drying PSES PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Leacl
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
116.800
84.150
12.110
22.400
77.490
16.950
33.300
49.640
84.760
61.750
8070.000
2119.000
52.070
37.540
4.843
9.081
36.930
7.870
22.400
22.400
36.930
25.430
3548.000
1211.000
4515
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
7.415
5.340
0.768
1.442
4.918
1.076
2.113
3.150
5.379
3.919
512.200
134.500
3,304
2.382
0.307
0.576
2.344
0.500
1.422
1.422
2.344
1.614
225.200
76.840
(h) Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
* Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
51.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22,140.000
5,813.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.910
101.300
21.590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9,732.000
3,322.000
4516
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Reduction of Tantalum Salt tzo Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
3,
2,
,943
,840
0.409
0.756
2.615
0.572
1.124
1.675
2.860
2.084
272.400
71.510
1
1,
.757
.267
0.163
0.306
1.246
0.266
0.756
0.756
1.246
0.858
119.700
40.860
(j) Tantalum Powder Wash PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluor ide
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
: 28.610
20.840
2,724.000
715.200
17.570
12.670
1.635
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8.582
1,198.000
408.700
4517
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-3 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum
cast or consolidated
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4518
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-4
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Concentrate Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium .
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
1.200
0.865
0.124
0.230
0.796
0.174
0.342
0.510
0.871
0.635
82.910
21.770
0.535
0.386
0.050
0.093
0.379
0.081
0.230
0.230
0.379
0.261
36.450
12.440
(b) Solvent Extraction Raffinate PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Coppe r
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
17.670
12.730
1.831
3.387
11.720
2.563
5.035
7.507
12.820
9.338
1,221.000
320.400
7.873
5.676
0.732
1.373
5.585
1.190
3.387
3.387
5.585
3.845
536.500
183.100
4519
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Solvent Extraction Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Pluoride
0.475
0.342
0.049
0.091
0.315
0.069
0.1353
0.202
0.344
0.251
32.790
8.610
0.212
0.153
0.020
0.037
0.150
0.032
0.091
0.091
0.150
0.103
14.420
4.920
(d) Precipitation and Filtration PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
26.420
19.030
2.738
5.065
17.522
3.833
7.529
11.230
19.170
13.960
1,825.000
479.100
11.770
8.487
2.053
2.053
8.350
1.780
5.065
5.065
8.350
5.750
802.200
273.800
4520
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Precipitation and Filtration Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of concentrate digested
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of concentrate digested
Antimony 12.260
Arsenic 8.828
Cadmium 1.270
Chromium 2." 350
Copper , 8.129
*Lead 1.788
Nickel 3.493
Selenium 5.208
Thallium 8.891
*Zinc 6.478
*Ammonia (as N) 846.600
*Fluoride 222.300
5.462
3.938
0.508
0.963
3.874
0.826
2.350
2.350
3.874
2.668
372.200
127.000
(f) Tantalum Salt Drying PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
116.800
84.150
12.110
22.400
77.490
16.950
33.300
49.640
84.760
61.750
8,070.000
2,119.000
52.070
37.540
4.843
9.081
36.930
7.871
22.400
22.400
36.930
25.430
3,548.000
1,211.000
4521
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM- TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(9) Oxides Calcining Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Ave;rage
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium-tantalum oxide dried
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
7.415
5.340
0.768
1.422
4.918
1.076
2.113
3.150
5.379
3.919
512.200
134.500
3 ,,304
2.382
0.307
0,576
2,. 344
0.500
1.422
1.422
2.344
1.614
225.200
76.840
(h) Reduction of Tantalum Salt to Metal PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc *
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
320.500
230.800
33.210
61.450
212.600
46.500
91.340
136.200
232.500
169.400
22,140.000
5,813.000
142.800
103.000
13.290
24.910
101.300
21.590
61.450
61.450
101.300
69.750
9,732.000
3,322.000
4522
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XI1-4 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Reduction of Tantalum Salt Jbo Metal Wet Air Pollution
Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum salt reduced
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum salt reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium :
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
3.943
2.840
0.409
0.756
2.615
0.572
1.124
1.675
2.860
2.084
272.400
71.510
1.757
1.267
0.163
0.306
1.246
0.266
0.756
0.756
1.246
0.858
119.700
40.860
(j) Tantalum Powder Wash PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of tantalum powder washed
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of tantalum powder washed
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
39.440
28.400
4.087
7.560
26.150
5.721
11.240
16.760
28.610
20.840
2,724.000
715.200
17.570
12.670
3.065
3.065
12.460
2.656
7.560
7.560
12.460
8.582
1,198.000
408.700
4523
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-4 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY COLUMBIUM-TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Consolidation and Casting Contact Cooling PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Metric Units - mg/kg of columbium or tantalum cast or consolidated
English Units - Ibs/million Ibs of columbium or tantalum cast or
consolidated
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
*Lead
Nickel
Selenium
Thallium
*Zinc
*Ammonia (as N)
*Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4524
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
SECTION XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA is not promulgating best conventional pollutant control
technology (BCT) for the primary columbium-tantalum subcategory
at this time.
4525
-------
PRIMARY COLUMBIUM AND TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4526
-------
NONPERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
for the
Secondary Tantalum Subcategory
William K. Reilly
Administrator
Rebecca Hanmer
Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
Martha Prothro, Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
Industrial Technology Division
Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
Metals Industry Branch
and
Technical Project Officer
May 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Industrial Technology Division
Washington, D. C. 20460
4527
-------
4528
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
I
II
III
IV
V
SUMMARY
CONCLUSIONS
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
Description of Secondary Tantalum Production
Raw Materials
Acid Leaching
Washing and Rinsing
Process Wastewater Sources
Other Wastewater Sources
Age, Production, and Process Profile
SUBCATEGORIZATION
Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary
Tantalum Subcategory
Other Factors
Production Normalizing Parameters
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
Wastewater Flow Rates
Wastewater Characteristics Data
Data Collection Portfolios
Field Sampling Data
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
Subdivision
Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse
Capacitor Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
4545
4545
4545
4546
4546
4547
4547
4553
4553
4554
4554
4557
4558
4558
4559
4559
4560
4561
4561
4561
4562
4562
4529
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
VI
VII
VIII
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
Parameters Selected
Toxic Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their
Analytical Quantification Concentration
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentration
Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
Consideration in Establishing Limitations
and Standards
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Current Control and Treatment Practices
Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse
Capacitor Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
Control and Treatment Options
Option A
Option C
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
Treatment Options for Existing Sources
Option A
Option C
Cost Methodology
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
Page
4587
4587
4588
4588
4588
4588
4589
4595
4595
4595
4596
4596
4596
4596
4596
4597
4597
4599
4599
4599
4599
4599
4600
4600
4601
4530
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE
Technical Approach to BPT
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
BPT Option Selection
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse
Capacitor Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE
Technical Approach to BAT
Pollutant Removal Estimates
Compliance Costs
BAT Option Selection - Proposal
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Technical Approach to NSPS
NSPS Option Selection - Proposal
NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
New Source Performance Standards
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option,Selection - Proposal
PSNS Option Selection - Promulgation
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL
TECHNOLOGY
4603
4605
4605
4605
4606
4606
4606
4606
4606
4607
4607
4613
4613
4613
4613
4614
4615
4615
4615
4616
4627
4627
4627
4628
4628
4628
4633
4633
4634
4634
4634
4634
4635
4641
4531
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Paqe
III-l Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 4548
in the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory by
Discharge Type
III-2 Production Ranges for the Secondary Tantalum 4548
Subcategory
III-3 Summary of Secondary Tantalum Subcategory 4549
Processes and Associated Waste Streams
V-l Water Use and Discharge Rates for Tantalum 4563
Alloy Leach and Rinse
V-2 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Capacitor 4563
Leach and Rinse
V-3 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Tantalum 4563
Sludge Leach and Rinse
V-4 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Tantalum 4564
Powder Acid Wash and Rinse
V-5 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Leaching Wet 4564
Air Pollution Control
V-6 Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Waste Acid from 4565
Tantalum Leaching Raw Wastewater
V-7 Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Filtrate from 4569
NH4OH Precipitation of Tantalum Raw
Wastewater
V-8 Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Sump Number 2 4573
Effluent Raw Wastewater '
V-9 Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Sump Number 3 4577
Effluent Raw Wastewater
V-10 Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Treated 4581
Effluent
V-ll Secondary Tantalum Sampling Data Raw 4585
Wastewater from Self-Sampling Program
4532
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OP TABLES (Continued)
Table
Title
Paqe
VT-1 Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants 4590
Secondary Tantalum Subcategory Raw Wastewater
VI-2 Toxic Pollutants Never Detected 4592
VIII-1 Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tantalum 4592
Subcategory Direct Dischargers
IX-1 BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary 4608
Tantalum Subcategory
IX-2 BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Tantalum 4609
Subcategory
X-l Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct 4618
Dischargers
X-2 Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Tantalum 4619
Subcategory
X-3 BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary 4620
Tantalum Subcategory
X-4 BAT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Tantalum 4621
Subcategory
XI-1 NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the 4629
Secondary Tantalum Subcategory
XI-2 NSPS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory 4630
XII-1 PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the 4636
Secondary Tantalum Subcategory
XII-2 PSNS for the Secondary Tantalum Subcategory 4637
4533
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
III-l
III-2
V-l
IX-1
X-l
X-2
Title
Secondary Tantalum Production Processes
Paqe
4550
Geographic Locations of the Secondary Tantalum 4551
Subcategory Plants
Sampling Sites at Secondary Tantalum Plant A
4586
BPT Treatment Scheme for the Secondary Tantalum 4612
Subcategory
BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A
BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C
4624
4625
4534
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
SECTION I
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This document provides the technical basis for promulgating
effluent limitations based on best practicable technology (BPT)
and best available technology (BAT) for existing direct
dischargers, pretreatment standards for new indirect dischargers
(PSNS), and standards of performance for new source direct
dischargers (NSPS).
The secondary tantalum subcategory consists of three plants. All
three plants treat their process wastewater and discharge the
effluent directly to rivers or streams.
EPA first studied the secondary tantalum subcategory to determine
whether differences in raw materials, final products,
manufacturing processes, equipment, age and size of plants, or
water usage, required the development of separate effluent
limitations and standards for different segments of the
subcategory. This involved a detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge and treated effluent characteristics, including the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant, and the constituents
of wastewaters, including priority pollutants. As a result, five
subdivisions have been identified for this subcategory that
warrant separate effluent limitations. These are:
o
o
o
o
o
Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
Capacitor leach and rinse,
Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
Leaching wet air pollution control.
EPA also identified several distinct control and treatment
technologies (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the
secondary tantalum subcategory. The Agency analyzed both
historical and newly generated data on the performance of these
technologies, including their nonwater quality environmental
impacts and air quality, solid waste generation, and energy
requirements. EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp) and plant
visits.
Engineering costs were prepared for each of the control and
treatment options considered for the subcategory. These costs
were then used by the Agency to estimate the impact of
implementing the various options on the subcategory. For each
control and treatment option that the Agency found to be most
effective and technically feasible in controlling the discharge
of pollutants, we estimated the number of potential closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price. These results
are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact
4535
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
Analysis of Effluent Limitations and Standards for the Nonferrous
Metals Manufacturing Industry."
After examining the various treatment technologies, the Agency
has identified BPT to represent the average of the best existing
technology. Metals removal based on chemical precipitation and
sedimentation technology (lime and settle) is the basis for the
BPT limitations. To meet the BPT effluent limitations based on
this technology, the secondary tantalum subcategory is expected
to incur an estimated capital cost of $6,462 and an annual cost
of $58,854.
For BAT, filtration is added as an effluent polishing step to the
BPT end-of-pipe treatment scheme. To meet the BAT effluent
limitations based on this technology, the secondary tantalum
subcategory is estimated to incur a capital cost of $13,474 and
an annual cost of $63,466.
New source performance standards are equivalent to BAT. In
selecting NSPS, EPA recognizes that new plants have the
opportunity to implement the best and most efficient
manufacturing processes and treatment technology. As such, the
technology basis of BAT has been determined as the best
demonstrated technology.
PSES is not being promulgated for this subcategory because there
are no existing indirect dischargers in the secondary tantalum
subcategory. For PSNS, the Agency selected end-of-pipe treatment
techniques equivalent to BAT.
The best conventional technology (BCT) replaces SAT for the
control of conventional pollutants. BCT is not being promulgated
at this time because the methodology for BCT has not yet been
finalized.
The mass limitations and standards for BPT,
are presented in Section II.
BAT. NSPS, and PSNS
4536
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT ~II
SECTION II
CONCLUSIONS
EPA has divided the secondary tantalum subcategory into five
subdivisions for the purpose of effluent limitations and
standards. These subdivisions are:
(a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
(b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
(c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
(d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
(e) Leaching wet air pollution control.
BPT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology. The following BPT effluent limitations are
promulgated:
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
(b) Capacitor
438.100
96.850
442.800
336.700
103.800
9,455.000
Within the range of 7.5
Leach and Rinse BPT
230
46
292
140
4,497
to 10.0 at
.600
.120
.900
.700
.000
all times
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
38.380
8.484
38.780
29.490
9.090
828.200
20.200
4.040
25.650
12.320
393.900
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4537
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
390.100
86.230
394.200
299.700
92.390
8,417.000
205.300
41.060
260.700
125.200
4,003.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
0.665
0.147
0 672
0.511
0.158
14.350
0 350
0.070
0.445
0.214
6.825
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
9.272
2.050
9.370
7.125
2.196
200.100
4.880
0.976
6.198
2.977
95.160
Within the range of 7.5 of 10.0 at all times
4538
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
BAT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following BAT effluent
limitations are promulgated:
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
m9Ag (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
295.200
64.570
126.800
235.200
103.800
140.700
29.980
85.320
96.850
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach
tantalum powder
25.860
5.656
11.110
2O. 600
9.090
and Rinse BAT
produced from
12.320
2.626
7.474
8.484
leaching
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
262.800
57.480
112.900
209.400
92.390
125.200
26.690
75.960
86.230
4539
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
0.448
0.098
0.193
0.357
0.158
0.214
0.046
0.130
0.147
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
6.246
1.366
2.684
4.978
2.196
2.977
0.634
1.806
2.050
NSPS are promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology The following effluent
standards are promulgated for new sources:
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
295.200
64.570
126.800
235.200
103.800
3,459.000
Within the range of 7.5
120.700
29.980
85.320
96.850
2,767.000
to 10.0 at all times
4540
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
25.860
5.656
11.110
20.600
9.090
303.000
12.320
2.626
7.474
8.484
242.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
262.800
57.480
112.900
209.400
92.390
3,080.000
125.200
26.690
75.960
86.230
2,464.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper 0.448 0.214
Lead 0.098 0.046
Nickel 0.193 0.130
Zinc 0.357 0.147
Tantalum 0.15
TSS 5.250 4.200
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4541
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum
powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
TSS
pH
6.246
1
2.977
0.634
1.806
,366
2.684
4.978 2.050
2.196
73.200 58.560
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
PSES are not being promulgated for the secondary tantalum
subcategory at this time because there are no existing indirect
dischargers in the secondary tantalum subcategory.
PSNS are promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
_. • __ _.= _i i — -i „; „; t-^t-1 ^n sedimentation, and
following pretreatment
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The
standards are promulgated for new sources:
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
295.200
64.570
126.800
235.200
103.800
140.700
29.980
85.320
96.850
4542
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
25.860
5.656
•11.110
20.600
9.090
12.320
2.626
7.474
8.484
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
262.800
57.480
112.900
209.400
92.390
125.200
26.690
75.960
86.230
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
0.448
0.098
0.193
0.357
0.158
0.214
0.046
0.130
0.147
4543
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum
powder produced
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
Tantalum
6.246
1.366
2.684
4.978
2.196
2.977
0.634
1.806
2.050
EPA is not promulgating BCT at this time for the secondary
tantalum subcategory.
4544
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
SECTION III
INDUSTRY PROFILE
This section of the secondary tantalum supplement describes the
raw materials and processes used in producing secondary tantalum
and presents a profile ; of the secondary tantalum plants
identified in this study.
The present uses of tantalum stem from three important
properties; a high melting point, resistance to corrosive agents,
and dielectric properties. Tantalum mill products such as sheet
are made into corrosion resistant chemical equipment, heat
exchangers, reaction vessels and other equipment that can
withstand high temperatures and severe acid environments.
Tantalum has been used in surgical applications such as surgical
implants and suture wire because it is inert to body fluids and
tissue. The electronic industry has many applications for
tantalum, primarily in capacitors. Tantalum capacitors provide
higher volumetric .capacitance efficiency than other capacitor
materials, and function well at high and low temperatures.
Alloying with tantalum produces alloys with good high temperature
strength that have applications in aerospace products. Tantalum
alloys also have favorable fabricating characteristics.
DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY TANTALUM PRODUCTION
Secondary tantalum production methods vary from time to time and
from plant to plant primarily because of the different raw
materials that may be used in the process. Basically, acid
leaching is used to dissolve metal impurities in the raw material
leaving behind an upgraded tantalum product. In the following
sections the variations to this fundamental operation will be
described. Figure III-l (page 4550) presents a flow diagram for
the secondary tantalum production processes.
RAW MATERIALS
The plants presently producing secondary tantalum use three types
of raw materials: alloy scrap, scrap tantalum-bearing electrical
components, and tantalum-bearing sludge. Stamping operations are
the primary source of raw materials for one plant which uses
alloy scrap as a raw material.
ACID LEACHING
Different types of acid leaching processes are used depending on
the raw material being processed. Scrap alloy is immersed in a
nitric acid bath and the spent acid is discharged in a bat.ch
flow. This waste stream contains high concentrations of
dissolved metals, the constituents depending upon the make-up of
the scrap alloy.
4545
-.*
*«
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
Electrical components such as capacitors are acid leached in a
batch process. The acid which may be a combination of
hydrochloric, nitric and sulfuric, is poured into a rotating
digestor filled with tantalum-bearing scrap. Leaching in the
digester continues until the acid is spent, usually about two
days per batch. The spent acid is then discharged as a waste
stream along with rinse water, and the digestor is filled with
fresh acid. This procedure is repeated up to 15 times depending
on the amount of materials to be leached from each batch of
scrap.
Recovering tantalum from sludge involves a series of acid
leaches, and may sometimes include caustic leaching depending on
the materials present in the sludge. The recovery of other
valuable materials from tantalum-bearing sludges may determine
how the leaching steps are done. After each leaching step, the
more pure tantalum is filtered to separate it from the dissolved
impurities. If the filtrate does not contain recoverable material
it is combined with rinse water and discharged as a wastewater
stream.
One plant practicing acid leaching of tantalum-bearing sludges
reported the use of a wet air pollution control device on the
leaching vessel. A wastewater stream is discharged from this
device.
WASHING AND RINSING
The washing and rinsing operations employed are dependent upon
the form of the product recovered and on the desired purity of
the end product. When processing scrap tantalum alloys, a water
rinse is employed on a continuous once-through basis. Rinsing is
performed after completing the acid leaching step for a batch of
scrap alloy. Water use is determined by the amount of product to
be washed. The tantalum alloy scrap wash water, combined with
acid leachate constitutes a waste stream.
Tantalum metal product derived from electrical components is also
rinsed and acid washed in batch operations. An acid wash is used
to polish the purified metal pov/der by removing any residual
surface oxides from the metal. A water rinse follows which
washes away any residual acid. This waste stream may be
pretreated to recover dissolved tantalum before routing to
wastewater treatment.
Water is used to wash the upgraded tantalum solids to remove all
acid prior to the next leaching operation. Filtering is used to
retain the upgraded tantalum while separating the liquid
fraction. If the filtrate contains recoverable materials, both
the filtrate and the wash water are routed to the recovery
operation. Otherwise, both flows are routed to wastewater
treatment.
4546
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES
Although two fundamental processes are involved in secondary
tantalum production, variations in raw materials and specific
procedures require that the process wastewater sources be
subdivided as follows:
(a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
(b) Capacitor leach and rinse
(c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
(d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse and
(e) Leaching wet air pollution control.
OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
There may be other wastewater streams associated with the
secondary tantalum subcategory. These wastewaters may include
stormwater runoff, and maintenance and cleanup water. These waste
streams are not considered as a part of this rulemaking. EPA
believes that the flows and pollutant loadings associated with
these waste streams are insignificant relative to the waste
streams selected and are best handled by the appropriate permit
authority on a case-by-case basis under authority of Section 403
of the Clean Water Act.
AGE, PRODUCTION AND PROCESS PROFILE
Figure III-2 (page 4551) shows the location of the three
secondary tantalum plants currently operating in the United
States. All three plants are located in the eastern part of the
United States.
Table III-l (page 4548) shows the relative age and discharge
status of the tantalum plants. All three plants are direct
dischargers and all were built prior to World War II. From Table
III-.2 (page 4548) it can be seen that secondary tantalum
production is not done on a large scale, and production at each
plant yaries.
Table III-3 (page 4549) provides a summary of the number of
plants generating wastewater for the waste streams associated
with various processes and the number of plants with the process.
4547
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
TABLE III-l
INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE) SUMMARY OF PLANTS
IN THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY BY DISCHARGE TYPE
Initial Operating Year (Range)
(Plant Age in Years)
Type of
Plant
Direct
Indirect
Zero
Total
1983-
1944
(1-40)
0
0
0
0
1943-
1934
(41-50)
1
0
0
1
1933-
1904
(51-80)
1
0
0
1
Before
1904
(80+)
1
0
0
1
Total
3
0
0
3
TABLE II1-2
PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Tantalum Production Ranges for 1982
Plant Type
Direct
Indirect
Zero
0-8
tons/yr
1
0
0
9-17
tons/yr
1
0
0
18-26
tons/yr
1
0
0
Total Number
of Plants
3
0
0
4548
-------
SECONDARY TANATALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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SECONDARY TANATALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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4551
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4552
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY. SECT - IV
'SECTION IV
SUBCATEGORIZATION
This section summarizes the factors considered during the
designation of the related subdivisions of the secondary tantalum
subcategory. Production normalizing parameters for each
subdivision are also discussed.
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY TANTALUM
SUBCATEGORY
The factors listed previously for general subcategorization were
each evaluated when considering subdivision of the secondary
tantalum subcategory. In the discussion that follows, the
factors will be described as they pertain to this particular
subcategory.-
The rationale for considering further subdivision of the
secondary tantalum subcategory is based primarily on differences
in the production processes and raw materials used. Within this
subcategory, different operations are performed which may or may
not have a water use or discharge, and which may require the
establishment of separate effluent limitations. While secondary
tantalum is still considered a single subcategory, a more
thorough examination of the production processes has illustrated
the need for limitations and standards based on specific flow
allowances for the following subdivisions:
(a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
(b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
(c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
(d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
(e) Leaching wet air pollution control.
The following discussion is intended to clarify and support the
reasons given above for subdividing the secondary tantalum
subcategory.
Secondary tantalum production can be generally described as
consisting of acid leaching of raw materials followed by water
rinsing and drying of the final tantalum powder product.
Variations of this process are due to differences in raw
materials. Such factors account for the first three subdivisions
listed above. A discussion of each subdivision follows.
Tantalum alloy scrap may be used as a raw material. This scrap
is generated in forming operations in which a tantalum-containing
alloy is rolled and stamped, The remaining metal skeleton is the
raw material for the acid leaching process. Leaching is done in a
batch mode by immersing the scrap in acid. . Spent acid - is
discharged as a waste stream.
Scrap electrical components containing tantalum may be used as a
4553
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
raw material. These components, predominantly capacitors, may
have plastic parts and be diverse in composition. Successive acid
leaching of batches of raw material is done in rotating
digesters. The spent acid is discharged after each cycle. The
process is complete when all impurities have been leached away,
leaving only the tantalum product.
Tantalum-bearing sludges may used as a raw material for secondary
tantalum recovery. The sludge is mixed with acid and acid-
soluable impurities are leached away. The residual solids
contain upgraded tantalum and are filtered to separate them from
the spent acid prior to subsequent purification.
The fourth subdivision arises from an additional purification
step that one plant includes in its production operations. After
remelting leached tantalum powder and solid tantalum scrap to
separate impurities, the tantalum product is crushed to a powder
and washed with acid. The acid wash removes surface oxides from
the tantalum powder resulting in a higher grade powder product.
The fifth subdivision accounts for wet scrubbers used to control
emissions from acid leaching operations. Acid fume generation
from the leaching of raw materials is a function of the type of
processes used by individual plants. In this subcategory, only
one plant uses a wet scrubber to control acid fumes from leaching
operations.
OTHER FACTORS
The other factors considered in this evaluation were shown to be
inappropriate bases for subdivision. Air pollution control
methods, treatment costs, and total energy requirements are
functions of the selected subcategorization factors — metal
product, raw materials, and production processes. Therefore,
they are not independent factors and do not affect the
subcategorization which has been applied. Certain other factors
such as plant age, plant size, and the number of employees, were
also evaluated and determined to be inappropriate for use as
bases for subdivision of this subcategory.
PRODUCTION-NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
As discussed previously, the effluent limitations and standards
developed in this document establish mass limitations on the
discharge of specific pollutant parameters. To allow these
regulations to be applied to plants with various production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit of production. This factor is known as the production
normalizing parameter (PNP).
In general, for each production process which has a wastewater
associated with it, the actual mass of tantalum product or
intermediate produced will be used as the PNP. Thus, the PNPs
for the five subdivisions or building blocks are as follows:
4554
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IV
Building block
1. Tantalum alloy leach and
rinse
2. Capacitor leach and rinse
Tantalum sludge leach and
rinse
Tantalum powder acid wash
aind rinse
Leaching wet air pollution
control
PNP
tantalum powder produced
tantalum powder produced from
leaching
equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced
tantalum powder produced
equivalent pure tantalum powder
produced
Equivalent pure tantalum powder production was selected as the
PNP for subdivisions three and five because the product of
leaching tantalum-bearing sludge contains approximately 25 to 30
percent tantalum. Equivalent pure tantalum refers to the weight
of tantalum contained in the product.
4555
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4556
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SECTION V
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes the characteristics of the wastewaters
associated with the secondary tantalum subcategory. Water use
and discharge rates ar.e explained and then summarized in tables
at the end of this section. Data used to characterize the
wastewaters are presented. Finally, the specific source, water
use and discharge flows, and wastewater characteristics for each
separate wastewater source are discussed.
The two principal data sources were used are data collection
portfolios (dcp) and field sampling results. Data collection
portfolios completed for each secondary tantalum plant contain
information regarding wastewater flows and production levels.
In order to quantify the pollutant discharge from secondary
tantalum plants, a field sampling program was conducted. A
complete list of the pollutants considered and a summary of the
techniques used in sampling and laboratory analyses are included
in Section V of Vol. I. Because the analytical standard for TCDD
was judged to be too hazardous to be made generally available,
samples were never analyzed for this pollutant. Samples were also
not analyzed for asbestos. There is no reason to expect that
TCDD or asbestos would be present in nonferrous metals
manufacturing wastewater. One plant was selected for sampling in
the secondary tantalum subcategory. In general, the samples were.
analyzed for the. two classes of pollutants, priority metal
pollutants and criteria pollutants (which include both
conventional and nonconventional pollutants). Samples were not
analyzed for priority organic pollutants because there is no
reason to believe that organic pollutants would be present in
wastewaters generated by the secondary tantalum subcategory.
After proposal, EPA gathered additional wastewater sampling data
for two of the subdivisions in' this subcategory. These da'ta were
acquired through a self-sampling program which was undertaken at
the specific request of the Agency. The data include analyses for
the toxic metals antimony, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel, silver, thallium, and zinc. The data also include
analyses for the nonconventional pollutant tantalum. These data
support the assumptions which EPA had made concerning the
presence and concentrations of pollutants in those subdivisions
where we did not have analytical data for specific pollutants.
For this reason, the selection of pollutant parameters for
limitation in this subcategory (Section VI) has not been revised
based on this new data.
As described in Section IV of this supplement, the secondary
tantalum subcategory has been divided into five subdivisions or
wastewater sources, so that the promulgated regulation contains
mass discharge limitations; and standards for five unit processes
discharging process wastewater. Differences in the wastewater
45^7
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
characteristics associated with these subdivisions are to be
expected. For this reason, wastewater streams corresponding to
each subdivision or building block are addressed separately in
the discussions that follow. These wastewater sources are:
(a) Tantalum alloy leach and rinse,
(b) Capacitor leach and rinse,
(c) Tantalum sludge leach and rinse,
(d) Tantalum powder acid wash and rinse, and
(e) Leaching wet air pollution control.
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES
Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and two flow-to-
production ratios, water use and wastewater discharge flow, were
calculated for each stream. The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation. Water use is defined as the
volume of water or other fluid required for a given process per
mass of tantalum product and is therefore based on the sum of
recycle and make-up flows to a given process. Wastewater flow
discharged after pretreatment or recycle (if these are present)
is used in calculating the production normalized flow — the
volume of wastewater discharged from a given process to further
treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of tantalum produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater f1- ws associated
with a given stream result from recycle, evaporation, and
carry-over on the product. The production values used in
calculation correspond to the production normalizing parameter,
PNP, assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV. As an
example, tantalum powder acid wash and rinse wastewater flow is
related to the production of tantalum powder. As such, the
discharge rate is expressed in liters of acid wash and rinse
wastewater per metric ton of tantalum powder produced (gallons of
acid wash and rinse water per ton of tantalum powder).
The production normalized discharge flows were compiled and
statistically analyzed by stream type. These production
normalized water use and discharge flows are presented by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 (pages 4563 - 4564). Where
appropriate, an attempt was made to identify factors that could
account for variations in water use and discharge rates. _ These
variations are discussed later in this section by subdivision. A
similar analysis of factors affecting the wastewater flows is
presented in Sections IX, X, XI, and XII where representative
BPT, BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows are selected for use in
calculating the effluent limitations.
The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
secondary tantalum production come from two sources — data
collection portfolios and analytical data from fl~eld sampling
4558
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
trips.
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS
In the data collection portfolios, the secondary tantalum plants
that discharge wastewater were asked to specify the presence of
priority pollutants in their wastewater. Of the three secondary
tantalum plants, one did not respond to this portion of the
questionnaire. None of the plants responding to the
questionnaire reported the presence of priority organic
pollutants. The responses for the priority metals and cyanide
are summarized below:
Pollutant
Known Present
Antimony 0
Arsenic 0
Beryllium 0
Cadmium 0
Chromium 2
Coppe r 1
Cyanide 0
Lead 0
Mercury 1
Nickel 1
Selenium 0
Silver 0
Thallium 0
Zinc 1
FIELD SAMPLING DATA
Believed Present
(Based on Raw Materials and
Process Chemicals Used)
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants present in
wastewater from secondary tantalum plants, wastewater samples
were collected at a single plant, which represents one-third of
the secondary tantalum plants in the United States, and accounts
for 44 percent of all secondary tantalum production. A diagram
indicating the sampling sites and contributing production
processes is shown in Figure V-l (page 4586).
Raw wastewater data are summarized in Tables V-6 through V-9
(pages 4565 - 4577). Analytical results for capacitor leach and
rinse and tantalum powder acid wash and rinse waste streams are
given in Tables V-6 and V-7, respectively. Table V-8 shows
analytical results from samples taken from a holding tank (sump)
into which the spent acid stream flows, as well as other streams
from unrelated plant processes. Table V-9 shows data from a
similar type of holding tank (sump) into which the acid wash and
water rinse stream flows, along with other unrelated waste
streams. Finally, Table V-10 (page 4581) shows the analytical
results of the samples taken of the final effluent, after having
been treated and prior to discharge to a surface stream. Note
that the stream numbers listed in the tables correspond to those
4559
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
given in the plant sampling site diagram, Figure V-l (page 4586).
Where no data are listed for a specific day of sampling, the
wastewater samples for the stream were not collected. Sampling
was only done for two classes of pollutants: priority metal
pollutants, and criteria pollutants which include both
conventional and nonconventional pollutants.
The data tables include some samples measured at concentrations
considered not quantifiable. The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable, and volatile organics generally are considered not
quantifiable at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.
Below this concentration, organic analytical results are not
quantitatively accurate; however, the analyses are useful to
indicate the presence of a particular pollutant. The pesticide
fraction is considered not quantifiable at concentrations equal
to or less than 0.005 mg/1.
It should be noted that the detection limits shown on the data
tables for priority metals and conventional and nonconventional
pollutants are not the same in. all cases as the published
detection limits for these pollutants by the same analytical
methods. The detection limits used were reported with the
analytical data and hence are the appropriate limits to apply to
the data. Detection limit variation can occur as a result of_ a
number of laboratory-specific/ equipment-specific. and daily
operator-specific factors. These factors can include day-to-day
differences in machine calibration, variation in stock solutions,
and variation in operators.
The statistical analysis of data includes some samples measured
at concentrations considered not quantifiable. For data
considered as detected but below quantifiable concentrations^ a
value of zero is used for averaging. Priority organic,
nonconventional, and conventional pollutant data reported with a
"less than" sign are considered as detected, but not further
quantifiable. A value of zero is also used for averaging. If a
pollutant is reported as not detected, it is assigned a value of
zero in calculating the average. Finally, priority metal values
reported as less than a certain value were considered as not
quantifiable, and consequently were .assigned a value of zero in
the calculation of the average.
Finally, appropriate source water concentrations are presented
with the summaries of the sampling data. The method by which
each sample was collected is indicated by number, as follows::
1 one-time grab 4 8-hour automatic composite
2 manual composite during intermit- 5 24-hour manual .composite
tent process operation 6 24-hour automatic composite
3 8-hour manual composite
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION
The secondary tantalum subcategory has been divided into five
subdivisions'. The wastewater characteristics and discharge rates
4560
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
corresponding
this section.
to each subdivision are described separately in
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
Spent acid is generated when batches of scrap tantalum alloy from
forming operations are acid leached to recover tantalum. After
leaching, the residual tantalum metal is rinsed with water to
remove excess acid. The rinse water is discharged to treatment
along with the spent acid. Table V-l (page 4563) shows the
production normalized water use and discharge rates for the
tantalum alloy leach and rinse waste stream in liters per metric
ton of tantalum powder produced.
Although the two component waste streams in this subdivision were
not directly sampled, it is expected that their respective waste
characteristics will be similar to two waste streams from this
subcategory that were sampled. Spent acid from tantalum alloy
leaching is expected to have similar characteristics to capacitor
leaching wastewater which was sampled. Consequently, treatable
concentrations of toxic metals including copper, nickel, and zinc
are expected, as well as low pH. Wastewater characteristics for
capacitor leaching wastewater are shown in Table V-6 (page 4565).
The water rinse component of the tantalum alloy leach and rinse
waste stream is expected to have similar pollutant concentrations
to the tantalum powder acid wash and rinse waste stream. Table
V-7 (page 4569) shows the analytical data for this waste stream.
The water rinse portion of the waste stream is expected to be
acidic and contain treatable concentrations of toxic metals
including copper and nickel.
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
This waste stream is composed of spent acid generated by leaching
scrap capacitors and other electrical components that contain
tantalum. The acid leaches away all impurities leaving behind a
residue of tantalum metal powder. The spent acid is discharged
to treatment along with rinse water used to remove excess acid.
Table V-2 shows production normalized flows in liters per metric
ton of tantalum metal produced.
Table V-6 summarizes the field sampling data for this waste
stream. From this data, it can be seen that capacitor leaching
spent acid can be characterized by an acidic pH, treatable
concentrations of toxic metals including copper, lead, and zinc,
and treatable concentrations of suspended solids.
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
This wastewater stream arises from the upgrading of tantalum-
bearing sludge. The sludge is leached with acid, rinsed with
water and the residual solids separated from the liquid phase by
filtration. Successive leaching operations are performed until
the desired level of purity is attained. The production
4561
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
normalized flow is shown in Table V-3, (page 4563) in liters per
metric ton of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced.
At proposal, specific wastewater characteristics data for this
stream were not available. Following proposal, sampling data for
this subdivision were acquired through a self-sampling effort
initiated at the specific request of the Agency. These data are
presented in Table V-ll (page 4585) and show show treatable
concentrations of toxic and nonconventional metals.
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
Acid washing is used to polish the powdered tantalum by removing
surface oxides that may have formed in the previous stages of: the
production process. The subsequent water rinse is used to wash
the acid from the powder prior to drying. Table V-4 (page_ 4564)
shows the production normalized flows for this operation in
liters per metric ton of tantalum powder produced.
A sample of this wastewater was taken after residual tantalum was
recovered by ammonium hydroxide precipitation. This step is
assumed not to affect constituents in the waste stream other than
tantalum and ammonia. Because of the raw materials and
production operations used by this plant, there is no reason to
expect that treatable concentrations of ammonia are generated in
the acid wash and water rinse process. Therefore, the
concentrations of ammonia presented in Table V-7 (page 4569) are
assumed to be caused by addition of ammonium hydroxide in the
tantalum recovery opera-tion, and can be disregarded when
characterizing the acid wash and water rinse waste stream. The
pH may also be modified by the addition of ammonium hydroxide,
but the data in Table V-7 show that the pH of the waste stream
after tantalum recovery is still acidic. Accounting for these
differences, the acid wash and water rinse waste stream is
characterized by treatable concentrations of copper and nickel,
and having an acidic pH.
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
One plant reported using a wet scrubber to control hydrochloric
acid fumes generated in acid leaching operations. The scrubber
liquor blowdown is discharged to treatment. Table V-5 (page
4564) shows the production normalized flows for the scrubbing
operation in liters per metric ton of equivalent pure tantalum
powder produced.
Following proposal, sampling data for this subdivision were
acquired through a self-sampling effort at the specific request
of the Agency. These data presented in table V-ll (page 4585)
show treatable concentrations of toxic and nonconventional
metals, thus corroborating the data used at proposal.
4562
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-l
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
(1000 1/kkg of tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
p3-ant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1145 0 230.6 230.6
TABLE V-2
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
(1000 1/kkg of tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1089 0 20.2 20.2
TABLE V-3
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
(1000 1/kkg of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1146 205.3
4563
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-4
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
(1000 l/kkg of^ tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1089 0 0.350 0.350
TABLE V-5
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1000 i/kkg o_f equivalent pure tantalum powder produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1146 58-8
4564
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4579
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
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4582
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
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4583
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
r-.
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-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
TABLE V-ll
SECONDARY TANTALUM SAMPLING DATA
RAW WASTEWATER DATA FROM SELF-SAMPLING PROGRAM
POLLUTANT
Sample No.
Toxic Pollutants
114. antimony
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
126. silver
128. zinc
Nonconventional Pollutants
aluminum
cobalt
iron
manganese
molybdenum
tantalum
tin
titanium
vanadium
NOTES:
CONCENTRATION
88143
0.059
<0.050
0.120
0.528
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
1.600
<0.050
<0.500
<0.500
0.420
<0.050
7.920
12.000
5.000
<0.200
<1.000
88144
<0.100
<0.050
0.600
1.010
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
<0.100
<0.050
0.500
<0.500
1.200
<0.050
<5.000
<50.000
<20.000
10.300
Sample No. 88143 = Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse
Sample No. 88144 = Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control
4585
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Acids
Scrap
Tantalum
Hetal
H20
Acids
Tantalum
Solid
Scrap
i
t
Acid
Leaching
i
t
Reraelt
i
t
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i
Acid Wash
and
Water Rinse
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t
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*~""— ' ' ' Chemical
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1 T
1
Additional
'* Hrecipitation * Filter * Tantalum
Product
Figure V-1
SAMPLING SITES AT SECONDARY TANTALUl^I PLANT A
4586
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
This_ section examines the chemical analysis data presented in
Section V and discusses the selection or exclusion of pollutants
for potential limitation. The discussion that follows presents
and briefly discusses selection of conventional and
nonconventional pollutants for effluent limitations. Also
described is the analysis that was performed to select or exclude
priority pollutants for further consideration for limitations and
standards. Pollutants will be considered for limitation if they
are present in concentrations treatable by the technologies
considered in this analysis. The treatable concentrations used
for the priority metals were the long-term performance values
achievable by chemical precipitation. sedimentation, and
filtration. The treatable concentrations used for the priority
organics were the long-term performance values achievable by
carbon adsorption.
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
This study examined samples from the secondary tantalum
subcategory for two conventional pollutant parameters (total
suspended solids and pH) and several nonconventional pollutant
parameters.
The conventional and nonconventional pollutants or pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
tantalum
total suspended solids (TSS)
pH
Based on an examination of the production processes employed in
the secondary tantalum .subcategory, it is expected that
concentrations of tantalum could be present in the wastewater
generated in this subcategory. For this reason, tantalum is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TSS concentrations ranging from 29 to 80,000 mg/1 were observed
in the raw waste samples analyzed for this study. All the
concentrations are well above the 2.6 mg/1 treatable
concentration. Most of the specific methods used to remove toxic
metals do so by converting these metals to precipitates, and
these toxic-metal-containing precipitates should not be
discharged. Meeting a limitation on total suspended solids helps
ensure that removal of these precipitated toxic metals has been
effective. For these reasons, total suspended solids are
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
The pH values observed during this study ranged from 1.8 to 10.5.
Seven of the values were equal to or less than 4.8, and one other
was outside the 7.5 to 10.0 range considered desirable for
4587
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
discharge to receiving waters. Many deleterious effects are
caused by extreme pH values or rapid changes in pH. Also,
effective removal of toxic metals by precipitation requires
careful control of pH. Since pH control within the desirable
limits is readily attainable by available treatment, pH is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in the raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page 4591).
Table VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from streams 464
and 466 (see Section V). These data provide the basis for the
categorization of specific pollutants, as discussed below.
Treatment plant and sump effluent samples were not considered in
the frequency count. Note that sampling was not done for any
priority organic pollutants.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 4592) were never
detected in any raw wastewater samples from this^ subcategory.
Therefore, they are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
The toxic pollutants listed below were never found above their
analytical quantification concentration in any raw wastewater
samples from this subcategory; therefore, these pollutants are
not selected for consideration in establishing limitations.
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
119. chromium
125. selenium
127. thallium
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT
The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because they were not found in any raw
wats^ewater samples from this subcategory above concentrations
considered achievable by existing or available treatment
technologies. These pollutants are discussed individually
following the list.
115. arsenic
123. mercury
Arsenic was detected above its quantification concentration of
0.010 mg/1 in two of the samples analyzed. The detected values
were both 0.02 mg/1. The treatable concentration for arsenic is
4588
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
0.34 mg/1, much higher than any of the analyzed samples indicate
Therefore, arsenic is not selected for limitation.
Mercury was detected above its quantification concentration of
0.0001 mg/1 in all three samples analyzed. The analysis showed a
range of 0.0004 mg/1 to 0.0037 mg/1, well below the treatable
concentration for mercury of 0.036 mg/1. For this reason
mercury is not selected- for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The priority pollutants listed below are selected for further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for this
subcategory. The toxic pollutants selected for further
consideration for limitation are each discussed following the
-L X S t •
114. antimony
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
126. silver
128. zinc
Antimony was detected below the quantification concentration of
0.100 mg/1 in one sample (<0.01 mg/1). The other two samples
indicated treatable concentrations of antimony of 1.0 mg/1 and 47
mg/1. The treatable concentration for antimony is 0.47 mg/1
Therefore, antimony is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Copper was discovered above treatable concentrations in three
samples analyzed. The treatable concentration for copper is 0.39
mg/1. The concentrations detected were 4.65 mg/1, 17,100 mg/1,
and 49,200 mg/1. Since these waste streams contain substantial
concentrations of treatable copper, this metal is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
Lead was detected above treatable concentrations in two samples
analyzed. The treatable concentration for lead is 0.08 mg/1 The
sample concentrations showed 6,100 mg/1 and 15,900 mg/1 of lead
Because of such large lead concentrations in the waste streams,
lead is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Nickel was detected above treatability (0.22 mg/1) in all three
of the samples analyzed. Detected concentrations were found to
be 2.45 mg/1, 1,890 mg/1, and 3,580 mg/1. Therefore, nickel is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Silver was detected below the quantification concentration of
0.02 mg/1 in one of the three samples that were analyzed. The
sample registered <0.01 mg/1. The remaining two samples were
both above the treatable concentration of 0.07 mg/1
Concentrations of 30.0 and 50 mg/1.of silver were detected, and
4589
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
thus silver is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Zinc was detected above the treatable concentration of 0.23 mg/1
in two samples showing 2,810 mg/1 and 8,060 mg/1 of ^^- ™e
remaining sample was below treatability indicating only 0.12 mg/1
zinc. However, because of the significant quantities found in
two samples, zinc is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
4590
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
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•8
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
1. acenaphthene*
2. acrolein*
3. acrylonitrile*
4 benzene*
5. benzidine*
6. carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)*
7. chlorobenzene*
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene*
9. hexachlorobenzene*
10. 1,2-dichloroethane*
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane*
12. hexachloroethane*
13. 1,1-dichloroethane*
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane*
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane*
16. chloroethane*
17. bis (chloromethyl) ether (DELETED)*
18. bis (2-chloroethyl) ether*
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)*
20. 2-chloronaphthalene*
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol*
22. parachlorometa cresol*
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)*
24. 2-chlorophenol*
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene*
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene*
27. l>4-dichlorobenzene*
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine*
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene*
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroerhylene*
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol*
32. 1,2-dichloropropane*
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)*
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol*
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene*
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene*
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine*
38. ethylbenzene*
39. fluoranthene*
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether*
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether*
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether*
43. bis(2-choroethoxy) methane*
44. methylene chloride (dichloromethane)*
45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)*
46. methyl bromide (bromomethane)*
47. bromoform (tribromomethane)*
48. dichlorobromomethane*
49. trichlorofluoromethane (DELETED)*
4592
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
50. dichlorodifluoromethane (DELETED)*
51. chlorodibromomethane*
52. hexachlorobutadiene*
53. hexachlorocyc^opentadiene*
54. isophorone*
55. naphthalene*
56. nitrobenzene*
57. 2-nitrophenol*
58. 4-nitrophenol*
59. 2,4-dinitrophenoi*
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol*
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine*
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine*
63. N-nitrosodi-n-prppylamine*
6 4. pentachlorophenol*
65. phenol*
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate*
67. butyl benzyl phthalate*
68. di-n-butyl phthalate*
69. di-n-octyl phthaiate*
70. diethyl phthalate*
71. dimethyl phthalate*
72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)*
73. benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)*
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene*
75. benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)*
76. chrysene*
77. acenaphthylene*
78. anthracene*
79. benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)*
80. fluorene*
81. phenanthrene*
82. dibenzo (a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)*
83. indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene (w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)*
84. pyrene*
85. tetrachloroethylene*
86. toluene*
87. trichloroethylene*
88. vinyl chloride (Chloroethylene)*
89. aldrin*
90. dieldrin*
91. chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)*
92. 4,4'-DDT*
93. 4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
94. 4,4'-DDD(p,p TDE)*
95. Alpha-endosulfan*
96. Beta-endosulfan*
97. endosulfan sulfate*
99. endrin aldehyde*
4593
-------
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
116.
121.
129.
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
heptachlor*
heptachlor epoxide*
Alpha-BHC*
Beta-BHC*
Gamma-BHC (lindane)*
Delta-BHC*
PCB-1242 (Arochlor
PCB-1254 (Arochlor
PCB-1221 (Arochlor
PCB-1232 (Arochlor
PCB-1248 (Arochlor
PCB-1260 (Arochlor
PCB-1016 (Arochlor
1242)*
1254)*
1221)*
1232)*
1248)*
1260)*
1016)*
toxaphene*
asbestos (Fibrous)
cyanide (Total)*
2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodiberizo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*We did not analyze for these pollutants in samples of raw
wastewater from this subcategory. These pollutants are not
believed to be present based on the Agency's best engineering
judgement which includes consideration of raw materials and
process operations.
4594
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
SECTION VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters from secondary
tantalum plants. This section summarizes the description of
these wastewaters and indicates the treatment technologies which
are currently practiced in the secondary tantalum subcategory for
each wastewater stream. Secondly, this section presents the
control and treatment technology options which were examined by
the Agency for possible application to the secondary tantalum
subcategory.
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
Control and treatment technologies are discussed in Section VII
of Vol. I and the pollutant concentrations achievable with these
treatment technologies are presented in table VII-21 (page 248)
of that volume. The basic principles of these technologies and
the applicability to wastewaters similar to those found in this
subcategory are presented there. This section presents a summary
of the control and treatment technologies that are currently
being applied to each of the sources generating wastewater in
this subcategory. As discussed in Section V, wastewater
associated with the secondary tantalum subcategory is
characterized by the presence of the toxic metal pollutants and
suspended solids. This analysis is supported by the raw
(untreated) wastewater data presented for specific sources as
well as combined waste streams in Section V. Generally, these
pollutants are present in each of the wastewater streams at
concentrations above the levels achievable by treatment, and
these wastewaters are commonly combined for treatment.
Construction of one wastewater treatment system for combined
treatment allows plants to take advantage of economies of scale
and in some instances to combine streams of different alkalinity
to reduce treatment chemical requirements. All three plants in
this subcategory currently have combined wastewater treatment
systems including chemical precipitation and sedimentation. The
options selected for consideration for BPT, BAT, NSPS, and
pretreatment based on combined treatment of compatible
wastewaters are summarized toward the end of this section.
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
Tantalum recovery from alloy scrap is accomplished by immersing
the scrap_ into an acid bath and leaching away all impurities.
Water rinsing of the tantalum powder residue follows the leaching
operation and is designed to remove residual acid from the
tantalum powder before drying. The spent acid, along with the
once-through rinse water is discharged to lime and settle
treatment. Polymer addition is used to aid flocculation and
settling. The final effluent is discharged directly.
4595
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
Tantalum is recovered from scrap capacitors and other electrical
components by successive batch leaching. The spent acid contains
hiqh concentrations of dissolved metals and also some suspended
solids. The wastewater from this operation and other wastewater
streams is treated using chemical precipitation and
sedimentation. The treated effluent is discharged to a surface
water.
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
Tantalum recovery from sludge requires successive leaching
filtering and washing operations. The filtrate and wash water
may be sent to a metal by-product recovery process prior to being
discharged to the wastewater treatment facility. _After treatment
consisting of chemical precipitation and sedimentation, the
effluent is discharged.
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
One plant washes tantalum powder with acid and subsequently
rinses it with water prior to the final drying of the product.
The acid wash is designed to remove surface oxides from the
tantalum powder, and the water rinse removes residual acid before
drvinq. The acid and water stream are combined and pretreated
with ammonium hydroxide to precipitate dissolved tantalum. After
filtering the precipitate, the filtrate is routed to the
treatment system for treatment consisting of Chemical
precipitation and sedimentation. It is then discharged to a
surface water.
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
A wet scrubber may be used to control emissions of acid fumes
generated by acid leaching operations. A caustic solution is
circulated in the scrubber, and a 92 percent recycle rate is
oresentlv practiced. The scrubber discharge is combined with
other wastewater streams and treated by chemical precipitation
and sedimentation. The final effluent is discharged to a surface
stream.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
The Agency examined two control and treatment technology options
that are applicable to the secondary tantalum subcategory. The
options selected for evaluation represent applicable end-of-pipe
treatment technologies.
Examination of the waste streams in this subcategory shows that
no in-process flow reduction, beyond that presently being
practiced, is achievable. Therefore, options including flow
reduction were not considered.
4596
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
OPTION A
Option A for the secondary tantalum subcategory requires control
and treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of wastewater
pollutant mass.
The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology. Specifically, lime or some other
alkaline compound is used to precipitate metal ions as metal
hydroxides. The metal hydroxides and suspended solids settle out
and the sludge is collected. Vacuum filtration is used to
dewater sludge.
OPTION C
Option C for the secondary tantalum subcategory consists of all
control and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids/
including precipitates of metals, beyond the concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter suggested is of
the gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of filters,
such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters would perform
satisfactorily. The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
4597
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4598
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a summary of compliance costs for the
secondary tantalum subcategory and a description of the treatment
options and subcategory-specific assumptions used to develop
these estimates. Together with the estimated pollutant removal
performance presented in Section X of this supplement, these cost
estimates provide a basis for evaluating each regulatory option.
These cost estimates are also used in determining the probable
economic impact of regulation on the subcategory at different
pollutant discharge levels. In addition, this section addresses
nonwater quality environmental impacts of wastewater treatment
and control alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes,
and energy requirements, which are specific to the secondary
tantalum subcategory.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
As discussed in Section VII, two treatment options have been
developed and considered- in promulgating limitations and
standards for the secondary tantalum subcategory. These options
are summarized below and schematically presented in Figures X-l
and X-2 (pages 4624 and 4625).
OPTION A
The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology.
OPTION C
Option C for the secondary tantalum subcategory consists of all
control and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance costs is presented in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Plaht-by-plant compliance costs have been
estimated for the nonferrous metals manufacturing category and
are presented in the administrative record supporting this
regulation. Compliance cost estimates developed for the
promulgated regulation are presented in Table VIII-1 (page 4602)
for the direct dischargers in this subcategory. These cost
estimates are equivalent to those developed for the proposed
regulation. ;
Each of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
has been previously discussed. No subcategory-specific
4599
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
assumptions were used in developing compliance costs for the
secondary tantalum subcategory.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Energy requirements for Option A are estimated at 37,000 kwh/yr,
and for Option C the estimated requirement is 39,000 kwh/yr.
Option C energy requirements increase over those for Option A
because filtration is being added as an end-of-pipe treatment
technology. Since recycle of scrubber liquor is already in place
in this subcategory, energy requirement savings resulting from
flow reduction measures are not reflected in this analysis. Both
options represent about two percent of a typical plant s energy
usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements of
the treatment options considered will not have a significant
impact on total plant energy consumption.
SOLID WASTE
Sludge generated in the secondary tantalum subcategory is due to
the precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates using lime
or other chemicals. Sludges associated with the secondary
tantalum subcategory will necessarily contain quantities of toxic
metal pollutants. Wastes generated by secondary metal industries
can be regulated as hazardous. However, the Agency examined the
solid waste that would be generated at secondary nonferrous
metals manufacturing plants by the suggested treatment
technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes under the
Aaency's regulations implementing Section 3001 of the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act. The one exception to this is
solid wastes generated by cyanide precipitation. These sludges
are expected to be hazardous and this judgment was included in
this study. None of the non-cyanide wastes are listed
specifically as hazardous. Nor are they likely to exhibit a
characteristic of hazardous waste. This judgment is made based
on the recommended technology of chemical precipitation and
filtration. By the addition of a small excess of lime during
treatment, similar sludges, specifically toxic metal bearing
sludges, generated by other industries such as the iron and steel
industry passed the Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test. See
40 CPR 8261.24. Thus, the Agency believes that the wastewater
sludges will similarly not be EP toxic if the recommended
technology is applied.
4600
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII,
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management: program, requiring regulation, from
the point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators of hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a manifest, which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premise to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142 (May 19,
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May 19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
Even If these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR 53438
(September 13, 1979). It is estimated that the secondary
tantalum subcategory will generate 386 metric tons of sludge per
year when implementing the promulgated BPT treatment technology.
The Agency has calculated as part of the costs for wastewater
treatment the cost of hauling and disposing of these wastes.
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems will result from implementation of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration. These
technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
4601
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
TABLE VIII-1
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March, 1982 Dollars)
Total Required
Option Capital Cost
A 6,462
C 13,474
Total
Annual Cost
58,854
63,466
4602
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT). BPT reflects
the existing performance by plants of various sizes, ages, and
manufacturing processes within the secondary tantalum
subcategory, as well as the established performance of the
recommended BPT systems. Particular consideration is given to
the treatment already in place at plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported, by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transfera-ble, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than process
changes or internal controls, except where such practices are
common industry practice.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
The Agency studied this subcategory to identify the processes
used, the wastewaters generated, and the treatment processes
installed. Information was collected from industry using data
collection portfolios, and specific plants were sampled and the
wastewaters analyzed. In making technical assessments of data,
reviewing manufacturing processes, and . assessing wastewater
treatment technology options, both indirect and direct
dischargers have been considered as a single group. An
examination of plants and processes did not indicate any process
differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be direct
or indirect.
As explained in Section IV the secondary tantalum subcategory
has been subdivided into five potential wastewater sources. Since
the water use, discharge rates, and pollutant characteristics of
each of these wastewaters is potentially unique, effluent
limitations are developed for each of the five subdivisions.
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach was followed
for the development of BPT mass limitations. The first
4603
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
requirement to calculate these limitations is to account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant. Therefore,
a unit of production or production normalizing parameter (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV. Each plant within the subcategory was then
analyzed to determine which subdivisions were present, the
specific flow rates generated for each subdivision, and the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision. This
analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
are not considered in the analysis.
Production normalized flows for each subdivision were then
analyzed to determine the flow to be used as part of the basis
for BPT mass limitations. The selected flow (sometimes referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water use controls which are common practices within the
category. The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data. Plants with normalized flows above the average
may have to implement some method of flow reduction to achieve
the BPT limitations.
The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the set
of concentrations that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology. Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in place
for each wastewater source. In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle technology) and a combination of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.
Using these regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source or subdivision. This calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream basis, primarily because plants in this subcategory may
perform one or more of the operations in various combinations.
The mass loadings (milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
- mg/kg) were calculated by multiplying the BPT
flow (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable by the
of treatment technology (mg/1) for each pollutant
to be limited under BPT. These mass loadings are
in the Federal Register and in 40 CFR Part 421 as the
production
regulatory
BPT level
parameter
published
effluent limitations.
The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to the combined flow. This method accounts for the variety of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
4604
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
may be found at secondary tantalum plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation, for each plant.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level. The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.
The methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table X-l
(page 4618) shows the pollutant removal estimates for each
treatment option for direct dischargers. Compliance costs for
direct dischargers are presented in Table X-2 (page 4619).
BPT OPTION SELECTION
The technology basis for the proposed and promulgated BPT
limitations is Option A, chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology to remove metals;and solids from combined wastewaters
and to control pH. These technologies are demonstrated and
economically achievable since they are already in place at all of
the direct dischargers in this subcategory. The BPT treatment
scheme is presented in Figure IX-1 (page 4612).
Implementation of the promulgated BPT limitations will remove
annually an estimated 26,268 kilograms of toxic metals and 20,079
kilograms of TSS from raw wastewater generated by the secondary
tantalum industry. Projected capital and annual costs are $6,462
and $58,854 (1982 dollars), respectively, to achieve the
promulgated BPT limitations.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing plants as determined
from analysis of data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BPT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
4605
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the five wastewater
sources are discussed below and summarized in Table IX-1. The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by relating
the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
intermediate product which is produced by the process associated
with the waste scream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs. are also listed in Table IX-1.
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-5 (pages 4564 -
4565).
TANTALUM ALLOY LEACH AND RINSE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for tantalum alloy leach and
rinse is 230,600 1/kkg (55,261 gal/ton) of tantalum powder
produced based on the only water use rate reported. This rate
is allocated only for those plants which leach tantalum alloy
scrap material by immersion into an acid bath and use water to
rinse the tantalum powder product before it is dried. Water use
and wastewater discharge rates are presented in Table V-l (page
4564).
CAPACITOR LEACH AND RINSE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for capacitor leach and rinse
is 20200 1/kkg (4841 gal/ton) of tantalum powder produced. This
rate is allocated only for those plants whose raw material is
scrap electrical components containing tantalum. Recovery of
tantalum powder is performed by successive leachings of the raw
material. The production normalized flows for this subdivision
are presented in Table V-2 (page 4564).
TANTALUM SLUDGE LEACH AND RINSE
The proposed and promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rate for
tantalum sludge leach and rinse is 205300 1/kkg (49198 gal/ton)
of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced, based on the one
water use rate reported. This rate is allocated only for those
plants which use tantalum-bearing sludge as their raw material.
The upgrading of tantalum-bearing sludge involves filtration for
solids and spent acid separation and rinsing of the residual
solids with water prior to the next leaching step. Water use and
wastewater discharge rates are presented in Table V-3 (page
4564).
TANTALUM POWDER ACID WASH AND RINSE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for tantalum powder acid wash
and rinse is 350 1/kkg (84 gal/ton) of tantalum powder produced
by the plant, based on the only reported water use rate. This
rate is allocated only for those plants that incorporate a final
acid wash of the tantalum powder to remove surface oxides,
4606
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
followed by a water rinse which cleans the powder prior to
drying. The one plant that reported using such a system uses a
tantalum recovery operation consisting of pH adjustment by
ammonia addition and recovery of the precipitated tantalum
solids. After treatment for tantalum recovery, the wastewater is
further treated and discharged. The production normalized water
use and discharge rates are presented in Table V-4 (page 4565).
LEACHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge rate for acid leach wet air
pollution control is 4880 1/kkg (1169 gal/ ton) of equivalent
pure tantalum powder produced. This rate is allocated for those
plants which use a wet air pollution control system to control
acid fumes which arise from the leaching operations. The
available data indicate that this scrubber operates at 92 percent
recycle. The BPT flow is based on this demonstrated recycle
performance of the acid fume scrubber. Production normalized
water use and discharge rates for this subdivision are presented
in Table V-5 {page 4565).
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation was presented in Section VI and also in Section X. A
total of seven pollutants or pollutant parameters are selected
for limitation under BPT and are listed below:
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
128. zinc
tantalum
TSS
pH
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The pollutant concentrations achievable by application of the
promulgated BPT (both one-day maximum and monthly average values)
are multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows summarized
in Table IX-1 (page 4608) to calculate the mass of pollutants
allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The results of
these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
product represent the BPT effluent limitations and are presented
in Table IX-2 (page 4609) for each individual waste stream.
4607
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
;TABLE IX-2
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
661.800
438.100
: 96.850
442.800
94.550
336.700
il03.800
9,455.000
295.200
230.600
46.120
292.900
39.200
140.700
4,497.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
57.970
38.380
8.484
38.780
8.282
29.490
9.090
828.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
25.860
20.200
4.040
25.650
3.434
12.320
393.900
*Regulated Pollutant
4609
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse BPT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony 589.200 262.800
*Copper 390.100 205.300
*Lead 86.230 41.060
*Nickel 394.200 260.700
Silver 84.170 34.900
*Zinc 299.700 125.200
*Tantalum 92.390
*TSS 8,417.000 4,003.000
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse BPT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony 1.005 0.448
*Copper 0.665 0.350
*Lead 0.147 0.070
*Nickel 0.672 0.445
Silver 0.144 0.060
*Zinc 0.511 0.214
*Tantalum 0.158
*TSS 14.350 6.825
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4610
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
14.010
9.272
2 050
9.370
2.001
7.125
2.196
200.100
6.246
4.880
0.976
6.198
0.830
2.977
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
95.160
*Regulated Pollutant
4611
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
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4612
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These effluent limitations are based on the best control and
treatment technology used by a specific point source within the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another category from
which it is transferable. Emphasis is placed on additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment systems
currently used, as well" as reduction of the amount of water used
and discharged, process control, and treatment technology
optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology BAT represents
the best available technology economically achievable at plants
of various ages, sizes, processes, or other characteristics. BAT
may include feasible process changes or internal controls, even
when not in common industry practice.
The required assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removals However,
in assessing the proposed and promulgated BAT, the Agency has
given substantial weight to the economic achievability of the
technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine two
technology options which could be applied to the secondary
tantalum subcategory as alternatives for the basis of BAT
effluent limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as described in
Section IX for BPT limitations development. The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
A complete description of the methodology used to calculate the
estimated pollutant removal achieved by the application of the
various treatment options is presented in Section X of Vol. I. In
short, sampling data collected during the field sampling program
were used to characterize the major wastewater streams considered
for regulation. At each sampled facility, the sampling data were
4613
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
production normalized for each unit operation (i.e.. mass of
pollutant generated per mass of product manufactured). This
value, referred to as the raw waste, was used to estimate the
mass of toxic pollutants generated within the secondary tantalum
subcategory. The pollutant removal estimates were calculated for
each plant by first estimating the total mass of each pollutant
in the untreated wastewater. This was calculated by first
multiplying the raw waste values by the corresponding production
value for that stream and then summing these values for each
pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.
Next, the volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory flow.
The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the
other plant flows. The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated by multiplying the achievable concentration values
attainable with the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of
process wastewater discharged by the subcategory. The mass of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of pollutant discharged after application of the treatment
option. The pollutant removal estimates for direct dischargers
in the secondary tantalum subcategory are presented in Table X-l-
(page 4618). These estimates are the same as those developed for
the proposed regulation.
COMPLIANCE COSTS
In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total costs
associated with installation and operation of wastewater
treatment technologies to plant process wastewater discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant. The plant's investment and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in place
and by its individual process wastewater discharge flow.' As
discussed above, this flow is either the actual or the BAT
regulatory flow, whichever is lesser. The final step was to
annualize the capital costs, and to sum the annualized capital
costs, and the operating and maintenance costs for each p>lant,
yielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory. The
compliance costs associated with the various options are
presented in Table X-2 (page 4619) for direct dischargers in the
secondary tantalum subcategory. These costs were used in
assessing economic achievability.
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed BAT .for the secondary tantalum subcategory based on
Option C, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration technology.
The estimated capital cost of proposed BAT was $13,474 and. the
annual cost was $63,466 (1982 dollars). Implementation of the
proposed BAT technology was estimated to remove 4.9 kilograms of
4614
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
priority pollutants and 35,5 kilograms of suspended solids over
the estimated BPT removal.
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA_is promulgating BAT limitations_,for this subcategory based on
Option C, which includes chemical precipitation, sedimentation,
and multimedia filtration. The estimated capital cost of
promulgated BAT is $13,474 (1982 dollars) and the annual cost is
$63,466_(1982 dollars). The end-of-pipe treatment configuration
for Option C is presented in Figure X-2 (page 4625).
EPA is promulgating BAT with multimedia filtration as part of the
model technology because this technology results in additional
removal of toxic metals. Filtration is also presently
demonstrated at 25 plants throughout the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category. Filtration adds reliability to the
treatment system by making it less susceptible to operator error
and to sudden changes*,in raw wastewater flow and concentrations.
Implementation of the control and treatment technologies of
Option C would remove annually an estimated 26,273 kilograms of
toxic metal pollutants and 20,115 kilograms of suspended solids,
which is 4.9 kilograms of toxic metal pollutants and 35.5
kilograms of suspended solids over the estimated BPT removal.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BAT discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision based
upon the flows of the existing plants, as determined from
analysis of the data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the five wastewater
sources were determined and are summarized in Table X-3 (page
4620). The discharge rates are normalized on a production basis
by relating the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
intermediate product which is produced by the process associated
with the waste stream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table X-3.
The BAT discharge rates reflect no flow reduction requirements as
compared to the BPT option flows. In-process flow reduction
beyond the BPT,allowances is not achievable for any waste streams
in this subcategory. As an example, the acid leach scrubber used
at one of the secondary tantalum plants already operates at 92
percent recycle. Consequently, the BAT and BPT production
normalized discharge flows are identical.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutants and pollutant parameters for limitation. This
. 4615
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
examination and evaluation was presented in Section VI._ The
Agency, however, has chosen not to regulate all six priority
pollutants selected in this analysis. The high cost associated
with analysis for toxic metal pollutants has prompted EPA to
develop an alternative method for regulating and monitoring
priority pollutant discharges from the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category. Rather than developing specific effluent
mass limitations and standards for each of the toxic metals found
in treatable concentrations in the raw wastewater from a given
subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent mass limitations
only for those pollutants generated in the greatest quantities as
shown by the pollutant removal estimate analysis. The pollutants
selected for specific limitation are listed below:
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
128. zinc
tantalum
By establishing limitations and standards for certain metal
pollutants, dischargers will attain the same degree of control
over toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
This approach is technically justified since the achievable
concentrations used for chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology are based on optimized treatment for concomitant
multiple metals removal. Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at very
nearly the same rate in a chemical precipitation and
sedimentation treatment system operated for multiple metals
removal. Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewise
justified because this technology removes metals non-
preferentially.
The pollutants selected for specific limitation in the secondary
tantalum subcategory are copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and
tantalum. The following toxic metal pollutants are excluded from
limitation on the basis that they are effectively controlled by
the limitations developed-for copper, lead, nickel, zinc, and
tantalum: ;
114. antimony ;
126. silver
The priority metal pollutants copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, as
well as the nonconventional metal pollutant tantalum, are
specifically limited to .ensure the control of the excluded
priority metal pollutants These pollutants are indicators of
the performance of the treatment technology.
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The achievable concentrations, both one day maximum and monthly
4616
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY . SECT - X
average values, are multiplied by the BAT normalized discharge
flows summarized in Table X-3 (page 4620) to calculate the mass
of pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The
results of these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per
kilogram of product represent the BAT effluent limitations and
are presented in Table X-4 (page 4621) for each wastewater
stream.
4617
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-2
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
Direct Dischargers
Option
A
C
Total Required
Capital Cost
(1982 dollars)
6462
13474
Total
Annual Cost
(1982 dollars)
58854
63466
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM-SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4620
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-4
BAT. .MASS .LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
* Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27 . 670
96.850
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse
BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
(Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver ,
*Zinc
*Tantalum
38.990
25.860
5.656
11.110
5.858
20.600
9.090
17.370
12.320
2.626
7.474
2.424
8.484
*Regulated Pollutant
4621
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
of equivalent pure
396.200
262.800
57.480
112.900
59.540
209.400
92.390
tantalum powder
176.600
125.200
26.690
75.960
24.640
86.230
produced
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
0.676
0.448
0.098
0.193
0.102
0.357
0.158
0.301
0.214
0.046
0.130
0.042
0.147
*Regulated Pollutant
4622
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-4 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
(lb/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
9.418
6.246
1.366
2.684
1.415
4.978
2.196
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
*Regulated Pollutant
4623
-------
I
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4625
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4626
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
SECTION XI
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The basis for new source performance standards (NSPS) is the best
available demonstrated technology (.BDT) . New plants have the
opportunity to design the best and most efficient production
processes and wastewater treatment technologies without facinq
the added costs and restrictions encountered in retrofitting an
existing plant. Therefore, EPA has considered the best
demonstrated process changes, in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe
6? easible? 16S Whi°h redU°e pollution to the maximum
This section describes the technologies for treatment of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for regulated pollutants for NSPS in the secondary tantalum
subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS
New source performance standards are equivalent to the best
available technology (BAT) selected for currently existing
secondary tantalum plants. This result is a consequence ol
careful review by the Agency of a wide range of technical options
for new source treatment systems which is discussed in Section IX
tl_.he General Development Document. Additionally, there was
nothing found to indicate that the wastewater flows and
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those from
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are not
expected to differ from those used at existing screes .
Consequently, BAT production normalized discharge rates, which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory, can
are
in
Treatment technologies considered for the NSPS options are
identical to the treatment technologies considered for the BAT
options. These options are:
OPTION A
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION C
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed that the best available demonstrated technology for
the secondary tantalum subcategory be equivalent to Option C
•462'
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
sedimentation, and multimedia
The
(chemical precipitation,
filtration) .
wastewater flow rates for proposed NSPS are the Bane as the
BAT flow rates. Flow reduction measures for NSPS were
wbn£e?^^^
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and NSPS flow rates should be equal to those for
BAT.
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA is promulgating NSPS for the secondary tantalum subcafcegory
based on Option C (chemical precipitation. Sedimentation, and
SSSS-fc ^^^^^^eZ^^^^ *
ss-.^.sjrsa'^ss ,1 PS 2:
no? flasible? because dry scrubbing is not demonstrated for
cSntro??ing Missions from.acid leaching °P««,ons ^nature
of these emissions (acid fumes, hot particulate matter j
SLhnicllly precludes tne use of dry scrubbers. Therefore,, EPA
is including In allowance from this source at NSPS equivalent to
that promulgated for BAT. EPA also does not believe that new
SSnts could achieve any additional flow reduction beyond the 92
percent scrubber effluent recycle presently practiced in the
industry.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Aaency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be fSSd in treatable concentrations in processes within new
sources will bl any different than with existing sources.
icco?dfng!y, pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for
l?m?tat?ony under NSPS, in accordance with the "t^nal*
and X, are identical to those selected for BAT.
pollutant parameters TSS and PH are also selected
for limitation.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are the same
as the discharge rates for BAT and are shown in Table XI-1. The
mass of pollutlnt allowed to be discharged per mass of Product is
calculated by multiplying the appropriate achievable
concentration (mg/1) by the production normalized wastewater
diScSrgS flows (1/kkg). The results of these calculations
are the9produ^ion-based nSw source performance standards. These
standards are presented in Table XI-2.
4628
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
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SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2
NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH Within
Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum
445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
3,459.000
the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
powder produced
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27.670
96.850
— — —
2,767.000
all times
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
38.990
25.860
5.656
11.110
5.858
20.600
9.090
303.000
17.370
12.320
2.626
7.474
2.424
8.484
242.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4630
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant or:Maximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony 396.200 176.600
*Copper 262.800 125.200
*Lead 57.480 26.690
*Nickel 112.900 75.960
Silver 59.540 24.640
*Zinc 209.400 86.230
*Tantalum 92.390
*TSS 3,080.000 2,464.000
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
pollutant property any one day monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony 0.676 0.301
*Copper 0.448 0.214
*Lead 0.098 0.046
*Nickel 0.193 0.130
Silver 0.102 0.042
*Zinc 0.357 0.147
*Tantalum 0.158
*TSS 5.250 4.200
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4631
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
Table XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
*TSS
*pH
9.418
6.246
1.366
2.684
1.415
4.978
2.196
73.200
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
58.560
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4632
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
,SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the.control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from new sources in the
secondary tantalum subcategory. PSES are designed to prevent the
discharge of pollutants which pass through, interfere with, or
are otherwise incompatible with the operation of publicly owned
treatment works (POTW). The Clean Water Act requires
pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic metals, that limit
POTW sludge management alternatives. New indirect discharge
facilities, like new direct discharge facilities, have the
opportunity to incorporate the best available demonstrated
technologies, including process changes, in-plant controls, and
end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to use plant site
selection to ensure adequate treatment system installation.
Pretreatment standards are to be technology based, analogous to
the best available technology for removal of toxic pollutants.
Pretreatment standards for regulated pollutants are presented
based on the selected control and treatment technology.
Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES) will not be
promulgated for the secondary tantalum subcategory because there
are no existing indirect dischargers in this subcategory.
However, pretreatment standards for new sources (PSNS) will be
promulgated.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
Before proposing and promulgating pretreatment standards, the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen sludge disposal practices. In determining whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary
treatment, the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable. A
pollutant is deemed to pass through the POTW when the average
percentage removed nationwide by well-operated POTW meeting
secondary treatment requirements, is less than the percentage
removed by direct dischargers complying with BAT effluent
standards guidelines for that pollutant.
This definition of pass through satisfies the two competing
objectives set by Congress that standards for indirect
dischargers be equivalent to standards for direct dischargers
while at the same time the treatment capability and performance
of the POTW be recognized and taken into account in regulating
the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.. The Agency
compares percentage removal; rather than the mass or concentration
of pollutants .discharged because the latter would not take into
account the mass of pollutants discharged to the POTW from non-
4633
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
industrial sources or the dilution of the pollutants in the POTW
effluent to lower concentrations due to the addition of large
amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR NEW SOURCES
Options for pretreatment of wastewaters from new sources are
based on increasing the effectiveness of end-of-pipe treatment
technologies. All in-plant changes and applicable end-of-pipe
treatment processes have been discussed previously in Sections X
and XI. The options for PSNS, therefore, are the same as the BAT
options discussed in Section X.
A description of each option is presented in Section X. Treatment
technologies considered for the PSNS options are:
OPTION A
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION C
o
o
Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Multimedia filtration
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed PSNS for the secondary tantalum subcategory based on
Option C, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia
filtration. The wastewater discharge rates proposed for PSNS are
equivalent to the proposed BAT discharge rates. No flow
reduction measures for PSNS were considered feasible beyond the
rates proposed for BAT.
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA has selected Option C (chemical precipitation, sedimentation,
and multimedia filtration) as the regulatory approach for
pretreatment standards for new sources on the basis that it
achieves effective removal of toxic pollutants and is
demonstrated by 25 plants throughout the nonferrous metals
manufacturing category.
The wastewater discharge rates for PSNS are identical to the
promulgated BAT discharge rates for each waste stream. The PSNS
discharge rates are shown in Table XII-1 (page 4636). No
additional flow reduction measures for PSNS are feasible. EPA
does not believe that new plants could achieve flow reduction
beyond the 92 percent scrubber effluent recycle presently
practiced in the industry.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Pollutants selected for limitation, in accordance with the
rationale of Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected
4634
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
for limitation for BAT. It is necessary to promulgate PSNS to
prevent the pass-through of copper, lead, nickel, and zinc, which
are the limited pollutants. These toxic pollutants are removed
by a well-operated POTW achieving secondary treatment at an
average of 48 percent while BAT level technology removes
approximately 99 percent.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Pretreatment standards are based on the pollutant concentrations
achievable from the selected treatment technology, (Option C),
and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT. A mass
of pollutant per mass of product (mg/kg) allocation is given for
each subdivision within the subcategory. This pollutant
allocation is based on the product of the treatable concentration
from the promulgated treatment (mg/1) and the production
normalized wastewater discharg.e rate (1/kkg). The achievable
treatment concentrations for BAT are identical to those for PSNS.
PSNS are presented in Table XII-2 (page 4637).
4635
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
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4636
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2
PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Tantalum Alloy Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg
Antimony
* Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
(Ib/million
Ibs) of tantalum
• 445.100
295.200
64.570
126.800
66.870
235.200
103.800
powder produced
198.300
140.700
29.980
85.320
27.670
96.850
—,~»—m
(b) Capacitor Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced from leaching
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
38.990
25.860
5.656
11.110
5.858
20.600
9.090
17.370
12.320
2.626
7.474
2.424
8.484
*Regulated Pollutant
4637
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Tantalum Sludge Leach and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
396.200
262.800
57.480
112.900
59.540
209.400
92.390
176.600
125.200
26.690
75.960
24.640
86.230
(d) Tantalum Powder Acid Wash and Rinse PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for "~
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
0.676
0.448
0.098
0.193
0.102
0.357
0.158
0.301
0.214
0.046
0.130
0.042
0.147
*Regulated Pollutant
463.8
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Leaching Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
(Ib/million Ibs) of equivalent pure tantalum powder produced
Antimony
*Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Silver
*Zinc
*Tantalum
9.418
6.246
366
684
1.415
4.978
2.196
1
2
4.197
2.977
0.634
1.806
0.586
2.050
*Regulated Pollutant
4639
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4640
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY . SECT -.XIII
SECTION XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA- is not promulgating best conventional pollutant control
technology (BCT) for the secondary tantalum subcategory at this
time.
4641
-------
SECONDARY TANTALUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4642
-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
for the
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
William K. Reilly
Administrator
Rebecca Hanmer
Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
Martha Prothro, Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Thomas P. O'Farrell, Director
Industrial Technology Division
Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
Metals Industry Branch
and
Technical Project Officer
May 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Industrial Technology Division
Washington, D. C. 20460
4643
-------
4644
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY
II
III
CONCLUSIONS
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
4655
4667
IV
V
Description of Secondary Uranium Production
Raw Materials
Uranium Tetrafluoride Production
Magnesium Reduction Process
Process Wastewater Sources
Other Wastewater Sources
Age, Production, and Process Profile
SUBCATEGORIZATION
Factors Considered in Subdividing the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
Other Factors
Production Normalizing Parameters
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
Wastewater Flow Rates
Wastewater Characteristics Data
Data Collection Portfolio
Field Sampling Data
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by
Subdivision
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
Control
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
4667
4667
4668
4669
4669
4669
4669
4677
4677
4678
4678
4681
4682
4682
4683
4683
4684
4684
4685
4685
4685
4685
4686
4686
4686
4687
4645
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
VI
VII
VIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant
Parameters Selected
Toxic Priority Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations
Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of
Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further
Consideration in Establishing Limitations and
Standards
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
Current Control and Treatment Practices
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
Control
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
Control and Treatment Options
Option A • \ •
Option C
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
Treatment. Options for Existing Sources
Option A
Option C
Cost Methodology
Nonwater Quality Aspects
Energy Requirements
Solid Waste
Air Pollution
4730
4730
4730
4730
4731
4739
4739
4739
4739
4740
4740
4740
4740
4740
4741
4741
4741
4741
4742
4743
4743
4743
4743
4743
4744
4744
4744
4745
4646
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
IX
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE
Technical Approach to BPT
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates
BPT Option Selection - Proposal
BPT Option Selection - Promulgation
Wastewater Discharge Rates
Refinery Sump Filtrate
Slag Leach Reslurry
Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution
Control
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
Laundry Wastewater
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Effluent Limitations
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY
ACHIEVABLE
Technical Approach to BAT 4763
Option A 4764
Option C 4754
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimates 4764
Pollutant Removal Estimates 4764
Compliance Costs 4765
BAT Option Selection - Proposal 4765
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation 4766
Wastewater Discharge Rates 4766
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 4757
Effluent Limitations 4768
NEW'SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 4779
Technical Approach to NSPS 4779
NSPS Option Selection - Proposal 4780
NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation 4780
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 4730
New Source Performance Standards 4780
4747
4749
4749
4750
4750
4750
4751
4751
4752
4752
4752
4753
4753
4753
4754
4754
4763
4647
-------
r
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Section
XII
TABLE OP CONTENTS (Continued)
XIII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Technical Approach to Pretreatment
Pretreatraent Standards for New Sources
PSNS Option Selection
Regulated Pollutant Parameters
Pretreatment Standards for New Sources
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 4797
Page
4787
4787
4788
4788
4788,
4789
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Title
Paqe
III-l Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 4671
in the Secondary Uranium Subcategory by
Discharge Type
III-2 Production Ranges for the Secondary Uranium 4672
Subcategory
III-3 Summary of Secondary Uranium Subcategory Process 4673
and Associated Waste Streams
V-l Water Use and Discharge Rates for Refinery Sump 4688
Filtrate
V-2 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Slag Leach 4688
Reslurry
V-3 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Digestion Wet 4688
Air Pollution Control
V-4 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Solvent 4689
Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
V-5 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Evaporation 4689
and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control
V-6 Water Use and Discharge Rates for 4689
Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber
V-7. Water Use and Discharge Rates for 4690
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber
V-8 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Magnesium 4690
Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Water
V-9 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Laundry 4690
Wastewater
V-10 Refinery Sump Filtrate Sampling Data 4691
V-ll Solvent Extraction Raffinate After Lime Addition 4694
and Sedimentation Sampling Data
V-12 Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate Sampling 4702
Data
4649
-------
1
Table
V-13
V-14
V-15
1 V-16
1 . VI-1
1 VI-2
I VI-3
I IX-1
1
I IX-2
1
1 x-i
1
I X-2
1
• X-3
1
I X-4
I
• XI-1
• XI-2
• XII-1
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Hydrofluorination Alkaline (KOH) Scrubber Raw
Wastewater Sampling Data
Reduction and Casting Floor Wash Raw Wastewater
Sampling Data
Uranium Laundry/Lab Waste Raw Wastewater
Sampling Data
Plant 6 Filtrate Raw Wastewater Sampling Data
Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants
Secondary Uranium Subcategory Raw Wastewater
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory Direct Discharges
BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
BPT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
Pollutant Removal Estimates for Direct
Dischargers
Cost of Compliance for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Secondary
Uranium Subcategory
BAT Mass Limitations for the Secondary Uranium
Subcategory
NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
NSPS for the Secondary Uranium Subcategory
PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the
Page 1
4706 1
4709 1
4719 1
1
4723 I
4733 1
4736 1
4746 1
4755 1
1
4756 I
1
4769 I
1
4770 I
1
4771 I
1
4772. 1
j
4781 1
1
4782 1
4790 1
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
XII-2 PSNS for the Secondary Uranium Subcategory
4791
4650
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
III-l Uranium Tetrafluoride Production Process in the 4674
Secondary Uranium Subcategory
III-2 Magnesium Reduction Process in the Secondary 4675
Uranium Subcategory
III-3 Geographic Locations of the Secondary Uranium 4676
Subcategory. Plants
V-l Sampling Locations at Secondary Uranium Plant A 4726
V-2 Sampling Locations at Secondary Uranium Plant B 4727
IX-1 BPT Treatment Scheme for the Secondary Uranium 4761
Subcategory
X-l BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A 4777
X-2 BAT Treatment Scheme for Option C 4778
4651
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4652
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
SECTION I
SUMMARY
This document provides the technical basis for promulgating
effluent limitations based on best practicable technology (BPT)
and best available technology (BAT) for existing direct
dischargers, standards of performance for new source direct
dischargers (NSPS), and. pretreatment standards for new indirect
dischargers (PSNS).
The secondary uranium subcategory consists of three plants. Of
the three plants, two discharge directly to surface waters, and
one achieves zero discharge of process wastewater.
EPA first studied the secondary uranium subcategory to determine
whether differences in raw materials, final products,
manufacturing processes, equipment, age and size of plants, or
water usage required the development of separate effluent
limitations and standards for different segments of the
subcategory. This involved a detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge and treated effluent characteristics, including the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the sources
of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant, and the constituents
of wastewaters including priority pollutants. As a result, nine
subdivisions or building blocks have been identified for this
subcategory that warrant separate effluent limitations. These
include:
(a) Refinery sump filtrate,
(b) Slag leach reslurry,
,(e) Digestion wet air pollution control,
(d) Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
(e) Evaporation and denitration wet .air pollution control,
(f) Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
(g) .Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
(h) Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water, and
(i) Laundry wastewater.
EPA also identified several distinct control and treatment
technologies (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the
secondary uranium subcategory. The Agency analyzed both
historical and newly generated data on the performance of these
technologies, including their nonwater quality environmental
impacts and air quality, •solid waste generation, and energy
requirements. EPA also studied various flow reduction techniques
reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp) and plant
visits. " f
Engineering .costs were prepared ftpr each of the control and
treatment options considered for the subcategory. These costs
were then used by the Agency to estimate the impact of
implementing the various options on the subcategory. For each
4653
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - I
Metals Manufacturing Industry."
capital cost of $54,800 and an annual cost of $90,400.
For BAT, filtration is added as an effluent
an annual cost of $106,700.
best demonstrated technology.
of-pipe treatment techniques equivalent to BAT.
finalized.
The mass limitations and standards for BPT,
are presented in Section II.
BAT, NSPS, and PSNS
4654
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
SECTION II
'CONCLUSIONS
EPA has divided the secondary uranium subcategory into nine
subdivisions for the purpose of effluent limitations and
standards. These subdivisions are:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Refinery sump filtrate,
Slag leach reslurry,
Digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water, and
Laundry wastewatef.
BPT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology. The " ""
promulgated:
C — — £T — «*-.*. ^** w**A^4 OCtJiiUCil 1
following BPT effluent limitations
are
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
b) Slag
r>,->i i .,4-
(lb/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
(total) 32.270
139.300
140.800
2,567.000
3,007.000
Within the range of 7 . 5
Leach Reslurry BPT
13.200
73.340
93.140
1,459.000
1,430.000
to 10.0 at all times
Pollutant Property
Any One Day
Maximum for
MonthlY Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refTnery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
PH
2.009
8.675
8.767
1P9.800
187.200
0.822
4.566
5.799
90.860
89.070
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4655
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - II
(c) Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
- Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
PollStant Property Any. One Day Monthly Average
- mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total) ,0.0.00 JJ-JJOO
SSS ° °°° °-000
SSoride 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
pH
(d) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
PollStaSt Property Any One Day Monthly Average ^
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)! of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total) '2.802 1.146
SlSS '"IMS 8.089
Fluoride 222.900 126.700
Fluoride 261.100 124.200
PH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air. Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million'Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total) ' /O.OOO
NickSl 0.000 0.000
?tSo?ide o.ooo o.ooo
Fluoride 0>000
TSS
pH
Within the range'of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4656
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(f) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
PH
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0.000
0.000
0..000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(g) Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH Within the
Ibs) of uranium
0.009
0.038
0.038
0.700
0.820
range of 7.5 to
tetrafluoride produce
0.004
0.020
0.025
0.398
0.390
10.0 at all times
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.013
0.057
0.058
1.054
1.234
0.005
0.030
0.038
0.599
0.587
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4657
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(i) Laundry Wastewater BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
tag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.084
0.365
0.369
6.720
7,872
0.035
0.192
0.244
3.821
3.744
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
BAT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
aoDlication of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following BAT effluent
limitations are promulgated,:
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
1.689
5.844
2.511
159.800
0.685
2.785
1.689
90.860
4658
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(c) Digestion Web Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 000
(d) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
(total)
2.357
8.152
3.503
222.900
0.955
3.885
2.357
126.700
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
(total)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(£).' Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
'kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4659
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.007
0.026
0.011
0.700
0.003
0.012
0.007
0.398
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium re
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.011
0.039
0.017
1.054
0.005
0.018
0.011
0.599
uct i on
(i) Laundry Wastewater BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.036
0.123
0.053
3.360
0.014
0.059
0.036
1.910
NSPS are promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following effluent
standards are promulgated for new sources:
4660
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium
(total) 27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
1,100.000
Within the range of 7.5
processed in the refin
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
880.100
to 10.0 at all times
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg
Chromium
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
(Ib/million
(total)
Within the
Ibs) of uranium
1.689
5.844
2.511
159.800
68.490
range of 7.5- to
processed in the refin
0.685
2.785
1.689
. 90.860
54.790
10.0 at all times
(c) Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
PH
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4661
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(d) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
2.357
8.152
3.503
222.900
95.540
0.955
3.885
2.357
126.700
76.430
Within the range of 7.5 to 10 at all times
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
f) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range'of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
4662
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(g) Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
0.007
0.026
0.011
0.700
0.300
pH
0.003
0.012
0.007
0.398
0.240
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
0.011
0.039
0.017
1.054
0.452
PH
0.005
0,018
0.011
0.599
0.361
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(i) Laundry Wastewater NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
TSS
P«
0.036
0.123
0.053
3.360
1.440
0.014
0.059
0.036
1.910
1.152
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
PSES is not being promulgated for this subcategory at this time
because there are no existing indirect dischargers in the
secondary uranium subcategory.
PSNS_ are promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration technology. The following pretreatment
standards are promulgated for new sources:
4663
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate
PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the retinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
27.140
93.880
40.340
2,567.000
11.000
44.740
27.140
1,459.000
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
1.689
1 5.844
2.511
159.800
0.685
2.785
1.689
90.860
(c) Digestion Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(d)
Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate
PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
2.357
8.152
3.503
222.900
0.955
3.885
2.357
126.700
4664
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 000
0.000
(f) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(g) Hydrofluorination Alkaline Scrubber PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg(Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.007
0.026
0.011
0.700
0.003
0.018
0.007
0.39S
(h) Magnesium Reduction and Casting Floor Wash PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.011
0.039
0.017
1.054
0.005
0.018
0.011
0.599
4665
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - II
(i) Laundry Wastewater PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Chromium (total)
Copper
Nickel
Fluoride
0.036
0.123
0.053
0.360
0.014
0.059
0.036
1.910
EPA is not promulgating BCT at this time for the secondary
uranium subcategory.
4666
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
SECTION III
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
This section of the secondary uranium supplement describes the
raw materials and processes used in producing secondary uranium
and presents a profile of the secondary uranium plants identified
in this study.
Secondary uranium is processed domestically as two general types
of materials; slightly enriched with approximately 0.95 percent
U235' an<3 depleted uranium with approximately 0.2O percent ^35.
Natural grade uranium contains approximately 0.70 percent U235.
The slightly enriched material is processed at one facility
operated by the U.S. Department of Energy. This material is used
to fabricate fuel cores for "production reactors" which are used
to produce plutonium.
The major use of depleted uranium is in ordinance applications.
The source of depleted uranium is depleted uranium hexafluoride,
UFs resulting from enrichment of natural uranium for nuclear
applications. The high density and pyrophoricity of uranium
metal reduced from depleted UFs make it ideal for use in armor
penetrating ammunition. Other uses of secondary uranium are
containers for spent nuclear reactor residues, radiation
shielding applications, ballast and counterweights on aircraft
control surfaces, and research. . -,,
DESCRIPTION OF SECONDARY URANIUM PRODUCTION
The production of secondary uranium can be divided into two
distinct stages. The first stage is production of uranium
tetrafluoride, UF4, from secondary materials, and the second
stage is magnesium reduction of uranium tetrafluoride to pure
uranium metal. All the plants in this subcategory perform the
second stage process, but only one plant produces uranium
tetrafluoride from secondary materials. The secondary uranium
production processes are shown schematically in Figures III-l and
III-2 (pages 4674 and 4675), and are described in the following
paragraphs.
RAW MATERIALS
The raw material necessary for the production of uranium by the
magnesium, reduction process is uranium tetrafluoride, QF4. This
material is generally obtained from enrichment plants which
produce uranium for nuclear energy applications. The enrichment'
process involves separation of enriched UF6 from depleted UFs.
Much of the depleted uranium hexaf luoride is converted to U.F4
which is subsequently used as a raw material in the magnesium
reduction process. Uranium- tetrafluoride is also produced from
uranium-bearing scrap. One of the plants in this subcategory
uses uranium scrap (mainly 'off-spec product or machining scrap),
4667
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
residues, and magnesium reduction slag as raw materials in
addition to using uranium tetrafluoride. The following
discussions describe the production of uranium from secondary
sources and the production of uranium metal from uranium
tetrafluoride in more detail.
URANIUM TETRAPLUORIDE PRODUCTION
One plant in the secondary Cranium subcategory has the capacity
to manufacture uranium tetrafluoride from scrap uranium
materials. This plant uses the manufactured UP4 in _its
magnesium reduction operation as a supplement to UF4 obtained
from other sources. This process is primarily a uranium recovery
operation, as the raw materials are scrap from machining
operations, and slag generated by magnesium reduction. The
magnesium fluoride slag Is recycled to the recovery process
whenever its residual uranium content is economically
recoverable.
The first step in the recovery process is acid leaching the raw
materials to dissolve uranium. Nitric acid is used in all
digestion, leaching, and dissolving operations. The resultant
uranyl nitrate solution is filtered and undissolved solids are
discarded.
Solvent extraction follows the dissolution operation. In the
solvent extraction process, uranyl nitrate is extracted into a
solvent phase from the impure solution with an organic solvent
such as tributyl phosphate in kerosene. The solvent extraction
raffinate is discharged to treatment.
Following the solvent extraction operation the uranyl nitrate is
stripped from the organic phase with deionized water. The
aqueous uranyl nitrate solution undergoes evaporation to produce
a dry uranyl nitrate product which is calcined causing the
nitrate to burn off as gaseous nitrogen oxides. The resulting
product is yellow uranium trioxide, UO3.
The final stages of uranium tetrafluoride production involve two
operations; hydrogen reduction and hydrofluorination. Uranium
trioxide is reduced by hydrogen to produce uranium dioxide, UO2-
Hydrogen for this process is obtained by cracking ammonia. Then,
uranium dioxide is contacted with vaporized hydrofluoric acid at
elevated temperatures. The resulting product is uranium
tetrafluoride, UF4, which is feed material for the magnesium
reduction operation. ;
The potential waste streams associated with the production of
uranium tetrafluoride are generated in the preliminary acid
leaching .steps and the solvent extraction and purification
operations. Wet air pollution controls are also used in this
process to scrub gases from the acid leaching, evaporation and
denitration, and hydrofluorination operations.
4668
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION PROCESS
The magnesium reduction process is widely used to produce uranium
metal from uranium tetrafluoride. Uranium tetrafluoride is mixed
with magnesium and reduced to uranium metal in a thermite-type
bomb reduction vessel. ; The reduction reaction requires about
three minutes and reaches a temperature around 1,900°C. After
the magnesium fluoride slag and uranium metal are allowed to
cool, the uranium metal is mechanically separated from the slag.
No process water is associated with this process,. therefore no
waste streams are generated.
PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES,
Although a variety of processes are involved in secondary uranium
production, the process wastewater sources can be subdivided as
follows:
(a) Refinery sump filtrate,
(b) Slag leach reslurry,
(c) Digestion wet air pollution control,
(d) Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
(e) Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
(f) Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
(g) Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
(h) Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash, and
(i) Laundry wastewater.
OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
Other wastewaters may be associated with the secondary uranium
subcategory. These wastewater streams include stormwater runoff,
and maintenance and cleanup water. These waste streams are not
considered as a part of this rulemak-ing. EPA believes that the
flows and pollutant loadings associated with these waste streams
are insignificant relative to the waste streams selected and are
best handled by the appropriate permit authority on a case-by-
case basis under authority of Section 402 of the Clean Water Act.
AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE
Figure III-3 (page 4676) shows the location of the three
secondary uranium plants operating in the United States. All
three plants are on the eastern part of the country. Table III-1
(page 4671) shows the relative ages of the three plants. This
shows that two plants were built in the early years of the
uranium industry, while the third plant was built in the early
1970's. It was probably built in anticipation of the growth of
the 'uranium industry due to commercial uses of uranium, primarily
in power generation. Table III-2 (page 4672) gives the yearly
production ranges for the three plants in this subcategory.
4669
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
Table III-3 (page 4673) provides a summary of the number of
plants generating wastewater for the waste streams associated
with various proclsses and the number of plants with the process.
4670
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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4671
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - HI
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4674
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
UF,
L_±
•Mg
Blending UF,
and Mg Metal
\
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and Mg Blend
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r
Magnesium
Reduction
Furnace
\
P
Air Cooling
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Separation
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f
Derby
Casting
J
"•MgF_ Removed
Uranium Product
Figure III-2
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION PROCESS IN THE
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
4675
-------
r
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
SECTION IV
SUBCATEGORI ZATION
<
S-UBDIVIDING THE SECONDARY URANIUM
»o!L fact°rs nlistfd Previously under general subcategorization
were each evaluated when considering subdivision of the seconda?v
uranium subcategory. m the discussion that follows, th^actSrs
will be described as they pertain to this particular subcatego?y?
=o™/ati°nale. f°r considering further subdivision of the
secondary uranium subcategory is based primarily on difference!
in the production processes and raw materials used, within thil
subcategory a number of different operations are performed which
may or may not have a water use or discharge, and which mav
require the establishment of separate effluen? limitations^
While secondary uranium is still considered a single '
°rh 9
e«y
Jllustra Jd°r?h9h examlnati?? of the production processes* Si
illustrated the need for limitations and standards based on
specific flow allowances for the following subdivisions:
1. Refinery sump filtrate,
2. Slag leach reslurry,
3. Digestion wet air pollution control,
4. Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
I' ^a?°£ati°? T? denitration wet air pollution control,
6. Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
7. Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
8. Magnesium reduction and casting floor wash, and
9. Laundry wastewater.
^r™ subdivisions follow directly from differences within the
te?r^luo?idf for^ SCraP' residues' and -lag to produce u?anium
tetrafluoride for use in magnesium reduction to uranium metal.
Leaching of the raw materials gives rise to the first
source o wasewtr is
r s
maerac, 1S ?enerat^ by leaching uranium from the raw
diachiS^ ? 9 ".Procesaed' the residual solids are
discharged as a slurry which may be a significant source of
acid fumes Ln^T^ 'H™ scrubbers whi^ are used to control
leaching operation is also a source of
Solvent extraction is used in the refining process to purifv a
uranium intermediate product. Solvent ext?action result in a
raffinate waste stream that contains significant quantities of
4677
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IV
pollutants.
Subdivisions five through seven arise from wet air pollution
controls which control emissions from the process used to refine
Scrip? residues, and slag,to a usable, product. Evaporation,
denitration, and hydrofluorination are all operations that
necessitate'air pollution control systems In some cases, water
iicse is recvcled to the process rather than discharged. The
potential Sou?cSs of wastSwater and associated pollutants require
that each subdivision be examined and handled on an individual
basis. Subdivisions eight and nine result from ^°?r w*f ^JJ
the magnesium reduction and casting area and laundering of plant
personnel clothing.
OTHER FACTORS
The other factors considered in this evaluation either support
the establishment of the seven subdivisions or were shown to be
inappropriate bases for subdivision. Air pollution control
methods, treatment costs, and total energy requirements are
functions of the selected :subcategorization factors --metal
product, raw materials, and production processes. Therefore,
they are not independent factors and do not affect the
subcategorization which has been applied. As discussed in
Section IV of the General iDevelopment Document, certain other
factors, such as plant age, plant size, and the number of
employes, were also^valuatld and determined to Jj inappropriate
for use as bases for subdivision of nonferrous metals plants.
PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
As discussed previously, the effluent limitations and standards
developed in this document establish mass limitations on the
discharge of specific pollutant parameters. To allow these
reflations to be applied to plants with various production
capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be related to a
unit of production. This factor is known as the production
normalizing parameter (PNP).
In general, for each production process which has a wastewater
associated with it, the actual mass of uranium intermediate
prodScfproduced will be used as the PNP. Thus, the PNPs for the
nine subdivisions are as follows:
Subdivision
1. Refinery sump filtrate
2. Slag leach reslurry
3. Digestion wet air pollution
control
PNP
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
4678
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
4. Solvent extraction raffinate
filtrate
5. Evaporation and denitration
wet air pollution control
6. Hydrofluorination water
scrubber
7. Hydrofluorination alkaline
scrubber
8. Magnesium reduction and
casting floor wash
9. Laundry wastewater
kkg of uranium processed in
the refinery
kkg of uranium trioxide
produced
kkg of uranium tetraf luoride
produced
kkg of uranium tetraf luoride
produced
kkg of uranium produced by
magnesium reduction
kkg of uranium produced by
magnesium reduction
The
for
last two subdivisions were added after proposal to account
additional waste streams documented by the plants in ?heir
ifv' thff Pr°P°sal'.the Agency had ^nsuffiXeSt Sata to
quantify the flow associated with these operations
<- dUring ?°St Pr°P°sal sampling visits have enabled
Promul9ate discharge allowances for these building
Based on comments from the industry received between proposal and
promulgation, the Agency revised the production nSrSzJnc
parameters for the first four subdivisions. The ?NPs we?e
changed from the mass of uranium trioxide produced to the mass of
uranium processed within the subdivision operation. ThiS enSblSf
plants to calculate their regulatory discharge ailowaiceS wnln
they perform operations on a batch or campaign basis?
s^bdiv!sion nan»es have also been altered since proposal
was done in response to industry comments requesting that
the industry. ***** ** modified to refle^ actual practice \ithfn
4679
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4680
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SECTION V
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes the characteristics of the wastewaters
associated with the secondary uranium subcategory. Water use and
discharge rates are explained and then summarized. Data used to
characterize the wastewaters are presented, and the specific
source, water use and discharge flows, and wastewater
characteristips for "each separate wastewater source are
discussed.
Section V of the General Development Document contains a detailed
description of the data sources and methods of analysis used to
characterize wastewater from the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category. To summarize this information briefly, two principal
data sources were used: data collection portfolios (dcp) and
field sampling results. Data collection portfolios contain
information regarding wastewater flows and production levels.
In order to quantify the pollutant discharge from secondary
uranium plants, a field sampling program was conducted after
proposal. A complete list of the pollutants considered and a
summary of the techniques used in sampling and laboratory
analyses are included in Section V of Vol. I. Wastewater samples
were analyzed for 124 of the 126 priority pollutants and other
pollutants deemed appropriate. Because the analytical standard
for TCDP was judged to be too hazardous to be made generally
available, samples were never analyzed for this pollutant.
Samples were also never analyzed for asbestos. There is no
reason to expect that TCDD or asbestos would be present in
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastewater. Two plants were
selected for sampling in the subcategory. In general, the
samples were analyzed for three classes of pollutants: toxic
organic pollutants, toxic metal pollutants, and criteria
pollutants (which includes both conventional and nonconventional
pollutants).
Additional wastewater flow and production data were received
through industry comments and sampling activities between
proposal and promulgation. This aided EPA in promulgating
discharge allowances for magnesium reduction and casting floor
wash and laundry wastewater which had not previously been
proposed. It also aided EPA in revising the production
normalized flows for several subdivisions.
As described in Section IV of this supplement, the secondary
uranium subcategory has been split into nine subdivisions or
wastewater sources, so that the proposed regulation contains mass
discharge limitations and standards for nine unit processes
discharging process wastewater. Differences in the wastewater
characteristics associated . with these subdivisions are to be
expected. For this reason, wastewater streams corresponding to
each subdivision,are addressed separately in the discussions that
4681
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
follow. These wastewater sources are:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Refinery sump filtrate,
Slag leach reslurry/
Digestion wet air pollution control,
Solvent extraction raffinate filtrate,
Evaporation and denitration wet air pollution control,
Hydrofluorination water scrubber,
Hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber,
Magnesium reduction^and casting floor wash, and
Laundry wastewater.
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES
Data supplied by dcp responses were evaluated, and two flow-to-
production ratios, water use and wastewater discharge flow, were
calculated for each stream. The two ratios are differentiated by
the flow value used in calculation. Water use is defined as the
volume of water or other fluid required for a given process per
mass of uranium product and is therefore based on the sum o'f
recycle and make-up flows to a given process. Wastewater flow
discharged after pretreatment or recycle (if these are present)
is used in calculating the: production normalized flow — the
volume of wastewater discharged from a given process to further
treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of uranium produced.
Differences between the water use and wastewater flows associated
with a given stream result from recycle, evaporation, and
carry-over on the product^. The production values used in
calculation correspond to the production normalizing parameter,
PNP, assigned to each stream, as outlined in Section IV. As an
example, refinery sump filtrate wastewater flow is related to the
mass of uranium processed in the refinery. As such, the
discharge rate liters of refinery sump filtrate per metric ton of
uranium processed in the 'refinery (gallons of refinery sump
filtrate per ton of uranium processed in the refinery).
The production normalized discharge flows were compiled and
statistically analyzed by stream type. These production
normalized water use and discharge flows are presented by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-9 at the end of this section.
Where appropriate, an attempt was made to identify factors that
could account for variations in water use and discharge rates.
These variations are discussed later in this section by
subdivision. A similar analysis of factors affecting the
wastewater flows is presented in Sections X, XI, and XII where
representative BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment flows are selected for
use in calculating the effluent limitations.
The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
secondary uranium production come from two sources — data
4682
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
collection portfolios and analytical data from sampling.
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS
In the data collection portfolios, the secondary uranium plants
were asked to specify the presence or absence of toxic pollutants
in their wastewater. The one .plant responding to this
questionnaire did not report the presence of any toxic organic
pollutants. The responses for the toxic metals and cyanide are
summarized below:
Pollutant
Known Present
Antimony 0
Arsenic 0
Beryllium 0
Cadmium 0
Chromium 1
Copper 1
Cyanide 0
Lead 0
Mercury 0
Nickel 1
Selenium 0
Silver 0
Thallium 0
Zinc 0
FIELD SAMPLING DATA
Believed Present
(Based on Raw Materials and
Process Chemicals Used)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
In order to quantify the concentrations of pollutants in
wastewater from secondary uranium plants, wastewater samples were
collected at two of the plants belonging to this subcategory.
Diagrams indicating the sampling sites, waste streams and
production processes are shown in Figures V-l and V-2 (paqes 4726
and 4727).
Tables V-10 through V-16 summarize the data for
pollutants as well as other pollutants that
appropriate to this subcategory.
124 priority
were considered
Table V-10 (page 4691) presents the data for refinerv sump
filtrate. Tables V-ll and V-12 (pages 4694 and 4702) summarize
the data for solvent extraction raffinate after lime addition and
sedimentation (V-ll), and after additional treatment consisting
of pH adjustment and filtration (V-12). Tables V-13 (page 4706),
V-14 (page 4709), and V-15 (page 4719) show the data for
hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber wastewater, reduction and
casting floor wash, and laundry wastewater, respectively.
Finally, Table V-16 (page 4723) presents data for treated
wastewater from reduction and casting as well as machining
operations. Note that the stream numbers listed in the tables
correspond to those given in the plant sampling site diagrams,
4683
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Figures V-l and V-2 (pages 4727 and 4727). Where no data are
listed for a specific day of sampling, the wastewater samples for
the stream were not collected.
The data tables include-some samples measured at concentrations
considered not quantifiable. Metal values_reported as less than
a certain value were considered not quantifiable.
The detection limits shown on the data tables for metals and
conventional and nonconventional pollutants are not the same in
all cases as the published detection limits for these pollutants
by the same analytical methods. The detection limits used were
reported with the analytical data and hence are the appropriate
as a result of a number of laboratory-specific, equipment-
specific, and daily operator-specific factors. These factors can
include day-to-day differences in machine calibration, variation
in stock solutions, and variation in operators.
The statistical analysis of data includes some samples measured
at concentrations considered not quantifiable. For data
considered as detected but below quantifiable concentrations, a
value of zero is used for averaging. Nonconventional and
conventional pollutant data reported with a "less than" sign are
considered as detected, but not further quantifiable. A value of
zero is used for averaging. Metal values reported as less than a
certain value were considered as below quantification, and
consequently were assigned a value of zero in the calculation of
the average.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION
Since secondary uranium production involves nine principal
sources of wastewater and each has potentially different
characteristics and flows, the wastewater characteristics and
discharge rates corresponding to each subdivision will be
described separately. A brief description of why the associated
production processes generate a wastewater will also be
discussed. [
REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE ;
The source of this waste stream is in the refinery digestion
operation. Here the uranium scrap, residues, and compounds are
acid leached, dissolving the uranium into solution. The primary
sources of wastewater in the digestion and dissolving operations
are puntp leakage, pump seal water, spills, and hosedown water.
The latter is required for health and safety reasons. The
production normalized water use and discharge rates for refinery
sump filtrate are given in Table V-l (page 4688) in liters per
metric ton of uranium processed in the refinery.
The sampling data for refinery sump filtrate are presented in
Table V-10 (page 4691). The data show that this wastewater is
characterized by treatable concentrations of chromium, magnesium,
and suspended solids.
4684
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SLAG LEACH RESLURRY
This waste stream originates in the refinery digestion operation.
Magnesium fluoride slag containing residual levels of uranium is
acid leached to recover the uranium values. After leaching, the
undissolved solids are filtered and discharged to treatment as a
slurry. The production normalized water use and discharge rates
for slag leach reslurry are given in Table V-2 (page 4688) in
liters per metric ton of uranium processed in the refinery.
Although no sampling data are available for this wastewater, it
is assumed to be similar to the refinery sump filtrate with
treatable concentrations of magnesium and suspended solids.
DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The_ acid leach operation, at the start of the uranium scrap,
residue, and slag refining process, includes a water scrubbing
system to control the discharge of acidic fumes and particulate
matter. The scrubber liquor is recycled within the scrubber
system, but a blowdown stream prevents build-up of acid and
particulates. The blowdown stream is reused in the acid
digestion and dissolution operation. Table V-4 (page 4689) shows
the production normalized water use and discharge rates for
digestion wet air pollution control.
Because the scrubber liquor is entirely recycled and reused, no
discharge of wastewater results from the use of digestion wet air
pollution control.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE
Solvent extraction follows the acid leaching operation and is
used to purify the uranium compound in solution. An organic
solvent, tributyl phosphate in a kerosene carrier, selectively
extracts the uranium compound from an acid solution. The solvent
extraction raffinate filtrate is discharged to treatment. Table
V-3 (page 4688) presents the production normalized water use and
discharge rates for the solvent extraction raffinate filtrate in
liters per metric ton of uranium processed in Solvent extraction.
Although the Agency was ;not able to obtain samples of this
wastewater prior to treatment, the data in Table V-ll (page 4694)
for solvent extraction raffinate after lime addition and
sedimentation show that this wastewater contains concentration;-
of several priority metals far in excess of their treatable
concentrations. These metals include antimony, chromium, copper,
lead, selenium, and zinc. Treatable concentrations of magnesium,
uranium, and suspended solids are also present.
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATICM WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
!
A water scrubber is used to control vapors and fumes from the
evaporation and denitration operations. Evaporation is used . to
4685
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
concentrate the uranium solution (uranyl nitrate) after.it has
been stripped from the organic phase into an aqueous phase. After
evaporation, the concentrated intermediate uranium product is
calcined to drive off the nitrate bound to the uranium and to
produce dry uranium trioxide. The nitrates in the air react to
form nitric acid, and the scrubber is used to control these acid
fumes. Table V-5 (page 4689) shows the production normalized
water use and discharge rates for the evaporation and denitration
fume scrubber.
Because the scrubber liquor has a high acid content, it is
recycled for use in the digestion operation. There it is used to
dilute fresh acid used for leaching and dissolution. Since the
scrubber liquor is entirely reused, no discharge of_wastewater is
practiced in the evaporation and denitration operations.
HYDROPLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
The hydrofluorination unit produces uranium tetrafluoride by
contacting uranium dioxide with vaporized hydrofluoric acid at
elevated temperatures. The off-gases from this operation contain
significant quantities of unreacted hydrofluoric acid. The
scrubber on this unit scrubs the acid fumes from the operation by
absorbing the hydrofluoric acid into water. Scrubbed gases are
vented to the alkaline scrubber. Table V-7 (page 4690) shows the
production normalized water use and discharge rates in liters per
metric ton of uranium tetrafluoride produced.
Since the hydrofluorination scrubber cleans what is predominantly
vaporized unreacted hydrofluoric acid, the scrubber liquor
concentrates this acid as it is recycled through the system.
When the desired concentration of hydrofluoric acid is attained,
the liquor is drawn off an4 sold for industrial use. For this
reason, no discharge of wastewater occurs from the
hydrofluorination water scrubber.
HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER
This scrubber handles vent gases from the hydrofluorination water
scrubber. These gases originated in the hydrofluorination
operation where uranium dioxide is converted to uranium
tetrafluoride. Hydrofluoric acid fumes that were not absorbed by
the water scrubber are cleaned and neutralized by the KOH
scrubber prior to venting the exhaust gases to the atmosphere.
Scrubber blowdown is discharged to treatment. Production
normalized water use and discharge rates are presented in Table
V-6 (page 4689) in liters per metric ton of uranium tetrafluoride
produced.
The sampling data for hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber
wastewater are presented in Table V-13 (page 4706). These data
show that this wastewater is characterized by an alkaline ,pH and
treatable concentrations of arsenic, copper, and nickel.
4686
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER
Water is used to wash floors and equipment in the magnesium
reduction and casting area. This water is eventually discharged
as a wastewater stream. Table V-8 (page 4690) presents the
production normalized water use and discharge rates for magnesium
reduction and casting floor wash water in liters per metric ton
of uranium produced by magnesium reduction.
The analytical data for this waste stream are presented in Table
V-14 (page 4709). The data show that this wastewater is
characterized by treatable concentrations of copper, lead, zinc
magnesium, uranium, and suspended solids. '
LAUNDRY WASTEWATER
Water is used to wash the clothing of plant personnel working in
process areas. This practice helps to minimize the amount of
uranium which leaves the plant site on workers and their clothes
This water is eventually discharged as a wastewater stream!
Water use and discharge rates for laundry wastewater are
presented in Table V-9 (page 4790) in liters per metric ton of
uranium produced by magnesium reduction.
The analytical data for this waste stream are presented in Table
V-15 (page 4719).
4687
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
: Table V-l
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
; Production
Production Normalized
Percent Normalized Discharge
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Flow
1175
0 73,340 73,340
TABLE V-2
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SLAG LEACH RESLURRY
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
Production
Production Normalized
Percent Normalized Discharge
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Flow
1175 ' o 4,566 4,566
TABLE V-3
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
: Production
Production Normalized
:Percent Normalized Discharge
Plant Code : Recycle Water Use Flow
1175 100 NR 0
4688
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-4
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE
(1/kkg of uranium processed in the refinery)
Plant Code
1175
Production
Production Normalized
Percent Normalized Discharge
Recycle Water Use Flow
6,369
6,369
TABLE V-5
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of uranium trioxide produced)
Plant Code
1175
Percent
Recycle
100
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
0
TABLE V-6
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
(1/kkg of uranium tetrafluoride produced)
Plant Code
1175
Percent
Recycle
100
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
0
4689
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
TABLE V-7
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER
(1/kkg of uranium tetrafluoride produced)
Plant Code
1175
Percent
Recycle
NR
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
20
TABLE V-8
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER
(1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium reduction)
Production
Plant Code
1175
1066
Percent
Reqycle
0
0
Normalize^
Water Use
331
30.1
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
331
30.1
TABLE V-9
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
LAUNDRY WASTEWATER.
(1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium reduction)
Plant Code
1175
1066
Percent
Recycle
'NR
o
Production
Normalized
Water Use
NR
192
Production
Normalized
Discharge
Flow
NR
192
4690
-------
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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4728
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
This section examines the chemical analysis data presented in
Section V and discusses the selection or exclusion of pollutants
for potential limitation. The discussion that follows presents
and briefly discusses the selection of conventional and
nonconventional pollutants for effluent limitations. Also
described is the analysis that was performed to select or exclude
toxic priority pollutants for further consideration for
limitations and standards. Pollutants will be considered for
limitation if they are present in concentrations treatable by the
technologies considered in this analysis. The treatable
concentrations used for the priority metals were the long-term
performance values achievable by chemical precipitation,
sedimentation, and filtration. The treatable concentrations used
for the priority organics were the long-term performance values
achievable by carbon adsorption.
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
As part of this study, The Agency examined samples from two
plants in this subcategory for toxic, conventional and
nonconventional pollutants. The conventional and nonconventional
pollutants or pollutant parameters selected for limitation in the
secondary uranium subcategory are:
fluoride
total suspended solids (TSS)
pH
Fluoride was found in the two samples of hydrofluorination
alkaline scrubber wastewater at concentrations of 19,000 mg/1 and
32,000 mg/1, significantly higher than the 14.5 mg/1 achievable
with identified treatment technology. For this reason, fluoride
is selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TSS concentrations ranging from less than 1 to 1,600 mg/1 were
observed in the raw waste samples analyzed for this study. Most
of these concentrations are well above the 2.6 mg/1 treatable
concentration. Most of the specific methods used to remove
priority metals do so by converting these metals to precipitates,
and these metal-containing precipitates should not be discharged.
Meeting a limitation on total suspended solids helps ensure that
removal of these precipitated toxic metals has been effective.
For these reasons, total suspended solids are selected for
limitation in this subcategory.
The pH values observed during this study ranged from 6.0 to 15.3.
These values suggest that the pH of secondary uranium wastewaters
may be outside the 7.5 to 10.0 range considered desirable for
discharge to receiving waters. Many deleterious effects are
caused by extreme pH values or rapid changes in pH. Also,
4729
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
effective removal of toxic metals by precipitation requires
careful control of pH. Since pH control within the desirable
limits is readily attainable by available treatment, pH is
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
Ammonia and uranium have been considered for regulation in this
subcategory. Neither pollutant has been selected for regulation
at promulgation. Data collected after proposal indicated that
ammonia is no longer used in the secondary uranium processing.
Therefore, EPA is not promulgating limitations for ammonia.
Effluent limitations for uranium have not been established in
this subcategory. Pursuant to the Supreme Court's ruling
Train v. Colorado Public Interest Research Group, 426 U.S
EPA lacks the authority under the Clean Water Act
this pollutant since it is a "source" material
(1976).
regulate
defined by
Energy Act.
in
1
to
as
the Nuclear Regulatory Commission under the Atomic
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of the toxic pollutants in the raw
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page 4373).
Table VI-1 is based on the raw wastewater data from streams 124,
135, 121, 126, 405, and 908 {see Section V). These data provide
the basis for the categorization of specific pollutants, as
discussed below. Treatment plant samples were not considered in
the frequency count.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 4736) were not
detected in any raw wastewater samples from this subcategory.
Therefore, they are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations:
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT
The toxic pollutants listed below are not selected for
consideration in establishing limitations because they were not
found in any raw wastewater samples from this subcategory above
concentrations considered achievable by existing or available
treatment technologies.
117. beryllium
121. cyanide
123. mercury
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
The following pollutants were not selected for limitation on the
basis that they were detected in the effluent from only a small
number of sources within the subcategory, and are uniquely
related to only these sources:
4730
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
127. thallium
Although these pollutants were not selected for limitation in
establishing national guidelines, it may be appropriate on a
case-by-case basis for the local permitting authority to specify
effluent limitations.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was detected in one of two samples of
secondary uranium raw wastewater analyzed. The observed
concentration is 0.989 mg/1. This compound is .a plasticizer
commonly used in field sampling equipment and is not used or
formed as a by-product in this subcategory. For this reason,
bis(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate is not selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Thallium was detected above its treatable concentration of 0.34
mg/1 in only one out of 10 samples analyzed. The observed
treatable concentration is 3 mg/1. The Agency has no reason to
believe that treatable concentrations of thallium should be
present in secondary uranium wastewaters and does not believe
that the one observed treatable value is representative of the
subcategory. For these reasons, thallium is not selected for
further consideration for .limitation.
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION IN
ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The toxic pollutants listed below are selected for further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for this
subcategory. The toxic pollutants selected for further
consideration for limitation are each discussed following the
list.
114.
115.
118.
119.
120.
122.
124.
125.
126.
128.
antimony
arsenic
cadmium
chromium
copper
lead
nickel
selenium
silver
zinc
Antimony was detected above its treatability concentration of
0.47 mg/1 in three out of 10 samples analyzed. Antimony is
selected for further consideration £or limitation.
Arsenic was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.34
mg/1 in two out of 10 samples. These samples showed 12.0 and
14.0 mg/1 arsenic in the raw wastewater. Therefore, arsenic is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Cadmium was detected above its treatable concentration of 0.049
4731
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
mg/1 in four samples containing 1.2, 0.73, 0.055, and 0.064 rag/1.
Cadmium is selected for further consideration for limitation.
Chromium was detected above its treatability concentration of
0.07 mg/1 in three out of 10 samples analyzed. The analytical
data showed 0.072, 0.075, and 25 mg/1 chromium in the raw
wastewater. Chromium is selected for further consideration for
limitation. •
Copper was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.39
mg/1 in four out of 10 samples analyzed. The observed treatable
concentrations ranged from 0.084 to 4,160 mg/1. Copper is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Lead was detected above its treatable concentration of 0.08 mg/1
in three out of 10 samples analyzed. The samples indicated
0.089, 4.1, and 14 mg/1 of' lead in the raw wastewater. Lead is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Nickel was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.22
mg/1 in four out of 10 samples analyzed. Nickel is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
Selenium was detected above its treatability concentration of
0.20 mg/1 in five out of 10 raw wastewater samples analyzed.
Therefore, selenium is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Silver was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.07
mg/1 in three out of 10 samples analyzed. Silver is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
Zinc was detected above its treatability concentration of 0.23
mg/1 in seven out of 10 samples analyzed. Zinc is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
4732
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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4735
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
1. acenaphthene
2. acrolein
3. acrylonitrile
4. benzene
5. benzidine
6. carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
7. chlorobenzene
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
9. hexachlorobenzene
10. 1,2-dichloroethane
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
12. hexachloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. chloroethane
17. bis (chloromethyl) ether (deleted)
18. bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
21. 2r4,6-trichlorophenol
22. parachlorometa cresol
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)
2?. 2-chlorophenol
25. lr2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
30. 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34. 2,4-dimethylphenol
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38. ethylbenzene
39. fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42. bis(2-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. bis(2-choroethoxy) methane
44. methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46. methyl bromide (brqmomethane)
47. bromoform (tribromomethane)
48. dichlorobromomethane
49. trichlorofluoromethane (deleted)
4736
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
50. dichlorodifluoromethane (deleted)
51. chlorodibromomethane
52. hexachlorobutadiene
53. hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54. isophorone
55. naphthalene
56. nitrobenzene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
64. pentachlorophenol
65. phenol
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
68. di-n-butyl phthalate
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
70. diethyl phthalate
71. dimethyl phthalate
72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
73. benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
75. benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
76. chrysene
77. acenaphthylene
78. anthracene
79. benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
80. fluorene
81. phenanthrene
82. dibenzo (a,h)anthracene
83. indeno (l,2,3-cd)pyrene
84. pyrene
85. tetrachloroethylene
86. toluene
87. trichloroethylene
88. vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
89. aldrin*
90. dieldrin*
91. chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)*
92. 4,4'-DDT*
93. 4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)*
94. 4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)*
95. a-endosulfan.Alpha*
96. b-endosulfan-8eta*
97. endosulfan sulfate*
98. endrin*
99. endrin aldehyde*
(1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
(w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)
4737
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
100. heptachlor*
101. heptachlor epoxide*
102. a-Alpha-BHC*
103. b-Beta-BHC*
104. r-Gamma-BHC(lindane)*
105. g-Delta-BHC*
106. PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)*
107. PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)*
108. PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)*
109. PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)*
110. PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)*
111. PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)*
112. PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)*
113. toxaphene*
116. asbestos (Fibrous)
129. 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
*We did not analyze for these pollutants in samples of raw
wastewater from this subcategory. These pollutants are not
believed to be present based on the Agency's best engineering
judgment which includes consideration of raw materials and
process operations.
4738
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
SECTION VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters from the secondary
uranium plants. This section summarizes the description of these
wastewaters and indicates the treatment technologies which are
currently practiced in the secondary uranium subcategory for each
wastewater stream. Also, this section presents the control and
treatment technology options which were examined by the Agency
for possible application to the secondary uranium subcategory.
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
This section presents a summary of the control and treatment
technologies that are currently being applied to each of the
sources generating wastewater in this subcategory. As discussed
in Section V, wastewater associated with the secondary uranium
subcategory is characterized by the presence of the toxic metal
pollutants and suspended solids. This analysis is supported by
the raw (untreated) wastewater data, presented in Section V, from
a uranium ore mill. It is expected that these pollutants are
present in each of the waste streams at concentrations above
treatability, and these waste streams are commonly combined for
treatment. Construction of one wastewater treatment system for
combined treatment allows plants to take advantage of economic
scale and in some instances to combine streams of different
alkalinity to reduce treatment chemical requirements. The direct
discharging plant in this subcategory currently has a combined
wastewater treatment system including chemical precipitation and
sedimentation. The options selected for consideration for BPT,
BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment will be summarized toward the end of
this section.
REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE
Refinery sump filtrate wastewater has its source in the digestion
operation. Components of this wastewater include pump leakage,
pump seal water, spills, and washdown water. All these flows are
collected in.a sump to which chemicals are added to precipitate
uranium. After filtration with a leaf filter, the filtrate is
discharged to a general sump for treatment consisting of
neutralization, flocculation and sedimentation, and discharge to
a surface water.
SLAG LEACH RESLURRY
In addition to solid uranium scrap and uranium residues,
magnesium fluoride slag from the magnesium reduction operation is
used as a raw material for uranium recovery. The recovery
process^ involves acid leaching the slag to .dissolve uranium.
Separation of the uranium-containing acid and the leached slag is
4739
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
done by filtration, after which the slag solids are reslurried
with water. The slurry is treated by neutralization and rotary
precoat filtration. The filtrate is discharged to a surface
water.
DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The acid leaching operation includes a water scrubber for control
of acid fumes generated from leaching. The system recirculates
water to absorb particulates and acid gases, and a blowdown
stream prevents build-up of acid and particulates. The blowdown
stream is reused in the acid digestion and dissolution operation.
Since the scrubber liquor is entirely recycled and reused, no
discharge to the treatment system occurs.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE
Purification of the uranium compound that results from acid
leaching is done by solvent extraction. An organic solvent is
used to selectively extract the uranium compound from the acid
solution. Impurities from acid leaching are left in the acid
solution. This solvent extraction raffinate filtrate is
discharged to combined treatment consisting of neutralization and
sedimentation, followed by discharge to a surface water.
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
After purification by solvent extraction, the uranyl nitrate
solution is concentrated by evaporation. The calcination step
which follows converts the Uranium compound to uranium trioxide.
Calcination off-gases contain much nitric acid. Since the
scrubber liquor absorbs the nitric acid, the liquor is not
discharged as a wastewater but used to dilute fresh acid in the
digestion operation. Therefore, no wastewater is discharged from
the evaporation and denitration operations.
HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
Hydrofluorination, as described above, involves contacting
uranium dioxide with vaporized hydrofluoric acid at an elevated
temperature. Unreacted hydrofluoric acid fumes are passed
through a water scrubber which absorbs much of the hydrofluoric
acid. Vent gases pass to the second scrubber noted above. Since
the scrubber liquor over the hydrofluorination unit absorbs acid,
the liquor is circulated until a specified concentration of
hydrofluoric acid is attained. Then the solution is drawn off
and sold for industrial use. Therefore, the hydrofluorination
water scrubber discharges no wastewater to treatment.
HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER
Hydrofluorination involves contacting uranium dioxide with
hydrofluoric acid to produce uranium tetrafluoride. The offgases
from this operation, after passing through a water scrubber, are
scrubbed by a circulating ;KOH solution which neutralizes and
4740
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
scrubs the acidic fumes. The scrubber liquor is completely
recycled until scrubber efficiency diminishes; then the liquor is
batch discharged to combined treatment. Treatment consists of
neutralization and sedimentation, followed by direct discharge to
a surface water.
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER
Water is used to wash floors and equipment in the magnesium
reduction and casting area. One plant uses a floor washing
machine and a second plant washes floors manually. The plant
which uses a floor washing machine discharges the wash water to a
batch chemical precipitation and sedimentation treatment system
prior to discharge to surface waters. At the other plant
reporting this stream, the reduction and casting wash water is
combined with machining wastewater and treated using chemical
precipitation and rotary precoat filtration prior to discharge to
surface waters.
LAUNDRY WASTEWATER
Two plants reported the use of water to wash the clothing of
plant personnel working in production areas. One facility treats
the resulting wastewater in a batch chemical precipitation and
sedimentation treatment system prior to discharge to surface
waters. The other facility reporting this practice, discharges
laundry wastewater to surface waters after treatment consisting
of chemical precipitation and sedimentation.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
The Agency examined two control and treatment technology options
that are applicable to the secondary uranium subcategory. The
options selected for evaluation represent applicable end-of-pipe
treatment technologies.
Examination of the waste streams in this subcategory shows that
no further in-process flow reduction is achievable. Recycle of
laundry wastewater has been considered in Section X, BAT. On the
VI), options including activated carbon adsorption were not
considered.
OPTION A
Option A for the secondary uranium subcategory requires control
and treatment technologies to reduce the discharge of pollutant
mass.
The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical precipitation
and sedimentation technology. Specifically, lime or some other
alkaline compound is used to precipitate dissolved metals as
metal hydroxides. The metal hydroxides and suspended solids
settle out and the sludge is collected. Vacuum filtration is
used to dewater sludge.
4741
-------
I
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
OPTION C
Option C for the secondary uranium subcategory consists of all
control and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids,
including precipitates of metals, beyond the concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter suggested is of
the gravity, mixed-media type, although other forms of filters,
such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters would perform
satisfactorily. The addition of filters also provides consistent
removal during periods of time in which there are rapid increases
in flows or loadings of pollutants to the treatment system.
4742
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a summary of compliance costs for the
secondary uranium subcategory and a description of the treatment
options and subcategory-specific assumptions used to develop
these estimates. Together with the estimated pollutant removal
performance presented in Section X of this supplement, these cost
estimates provide a basis for evaluating each regulatory option
These cost estimates are also used in determining the probable
economic impact of regulation on the subcategory at different
pollutant discharge levels. In addition, this section addresses
nonwater quality environmental impacts of wastewater treatment
and control alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes
and energy requirements, which are specific to the secondarv
uranium subcategory. *
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
As discussed in Section VII, two treatment options have been
developed and considered in promulgating limitations and
standards for the secondary uranium subcategory. These options
are summarized below and schematically presented in Fiqures X-l
and X-2 (pages 4777 and 4778). y
OPTION A
The Option A treatment scheme consists of chemical
and sedimentation technology.
OPTION C
precipitation
Option C for the secondary uranium subcategory consists of all
control .and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation) plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance costs is presented in Section VIII of Vol. I. Plant-
by-plant compliance costs for the nonferrous metals manufacturing
category have been revised as necessary following proposal
These revisions calculate incremental costs, above treatment
already in place, necessary to comply with the promulgated
effluent limitations and standards and are presented in the
administrative record supporting this regulation. A comparison
of the costs developed for.proposal and the revised costs for the
final regulation are presented in Table VIII-1 (page 4746) for
the direct discharger in this subcategory.
Each of the general assumptions used to develop compliance costs
4743
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
is presented in Section VIII of the General Development Document.
Subcategory-specific assumptions were used in developing
compliance costs for the secondary uranium subcategory are listed
below.
(1)
Costs for purchasing a floor washing machine were
included in the compliance cost estimates for plant
1175 because the Agency believes that this piece of
equipment is necessary for this facility to achieve the
flow allowance for magnesium reduction and casting
floor wash water.
NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
A general discussion of the nonwater quality aspects of the
control and treatment options considered for the nonferrous
metals category is contained in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Nonwater quality impacts specific to the
secondary uranium subcategory, including energy requirements,
solid waste and air pollution are discussed below.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
The methodology used for determining the energy requirements for
the various options is discussed in Section VIII of the General
Development Document. Energy requirements for Option A are
estimated at 52,000 kwh/yr, and for Option C the estimated
requirement is 62,000 kwh/yr. Option C energy requirements
increased over those for Option A because filtration is being
added as an end-of-pipe treatment technology. Since recycle and
reuse of scrubber liquor is already practiced in this
subcategory, energy requirement savings resulting from flow
reduction measures are not reflected in this analysis. Both
Option A and Option C energy requirements represent less than 1
percent of the energy usage in the secondary uranium industry.
It is therefore concluded that the energy requirements of the
treatment options considered will have no significant impact on
total plant energy consumption.
SOLID WASTE
Sludge generated in the secondary uranium subcategory is due _ to
the precipitation of metals as hydroxides and carbonates using
lime Sludges associated with the secondary uranium subcategory
will necessarily contain quancities of toxic metal pollutants.
Wastes generated by secondary metal industries can be regulated
as hazardous. However, the'Agency examined the solid wastes that
would be generated at secondary nonferrous metals manufacturing
plants by the suggested treatment technologies and believes they
Ire not hazardous wastes under the Agency's regulations
implementing Section 3001, of the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act. None of the secondary uranium subcategory wastes
are listed specifically as hazardous, nor are they _ likely to
exhibit a characteristic of hazardous waste. This judgment is
4744
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
made based on the recommended technology of lime precipitation
and filtration. By the addition of a small excess of lime during
treatment, similar sludges, specifically toxic metal bearing
sludges, generated by other industries such as the iron and steel
industry passed the Extraction Procedure (EP) toxicity test. See
40 CFR S261.24. Thus, the Agency believes that the wastewater
sludges will similarly not be EP toxic if the recommended
technology is applied.
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from,
the point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators to hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142 (May 19
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May 19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981)
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982). "
Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR 53438
(September 13, 1979). It is estimated that the secondary uranium
subcategory will generate 285 metric tons of sludge per year when
implementing the BPT treatment technology. The Agency has
calculated as part of the costs for wastewater treatment the cost
of hauling and disposing of these wastes.
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems will result from implementation of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration. The
model technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
4745
-------
r
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
TABLE VIII-1
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March 1982 Dollars)
Option
A
C
Proposal Cost
Capital Cost Annual Cost
Promulgation Cost
Capital Cost Annual Cost
28,600
54,300
73,600
86,500
54,800
88,000
90,400
106,700
4746
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT). BPT reflects the existing performance
by plants of various sizes, ages, and manufacturing processes
within the secondary uranium subcategory, as well as the
established performance of the model BPT systems. Particular
consideration is given to the treatment already in place at
plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than process
changes or internal controls, except where such practices are
common industry practice.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes used, the wastewaters generated, and the treatment
processes installed. Information was collected from industry
using data collection portfolios, and specific plants were
sampled and the wastewaters analyzed. In making technical
assessments of data, reviewing manufacturing processes, and
assessing wastewater treatment technology options, both indirect
and direct dischargers have been considered as a single group.
An examination of plants and processes did not indicate any
process differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be
direct or indirect.
As explained in .Section IV, the secondary uranium subcategory has
been subdivided into seven potential wastewater sources. Since
the water use, discharge rates, and pollutant characteristics of
each of these wastewaters is potentially unique, effluent
limitations will be developed for each of the seven subdivisions.
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach was followed
4747
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
for the development of BPT mass limitations. The first
requirement to calculate these limitations is to account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant. Therefore,
a unit of production or production normalizing parameter (PNP)
was determined for each wastewater stream which could then be
related to the flow from the process to determine a production
normalized flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is
discussed in Section IV. Each plant within the subcategory was
then analyzed to determine which subdivisions were present, the
specific flow rates generated for each subdivision, and the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision. This
analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
are not considered in the analysis.
Production normalized flows for each subdivision were then
analyzed to determine the flow to be used as part of the basis
for BPT mass limitations. The selected flow (sometimes referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water use controls which are common practices within the
category. The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data. Plants with normalized flows above the average
may have to implement some method of flow reduction to achieve
the BPT limitations.
The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the set
of concentrations that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology. Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in place
for each wastewater source. In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle technology) and a combination of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.
Using these regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source or subdivision. This calculation was made on a strearn-by-
stream basis, primarily because plants in this subcategory may
perform one or more of the operations in various combinations.
The mass loadings (milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
production - mg/kg) were calculated based on the BPT regulatory
flow (1/kkg) and the concentration achievable by the BPT level of
treatment technology (mg/1) for each pollutant parameter _to be
limited under BPT. These mass loadings are published in the
Federal Register and in 40 CFR Part 421 as the effluent
limitations.
The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to the combined flow. This method accounts for the variety of
4748
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at secondary uranium plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation for each plant.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level. The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.
The methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. The pollutant
removal estimates have been revised since proposal. Table X-l
(page 4769) shows the pollutant removal estimates for each
treatment option for direct dischargers. Compliance costs for
direct dischargers are presented in Table X-2 (page 4770).
BPT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed BPT requirements for the secondary uranium
subcategory. The technology basis for the BPT limitations is
lime precipitation and sedimentation technology to remove metals
and solids from combined wastewaters and to control pH. BPT also
includes ammonia steam stripping. These technologies are already
in-place at the one discharger in the subeategory. The
pollutants specifically proposed for regulation at BPT are
chromium, copper, nickel, ammonia, fluoride, uranium, TSS, and
pH.
Implementation of the proposed BPT limitations will remove
annually an estimated 1,280 kg of toxic metals, 12,000 kg of
ammonia and 1,763 kg of TSS. While the one discharging plant has
the equipment in-place to comply with BPT, we do not believe that
the plant is currently achieving the proposed BPT limitations.
We project capital and annual costs of $28,600 and $37,644 (1982
dollars) respectively for, modifications to technology presented
in-place at the discharging facility to achieve proposed BPT
regulations.
4749
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
BPT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
The promulgated technology basis for the BPT limitations is
Option A. chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology to
remove metals and solids from combined wastewaters and to control
pH. The promulgated technology basis for BPT limitations differs
from the proposed technology basis. These technologies are
demonstrated and economically achievable since they are already
in place at several discharging plants throughout the nonferrous
metals manufacturing category.
Implementation of the promulgated BPT limitations will remove
annually an estimated 100[kg of toxic metals, 4,283 kg of
nonconventional pollutants, and 651 kg of TSS. While the one
discharging plant has most of the equipment in-place to comply
with BPT, EPA does not believe that the plant is currently
achieving the promulgated BPT limitations. The Agency projects
capital and annual costs of $54,800 and $90,400 (1982 dollars)
respectively for modifications to technology presently in-place
at the discharging facility to achieve promulgated BPT
regulations. The end-of-pipe treatment configuration for Option
A is presented in Figure IX-1 (page 4761).
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing plants, as determined
from analysis of data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BPT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the seven wastewater
sources are discussed below and summarized in Table IX-1. The
discharge rates are normalized oh a production basis by relating
the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of the
intermediate product which is produced by the process associated
with the waste stream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table IX-1.
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-7 (pages 4788 -
4790).
REFINERY SUMP FILTRATE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal for refinery sump
filtrate (formerly, refinery filtrate at proposal) was 34,800
1/kkg (8,340 gal/ton) of uranium trioxide produced. This rate
was allocated for those plants that acid leach scrap uranium
materials to recover the uranium. The BPT discharge rate was
based on flow information provided by one plant. Post-proposal
comments and information showed that the proposed flow was not
accurate and that the production normalizing parameter was not
appropriate. EPA studied the data and decided to promulgate a
4750
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
the
.The BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation for refinery
sump filtrate is 73,340 1/kkg (17,580 gal/ton) of uranium
SJSS?886?!/? thVefinery« This rate is allocated only for ?hose
plants that employ acid leaching and dissolution operations to
recover uranium from secondary sources. The flow from the one
plant _in this subcategory having this operation was used to
determine the promulgated BPT regulatory flow.
SLAG LEACH RESLURRY
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal for slaq leach
ir/^Ur^in(f°^!r1^ *Slag leach slurry at proposal) was 3,800
1/kkg (910 gal/ton) of uranium trioxide produced. This rate was
allocated only for those plants which leach magnesium fluoride
slag, recycled from the magnesium reduction operation, to recover
the _ residual uranium in the slag. Post-proposal comments from
the industry indicated a difficulty with the PNP chosen for this
?? ™1ViS*°n* If a Plant °Perates leaching on a campaign basis,
it must have a way to determine its regulatory allowances without
waiting for the next process step to be completed. EPA
acknowledged this difficulty and chose a new PNP for
promulgation. However, the wastewater flow ( 1/vr ) used to
calculate the regulatory flow (1/kkgj was not altered.
The promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rate for slaq leach
reslurry is 4,566 1/kkg (1,094 gal/ton) of uranium processed in
the refinery. This rate is allocated only for those plants which
recover uranium by leaching magnesium fluoride slag. One plant
in this subcategory has this operation, and the promulgated BPT
discharge rate is based on the water use at this plant. Table
V-2 (page 4688) presents water use and discharge rates for slaa
leach reslurry. =>-«.ay
DIGESTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal for digestion wet
air pollution control was 30 1/kkg (7.2 gal/ton) of uranium
trioxide produced based on partial recycle of scrubber liquor
This rate was allocated only for those plants that incorporate a
water scrubber on the acid leaching and dissolution operation
Post-proposal comments from the industry clarified the Aqencv ' s
.understanding of the digestion scrubber's operation The
comments indicated • that scrubber blowdown is reused in the
leaching and dissolution operation because it contains nitric
acid. Thus no discharge occurs from this scrubber, and EPA
decided to change the discharge rate for this subdivision at
promulgation. =-<-uu etc
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation for digestion
wet air pollution control is zero. This rate is allocated to
those plants that operate a water scrubber to control fumes from
acid leaching and dissolution. The promulgated BPT discharge
4751
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
rate is based upon water use information supplied by a plant in
this subcategory having a digestion operation scrubber. Existing
practice at this plant is such that 100 percent of the. scrubber
liquor is recycled or reused. Therefore, it is appropriate that
the BPT regulatory flow should be zero.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION RAFFINATE FILTRATE
The BPT wastewater discharge rate used at proposal for solvent
extraction raffinate filtrate (formerly, solvent extraction
rlffinite at proposal) was 5,300 1/kkg (1,270 gal/ton) of uranium
trioxide produced. This rate was allocated for those plants
which purif? the acid-dissolved uranium compound by extracting
the uranium compound into an organic solvent, leaving behind all
impurities that were leached along with the uranium. Post-
Soposal comments from the industry indicated a difficulty with
the POT chosen for this subdivision. If a plant operates so vent
extraction on a campaign basis, it must have a method to
Hte?mine i?s regulatory allowance without waiting for the next
orocess step to be completed. EPA acknowledged this difficulty
2nd Sose fnew PNP fo? promulgation However the wastewater
flow (1/yr) used to calculate the regulatory flow (1/kkg) was not
altered.
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation for action
raffinate filtrate is 6,369 1/kkg (1,526 gal/ton) of uranium
those plants using solvent extraction procedures to purify
uranium compounds dissolved in solution as a result of acid
leaning anS dissolution. The BPT discharge rate at promulgation
II based on the water use at one plant in the subcategory having
this operation. Production normalized water use and discharge
rates are presented in Table V-4 (page 4689).
EVAPORATION AND DENITRATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Zero discharge is used at promulgation for evaporation and
deration wit air pollution control (formerly, evaporation and
calcination wet air pollution control at proposal). This
?eqSir^men? inapplicable to those plants that use evaporators
Ind cSlcinators to respectively concentrate an intermediate
S?aniSm compound and then calcine it to produce uranium trioxide
The BPT discharge rate is:promulgated as zero because the one
discharging plant in this subcategory that uses these operations
recyc?el 111 scrubber liquor to the digestion operation This
production normalized discharge rate is also presented in Table
V-5 (page 4689) .
HYDROFLUORINATION WATER SCRUBBER
Zero discharge is used at promulgation for hydrofluorination
water scrubber (formerly,; hydrofluorination wet air pollution
control at proposal) wastewater. This requirement is applicable
only to those plants which; use a water scrubber to control acid
fumL from the hydrofluorination unit. The BPT discharge rate is
promulgated as zero because the one plant in this subcategory
4752
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
that operates such a scrubber recycles the scrubber liquor to
absorb the hydrofluoric acid fumes until a desired concentration
of hydrofluoric acid is attained. Then the scrubber solution is
drawn off and sold for industrial use. Since this recycle
technology is demonstrated within this subcategory, the BPT
discharge rate reflects that capability. Table V-6 (page 4689)
also presents the water use and discharge rate for the
hydrofluorination water scrubber system.
HYDROFLUORINATION ALKALINE SCRUBBER
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at proposal and promulgation
for hydrofluorination alkaline scrubber (formerly, hydrogen
reduction and hydrofluorination KOH wet air pollution control at
proposal) wastewater is 20 1/kkg (4.8 gal/ton) of uranium
tetrafluoride produced based on partial recycle. This rate is
allocated only for those plants that hydrofluorinate uranium
dioxide to produce uranium tetrafluoride, and scrub the gases
from this operation with a KOH scrubber. The BPT discharge rate
reflects the demonstrated performance of this scrubber operating
at a high rate of recycle. Table V-7 (page 4690) also presents
the water use and discharge rates for this wastewater stream.
MAGNESIUM REDUCTION AND CASTING FLOOR WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge rate used at promulgation for
magnesium reduction and casting floor wash water is 30.1 1/kkg of
uranium produced by magnesium reduction. This rate is allocated
to all plants which produce uranium metal by magnesium reduction
of uranium tetrafluoride. This rate is based on the production
normalized flow reported by plant 1066. This plant uses a floor
washing machine, thereby achieving a lower wastewater discharge
rate than facilities which do not use a floor washing machine.
This rate is used as the basis for the BPT flow allowance because
this water use and discharge rate is demonstrated and is
achievable through the use of a floor washing machine.
There was no wastewater discharge allowance at proposal for this
subdivision because the Agency did not have sufficient data at
the time to quantify production normalized water use and
discharge rates. These rates, which are based on data collected
by the Agency since proposal, are presented in Table V-8 (page
4690). ^ y
LAUNDRY WASTEWATER
The BPT wastewater discharge rate at promulgation for laundry
wastewater is 192 1/kkg of uranium produced by magnesium
reduction. This rate is allocated to all plants which produce
uranium metal by magnesium reduction of uranium tetrafluoride.
This rate, is based on one facility for which the Agency obtained
sufficient data to calculate a production normalized flow.
There was no wastewater discharge allowance at proposal for this
subdivision because the Agency did not have sufficient data at
4753
-------
I
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
the time to calculate production normalized water use and
discharge rates. These rates, which are based on information
collected by the Agency since proposal, are presented in Table V-
9 (page 4690) .
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation was presented in Section VI. A total of seven
pollutants or pollutant parameters are selected for limitation
under BPT and are listed below:
119. chromium
120. copper
124. nickel
fluoride
TSS
pH
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The treatable concentrations achievable by application of the
promulgated BPT are discussed in Section VII of Vol. I and
summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 248). These treatable
concentrations (both one day maximum and monthly average values)
are multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows summarized
in Table IX-1 (page 4755) to calculate the mass of pollutants
allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The results of
these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per kilogram of
product represent the BPT effluent limitations and are presented
in Table IX-2 (page 4756) for each individual waste stream.
4754
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
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SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Refinery Sump Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
210.500
153.300
24.940
32.270
139.300
30.800
140.800
90.210
30.070
107.100
2,567.000
476.700
3,007.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0
93.880
68.210
11.000
13.200
73.340
14.670
93.140
40.340
12.470
44.740
1,459.000
346.900
1,430.000
at all times
(b) Slag Leach Reslurry BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium ,
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
13.100
9.543
1.552
2.009
8.675
1.918
8.767
5.616
1.872
6.666
159.800
29.680
187.200
7.5 to 10.0 at
5.844
4.246
0.685
0.822
4.566
0.913
5.799
2.511
0.776
2.785
90.860
21.600
89.040
all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4756
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
Table IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Solvent Extraction Raffinate Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in solvent extraction
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
18.280
13.310
2.165
2.802
12.100
2.675
12.230
7.834
2.611
9.299
222.900
41.400
261.100
7.5 to 10.0 at
8.152
5.923
0.955
1.146
6.369
1.274
8.089
3.503
1.083
3.885
126.700
30.130
124.200
all times
(d) Digestion Operation Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium processed in the refinery
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
4757
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
Table IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Evaporation and Denitration Wet Air Pollution Control
BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium trioxide reduced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ootf
0.000
0.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
times
(f) Hydrofluorination KOH Scrubber BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium tetrafluoride produced
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within
0.057
0.042
0.007
0.009
0.038
0.008
0.038
0.025
0.008
0.029
0.700
0.130
0.820
the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.026
0.019
0.003
0.004
0.020
0.004
0.025
0.011
0.003
0.012
0.398
0.095
0.390
times
*Regulated Pollutant
4758
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(9) Hydrofluorination Water Scrubber BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any, one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (lb/million Ibs)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
* Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH. Within the range of
of uranium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
7.5 to 10.0
tetraf luoride produce
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
at all times
(h) Reduction and Casting Floor Wash BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (lb/million
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
^Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the
Ibs) of uranium produced by
0.086
0.063
0.010
0.013
0.057
0.013
0.058
0.037
0.012.
0.044
1.054
0.196
1.234
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
magnesium reduction
0.039
0.028
0.005
0.005
0.030
0.006
0.038
0.017
0.005
0.018
0.599
0.142
0.587
times
*Regulated Pollutant
4759
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Laundry Washwater BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of uranium produced by magnesium reduction
Ant imony
Arsenic
Cadmium '
*Chromium [
*Copper
Lead
*Nickel
Selenium
Silver
Zinc
*Fluoride
Uranium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of 7
0.551
0.401
0.065
0.085
0.365
0.081
0.369
0.236
0.079
0.280
6.720
1.248
7.872
.5 to 10.0 at
0.246
0.179
0.029
0.035
0.192
0.038
0.244
0.106
0.033
0.117
3.821
0.908
3.744
all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4760
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
IX
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4761
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4762
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These effluent limitations are based on the best control and
treatment technology used by a specific point source within the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another industry from
which it is transferable. Emphasis is placed on additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water used
and discharged, process control, and treatment technology
optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology. BAT represents
the best available technology economically achievable at plants
of various ages, sizes, processes, or other characteristics. BAT
may be transferred from a different subcategory or category. BAT
may include feasible process changes or internal controls, even
when not in common industry practice.
The statutory assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removals. However,
in assessing the proposed and promulgated BAT, the Agency has
given substantial weight to the economic achievability of the
technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine two
technology options which could be applied to the secondary
uranium subcategory as alternatives for the basis of BAT effluent
limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewafcer source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as described in
Section IX for BPT limitations development. The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness achievable with the more sophisticated BAT
treatment technology.
The treatment technologies considered for BAT are summarized
below:
Option A (Figure X-l, page 4777):
4763
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM!SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Option C (Figure X-2, page 4778):
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration
The two options examined for BAT are discussed in greater detail
below. The first option considered (Option A) is the same as the
BPT treatment and control technology which was presented in the
previous section. The second option represents substantial
progress toward the reduction of pollutant discharges above and
beyond the progress achievable by BPT.
secondary uranium subcategory is equivalent to
treatment technologies which were analyzed for
(see Figures IX-1 or X-l, pages 4761 or 4777).
-pipe treatment scheme includes chemical
sedimentation. The discharge rates for Option
discharge rates allocated to each stream as a
OPTION A
Option A for the
the control and
BPT in Section IX
The BPT end-of
precipitation and
A are equal to the
BPT discharge flow.
OPTION C
Option C for the secondary uranium subcategory consists of all
control and treatment requirements of Option A (chemical
precipitation and sedimentation plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme (see
Figure X-2). Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended
solids, including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond the
concentrations attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter
suggested is of the gravity, mixed media type, although other
forms of filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure filters,
would perform satisfactorily.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
As one means of evaluating each technology option, EPA developed
estimates of the pollutant removals and the compliance costs
associated with each option. The methodologies are described
below.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
A complete description of the methodology used to calculate the
estimated pollutant removal, or benefit, achieved by the
application of the various^ treatment options is presented in
Section X of the General Development Document. The pollutant
removal estimates have been revised from proposal based on
industry comments and new information; however, the methodology
for calculating pollutant removals was not changed. The data
4764
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
used for estimating removals are the same as those used to revise
compliance costs.
Sampling data collected during the field sampling program were
used to characterize the major waste streams considered for'
regulation. At each sampled facility, the sampling data were
production normalized for each unit operation (i.e., mass of
pollutant generated per mass of product manufactured)." This
value, referred to as the raw waste, was used to estimate the
mass of pollutants generated within the secondary uranium
subcategory. The pollutant removal estimates were calculated for
each plant by first estimating the total mass of each pollutant
in the untreated wastewater. This was calculated by first
multiplying the raw waste values by the corresponding production
value for that stream and then summing these values for each
pollutant for every stream generated by the plant.
Next, the volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory flow.
The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the
other plant flows. The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated by multiplying the achievable concentration values
attainable with the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of
process wastewater discharged by the subcategory. The mass of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of pollutant discharged after application of the treatment
option. The pollutant removal estimates for direct dischargers
in the secondary uranium subcategory are presented in Table X-l
(page 4769).
COMPLIANCE COSTS
In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total costs
associated with installation and operation of wastewater
treatment technologies to plant process wastewater discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant. The plant's investment and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in place
and by its individual process wastewater discharge flow. As
discussed above, this flow is either the actual or the BAT
regulatory flow, whichever is lesser. The final step was to
annualized the capital costs, and to sum the annualized capital
costs, and the operating and maintenance costs for each plant,
yielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory. A
comparison of the costs developed for proposal and the revised
costs for promulgation is presented in Table X-2 (page 4778) for
direct discharges in the secondary uranium subcategory. These
costs were used in assessing economic achievability.
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA selected Option C for the proposed BAT which included
pretreatment with ammonia steam stripping for selected waste
4765
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
streams, followed by chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
multimedia filtration. The estimated capital cost of proposed
BAT was $54,300, and the annual cost was $86,500 (1982 dollars).
Implementation of the proposed BAT technology was estimated to
removeTf
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
discharge rates with the exception of the laundry wastewater
urxn'i m ^ ?AT 510^ rate f°r laundry ^stewater is 96 Vkkg of
uranium produced by magnesium reduction, based on 50 percent
equipment? - * ^ "^ USlng a h°lding tank and «^Se
/
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
^ P°llutant Parameters for limitation. This
on™ and e^aluation was presented in Section VI. The
Agency, however, has chosen not to regulate all eight toxic
pollutants selected in this analysis. <^gnt coxic
The high cost associated with analysis for toxic metal pollutants
has prompted EPA to_ develop an alternative method for r^gulaSng
and monitoring toxic pollutant discharges from the nonferroul
metals manufacturing category. Rather than developing racific
effluent mass limitations and standards for each of thJP ?oxic
metals found in treatable concentrations in the raw wastewate?
from a given subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent
1mitatl°ns. only for those pollutants generated in the
qUaJtltieS1 as Shown bv the Pollutant removal estimate^
below? P°llutants selected for specific limitation are
119.
120.
124.
chromium
copper
nickel
fluoride
By establishing limitations and standards for certain priority
nSnf P°llutants,. dischargers will attain the same degree of
control over toxic metal pollutants as they would have been
This approach is technically justified since the treatable
?e£hno?oa S USKd f^ chemical Precipitation and sedimenSion
technology ^are based on optimized treatment for concomitant
multiple metals removal. Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they Sill be removed aT ve?y
nearly the same rate in a chemical precipitation and
sedimentation treatment system operated fo? multiple me tils
removal Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewf^e
^'logy removes metals ^
The priority metal pollutants selected for specific limitation in
tnv^S^C?ndary1iUraniUm subcateg°ry to control the discharges of
toxic metal pollutants are chromium, copper, and nickel! The
the SaJ?f ^°?1^metal P°^utants ^ excluded from limitation on
the basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
developed for chromium, copper, and nickel: ^imitations
4767
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
114. antimony
115. arsenic
118. cadmium
122. lead
125. selenium
126. silver
128. zinc
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The concentrations achievable by application of BAT are discussed
in qpction VII of Vol. I and are summarized there in Table vii ^i
fLae 248) The achievable concentrations both one day maximum
and monthly average values are multiplied by the BAT normalized
|?scha?ge flows summarized in Table X-3 to calculate the mass of
waste stream.
4768
-------
SECONDARY URANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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