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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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4920
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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4922
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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4924
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-21
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA
RAW WASTEWATER SELf-SAMPLING PROGRAM
(Concentration - mg/1)
POLLUTANT
Toxic Pollutants 88173 88174
114. antimony
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
119. chromium
120. copper
122. lead
124. nickel
127. thallium
128. zinc
Nonconventional
Pollutants
aluminum
cobalt
fluoride
iron
manganese
molybdenum
tin
titanium
vanadium
<0.010
<0.050
0.150
<0.010
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
<0.010
<0.050
3.300
<0.500
0.024
<0.050
<0.050
<0.100
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
<0.010
0.220
27.900
<0.500
SAMPLE NUMBER
88171
1.260
<0.,050
0.050
<0.100
<0.,100
<0.,200
<0.200
<0.,010
<0.,050
88172
17.400
<0.050
<0.050
<0.010
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
<0.010
0.210
M4772
<0.500
<0.010
<0.010
0.190
<0.030
<0.010
2.000
0.690
<0.500
<0.500
9.500
<0.500
<0.500
0.300
14.000 140.000 0.370 27.000
<0.050 <0.050 <0.500 0.190
<0.500 <0.500 <0.500 <0.500
8.000 5.000 <5.000 <5.000
70.000 635.000 69.000 264.000 640.000
3.700 4.800 6.300 89.000
88175
0.021
<0.050
<0.050
<0.050
<0.100
<0.200
<0.200
<0.010
0.070
<0.500
<0.500
0.840
<0.050
<0.500
<5.000
10.000
<1.000
TSS
14.000
Sample No.
Wastewater stream
88173 - Chlorination off-gas caustic wet air pollution control
88174 - Chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control
88171 - Chlorination area-vent caustic wet air pollution control
88172 - Chlorination area-vent wet air pollution control
M4772 - TiCl4 handling wet air pollution control
88172 - Reduction area wet air pollution control
4925
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-21 (Continued)
POLLUTANT
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SAMPLING DATA
RAW WASTEWATER SELF-SAMPLING PROGRAM
(Concentration - mg/1)
SAMPLE NUMBER
Toxic Pollutants
114. antimony
117. beryllium
118. cadmium
88141
<0.010
<0.050
<0.050
M4773
<0.500
<0.010
M4774
<0.500
<0.010
M4775
<0.500
<0.010
88177
<0.010
<0.050
<0.050
119. chromium <0.100
120. copper <0.100
122. lead <0.200
124. nickel <0.200
127. thallium <0.010
128. zinc 0.230
Nonconventional
Pollutants
aluminum <0.500
cobalt <0.500
fluoride
iron 1.090
manganese <0.050
molybdenum <0.500
tin <5.000
titanium 3.200
vanadium <1.000
0.013
0.025
<0.030
0.250
<0.100
0.073
0.400
0.054
0.070
<0.030
0.210
4.500
0.150
0.260
<0.010
0.017
<0.030
<0.010
0.600
0.190
0.960
13.000 40.000 <1.000
<0.100
8.500
1.260
<0.200
<0.010
2.600
55.100
<0.500
1.940
2.540
<0.500
0.500
19.500
1.600
TSS
Sample No.
121.00 1132.00
Wastewater stream
88141 - Reduction area wet air pollution control,
tM4773 - Sodium reduction container reconditioning wash water,
M4774 - Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
M4775 - Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control
dcil77 - Casting crucible wash water
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
t fc 15-?0 gpra
Cathode Gas Scrubber j___A^_ ^.
Reduction Area Scrubber
300 gpm Noncontact Coolim
Discharge
Figure V-l
SAMPLING SITES AT TITANIUM PLANT B
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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4928
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
This section examines the chemical analysis data presented in
Section V and discusses the selection or exclusion of pollutants
for potential limitation. The discussion that follows presents
and briefly discusses the selection of conventional and
nonconventional pollutants for effluent limitations. Also
described is the analysis that was performed to select or
exclude priority pollutants for further consideration for
limitations and standards. Pollutant will be selected for
further consideration if they are present in
concentrations treatable by the technologies considered in
this analysis. The treatable concentrations used for the
priority metals were the long-term performance values
achievable by chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and
filtration. The treatable concentrations for the priority
organics were the long-term performance values achievable
by carbon adsorption.
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
This study considered samples from the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory for three conventional pollutant parameters
(oil and grease, total suspended solids, and pH) and six
nonconventional pollutant parameters (ammonia, chloride,
fluoride, magnesium, phenolics (4AAP), and titanium).
The conventional and nonconventional pollutants or'pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
titanium
oil and grease
total suspended solids (TSS)
PH
Based on an
processes
subcategory
titanium
subcategory
solutions
processing
suspended
Therefore,
subcategory
examination of the raw materials and production
employed in the primary and secondary titanium
it is expected that treatable concentrations of
are present in the wastewater generated in this
Titanium is soluble in dilute acid, and acid
are commonly used in primary and secondary titanium
operations. In addition, titanium may be present as
particulars from powder cleaning operations.
titanium is selected for limitation in this
The principal sources of oil and grease in this subcategory are
the scrap washing and casting operation's. Oil and grease
concentrations in a notal of three samples range from 3.2 to 190
mg/1 . Two cf. the three concentrations are greater than the 10
4929
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
rag/1 concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Thus, oil and grease is selected for limitation.
Total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in 11 samples range
from less than 1 mg/1 .to 330 mg/1. Nine of the observed
concentrations are greater than the 2.6 mg/1 concentration
considered achievable by identified treatment technology. Most
of the methods used to remove toxic metals do so by converting
these metals to precipitates. Meeting a limitation on total
suspended solids ensures that sedimentation to remove
precipitated toxic metals has been effective. For these reasons,
total suspended solids are selected for limitation in this
subcategory.
The pH values observed ranged from 0.1 to 7.4. Effective removal
of toxic metals by precipitation requires careful control of pH.
Therefore, pH is selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of the priority pollutants in
the wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page
4937). These data provide the basis for the categorization
of specific pollutants, as discussed below. Table VI-1 is
based on the raw wastewater data from streams 204, 211, 319, and
320 (see Section V) and from data for seven wastewater
streams. Treatment plant and source water samples were
not considered in this frequency count.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 4941) were
not detected in any wastewater samples from this subcategory.
Therefore, they are not selected for consideration in
establishing regulations.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
The priority pollutants listed below were never found above
their analytical quantification concentration in any wastewater
samples from this subcategory; therefore, they are _not
selected for consideration in establishing effluent limitations
and standards.
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
3-5. 2,6-dini-ror.oluene
48. dichlorobromomethane
51. chlorodibromomethane
57. 2-nitrophenol
70. diethyl'phthalate
71. diemethyl phthalate
75. benzofk) fluorant-hene (11, 12-benzofluoranthene)
4930
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
88. vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
107. PCB-1254 (Arochlor 1254)
117. beryllium t
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE BY
TREATMENT
The pollutant listed below is not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because it was not found in any
wastewater samples from this subcategory above concentrations
considered achievable by existing or available treatment
technologies.
123. Mercury
Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
seven of 14 samples from three plants. These samples were below
the 0.036 mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified
treatment technology. Therefore,, mercury is not selected for
limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
The following pollutants are not selected for limitation because
they are detectable in the effluent from only a small number of
sources within the subcategory and are uniquely related to only
those sources.
4. benzene
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
44. methylene chloride
64. pentachlorophenol
65. phenol
66. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
68. di-n-butyl phthalate
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
86. toluene
87. trichloroethylene
94. 4,4'-DDD(p,pITDE)
95. a-endosulfan-Alpha
102. Alpha - BHC
103. Beta - BHC
115. arsenic
121. cyanide
125. selenium
126. silver
-.1-.hough these pollutants are'not selected for consideration in
establishing nationwide limitations, it may be appropriate, on a
case-by-case basis, for the local permit writer to specify
effluent limitations.
Benzene was found above its treatable concentration of 0.01 mg/1
In eight of ',. 1 samples. The maximum observed concentration is
4931
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
0.05 mg/1. The Agency has no reason to believe that treatable
concentrations of benzene should be present in primary and
secondary titanium wastewaters. For this reason, and because
benzene was also detected in the soufce water, benzene is not
selected for limitation.'
1,1,1-Trichloroethane was found in concentrations above its
analytical quantification limit in three of 13 samples from three
plants. All three of these samples were from a single plant and
had concentrations above the 0.01 mg/1 concentration considered
achievable by identified treatment technology. Because it was
found at only one plant, indicating that the pollutant is
probably site-specific, 1, 1, 1-trichloroethane is not selected
for limitation.
Methylene chloride was found above its treatable concentration in
8 of 13 samples from three plants at a maximum concentration of
0.410 mg/1. This pollutant is not attributable to specific
materials or processes associated with titanium production. ^ It
is, however, a common solvent used in analytical laboratories.
Since the possibility of sample contamination is likely,
methylene chloride is not selected for limitation.
Pentachlorophenol was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, pentachlorophenol
is not selected for limitation.
Phenol was detected above its treatable concentration of 0.010
mg/1 in one out of 15 samples analyzed at a concentration of
0.013 mg/1. Because it was found at a concentration only
slightly above treatable, in only one out of fifteen samples,
phenol is not selected for regulation.
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate was found above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in five of 15 samples from three
plants. This compound is a plasticizer commonly used in
laboratory and field sampling equipment and is not formed as a
by-oroduct in this subcategory. Therefore, bis( 2-ethylhexyl)
phtnalate is not selected for limitation.
Butvl benzyl phthalate was found above its treatable
concentration cf 0.01 mg/i in two of 15 samples from three
ilar.zs. This compound is a pLasticizer commonly used in
lao : racer v and field sampling equipment and is not formed as a
bySOproduct in this "subcategory. Therefore, butyl benzyl
phthalate is not selected for limitation.
7i— >-butyl
'?iar~s.
ohthalate was found above its treatable
icr. "of 0.01 mg/1 in one of 15 samples from three
This compound is a, plasticizer commonly used in
4932
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
laboratory and field sampling equipment and is not formed as a
by-product in this subcategory. Therefore, .di-n-butyl
phthalate is not selected for limitation.
Di-n-octyl phthalate 'was. found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, di-n-octyl
phthalate is not selected for limitation.
Toluene was found in concentrations above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in three of 13 samples at a maximum
concentration of 0.067 mg/1. Because it was detected at a
treatable concentration in only three out of thirteen samples,
and because it was also detected in the source water, toluene is
not selected for limitation.
Trichloroethylene was found in concentrations above its treatable
concentration of 0.01 mg/1 in three of 13 samples at a maximum
concentration of 0.016 mg/1. For this reason trichloroethylene
is not selected for limitation.
4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE) was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, 4,4'-DDD(p,p'TDE)
is not selected for limitation.
a-Endosulfan-Alpha was found at a concentration above its
analytical quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three
plants. This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably . site-specific,
a-endosulfan-Alpha is not selected for limitation.
a-BHC-Alpha was found at a concentration above its analytical
quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three plants.
This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1 concentration
considered achievable by identified
Because it was found at only one plant
pollutant is probably site-specific,
selected for limitation.
treatment technology.
indicating that the
a-BHC-Alpha is not
b-BHC-Ber-.'i was found at a concentration above its analytical
quantification limit in one of 15 samples from three plants.
This sample had a concentration above the 0.01 mg/1 concentration
considered achievable by identified treatment technology.
Because it vas found at only one plant, indicating that the
ooilu-anr. it, probably site-specific, a-BHC-Beta is not
selected for limitation.
4933
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
Arsenic was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in seven of 14 samples from three plants.1
Only one of the seven samples had a concentration above the 0.34
mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably
selected for limitation.
site-specific, arsenic is not
Cyanide was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in three of 14 samples from three plants.
Two of the samples from two plants had concentrations above the
0.047 mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified
treatment technology. A recorded value of 10,000 mg/1 for one of
these samples is believed to be in error because a sample taken
at the same point on the next day had a cyanide concentration of
less than 1 mg/1. Because it was found above treatable levels
only once in the remaining samples, cyanide is not selected for
limitation,
Selenium was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in five of 14 samples from three plants.
Only one of the five samples had a concentration above the 0.20
mg/1 concentration considered achievable by identified _treatment
technology. Because it was found at only one plant, indicating
that the pollutant is probably site-specific, selenium is not
selected for limitation.
Silver was found in concentrations above its analytical
quantification limit in three of 14 samples from three plants.
Two of the three samples, both of which were from a single plant,
had concentrations above the 0.07 mg/1 concentration considered
achievable by identified treatment technology. Because it was
found at only one plant, indicating that the pollutant is
probably site-specific, silver is not selected for limitation.
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION
IN ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The priority pollutants listed below have been detected in
quantities above their treatability concentrations. All these
pollutants are under consideration to be selected in establishing
limitations and standards for this subcategory. The priority
pollutants listed below are each discussed following the list.
114. antimony
118. cadmium
119. chromium (Total)'
120. copper ,
,22, lead ' " " '", :
124. nickel . . .. . .
".2 :. thallium
128. zinc • • , . .
4.? 3 4
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
Antimony was found above its analytical quantification limit in
three of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.83 to 0.95 mg/1. All three of those samples, representing
two plants, were above the 0.47 mg/1 treatability concentration.
The'refore, antimony is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Cadmium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
six of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.002 to 0.28 mg/1. Five of those samples, representing
three plants, were above the 0.049 mg/1 treatability
concentration. Therefore, cadmium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Chromium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
12 of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.008 to 240 mg/1. Eight of those samples, representing
three plants, were above the 0.07 mg/1 treatability
concentration. Therefore, chromium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Copper was found above its analytical quantification limit in 12
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.009 to 2.9 mg/1. Five of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.39 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, copper is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Lead was found above its analytical quantification limit in eight
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
6.043 to 4.0 mg/1. Six of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.08 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, lead is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Nickel was found above its analytical quantification limit in 14
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.010 to 7.2 mg/1. Eight of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.22 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, nickel is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Thallium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
six of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging
from 0.12 to 3.8 mg/1. Five of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.34 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, thallium is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
Zinc was found above its analytical quantification limit in nine
of 14 samples from three plants with concentrations ranging from
0.05 to 0.67 mg/1. Six of those samples, representing three
plants, were above the 0.23 mg/1 treatability concentration.
Therefore, zinc is selected for further consideration for
limitation.
4935
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
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4936
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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4937
-------
PRIMARY_AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
J.T - ' '
SECT - VI
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
1.
2.
3.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
12.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
22.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
32.
33.
34.
35.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
45.
46.
47.
49.
50.
52.
53.
TABLE VI-2
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
Acenaphthene
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Benzidine
Carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
Chlorobenzene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
1,2-dichloroethane
Hexachloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
Chloroethane
Bis (chloromethyl) ether (Deleted)
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
2-chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-chloronaphthalene
Parachlorometa cresol
2-chlorophenol
1,2-dichlorobenzene
1,3-dichlorobenzene
1,4-dichlorobenzene
3,3-dichlorobenzidine
1,l-dichloroethylene
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
1,2-dichloropropane
1,2-dichloropropylene (1,360dichloropropene)
2,4-dimethylphenol
2,4-dinitrotoluene
1,2-diphenylhydrazine
Ethylbenzene
Pluoranthene
4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bis (2-chloroisopropyl) ether
Bis (2-chloroethoxy) methane ,
Methyl chloride (dichlo-romethane) !
Methyl bromide (bromomethane)
Bromoform (tribromomethane)
Trichlorofluoromethane (Deleted)
Dichlorodifluoromethane (Deleted)
Hexachlocobutadiene
Hexachlorcmyclopenfcadiene
Isophorone
Mapnthaler.e
Nitrobenzene
4-nitrophenol
2,4-dinitrophenol
4940
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi60n60propylamine
72. Benzo(a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
73. Benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3,4-benzofluroanthene
76. Chrysene
77. Acenaphthylene
78. Anthracene
79. Benzo(ghi)perylene (1, 12-benzoperylene) .
80. Fluorene
81. Phenanthene
82. Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
83. Indeno (l,2,-cd)pyrene (2,3-o-phenylenepyrene)
84. Pyrene
85. Tetrachloroethylene
89. Aldrin
90. Dieldrin
91. Chlordane (technical mixture and metabolities)
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4,4'-DDE(p,p'DDX)
96. B-endosulfan-Beta
97. Endosulfan sulfate
98. Endrin
99. Endrin aldehyde
100. Heptachlor
101. Heptachlor epoxide
104. Gamma - BHC (lindane)
105. Delta - BHC
106. PCB-1242 (Arochlor 1242)
108. PCB-1221 (Arochlor 1221)
109. PCB-1232 (Arochlor 1232)
110. PCB-1248 (Arochlor 1248)
111. PCB-1260 (Arochlor 1260)
112. PCB-1016 (Arochlor 1016)
113. Toxaphene
116. Asbestos
129. 2,3,7,8-tetra chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
4941
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
• SECTION, VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES '',
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters generated in the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory. This section
summarizes the description of these wastewaters and indicates the
level of treatment which is currently practiced for each waste
stream. 'This section also presents the control and
treatment technology options which were examined by the Agency
for possible application to the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory.
CURRENT CONTROL AND TREATMENT PRACTICES
This section presents a summary of the control and treatment
technologies that are currently applied to each of the sources
generating wastewater in this subcategory. As discussed in
Section V, wastewater associated with the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory is characterized by the
presence of the priority metal pollutants, suspended solids, and
oil and grease. This analysis is supported by the raw
(untreated) wastewater data presented for specific sources
as well as combined waste streams in Section V. Generally,
these pollutants are present in each of the waste streams at
concentrations above treatability, and these waste streams are
commonly combined for treatment. Construction of one wastewater
treatment system for combined treatment allows plants to take
advantage of economies of scale, and in some instances, to
combine streams of differing alkalinity to reduce treatment
chemical requirements. Five plants in this subcategory
currently have combined treatment systems, two of which
consist of lime precipitation and sedimentation. Three
options have been selected for consideration for BPT,
BAT, NSPS, and pretreatment in this subcategory, based on
combined treatment of these compatible waste streams.
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
After rutile ore is chlorinated, titanium tetrachloride is
recovered from the chlorination off-gases by fractional
distillation using a series of condensers. ' Wet air pollution
control equipment is used at two plants to remove chlorine gas
and particulates. One of these plants achieves zero discharge of
this" stream by reuse in other processes. The other plant
discharges this stream to a sewer after pH adjustment and
sedimentation. That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Ventilation vapors from the chlorination area are routed to wet
4943
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT -VII
air pollution control equipment before being released to the
atmosphere. At the one plant that reports a separate waste
stream for area vent scrubbers, the wastewater generated is
discharged to a sewer after pH adjustment and sedimentation.
That plant does not recycle.this wastewater.
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Of the four plants that use titanium tetrachloride as a raw
material in titanium production, one reports wet air pollution
control for the handling operations. Although not clearly
specified in the dcp, there is reason to believe that this plant
recycles the scrubber water. The existing treatment for this
waste stream consists of pH adjustment and sedimentation before
direct discharge.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal is accomplished by
a batch process using either sodium or magnesium as the
reducing agent. No air pollution control was reported for
reduction by sodium, but in the four plants which practice
magnesium reduction in an inert atmosphere, a waste stream is
generated by the water scrubbers used to treat vent tap vapors.
None of those four plants report recycle or reuse of
this scrubber water which contains treatable concentrations of
metals and chloride. One plant discharges this stream
without treatment. The existing treatment at the other three
plants consists of pH adjustment or lime addition followed by
sedimentation.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
During the reduction of TiCl4 by magnesium, molten
magnesium chloride is tapped off as formed and transferred to
electrolytic cells for magnesium recovery. In one plant,
during periods of rapid MgCl2 formation, excess MgCl2 is
stored in a melt cell before continuing on to the
electrolytic cell. Vapors from the melt cell are collected and
converted to hydrochloric acid in a water scrubber. That plant
does not recycle the scrubber water before discharging it. The
existing treatment for this wastewater consists of lime
precipitation and sedimentation.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The electrolytic reduction of MgCl2 generates chlorine gas.
which may be returned to the chlorination or reduction
processes or liquefied and sold. In one plant, wet air pollution
control is provided for the chlorine-saturated air which
escapes from the liquefaction process. The wastewater
Generated is discharged after lime precipitation and
sedimentation. That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
4944
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT -VII
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH WATER
When the reduction of TiCl4 to titanium metal is complete,
the titanium cake is chipped out of the reaction vessel and
further processed by crushing and leaching. The reaction
container can then be cleaned and returned to the reduction
process for reuse. Only the plant using sodium in its reduction
process reports a wastewater flow from the container
reconditioning operation. The existing treatment for this
stream consists of pH adjustment and sedimentation.
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The titanium cake formed by reduction and chipped out of the
reduction container is crushed to increase the effectiveness of
subsequent purification steps. Two plants report wet air
pollution control for the crushing operation. One achieves zero
discharge using evaporation ponds. The other practices total
reuse of this stream in processes unrelated to titanium
manufacturing.
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER
Purification of the crushed titanium chips can be accomplished
either by vacuum distillation or by leaching. Vacuum
distillation, practiced by one plant, does not result in the
production of a wastewater stream. Acid leaching with HC1 or
HNO3 followed by a water rinse produces acidic
wastewater streams at the four plants reporting this
purification process. Two of those four have zero discharge of
this stream: one by total reuse and one by evaporation in
ponds. The two remaining plants discharge this stream after
treatment by pH adjustment or lime addition followed by
sedimentation.
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
One plant reports a wastewater flow from a dust control scrubber
associated with the crushing, screening, and storage of leached
titanium powder. The existing treatment for this stream consists
of pH adjustment and sedimentation. The plant does not recycle
this wastewater.
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER
Three plants report the use of acid pickling to remove surface
oxides from massive titanium scrap before alloying and casting.
Two plants reporting this waste stream achieve zero discharge:
one by contract removal and one by using evaporation ponds.
Information on water use and discharge rates at the third plant
is not available.
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pure titanium -scrap and turnings can be alloyed with titanium
4945
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
sponge and cast into ingots. One plant mills the scrap and
provides wet air pollution control. That plant achieves zero
discharge of this stream without recycle by using evaporation
ponds .
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER
Scrap material such as titanium turnings must be washed with a
detergent solution to remove oil and dirt before being cast into
ingots. The resulting oily, caustic waste stream is reported by
two plants, one of which achieves zero discharge using
evaporation ponds. The other plant discharges this stream after
treatment by lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER
Two plants report a waste stream from the washing of crucibles
used in casting operations. At one plant, this oily wastewater
is combined with another stream and treated by oil skimming
before being discharged directly. The existing treatment at the
other plant consists of lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
One plant reports the use of contact cooling water from a cooling
pond in its casting operations. This waste stream is
characterized by treatable concentrations of oil and grease,
metals, and solids. The existing treatment for casting contact
cooling water consists of lime precipitation and sedimentation.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
The Agency examined three control and treatment alternatives that
are applicable to the primary and secondary titanium subcategory.
The options selected for evaluation represent a combination of
in-process flow reduction, pretreatment technology applicable to
individual waste streams, and end-of-pipe treatment
technologies.
OPTION A
The Option A treatment scheme includes preliminary
treatment consisting of oil skimming where required, followed
by chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology.
Specifically, lime or some other alkaline compound is used to
precipitate priority metal ions as metal hydroxides. The
metal" hydroxides and suspended solids settle out and the sludge
is collected. Vacuum filtration is used to dewater the
OPTION 8
Opfcir n B for the primary and secondary titanium1 subcategory
:rcl,5,QB of all treatment requirements of Option A (oil skimming
v:rer>' required, chemical precipitation .......... rrid sedimentat.io.n)
4!-46
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
plus control technologies to reduce the volume of wastewater
discharged. Water recycle and reuse are the principal control
mechanisms for flow reduction.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
consists of all control and treatment requirements of Option B
(oil skimming
sedimentation,
multimedia filtration technology
Option B treatment scheme,
where required, chemical precipitation,
and in-process flow reduction) plus
added at the
end of the
Multimedia filtration is used to
remove suspended solids, including precipitates of toxic metals,
beyond the concentration attainable by gravity sedimentation.
The filter suggested is of the gravity, mixed media type,
although other filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure
filters, would perform satisfactorily.
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4348
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
VIII
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a summary of compliance costs for the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory and a description of
the treatment options and subcategory-specific assumptions used
to develop these estimates. Together with the estimated
pollutant reduction performance presented in Sections IX, X, XI,
and XII of this supplement, these cost estimates provide a basis
for evaluating each regulatory option. These cost estimates are
also used in determining the probable economic impact of
regulation on the subcategory at different pollutant discharge
levels. In addition, this section addresses nonwater
quality environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and
control alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes, and
energy requirements, which are specific to the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
As.discussed in Section VII, three treatment options have been
developed for existing primary and secondary titanium sources.
The treatment schemes for each option are summarized below and
schematically presented in Figures X-l through X-3 (pages 4996
4998).
OPTION A
Option A consists of preliminary oil
treatment where necessary and chemical
sedimentation end-of-pipe technology.
OPTION B
— water separation
precipitation and
Option B consists of in-process flow reduction measures,
oil — water separation preliminary treatment where required,
and chemical precipitation and sedimentation end-of-
pipe technology. The in-process flow reduction measure
consists of the recycle of the following wet air pollution
control wastewater streams through holding tanks:
1. Reduction area wet air pollution control,
2. Melt cell wet air pollution,
3. Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
4. Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
5, Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control, and
6. Scrap milling wet air pollution control.
OPTION C
Opt.ion C requires the in-process flow reduction measures of
4949
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
Option B, oil skimming preliminary treatment where required, and
end-of-pipe treatment technology consisting of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance costs is presented in Section VIII of Vol. I.
Plant-by-plant compliance costs have been estimated for the
nonferrous metals manufacturing category and are presented in the
administrative record supporting this regulation. Compliance cost
estimates developed for the promulgated regulation are presented
in Tables VIII-1 and VIII-2 (page 4953) for the direct and
indirect dischargers, respectively. These cost estimates are
equivalent to those developed for the proposed regulation.
Each subcategory contains a unique set of waste streams requiring
certain subcategory-specific assumptions to develop compliance
costs. The assumptions specific to the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory are discussed briefly below.
(1) It is assumed that all titanium plants use water for floor
washing. A 500 gallon holding tank for recycle of treated water
is included in the treatment scheme for plants with continuous
operation of chemical precipitation. If batch treatment is used
(batch chemical precipitation), a tank is assumed to be
unnecessary. For both continuous and batch operation, recycle
piping and a recycle pump are provided.
(2) All floor wash water is recycled after chemical precipitation
and sedimentation.
(3) Costs for removal of the pollutant titanium are included in
the compliance costs. For the purpose of costing, treatability
concentrations for titanium are assumed to be 0.20 mg/1 and 0.13
mg/1 for the lime and settle, and lime, settle, and filter
treatment scheme, respectively.
(4) All chromium in the raw wastewater is assumed to be Cr ;
therefore, chromium reduction treatment is unnecessary.
Because of the nature of the wastewaters produced in the primary
and secondary titanium subcategory, the Agency considered
different technology standards for the various configurations of
plants in the subcategory. The discharging plants in the
subcategory were therefore divided into two groups dependent upon
the processes present at a particular plant. A plant that does
not "practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and which uses
vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify titanium sponge
as the final product has relatively low levels of pollutants, and
therefore it is exempted from national regulation. All other
plants are covered by the promulgated regulations. If a plant
exempted from national regulations elects to either employ
electrolytic recovery of magnesium or leaching it immediately
beccir.es subject tc the promulgated regulations.
4950
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Energy requirements for Option A are estimated at
1,020,000 kwh/yr. Option. B energy requirements decrease over
those for Option A because less water is being treated,
thus saving energy costs for lime and settle treatment. Option A
represents roughly one percent of a typical plant's
electrical usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy
requirements of the treatment options considered will have no
significant impact on total plant energy consumption. Option C,
which includes filtration, is estimated to increase energy
consumption over Option B by approximately one percent.
SOLID WASTE
Sludge generated in the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory is due to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and
carbonates using lime. Sludges associated with the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory will necessarily contain
quantities of toxic metal pollutants. Sludges from primary
operations are not subject to regulation as hazardous wastes
since wastes generated by primary smelters and refiners are
currently exempt from regulation by Act of Congress (Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Section 3001(b)), as
interpreted by EPA. Wastes from secondary metal operations can
be regulated as hazardous. However, the Agency examined the
solid wastes that would be generated at secondary nonferrous
metals manufacturing plants by the suggested treatment
technologies and believes they are not hazardous wastes under the
Agency's regulations implementing Section 3001 of RCRA. This
judgment is based on the results of Extraction Procedure (EP)
toxicity tests performed on similar sludges (i.e.
toxic-metal-bearing lime sludges) generated by other industries
such as the iron and steel industry. A small amount of excess
lime was added during treatment, and the sludges subsequently
generated passed the toxicity test. See CFR 40 261.24. Thus,
the Agency believes that the wastewater sludges from both primary
and secondary operations will not be EP toxic if the recommended
technology is applied.
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
(see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators of hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off site,, they would have to prepare
4951
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20 45 FR 33142 (May 19,
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations'require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20 45 FR 33151
(May 19, 1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973 (December 31, 1980).
Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for hazardous waste
treatment, storage, and disposal facilities allowed to receive
such wastes. See 40 CFR Part 464 46 FR 2802 (January 12, 1981),
47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the. Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR 53438
(September 13, 1979). The Agency has calculated as part of the
costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and disposing
of these wastes. For more details, see Section VIII of the
General Development Document.
It is estimated that approximately 487 metric tons per year of
sludge will be generated as a result of the promulgated
regulations for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory.
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems will result from implementation of oil skimming,
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.
These technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are not
likely to transfer pollutants to air.
4952
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VIII
TABLE VIII-1
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March, 1982- Dollars)
Total Required
Total
Option
A
B
C
Capital Cost
989,000
945.000
If030'000
Annual Cost
588,000
543,000
585.000
TABLE VII1-2
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
Compliance costs are not presented here for this subcategory
because the data on which they are based have been claimed to be
confidential.
4953
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4954
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
This section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT). BPT reflects the existing
performance by plants of various sizes, ages, and
manufacturing processes within the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory, as well as the established performance of the
recommended BPT systems. Particular consideration is given to
the treatment already in place at plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than
process changes or internal controls, except where such
practices are common industry practice,.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
The Agency studied the nonferrous metals category to identify the
processes used, the wastewaters generated, and the treatment
processes installed. Information was collected from industry
using data collection portfolios, and specific plants were
sampled and the wastewaters analyzed. In making technical
assessments of data, reviewing manufacturing processes, and
assessing wastewater treatment technology options, both indirect
and direct dischargers have been considered as a single group.
An examination of plants and processes did not indicate any
process differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be
direct or indirect.
As explained in Section IV, the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory has been subdivided into 15 potential wastewater
sources. Since the water use, discharge rates, and pollutant
characteristics of each of these wastewaters is potentially
unique, effluent limitations will be developed for each of the 15
subdivisions.
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach was followed
4955
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
for the development of BPT mass limitations. The first
requirement to calculate these limitations is to account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant. Therefore,
a unit of production or production normalizing parameter (PNP)
was determined for each'waste stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV. Each plant within the subcategory was then
analyzed to determine (1) which subdivisions were present, (2)
the specific flow rates generated for each subdivision, and (3)
the specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.
This analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewater such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
is not considered in the analysis.
Production normalized flows for each subdivision were then
analyzed to determine the flow to be used as part of the basis
for BPT mass limitations. The selected flow (sometimes referred
to as the BPT regulatory flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the
water use controls which are common practices within the
category. The BPT regulatory flow is based on the average of all
applicable data. Plants with normalized flows above the average
may have to implement some method of flow reduction to achieve
the BPT limitations.
The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the set
of concentrations that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology. Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in place
for each wastewater source. In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle technology) and a combination of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow.
Using these regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source or subdivision. This calculation was made on a
stream-by-stream basis, primarily because plants in this
subcategory may perform one or more of the operations in various
combinations. The mass loadings (milligrams of pollutant per
metric ton of production or mg/kkg) were calculated by
multiplying the BPT regulatory flow (1/kkg) by the concentration
achievable by the BPT level of treatment technology (mg/1) for
each pollutant parameter to be limited under BPT. These mass
loadings are published in the Federal Register and in 40 CFR
Part 421 as the effluent limitations and standards.
The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
to the combined flow. This method accounts for the variety of
4956
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at primary and secondary titanium plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling pH).
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the 'production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation for each plant.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
In balancing costs in relation to pollutant removal estimates,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level- The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed or promulgated BPT.
The methodology for calculating pollutant removal estimates and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table X-2
(page 4984)shows the pollutant removal estimates for each
treatment option. Compliance costs for direct dischargers are
presented in Table X-3 (page 4985).
BPT OPTION SELECTION
The technology basis for the proposed and promulgated BPT
limitations is Option A, chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology to remove metals and solids from combined wastewaters
and to control pH, and oil skimming preliminary treatment for
streams with treatable concentrations of oil and grease. These
technologies are already in-place at two of the four direct
dischargers in the subcategory. EPA is promulgating these
limitations for all titanium plants, except those plants which do
not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and which use
vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify titanium
sponge. For these excepted plants, no BPT limitations are
promulgated. The pollutants specifically selected for
regulation at BPT are chromium, lead, nickel, titanium, oil and
grease, TSS, and pH. The BPT treatment scheme is presented in
Figure IX-1 (page 4974).
Implementation of the promulgated BPT limitations will remove
annually an estimated 113 kg of toxic metals, 5,791 kg of
titanium, and 58,864 kg of TSS. While two plants have
the equipment in-place to comply with BPT, we do not ' believe
that the plants are, currently achieving the promulgated
4957
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
BPT limitations. We project a capital cost of $989,000 and
an annualized cost of $588,000 for achieving promulgated BPT in
all plants.
More stringent technology options were not selected for BPT since
they require in-process changes or end-of-pipe technologies
less widely practiced in the subcategory, and, therefore, are
more appropriately considered under BAT.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BPT discharge rate is calculated for each subdivision based on
the average of the flows of the existing plants, as determined
from analysis of dcp. The discharge rate is used with the
achievable treatment concentrations to determine BPT effluent
limitations. Since the discharge rate may be different for each
wastewater source, separate production normalized discharge rates
for each of the 15 wastewater sources are discussed below and
summarized in Table IX-1 (page 4964). The discharge rates are
normalized on a production basis by relating the amount of
wastewater generated to the mass of metal produced by the process
associated with the waste stream in question. These
production normalizing parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in
Table IX-1.
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates for
each plant by subdivision in Tables V-l through V-16.
CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control
is 936 1/kkg (224 gal/ton) of TiCl4 produced. This rate
is allocated only for those plants which convert
TiO2 to TiCl4 by direct chlorination and employ wet
scrubbers to control chlorine gas and particulates in the
TiCl4 product gases prior to condensation and purification.
Two plants report this waste stream, but data for water use
rates is supplied by only one facility. The BPT allowance
is based on this water use rate. The second plant
achieves zero discharge of this stream by reuse in other
processes.
CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for chlorination area-vent wet air pollution control
is 1,040 1/kkg (249 gal/ton) of TiCl4 produced. This rate is
allocated only for those plants which route the cleaned gas from
the chlorination off-gas scrubbers to a chlorination area
scrubbing system where it is combined with ventilation vapors
from the TiCl4 purification operations. This allowance is based
on the water use rate at the only plant that reports this
stream. That plant dees not recycle this wastewater.
4958
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TiCl4 HANDLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for TiCl4 ' handling wet air pollution control is
187 1/kkg (45 gal/ton) of TiCl4 handled. This rate is
allocated only for those plants which use TiCl4 as a raw
material and employ wet scrubbers to control particulate
emissions from raw material handling. This allowance is based
on the discharge rate at the only plant that reports
this stream. Although not clearly specified in the dcp,
there is reason to believe that this plant practices
greater than 90 percent recycle of this wastewater.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for reduction area wet air pollution control is
41,303 1/kkg (9,898 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This
rate is allocated only for those plants which practice magnesium
reduction in an inert atmosphere and employ wet scrubbers to
cleanse vapors from the reduction vessel. Four plants report this
waste stream. At one plant the reduction area wet air pollution
control also is used in the production of metals other than
titanium. Information from this plant was not considered when
choosing the BPT allowance because it was not possible _to
determine the amount of flow attributable to titanium production
alone. The BPT discharge allowance is based on the average of the
water use rates at the remaining three plants which discharge
this stream. None of those plants report recycle of this
wastewater.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for melt cell wet air pollution control is 21, 254
1/kkg (5,093 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This rate is
allocated only for those plants which store excess
MgCl2 slag from magnesium reduction in a melt cell prior
to recovering the magnesium by electrolysis, and pass the
vapors collected in the melt cell through wet scrubbers before
venting them to the atmosphere. This allowance is based
on the water use rate at the only plant that reports this
stream. That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL'
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution
control is 297,559 1/kkg (71,306 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This rate is allocated only for those plants
which liquefy chlorine gas derived from electrolysis of
MqCl2 slag, and water-scrub any chlorine vapors that
escape from the liquefaction operation. This allowance is
based on the water use rate .at one plant which practices
4959
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
chlorine liquefaction.
wastewater.
That plant does not recycle this
SODIUM REDUCTION CONTAINER RECONDITIONING WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for sodium reduction container reconditioning wash
water is 1,282 1/kkg (307 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This
rate is allocated only for those plants which reduce TiCl4 to
titanium with sodium, and clean the used retort vessel prior to
reusing it in the sodium reduction process. This allowance is
based on the water use rate reported by the only plant which
practices sodium reduction of TiCl4- That plant does not recycle
this wastewater.
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for chip crushing wet air pollution control is
22,922 1/kkg (5,493 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This rate
is allocated only for those plants which use wet
scrubbers to control particulate emissions from the crushing of
titanium cake formed by reduction. Two plants report
this stream. One plant practices total reuse of this stream
in processes unrelated to titanium manufacturing. The other
plant achieves zero discharge of this stream using evaporation
ponds. Information on water use and recycle at the second plant
is not available. The BPT flow rate is based on the
production normalized water use at the one facility which
reported a value.
ACID LEACHATE AND RINSE WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for acid leachate and rinse water is 11,840 1/kkg
(2,837 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This rate is allocated only
for those plants which acid leach and rinse with water the
crushed titanium cake formed by reduction in order to remove Mg
and MgCl2 impurities. Four plants report this waste stream. Two
plants practice zero discharge of this stream: one by total reuse
and one by evaporation in ponds. Of the two remaining plants,
one discharges this stream directly and one discharges it to a
POTW. The BPT allowance is based on the discharge rate at the
only plant that discharges this stream directly. The reported
flow for plant 1075 was disregarded because it included only the
acid leaching portion of the waste stream. The other two flows
were not incorporated into the BPT wastewater discharge allowance
because the Agency does not believe that they represent the
optimum water use practices possible in this industry. No recycle
of the acid leachate and rinse water is reported at any of the
plants.
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
BPT
wasfcewater discharae allowance
proposal
and
49^0
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
promulgation for sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution
control is 6,470 1/kkg (1,550 gal/ton) of titanium produced.
This rate is allocated for those plants which operate a wet
dust control scrubber associated with the crushing, screening,
and storage of acid601reached titanium powder. This allowance is
based on the water use rate at the only plant that reports
this stream. That plant does not recycle this wastewater.
ACID PICKLE AND WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for acid pickle and wash water is 61 1/kkg
(15 gal/ton) of titanium that is acid cleaned. This rate is
allocated for those plants which acid pickle and wash with
water titanium scrap used in alloying and casting operations.
Two plants reporting this waste stream achieve zero
discharge: one by contract removal and one by using evaporation
ponds. Information on water use and discharge rates at
the third plant is not available. The BPT flow rate is based on
the average of the production normalized flow rates
reported by the two facilities which supplied information
on this stream. Since there is no reason to believe that plant
1017 practices recycle of acid pickle and wash water, it is
reasonable to base the flow allowance on the average of the
discharge rates at the two plants.
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for scrap milling wet air pollution control is
2,261 1/kkg (542 gal/ton) of titanium scrap milled. This rate is
allocated only for those plants which provide ' wet air
pollution control when milling titanium scrap and turnings that
can be alloyed and cast with titanium sponge. The only plant
which reports this waste stream currently achieves zero discharge
using evaporation ponds. That plant does not recycle this
wastewater. The BPT flow rate is based on the production
normalized water use at the one facility reporting this stream.
SCRAP DETERGENT WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for scrap detergent wash water is 18,064 1/kkg
(4,329 gal/ton) of scrap washed. This rate is allocated only for
those plants which wash scrap titanium material to remove
oil and dirt prior to alloying and casting. Two plants report
this waste stream, one of which achieves zero discharge
using evaporation ponds. The rate reported by the zero discharge
plant was not considered in determining the BPT wastewater
discharge allowance because the Agency believes that since this
plant has the capability to use evaporation ponds, it does
not necessarily employ the optimum water use practices available
to the industry. The BPT allowance is biased on the discharge
rate at the only plant that discharges this stream directly.
Neither of the plants which use scrap detergent washes practice
4961
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
recycle of this stream.
CASTING CRUCIBLE WASH WATER
The BPT wastewater 'discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for casting crucible wash water is 477 1/kkg
(114 gal/ton) of titanium cast. This rate is allocated only
for those plants which wash crucibles used in casting
operations. Crucible washes are reported at two plants. The
BPT allowance is based on the discharge rate at the only
plant which provided flow and production information. No
recycle of this stream is practiced at that plant.
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance at proposal and
promulgation for casting contact cooling water is 729,730
1/kkg (174,871 gal/ton) of titanium cast. This rate is allocated
only for those plants which use direct contact cooling
water in casting operations. This allowance is based on the
discharge rate at the only plant that reports this stream.
Information on water recycle at that plant is not available.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation was presented in Section VI. A total of
seven pollutants or pollutant parameters are selected for
limitation under BPT and are listed below:
119. chromium (total)
122. lead
124. nickel
titanium
oil and grease
TSS
pH
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The achievable concentrations from the application of the BPT
model technology are discussed in Section VII of Vol. I and
summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 248). These,
concentrations (both one day maximum and monthly average
values) are multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows
summarized in Table IX-1 (page 4964) to calculate the mass
of pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product.
The results of these calculations in milligrams of pollutant
per kilogram of product represent the BPT effluent limitations
and are presented in Table IX-2 (page 4966) for each individual
waste stream.
4962
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
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4963
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
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4964
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
IX
TABLE IX-2
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
2.686
0.318
0.412
1.778
0.393
1.797
1.919
1.367
0.880
18.720
38.380
range of
1.198
0.140
0.168
0.936
0.187
1.189
0.852
0.571
0.384
11.230
18.250
7.5 to 10.0 at all times
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
^Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*.TSS
*pH
2,
0,
0
1,
0,
1.
2
1
0
20
985
354
458
976
437
997
132
518
978
800
42.640
1.331
0.156
0.187
1.040
0.208
1.321
0.946
0.634
0.426
12.480
20.280
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
4965
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TJC14 Handling Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiC14 handled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
0.537
0.064
0.082
0.355
0.079
0.359
383
,273
0.176
3.740
7.667
0,
0,
0.239
0.028
0.034
,187
,037
,237
,170
,114
,077
,244
,647
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
2,
3,
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
118.500
14.040
18.170
78.480
17.350
79.300
84.670
60.300
38.820
826.100
1,693.000
52.870
6.195
7.435
41.300
8.261
52.450
37.590
25.190
16.930
495.600
805.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
•196*
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
61.000
7.226
9.352
40.380
8.927
40.810
43.570
31.030
19.980
425.100
871.400
Within the range of 7
27.210
3.188
3.826
21.250
4.251
26.990
19.340
12.960
8.714
255.000
414.500
5 to 10.0 at all times
(f) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
854
101
130
565
125
571
610
434
279
5,951
12,200
.000
.200
.900
.400
.000
.300
.000
.400
.700
.000
.000
380
44
53
297
59
377
270
181
122
3,571
5,80 2
,900
,630
,560
,600
,510
,900
,800
,500
.000
,000
,000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4967
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
3.679
0.436
0.564
.436
,538
,461
,628
,872
,205
25.640
52.560
2
0
2,
2,
1,
1,
1.641
0.192
0.231
,282
,256
,628
,167
,782
,526
15.380
25.000
1,
0,
1,
1,
0,
0,
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
65.790
7.793
10.090
43.550
9.627
44.010
46.990
33.470
21.550
458.400
939.800
29.340
3.438
4.126
22.920
4.584
29.110
20.860
13.980
9.398
275.100
447.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4968
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
33.980
4.026
5.210
22.500
4.973
22.730
24.270
17.290
11.130
236.800
485.400
range of
15.160
1.776
2.131
11.840
2.368
15.040
10.770
7.222
4.854
142.100
230.900
7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet APC BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*0il and Grease
*TSS
*pH
18.570
2.200
2.847
12.290
2.717
12.420
13.260
9.446
6.082
129.400
265.300
8.282
0.971
1.165
6.470
1.294
8.217
5.888
3.947
2.653
77.640
126.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 1C.O at all times
jVRegulated Pollutant
4969
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Acid Pickle and Wash Water BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ing/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
0.175
0.021
0.027
0.116
0.026
0.117
0.125
0.089
0.057
1.220
2.501
0.078
0.009
0.011
0.061
0.012
0.078
0.056
0.037
0.025
0.732
1.190
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(1) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
ing/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within
6.489
0.769
0.995
4.296
0.950
4.341
4.635
3.301
2.125
45.220
92.700
the range of 7.5
2.894
0.339
0.407
2.261
0.452
2.871
2.058
1.379
0.927
' 27.130
44.090
to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4970
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Detergent Wash Water BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
51.840
6.142
7.948
34.320
7.587
34.680
37.030
26.370
16.980
361.300
740.600
23.120
2.710
3.252
18.060
3.613
22.940
16.440
11.020
7.406
216.800
352.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(n) Casting Crucible Wash Water BPT
Maximum for
Any One Day
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony . 1.369 0.611
Cadmium 0.162 0.072
*Chromium 0.210 0.086
Copper 0.906 0.477
*Lead 0.200 0.095
*Nickel 0.916 0.606
Thallium 0.978 0.434
Zinc 0.696 0.291
*Titanium 0.448 0.196
*0il and Grease 9.540 ' 5.724
*TSS 19.560 9.302
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4971
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Contact Cooling Water BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within
2,094.000
248.100
321.100
1,386.000
306.500
1,401.000
1,496.000
1,065.000
685.900
14,590.000
29,920.000
the range of 7.5 to
934.100
109.500
131.400
729.700
145.900
926.800
664.100
445.100
299.200
8,757.000
14,230.000
10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
4972
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUgCATEGORY SECT - IX
-*
X
31
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4973
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
IX
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
4974
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These effluent limitations are based on the best control_ and
treatment technology used by a specific point source within
the industrial category or subcategory, or by another
category from which it is transferable. Emphasis is placed
on additional treatment techniques applied at the end of the
treatment systems currently used, as well as reduction of the
amount of water used and discharged, process control,
and treatment technology optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology. BAT
represents the best available technology economically achievable
at plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or other
characteristics. BAT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category and may include feasible process
changes or internal controls, even when not in common industry
practice.
The statutory assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against pollutant removal benefits
However, in assessing the proposed and promulgated BAT, the
Agency has given substantial weight to the economic achievability
of the technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine three
technology options which could be applied to the primary and
secondary titanium subcategory as alternatives for the basis of
BAT effluent limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations,-mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as described in
Section IX for BPT limitations development. The differences in
the mass loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness achievable with the more sophisticated BAT
treatment technology and reductions in the effluent flows
allocated to various waste streams.
The treatment technologies considered for BAT are summarized
4975
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
below:
Option A (Figure X-l, page 4996):
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Option B (Figure X-2f page 4997):
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Flow reduction
Option C (Figure X-3, page 4998):
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Flow reduction
o Multimedia filtration
The three technology options examined for BAT are discussed in
greater detail below. The first option considered (Option A) is
the same as the BPT treatment and control technology which was
presented in the previous section. The last two options each
represent substantial progress toward preventing pollution of the
environment above and beyond the progress achievable by BPT.
OPTION A
Option A for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory is
equivalent to the control and treatment technologies selected as
the basis for BPT in Section IX. The BPT end-of-pipe treatment
scheme includes chemical precipitation and sedimentation, with
oil skimming preliminary treatment of wastewaters containing
treatable concentrations of oil and grease (see Figure X-l).
The discharge allowances for Option A are equal to the discharge
allowances allocated to each stream at BPT.
OPTION B
Option B for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
achieves lower pollutant discharge by building upon the Option A
end-of-pipe treatment technology. Option B consists of
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, oil skimming preliminary
treatment of wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of
oil and grease, and in-process flow reduction'(see Figure X-2).
Flow reduction measures, including in-process changes, result^in
the elimination of some wastewater streams and the concentration
of pollutants in other effluents. Treatment of a more
concentrated effluent allows achievement of a greater net
pollutant removal and introduces the possible economic benefits
associated with treating a lower volume of wastewater.
Methods used in Option B to reduce process wastewater generation
4976
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
or discharge rates through flow reduction are discussed below:
Recycle of Water Used in Wet Air pollution Control
There are six wastewater sources associated with wet air
pollution control that are regulated under these effluent
limitations for which recycle is considered feasible:
- Reduction area wet air pollution control,
- Melt cell wet air pollution control,
- Chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control,
- Chip crushing wet air pollution control
- Sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control, and
- Scrap milling wet air pollution control.
Each of these waste streams is reported by one or more plants in
the primary and secondary titanium subcategory. Table X-l
(page 4983) presents the number of plants reporting wastewater
use with these sources, the number of plants practicing
recycle of, scrubber liquor, and the range of recycle values
being used. Presently there is no reported recycle or reuse of
these scrubber liquors in any of the plants; however,
reduction of flow through recycle or reuse represents the best
available technology economically achievable for these streams.
Recycle or Reuse of Casting Contact Cooling Water
One plant reports this waste stream without providing information
on current water reuse and recycle practices. EPA believes that
flow reduction can be achieved by recycle with a cooling tower
for casting contact cooling water.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary and secondary titanium subcategory
consists of all control and treatment requirements of Option B
(chemical precipitation, sedimentation, oil skimming where
required, and in-process flow reduction) plus multimedia
filtration technology added at the end. of the Option B treatment
scheme (see Figure X-3). Multimedia, filtration is used to
remove suspended solids, including precipitates of toxic metals,
beyond the concentration attainable by gravity sedimentation.
The filter suggested is of the gravity, mixed media type,
although other filters, such as rapid sand filters or pressure
filters, would perform satisfactorily.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
As one means of evaluating each technology option. EPA developed
estimates of the pollutant removals and the compliance costs
associated with each option. The methodologies are described
below.
4977
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
Sampling data collected during the field sampling program were
used to characterize the major waste streams considered for
regulation. At each sampled facility, the data was
production normalized for each unit operation (i.e., mass of
pollutant generated per mass of product manufactured). This
value, referred to as the raw waste, was used to estimate
the mass of priority pollutants generated within the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory. The pollutant
removal estimates were calculated for each plant by first
estimating the total mass of each pollutant in the untreated
wastewater. This was calculated by first multiplying the raw
waste values by the corresponding production value for
that stream and then summing these values for each pollutant for
every stream generated by the plant.
Next, the volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory flow.
The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with the
other plant flows. The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated by multiplying the achievable concentration values
attainable with the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of
process wastewater discharged by the subcategory. The mass of
pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated mass of
pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and the mass
of pollutant discharged after application of the treatment
option. The pollutant removal estimates for direct dischargers
in the primary and secondary titanium subcategory are presented
in Table X-2 (page 4984). These estimates are the same as
those developed for the proposed regulation.
COMPLIANCE COSTS
In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost estimation model, relating the total costs
associated with installation and operation of wastewater
treatment technologies to plant process wastewater discharge.
EPA applied the model to each plant. The plant's investment and
operating costs are determined by what treatment it has in place
and by its individual process wastewater discharge flow. As
discussed above, this flow is either the actual or the BAT
regulatory flow, whichever is lesser. The final step was to
annualize the capital costs, and to sum the annualized capital
costs, and the operating and maintenance costs for each plant,
yielding the cost of compliance for the subcategory. The
compliance costs associated with the various options are
presented in Table X-3 (page 4985) for direct dischargers in the
primary and secondary titanium subcategory. Compliance costs
for indirect dischargers are shown in Section XII. These
costs were used in assessing economic achievability.
4978
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed Level A BAT limitations for titanium plants which do
not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and which use
vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify titanium sponge
as the final product based on chemical precipitation,
sedimentation, and oil skimming (BPT technology) plus in-process
wastewater flow reduction. Level B BAT limitations were proposed
for all other titanium plants based on chemical precipitation,
sedimentation, and oil skimming pretreatment where required (BPT
technology), plus flow reduction and filtration. Flow reduction
is based on 90 percent recycle of scrubber effluent through
holding tanks and 90 percent recycle of casting contact cooling
water through cooling towers.
It was estimated at proposal that if the four existing direct
discharging Level B plants in this subcategory became Level A
dischargers they would incur a capital cost of $641,000 and an
annualized cost of $325,000 (1982 dollars); 135 kilograms of
toxic pollutants would be removed.
Implementation of the proposed Level B BAT limitations would
remove annually an estimated 298 kilograms of priority
pollutants. Estimated capital cost for achieving proposed BAT was
$1,030,000, and annualized cost was $585,000 (1982 dollars).
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
We are not promulgating BAT limitations for titanium plants
which do not practice electrolytic recovery of magnesium and
which use vacuum distillation instead of leaching to purify
titanium sponge. BAT limitations are promulgated for all other
titanium plants based on chemical precipitation,
sedimentation, and oil skimming pretreatment where _required,
(BPT technology) plus flow reduction, and filtration. Flow
reduction is based on 90 percent recycle of scrubber effluent
through holding tanks and 90 percent recycle of casting contact
cooling water through cooling towers. The Agency considered
applying the same technology levels to this entire subcategory
but decided to promulgate this regulatory scheme because
there was little pollutant removal from the wastewater streams at
certain types of plants when treated by the BAT technology.
The pollutants specifically selected for limitation under BAT are
chromium, lead, nickel, and titanium. The toxic pollutants
antimony, cadmium, copper, thallium and zinc were also
considered for regulation because they were found at treatable
concentrations in the raw wastewaters from this subcategory.
These pollutants were not selected for specific regulation
because they will be adequately treated when the regulated
priority metals are treated to the concentrations achievable by
the model BAT technology.
Implementation of the promulgated BAT limitations would remove
annually an estimated 298 kg of. toxic pollutants. Estimated
4979
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
capital cost for achieving promulgated BAT is $1,030,000,
and annualized cost is $585,000 (1982 dollars).
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
A BAT discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision based
upon the flows of the existing plants, as determined from
analysis of the data collection portfolios. The discharge rate
is used with the achievable treatment concentrations to determine
BAT effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be
different for each wastewater source, separate production
normalized discharge rates for each of the 16 wastewater sources
were determined and are summarized in Table X-4 (page 4986). The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by relating
the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of metal
product which is produced by the process associated with the
waste stream in question. These production normalizing
parameters, or PNPs, are also listed in Table X-4.
The BAT discharge rates reflect the flow reduction requirements
of the selected BAT option. For this reason, the casting contact
cooling water and the scrubber waters which were targeted for
flow reduction through recycle for BAT have lower flow rates than
the corresponding BPT flows. A discussion of these wastewaters
is presented below.
REDUCTION AREA WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance at both proposal and
promulgation for reduction area wet air pollution control is
4,130 1/kkg (990 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This waste
stream is reported at four plants, one of which does not provide
enough information to determine the amount of flow attributable
to titanium production. The BAT allowance is based on 90 percent
reuse or recycle of the average amount of water used for
reduction area wet air pollution control at the remaining three
plants. None of these plants currently recycle this wastewater.
MELT CELL WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance at both proposal and
promulgation for melt cell wet air pollution control is
2,126 1/kkg (509 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This allowance
is based on 90 percent reuse or recycle of the water used for
melt cell wet air pollution control at the only plant that
reports this stream. That plant currently does not recycle this
wastewater.
CHLORINE LIQUEFACTION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance at both proposal and
promulgation for chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution
control is 29,756 1/kkg (7,131 gal/ton) of titanium
produced. This allowance is based on 90 percent reuse or
recycle of the water used for chlorine liquefaction wet air
4980
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
pollution control at the only plant that reports this
scrubber. That plant currently does not recycle this
wastewater.
CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The.;; BAT wastewater discharge allowance at both proposal and
promulgation for chip crushing wet air pollution control is
2,292 1/kkg (549 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This
allowance is based on 90 percent recycle of the water use at the
one facility which reported water use and zero percent recycle.
The other facility reporting this stream did not supply
information concerning water use and recycle practices.
SPONGE CRUSHING AND SCREENING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposed and promulgated BAT wastewater discharge allowance
for sponge crushing and screening wet air pollution control is
647 1/kkg (155 gal/ton) of titanium produced. This allowance is
based on 90 percent reuse or recycle of the water used for sponge
crushing and screening wet air pollution control at the one plant
that reports this stream. That plant currently does not recycle
this wastewater.
SCRAP MILLING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The proposed and promulgated BAT wastewater discharge allowance
for scrap milling wet air pollution control is 227 1/kkg (54
gal/ton) of titanium scrap milled. This allowance is based on 90
percent recycle of the production normalized water use at the one
facility reporting this waste stream. That facility currently
practices no recycle of this stream.
CASTING CONTACT COOLING WATER
The BAT wastewater discharge allowance at both proposal and
promulgation for casting contact cooling water is 72,973
1/kkg (17,487 gal/ton) of titanium cast. This allowance is
based on 90 percent reuse or recycle with a cooling tower
of the water used for casting contact cooling at the only
plant that reports this stream. Information on current water
reuse and recycle practices at that plant is not available.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency placed particular emphasis on the toxic pollutants.
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the. subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
poMutants and pollutant parameters for limitation.
This examination and evaluation, presented in Section
VI,, concluded that ten pollutants and pollutant
parameters are present in primary and secondary titanium
wastewaters at concentrations that can be effectively
reduced by identified treatment technologies. However, the high
cost associated with analysis for toxic metal pollutants has
4981
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
prompted EPA to develop an alternative method for regulating
and monitoring toxic pollutant discharges from the nonferrous
metals manufacturing category. Rather than developing specific
effluent mass limitations and standards for each of the toxic
metals found in treatable concentrations in the raw
wastewaters from a given subcategory, the Agency is promulgating
effluent mass limitations only for those pollutants generated in
the greatest quantities as shown by the pollutant removal
analysis. The pollutants selected for specific limitation are
listed below:
119. chromium (total)
122. lead
124. nickel
titanium
By establishing limitations and standards for certain toxic metal
pollutants, dischargers will attain the same degree of control
over toxic metal pollutants as they would have been required to
achieve had all the toxic metal pollutants been directly limited.
This approach is technically justified since the
achievable concentrations used for chemical precipitation and
sedimentation technology are based on optimized treatment
for concomitant multiple metals removal. Thus, even though
metals have somewhat different theoretical solubilities, they
will be removed at very nearly the same rate in a
chemical precipitation and sedimentation treatment system
operated for multiple metals removal. Filtration as part of the
technology basis is likewise justified because this technology
removes metals non-preferentially.
The following priority pollutants are excluded from limitation
on the basis that they are effectively controlled by the
limitations developed for chromium, lead, and nickel:
114. antimony
118. cadmium
120. copper
127. thallium
128. zinc
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The effluent concentrations achievable by the application of the
BAT treatment technology are discussed in Section VII of
Vol. I and summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 248). The
achievable concentrations (both one-day maximum and monthly
average values) are multiplied by the BAT normalized
discharge flows summarized in Table X-4 (page 4986) to calculate
the mass of pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of
product. The results of these calculations in milligrams
of pollutant per kilogram of product represent the BAT effluent
limitations and are presented in Table X-5 (page 4988) for each
individual waste stream.
4982
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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4983
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4984
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-3
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
(March, 1982 Dollars)
Total Required
Option Capital Cost
A 989,000
B 945,000
C 1.030,000
Total
Annual Cost
588 000
543,000
585,000
4985
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4987
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
* Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
1.806
0.187
0.346
1.198
0.262
0.515
1.310
0.955
0.496
0.805
0.075
0.140
0.571
0.122
0.346
0.571
0.393
0.215
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/millioh Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
2.007
0.208
0.385
1.331
0.291
0.572
,456
,061
1
1
0.551
0.894
0.083
0.156
0.634
0.135
0.385
0.634
0.437
0.239
*Regulated Pollutant
4988
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
(c)
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
Handling Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiC14 handled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.361
0.037
0.069
0.239
0.052
0.103
0.262
0.191
0.099
0.161
0.015
0.028
0.114
0.024
0.069
0.114
0.079 -
0.043
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
7.971
0.826
1.528
5.286
1.156
2.272
5.782
4.213
2.189
3.552
0.330
0.620
2.519
0.537
1.528
2.519
1.735
0.950
^Regulated Pollutant
4989
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
4.103
0.425
0.787
2.721
0.595
1.169
2.976
2.169
1.127
1.828
0.170
0.319
1.297
0.276
0.787
1.297
0.893
0.489
(f) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony 57.430 25.590
Cadmium 5.951 2.380
*Chromium 11.010 4.463
Copper 38.090 18.150
*Lead 8.332 3.868
*Nickel 16.370 11.010
Thallium 41.660 18.150
Zinc 30.350 12.500
*Titanium 15.770 6.844
*Regulated Pollutant
4990
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water BAT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
2.474
0.256
0.474
1.641
0.359
0.705
1.795
1.308
0.679
1.103
0.103
0.192
0.782
0.167
0.474
0.782
0.538
0.295
(h) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony 4.424 1.971
Cadmium 0.458 0.183
*Chromium 0.848 0.344
Copper 2.934 1.398
*Lead 0.642 0.298
*Nickel 1.261 0.848
Thallium 3.209 1.398
Zinc 2.338 0.963
*Titanium 1.215 0.527
^Regulated Pollutant
4991
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
22.850
2.368
4.381
15.160
3.315
6.512
16.580
12.080
6.275
10.180
0.947
1.776
7.222
1.539
4.381
7.222
4.973
2.723
(j) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet APC BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
1.249
0.129
0.239
0.828
0.181
0.356
0.906
0.660
0.343
0.556
0.052
0.097
0.395
0.084
0.239
0.395
0.272
0.149
*Regulated Pollutant
4992
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
Table X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS. LIMITATIONS FOR THE
•_r: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Acid Pickle and Wash Water BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.118
0.012
0.023
0.078
0.017
0.034
0.085
0.062
0.032
0.053
0.005
0.009
0.037
0.008
0.023
0.037
0.026
0.014
(1) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control
BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.438
0.045
0.084
0.291
0.064
0.125
0.318
0.232
0.120
0.195
0.018
0.034
0.138
0.030
0.084
0.138
0.095
0.052
*Regulated Pollutant
4993
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Detergent Wash Water BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
34.860
3.613
6.684
23.120
5.058
9.935
25.290
18.430
9.574
15.540
1.445
2.710
11.020
2.348
6.684
11.020
7.587
4.155
(n) Casting Crucible Wash Water BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.921
0.095
0.176
0.611
0.134
0.262
0.668
0.487
0.253
0.410
0.038
0.072
0.291
0.062
0.176
0.291
0.200
0.110
*Regulated Pollutant
4994
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Contact Cooling Water BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
140.800
14.590
27.000
93.410
20.430
40.140
102.200
74.430
38.680
62.760
5.838
10.950
44.510
9.486
27.000
44.510
30.650
16.780
*Regulated Pollutant
4995
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4996
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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4998
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
SECTION XI
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
This section describes the technologies for treatment of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for regulatory pollutants for NSPS in the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.
New plants have the opportunity to design the best and most
efficient production processes and wastewater treatment
technologies without facing the added costs and restrictions
encountered in retrofitting an existing plant. Therefore,_EPA has
considered the best demonstrated process changes, in-plant
controls and end-of-pipe treatment technologies which reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible as the basis for NSPS.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS
New source performance standards are generally equivalent to the
best available technology (BAT) selected for currently existing
plants. This is a consequence of careful review by the Agency of
a wide range of technical options for new source treatment
systems which is discussed in Section XI of the General
Development Document. This review of the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory, however, found new and economically
feasible, demonstrated technologies which are considered an
improvement over those chosen for consideration for BAT. These
new technologies are based on dry scrubbing and by-product
recovery of a salable product. There was nothing found to
indicate that the characteristics of new plants would not be
similar to those from existing plants, since the processes used
by new sources are not expected to differ from those used at
existing sources. Consequently, BAT production normalized
discharge rates, which are based on the best existing practices
of the subcategory, can also be applied to new sources, with the
additional flow restrictions for selected waste streams based on
dry scrubbing and by-product recovery. These additional flow
reduction measures are further explained in the NSPS Option
Selection paragraph on the following page. The NSPS discharge
rates are presented in Table XI-1 (page 5002).
Treatment technologies considered for the NSPS options are
identical to the treatment technologies considered for the BAT
options. These options are:
4999
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
OPTION A
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming (where
required)
o Chemical precipitatiort and sedimentation
OPTION B
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming
(where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o In-process flow reduction
OPTION C
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming
(where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o In-process flow reduction
o Multimedia filtration
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed that NSPS be equal to BAT for the titanium
subcategory with additional flow reduction for four streams.
Zero discharge was proposed for chip crushing, sponge crushing
and screening, and scrap milling wet air pollution control
wastewater based on dry scrubbing. Zero discharge was also
proposed for chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution
control based on by-product recovery of scrubber liquor as
hypochlorous acid. All other wastewater discharge rates, are
the same as proposed for BAT.
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
NSPS is promulgated equal to BAT plus flow reduction technology
with additional flow reduction applied to four wastewater
streams. Zero wastewater discharge is established as the NSPS
regulatory flow for chip crushing, sponge crushing and
screening, and scrap milling wet air pollution control wastewater
based on dry scrubbing. Zero discharge is also applied for
chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution control based on
by-product recovery of scrubber liquor as hypochlorous acid.
Cost for dry scrubbing air pollution control in a new facility is
no greater than the cost for wet scrubbing which was the basis
for BAT cost estimates. We believe that the promulgated NSPS are
economically achievable, and that they will not pose a barrier to
the entry of new plants into this subcategory.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that will
be found in treatable concentrations in processes within new
sources will be any different than with existing sources.
5000
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
Accordingly, toxic pollutants selected for limitation under
NSPS, in accordance with the rationale of Sections VI and
X, are identical to those selected for promulgated BAT. The
conventional pollutant parameters oil and grease, TSS, and pH
are also selected for limitation.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater source are shown in
Table XI-1 (page 5002). The mass of pollutant allowed to be
discharged per mass of product is calculated by multiplying
the appropriate treatable concentration (mg/1) by the
production normalized wastewater discharge flows (1/kkg). The
results of these calculations are the production-based new
source performance standards. These standards are presented in
Table XI-2 (page 5004).
5001
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas 'Wet. Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
1.806
0.187
0.346
1.198
0.262
0.515
1.310
0.955
0.496
9.360
14.040
0.805
0.075
0.140
0.571
0.122
0.346
0.571
0.393
0.215
9.360
11.230
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*0il and Grease
*TSS
*pH
1
0
0
1
1
0
10
15
2.007
0.208
0.385
331
291
572
456
061
551
400
600
0.894
0.083
0.156
0.634
0.135
0.385
0.634
0.437
0.239
10.400
12.480
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5004
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCla Handling Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
0.361
0.037
0.069
0.239
0.052
0.103
262
191
0
0
0.099
1.870
2.805
0.161
0.015
0.028
0.114
0.024
0.069
0.114
0.079
0.043
1.870
2.244
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) Reduction Area. Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony 7,971 3.552
Cadmium 0.826 0.330
*Chromium 1,528 0.620
Copper 5.286 2.519
*Lead 1.156 0.537
*Nickel 2.272 1.528
Thallium 5,782 2.519
Zinc 4.213 1.735
*Titanium 2.189 0.950
*Oil and Grease 41.300 ' 41.300
*TSS 61.9SQ 49.560
*pH Within the range of 7.5•to 10.0 at all times
*Requlated Pollutant
5005
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Cell Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony 4.103 1.828
Cadmium 0.425 0.1/0
*Chromium 0.787 0.319
Copper 2.721 1.297
*Lead °«595 °'276
*Nickel 1-169 0.787
Thallium 2.976 1.297
Zinc 2.169 0.893
4i?anium 1.127 0.489
*0il and Grease 21.260 21.2bO
*TSS 31.890 25.510
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(f) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for ~~~
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
range of 7.5
0.000
0.000
Of\ f\ f\
. 000
Of\ f\ f\
. 000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 . 000
to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5006
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
2.474
0.256
0.474
,641
,359
,705
,795
,308
0.679
12.820
19.230
1,
0,
0,
1,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
,103
,103
,192
,782
,167
0.474
0.782
0.538
0.295
12.820
15.380
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium prodtaced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
^Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5007
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within
22.850
2.368
4.381
15.160
3.315
6.512
16.580
12.080
6.275
118.400
177.600
the range of
10.180
0.947
1.776
7.222
1.539
4.381
7.222
4.973
2.723
118.400
142.100
7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet APC NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony 0.000 0.000
Cadmium 0.000 0.000
*Chromium 0.000 0.000
Copper 0.000 0.000
*Lead 0.000 0.000
*Nickel 0.000 0.000
Thallium 0.000 0.000
Zinc 0.000 0.000
*Titanium 0.000 . 0.000
*0il and Grease 0.000 0.000
*TSS 0.000 0.000
*oH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5008
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Acid Pickle and Wash Water NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any. One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*T.itanium
*0il and Grease
*TSS
*pH
0.118
0.012
0.023
0.078
0.017
0.034
0.085
0.062
0.032
0.610
0.915
0.053
0.005
0.009
0.037
0.008
0.023
0.037
0.026
0.014
0.610
0.732
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(1) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5009
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(ra) Scrap Detergent Wash Water NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum forMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH Within the
34.860
3.613
6.684
23.120
5.058
9.935
25.290
18.430
9.574
180.600
271.000
range of 7.5
15.540
1.445
2.710
11.020
2.348
6.684
11.020
7.587
4.155
180.600
216.800
to 10.0 at all times
(n) Casting Crucible Wash Water NSPS
Pollutant or Maximum for Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony 0.921 0.410
Cadmium 0.095 - 0.038
*Chromium 0.176 0.072
Copper 0.611 0.291
*Lead 0.134 0.062
*Nickel 0.262 0.176
Thallium 0.668 0.291
Zinc 0.487 0.200
*Titanium 0.253 0.110
*Oil and Grease 4.770 4.770
*TSS 7.155 5.724
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5010
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY
TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(°) Casting Contact Cooling Water NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
*pH
140.800
14.590
27.000
93.410
20.430
40.140
102.200
74.430
38.680
729.700
1,095.000
62.760
5.838
10.950
44.510
9.486
27.000
44.510
30.650
16.780
729.700
875.700
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5011
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5012
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from existing sources and new
sources in the primary and secondary titanium subcategory.
PSES are designed to prevent the discharge of pollutants which
pass through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with
the operation of publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The Clean
Water Act requires pretreatment for pollutants, such as toxic
metals, that limit POTW sludge management alternatives. New
indirect discharge facilities, like new direct discharge
facilities, have the opportunity to incorporate the best
available demonstrated technologies, including process changes,
in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies, and to
use plant site selection to ensure adequate treatment system
.function. Pretreatment standards are to be technology based,
analogous to the best available or demonstrated technology for
removal of toxic pollutants. Pretreatment standards for regulated
pollutants are presented based on the selected control and
treatment technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
Before proposing and promulgating pretreatment standards, the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen sludge disposal practices. In determining
whether pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving
secondary treatment, the Agency compares the percentage of a
pollutant removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct
dischargers applying the best available technology economically
achievable. A pollutant is deemed to pass through the POTW when
the average percentage removed nationwide by well-operated
POTW meeting secondary treatment requirements, is less than
the percentage removed by direct dischargers complying
with BAT effluent limitations guidelines for that pollutant.
This definition of pass through satisfies the competing
objectives set by Congress that standards for indirect
dischargers be equivalent to standards for direct dischargers
while at the same time the treatment" capability and
performance of the POTW be recognized and taken into account in
regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.
The Agency compares percentage removal rather than the mass or
concentration of pollutants discharged because the latter would
not take into account the mass of pollutants discharged to the
POTW from non-industrial sources or the dilution of the
pollutants in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations due to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
5013
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
The industry cost and pollutant removal estimates of each
treatment option were used to determine the most cost-effective
option. The methodology' applied in calculating pollutant removal
estimates and plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X.
Table XII-1 (page 5016) shows the estimated pollutant removals
for indirect dischargers. Compliance costs for indirect
dischargers are presented in Table XII-2 (page 5017).
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
Options for pretreatment of wastewaters from both existing and
new sources are based on increasing the effectiveness of
end-of-pipe treatment technologies. All in-plant changes and
applicable end-of-pipe treatment processes have been discussed
previously in Sections X and XI. The options for PSNS and PSES,
therefore, are the same as the BAT options discussed in Section
X. A description of each option is presented in Section X.
Treatment technologies considered for the PSNS and PSES options
are:
OPTION A
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming
(where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION B
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming
(where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o In-process flow reduction
OPTION C
o Preliminary treatment consisting of oil skimming
(where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o In-process flow reduction
o Multimedia filtration
PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed PSES equal to BAT for the primary and secondary
titanium subcategory. EPA believed it necessary to propose PSES
to avoid pass-through of chromium, lead, nickel, thallium,
titanium, and fluoride, which were the pollutants specifically
proposed for regulation under PSES.
Wastewater discharge allowances for PSES were the same as _those
for proposed BAT. Implementation of proposed PSES was estimated
5014
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
to remove 1.7 kilograms of priority pollutants and 147 kilograms
of titanium annually.
PSES OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
We are promulgating PSES equal to BAT for this subcategory. It
is necessary to promulgate PSES to avoid pass-through of
chromium, lead, nickel, and titanium. The four pollutants
are removed by a well-operated POTW achieving secondary
treatment at an average of 14 percent while BAT removes
approximately 76 percent. Discharge allowances for PSES are
the same as BAT allowances, and are shown in Table XII-3 (page
5018) .
Implementation of promulgated PSES would remove annually an
estimated 1.7 kg of toxic pollutants and 147 kg of titanium.
The costs and specific removal data for this subcategory are not
presented here because the data on which they are based has been
claimed to be confidential. The promulgated PSES will not result
in adverse economic impacts.
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed Level A and Level B PSNS equivalent to NSPS. The
technology basis for proposed PSNS and NSPS were identical. The
same pollutants were proposed for regulation at PSNS as at PSES,
for the same reasons. Wastewater discharge rates proposed for
PSNS were equivalent to those at NSPS, including flow reduction
beyond that proposed at BAT for four waste streams. EPA believed
that the proposed PSNS were achievable and were not an economic
barrier to entry of new plants into this subcategory.
PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROMULGATION
We are promulgating PSNS equivalent to NSPS. The technology
basis for promulgated PSNS is identical to NSPS. The same
pollutants are regulated at PSNS as at PSES and they pass
through at PSNS as at PSES, for the same reasons. The PSNS and
NSPS flow allowances are based on minimization of process
wastewater wherever possible through the use of cooling towers to
recycle contact cooling water and holding tanks for wet scrubbing
wastewater. The discharge allowance for pollutants is the same
at PSNS and NSPS (See Table XII-4, page 5020). The discharges
are based on 90 percent recycle of these waste streams. As
in NSPS, flow reduction beyond BAT is promulgated for chip
crushing, sponge crushing and screening, and scrap milling
wet air pollution control wastewater based on dry
scrubbing. Zero discharge allowance for pollutants is also
promulgated for chlorine liquefaction wet air pollution
control based on by-product recovery of scrubber liquor as
hypochlorous acid.
We believe that the promulgated PSNS are achievable, and that
they are not a barrier to entry of new plants into this
5015
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
subcategory.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Pollutants selected for limitation, in accordance with the
rationale of Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected
for limitation for BAT. It is necessary to promulgate PSES and
PSNS to prevent the pass-through of chromium, lead, nickel,
and titanium, which are the limited pollutants.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Pretreatment standards, PSES and PSNS, are based on the treatable
concentrations from the selected treatment technology, (Option
C), and the discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT, and
Section XI for NSPS, respectively. A mass of pollutant per mass
of product (mg/kg) allocation is given for each subdivision
within the subcategory. This pollutant allocation is based on
the product of the treatable concentration from the promulgated
treatment (mg/1) and the production normalized wastewater
discharge rate. The achievable treatment concentrations for PSES
and PSNS are identical to those for BAT. PSES and PSNS are
presented in Tables XII-5 and XII-6 (pages 5022 and 5030).
5016
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
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5017
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XI1-2
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
INDIRECT DISCHARGERS
Compliance costs are not presented here for this subcategory
because the data on which they are based have been claimed to be
confidential.
5018
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
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PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
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5022
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl-4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
1.806
0.187
0.346
1.198
0.262
0.515
1.310
0.955
0.496
0.805
0.075
0.140
0.571
0.122
0.346
0.571
0.393
0.215
(b) Chlorina.tion Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
-*Titanium
2,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
1,
1,
007
208
385
331
291
572
456
061
0.551
0.894
0.083
0.156
0.634
0.135
0.385
0.634
0.437
0.239
*Regulated Pollutant
5023
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCla Handling Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiC14 handled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.361
0.037
0.069
0.239
0.052
0.103
0.262
0.191
0.099
0.161
0.015
0.028
0.114
0.024
0.069
0.114
0.079
0.043
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
7.971
0.826
1.528
5.286
1.156
2.272
5.782
4.213
2.189
3.552
0.330
0.620
2.519
0.537
1.528
2.519
1.735
0.950
*Regulated Pollutant
5024
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Melt Cell Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Mciximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
4.103
0.425
0.787
2.721
0.595
1.169
2.976
2.169
1.127
1.828
0.170
0.319
1.297
0.276
0.787
1.297
0.893
0.489
(f) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Meiximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
57.430
5.951
11.010
38.090
8.332
16.370
41.660
30.350
15.770
25.590
2.380
4.463
18.150
3.868
11.010
18.150
12.500
6.844
*Regulated Pollutant
5025
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
2.474
0.256
0.474
1.641
0.359
0.705
1.795
1.308
0.679
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
103
103
192
782
167
474
782
538
0.295
(h) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
4.424
0.458
0.848
2.934
642
261
209
338
1,
0,
1.215
,971
,183
0.344
1.398
0.298
0.848
1.398
0.963
0.527
*Regulated Pollutant
5026
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XI1-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
22.850
2.368
4.381
15.160
3.315
6.512
16.580
12.080
6.275
10.180
0.947
1.776
7.222
1.539
4.381
7.222
4.973
2.723
(j) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet APC PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Coppe r .
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
1.249
0.129
0.239
0.828
0.181
0.356
0.906
0.660
0.343
0.556
0.052
0.097
0.395
0.084
0.239
0.395
0.272
0.149
*Regulated Pollutant
5027
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Acid Pickle and Wash Water PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.118
0.012
0.023
0.078
0.017
0.034
0.085
0.062
0.032
0.053
0.005
0.009
0.037
0.008
0.023
0.037
0.026
0.014
(1) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.438
0.045
0.084
0.291
0.064
0.125
0.318
0.232
0.120
0.195
0.018
0.034
0.138
0.030
0.084
0.138
0.095
0.052
*Regulated Pollutant
5028
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Detergent Wash Water PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
^Titanium
34.860
3.613
6.684
23.120
5.058
9.935
25.290
18.430
9.574
15.540
1.445
2.710
11.020
2.348
6.684
11.020
7.587
4.155
(n) Casting Crucible Wash Water PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.921
0.095
0.176
0.611
0.134
0.262
0.668
0.487
0.253
0.410
0.038
0.072
0.291
0.062
0.176
0.291
0.200
0.110
*Regulated Pollutant
5029
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-5 (Continued)
PSES FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Contact Cooling Water PSES
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
140.800
14.590
27.000
93.410
20.430
40.140
102.200
74.430
38.680
of titanium cast
62.760
5.838
10.950
44.510
9.486
27.000
44.510
30.650
16.780
*Regulated Pollutant
5030
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XI1-6
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Chlorination Of£-Gas' Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
1.806
0.187
0.346
1.198
0.262
0.515
1.310
0.955
0.496
0.805
0.075
0.140
0.571
0.122
0.346
0.571
0.393
0.215
(b) Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel .
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
2.007
0.208
0.385
1.331
0.291
0.572
1.456
1.061
0.551
0.894
0.083
0.156
0.634
0.135
0.385
0.634
0.437
0.239
*Regulated Pollutant
5031
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) TiCIa Handling Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of TiCl4 handled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.361
0.037
0.069
0.239
0.052
0.103
0.262
0.191
0.099
0.161
0.015
0.028
0.114
0.024
0.069
0.114
0.079
0.043
(d) Reduction Area Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
7.971
0.826
1.528
5.286
1.156
2.272
5.782
4.213
2.189
3.552
0.330
0.620
2.519
0.537
1.528
2.519
1.735
0.950
*Regulated Pollutant
5032
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SDBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Cell Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
4.103
0.425
0.787
2.721
0.595
1.169
2.976
2.169
1.127
1.828
0.170
0.319
1.297
0.276
0.787
1.297
0.893
0.489
(f) Chlorine Liquefaction Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
•Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.ooo
0.000
0.000
0.000
^Regulated Pollutant
5033
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Sodium Reduction Container Reconditioning Wash Water PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
2.474
0.256
0.474
1.641
0.359
0.705
1.795
1.308
0.679
1.103
0.103
0.192
0.782
0.167
0.474
0.782
0.538
0.295
(h) Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
o.doo
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5034
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Acid Leachate and Rinse Water PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
22.850
2.368
4.381
15.160
3.315
6.512
16.580
12.080
6.275
10.180
0.947
1.776
7.222
1.539
4.381
7.222
4.973
2.723
(j) Sponge Crushing and Screening Wet APC PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium produced
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5035
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Acid Pickle and Wash'Water PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium pickled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.118
0.012
0.023
0.078
0.017
0.034
0.085
0.062
0.032
0.053
0.005
0.009
0.037
0.008
0.023
0.037
0.026
0.014
(1) Scrap Milling Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap milled
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0 .000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5036
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Scrap Detergent Wash Water PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for Maximum for
Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of scrap washed
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
34.860
3.613
6.684
23.120
5.058
9.935
25.290
18.430
9.574
15.540
1.445
2.710
11.020
2.348
6.684
11.020
7.587
4.155
(n) Casting Crucible Wash Water PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
^Regulated Pollutant
0.921
0.095
0.176
0.611
0.134
0.262
0.668
0.487
0.253
0.410
0.038
0.072
0.291
0.062
0.176
0.291
0.200
0.110
5037
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-6 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Casting Contact Cooling Water PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum for
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of titanium cast
Antimony
Cadmium
*Chromium
Copper
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Titanium
*Oil and Grease
*TSS
140.800
14.590
27.000
93.410
20.430
40.140
102.200
74.430
38.680
729.700
1,095.000
62.760
5.838
10.950
44.510
9.486
27.000
44.510
30.650
16.780
729.700
875.700
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5038
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
SECTION XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA is not promulgating best conventional pollutant control
technology (BCT) for the primary and secondary titanium
subcategory at this time.
5039
-------
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY TITANIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT, - XIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5040
-------
NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
DEVELOPMENT DOCUMENT SUPPLEMENT
for the
Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
William K. Reilly
Administrator
Rebecca Hanmer
Acting Assistant Administrator for Water
Martha Prothro, Director
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Thomas P, O'Farrell, Director
Industrial Technology Division
Ernst P. Hall, P.E., Chief
Metals Industry Branch
and
Technical Project Officer
May 1989
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Water
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Industrial Technology Division
Washington, D. C. 20460
5041
-------
-------
Section
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I
I.I
III
IV
V
SUMMARY 5051
CONCLUSIONS 5055
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE 5081
Description of Primary Zirconium and Hafnium 5081
Production
Raw Materials 5081
Sand Chlorination 5082
Separation 5082
Calcining 5083
Pure Chlorination 5083
Reduction 5083
Purification 5084
Process Wastewater Sources 5084
Other Wastewater Sources 5085
Age, Production, and Process Profile 5085
SUBCATEGORIZATION 5095
Factors Considered in Subdividing the Primary 5095
Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
Other Factors 5097
Production Normalizing Parameters 5097
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS 5099
Wastewater Flow Rates 5100
Wastewater Characteristics Data 5100
Data Collection Portfolios 5101
Field Sampling Data 5101
Wastewater Characteristics and Flows by 5102
Subdivision
Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control 5103
Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution 5103
Control
Sand Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution 5103
Control
SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control 5103
Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control 5103
Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms 5104
Zirconium Filtrate Hafnium Filtrate 5104
Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control 5104
Pure Chlorination Wet air Pollution Control 5105
Reduction Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control 5105
5043
-------
Section
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
VI
VII
Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution 5105
Control
Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution 5105
Control
Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control5105
Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production 5105
Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production 5106
Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal 5106
Production
Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy 5106
Production
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS 5135
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant 5135
Parameters
Conventional and Nonconventional Pollutant 5136
Parameters Selected
Toxic Priority Pollutants 5136
Toxic Pollutants Never Detected 5135
Toxic Pollutants Never Found Above Their 5137
Analytical Quantification Concentration
Toxic Pollutants Present Below Concentrations 5137
Achievable by Treatment
Toxic Pollutants Detected in a Small Number of 5138
Sources
Toxic Pollutants Selected for Further 5139
Consideration in Establishing Limitations and
Standards
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES 5149
Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control 5149
Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution 5149
Control
Sand Chlorination Area Vent Wet Air Pollution 5150
Control
SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control 5150
Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control 5150
Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms 5150
Zirconium Filtrate 5150
Hafnium Filtrate 5150
Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control 5150
Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control 5151
Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control 5151
5044
-------
Section
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
VIII
IX
Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution 5151
Control
Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution 5151
Control
Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution 5151
Control
Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal or From 5151
Zirconium Alloy Production
Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal or 5152
Zirconium Alloy Production
Control and Treatment Options 5152
Option A 5152
Option C 5152
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS 5153
Treatment Options for Existing Sources 5153
Option A 5153
Option C 5153
Cost Methodology 5153
Energy Requirements 5154
Solid Waste 5154
Air Pollution 5155
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 5157
CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
Technical Approach to BPT 5157
Industry Cost and Pollutant Reduction Benefits 5157
BPT Option Selection 5159
Wastewater Discharge Rates 5159
Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control 5160
Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution 5161
Control
Sand Chlorination Area Vent Wet Air Pollution 5161
Control
SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control 5162
Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control 5162
Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms 5162
Zirconium Filtrate 5163
Hafnium Filtrate ' 5163
Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control 5163
Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control 5164
Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control 5164
Magnesium Recovery Wet Air Pollution Control 5164
5045
-------
Section
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
X
XI
XII
XIII
Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution 5165
Control
Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution 5166
Control
Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production 5166
Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production 5166
Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal 5166
Production
Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy 5166
Production
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 5166
Effluent Limitations 5167
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY 5179
ACHIEVABLE
Technical Approach to BAT 5179
Option A 5180
Option C 5180
Industry Cost and Pollutant Removal Estimated 5180
Pollutant Removal Estimates 5181
Compliance Costs 5181
BAT Option Selection - Proposal 5182
BAT Option Selection - Promulgation 5182
Wastewater Discharge Rates 5183
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 5183
Effluent Limitations 5183
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 5201
Technical Approach to NSPS 5201
NSPS Option Selection - Proposal 5202
NSPS Option Selection - Promulgation 5202
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 5202
New Source Performance Standards 5202
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS 5215
Technical Approach to Pretreatment 5215
Pretreatment Standards for Existing and New 5216
Sources
PSES and PSNS Option Selection - Proposal 5217
PSES and PSNS Option Selection - Promulgation 5217
Regulated Pollutant Parameters 5217
Pretreatment Standards 5217
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY 5129
5046
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
Table
LIST OF TABLES
Title
Paqe
III-l Initial Operating Year (Range) Summary of Plants 5086
in the Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
by Discharge Type
III-2 Production Ranges for the Primary Zirconium and 5087
Hafnium Subcategory
III-3 Summary of Primary Zirconium and Hafnium 5088
Subcategory Processes and Associated Waste
Streams
V-l Water Use and Discharge Rates for Sand Drying 5107
Wet Air Pollution Control
V-2 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Sand 5107
Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
V-3 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Sand 5108
Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
V-4 Water Use and Discharge Rates for SiCl4 5108
Purification Wet Air Pollution Control
V-5 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Peed Makeup 5109
Wet Air Pollution Control
V-6 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Iron 5110
Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms
V-7 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Zirconium 5110
Filtrate
V-8 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Hafnium 5111
Filtrate
V-9 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Calcining 5112
Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control
V-10 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Pure 5113
Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control
V-ll Water Use and Discharge Rates for Reduction 5114
Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
V-12 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Magnesium 5114
Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
V-13 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Magnesium 5115
Recovery Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
5047
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
Table
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Title
Page
V-14 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Zirconium Chip 5115
Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
V-15 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Acid Leachate 5116
from Zirconium Metal Production
V-16 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Acid Leachate 5117
from Zirconium Alloy Production
V-17 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Leaching Rinse 5118
Waste from Zirconium Metal Production
V-18 Water Use and Discharge Rates for Leaching Rinse 5119
Waste from Zirconium Alloy Production
V-19 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5120
SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control
Raw Wastewater
V-20 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data Feed 5120
Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control Raw Wastewater
V-21 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data Iron 5120
Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms Raw
Wastewater
V-22 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5120
Zirconium Filtrate Raw Wastewater
V-23 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5120
Hafnium Filtrate Raw Wastewater
V-24 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5121
Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control Raw
Wastewater
V-25 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5121
Magnesium Recovery Wet Air Pollution Control Raw
Wastewater
V-26 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data Acid 5121
Leachate Waste Raw Wastewater
V-27 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5121
Leaching Rinse Waste Raw Wastewater
V-28 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Sampling Data 5122
Treated Effluent
5048
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
Table
LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Title
Page
VI-1 Frequency of Occurrence of Priority Pollutants 5141
Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory Raw
Wastewater
VI-2 Toxic Pollutants Never Detected 5145
VIII-1 Cost of Compliance for the Zirconium and Hafnium 5156
Subcategory Direct Dischargers
IX-1 BPT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary 5167
Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
IX-2 BPT Mass Limitations for the Primary Zirconium 5169
and Hafnium Subcategory
X-l Current Recycle Practices Within the Primary 5185
Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
X-2 Pollutant Benefit Estimates for Direct 5186
Dischargers in the Primary Zirconium and Hafnium
Subcategory
X-3 Cost of Compliance for the Primary Zirconium and 5187
Hafnium Subcategory Direct Dischargers
X-4 BAT Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary 5188
Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
X-5 BAT Mass Limitations for the Primary Zirconium 5190
and Hafnium Subcategory
XI-1 NSPS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary 5203
Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
XI-2 NSPS for the Primary Zirconium and Hafnium 5205
Subcategory
XII-1 PSNS Wastewater Discharge Rates for the Primary 5218
Zirconium and Hafnium Subcategory
XII-2 PSNS for the Primary Zirconium and Hafnium 5220
Subcategory
5049
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title
III-l Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Production
Processes
III-2 Primary Zirconium and Hafnium Production
Processes
III-3 Geographic Locations of the Primary Zirconium
and Hafnium Subcategory Plants
IX-1 BPT Treatment Scheme
X-l BAT Treatment Scheme for Option A
X-2 BAT Treatment Scheme for Option B
Page
5090
5092
5093
5178
5199
5200
5050
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUEJCATEGORY SECT - I
SECTION I
SUMMARY
This document provides the technical basis for promulgating
effluent limitations based on best practicable technology
(BPT) and best available technology economically achievable
(BAT) for existing direct dischargers, pretreatment standards
for new indirect dischargers (PSNS), and standards of
performance for new source direct dischargers (NSPS).
The primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory consists of 3
plants. Of the 3 plants, one discharges directly to rivers,
lakes, or streams, one discharges to publicly owned treatment
works (POTW), and one achieves zero discharge of process
wastewater.
EPA first studied the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
to determine whether differences in raw materials, final
products, manufacturing processes, equipment, age and size of
plants, and water usage required the development of separate
effluent limitations and standards for different segments of the
subcategory. This involved a detailed analysis of wastewater
discharge and treated effluent characteristics, including the
sources and volume of water used, the processes used, the
sources of pollutants and wastewaters in the plant, and the
constituents of wastewaters, including priority pollutants.
As a result, eighteen subdivisions or building blocks have
been identified for this subcategory that warrant separate
effluent limitations. These include:
o Sand drying wet air pollution control,
o Sand chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
o Sand chlorination area vent wet air pollution control,
o SiCl4 purification wet air pollution control,
o Feed makeup wet air pollution control,
o Iron extraction (MIBK) steam stripper bottoms,
o Zirconium filtrate,
o Hafnium filtrate,
o Calcining caustic wet air pollution control,
o Pure chlorination wet air pollution control,
o Reduction area vent wet air pollution control,
o Magnesium recovery off-gas wet air pollution control,
o Magnesium recovery area vent wet air pollution control
o Zirconium chip crushing wet air pollution control,
o Acid leachate from zirconium metal production,
o Acid leachate from zirconium alloy production,
o Leaching rinse water from zirconium metal production, and
o Leaching rinse water from zirconium alloy production
EPA also identified several distinct control and treatment
technologies (both in-plant and end-of-pipe) applicable to the
5051
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - I
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory. The Agency analyzed
both historical and newly generated data on the performance of
these technologies, including their nonwater quality
environmental impacts and air quality, solid waste generation,
and energy requirements. EPA also studied various flow reduction
techniques reported in the data collection portfolios (dcp) and
plant visits.
Engineering costs were prepared for each plant for each of the
control and treatment options considered for the subcategory.
These costs were then used by the Agency to estimate the impact
of implementing the various options in the subcategory. For each
control and treatment option that the Agency found to be most
effective and technically feasible in controlling the discharge
of pollutants, we estimated the number of potential closures,
number of employees affected, and impact on price. These results
are reported in a separate document entitled "The Economic Impact
Analysis of Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the
Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Industry."
After examining the various treatment technologies being operated
in the subcategory, the Agency has identified BPT to represent
the average of the best existing technology. Metals removal
based on chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology is
the basis for the BPT limitations. Steam stripping was selected
as the technology basis for ammonia limitations. Cyanide
precipitation was selected as the technology basis for cyanide
limitations.
EPA is promulgating BAT limitations based on cyanide
precipitation, ammonia steam stripping, and chemical
precipitation and sedimentation (BPT technology), plus
filtration.
EPA is not promulgating BPT or BAT limitations for plants which
only produce zirconium or zirconium-nickel alloys by magnesium
reduction of ZrC>2r because little pollutant removal is
expected with treatment of the wastewater associated with these
operations.
NSPS is equivalent to BAT. In selecting NSPS, EPA recognizes
that new plants have the opportunity to implement the best and
most efficient manufacturing processes and treatment technology.
However, no such processes or treatment technology were
considered to meet the NSPS criteria. Therefore, the technology
basis of BAT has been determined as the best demonstrated
technology.
PSES is not being promulgated at this time because the one
indirect discharging facility in this subcategory only has
operations which result in relatively clean wastewater. Because
little pollutant removal could be expected with treatment, EPA is
not promulgating limits for these operations.
For PSNS, the Agency selected end-of-pipe treatment and in-
5052
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - I
process flow reduction control techniques equivalent to NSPS.
BCT limitations for this subcategory are not being promulgated at
this time.
The mass limitations and standards for BPT, BAT, NSPS, PSES and
PSNS are presented in Section II.
5053
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - I
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5054
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
SECTION II
CONCLUSIONS
EPA has divided the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
into eighteen subdivisions for the purpose of effluent
limitations and standards. These subdivisions are:
(a) Sand drying wet air pollution control,
(b) Sand chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
(c) Sand chlorination area vent wet air pollution control,
(d) SiCl4 purification wet air pollution control,
(e) Feed makeup wet air pollution control,
(f) Iron extraction (MIBK) steam stripper bottoms,
(g) Zirconium filtrate,
(h) Hafnium filtrate,
(i) Calcining caustic wet air pollution control,
(j) Pure chlorination wet air pollution control,
(k) Reduction area vent wet air pollution control,
(1) Magnesium recovery off-gas wet air pollution control,
(m) Magnesium recovery area vent wet air pollution control,
(n) Zirconium chip crushing wet air pollution control,
(o) Acid leachate from zirconium metal production,
(p) Acid leachate from zirconium alloy production,
(q) Leaching rinse water from zirconium metal production, and
(r) Leaching rinse water from zirconium alloy production.
BPT is promulgated based on the performance achievable by the
application of ammonia steam stripping, cyanide precipitation,
and chemical precipitation and sedimentation technology. EPA is
not promulgating BPT limitations for those plants which only
produce zirconium or zirconium. nickel alloys by magnesium
reduction of ZrO2- The following effluent limitations are
promulgated:
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.250
0.165
0.239
1.091
75.710
23.290
0.102
0.068
0.114
0.721
33.280
11.080
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5055
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(b) Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
19.130
12.610
18.260
83.460
5,795.000
1,782.000
7.825
5.216
8.694
55.210
2,547.000
847.700
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(c) Sand Chlorination Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
nxg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
3.751
2.472
3.580
16.370
1,136.000
349.500
1.534
1.023
1.705
10.830
499.500
166.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
(Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
3.299
2.174
3.149
14.400
999.500
307.400
1.350
0.900
1.500
9.522
439.400
146.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5056
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
2.501
1.648
2.387
10.910
757.500
233.000
1.023
0.682
1.137
7.217
333.000
110.800
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
{f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.987
0.651
0.942
4.308
299.100
92.000
0.404
0.269
0.449
2.850
131.500
43.760
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(g) Zirconium Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
17.070
11.250
16.290
74.480
5,171.000
1,596.000
6.982
4.655
7.758
49.260
2,273.000
756.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5057
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(h) Hafnium Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
nvg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
3.959
2.609
3.779
17.270
1,199.000
368.900
1.619
1.080
1.799
11.430
527.200
175.400
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
16.860
11.110
16.090
73.570
5,108.000
1,571.000
6.897
4.598
7.663
48.660
2,245.000
747.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5058
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(k) Reduction Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
1.622
1.069
1.548
7.077
491.300
151.100
0.663
0.442
0.737
4.681
216.000
71.880
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(1) Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
9.123
6.013
8.708
39.810
2,764.000
850.100
3.732
2.488
4.147
26.330
1,215.000
404.300
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Ai£ Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH.
5.068
3.340
4.838
22.110
1,535.000
472.200
2.073
1.382
2.304
14.630
675.000
224.600
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5059
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
12.970
8.545
12.380
56.570
3,928.000
1,208.000
5.304
3.536
5.893
37.420
1,727.000
574.600
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(P)
Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
6.939
4.574
6.624
30.280
2,102.000
646.600
2.839
1.893
3.154
20.030
924.200
307.600
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5060
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(q) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal Production BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
25.930
17.090
24.750
113.200
7,856.000
2,416.000
10.610
7.072
11.790
74.840
3,453.000
1,149.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production BPT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.347
0.229
0.331
1.515
105.200
32.350
0.142
0.095
0.158
1.002
46.240
15.390
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
EPA is not promulgating BAT limitations for primary zirconium and
hafnium plants which only produce zirconium or zirconium-nickel
alloys by magnesium reduction of ZrO2- BAT limitations are
promulgated for all other primary zirconium and hafnium plants
based on cyanide precipitation, ammonia steam stripping, and
chemical precipitation and sedimentation (BPT technology), and
multimedia filtration. The following BAT limitations are
promulgated:
5061
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT -II
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.210
0.114
0.159
0.312
75.710
0.085
0.045
0.074
0.210
33.280
(b) Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
16.080
8.694
12.170
23.910
5,795.000
6.521
3.478
5.651
16.080
2,,547.000
(c) Sand Chlorination Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
3.154
1.705
2.387
4.688
1,136.000
1.279
0.682
1.108
3.154
499.500
5062
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(d) SJC3-4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
2.774
1.500
2.099
4.124
999.500
1.125
0.600
0.975
2.774
439.400
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
2.103
1.137
1.591
3.126
757.500
0.852
0.455
0.739
2.103
333.000
(f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.830
0.449
0.628
1.234
299.100
0.337
0.180
0.292
0.830
131.500
5063
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(g) Zirconium Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
(h) Hafnium Filtrate
of zirconium dioxide
14.350
7.758
10.860
21.330
5,171.000
BAT
and hafnium dioxid*
5.819
3.104
5.043
14.350
2,273.000
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
3.329
1.799
2.519
4.948
1,199.000
1.350
0.720
1.170
3.329
527.200
5064
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(j) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
14.180
7.663
10.730
21.070
5,108.000
5.748
3.065
4.981
14.180
2,245.000
(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
1.364
0.737
1.032
2.027
491.300
0.553
0.295
0.479
1.364
216.000
(1) Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
7.671
4.147
5.805
11.400
2,764.000
3.110
1.659
2.695
7.671
1,215.000
5065
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT -II
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SUBCATEGORY
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
4.262
2.304
3.225
6.335
If535.000
1.728
0.921
1.497
4.262
675.000
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs)
Chromium (Total
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
of pure zirconium produced
10.900
5.893
8.250
16.210
3,928.000
4.420
2.357
3.831
10.900
1,674.000
5066
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(p) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
5.835
3.154
4.416
8.674
2,102.000
2.366
1.262
2.050
5.835
895.000
(q) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal Production BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel v
Ammonia (as N)
21.810
11.79.0
16.500
32.410
7,856.000
8.840
4.715
7.661
21.810
3,453.000
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production BAT
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.292
0.158
0.221
0.434
105.200
0.118
0.063
0.103
0.292
46.240
5067
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
EPA is not promulgating new source performance standards for
primary zirconium and hafnium plants which only produce zirconium
or zirconium-nickel alloys by magnesium reduction of ZrC-2- New
source performance standards are promulgated for all other
primary zirconium and hafnium plants based on cyanide
precipitation, ammonia steam stripping, and chemical
precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle technology),
plus multimedia filtration. The following new source performance
standards are promulgated:
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.210
0.114
0.159
0.312
75.710
8.520
0.085
0.045
0.074
0.210
33.280
6.816
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
PH
16.080
8.694
12.170
23.910
5,795.000
652.100
6.521
3.478
5.651
16.080
2,547.000
521.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5068
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(c) Sand Chlorination Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
3.154
1.705
2.387
4.688
1,136.000
127.900
1.279
0.682
1.108
3.154
499.500
102.300
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d) SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
2.774
1.500
2.099
4.124
999.500
112.500
1.125
0.600
0.975
2.774
439.400
89.980
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
2.103
1.137
1.591
3.126
757.500
85.250
0.852
0.455
0.739
2.103
333.000
68.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5069
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.830
0.449
0.628
1.234
299.100
33.660
0.337
0.180
0.292
0.830
131.500
26.930
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(g) Zirconium Filtrate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
14.350
7.758
10.860
21.330
5,171.000
581.900
5.819
3.103
5.043
14.350
2,273.000
465.500
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(h) Hafnium Filtrate NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5070
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SECT - II
(i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum ForMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average.
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total) 3.329 1.350
Cyanide (Total) 1.799 0.720
Lead 2.519 1.170
Nickel 4.948 3.329
Ammonia (as N) 1,199.000 527.200
TSS 135.000 108.000
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum ForMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total) 14.180 5.748
Cyanide (Total) 7.663 3.065
Lead 10.730 4.981
Nickel 21.070 14.180
Ammonia (as N) 5,108.000 2,245.000
TSS 574.800 459.800
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant orMaximum ForMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
ma/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total) 1.364 0.553
Cyanide (Total) 0.737 . 0.295
Lead 1.032 0.479
Nickel 2.027 1.364
Ammonia (as N) 491.300 216.000
TSS 55.290 44.230
pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5071
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(1) Recovery O££-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
7.671
4.147
5.805
11.400
2,764.000
404.300
3.110
1.659
2.695
6.671
1,215.000
248.800
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
4.262
2.304
3.225
6.335
1,535.000
172.800
1.728
0.921
1.497
4.262
675.000
138.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5072
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
g/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
m
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
10.900
5.893
8.250
16.210
3,928.000
442.000
4.420
2.357
3.831
10.900
1,674.000
353.600
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(p) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum -For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
5.835
3.154
4.416
8.674
2,102.000
236.600
2.366
1.262
2.050
5.835
895.800
189.300
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at ail times
(q) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal Production NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
21o810
11.790
16.500
32.410
7,856.000
884.000
8.840
4.715
7.661
21.810
3,453.000
707.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
5073
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production NSPS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
rog/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
TSS
pH
0.292
0.158
0.221
0.434
105.200
11.840
,0.118
0.063
0.103
0.292
46.240
9.468
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
EPA is not promulgating pretreatment standards for indirect
dischargers at this time because the one indirect discharger in
this subcategory operates only those processes which generate
wastewater containing a very small mass of pollutants.
EPA is not promulgating PSNS for primary zirconium and hafnium
plants which only produce zirconium or zirconium-nickel alloys
by magnesium reduction of ZrO2« PSNS are promulgated for all
other primary zirconium and hafnium plants based on cyanide
precipitation, ammonia steam stripping, and chemical
precipitation and sedimentation (lime and settle technology),
plus multimedia filtration. The following pretreatment standards
for new sources are promulgated:
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.210
0.114
0.159
0.312
75.710
0.085
0.045
0.074
0 210
33.280
5074
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(b) Sand Chlorination O££-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (lb/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
16.080
8.690
12.170
23.910
5,795.000
6.521
3.478
5.651
16.080
2,547.000
(c) Sand Chlorination Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (lb/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
3
1,
,154
,705
2.387
4.688
1,136.000
1.279
0.682
1.108
3.154
499.500
(d) SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (lb/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
2.774
1.500
2.099
4.124
999.500
1.125
0.600
0.975
2.774
439.400
5075
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
2.103
1.137
1.591
3.126
757.500
0.852
0.455
0.739
2.103
333.000
(f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
t
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.830
0.449
0.628
1.234
299.100
0.337
0.180
0.292
0.830
131.500
(g) Zirconium Filtrate PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
14.350
7.758
10.860
21.340
5,171.000
5.819
3.104
5.043
14.350
2,204.000
5076
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(h) Ha£nium Filtrate PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium
Cyanide (
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (
(Total)
Total)
as N)
0
0
0
0
0
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
0
0
0
0
0
.000
.000
.000
.000
.000
i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
3.329
1.799
2.519
4.948
1,199.000
1.350
0.720
1.170
3.329
527.200
(j) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
14.180
7.663
10.730
21.007
5,108.000
5.748
3.065
4.981
14.180
2,245.000
5077
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SECT -II
(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant orMaximum ForMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total) 1.364 0.553
Cyanide (Total) 0.737 0.295
Lead 1.032 0.479
Nickel 2.027 1.364
Ammonia (as N) 491.300 216.000
(1) Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant orMaximum ForMaximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total) 7.671 3.110
Cyanide (Total) 4.147 1.659
Lead 5.805 2.695
Nickel 11.400 7.671
Ammonia (as N) 2,764.000 1,215.000
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or Maximum For Maximum for
Pollutant Property Any One Day Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total) 4.262 1.728
Cyanide (Total) 2.304 0.921
Lead • 3.225 1.497
Nickel 6.335 4.262
Ammonia (as N) 1,535.000 675.000
5078
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
10.900
5,893
8.250
16.210
3,928.000
4.420
2.357
3.831
10.900
1,674.000
(p) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys
produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
5.835
3.154
4.416
8.674
2,102.000
2.366
1.262
2.050
5.835
895.800
5079
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM
SECT - II
(q) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal Production PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
21.810
11.790
16.500
32.410
7,856.000
8.840
4.715
7.661
21.810
3,453.000
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production
PSNS
Pollutant or
Pollutant Property
Maximum For
Any One Day
Maximum for
Monthly Average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium contained in alloys produced
Chromium (Total)
Cyanide (Total)
Lead
Nickel
Ammonia (as N)
0.292
0,158
0.221
0.434
105.200
0.118
0.063
0.103
0.292
46.240
EPA is not promulgating BCT for this subcategory at this time.
5080
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
SECTION III
SUBCATEGORY PROFILE
This section of the primary zirconium and hafnium supplement
describes the raw materials and processes used in producing
primary zirconium and hafnium and presents a profile of the
plants identified in this study.
Zirconium metal is noted for its excellent corrosion resistance.
Because of several properties such as its low neutron absorption
cross section and low radioactivity after radiation exposure,
high-purity, hafnium-free zirconium, called reactor grade
zirconium, is a valuable inert material used for nuclear reactor
construction. Hafnium metal is a by-product of zirconium metal
production. Because of its high neutron absorption cross
section, excellent hot water corrosion resistance, and good
ductility and machinability, the major use of hafnium metal is
for control rods in nuclear reactors.
DESCRIPTION OF PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM PRODUCTION
The production processes used at primary zirconium and hafnium
manufacturing plants depend largely on the raw materials used.
Six basic processing operations may be performed:
1. Sand chlorination,
2. Separation,
3. Calcining,
4. Pure chlorination,
5. Reduction, and
6. Purification.
The plants which produce zirconium and hafnium from zircon sand
use all six of these process steps., Plants which produce
zirconium from zirconium dioxide practice reduction and
purification only. Production processes for the primary
zirconium and hafnium subcategory are presented schematically in
Figures III-l and III-2 (pages 5090 and 5092) and described
below.
RAW MATERIALS
The principal raw material used in the primary zirconium and
hafnium industry is the ore mineral zircon, ZrSiO4, found in
zircon sand. It is obtained primarily as beach sands from
Australia, but it may also originate in Florida, South Africa, or
India. Hafnium dioxide comprises about 2 percent by weight of the
metal in zircon sand.
5081
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
SAND CHLORINATION
After drying, concentrated zircon sand is mixed with coke, ground
and fed continuously to the top of a fluidized bed
chlorinator. The basic sand chlorination reaction, conducted
at approximately 950°C, is:
ZrSiC-4
2C
4C12 ----
2CO2
Crude zirconium tetrachloride and silicon tetrachloride are
condensed from the off-gases. Crude zirconium tetrachloride
refers to a mixture of zirconium tetrachloride and hafnium
tetrachloride. The crude zirconium tetrachloride is then
hydrolyzed with water and the resulting solution is
filtered to remove suspended solids. The reaction which occurs
during this feed makeup step is:
ZrCl4 + H20 ---- > ZrOCl2
2HC1
Several waste streams are generated during sand chlorination.
Wastewaters originate from the air pollution control devices
which are required for the ore drying process, the chlorination
and condensation processes, the silicon tetrachloride
purification process, as well as the feed makeup process.
SEPARATION
Iron is removed from the zirconium-hafnium solution from the feed
makeup step (ZrOCl2 and HfOCl2) by extraction, resulting in
a waste ferric chloride solution.
The iron free zirconium and hafnium solution is passed through a
series of liquid-liquid extraction, stripping, and scrubbing
separate zirconium from hafnium. Liquid-liquid
using methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) as a solvent
zirconium from hafnium by preferentially
hafnium into the solvent phase.
steps to
extraction
separates
extracting
Hafnium is stripped from the solvent to the aqueous phase by
acidification and the recovered solvent is recycled, after
treatment, within the separations operation. The hafnium solution
is reacted with ammonium hydroxide to precipitate hafnium
hydroxide. The precipitate is recovered by filtration and the
residual wastewater discharged to treatment. After drying, the
hafnium hydroxide is either stored or calcined to produce hafnium
dioxide, Hf©2.
Zirconium is recovered from the aqueous zirconium stream
through chemical treatment and further extraction with MIBK.
Zirconium is precipitated and filtered as zirconium sulfate,
Zr5Os(S04)2« The filter cake can be either sent to calcining or
repulped with ammonium hydroxide. Ammonium hydroxide _is
added to convert the zirconium sulfate to zirconium
hydroxide and to remove trace metals from the zirconium
product. The precipitate is filtered to remove water and
5082
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
sent to
The filtrate
CALCINING
the calcining furnace for further
is discharged as a wastewater stream.
processing,
From this point in the process, hafnium and zirconium are
processed separately but identically. The hafnium and zirconium
filter cakes are calcined to produce Hf02 and ZrC«2. Both water
scrubbers and caustic scrubbers are used to control emissions
from the kilns. The water from the scrubbers used to control
particulate emissions is recycled to the separations process to
recover zirconium and hafnium. The scrubber water is therefore
considered to be a process stream and not a wastewater stream.
When zirconium is calcined, a caustic scrubber for SO2 removal is
used in addition to the water scrubbers. Even when the zirconium
sulfate filter cake has been repulped during the separation
process to form zirconium hydroxide, some of the sulfate will
remain unreacted. A caustic scrubber is therefore necessary to
control SC-2 emissions during calcination.
PURE CHLORINATION
Pure chlorination is essentially the same process as sand
chlorination. The pure zirconium or hafnium oxide is mixed with
fine coke and reacted with chlorine to produce the
tetrachloride gas. The pure zirconium or hafnium tetrachloride
is then recovered in condensers. As with sand chlorination, the
water and caustic scrubbers for air pollution control are a
wastewater source.
REDUCTION
Pure zirconium tetrachloride and hafnium tetrachloride are
reduced to their respective metals in a batch process using
magnesium in a reduction furnace. The tetrachloride is added to
magnesium in a retort furnace where it is converted to zirconium
or hafnium metal and magnesium chloride.
Off-gases from the furnace pass through a water scrubber before
being released. Because the scrubber blowdown is recycled to the
separation process to recover zirconium and hafnium, it is
considered to be a process stream. The water scrubber which
controls the area ventilation gases is not reused in the
separation process, and is a source of wastewater.
Zirconium oxide is mixed with magnesium metal powder and placed
in a steel cylinder. The cylinder is then placed in a furnace
and retorted at approximately 950°C. Once initiated, the reaction
(which produces zirconium metal sponge and magnesium oxide)
becomes self-sustaining. There are no reported wastewater sources
in this zirconium oxide reduction process.
Zirconium oxide can also be used to produce zirconium-nickel
alloys. The process is similar to the magnesium reduction
5083
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
operation except that calcium hydride is used as the reducing
agent in the furnace and nickel is added directly to the mixture
of zirconium oxide and calcium.
PURIFICATION
When zirconium or hafnium metal is produced by magnesium
reduction of the tetrachloride, a crude metal regulus with
magnesium chloride is formed in the furnace. The magnesium
chloride is separated from the zirconium or hafnium regulus to
produce zirconium or hafnium sponge.
A different purification process is used when zirconium metal or
zirconium-nickel alloys are produced by magnesium reduction of
zirconium oxide. The zirconium sponge is removed from the
reduction cylinder and pulverized. The impurities are
leached out with acid, and the purified metal is rinsed with
water. The product is then dried and sold as metal or alloy
powder.
Wastewater sources from the purification process include acid
leachate and leaching rinse water. No wastewater is associated
with magnesium chloride separation. An additional wastewater
stream is generated by the wet air pollution control for
the crushing operation.
PROCESS WASTEWATER SOURCES
A variety of processes are involved in primary zirconium and
hafnium production. The wastewater sources that are associated
with this subcategory can be subdivided as follows:
1. Sand drying wet air pollution control,
2. Sand chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
3. Sand chlorination area vent wet air pollution control,
4. SiCl4 purification wet air pollution control,
5. Feed makeup wet air pollution control,
6. Iron extraction (MIBK) steam stripper bottoms,
7. Zirconium filtrate,
8. Hafnium filtrate,
9. Calcining caustic wet air pollution control,
10. Pure chlorination wet air pollution control,
11. Reduction area vent wet air pollution control,
12. Magnesium recovery off-gas wet air pollution control,
13. Magnesium recovery area vent wet air pollution control
14. Zirconium chip crushing wet air pollution control,
15. Acid leachate from zirconium metal production,
16. Acid leachate from zirconium alloy production,
17. Leaching rinse water from zirconium metal production, and
18. Leaching rinse water from zirconium alloy production.
These wastewater streams are identified in Figures III-l and III-
2 (pages 5090 and 5092) by their respective numbers.
5084
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
OTHER WASTEWATER SOURCES
Other wastewater streams are sometimes associated with the
production of primary zirconium and hafnium. These wastewaters
include stormwater runoff, and maintenance and cleanup water.
These wastewater streams are not considered as a part of
this rulemaking. EPA believes that the flows and pollutant
loadings associated with these streams are insignificant relative
to the wastewater streams selected and are best handled by
the appropriate permit authority on a case-by-case basis
under authority of Section 402 of the Clean Water Act.
AGE, PRODUCTION, AND PROCESS PROFILE
Figure III-3 (page 5093) shows the location of the three
primary zirconium and hafnium plants operating in the United
States. This figure shows one plant in Oregon, one in Utah,
and the third in Massachusetts.
Table III-l (page 5086) shows relative plant ages. Plant age
covers a 42 year span, the oldest plant; having been built in
1937. Table III-2 (page 5087) shows relative production
ranges. The production varies widely from plant to plant.
Table III-3 (page 5088) lists the major production processes
associated with the manufacture of primary zirconium and
hafnium. Also shown is the number of plants discharging
wastewater from these processes.
5085
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
TABLE III-l
INITIAL OPERATING YEAR (RANGE) SUMMARY OF PLANTS
IN THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY BY
' DISCHARGE TYPE
Type of
Plant
Direct
Indirect
Zero
Present-
1966
(0-17)
0
0
1
1965-
1946
(15-35)
1
0
0
1945-
1926
(35-55)
0
1
0
Before
1926
0
0
0
(Total)
1
1
1
Total
5086
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
TABLE III-2
PRODUCTION RANGES FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM
AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
Zirconium Products
Production Ranges for 1982
(Metric Tons/Year)
Number of Plants
These data are not presented here because
the data from which they are calculated have
been claimed to be confidential
Hafnium Products
Production Ranges for 19'82
Tons/Year)
Number of Plants
These data are not presented here because
the data from which they are calculated have
been claimed to be confidential
5087
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
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5090
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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5091
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
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5092
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - III
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5093
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - III
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5094
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY . SECT - IV
SECTION IV
SUBCATEGORIZATION
This section summarizes the factors considered during the
designation of the related subdivisions of the primary zirconium
and hafnium subcategory.
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN SUBDIVIDING THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND
HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
The factors listed for general subcategorization were each
evaluated when considering subdivision of the primary zirconium
and hafnium subcategory. In the discussion that follows, these
factors will be described only as they pertain to this particular
subcategory.
Because : different production processes generate dissimilar
wastewaters and the combination of production processes utilized
varies from plant to plant within the subcategory, effluent
limitations and standards are developed for each specific
wastewater source. The limitations and standards will be, based
on specific flow allowances for the following subdivisions:
1. Sand drying wet air pollution control,
2. Sand chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
3. Sand chlorination area vent wet air pollution control,
4. SiCl4 purification wet air pollution control,
5. Feed makeup wet air pollution control,
6. Iron extraction (MIBK) stream stripper bottoms,
7. Zirconium filtrate,'
8. Hafnium filtrate,
9. Calcining caustic wet air pollution control,
10. Pure chlorination wet air pollution control,
11. Reduction area vent wet air pollution control,
12. Magnesium recovery off-gas wet air pollution control,
13. Magnesium recovery area vent wet air pollution control,
14. Zirconium Chip crushing wet air pollution control,
15. Acid leachate from zirconium metal production,
16. Acid leachate from zirconium alloy production,
17. Leaching rinse water from zirconium metal production, and
18. Leaching rinse water from zirconium alloy production.
These subdivisions follow directly from differences between the
si'x processing steps used in zirconium and hafnium production.
Sand chlorination, separation, calcining, pure chlorination,
reduction, and purification each have various steps which may
generate wastewaters.
Chlorination of zircon sand, ZrSiO4 to crude zirconium
tetrachloride establishes the need for the first five
subdivisions. Air pollution control may be required for sand
5095
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
drying operations before chlorination. During chlorination, the
tetrachloride is separated and recovered from the reaction gas
using a series of condensers. Wet air pollution control devices
may be used to control off-gases from the condensers and fumes
from the chlorination area. One additional waste stream results
from the purification of silicon tetrachloride, a by-product of
the chlorination reaction. The fifth subdivision results from wet
air pollution control used to control off-gases from the feed
makeup step. These five subdivisions are necessary to account for
these wastewater sources.
The sixth, seventh, and eighth subdivisions result from the
different processes used in zirconium and hafnium separation.
MIBK is recovered by steam stripping, creating a bottoms
wastewater stream. Hafnium precipitation and filtration creates a
wastewater stream which may be discharged or recycled. Zirconium
precipitation and filtration also creates a wastewater stream
which is discharged. Separate subdivisions are necessary to
account for these three wastewater sources.
Wet air pollution control is required, for the off-gases formed
when zirconium and hafnium filter cakes are calcined, however,
the water from these scrubbers sometimes can be reused. The
ninth subdivision is created to allow for a wastewater flow
from the caustic scrubbers.
Chlorination of the separated and calcined zirconium and hafnium
oxides establishes the need for the tenth subdivision. This
pure chlorination step is essentially the same as the sand
chlorination step and requires wet air pollution control for the
off-gases.
The eleventh through thirteenth subdivisions result from
differences in zirconium and hafnium reduction processes. When
zirconium and hafnium tetrachlorides are reduced by magnesium,
wet air pollution control may be required for reduction area
ventilation vapors and for the magnesium recovery process.
Separate subdivisions for the discharges from the reduction
area ventilation scrubber, the magnesium recovery off-gas
scrubber, and the magnesium recovery area vent scrubber are
necessary to account for the presence or absence of these
wastewater sources.
The final five subdivisions result from differences in zirconium
purification practices. When the reduction process is complete,
the zirconium is removed from the reaction container and crushed.
A wastewater stream is generated by the wet air pollution control
devices associated with the crushing operation. The impurities
remaining in the crushed sponge are removed by vacuum
distillation or by leaching. Leaching and rinsing result in
wastewater streams. Leach and rinse subdivisions are necessary
for zirconium metal and zirconium alloy production by reduction
of zirconium dioxide. Subdivisions for crushing wet air pollution
control and leaching and rinsing are necessary to reflect the
presence or absence of these processes.
5096
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IV
OTHER FACTORS
Factors other than manufacturing processes were determined to
be inappropriate bases for subdivision. Air pollution control
methods, treatment costs, and total energy requirements are
functions of the selected subcategorization factors,
namely metal product, raw materials, and production processes.
Factors such as plant age, plant size, and number of
employees were also evaluated and determined to be inappropriate
bases for subdivision of this nonferrous metals subcategory.
PRODUCTION NORMALIZING PARAMETERS
As discussed previously, the effluent limitations and standards
developed in this document establish mass limitations on the
discharge of specific pollutant parameters. To allow these
limitations and guidelines to be applied to plants with various
production capacities, the mass of pollutant discharged must be
related to a unit of production. This factor is known as, the
production normalizing parameter (PNP). In general, the amount
of zirconium and hafnium or their respective oxides produced is
used as the PNP. This is based on the principle that the amount
of water generated is proportional to the amount of product made.
The PNPs for the 18 subdivisions or building blocks are as
follows: . .
Subdivision
1. Sand drying wet air pollution
control
2. Sand chlorination off-gas wet
air pollution control
3. Sand chlorination area-vent wet
air pollution control
4. SiCl4 purification wet air
pollution control
5. Feed makeup wet air pollution
control
6. Iron extraction (MIBK) steam
stripper bottoms
7. Zirconium filtrate
PNP
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
5097
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IV
8. Hafnium filtrate
9. Calcining caustic wet air pollu-
tion control
10. Pure chlorination wet air pollu-
tion control
11. Reduction area vent wet air pollu-
tion control
12. Magnesium recovery off-gas wet air
pollution control
13. Magnesium recovery area vent wet
air pollution control
14. Zirconium chip crushing wet air
pollution control
15. Acid leachate from zirconium
metal production
16. Acid leachate from zirconium
alloy production
17. Leaching rinse water from
zirconium metal production
18. Leaching rinse water from
zirconium alloy production
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide
produced
kkg of zirconium and
hafnium produced
kkg of zirconium and
hafnium produced
kkg of zirconium and
hafnium produced
kkg of zirconium and
hafnium produced
kkg of zirconium
and hafnium produced
kkg of pure zirconium
produced
kkg of zirconium contained
in alloys produced
kkg of pure zirconium
produced
kkg of zirconium contained
in alloys produced
5098
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
.. . • SECTION V
WATER USE AND WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes the characteristics of wastewater
associated with the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory.
Data used to quantify wastewater flow and pollutant
concentrations are presented, summarized, and discussed. The
contribution of specific production processes to the overall
wastewater discharge from primary zirconium and hafnium plants is
identified whenever possible.
The two principal data sources used are data collection
portfolios (dcp) and field sampling results. Data collection
portfolios, completed for each of the primary zirconium and
hafnium plants, contain information regarding wastewater flows
and production levels.
In order to quantify the pollutant discharge from primary
zirconium and hafnium plants, a field sampling program was
conducted. Wastewater samples were analyzed for 124 of the 126
toxic pollutants and other pollutants deemed appropriate. Because
the analytical standard for TCDD was judged to be too hazardous
to be made generally available, samples were never analyzed for
this pollutant. Samples were also never analyzed for asbestos.
There is no reason to expect that TCDD or asbestos would be
present in primary zirconium and hafnium wastewater. A total of
two plants were selected for sampling in the zirconium and
hafnium manufacturing subcategory, representing two-thirds of the
plants in the subcategory. In general, the samples were
analyzed for cyanide and three classes of pollutants: priority
organic pollutants, priority metal pollutants, and criteria
pollutants (which includes both conventional and nonconventional
pollutants)..
After proposal, EPA gathered additional wastewater sampling data
for twelve subdivisions in this subcategory. These data were
acquired through a self sampling program which was initiated
at the specific request of EPA. The data include analysis_for the
toxic metals cadmium, chromium, lead, nickel, thallium and
zinc. The data also include analyses for cyanide and the
nonconventional pollutants ammonia, hafnium, radium 226 and
zirconium. These data show pollutant concentrations similar to
those indicated by the data which EPA had acquired for these
subdivisions prior to proposal (see Tables V-19 through V-25
(pages 5120 to 5121). The data also support the assumptions
which EPA had made concerning the presence and concentrations
of,', pollutants in those subdivisions where we did not have
analytical data for specific pollutants. For this reason,- the
selection of pollutant parameters for limitation in this
subcategory (Section VI) has not been revised based on this new
data.
5099
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
As described in Section IV of this supplement, the primary
zirconium and hafnium subcategory has been divided into 18
subdivisions or building blocks, so that the promulgated
regulation contains mass discharge limitations and standards
for 18 unit processes discharging process wastewater.
Differences in the wastewater characteristics associated with
these subdivisions are to be expected. For this_ reason,
wastewater streams corresponding to each subdivision are
addressed separately in the discussions that follow. These
wastewater sources are:
1. Sand drying wet air pollution control,
2. Sand chlorination off-gas wet air pollution control,
3. Sand chlorination area vent wet air pollution control,
4. SiCl4 purification wet air pollution control,
5. Feed makeup wet air pollution control,
6. Iron extraction (MIBK) steam stripper bottoms,
7. Zirconium filtrate,
8. Hafnium filtrate,
9. Calcining caustic wet air pollution control,
10. Pure chlorination wet air pollution control,
11. Reduction area vent wet air pollution control,
12. Magnesium recovery off-gas wet air pollution control,
13. Magnesium recovery area vent wet air pollution control,
14. Zirconium chip crushing wet air pollution control,
15. Acid leachate from zirconium metal production,
16. Acid leachate from zirconium alloy production,
17. Leaching rinse water from zirconium metal production, and
18. Leaching rinse water from zirconium alloy production.
WASTEWATER FLOW RATES
Data supplied by data collection portfolio responses were
evaluated, and two flow-to-production ratios were calculated for
each stream. The two ratios, water use and wastewater discharge
flow, are differentiated by the flow value used in calculation.
Water use is defined as the volume of water required for a given
process per mass of zirconium or hafnium product and is therefore
based on the sum of recycle and make-up flows to a given process.
Wastewater flow discharged after pretreatment or recycle (if
these are present) is used in calculating the production
normalized flow—the volume of wastewater discharged from a given
process to further treatment, disposal, or discharge per mass of
zirconium or hafnium produced. Differences between the water use
and wastewater flows associated with a given stream result from
recycle, evaporation, and carry-over on the product.
The production values used in this calculation correspond to
the production normalizing parameter, PNP, assigned to each
stream, as outlined in Section IV. As an example, the acid
leachate from zirconium metal production wastewater is related
to zirconium metal production. The discharge rate is
therefore expressed in liters of leachate per metric ton of
zirconium metal production.
5100
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
The production normalized flows were compiled and statistically
analyzed by stream type. These production normalized water use
and discharge flows are presented by subdivision in Tables V-l
through V-18 (pages 5107 to 5119). Where appropriate, an
attempt was made to identify factors that could account for
variations in water use and discharge rates. These variations
are discussed later in this section by subdivision. A similar
analysis of factors affecting the wastewater flows is presented
in Sections IX, X, XI, and XII where representative BPT, BAT,
NSPS, and pretreatment flows are selected for use in calculating
the effluent limitations.
The water use and discharge rates shown do not include nonprocess
wastewater, such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water.
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS DATA
Data used to characterize the various wastewaters associated with
zirconium and hafnium production come from three sources:
data collection portfolios, analytical data from field
sampling trips made prior to proposal, and data from a self
sampling episode conducted after proposal.
DATA COLLECTION PORTFOLIOS
In the data collection portfolios, plants were asked to indicate
which of the priority pollutants were known or believed to
be present in their effluent. Of the plants that
discharge wastewaters, one plant indicated that nickel was
known to be present. Another plant stated that some of the
priority metals including copper, lead, and zinc were believed
to be present in their effluent, as well as several toxic organic
pollutants and cyanide. The priority organics believed
present include carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane,
hexachloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane, chloroform, methyl
chloride, bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate,
diethyl phthalate, and trichloroethylene. The plant listing
these pollutants indicated that the pollutants exist at only
trace or background levels, i.e., not necessarily above
concentrations achievable by defined treatment.
FIELD SAMPLING DATA
In order to quantity the concentrations of pollutants present in
wastewater from primary zirconium and hafnium plants, wastewater
samples were collected at two of the three plants. Raw
wastewater characteristics and related data have,been claimed as
confidential by the companies sampled. Hence raw wastewater data,
before wastewater treatment, and related in-process information
indicating the sampling sites and contributing production
processes are not shown in detail in this document. Such
information was available to EPA at the time this regulation was
being developed.
Several points regarding these tables should be noted. First,
the data tables include some samples measured at concentrations
5101
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
considered not quantifiable. The base-neutral extractable, acid
extractable, and volatile organics are generally considered not
quantifiable at concentrations equal to or less than 0.010 mg/1.
Below this concentration, organic analytical results are not
quantitatively accurate; however, the analyses are useful to
indicate the presence of a particular pollutant. The pesticide
fraction is considered not quantifiable at concentrations equal
to or less than 0.005 mg/1. Nonquantifiable results are
designated in the tables with an asterisk (double asterisk for
pesticides).
Second, the detection limits shown on the data tables are not the
same in all cases as the published detection limits for these
pollutants by the same analytical methods. The detection limits
used were reported with the analytical data and hence are_the
appropriate limits to apply to the data. Detection limit
variation can occur as a result of a number of laboratory-
specific, equipment-specific, and daily operator-specific
factors. These factors can include day-to-day differences in
machine calibration, variation in stock solutions, and variation
in operators.
Third, the statistical analysis of data includes some samples
measured at concentrations considered not quantifiable. Data
reported as an asterisk or with a "less than" sign are considered
as detected but below quantifiable concentrations, and a value of
zero is used for averaging. A value of zero is also used for
averaging if a pollutant is reported as not detected. Finally,
toxic metal values reported as less than a certain value were
considered as below quantification and a value of zero is used in
the calculation of the average.
Finally, appropriate source water, concentrations are presented
with the summaries of the sampling data.
The method by which each sample was collected is indicated by
number as follows:
1. One-time grab
2. Manual composite during intermittent process operation
3. 8-hour manual composite
4. 8-hour automatic composite
5. 24-hour manual composite
6. 24-hour automatic composite
WASTEWATER CHARACTERISTICS AND FLOWS BY SUBDIVISION
Since primary zirconium and hafnium production involves 18
principal sources of wastewater, each of which has potentially
different characteristics and flows, the wastewater
characteristics and discharge rates corresponding to each
subdivision will be described separately. A brief discussion of
why the associated production processes generate a wastewater and
explanations for variations of water use within each subdivision
will also be presented. ' . •
5102
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
SAND DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The principal raw material used in the primary zirconium and
hafnium industry is the ore mineral zircon (ZrO2« SiO2)
found in zircon sand. In the one plant which reports sand
drying before chlorination, the associated wet air pollution
control represents a source of wastewater. The water use and
discharge rates for this stream are presented in Table V-l.
SAND CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Crude zirconium tetrachloride and silicon tetrachloride are
separated and recovered from the chlorination off-gases
using a series of condensers. Off-gases from the condensers pass
through a wet air pollution control system and thus
represent a single wastewater source. Table V-2 (page 5107)
lists the water use and discharge rates for sand chlorination
off-gas wet air pollution control.
SAND CHLORINATION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Ventilation from the chlorination area is routed to a
chlorination area-vent scrubber system. The water use and
discharge rates for sand chlorination area-vent wet air
pollution control are listed in Table V-3 (page 5108).
SiCl4 PURIFICATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The SiC14 may be purified in a process which uses scrubbers.
The water use and discharge rates for the resulting wastewater
stream are listed in Table V-4 (page 5108). The sampling data for
SiCl4 purification wet air pollution control are presented in
Table V-19 (page 5120).
FEED MAKEUP WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Crude zirconium tetrachloride is prepurified before being sent
to the separations process. This feed makeup step requires,
water scrubbers for wet air pollution control. The
resulting wastewater is characterized by treatable
concentrations of suspended solids, zirconium, cyanide, and a
low pH. The water use and discharge rates for this stream are
listed in Table V-5 (page 5109). Sampling data for feed
makeup wet air pollution control are presented in Table V-20
(page 5120).
IRON EXTRACTION (MIBK) STEAM STRIPPER BOTTOMS
After iron impurities are extracted from the hafnium, the
residual extraction solution is steam stripped to recover MIBK
which is reused in the process. The bottoms from the iron
extraction MIBK steam stripper are discharged as a
wastewater stream. Water use and discharge rates for iron
extraction (MIBK) steam stripper bottoms are listed in Table V-6
5103
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
(page 5110). Sampling data for this stream are presented in Table
V-21 (page 5120).
ZIRCONIUM FILTRATE
After zirconium has been separated from hafnium it is
precipitated from solution. The resulting zirconium sulfate
compound is filtered, and the filter cake may either sent to
the calcining furnace directly or repulped with ammonium
hydroxide to form zirconium hydroxide prior to
calcining. The water use and discharge rates for the zirconium
filtrate are listed in Table V-7 (page 5110). Sampling data
for this stream are presented in Table V-22 (page 5120).
HAFNIUM FILTRATE
After hafnium has been separated from zirconium using solvent
extraction, hafnium is precipitated as a hydroxide. The
resulting hafnium hydroxide is filtered and the cake is sent to
storage or to calcining. The filtrate may be discarded or
reused in the zirconium precipitation process. The water use and
discharge rates for hafnium filtrate are listed in Table V-8
(page 5111). Sampling data for this wastewater stream are
presented in Table V-23 (page 5120).
CALCINING CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The zirconium and hafnium filter cakes are fed to rotary kilns
for conversion to metal oxides. Before being released- to the
atmosphere, the kiln off-gases are treated in scrubbers. Some
discharges from the water scrubbers are reused in the
separations area while other discharges containing sodium
sulfite are discharged. The water use and discharge rates for
calcining wet air pollution control are listed in Table V-9
(page 5112). Sampling data for this stream are presented in
Table V-24 (page 5121).
PURE CHLORINATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pure chlorination is similar to sand chlorination, except that
the chlorination of calcined zirconium oxide and calcined hafnium
oxide is carried out in separate reactors. The v/astewaters
generated in this area are similar to the sand chlorination
scrubber wastewater and contains treatable levels of zirconium,
chlorine and particulates. Table V-10 (page 5113) lists the
water use and discharge rates for pure chlorination wet air
pollution control.
REDUCTION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Zirconium and hafnium tetrachlorides are reduced to their
respective metals by reaction with magnesium in reduction
furnaces. The discharge from the water scrubbers which treat
the reduction off-gases and area ventilation is partially
5104
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
recycled and the remainder discharged. The water use and
discharge rates for reduction area-vent wet air pollution
control are listed in Table V-ll (page 5114).
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Water scrubbers installed for air pollution control in the
magnesium recovery area discharge a wastewater. The water use
and discharge rates for magnesium recovery wet air pollution
control are listed in Table V-12 (page 5114). Sampling data
for this stream are presented in Table V-25 (page 5121).
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Air from the reduction area ventilation system is routed through
a wet scrubbing system before being released to the atmosphere.
The blowdown from this scrubbing system is discharged as a
wastewater stream. Water use and discharge rates for magnesium
recovery area vent wet air pollution control are presented in
Table V-13 (page 5115).
ZIRCONIUM CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The zirconium cake formed by reduction is removed from the
reduction container and crushed. The water use and discharge
rates for zirconium chip crushing wet air pollution control are
listed in Table V-14 (page 5115).
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL PRODUCTION
Purification of the zirconium or hafnium chips to remove the
remaining impurities can be accomplished either by vacuum
distillation or by leaching. Vacuum distillation does not
result in the production of a wastewater stream. Leaching
with hydrochloric or acetic acid produces a wastewater stream.
The water use and discharge rates for acid leachate from
zirconium metal production are listed in Table V-15 (page
5116). Sampling data for this wastewater are presented in Table
V-26 (page 5121) .
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRODUCTION
Zirconium-nickel alloys purified by acid leaching produce a waste
stream similar in pollutant concentrations, although with
different flow rates, to acid leachate from zirconium metal
production. Water use and discharge rates for acid leachate
from zirconium alloy production are presented in Table V-16
(page 5117). The sampling data for this stream are presented in
Table V-26(page 5121).
LEACHING RINSE WATER FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL PRODUCTION
After leaching with acid to remove impurities, the zirconium
metal chips are rinsed with water, dried, and packaged for sale.
The rinse water is discharged as a wastweater. Table V-17 (page
5105
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
5118) lists the water use and discharge rates for this
wastewater stream. Sampling data for leaching rinse water are
presented in Table V-27 (page 5121).
LEACHING RINSE WATER FROM ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRODUCTION
Zirconium-nickel alloys purified by acid leaching and rinsing
with water produce a waste stream similar in pollutant
concentrations although with different flow rates to leaching
rinse water from zirconium metal production. Water use and
discharge rates for leaching rinse water from zirconium
alloy production are presented in Table V-18 (page 5119).
Sampling data for this waste stream are presented in Table V-27
(page 5121).
5106
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM,SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-l
WATER USE' AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR .
SAND DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production . Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 0 568 568
Table V-2
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SAND CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production Production
Plant Code
1044
1074
Percent
Recycle
93
NR
Normalized
Water Use
621,030
NR
Normalized
Discharge Flow
43,470
16,540
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5107
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-3
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SAND CHLORlSoN AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code S^le Water Use Discharcje Flow
1044 96 213,100 8,524
Table V-4
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
SiCl4 PURIFICATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
96 187,450 7,498
5108
-------
PRIMARY ZPRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - .V
Table Y-5
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
FEED MAKEUP WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL, :
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
'-':. Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle , Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 92 71,070 5,683
1074 100* NR 0
*One hundred percent reuse in plant processes.
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5109
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM.SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-6
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
IRON EXTRACTION (MIBK) STEAM STRIPPER BOTTOMS
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 0 1,184 1,184
1074 0 3,303 3,303
Table V-7
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
ZIRCONIUM FILTRATE
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Plant Code
1044
1074
Percent
Recycle
0
0
Production
Normalized
Water Use
39,940
37.640
Production
Normalized
Discharge Flow
39,9-0
37,640
5110
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-8
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
HAFNIUM FILTRATE
(1/kk'g of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 100* NR 0
1074 100* NR 0
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5111
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-9
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
CALCINING CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 90 89,970 8,997
1074 NR NR 1/539
NR = data not reported in dcp,
5112
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-10
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
PURE CHLORINATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium and hafnium produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 97 1,277,233 38,317
1074 NR NR NR
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5113
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM.SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-ll ,
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
REDUCTION AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium and hafnium produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 97 122,867 3,686
Table V-12
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium and hafnium produced)
Production Production
Plant Code
1044
1074
Percent
Recycle
96
NR
Normalized
Water Use
518,325
NR
Normal iz<
Discharge :
20,733
NR
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5114
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-13
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
MAGNESIUM. RECOVERY AREA-VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium and hafnium produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code .Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1044 96 287,950 11,518
Table V-14
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
ZIRCONIUM CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
(1/kkg of zirconium and hafnium produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use_ Discharge Flow
1058 100 NR 0
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5115
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-15
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL PRODUCTION
(1/kkg of pure zirconium produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1058 NR NR 29,465
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5116"
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-16
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRODUCTION
(1/kkg of zirconium contained in alloys)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use_ Discharge Flow
1058 NR NR 12,617a
1058 NR NR . 18f925b
NR = data not reported in dcp.
aFlow for production of ZrNi (70 percent) alloys.
bFlow for production of ZrNi (30 percent) alloys.
5117
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-17
WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
LEACHING RINSE WASTE FROM
ZIRCONIUM METAL PRODUCTION
(1/kkg of pure zirconium produced)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1058 NR NR 58,930
NR = data not reported in dcp.
5118
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
Table V-18
. WATER USE AND DISCHARGE RATES FOR
LEACHING RINSE WASTE FROM . •
ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRODUCTION
(1/kkg of zirconium contained in alloys)
Production Production
Percent Normalized Normalized
Plant Code Recycle Water Use Discharge Flow
1058 NR NR 632a
1058 NR NR 946b
NR = data not reported in dcp.
aFlow for production of ZrNi (70 percent) alloys.
bFlow for production of ZrNi (30 percent) alloys.
5119
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
TABLE V-19
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
S1C14 PURIFICATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
RAW,WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-20
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
FEED MAKEUP WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-21
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
IRON EXTRACTION (MIBK) STEAM STRIPPER BOTTOMS
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-22
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
ZIRCONIUM FILTRATE
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-23
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
HAFNIUM FILTRATE
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
5120
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
;. TABLE V-24
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
CALCINING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
'RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-25
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
MAGNESIUM ZIRCONIUM WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-26
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
ACID LEACHATE WASTE
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
TABLE V-27
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SAMPLING DATA
LEACHING RINSE WASTE
RAW WASTEWATER
These data are not presented here because they have been claimed
to be confidential.
5121
-------
PRIMARY .ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - V
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5132
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - V
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5134
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
SECTION VI
SELECTION OF POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Section V of this supplement presented data from primary
zirconium and hafnium plant sampling visits and subsequent
chemical analyses. This section examines that data and discusses
the selection or exclusion of pollutants for potential
limitation.
Each pollutant selected for potential limitation is discussed in
Section VI of the General Development Document. That discussion
provides information concerning the origin of each pollutant
(i.e., whether it is a naturally occurring substance, processed
metal, or a manufactured compound); general physical properties
and the form of the pollutant; toxic effects of the pollutant in
humans and other animals; and behavior of the pollutant in POTW
at the concentrations expected in industrial discharges.
The discussion that follows describes the analysis that was
performed to select or exclude priority pollutants for
further consideration for limitations and standards. Also,
conventional and nonconventional pollutants will be selected for
limitation. Pollutants will be selected for further consideration
if they are present in concentrations treatable by the
technologies considered in this analysis. The treatable
concentrations used for the priority metals were the long-
term performance values achievable by chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and filtration. The treatable
concentrations for the priority organics were the long-term
performance values achievable by carbon adsorption.
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
As part of this study, the 'Agency examined samples for two
conventional pollutant parameters (total suspended solids and pH)
and the nonconventional pollutant parameters ammonia, hafnium,
radium 226 and zirconium. At proposal,, the Agency had selected
radium 226 for limitation in this subcategory. On March 18,
1985, the Agency published a notice of data availability which
stated that the Agency was also considering regulating the
nonconventional metals hafnium and zirconium. For promulgation,
the Agency has decided not to regulate hafnium, radium 226, or
zirconium because these pollutants will be effectively controlled
by the limitations developed for the selected priority metal
pollutants,
5135
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
CONVENTIONAL AND NONCONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT PARAMETERS SELECTED
The conventional and nonconventional -pollutants or pollutant
parameters selected for limitation in this subcategory are:
ammonia *
total suspended solids (TSS)
PH
Ammonia was analyzed for in 13 samples. Quantifiable
concentrations ranged from 0.035 to 2800 mg/1. The only
treatable concentration (2800 mg/1) was observed in the iron
extraction (MIBK) steam stripper bottoms. Ammonia is expected to
be present in this stream because of the ammonium thiocyanate raw
material used in the extraction process. In addition, methods
used to remove toxic metals do not effectively remove ammonia.
For these reasons, ammonia is selected for limitation in this
subcategory.
Total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations in 12 samples ranged
from less than 0.5 mg/1 to 1,655 mg/1. Eleven of the observed
concentrations are greater than the 2.6 mg/1 concentration
considered achievable by identified treatment technology. Most
of the methods used to remove toxic metals do so by converting
these metals to precipitates. Meeting a limitation on total
suspended solids ensures that sedimentation to remove
precipitated toxic metals has been effective. For these reasons,
total suspended solids are selected for limitation.
The 15 pH values observed ranged from 0.5 to 9.4. Fourteen of
the observed values ranging from 0.5-6.8 are outside the 7.5
10.0 range considered desirable for discharge to receiving
waters, with ten of these 14 values equal to or less than 2.2.
Effective removal of toxic metals by precipitation requires
careful control of pH. Therefore, pH is selected for limitation
in this subcategory.
Radium - 226 was analyzed for in 4 raw wastewater samples
collected during a post-proposal self-sampling effort. The
concentration of radium - 226 in 3 of the 4 samples was less than
the concentration considered achievable by identified treatment
technology 4.13 picouries per liter. These 3 concentrations were
0.12 p Ci/1, 0.22 p Ci/1, and 0.90 p Ci/1. The one treatable
concentration, 81 p Ci/1, was detected in the zirconium filtrate
stream. Because radium - 226 was not detected above treatable
concentrations in 3 of 4 raw wastewater samples, and because not
much removal can be expected with treatment, radium - 226 is not
selected for limitation in this subcategory.
TOXIC PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The frequency of occurrence of the toxic pollutants in the
wastewater samples taken is presented in Table VI-1 (page 5141).
These data provide the basis for the categorization of specific
5136
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
pollutants, as discussed below. Table VI-1 is based on the raw
wastewater data from streams 105, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 120,
223, and 225 (see Section V). Treatment plant and source water
samples were not considered in this frequency count.
TQXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
The toxic pollutants listed in Table VI-2 (page 5145) were
not detected in any wastewater samples from this subcategory.
Therefore, they are not selected for consideration in
establishing regulations.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER FOUND ABOVE THEIR ANALYTICAL
QUANTIFICATION CONCENTRATION
The toxic pollutants listed below were never found above their
analytical quantification concentration in any raw wastewater
samples from this subcategory; therefore, they are not selected
for consideration in establishing regulations.
55. naphthalene
66. bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
68. di-n-butyl phthalate
69. di-n-octyl phthalate
70. diethyl phthalate
114. antimony
126. silver
TOXIC POLLUTANTS PRESENT BELOW CONCENTRATIONS ACHIEVABLE
BY TREATMENT
The pollutants listed below are not selected for consideration in
establishing limitations because they were not found in any
wastewater samples from this subcategory above concentrations
considered achievable by existing or available treatment
technologies. These pollutants are discussed individually
following the list.
115. arsenic
117. beryllium
120. copper
123. mercury
125. selenium
Arsenic was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
one of five samples. This sample's concentration was below that
attainable by treatment (0.34 mg/1). Therefore, arsenic is not
selected for limitation.
Beryllium was found at a concentration above its analytical
quantification concentration in one of five samples. This
sample was below the concentration considered achievable by
identified treatment technology (0.20 mg/1). Therefore,
beryllium is not selected for limitation.
5137
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
Copper was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
all of five. All of the values are below the 0.39 mg/1
concentration considered achievable by treatment. Therefore,
copper is not selected for limitation.
Mercury was detected above its analytical quantification limit in
two of five samples. Both sample concentrations were below
the concentration achievable by identified treatment technology
(0.036 mg/1). Therefore, mercury is not selected for
limitation.
Selenium was found at a concentration above its analytical
quantification limit in one of five samples. This sample
concentration was below that attainable by treatment (0.20 mg/1).
Therefore, selenium is not selected for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS DETECTED IN A SMALL NUMBER OF SOURCES
The following pollutants were not selected for limitation on the
basis that they are detectable in the effluent from only a small
number of sources within the subcategory and are uniquely related
to only those sources.
23. chloroform (trichloromethane)
44. methylene chloride (dichloromethane)
48. dichlorobromomethane
51. chlorodibromomethane
67. butyl benzyl phthalate
Although these pollutants were not selected for consideration in
establishing nationwide limitations, it may be appropriate, on a
case-by-case basis, for the local permitter to specify effluent
limitations.
Chloroform (trichloromethane) was found above its treatable
concentration of 0.010 mg/1 in four of six raw wastewater samples
with concentrations ranging from 0.03 to 0.33 mg/1.
Chloroform is not attributable to specific materials or
processes associated with zirconium and hafnium production. ^ It
is, however, a common solvent used in analytical laboratories,
and the possibility of sample contamination exists. For these
reasons, chloroform is not selected for limitation.
Methylene chloride (dichloromethane) was found above its
treatable concentration of 0.010 mg/1 in two of six raw
wastewater samples with concentrations ranging'from 0.01 to 0.16
mg/1. Methylene chloride is not attributable to specific
materials or processes associated with zirconium and hafnium
production. It is, however, a common solvent used in analytical
laboratories, -and the possibility of sample contamination exists.
For these reasons, methylene chloride is not selected for
limitation.
Dichlorobromomethane was detected above the concentration
considered achievable by identified treatment technology (0.010
5138
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
mg/1) in one of six raw wastewater samples. The observed
treatable concentration is 0.020 mg/1. However, it was also
detected in the corresponding source water sample at 0.050 mg/1.
For this reason, dichlorobromomethane is not selected for
limitation.
Chlorodibromomethane was found above the concentration achievable
by treatment in one of six samples at a concentration of 0.090
mg/1. Because this pollutant is found at only one plant and is
not attributable to specific materials or processes associated
with zirconium and hafnium production, Chlorodibromomethane is
not selected for limitation.
Butyl benzyl phthalate was found above the achievable
concentration of 0.010 mg/1 in two raw wastewater samples. This
compound is a plasticizer commonly used in laboratory and field
sampling equipment and is not formed as a by-product in this
subcategory. Therefore, butyl benzyl phthalate is not selected
for limitation.
TOXIC POLLUTANTS SELECTED FOR FURTHER CONSIDERATION
IN ESTABLISHING LIMITATIONS AND STANDARDS
The toxic pollutants listed below are selected for further
consideration in establishing limitations and standards for this
subcategory. The selected pollutants are each discussed following
the list.
118. cadmium
119. chromium (Total)
121. cyanide (Total)
122. lead
124. nickel
127. thallium
128. zinc
Cadmium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
four of five samples with concentrations ranging from 0.010 to
0.06 mg/1. One of those samples was above the 0.049 nig/1
concentration achievable by treatment. Therefore, cadmium is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Chromium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
all five samples with concentrations ranging from 0.029 to
0.491 mg/1. Four of those samples were above, the 0.07 mg/1
concentration achievable by treatment. Therefore, chromium is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Cyanide was found above its analytical quantification limit in
nine of 11 samples with concentrations ranging from 0.063 to
16.0 mg/1. All nine of these samples were above the 0.047 mg/1
concentration achievable by treatment. In addition, cyanide is
expected to be present in the wastewater because of its use
as a raw material. Therefore, cyanide is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
5139
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
Lead was found above its analytical quantification limit in three
of five samples with concentrations ranging from 0.13 to 2.76
mg/1. All three of these samples were above the 0.08 mg/1
concentration achievable by treatment. Therefore, lead is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
Nickel was found above its analytical quantification limit in
three of five samples with concentrations ranging from 0.45 to
4.46 mg/1. All three of these samples were above the 0.22 mg/1
achievable by treatment. Therefore, nickel is selected for
further consideration for limitation.
Thallium was found above its analytical quantification limit in
one of five samples at a concentration of 1.7 mg/1. This
sample was above the 0.23 mg/1 concentration achievable by
treatment. Therefore, thallium is selected for further
consideration for limitation.
Zinc was found above its analytical quantification limit in three
of five samples with concentrations ranging from 0.11 to 0.31
mg/1. Two of these samples were above the 0.23 mg/1
concentration achievable by treatment. Therefore, zinc is
selected for further consideration for limitation.
5140
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
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5141
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
1. acenaphthene
2. acrolein
3. acrylonitrile
4. benzene
5. benzidene
6. carbon tetrachloride (tetrachloromethane)
7. chlorobenzene
8. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
9. hexachlorobenzene
10. .1,2-dichloroethane
11. 1,1,1-trichloroethane
12. hexachloroethane
13. 1,1-dichloroethane
14. 1,1,2-trichloroethane
15. 1,1, 2,2-tetrachloroethane
16. chloroethane
17. bis (chloromethyl) ether (deleted)
18. bis (2-chloroethyl) ether
19. 2-chloroethyl vinyl ether (mixed)
20. 2-chloronaphthalene
21. 2,4,6-trichlorophenol
22. parachlorometa cresol
24. 2-chlorophenol
25. 1,2-dichlorobenzene
26. 1,3-dichlorobenzene
27. 1,4-dichlorobenzene
28. 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine
29. 1,1-dichloroethylene
30. .1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
31. 2,4-dichlorophenol
32. 1,2-dichloropropane
33. 1,2-dichloropropylene (1,3-dichloropropene)
34. 2,4~dimethylphenol
35. 2,4-dinitrotoluene
36. 2,6-dinitrotoluene
37. 1,2-diphenylhydrazine
38. ethylbenzene
39. fluoranthene
40. 4-chlorophenyl phenyl ether
41. 4-bromophenyl phenyl ether
42. bis (3-chloroisopropyl) ether
43. bis (2-choroethoxy) methane
45. methyl chloride (chloromethane)
46. methyl bromide (bromomethane)
47. bromoform (tribromomethane)
5145
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
49. trichlorofluoromethane (deleted)
50. dichlorodifluoromethane (deleted)
52. hexachlorobutadiene
53. hexachlorocyclopentadiene
54. isophorone
56. nitrobenzene
57. 2-nitrophenol
58. 4-nitrophenol
59. 2,4-dinitrophenol
60. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol
61. N-nitrosodimethylamine
62. N-nitrosodiphenylamine
63. N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine
64. pentachlorophenol
65. phenol
71. dimethyl phthalate
72. benzo (a)anthracene (1,2-benzanthracene)
73. benzo (a)pyrene (3,4-benzopyrene)
74. 3,4-benzofluoranthene
75. benzo(k)fluoranthane (11,12-benzofluoranthene)
76. chrysene
77. acenaphthylene
78. anthracene
79. benzo(ghi)perylene (1,11-benzoperylene)
80. fluorene
81. phenanthrene
82. dibenzo (a,h)anthracene
83. indeno (1,2,3-cd)pyrene
84. pyrene
85. tetrachloroethylene
86. toluene
87. trichloroethylene
88. vinyl chloride (chloroethylene)
89. aldrin
90. dieldrin
91. chlordane (technical mixture and metabolites)
92. 4,4'-DDT
93. 4,4'-DDE9p,p'DDX)
94. 4,4"'-DDD(p,p'TDE)
95. Alpha-endosulfan
96. Beta-endosulfan
97. endosulfan sulfate
98. endrin
99. endrin aldehyde
(1,2,5,6-dibenzanthracene)
(w,e,-o-phenylenepyrene)
5146
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VI
TABLE VI-2 (Continued)
TOXIC POLLUTANTS NEVER DETECTED
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110,
111.
112.
113.
116.
129.
heptachlor
heptachlor epoxide
Alpha-BHC
Beta-BHC
Gamma-BHC (lindane)
Delta-BHC
PCB-1242 (Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
(Arochlor
1242)
1254)
1221)
1232)
1248)
1260)
1016)
PCB-1254
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1248
PCB-1260
PCB-1016
toxaphene
asbestos (fibrous)
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)
5147
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VI
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5148
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
SECTION VII
CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
The preceding sections of this supplement discussed the sources,
flows, and characteristics of the wastewaters generated in the
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory. This section
presents a summary of the control and treatment technologies that
are currently applied to each of the sources generating
wastewater in this subcategory.
As discussed in Section V, wastewater associated with the
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory is characterized
by the presence of the priority metal pollutants, ammonia,
cyanide, and suspended solids. This analysis is supported
by the raw (untreated) wastewater data presented for specific
sources in Section V. Generally, these pollutants are
present in each of the waste streams at treatable concentrations,
and these wastewater streams are commonly combined for treatment.
Construction of one wastewater treatment system for combined
treatment allows plants to take advantage of economies of
scale, and in some instances, to combine streams of
differing alkalinity to reduce treatment chemical requirements.
Two plants in this subcategory currently have combined
treatment systems, one of which consists of chemical
precipitation and sedimentation. Three options have been
selected for consideration for BPT, BAT, NSPS and
pretreatment in this subcategory, based on combined treatment of
these compatible waste streams.
SAND DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The principal raw material used in the primary zirconium and
hafnium industry is the ore mineral zircon found in zircon sand.
In the one plant which reports sand drying operations before sand
chlorination, wet air pollution control is operated without
recycle. This stream is discharged after chemical precipitation
and sedimentation (lime and settle) treatment.
SAND CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
After zircon ore is chlorinated, crude zirconium-tetrachloride
and silicon tetrachloride are separated and recovered from the
off-gases using a series of condensers. Wet air pollution
control equipment is used to remove residual chlorine gas and
particulates from the condenser off-gases. One plant has
achieved zero discharge of this wastewater stream using
evaporation ponds. Other plants discharge this stream after
dechlorination, chemical precipitation, and sedimentation.
Extensive recycle of scrubber liquor is practiced.
5149
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
SAND CHLORINATION AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Ventilation vapors from the sand chlorination area are routed to
wet air pollution control equipment before being released to the
atmosphere. At the one 'plant that reports a separate waste
stream for area-vent scrubbers, the wastewater generated is
discharged after dechlorination, chemical precipitation, and
sedimentation. That plant reported practicing 96 percent recycle
this wastewater.
SiCl4 PURIFICATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Silicon tetrachloride purification requires wet air pollution
control. That process practices 96 percent recycle of the
scrubber water before discharging it. The existing treatment for
this wastewater consists of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation.
FEED MAKEUP WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Feed makeup steps are intended to remove suspended solids from
crude zirconium-hafnium tetrachloride . This process uses wet
scrubbing systems to control emissions. A high rate of
recycle and reuse (92 to 100 percent) of the feed makeup scrubber
liquor is achieved prior to discharge. Chemical precipitation
and sedimentation is practiced for this stream.
IRON EXTRACTION (MIBK) STEAM STRIPPER BOTTOMS
Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) is recovered from _ the iron
extraction wastewater stream using a steam stripper, from
which the bottoms is discharged. When this steam is discharged
it is treated by ammonia stream stripping, chemical
precipitation, and sedimentation. No reuse or recycle of this
wastewater is reported.
ZIRCONIUM FILTRATE
Separated zirconium is precipitated from solution and filtered
before being sent to the calcining furnace. Recycle or
reuses of this wastewater stream is not reported. When this
wastewater is discharged, it is treated by ammonia stream
stripping, chemical precipitation, and sedimentation.
HAFNIUM FILTRATE . '
Separated hafnium is precipitated from solution and filtered
before being sent to the calcining furnace. The filtrate
can be reused in the separation process to recover its
zirconium content or disposed using evaporation ponds.
CALCINING CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Wet air pollution control systems are used to cleanse the off-
gases from the calcining furnaces. A high rate (90 percent) of
5150
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - VII
recycle or reuse of the discharge from the water scrubbers
in the separations process is achieved. When the blowdown from
this operation is discharged it is treated by dechlorination,
chemical precipitation, and sedimentation.
PURE CHLORINATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Pure chlorination is similar to sand chlorination except that the
chlorination of zirconium oxide and hafnium oxide is carried out
in separate reactors at lower temperatures. The scrubbers used
for reactor off-gases and area ventilation vapors discharge a
wastewater stream. This stream may be recycled and the blowdown
is treated by dechlorination, chemical precipitation, and
sedimentation before being discharged.
REDUCTION AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The plants that reduce zirconium and hafnium tetrachloride to
metal use scrubbers for area ventilation vapors. The scrubber
liquor is recycled before it is discharged after treatment by
chemical precipitation and sedimentation.
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Scrubbers, installed for air pollution control in the magnesium
recovery area, discharge a wastewater which is characterized by
treatable concentrations of magnesium and solids.. The scrubber
liquor may be recycled prior to treatment which consists of
chemical precipitation and sedimentation followed by discharge.
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
Ventilation air from the magnesium recovery area passes through a
wet scrubber prior to being released to the atmosphere. The
scrubber liquor is recycled prior to discharge and treatment
consists of chemical precipitation and sedimentation.
ZIRCONIUM CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The zirconium sponge formed by reduction is removed from the
reduction container and crushed. Scrubbers, installed for air
pollution control in the crushing operation generate a
wastewater. Zero discharge of this wastewater is achieved by 100
percent recycle of the scrubber liquor.
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL OR FROM ZIRCONIUM ALLOY
PRODUCTION
When zirconium metal and zirconium-nickel alloys are purified
by leaching, the resulting leachate is not reused or recycled.
Existing treatment for this wastewater stream consists of pH
adjustment before discharge.
5151
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VII
LEACHING RINSE WATER FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL OR ZIRCONIUM ALLOY
PRODUCTION
After leaching with acid to remove impurities, the zirconium
metal or zirconium alloy is rinsed with water, dried, and
packaged for sale. The rinse water is not recycled or reused.
Existing treatment for this stream consists of pH
adjustment before discharge.
CONTROL AND TREATMENT OPTIONS
The Agency examined two control and treatment technology
alternatives that are applicable to the primary zirconium and
hafnium subcategory. The options selected for evaluation
represent a combination of pretreatment technology applicable^ to
individual waste streams, and end-of-pipe treatment technologies.
The effectiveness of these treatment technologies is presented in
Section VII of Vol. I and summarized there in Table VXI-21 (page
250).
OPTION A
Option A for the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
consists of ammonia steam stripping preliminary treatment applied
to the combined zirconium filtrate and iron extraction
(MIBK) steam stripper bottoms stream. cyanide precipitation
preliminary treatment applied to SiCl4 purification wet air
pollution control, feed makeup wet air pollution control,
acid leachate and ammonia steam stripper bottoms, and
chemical precipitation and sedimentation of all of the waste
streams. Chemical precipitation and sedimentation consists of the
addition of lime or some other chemical to precipitate metals
followed by gravity sedimentation for the removal of
suspended solids, including the metal precipitates.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
consists of all control and treatment requirements of Option B
(preliminary treatment consisting of ammonia steam
stripping and cyanide precipitation where required,
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, plus multimedia filtration
technology added at the end of the Option A treatment scheme.
Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids,
including precipitates of metals, beyond the concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter suggested is of
the gravity, mixed media type, although other filters, such as
rapid sand filters or pressure filters, would perform
satisfactorily.
5152.
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
SECTION VIII
COSTS, ENERGY, AND NONWATER QUALITY ASPECTS
This section presents a summary of compliance costs for the
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory and a description of
the treatment options and subcategory-specific assumptions used
to develop these estimates. Together with the estimated
pollutant reduction performance presented in Section IX, X, XI,
and XII of this supplement, these cost estimates provide a basis
for evaluating each regulatory option. These cost estimates are
also used in determining the probable economic impact of
regulation on the subcategory at different pollutant discharge
levels. In addition, this section addresses nonwater quality
environmental impacts of wastewater treatment and control
alternatives, including air pollution, solid wastes, and energy
requirements, which are specific to the primary zirconium and
hafnium subcategory.
TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR EXISTING SOURCES
As discussed in Section VII, two treatment options have been
developed for existing primary zirconium and hafnium sources.
The treatment schemes for each option are summarized below and
schematically presented in Figures X-l and X-2 (pages 5199 and
5200).
OPTION A
Option A consists of ammonia stream stripping and cyanide
precipitation preliminary treatment where required, and
chemical precipitation and sedimentation end-of-pipe
technology.
OPTION C
Option C requires ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation preliminary treatment where required, and
end-of-pipe treatment technology consisting of chemical
precipitation, sedimentation, and multimedia filtration.
COST METHODOLOGY
A detailed discussion of the methodology used to develop the
compliance cost estimates is presented in Section VIII of Vol.
I. Plant-by-plant compliance costs have been revised as
necessary for the nonferrous metals manufacturing category
and are documented in detail in the administrative record
supporting this regulation. A comparison of the costs
developed for direct dischargers for the proposed and promulgated
rulemaking is presented in Table VIII-1 (page 5156).
5153
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
Table VIII-2 (page 5156) presents the compliance cost estimates
for indirect dischargers. The general assumptions used to
develop compliance costs are presented in Section VIII Vol.
I. Each subcategory also contains a unique set of wastewater
streams requiring certain subcategory-specific assumptions
to develop compliance costs. The major assumptions specific
to the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory are discussed
briefly below.
(1) All chromium in the raw wastewater is assumed to be
trivalent chromium; therefore, chromium reduction treatment is
unnecessary.
(2) Sludge formed in the cyanide precipitation process was costed
as disposed of as a hazardous waste.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
The methodology used for determining the energy requirements
for the various options is discussed in Section VIII of the
General Development Document. Energy requirements for
Option A are estimated at 12,210,900 kwh/yr. Option C,
which includes filtration, is estimated to increase energy
consumption over Option B by approximately 1 percent.
Further, the total energy requirement for Option C is
approximately 10 percent of the estimated total plant energy
usage. It is therefore concluded that the energy
requirements of the treatment options considered will have
no significant impact on total plant energy consumption.
SOLID WASTE
Sludge generated in the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
is due to the precipitation of metal hydroxides and carbonates
using lime or other chemicals. Sludges associated with the
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory will necessarily
contain quantities of toxic metal pollutants. These sludges are
not subject to regulation as hazardous wastes since wastes
generated by primary smelters and refiners are currently exempt
from regulation by Act of Congress (Resource Conservation and
Recovery. Act (RCRA) , Section 3001 (b))f as interpreted by EPA. If
a small excess of lime is added during treatment, the Agency does
not believe these sludges would be identified as hazardous under
RCRA in any case. (Compliance costs include, this amount _of
lime.) This judgment is based on the results of Extraction
Procedure (EP) toxicity tests performed on similar sludges (toxic
metal-bearing sludges) generated by other industries such as the
iron and steel industry. A small amount of excess lime was added
during treatment, and the sludges subsequently generated passed
the toxicity test. See CFR 261.24. Thus, the Agency believes
that the wastewater sludges will similarly not be EP toxic if the
recommended technology is applied. The one exception to this j
sludges generated by cyanide precipitation, which were treated
hazardous throughout this study.
5154
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
Although it is the Agency's view that solid wastes generated as a
result of these guidelines are not expected to be hazardous,
generators of these wastes must test the waste to determine if
the wastes meet any of the characteristics of hazardous waste
{see 40 CFR 262.11).
If these wastes should be identified or are listed as hazardous,
they will come within the scope of RCRA's "cradle to grave"
hazardous waste management program, requiring regulation from the
point of generation to point of final disposition. EPA's
generator standards would require generators of hazardous
nonferrous metals manufacturing wastes to meet containerization,
labeling, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements; if plants
dispose of hazardous wastes off-site, they would have to prepare
a manifest which would track the movement of the wastes from the
generator's premises to a permitted off-site treatment, storage,
or disposal facility. See 40 CFR 262.20, 45 FR 33142 (May 19,
1980), as amended at 45 FR 86973. (December 31, 1980). The
transporter regulations require transporters of hazardous wastes
to comply with the manifest system to assure that the wastes are
delivered to a permitted facility. See 40 CFR 263.20, 45 FR
1980). Finally, RCRA regulations establish standards for
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities
allowed to receive such wastes. See 40 CFR part 464, 46 FR 2802
(January 12, 1981), and 47 FR 32274 (July 26, 1982).
Even if these wastes are not identified as hazardous, they still
must be disposed of in compliance with the Subtitle D open
dumping standards, implementing Section 4004 of RCRA. See 44 FR
53438 (September 13, 1979). The Agency has calculated as part of
the costs for wastewater treatment the cost of hauling and
disposing of these wastes.
It is estimated that 2,623 metric tons per year of sludge will be
generated as a result of the promulgated BAT regulations for the
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory.
AIR POLLUTION
There is no reason to believe that any substantial air pollution
problems. will result from implementation of ammonia steam
stripping, cyanide precipitation, chemical precipitation,
sedimentation, and multimedia filtration. The ammonia steam
stripping process yields an aqueous ammonia stream. The
other technologies transfer pollutants to solid waste and are
not likely to transfer pollutants to air.
5155
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - VIII
Table VIII-1
COST OF COMPLIANCE FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM
AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
DIRECT DISCHARGERS
These costs are not presented here because the data on which they
are based have been claimed to be confidential.
5156
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
SECTION IX
BEST PRACTICABLE CONTROL TECHNOLOGY CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
Thi's section defines the effluent characteristics attainable
through the application of- best practicable control technology
currently available (BPT). BPT reflects the existing
performance by plants of various sizes, ages, and manufacturing
processes within the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory,
as well as the established performance of the model BPT
systems. Particular consideration is given to the treatment
already in place at plants within the data base.
The factors considered in identifying BPT include the total cost
of applying the technology in relation to the effluent^ reduction
benefits from such application, the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the manufacturing processes used, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and other factors the Administrator considers appropriate. In
general, the BPT level represents the average of the existing
performances of plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or
other common characteristics. Where existing performance is
uniformly inadequate, BPT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category. Limitations based on transfer of
technology are supported by a rationale concluding that the
technology is, indeed, transferable, and a reasonable prediction
that it will be capable of achieving the prescribed effluent
limits. BPT focuses on end-of-pipe treatment rather than
process changes or internal controls, except where such
practices are common industry practice.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BPT
The Agency studied the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
to identify the processes used, the wastewaters generated, and
the treatment processes installed. Information was .collected
using data collection portfolios, and specific plants were
sampled and the wastewaters analyzed. In making technical
assessments of data, reviewing manufacturing processes,_ and
assessing wastewater treatment technology options, both indirect
and direct dischargers have been considered as a single group.
An examination of plants and processes did not indicate any
process differences based on the type of discharge, whether it be
direct or indirect. .
As explained in Section IV, the primary zirconium and hafnium
subcategory has been subdivided into 18 potential wastewater
sources. Since the water use, discharge rates, and. pollutant
characteristics of each of these wastewaters is potentially
unique, effluent limitations will be developed for each, of the 18.
subdivisions. : ' :
For each of the subdivisions, a specific approach-was 'followed
for the development of BPT mass . limitations. ;.The first
5157
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
requirement to calculate these limitations is to account for
production and flow variability from plant to plant. Therefore,
a unit of production or production normalizing parameter (PNP)
was determined for each waste stream which could then be related
to the flow from the process to determine a production normalized
flow. Selection of the PNP for each process element is discussed
in Section IV. Each plant within the subcategory was then
analyzed to determine which subdivisions were present, the
specific flow rates generated for each subdivision, and _the
specific production normalized flows for each subdivision.
This analysis is discussed in detail in Section V. Nonprocess
wastewaters such as rainfall runoff and noncontact cooling water
are not considered in the analysis.
Production normalized flows were than analyzed to determine the
flow to be used as part of the basis for BPT mass limitations.
The selected flow (sometimes referred to as the BPT regulatory
flow or BPT discharge rate) reflects the water use controls which
are common practices within the category. The BPT regulatory
flow is based on the average of all applicable data. Plants with
normalized flows above the average may have to implement some
method of flow reduction to achieve the BPT limitations.
The second requirement to calculate mass limitations is the set
of concentrations that are achievable by application of the BPT
level of treatment technology. Section VII discusses the various
control and treatment technologies which are currently in place
for each wastewater source. In most cases, the current control
and treatment technologies consist of chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle) technology and a combination of
reuse and recycle to reduce flow, along with ammonia steam
stripping applied to streams with treatable concentrations_of
ammonia. Cyanide precipitation is applied to streams with
treatable concentrations of free and complexed cyanide.
Using these regulatory flows and the achievable concentrations,
the next step is to calculate mass loadings for each wastewater
source or subdivision. This calculation was made on a stream-by-
stream basis, primarily because plants in this subcategory may
perform one or more of the operations in various combinations.
The mass loadings (milligrams of pollutant per metric ton of
production mg/kkg) were calculated by multiplying the BPT
regulatory flow (1/kkg) by the concentration achievable by the
BPT level of treatment technology (mg/1) for each pollutant
parameter to be limited under BPT. These mass loadings are
published in the Federal Register and in CFR Part 421 as the
effluent limitations.
The mass loadings which are allowed under BPT for each plant will
be the sum of the individual mass loadings for the various
wastewater sources which are found at particular plants.
Accordingly, all the wastewater generated within a plant may be
combined for treatment in a single or common treatment system,
but the effluent limitations for these combined wastewaters are
based on the various wastewater sources which actually contribute
5158
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
to the combined flow. , This method accounts for the variety of
combinations of wastewater sources and production processes which
may be found at primary zirconium and hafnium plants.
The Agency usually establishes wastewater limitations in terms of
mass rather than concentration. This approach prevents the use
of, dilution as a treatment method (except for controlling ph) .
The production normalized wastewater flow (1/kkg) is a link
between the production operations and the effluent limitations.
The pollutant discharge attributable to each operation can be
calculated from the normalized flow and effluent concentration
achievable by the treatment technology and summed to derive an
appropriate limitation for each plant.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REDUCTION BENEFITS
In balancing costs in relation to effluent reduction benefits,
EPA considers the volume and nature of existing discharges, the
volume and nature of discharges expected after application of
BPT, the general environmental effects of the pollutants, and the
cost and economic impacts of the required pollution control
level. The Act does not require or permit consideration of water
quality problems attributable to particular point sources or
industries, or water quality improvements in particular water
quality bodies. Accordingly, water quality considerations were
not the basis for selecting the proposed BPT.
The methodology for calculating pollutant reduction benefits and
plant compliance costs is discussed in Section X. Table X-2
(page 5186) shows the pollutant reduction benefits for direct
dischargers at each treatment option. Compliance costs for
direct dischargers are presented in Table X-3 (page 5187).
BPT OPTION SELECTION
The technology basis for the proposed and promulgated BPT
limitations is Option A, chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology to remove metals and solids from combined wastewaters
and to control pH plus ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation preliminary treatment of streams containing ammonia
or cyanide. Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology and ammonia steam stripping are already in-place at
the one direct discharger in the subcategory. The pollutants
specifically selected for regulation at BPT are chromium,
cyanide, lead, nickel, ammonia, TSS, and pH. BPT is not
promulgated for plants which only produce zirconium or zirconium-
nickel alloys by magnesium reduction of ZrO2, as discussed under
BAT. The BPT treatment scheme is shown schematically in Figure
IX-1 (page 5178).
The costs and pollutant removals data for the Subcategory are not
presented here because the data on which they are based have been
claimed to be confidential.
5159
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
the respective raw wastewater matrices.
Sr s: -SMM
columns .
treatment performance concentration.
categories.
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES
5160
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
are discussed below and summarized in Table IX-1 (page 5167).
The discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by
relating the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of
metal produced by the process associated with the waste stream
in . question. These production normalizing parameters, or
PNPs, are also listed in Table IX-1.
Section V of this document further describes the discharge flow
rates and presents the water use and discharge flow rates by
subdivision in Tables V-l through V-18.
SAND DRYING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for sand drying wet air
pollution control at proposal was 379 1/kkg (91 gal/ton) of
zircon sand dried. Based on comments which the Agency received
on the proposed rulemaking, it was decided that the mass of
zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced is a more
appropriate production normalizing parameter for this wastewater
stream. The Agency also evaluated new flow and production data
submitted after proposal with industry comments. The final BPT
wastewater discharge rate for this subdivision is 568 1/kkg (136
gal/ton) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced. This
rate is based on the rate reported by one plant which generates
this wastewater stream. This rate is allocated to any plant
drying zircon sand prior to chlorination, and practicing wet air
pollution control of drier off-gases.
SAND CHLORINATION OFF-GAS WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for sand chlorination off-
gas wet air pollution control at proposal was 14,712 1/kkg (3,529
gal/ton) of crude ZrCl4 produced. Based on comments which
the Agency received on the proposed rulemaking, it was decided
that the mass of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced
is a more appropriate production normalizing parameter for
this wastewater stream. The Agency also evaluated new
flow and production data submitted after proposal with industry
comments. The promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rate
for this subdivision is 43,470 1/kkg (10,418 gal/ton) of
zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced. One plant
reported sufficient information, including a 93 percent rate of
recycle, to determine water use and discharge rates. This rate
is allocated to any plant which chlorinates zircon sand and
controls chlorinator off-gas emissions .with a wet scrubber.
SAND CHLORINATION AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for sand chlorination area
vent wet air pollution control at proposal was 19,616 1/kkg
(4,706 gal/ton) of crude ZrCl4 produced. Based on comments which
the Agency received on the proposed rulemaking, it was decided
that the mass of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced
is a more appropriate production normalizing parameter for this
wastewater stream. The Agency also evaluated new flow and
5161
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
production data submitted after proposal with industry comments.
The promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rate f <>r ,. this
subdivision is 8,524 1/kkg (2,043 gal/ton) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced. The BPT flow rate is based on the
rate reported which includes 96 percent recycle. This rate is
allocated to any plant chlorinating zircon sand and controlling
area ventilation emissions with a wet scrubbing system.
SiCl4 PURIFICATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for SiCl4 purification wet
air pollution control at proposal was 8,650 1/kkg (2,075 gal/ton)
of SiClA purified. Based on comments which the Agency received on
the proposed rulemaking, it was decided that the mass of
zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced is a more
appropriate production normalizing parameter for this wastewater
stream. The Agency also evaluated new flow and production data
submitted after proposal with industry comments._The final BPT
wastewater discharge rate for this subdivision is 7,498 1/kkg
(1,797 qal/ton) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced. The BPT flow rate is based on the rates reported which
include 96 percent recycle of scrubber liquor prior to
discharge. This rate is allocated to any plant purifying SiCl4
produced as a by-product of zircon sand chlonnation, and
controlling off-gases with a wet air pollution control device.
FEED MAKEUP WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for feed makeup wet air
pollution control at proposal was 6,334 1/kkg (1,519 gal/ton) of
crude ZrCl4 produced. Based on comments which the A9e^y
received on the proposed rulemaking, it was decided that the
mass of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced is
a more appropriate production normalizing parameter for tnis
wastewater stream. The Agency also evaluated new flow and
production data submitted after proposal with industry comments.
The promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rate for this
sutdivisLn 9is 5,683 1/kkg (1,362 gal/ton) of "rconium
dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced. One facility
totally reuses this water in other plant processes. One other
facility discharges this water after 92 percent recycle. The BPT
flow rite is based on the rate reported by the. facility which
discharges this water after recycle. This rate is allocated for
any plant hydrolyzing crude ZrCl4 and controlling off-gases with
a wet air pollution control device.
IRON EXTRACTION (MIBK) STEAM STRIPPER BOTTOMS
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for iron extraction (MIBK)
stLm shipper bottoms at proposal was 2,077 1/kkg (498 gal/ton)
of zirconium and hafnium produced. Based on comments which the
Aaencv received on the proposed rulemaking, it was decided that
the mass of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced is a
more appropriate production normalizing parameter for this
wastewater stream. The Agency also evaluated new flow and
5162
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
production data submitted after proposal with industry comments.
The final BPT wastewater discharge rate for .this subdivision
is 2,244 1/kkg (538 gal/ton) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium
dioxide produced. This rate is based on the average of the rates
reported by the facilities which generate this wastewater
stream. This rate is allocated to any plant recovering
MIBK from an iron-rich stream following the extraction of iron
from the feed stream to the zirconium-hafnium separations
process.
ZIRCONIUM FILTRATE
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for zirconium filtrate at
proposal was 71,190 1/kkg (17,078 gal/ton) of zirconium produced.
Based on comments which the Agency received on the proposed
rulemaking, it was decided that the mass of zirconium dioxide and
hafnium dioxide produced is a more appropriate production
normalizing parameter for this wastewater stream. The Agency
also evaluated new flow and production data submitted after
proposal with industry comments. The final BPT wastewater
discharge rate for this subdivision is 38,790 1/kkg (9,297
gal/ton) of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide produced. This
rate is based on the average of the rates reported by the
facilities which generate this stream. No reuse or recycle of
this wastewater is reported. This rate is allocated to any
plant precipitating zirconium as either a sulfate or an
hydroxide.
HAFNIUM FILTRATE
There is no BPT wastewater discharge allowance for hafnium
filtrate. All of the plants reporting this wastewater stream
achieves zero discharge of this stream. Because no plants
reported a discharge, the BPT allowance for this wastewater is
zero.
CALCINING CAUSTIC WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for calcining caustic wet
air pollution control at proposal was 17,856 1/kkg (4,284
gal/ton) of zirconium and hafnium produced. Based on comments
which the Agency received on the proposed rulemaking, it was
decided that the mass of zirconium dioxide and hafnium dioxide
produced is a more appropriate production normalizing parameter
for this wastewater stream. The Agency also evaluated new flow
and production data submitted after proposal with industry
comments. The final BPT wastewater discharge rate for this
subdivision is 8,997 1/kkg (2,156 gal/ton) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced. The BPT flow rate is based on
the rate reported by one facility, which currently practices 90
percent recycle. This rate is allocated to any plant
calcining zirconium or hafnium hydroxide and controlling
off-gases with a caustic scrubber.
5163
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
PURE CHLORINATION WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for pure chlorination wet
air pollution control .at proposal was 26,322 1/kkg (6,J14
qal/ton) of zirconium and- hafnium produced. The Agency has
evaluated new flow and production data submitted after proposal
with industry comments. The final BPT wastewater discharge rate
for this subdivision is 38,317 1/kkg (9,204 gal/ton) of
zirconium and hafnium. The BPT rate is based on the rate
reported by one facility currently practicing 97 percent
recycle of scrubber liquor prior to discharge. This rate
is allocated to any plant chlorinating zirconium or hafnium
dioxide and controlling off-gases with a wet scrubber.
REDUCTION AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for reduction area-vent
wet air pollution control at proposal was 658 1/kkg (158 gal/ton)
of zirconium and hafnium produced. The Agency has evaluated new
flow and production data submitted after proposal with industry
comments. The final BPT wastewater discharge rate for this
subdivision is 3,686 1/kkg (885 gal/ton) of zirconium; and
hafnium produced. The BPT rate is based on the rate reported by
one plant which practices 97 percent recycle of scrubber
liquor prior to discharge. This rate is allocated to any
plant reducing zirconium or hafnium tetrachlonde to metal
with magnesium, and controlling area fumes with a wet scrubber.
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for magnesium _recovery
off-qas wet air pollution control at proposal was 13,161 1/kkg
(3,157 gal/ton) of zirconium and hafnium produced. The Agency
has evaluated new flow and production data submitted after
proposal with industry comments. The final BPT wastewater
discharge rate for this subdivision is 20,733 1/kkg (4,980
gal/ton) of zirconium and hafnium produced. This rate is based
Sn the rate reported by one plant which currently practices 96
percent recycle of scrubber liquor prior to discharge. This
rate is allocated to any plant recovering magnesium from the
magnesium chloride produced in the zirconium or hafnium
reduction process, and controlling the resultant off-gases with
a wet scrubber.
MAGNESIUM RECOVERY AREA VENT WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
The final BPT wastewater discharge allowance for magnesium
recovery area vent wet air pollution control is 11,518 1/kkg
(2,767 qal/ton) of zirconium and hafnium produced. This flow is
based on the discharge flow reported by one plant which currently
practices 96 percent recycle of the scrubber liquor prior
to discharge. This BPT flow rate is allocated to any
plant which controls emissions from magnesium recovery area
ventilation air using a wet scrubbing system.
5164
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
ZIRCONIUM CHIP CRUSHING WET AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
These is no BPT wastewater discharge allowance for zirconium chip
crushing wet air pollution control. Zero discharge is achieved by
complete recycle of scrubber liquor. Because no discharge is
reported, the BPT allowance for this wastewater is zero.
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL PRODUCTION
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for acid leachate from
zirconium metal production is 29,465 1/kkg (7,068 gal/ton) of
pure zirconium produced. Separate allowances are given for pure
metal and alloys (see next subdivision). Different flows are
reported for the two products because of differences in the
method of reduction used. The BPT allowances for acid
leachate from zirconium metal and zirconium alloy
production are based on information from one plant that
discharges this stream. No reuse or recycle of this wastewater is
reported. This rate is allocated to any plant purifying
zirconium metal by acid leaching.
ACID LEACHATE FROM ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRODUCTION
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for acid leachate from
zirconium alloy ,production is 15,771 1/kkg (3,783 gal/ton) of
zirconium contained in alloys. This rate is based on the average
of the flow rates reported. This rate is allocated at any plant
purifying zirconium-nickel alloy by acid leaching.
LEACHING RINSE WATER FROM ZIRCONIUM METAL PRODUCTION
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for leaching rinse water
from zirconium metal production is 58,930 1/kkg (14,137 gal/ton)
of pure zirconium metal produced. As with acid leachate,
separate allowances are given for pure metal and alloys (see next
subdivision) because the differences in flows reported for the
two products result from differences in the method of reduction
used. The BPT allowance for leaching rinse water from zirconium
metal production is based on the discharge rate at one plant
which practices no recycle or reuse. This rate is allocated to
any plant rinsing zirconium metal following acid leaching
purification.
LEACHING RINSE WATER FROM ZIRCONIUM ALLOY PRODUCTION
The BPT wastewater discharge allowance for leaching rinse water
from zirconium alloy production is 789 1/kkg (189 gal/ton) of
zirconium contained in alloys. This rate is based on the average
of the flows reported. This rate is allocated to any plant
rinsing zirconium alloys following acid leaching purification.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
5165
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
pollutant parameters for limitation. This examination and
evaluation was presented in Section VI. A total of seven
pollutants or pollutant parameters are selected for limitation
under BPT and are listed below:
119. chromium (total)
121. cyanide (total)
122. lead
124. nickel
ammonia
total suspended solids (TSS)
pH
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The pollutant concentrations achievable by application of the
model BPT technology are discussed in Section VII of Vol. I
and summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 250). These
concentrations (both one day maximum and monthly average
values) are multiplied by the BPT normalized discharge flows
summarized in Table IX-1 (page 5167) to calculate the mass of
pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of product. The
results of these calculations in milligrams of pollutant per
kilogram of product represent the BPT effluent limitations and
are presented in Table IX-2 (page 5169) for each individual waste
stream.
5166
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
1,
1.
0.193
0.250
0.165
0.239
091
164
0.829
75.710
16.360
17.040
16.360
23.290
0
0
0
33
7
0.085
0.102
0.068
0.114
721
517
346
280
895
6.379
7,
11,
895
080
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
14.780
19.130
12.610
18.260
83.460
89.110
63.470
5,795.000
1,252.000
1,304.000
1,252.000
1,782.000
6.521
7.825
5.216
8.694
55.210
39.560
26.520
2,547.000
604.200
488.200
604.200
847.700
of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5169
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Sand Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH
2
3
2
3
16
17
12
1,136
245
255
245
349
,898
.751
.472
.580
.370
.470
.450
.000
.500
.700
.500
,500
1.279
1.534
1.023
1.705
10.830
7.757
5.200
499.500
118.500
95.720
118.500
166.200
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(d)
Purification Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
2.549
3.299
2.174
3.149
14.400
15.370
10.950
999.500
215.900
224.900
215.900
307.400
7.5 to 10.0 at
1.125
1.350
0.900
1.500
9.522
6.823
4.574
439.400
104.200
84.200
104.200
146.200
all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5170
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
1.932
2.501
1.648
2.387
10.910
11.650
8.297
757.500
163.700
170.500
163.700
233.000
852
023
682
137
217
172
467
000
78.990
63.820
78.990
110.800
0
1
0
1
7
5
3
333
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
(Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
763
987
651
942
308
600
276
299.100
64.630
67.320
64.630
92.000
0
0
0
0
4
4,
3
0.337
0.404
0.269
0.449
850
042
369
500
31.190
25.200
31.190
43.760
2
2
1
'131
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Zirconium Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium 13.190
*Chromium 17.070
*Cyanide 11.250
*Lead 16.290
*Nickel 74.480
Thallium 79.520
Zinc 56.630
*Ammonia 5,171.000
Hafnium 1,117.000
Radium.226 1,164.000
Zirconium 1,117.000
*TSS 1,590.000
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0
5.819
6.982
4.655
7.758
49.260
35.300
23.660
2,273.000
539.200
435.600
539.200
756.400
at all times
(h) Hafnium Filtrate BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of 7
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
,5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5172
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Calcining. Caustic Wgt Air Ppllutiqn Cpntrpl BIT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
3.059
3.959
2.609
3.779
17.270
18.440
13.140
1,199.000
259.100
269.900
259.100
368.900
1.350
1.619
1.080
1.799
11.430
8.187
5.488
527.200
125.100
101.000
125.100
175.400
of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
13.030
16.860
11.110
16.090
73.570
78.550
55.940
5,106.000
1,104.000
1,150.000
1,104.000
1,571.000
of 7.5 to 10.0
5.748
6.897
4.598
7.663
48.660
34.870
23.320
2,245.000
532.600
430.300
532.600
747.200
at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5173
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of
1
1
7
7
1.253
1.662
069
548
077
556
5.382
491.300
106.200
110.600
106.200
151.100
7.5 to 10.0 at
0.553
0.663
0.442
0.732
4.681
3.354
2.248
216.000
51.240
41.390
57.240
71.880
all times
Polluion Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
7.049
9.123
6.013
8.708
39.810
42.500
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
30.270
2,764.000
597.100
622.000
597.100
850.100
3.110
3.232
2.488
4.147
26.330
18.870
12.650
1,215.000
288.200
232.800
288.200
404.300
times
^Regulated Pollutant
5174
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
rag/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
3.916
5.068
3.340
4.838
22.110
23.610
16.820
1,535.000
331.700
345.500
331.700
472.200
of 7.5 to 10.0
0.576
2.073
1.382
2.304
14.630
10.480
7.026
675.000
160.100
129.300
160.100
224.600
at all times
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5175
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the
10.020
12.960
8.545
12.380
56.570
60.400
43.020
3,928.000
848.600
884.000
848.600
1,208.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
4.420
5.304
3.536
5.893
37.420
26.810
17.970
1,727.000
409.600
330.900
409.600
574.600
all times
(P) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel .
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
5.362
6.939
4.574
6.624
30.280
32.330
23.030
2,102.000
454.200
473.100
454.200
646.600
2.366
2.839
1.893
3.154
20.030
14.350
9.620
924.200
219.200
177.100
219.200
307.500
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5176
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - IX
TABLE IX-2 (Continued)
BPT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(q) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal Production BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
.*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
20.040
25.930
17.090
24.750
113.100
120.800
86.040
7,855.000
1,697.000
1,768.000
1,697.000
2,416.000
of 7.5 to 10.0
8.840
10.610
7.072
11.790
74.840
53.630
35.950
3,453.000
819.100
661.800
819.100
1,149.000
at all times
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production BPT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel.
Thallium
. Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
0.268
0.347
0.229
0.331
1.515
1.617
1.152
105.200
22.720
23.670
22.720
32.350
0.118
0.142
0.095
0.158
1.002
0.718
0.481
46.240
10.970
8.860
10.970
15.390
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5177
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - IX
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
SECTION X
BEST AVAILABLE TECHNOLOGY ECONOMICALLY ACHIEVABLE
These effluent limitations are based on the best control and
treatment technology used by a specific point source within the
industrial category or subcategory, or by another category from
which it is transferable. Emphasis is placed on additional
treatment techniques applied at the end of the treatment systems
currently used, as well as reduction of the amount of water used
and discharged, process control, and treatment technology
optimization.
The factors considered in assessing best available technology
economically achievable (BAT) include the age of equipment and
facilities involved, the process used, process changes, nonwater
quality environmental impacts (including energy requirements),
and the costs of application of such technology. BAT
represents the best available technology economically achievable
at plants of various ages, sizes, processes, or other
characteristics. BAT may be transferred from a different
subcategory or category and may include feasible process
changes or internal controls, even when not in common industry
practice.
The required assessment of BAT considers costs, but does not
require a balancing of costs against effluent reduction
benefits. However, in assessing the proposed and promulgated
BAT, the Agency has given substantial weight to the economic
achievability of the technology.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO BAT
The Agency reviewed a wide range of technology options and
evaluated the available possibilities to ensure that the most
effective and beneficial technologies were used as the basis of
BAT. To accomplish this, the Agency elected to examine two
technology options which could be applied to the primary
zirconium and hafnium subcategory as treatment options for the
basis of BAT effluent limitations.
For the development of BAT effluent limitations, mass loadings
were calculated for each wastewater source or subdivision in the
subcategory using the same technical approach as in Section IX
for BPT limitations development. The differences in the mass
loadings for BPT and BAT are due to increased treatment
effectiveness achievable with the more sophisticated BAT
treatment technology and reductions in the effluent flows
allocated to various waste streams.
In summary, the treatment technologies considered for the primary
zirconium and hafnium subcategory are:
5179
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
Option A (Figure X-l, page 5199):
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Option C (Figure X-2, page 5200):
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration
The two technology options examined for BAT are discussed in
greater detail below. The first option considered is the same as
considered for BPT and is presented in the previous section. The
last two options each represent substantial progress toward
preventing pollution of the environment above and beyond the
progress achievable by BPT.
OPTION A
Option A for the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory is
equivalent to the control and treatment technologies selected as
the basis for BPT in Section IX. The BPT end-of-pipe treatment
scheme includes chemical precipitation and sedimentation with
ammonia steam stripping, and cyanide precipitation preliminary
treatment of wastewaters containing treatable concentrations of
ammonia or cyanide (See Figure X-l). The discharge allowances
for Option A are equal to the discharge allowances
allocated to each stream at BPT.
OPTION C
Option C for the primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory
consists of all control and treatment requirements of Option A
(ammonia steam stripping and cyanide precipitation where
required, chemical precipitation and sedimentation), plus
multimedia filtration technology added at the end of the Option
A treatment scheme (see Figure X-2).
Multimedia filtration is used to remove suspended solids,
including precipitates of toxic metals, beyond the concentration
attainable by gravity sedimentation. The filter suggested is of
the gravity, mixed media type, although other filters, such as
rapid sand filters or pressure filters, would perform
satisfactorily.
INDUSTRY COST AND POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
As one means of evaluating each technology option, EPA developed
5180
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
estimates of the pollutant reduction benefits and the compliance
costs associated with each option. ,... The methodologies are
described below.
POLLUTANT REMOVAL ESTIMATES
Sampling data collected during the field sampling program
were used to characterize the major wastewater streams
considered for regulation. At each sampled facility, the
sampling data were production normalized for each unit
operation (i.e., mass of pollutant generated per mass of
product manufactured). This value, referred to as the raw
waste, was used to estimate the mass of priority pollutants
generated within the primary zirconium and hafnium
subcategory. The pollutant removal estimates were
calculated for each plant by first estimating the total mass
of each pollutant in the untreated wastewater. This was
calculated by first multiplying the raw waste values by the
corresponding production value for that stream and then summing
these values for each pollutant for every stream generated by
the plant.
Next, the volume of wastewater discharged after the application
of each treatment option was estimated for each operation at each
plant by first comparing the actual discharge to the regulatory
flow. The smaller of the two values was selected and summed with
the other plant flows. The mass of pollutant discharged was then
estimated by multiplying the achievable concentration values
attainable with the option (mg/1) by the estimated volume of
process wastewater discharged by the subcategory. Finally, the
mass of pollutant removed is the difference between the estimated
mass of pollutant generated by each plant in the subcategory and
the mass of pollutant discharged after application of the
treatment option.
The pollutant removal estimates for the primary zirconium and
hafnium subcategory are presented in Table X-2 (page 5186),
for direct dischargers.
COMPLIANCE COSTS
In estimating subcategory-wide compliance costs, the first step
was to develop a cost model, relating the total costs associated
with installation and operation of wastewater treatment
technologies to plant process wastewater discharge. EPA applied
the model on a per plant basis, a plant's costs both capital,
and operating and maintenance being determined by what
treatment it has in place and by its individual process
.•wastewater discharge (from dcp) . The final step was to annualize
the capital costs, and to sum the annualized capital costs, and
the operating and maintenance costs, yielding the cost of
compliance for the subcategory (see Table X-3, page 5187).
These costs were used in assessing economic achievability.
5181
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
BAT OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed Level A BAT limitations for plants which only
produce zirconium or zirconium-nickel alloys by tmagnesium
reduction of ZrO2 based on barium chloride coprecipitation,
cyanide precipitation, ammonia steam stripping and_ chemical
precipitation and sedimentation (BPT technology), plus in-process
wastewater flow reduction. Level B limitations were proposed for
all other plants in the subcategory. The proposed_ Level B
limitations were based on barium chloride ^P^^ation,
cyanide precipitation, ammonia steam stripping and chemical
precipitation and sedimentation (BPT technology), plus flow
reduction and filtration.
Flow reduction was included as part of the proposed BAT
technology because one discharging facility in tnis
subcategoiy had erroneously reported that they Practice no
recycle of scrubber liquor associated with any of the wet air
Pollution control subdivisions. This facility submitted new data
with comments on the proposed rulemaking which indicate that the
facility is currently practicing recycle at a rate of 90 Perce£t
"greater for all wet air pollution control subdivisions. The
Agency evaluated the new flow and production data and changed the
BPT flow rates for several of the subdivisions. The Agency also
decided that further flow reduction through recycle, beyond the
90 percent or greater already practiced, is not feasible. The
final BAT wastewater discharge rates are therefore equal to the
promulgated BPT wastewater discharge rates tor an
subdivisions.
BAT OPTION SELECTION PROMULGATION
EPA is not promulgating BAT limitations for plants which only
producl Sirconium or lirconium-nickel alloys by magnesium
reduction of ZrO2. BAT limitations apply to all other plants in
the subcategory. The promulgated limitations are based on cyanide
precipitation, ammonia steam stripping and chemical precipitation
and sedimentation (BPT technology), plus filtration.
The achievable concentration for ammonia steam stripping is based
on iron and steel manufacturing category data. The
achievable concentrations for cyanide precipitation are based on
coil coating category data.
The pollutants specifically limited under BAT _are chromium,
cyanide, lead, nickel, and ammonia. The Priority P°^tants
cadmium, thallium and zinc were also considered for regulation
because they were found at treatable concentrations in
the raw wastewaters from this subcategory. These pollutants
were not selected for specific regulation because they will
be effectively controlled when the regulated toxic metals are
treated to the concentrations achievable by the model BAT
technology.
5182
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE RATES ;
A BAT discharge rate was calculated for each subdivision based
upon the flows of the ' existing plants, as determined from
analysis of dcp as well as flow and production data supplied with
industry comments on the proposed rulemaking. The discharge rate
is used with the treatability concentrations to determine BAT
effluent limitations. Since the discharge rate may be different
for each wastewater source, separate production normalized
discharge rates for each of the 18 wastewater sources were
determined and are summarized in Table X-4 (page 5188). The
discharge rates are normalized on a production basis by relating
the amount of wastewater generated to the mass of metal
produced by the process associated with the waste stream in
question. These production normalizing parameters (PNP) are also
listed in Table X-4.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency placed particular emphasis on the toxic pollutants.
The raw wastewater concentrations from individual operations and
the subcategory as a whole were examined to select certain
pollutants and pollutant parameters for consideration for
limitation. This examination and evaluation, presented in
Section VI, concluded that 7 toxic pollutants are present in
primary zirconium and hafnium wastewaters at concentrations that
can be effectively reduced by identified treatment technologies.
However, the high cost associated with analysis for priority
metal pollutants has prompted EPA to develop an alternative
method for regulating and monitoring priority pollutant
discharges from the nonferrous metals manufacturing category.
Rather than developing specific effluent mass limitations and
standards for each of the priority pollutants found in treatable
concentrations in the raw wastewater from a given
subcategory, the Agency is promulgating effluent mass limitations
only for those pollutants generated in the greatest quantities
as shown by the pollutant reduction benefit analysis. The
pollutants selected for specific limitation are listed
below:
119. chromium (total)
121. cyanide (total)
122. lead
124. nickel
ammonia
During the development of this regulation, there was considerable
discussion of the true level of cyanide in the wastewaters. While
both the industry and EPA disagreed about the absolute amount of
cyanides present, there was no disagreement over the fact of the
presence of cyanide in certain wastewater streams. Hence, it is
wholly appropriate to regulate cyanide in this subcategory,
5183
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
By establishing limitations and standards for certain priority
metal pollutants, dischargers will attain the same degree of
control over priority metal pollutants as they would have been
required to achieve had all the priority metal pollutants been
directly limited.
This approach is technically justified since the treatable
concentrations used for chemical precipitation and sedimentation
technology are based on optimized treatment for concomitant
multiple metals removal. Thus, even though metals have somewhat
different theoretical solubilities, they will be removed at very
nearly the same rate in a chemical precipitation and
sedimentation treatment system operated for multiple metals
removal. Filtration as part of the technology basis is likewise
justified because this technology removes metals non-
preferential ly.
The following toxic pollutants are excluded from limitation on
the basis that they are effectively controlled by the limitations
developed for chromium, cyanide, lead, nickel, ammonia:
118. cadmium
127. thallium
128. zinc
EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS
The effluent concentrations achievable by the application of the
BAT treatment technology are discussed in Section VII of
Vol. I and summarized there in Table VII-21 (page 250). The
treatable concentrations (both one-day maximum and monthly
average values) are multiplied by the BAT normalized
discharge flows summarized in Table X-4 (page 5188) to calculate
the mass of pollutants allowed to be discharged per mass of
product. The results of these calculations in milligrams
of pollutant per kilogram of product represent the BAT effluent
limitations and are presented in Table X-5 (page 5190) for each
individual waste stream.
5184
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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5185
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-3
Compliance costs are not presented here
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5187
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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5189
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.114
0.210
0.114
0.159
0.312
0.795
0.579
75.710
11.190
11.360
11.190
0.045
0.085
0.045
0.074
0.210
0.346
0.239
33.280
5.118
4.271
5.118
(b) Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
8.694
16.080
8.694
12.170
23.910
60.860
44.340
5,795.000
856.400
869.400
856.400
3.478
6.521
3.478
5.651
16.080
26.520
18.260
2,547.000
391.700
326.900
391.700
*Regulated Pollutant
5190
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT
X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Sand Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.705
3.154
1.705
2.387
4.688
11.930
8.694
1,136.000
167.900
170.500
167.900
.682
1.279
0.682
1.108
3.154
5.200
3.580
499.500
76.800
64.100
76.800
(d)
Purification Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium. 226
Zirconium
1.500
2.774
1.500
2.099
4.124
10.500
7.648
999.500
147.700
150.000
147.700
0.600
1.125
0.600
0.975
2.774
4.574
3.149
439.400
67.560
56.380
67.560
*Regulated Pollutant
5191
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.137
2.103
1.137
1.591
3.126
7.956
5.797
757.500
112.000
113.700
112.000
0.455
0.852
0.455
0.739
2.103
3.467
2.387
333.000
51.200
42.740
51.200
Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any"one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.449
0.830
0.449
0.628
1.234
3.142
2.289
299.100
44.210
44.880
44.210
0.180
0.337
0.180
0.292
0.830
1.369
0.942
131.500
20. 220
'16.870
20. 220
*Regulated Pollutant
5192
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Zirconium Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
7.758
14.350
7.758
10.860
21.330
54.310
39.570
5,171.000
764.200
775.800
764.200
3.103
5.819
3.103
5.043
14.350
23.660
16.290
2,273.000
349.500
291.700
349.500
(h) Hafnium Filtrate BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5193
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.799
3.329
1.799
2.519
4.948
12.600
9.177
1,199.000
177.200
179.900
177.200
0.720
1.350
0.720
1.170
3.329
5.488
3.779
527.200
81.060
67.660
81.060
(3) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium.226
Zirconium
7.663
14.180
7.663
10.730
21.070
53.640
39.080
5,108.000
754.800
766.300
754.800
3.065
5.748
3.065
4.981
14.180
23.370
16.090
2,245.000
345.200
. 288.100
345.200
*Regulated Pollutant
5194
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
'(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.737
1.364
0.737
1.032
2.027
5.160
3.260
491.300
72.610
73.720
72.610
0.295
0.553
0.295
0.479
1.364
2.248
1.548
216.000
33.210
27.720
33.210
(1) Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of ssirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
4.147
7.671
4.147
5.805
11.400
29.030
21.150
2,764.000
408.400
414.700
408.400
1.659
3.110
1.659
2.695
7.671
12.650
8.708
1,215.000
186.800
155.900
186.800
^Regulated Pollutant
5195
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
2.304
4.262
2.304
3.225
6.335
16.130
11.750
1,535.000
226.900
230.400
226.900
0.921
1.728
0.921
1.497
4.262
7.026
4.838
675.000
103.800
86.620
103.800
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium. 226
Zirconium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
. 0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5196
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
5.893
10.900
5.893
8.250
16.210
41.250
30.050
3,928.000
580.500
589.300
580.500
2.357
4.420
2.357
3.830
10.900
17.970
12.380
1,727.000
265.500
221.600
265.500
(p) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
3.154
5.835
3,154
4.416
8.674
22.080
16.090
2,102.000
310.700
315.400
310.700
1.262
2.366
1.262
2.050
5.835
9.620
6.624
924.200
142.100
118.600
142.100
5197
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
TABLE X-5 (Continued)
BAT MASS LIMITATIONS FOR THE
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(q) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Metal Production BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
11.790
21.800
11.790
16.500
32.410
82.500
60.110
7,855.000
1,161.000
1,179.000
1,161.000
4.714
8.840
4.714
7.661
21.800
35.950
24.750
3,453.000
531.000
443.200
531.000
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production BAT
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
0.158
0.292
0.158
0.221
0.434
1.105
0.805
105.200
15.540
15.780
15.540
0.063
0.118
0.063
0.103
0.292
0.481
0.331
46.240
' 7.109
5.933
7.109
*Regulated Pollutant
5198
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - X
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5199
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - X
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5200
3 c
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
SECTION XI
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
This section describes the technologies for treatment of
wastewater from new sources and presents mass discharge standards
for regulated pollutants for NSPS in the primary zirconium and
hafnium subcategory, based on the selected treatment technology.
New plants have the opportunity to design the best and most
efficient production processes and wastewater treatment
technologies without facing the added costs and restrictions
encountered in retrofitting an existing plant. Therefore, EPA has
considered the best demonstrated process changes, in-plant
controls and end-of-pipe treatment technologies which reduce
pollution to the maximum extent feasible as the basis for NSPS.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO NSPS
New source performances standards are equivalent to the best,
available technology (BAT) selected for currently existing
primary zirconium and hafnium plants. This result is a
consequence of careful review by the Agency of a wide range of
technical options for new source treatment systems which is
discussed in Section XI of Vol. I. Additionally, there was
nothing found to indicate that the wastewater flows and
characteristics of new plants would not be similar to those from
existing plants, since the processes used by new sources are not
expected to differ from those used at existing sources.
Consequently, BAT production normalized discharge rates, which
are based on the best existing practices of the subcategory, can
also be applied to new sources. These rates are presented in
Table XI-1 (page 5203).
Treatment technologies considered for the NSPS options are
identical to the treatment technologies considered for the BAT
options. These options are:
Option A
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
Option C
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration
5201
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
NSPS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
EPA proposed that the technology basis for NSPS for the primary
zirconium and hafnium subcategory be equivalent to the technology
basis for the proposed 'BAT.. This was ammonia steam stripping,
barium chloride coprecipitation, chemical precipitation and
sedimentation (lime and settle) plus flow reduction and
filtration. The wastewater discharge rates for the proposed NSPS
were equal to those for the proposed BAT.
NSPS OPTIONS SELECTION - PROMULGATION
EPA is promulgating NSPS for the primary zirconium and hafnium
subcategory equal to the promulgated BAT. Our review of the
subcategory indicated that no new demonstrated technologies that
improve on the BAT technology exist. We do not believe that new
plants could achieve any flow reduction beyond the allowance
proposed for BAT. Because NSPS is equal to BAT we do not believe
that the NSPS will pose a barrier to the entry of new plants into
the subcategory.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
The Agency has no reason to believe that the pollutants that^will
be found in treatable concentrations in process wastewater within
new sources will be any different than with existing sources.
Accordingly, pollutants and pollutant parameters selected for
limitation under NSPS,in accordance with the rationale of
Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected for BAT. The
conventional pollutant parameters TSS and pH are also selected
for limitation.
NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The NSPS discharge flows for each wastewater sources are the same
as the discharge flow allowances for BAT and are shown in Table
XI-1 (page 5201). The mass of pollutants allowed to be discharged
per mass of product is calculated by multiplying the appropriate
treatment effectiveness concentration (mg/1) by the production
normalized wastewater discharge flow (1/kkg). The result of this
calculation is the mass based, production related new source
performance standard. These standards are presented in Table XI-2
(page 5205).
5202
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
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5204
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
nig/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium 0.114 0.045
*Chromium 0.210 0.085
*Cyanide 0.114 0.045
*Lead 0.159 0.074
*Nickel 0.312 0.210
Thallium 0.795 0.346
Zinc 0.579 0.239
*Ammonia 75.710 33.280
Hafnium 11.190 5.118
Radium.226 11.360 4.271
Zirconium 11.190 5.118
*TSS 8.520 6.816
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(b) Acid Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium. 226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the
(Ib/million Ibs) of
and hafnium dioxide
8.694
16.080
8.694
12.170
23.910
60.860
44.340
5,795.000
856.400
869.400
856.400
652.100
range of 7.5 to 10.
zirconium dioxide
produced
3.478
6.521
3.478
5.651
16.080
26.520
'18.260
2,547.000
391.700
326.900
391.700
521.600
0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5205
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Sand Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
1
3
1
2
4
11
8.694
1,136.000
167.900
170.500
167.900
127.900
705
154
705
387
688
930
0.682
1.279
0.682
108
154
200
580
500
800
64.100
76.800
102.300
1
3
5
3
499
76
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
SiCl4 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the
1.500
2.774
1.500
2.099
4.124
10.500
7.648
999.500
147.700
150.000
147.700
112.500
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all
0.600
1.125
0.600
0.975
2.774
4.574
3.149
439.400
67.560
56.380
67.560
89.980
times
*Regulated Pollutant
5206
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
1
2
1
1
3
7
5
757
112
137
103
137
591
126
956
797
500
000
113.700
112.000
85.250
0.455
0.852
0.455
739
103
467
387
000
200
42.740
51.200
68.200
0
2
3
2
333
51
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
0.449
0.830
0.449
628
234
142
289
100
44.210
44.880
44.210
33.660
0
1
3
2
299
0.180
0.337
0.180
0.292
0.830
1.369
0.942
131.500
20.220
16.870
20.220
26.930
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5207
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Zirconium Filtrate NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the
7.758
14.350
7.758
10.860
21.330
54.310
39.570
5,171.000
764.200
775.800
764.200
581.900
range of 7.5 to 10.0
3.103
5.819
3 . 103
5.043
14 . 350
23.660
16. 290
2,273.000
349 .500
291.700
349. 500
465.500
at all times
(h) Hafnium Filtrate NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range of 7
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
,5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5208
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg {lb/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
1,
3
1.
2.
4,
12,
9,
1,199.000
177.200
179.900
177.200
135.000
799
329
799
519
948
600
177
0.720
1.350
0.720
,170
,329
,488
,779
,200
,060
67.660
81.060
108.000
1
3
5
3
527,
81,
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(j) Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (lb/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium.226
Zirconium
*TSS
7.663
14.180
7.663
10.730
21.070
53.640
39.080
5,108.000
754.800
766.300
754.800
574.800
3.065
5.748
3.065
4.981
14.180
23.370
16.090
2,245.000
345.200
288.100
345.200
345.200
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
^Regulated Pollutant
5209
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH
0.737
.364
.737
.032
.027
.160
.260
491.300
72.610
73.720
72.610
55.290
1,
0,
1.
2
5
3
295
553
295
479
362
248
548
000
210
27.720
33.210
44.230
0
0
0
0
1
2
1
216
33
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(1) Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control
NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
iL, *J *~J
*pH Within the
4.147
7.671
4.147
5.805
11.400
29.030
21.150
2,764.000
408.400
414.700
408.400
404.300
range of -7 . 5 to 10.0 at
1.659
3.110
1.659
2.695
7.671
12.650
8.708
1,215.000
186.800
155.900
186.800
248.800
all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5210
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
2,
3,
6,
2.304
4.262
304
225
335
16.130
11.750
1,535.000
226.900
230.400
226.900
172.800
0.921
1.728
0.921
1.497
4.262
7.026
.838
.000
103.800
86.620
103.800
138.200
4,
675,
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg
Cadmium
* Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the
(Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
range of 7.5 to 10.0 at
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5211
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Acid Leachate from zirconium Metal Production NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH
5
10
5
8
16
41
30
3,928
580
589
580
442
.893
.900
.893
.250
.210
.250
.050
.000
.500
.300
.500
,000
2.357
4.420
2.357
3.830
10.900
17.970
12.380
1,727.000
265.500
221.600
265.500
353.600
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
(P) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production
NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH
3
5
3
4
8
22
16
2,102
310
315
310
236
.154
.835
.154
.416
.674
.080
.090
.000
.700
.400
.700
600
1.262
2.366
1.262
2.050
5.835
9.620
6.624
924.200
142.100
118.600
142.100
189.300
Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5212
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
TABLE XI-2 (Continued)
NSPS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(q) Leaching Rinse Water' from Zirconium Metal Production NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium.226
Zirconium
*TSS
*pH Within the range
11.790
21.800
11.790
16.500
32.410
82.500
60.110
7,855.000
1,161.000
1,179.000
1,161.000
884.000
of 7.5 to 10..0
4.7-14
8.840
4.714
7.661
21.800
35.950
24.750
3,453.000
531.000
443.200
531.000
707.200
at all times
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production NSPS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
*TSS
(Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
0.158
0.292
0.158
0.221
0.434
1.105
0.805
105.200
15.540
780
540
15
15
11.840
0.063
0.118
0.063
0.103
0.292
0.481
0.331
46.240
7.109
5.933
7.109
9.468
*pH Within the range of 7.5 to 10.0 at all times
*Regulated Pollutant
5213
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XI
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5214
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
SECTION XII
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
This section describes the control and treatment technologies for
pretreatment of process wastewaters from new sources in the
primary zirconium and hafnium subcategory. PSES are
designed to prevent the discharge of pollutants which pass
through, interfere with, or are otherwise incompatible with
the operation of publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The
Clean Water Act also requires pretreatment for pollutants,
.s&r&ch as toxic metals, that limit POTW sludge management
alternatives. New indirect discharge facilities, like new
direct discharge facilities, have the opportunity to
incorporate the best available demonstrated technologies,
including process changes, in-plant controls, and end-of-pipe
treatment technologies, and to use plant site selection to
ensure adequate treatment system function. Pretreatment
standards are to be technology based, analogous to the best
available or best demonstrated technology for removal of toxic
pollutants. Pretreatment standards for regulated pollutants are
presented based on the selected control and treatment
technology.
PSES is not being promulgated for the primary zirconium and
hafnium subcategory because there are no existing indirect
dischargers on this subcategory. However, pretreatment standards
for new sources are promulgated.
TECHNICAL APPROACH TO PRETREATMENT
Before proposing and promulgating pretreatment standards, the
Agency examines whether the pollutants discharged by the industry
pass through the POTW or interfere with the POTW operation or its
chosen sludge disposal practices. In determining whether
pollutants pass through a well-operated POTW achieving secondary
treatment, the Agency compares the percentage of a pollutant
removed by POTW with the percentage removed by direct dischargers
applying the best available technology economically achievable.
A pollutant is deemed to pass through the POTW when the average
percentage removed nationwide by well-operated POTW meeting
secondary treatment requirements, is less than the percentage
removed by direct dischargers complying with BAT effluent
limitations guidelines for that pollutant.
This definition of pass-through satisfies two competing
objectives set by Congress that standards for indirect
dischargers be equivalent to standards for direct dischargers
while at the same time, the treatment capability and
performance of the POTW be recognized and taken into account in
regulating the discharge of pollutants from indirect dischargers.
5215
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
The Agency compares percentage removal rather than the mass or
concentration of pollutants discharged because the latter would
not take into account the mass of pollutants discharged to the
POTW from non-industrial sources or the dilution of the
pollutants in the POTW effluent to lower concentrations due to
the addition of large amounts of non-industrial wastewater.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES
Options for pretreatment of wastewaters from both existing and
new sources are based on increasing the effectiveness of end-of-
pipe treatment technologies. All in-plant changes and applicable
end-of-pipe treatment processes have been discussed previously in
Sections X and XI. The options for PSES and PSNS, therefore, are
the same as the BAT options discussed in Section X.
A description of each option is presented in Section X, with a
more detailed discussion, including pollutants controlled by each
treatment process is presented in Section VII of the General
Development Document.
Treatment technologies considered for the PSES and PSNS
ate:
OPTION A
options
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
OPTION C
o Preliminary treatment with ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation (where required)
o Chemical precipitation and sedimentation
o Multimedia filtration
PSES AND PSNS OPTION SELECTION - PROPOSAL
Level A' PSES were proposed for plants which only produce
zirconium or zirconium-nickel alloys from ZrO2 reduction
with magnesium or calcium hydride. The technology basis for
the proposed Level A PSES was preliminary treatment
consisting of ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation where necessary, barium chloride co-
precipitation, chemical precipitation, sedimentation, and flow
reduction. Level B PSES were proposed for all other plants
in the subcategory. Level B PSES were based on preliminary
treatment consisting of ammonia steam stripping and cyanide
precipitation where necessary, barium chloride co-precipitation,
chemical precipitation, sedimentation, wastewater flow
reduction, and filtration. Flow reduction was based on
5216
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
percent recycle of scrubber effluent.
EPA proposed PSNS equivalent to PSES, NSPS and BAT. The
technology basis for the proposed PSNS was identical to the
proposed NSPS.
PSES AND PSNS OPTION SELECTION-PROMULGATION
PSES is not being promulgated at this time because the one
indirect discharging facility in this subcategory only has
operations which result in relatively clean wastewater. Because
little pollutant removal could be expected with treatment, EPA is
not promulgating limits for these operations. As such, there are
no compliance costs for indirect dischargers.
We are promulgating PSNS equivalent to NSPS and BAT. The
technology basis for PSNS is identical to NSPS. The same
pollutants pass through as at PSES, for the same reasons. We
know of no economically feasible, demonstrated technology that is
better than BAT technology.
We believe that the promulgated PSNS are achievable, and that
they are not a barrier to entry of new plants into this
subcategory.
REGULATED POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
Pollutants selected for limitation, in accordance with the
rationale of Sections VI and X, are identical to those selected
for limitation for BAT.
PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
Pretreatment standards are based on the treatable concentrations
from the selected treatment technology, (Option C), and the
discharge rates determined in Section X for BAT, and shown in
Table XII-1 (page 5218). A mass of pollutant per mass of product
(mg/kg) allocation is given for each subdivision within the
subcategory. This pollutant allocation is based on the product of
the treatable concentration from the proposed treatment (mg/1)
and the production normalized wastewater discharge rate (1/kkg).
The achievable treatment concentrations for PSNS are identical to
those for BAT. PSNS are presented in Table XII-2 (page 5220).
5217
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
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5219
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
Table XII-2
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(a) Sand Drying Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.114
0.210
0.114
0.159
0.312
0.795
0.579
75.710
11.190
11.360
11.190
0.045
0.085
0.045
0.074
0.210
0.346
0.239
33.280
5.118
4.271
5.118
(b) Sand Chlorination Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
8.694
16.080
8.694
12.170
23.910
60.860
44.340
5,795.000
856.400
869.400
856.400
3.478
6.521
3.478
5.651
16.080
26.520
18.260
2,547.000
391.700
326.900
391.700
*Regulated Pollutant
5220
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(c) Sand Chlorination Area-Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.705
3.154
1.705
2.387
4.688
11.930
8.694
1,136.000
167.900
170.500
167.900
0.682
1.279
0.682
1.108
3.154
5.200
3.580
499.500
76.800
64.100
76.800
(d) SJC14 Purification Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.500
2.774
1.500
2.099
4.124
10.500
7.648
999.500
147.700
150.000
147.700
0.600
1.125
0.600
0.975
2.774
4.574
3.149
439.400
67.560
56.380
67.560
^Regulated Pollutant
5221
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(e) Feed Makeup Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.137
2.103
1.137
1.591
3.126
7.956
5.797
757.500
112.000
113.700
112.000
0.455
0.852
0.455
0.739
2.103
3.467
2.387
333.000
51.200
42.740
51.200
(f) Iron Extraction (MIBK) Steam Stripper Bottoms PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.449
0.830
0.449
0.628
1.234
3.142
2.289
299.100
44.210
44.880
44.210
0.180
0.337
0.180
0.292
0.830
1.369
0.94.2
131.500
20.220
16.870
' 20.220
^Regulated Pollutant
5222
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(g) Zirconium Filtrate PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
7.758
14.350
7.758
10.860
21.330
54.310
39.570
5,171.000
764.200
775.800
764.200
3.103
5.819
3.103
5.043
14.350
23.660
16.290
2,273.000
349.500
291.700
349.500
(h) Hafnium Filtrate PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
. 0.000
0.000
^Regulated Pollutant
5223
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(i) Calcining Caustic Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium dioxide
and hafnium dioxide produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
1.799
3.329
1.799
2.519
4.948
12.600
9.177
1,199.000
177.200
179.900
177.200
0.720
1.350
0.720
1.170
3.329
5.488
3.779
527.200
81.060
67.660
81.060
Pure Chlorination Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium. 226
Zirconium
7.663
14.180
7.663
10.730
21.070
53.640
39.080
5,108.000
754.800
766.300
754.800
3.065
5.748
3.065
4.981
14.180
23.370
16.090
2,245.000
345.200
288.100
345.200
'Regulated Pollutant
5224
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(k) Reduction Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.737
1.364
0.737
1.032
2.027
5.160
3.260
491.300
72.610
73.720
72.610
0.295
0.553
0.295
0.479
1.364
2.248
1.548
216.000
33.210
27.720
33.210
(1) Magnesium Recovery Off-Gas Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
* Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
4.147
7.671
4.147
5.805
11.400.
29.030
21.150
2,764.000
408.400
414.700
408.400
1.659
3.110
1.659
2.695
7.671
12.650
8.708
1,215.000
186.800
155.900
186.800
^Regulated Pollutant
5225
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(m) Magnesium Recovery Area Vent Wet Air Pollution Control PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
2.304
4.262
2.304
3.225
6.335
16.130
11.750
1,535.000
226.900
230.400
226.900
0.921
1.728
0.921
1.497
4.262
7.026
4.838
675.000
103.800
86.620
103.800
(n) Zirconium Chip Crushing Wet Air Pollution Control
PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium and
hafnium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
*Regulated Pollutant
5226
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(o) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Metal Production PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
5
10
5
8
16
41
30
3,928
580
589
580
.893
.900
.893
.250
.210
.250
.050
.000
.500
.300
.500
2.357
4.420
2.357
3.830
10.900
17.970
12.380
1,727.000
265.500
221.600
265.500
(p) Acid Leachate from Zirconium Alloy Production PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
3.154
5.835
3.154
4.416
8.674
22.080
16.090
2,102.000
310.700
315.400
310.700
1.262
2.366
1.262
2.050
5.835
9.620
6.624
924.200
142.100
118.600
142.100
*Regulated Pollutant
5227
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XII
TABLE XII-2 (Continued)
PSNS FOR THE PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY
(q) Leaching Rinse Water'from Zirconium Metal Production PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of pure zirconium produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
11.790
21.800
11.790
16.500
32.410
82.500
60.110
7,855.000
1,161.000
1,179.000
1,161.000
4.714
8.840
4.714
7.661
21.800
35.950
24.750
3,453.000
531.000
443.200
531.000
(r) Leaching Rinse Water from Zirconium Alloy Production PSNS
Pollutant or
pollutant property
Maximum for
any one day
Maximum for
monthly average
mg/kg (Ib/million Ibs) of zirconium
contained in alloys produced
Cadmium
*Chromium
*Cyanide
*Lead
*Nickel
Thallium
Zinc
*Ammonia
Hafnium
Radium-226
Zirconium
0.158
0.292
0.158
0.221
0.434
1.105
0.805
105.200
15.540
15.780
15.540
0.063
0.118
0.063
0.103
0.292
0.481
0.331
46.240
7.109
5.933
7.109
*Regulated Pollutant
5228
-------
PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
SECTION XIII
BEST CONVENTIONAL POLLUTANT CONTROL TECHNOLOGY
EPA is not promulgating best conventional pollutant
control technology (BCT) limitations for the primary
zirconium and hafnium subcategory at this time.
5229
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PRIMARY ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM SUBCATEGORY SECT - XIII
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
5230
-------