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-------
-------
PRELIMINARY DATA SUMMARY
FOR THE
PULP, PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Office of Water
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C.
August 1989
-------
-------
PREFACE
This is one of a series of Preliminary Data Summaries
prepared by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Summaries contain
engineering, economic and environmental data that pertain to
whether the industrial facilities in various industries discharge
pollutants in their wastewaters and whether the EPA should pursue
regulations to control such discharges. The summaries were
prepared in order to allow EPA to respond to the mandate of
section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act, which requires the Agency
to develop plans to regulate industrial categories that
contribute to pollution of the Nation's surface waters.
The Summaries vary in terms of the amount and nature of the
data presented. This variation reflects several factors,
including the overall size of the category (number of
dischargers), the amount of sampling and analytical work
performed by EPA in developing the Summary, the amount of
relevant secondary data that exists for the various categories,
whether the industry had been the subject of previous studies (by
EPA or other parties), and whether or not the Agency was already
committed to a regulation for the industry. With respect to the
last factor, the pattern is for categories that are already the
subject of regulatory activity (e.g., Pesticides, Pulp and Paper)
to have relatively short Summaries. This is because the
Summaries are intended primarily to assist EPA management in
designating industry categories for rulemaking. Summaries for
categories already subject to rulemaking were developed for
comparison purposes and contain only the minimal amount of data
needed to provide some perspective on the relative magnitude of
the pollution problems created across the categories.
-------
-------
The Preliminary Data Summary for the Pulp, Paper and
Paperboard Point Source category is a collection of four
documents:
1. Overview of the United States Pulp, Paper and Paperboard
Industry and Production Processes. October 1987.
2. U.S.EPA / Paper Industry Cooperative Dioxin Screening Study.
March 1988.
3. Statement of Martha G. Prothro, Director, Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, before the Subcommittee on Water
Resources of the Committee on Public Works and
Transportation, U.S. House of Representatives. July 13,
1988.
4. U.S. EPA / Paper Industry Cooperative Dioxin Study:
Analytical Results. June 16, 1989.
Persons interested in obtaining additional copies of this
summary may write to the following address:
Industrial Technology Division
WH-552
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone (202) 382-7131
-------
-------
OVERVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES
PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD
INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTION
PROCESSES
presented to
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
by
E.C JORDAN CO.
OCTOBER 1987
-------
-------
OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
1, GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE INDUSTRY
2, GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES
3, REVIEW OF TYPICAL KRAFT BLEACHING PROCESSES
4, DISCUSSION OF OTHER PROCESSES UTILIZING
5, DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVE BLEACHING PROCESS
CHLORINE OR BLEACHED PULPS
-------
INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION
0 3 MAJOR SEGMENTS
- INTEGRATED
- SECONDARY FIBER
- NONINTEGRATED
0 24 SUBCATEGORIES
- PROCESSES
- PRODUCTS
-------
INTEGRATED PULP AND PAPER MILLS
0 PREPARES OWN PULP FROM WOOD, LOGS,.OR CHIPS
0 COOKS AND/OR BLEACHES PULP(s) FOR USE ON THE
PAPER MACHINE(S) OR PULP DRYER
0 BLENDS PULP(s) AND PURCHASED PULP(s) FOR
DESIRED PAPER PROPERTIES
0 MAKES PRODUCT ON PULP DRYER OR PAPER MACHINE
0 PRODUCTS INCLUDE:
- BUSINESS PAPERS
- BOOK PAPERS
- MAGAZINE PAPERS
- NEWSPRINT
- UNBLEACHED BOARD
- BLEACHED BOARD
-------
SECONDARY FIBER PULP AND PAPER MILLS
0 PURCHASES WASTE PAPER AS MAJOR FIBER SOURCE
0 USUALLY PURCHASES PULPS FROM OTHER'MILLS; TO .
BLEND FOR DESIRED PAPER PROPERTIES !
0 WASTEPAPER MAY BE MILDLY COOKED TO SEPARATE
FIBERS
0 SOME PRODUCTS WILL REQUIRE BLEACHED FIBER SO
A SEPARATE BLEACHING SYSTEM MAY BE USED,
TYPICALLY, THIS is A ONE OR TWO STAGE SYSTEM/
i,E,: H, OR CH
0 MAKE PRODUCT ON A PAPER MACHINE OR OTHER ;
FORMER
0 MAJOR PRODUCTS MAY INCLUDE:
- TISSUE • .
- NEWS
- PRINTING GRADES
- BOARD GRADES
- MOLDED PRODUCTS ;
-------
NON-INTEGRATED PAPER MILLS
0 PURCHASES PULPS
0 BLENDS SELECTED PULPS FOR DESIRED PAPER
PROPERTIES
o MAKES PRODUCT(S) ON PAPER MACHINES
0 PRODUCTS INCLUDE PRIMARILY:
- HIGH QUALITY FINE PAPERS
- SPECIALTY GRADES
- TISSUE
-------
APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION AND
PRODUCTION OF MILLS BY SEGMENT
(c. 1976)
INTEGRATED
KRAFT
BLEACHED
UNBLEACHED
SEMi-CHEMiCAL
SULFITE
GROUNDWOOD
MISCELLANEOUS
SECONDARY FIBER
DEINK
OTHER
MISCELLANEOUS
NONINTEGRATED
NUMBER OF FACILITIES
45
40
2"0
:2'2" '
17
94
25
294
22
161
PRODUCTION
(TONS/DAY)
46668
10173
8560
8237
56248
5870
34<325_
3785
17770
-------
FACILITY LIST
Subcategory
Integrated Segment
Dissolving Kraft
Market Bleached Kraft
BC7 Bleached Kraft
Alkaline-Fine
Unbleached Kraft
o Linerboard
o Bag
Semi-Chemical
Unbleached Kraft and
S emi - Chemi ca 1
Dissolving Sulfite.Pulp
Papergrade Sulfite
Groundwood-Thermo-
Mechanical
Groundwood-CMN Papers
Groundwood-Fine Papers
Integrated Miscellaneous
Secondary Fibers Segment
Deink
o Fine
o Newsprint
o Tissue
Tissue From Wastepaper
Paperboard From Wastepaper
Wastepaper-Molded
Products
Builders' Paper and
Roofing Felt.
Secondary Fibers
Miscellaneous
Nonintegrated Segment
Nonintegrated-Fine Papers
o Wood Fiber Furnish
o Cotton Fiber Furnish
Nonintegrated-Tissue Papers
Nonintegrated-Lightweight
Papers
o Lightweight Papers
o Electrical Papers
Nonintegrated-Filter and
Nonwoven Papers
Nonintegrated-Paperboard
Nonintegrated Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Number
of
Plants
3
13
9
20
17
11
20
11
6
14
4
4
9
89
5
4
16
19
152
15
60
22
33
7
25
11
5
14
16
40
674
Direct
3
12
9
16
16
11
18
9
6
11
3
2
7
62
3
1
11
10
40
4
4
7
13
2
~12
9
3
5
6
23
338
Indirect
_
-
-
3
1
-
-
1
-
-
• -
2
2
15
1
3
3
2
72
8
29
9
9
3
11
-
2
7
10
9
202
Method of
Indirect
w/
Primarv
_
-
-
1
-
'
2
-
—
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
1
16
-
5
3
4
-
2
-
-
2
-
3
41
Discharge
Indirect Self-
& Direct Contained Unknown
_ - —
1
-
_ _
-
_
_ •
1
i
3
1
_
_ • _
7 3 1
_
_
1 . 1
» ' A " -»
19 5
1 2
18 4
1 - 2
2 3 2
2 ' ,-
-
2 - -
-
_
-
5
18. 56 19
^Includes Fine Bleached Kraft and Soda subcategories.
"Includes Papergrade Sulfite (Blow Pit Wash) and Papergrade Sulfite (Drum Wash) subcategories
-------
o
IE
IT
3
O.
(^
'
v*-i
CM
00
cr>
O
>•
Cfl
UJ
O
I
DC
UJ
Q.
O
U.
O
O
o
-------
ILI
O
S O
< a:
2 a.
o o
< z
o E
^ -J
5 D
o a.
Q <
LU QC
E y:
-i o
550
UJ
-------
GENERAL FLOW SHEET
PULPING AND PAPERMAKING PROCESS
RAW MATERIALS FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS WASTES
WOOD
PULP LOOS »•
PREPARATION
DEBARKED LO«S I
(•ROUNDWOOO) *°.2I
1 CHIP'
ACID 3ULFITE LIQUOR ri - *
ALKALINE SULFATE LIQUOR _ _.„ ......
(KRAFT) ' 1»» PULPIN*
NEUTRAL SULFITE LIQUOR f
CHEMICAL CR
REUSE p\
L_
"'
EVA
m_ (HEAT
"O.6 TION
LP PRO
GASEOUS t.
BARKE
COOLII
J WASH VI
EMISSION LIQUOI
BLOW
' ' SPILL
'ORATION
r. GENERA- ^ «..fi-r TANK CONDI!
"' *> OT "^ EMISSION ORE9S
•>UCT' LIME KILN EMISSION MUD W
4 J, RECOVERY FURNACE ACID 1
i T EMISSION '- WASTK
KRAFT a NEUTRAl EVAPORATION
EMISSION
f* SULFITE RECOV.
IQUID SOLID
.UME BARK REFUSE
WOOD PARTICLES
H BEARINO AND SLIVERS
l« WATER SAWDUST
ATER .
E SPENT
1
fIT COLLECTED
9
18 ATE , RESIDUES
WASHING
ASHIN3
>LANT
1 ' '
1— CONDENSATE —I
r
WHITE WATER OR ^ WASHIN8
FRESH WATER
REUSE WATER *"l
r
SCREENING
1
r
THICKENING
AND RECOVERY
WATERS FIBER
LIQUOR KNOTS
FIBER
WATERS FIBER
BLEACHIN8 AND OTHER «»L«VeHEO PULP
NECESSARY CHEMICALS "~~| , J . <
BLCACHIN9
r*
FRESH WATER OR WHITE 1
WATER REUSE ~""^
FM l.F.R* 1
DYE ^ STOCK
ALUM I PREPA
HTAKCH | "^ ,
FHE9H WATRK OR
RATION
r
WHITE WATER REUSE ' PAPER
r^ MACHINE
r ,
._.,.. j^. R| F/\»;
WATER
VAPOR
r
1 FINISHIN4 AND
CO AT IN* PIOMENTS ' ' »• •
ANOADHESIVES CONVERTINC
WASH '1
1
FINISHED PAPER
PRODUCTS
H WASTES FIBER
- UP , DIRT
STOCK SPILLS
WATER FIBER
FILLERS
BROKE
t
1 - UP BROKE
MTER COATIN*<
1
-------
TYPICAL KRAFT*
BLEACHING SEQUENCES
CEHD
CEHDP
CEHED
CEDED
CEHDED
WHERE: c - CHLORINE
E - SODIUM HYDROXIDE
H - HYPOCHLORITE
D - CHLORINE DIOXIDE
0 - OXYGEN
P - PEROXIDE
-------
i!
s c-
«/> x
Ul -I
e a
a.
3
-------
OTHER PROCESSES USING CHLORINE,
HYPOCHLORITE, OR BLEACHED PULPS
0 BLEACHED SULFITE PULP
- CEH
- CEHH
0 BLEACHED DEINKED PULP
- C
- H
- CH
- CEH
0 PURCHASED BLEACHED PULPS
- KRAFT
- SULFITE
0 WASTE PAPER - LEDGER TYPE
- LOW GROUNDWOOD
-------
ALTERNATIVE KRAFT BLEACHING
PROCESSES USING OXYGEN
0 APPLIED AT DIGESTER BEFORE DISCHARGE
0 SEPARATE DELIGNIFICATION VESSEL FOLLOWING DIGESTER
0 USED AT BROWNSTOCK WASHER AREA
0 USED FOLLOWING FIRST BLEACH STAGE
0 USED IN THE EI STAGE
TYPICALLY: OCED
CEQD ;
D/C EQ D .
THE USE OF DO BEFORE BLEACHING EARLY IN THE BLEACH REDUCES
THE LIGNIN CONTENT LOW ENOUGH SO FEWER BLEACH STAGES ARE
REQUIRED TO COMPLETE THE BLEACHING, '.
-------
DISCUSSION OF
OXYGEN BLEACHING
0 CAN CONTINUE DEL IGNIFICATION (LOWER KAPPA NO,)
MAKING FOLLOWING BLEACHING EASIER
0 CAN BE INTEGRATED WITH BLACK LIQUOR RECOVERY
SYSTEM
- REDUCE BOD LOSS
- REDUCE COLOR
- REDUCE DISSOLVED SOLIDS LOSS
- REDUCE NET LOAD TO RECOVERY
REDUCES TOTAL BLEACH DEMAND - MORE THAN SAME
DELIGNIFICATION BY NORMAL COOKING
0
CHEMICAL SAVINGS
CAN BE USED AFTER CHLORINATION BUT BENEFITS
LESS PRONOUNCED EXCEPT TO REDUCE FOLLOWING
HYPO OR CLOo DEMAND
L
0 OXYGEN LESS EXPENSIVE THAN CHLORINE
0 RETROFIT COSTS INCURRED IN SWITCH FROM
CHLORINE BLEACHING
-------
ALTERNATIVE KRAFT BLEACHING
PROCESSES USING CHLORINE DIOXIDE
D/CEHD
D/CEHED .
D/CEDED
DEDED - EXPERIMENTAL
-------
DISCUSSION OF
CHLORINE DIOXIDE SUBSTITUTION
0 'MORE SELECTIVE OXIDIZING BLEACHING AGENT
0 MADE KRAFT BLEACHING POSSIBLE - USED IN FINAL
STAGE(S)
0 CAN REPLACE MUCH OF CHLORINE IN TRADITIONAL
FIRST STAGE'
- USE AS MIXTURE OF CLO^ AND Cl_2
- CHLORINATE AND FOLLOW WITH CLO^
- USE CL02 AND FOLLOW WITH Cl_2
(THIS is MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD)
0 IMPROVED FINAL PULP STRENGTH PROPERTIES*
0 HIGHER PULP VISCOSITY*
0 HIGHER BRIGHTNESS FOR GIVEN'TOTAL EQUIVALENT
BLEACH APPLIED
0 REDUCED EFFLUENT COLOR
0 REDUCED TOXICITY AND MUTAGENICITY
0 RETROFIT COSTS INCURRED IN SWITCH FROM
CHLORINE BLEACHING
* DEPENDS ON SEQUENCE AND APPLICATION LEVELS,
-------
APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE
BLEACHING PROCESSES
KRAFT MILLS USING CHLORINE AND/OR
HYPOCHLORITE
84 MILLS (124
INCLUDING UNBLEACHED)
KRAFT MILLS USING CLOo IN FIRST
STAGE L
10 MILLS
KRAFT MILLS USING OXYGEN -
(DELIGNIFICATION OR BLEACHING)
9 MILLS
SULFITE MILLS USING' CHLORINE
AND/OR HYPOCHLORITE
17 MILLS (19
INCLUDING UNBLEACHED)
DEINK MILLS USING CHLORINE AND/OR
HYPOCHLORITE
30 MILLS
MISCELLANEOUS PULPING MILLS USING
CHLORINE AND/OR HYPOCHLORITE
MILLS
-------
OTHER MODIFIED BLEACHING
SEQUENCES TO REDUCE CHLORINE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE PRETREATMENT - BEFORE
OXYGEN AND DEL IGNIFICATION
- MAY REDUCE BOD - 55%
- MAY REDUCE COD - 55%
- MAY REDUCE TOCL - 55%
- MAY REDUCE COLOR - 75%
- THIS, IS AN EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS - SCA -
SWEDEN - PROCESS IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT
OZONE BLEACHING
- POSSIBLE CLo REPLACEMENT
- UNDER DEVELOPMENT - GRENOBLE, FRANCE -
D, LACHENAL
- LOWER PULP YIELD
- LOWER VISCOSITY
- LOW SELECTIVITY - CARBOHYDRATE DEGRADATION
PEROXIDE BLEACHING
- USUALLY H202
- EFFECTIVE FINAL TREATMENT TO REDUCE REVERSION
- CAN REDUCE EQUIVALENT CHLORINE OR HYPOCHLORITE
- COST FOR BUFFERED HoOo WITH CHELATING AGENTS
AND POLYPHOSPHATES TS HIGH FOR MARGINAL BRIGHT-
NESS GAINS - NOT A GOOD GENERAL BLEACH ON KRAFT
PULPS
-------
U.S. EPA/PAPER INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE DIOXIN SCREENING STUDY
EPA 440/1-88-025, March 1988
This report is available under separate cover from the Industrial
Technology Division, at the address given on page i. !
-------
STATEMENT OF
MARTHA G. PROTHRO
DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS
BEFORE THE
SUBCOMMITTEE ON WATER RESOURCES
OF THE
COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION
U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
WASHINGTON, D.C.
July 13, 1988
Good morning. My name is Martha Prothro, and I am
Director of the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of
Water Regulations and Standards. I am here today to describe my
office's nationwide initiatives concerning the chemical compound
dioxin. These initiatives led to the discovery of dioxin
contamination in the Pigeon River, as just described by Mr.
Barrett. I will also discuss our strategy for additional data
gathering and for protecting the aquatic environment from dioxin
contamination. First, I will briefly describe the dioxin family
of chemical compounds in order to provide you with some
background on this issue.
The family of dioxins includes over 200 related chemical
compounds with varying chemical, physical, and toxicological
properties. Dioxins are unwanted by-products in the manufacture
of chemical products, in certain combustion processes, and in
chemical wood pulp bleaching operations.
-------
-2-
Several of the dioxins are highly toxic, especially
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dtoxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD). Experimental
studies with 2,3,7,8-TCDD in animals have demonstrated a variety
of toxic effects. Based on these animal studies, EPA considers
2,3,7,8-TCDD to be a probable carcinogen in humans.
EPA's specific regulatory efforts with respect to dioxin
began in the early 1970's when the Agency initiated proceedings
to cancel the registration of certain uses of the pesticide
2,4,5-tMchl orophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T). This compound and
its precursor, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (2,4,5-TCP) were the only
major sources of dioxin that had been identified at that time.
It was discovered that 2,3,7,8-TCDD was formed in the synthesis
of the 2»4,5-TCP intermediate in the manufacturing process.
Because of the toxicity of dioxins, the persistence of
dioxins in soils and sediments, and the detection of dioxins at
a variety of sites in the U.S., EPA issued a Dioxin Strategy in
1983 to establish a framework for addressing dioxin contamination,
The Dioxin Strategy included three initiatives: (1) a broad
National Dioxin Study of dioxin contamination in the environment
and its associated risks; (2) enforcement and cleanup actions
directed at contaminated sites; and (3) evaluation of regulatory
and disposal alternatives to prevent future environmental
contamination. The Strategy also established a management
framework for coordinating the numerous dioxin-related activities
throughout the Agency.
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-3-
EPA's National Dioxin Study included investigation of
production and disposal si,tes for the pesticide 2,4,5-t and its
precursor 2,4,5-TCP. Waste combustion facilities were also
investigated since 2,3,7,8-TCDD was determined to be present in
incinerator flue gas. EPA also analyzed over 4,000 samples of
soil, sediment, fish, water, plants, and animals from 862 sites
nationwide. As a result of these investigations, further
sampling, clean up actions, emergency removals, or the issuance
\
of health and fish advisories were initiated at 53 sites where
potential exposures presented cause for concern.
A major, previously unexpected finding of the National Dioxin
Study was that dioxin was present in fish downstream from 57
percent of the pulp and paper mill sites sampled. To follow up
on these National Dioxin Study results, EPA sampled sludge at 22
pulp and paper mills in Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Maine in late
1985. It appeared at the time that dioxin was probably being
formed as a by-product during the bleaching of wood pulp with
chlorine or chlorine derivatives. Of the 22 mills, the highest
dioxin level in sludge was found at a mill in International Falls,
Minnesota. In cooperation with our Region V Office, we decided
to obtain detailed sampling data for this mill. In March 1986,
EPA requested that the company provide access and assistance to
EPA and State staff in an intensive dioxin sampling study.
Before sampling actually took place at the request of the
Minnesota mill, the American Paper Institute (API) and the National
-------
-4-
Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(NCASI), asked to participate in this mill sampling and urged
that the study be expanded from one to five mills. The industry
agreed to fund a portion of the project and to supply detailed
process Information for each mill selected for study. In June
1986, EPA and industry representatives entered into this agreement
for a Cooperative Dioxin Screening Study, often referred to as
the "Five Hill Study." The voluntary cooperation of the industry
at this stage helped assure a more expeditious sampling program.
Full scale sampling began in June and ended in January 1987. In
the agreement, EPA retained its authority under Section 308 of
the Clean Water Act to require additional data to be submitted
if necessary. I
While the sampling effort was underway, EPA successfully
undertook to improve analytical methods so that additional dioxin
and furan compounds could be analyzed at lower detection1 levels
in the Five Mill Study. EPA provided Congress with preliminary
results from the Five Mill Study along with the National Dioxin
Study Report in September 1987. A summary of the preliminary
results was also made public in October 1987 at an International
Dioxin Symposium held in Las Vegas, Nevada. Dioxins and/or
furans were found in the effluents of four of the five mills,
the pulps of all five mills, and the wastewater treatment plant
sludges of all five mills. EPA recently published the final
technical report for the Five Mill Study.
-------
-5-
Because we found dioxin in the pulps at the five mills, it
appeared necessary tp consider the possibile health impacts of
the presence of dioxin in some consumer and food packaging
products. We therefore provided this information to EPA's Office
.; ' • '
of Toxic Substances (OTS) and other federal agencies, including
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC). An interagency group then
agreed to follow up on the Five Mill Study by further character-
izing dioxin levels at U.S. pulp and paper mills bleaching pulp
with chlorine or chlorine derivatives. At the same time, the
pulp and paper industry represented by API and NCASI expressed an
interest in again cooperating voluntarily on follow-up work. In
November 1987, we described to paper industry representatives in
detail the data needs of the federal agencies, and a cooperative
approach to gathering that information was developed.
On March 8S 1988, the Office of Management and Budget
approved the cooperative data collection activities agreed upon
by EPA and the industry. On April 25, 1988, the cooperative .
agreement was signed by all parties. Forty-two companies
representing 103 mills where chlorine or chlorine derivatives
are used to bleach pulp have agreed to participate. From this
study, EPA will receive from each company all existing
dioxin/furan analytical results, detailed bleach plant process
information, information on wastewater treatment systems and
sludge disposal practices, and dioxin/furan 5-day composite
-------
-6-
results of effluents, sludges, and pulps. Sampling has already
begun.
Again, the industry's willingness to cooperate in a study
of the 103 mills assured the most expeditious information
gathering possible. By agreement, the industry is funding the
total project which is now underway. EPA is specifying consistent
sampling and analytical protocols and reporting methods to be
used and is auditing all stages of the study. Industry will
submit to EPA much more extensive process information and dioxin
data for 25 of the 103 mills the study covers. If any of the
companies should fail to cooperate or if additional information
is needed, EPA will exercise its authority under Section 308 of
the Clean Water Act to require that all necessary information be
developed and provided to us. EPA will release the results from
this study as information becomes available. We expect to have
all of the agreed upon dioxin analytical data by the spring of
1989.
9
In addition to the efforts already described, my staff is
assessing treatment technologies to reduce dioxin levels. For
example, samples were taken from two mills in December 1987 to
assess the potential for reducing effluent levels; of total
suspended solids and dioxin by adding coagulants or polymers.
We expect to publish the results from this study next month.
-------
-7-
Another potential technology for reducing dioxin discharges
is oxygen del igni'f icati on. This technology is a bleaching process
where oxygen is used prior to chlorine bleaching. This summer we
will sample several mills that use oxygen delignification. We
plan to study the data from all of these activities and to revise,
if necessary, the nationally applicable pulp and paper mill
effluent limitations guidelines. These guidelines establish
the minimum technology-based effluent controls that pulp and
paper mills must achieve.
One more study is currently underway that will be relevant
to our regulation of dioxins in pulp mill effluents. The National
Bioaccumulation Study was initiated to determine whether fish
tissue has been contaminated by any of approximately 65 pollutants
of concern, including dioxins and furans. EPA initiated this
nationwide fish tissue sampling survey at approximately 400 sites
to discover whether pollutants with properties similar to
2,3,7,8-TCDD might bioaccumulate in the aquatic food chain.
Final results should be available by the spring of next year.
To date, dioxin has been detected in fish tissue collected near
36 mills using chlorine to bleach pulp. No dioxin was detected
in fish tissue collected near three mills. Levels in the whole
fish samples ranged from less than 1 to 118 parts per trillion.
Detectable levels in the fillet samples, the edible portions of
the fish, were generally much lower than those found in the
whole fish samples. Moreover, the levels in the fillets were
-------
-8-
found to be below the FDA acti-on level of 25 parts per trillion.
However, in certain areas, state health agencies have issued
fish consumption advisories. We anticipate that additional
fish consumption advisories will be made as more data becomes
available.
Finally, I will briefly discuss our plans for issuing or
revising discharge permits for the affected mills. EPA is
developing a long-term NPDES permitting strategy for pulp mill
dioxin discharges. We plan to issue final guidance to EPA regions
and the states after review of the effluent, sludge, and pulp data
from the cooperative study. However, in the meantime, permit
writers will take appropriate action in modifying NPDES permits
for mills where dioxin is detected. Appropriate permit require-
ments may include effluent limitations on dioxin discharges,
additional effluent and/or water quality monitoring requirements,
reopener provisions to' allow for more stringent control require-
ments wherever necessary and appropriate, and requirements to
conduct further studies on treatment technologies. My staff is
available to provide technical assistance to state and EPA Regional
permit writers.
You may be interested to know that EPA is also following
dioxin-related activities in other countries. In November 1987,
Office of Water staff met with representatives from the Swedish
Environmental Protection Board and Environment Canada in
Washington, D.C. to discuss., among other things, the presence
-------
-9-
of pollutants of concern, including dioxins/furans and other
chlorinated organics in bleached pulp and paper mill effluents.
Representatives of the three nations agreed to exchange informa-
tion. In addition, we have had several subsequent technical
exchanges with Environment Canada.
This concludes my prepared testimony. I will be pleased to
answer any questions you may have. Thank you.
-------
-------
U.S. EPA / PAPER INDUSTRY
COOPERATIVE DIOXIN STUDY
ANALYTICAL RESULTS*
This report presents all analytical data for 2,3,7,8-TCDD
and 2,3,7,8-TCDF in pulp, effluent and sludge received to
date under the Cooperative Dioxin Study. Data are listed by
mill. Abbreviations used in this report are defined below.
If there are any questions concerning the data, contact
Jennie Helms at (202)382-7155.
UNITS: The unit of measurement for 2378-TCDD/TCDF
concentration
ppt « part per trillion
ppg « part per.quadrillion
2378-TCDD/TCDF
CONCENTRATION: Reported value of chemical concentration
ND = Not Detected, in these instances the value
reported is the detection limit
'NQ = Not Quantified, lab analyses are being re-run
for these samples
LAB: The analytical laboratory which completed the analysis
CAL - California Analytical Laboratories
Enseco, CA
WSU » Brehm Laboratory, Wright State Univ.
Dayton, OH
TRI - Triangle Laboratories
Research Triangle Park, NC
NOTES: Comments on analysis or sample origin
LDUP - laboratory duplicate analysis
PDUP = field duplicate sample
-------
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: AK
* Ketchikan Pulp & Paper
Pulp
PPt
Ketchikan
0.3 ND 0.3 ND WSU
* Alaska Pulp Corp.
Pulp ppt
0.7 ND
Sitka
1.4 WSU
-------
Page Mo.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study-
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** States AL
* Container Corp. of America
Effluent ppg 6.5
Pulp * ppt
Sludge ppt
* James River Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
* Alabama River Pulp
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
* Kiroberly-Clark Corp,
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
* Champion International
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Gulf States Paper Corp
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Brewton
10.0 HD CAL
2.3
16.0
23.0
3.3
1.2
3.7
330.0
41.0
40.0
46.0
43.0
3.9
3.8
81.0
73.0
68.0
35.0
0.3
4.1
11.0
2.6
3800.0
ial
77.0
3.5
23.0
215.0
>rp.
38.0
5.2
51.0
4.5
34.0
Butler
72.0
19.0
1.4
30.0
1100.0
Claiborne
250.0
250.0
210.0
120.0
97.0
98.0
373.0
393.0
342.0
Coosa Pines
74.0
ND 1.0
7.3
38.0
3.3
9200.0
Courtland
340.0
7.6
102.0
923.0
Demopolis
110.0
20.0
0.0
wsu
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
NQ CAL
Non-dewatered
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
Non-dewatered
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
* Boise Cascade Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
* International Paper
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp . ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Scott Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* International Paper
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
120.0
95.0
11.0
9.1
18.0
18.0
Co.
0.0
20.0
21.0
3.5
108.0
14.0
1.7
0.6
9.5
Co.
81.0
2.1
4.7
680.0
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Jackson
630.0
540.0
104.0
71.0
147.0
169.0
Mobile
NQ 850.0
104.0
106.0
14.0
617.0
Mobile
19.0
2.2
0.8
18.0
Selma
310.0
21.0
22.0
2900.0
Lab
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
Comments
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
Non-dewatered
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: AR
* Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppg
Sludge ppg
41.0
2 . 8
5.5
13.0
Ashdown
96.0
6.0
7.7
19.0
168.0
0.0 NQ
190.0
Cresset
94.0
27.0
12.0
30.0
710.0
CAL
wsu
wsu
CAL
370.0
59.0
89.0
308.0
1680.0
740.0
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
PRIM
LDUP
Non-dewatered|
LDUP
Non-dewateredl
* Potlatch Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* International Paper Co.
Effluent ppg 110.0
Pulp ppt 21.0
Pulp ppt 23.0
Pulp PPt 5.0
Sludge ppt
McGhee
40.0 100.0 CAL
21.0 59.0 WSU
12.0 83.0 WSU
91.0 433.0 CAL
Pine Bluff
1100.0 CAL
647.0 WSU
661.0 WSU
57.0 WSU
185.0 2940.0 CAL;
LDUP
LDUP
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: AZ
* Stone Container Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
5.5
0.7 ND
Snowflake
39.0
1.3
CAL
WSU
I
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: CA
* Simpson Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Gaylord Container Corp
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Simpson Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
* Louisiana Pacific Corp.
Effluent ppg
250.0
49.0
278.0
'P-
49.0
32.0
101.0
100.0
20.0
Anderson
8400.0
2620.0
6740.0
Antioch
800.0
969.0
1570.0
Fairhaven
660.0
106.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
Samoa
Pulp
ppt
0.0 NQ
9.1
320.0
59.0
CAL
CAL
-------
Page Mo.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: FL
* Champion International Cantonment
Effluent ppg 11.0 ND 38.0
Pulp ppt 0.7 ND 4.1
Pulp
Pulp
Pulp
Pulp
Sludge
PPt
ppt
ppt
ppt
PPt
1,
2.
2.
0 ND
0
0
4.9
14.0
CAL
WSU
0.7 ND CAL
2.2 WSU
0.9 CAL
1.1 CAL
21.0 CAL
LDUP
LDUP
FDUP LDUP
LDUP,FDUP
FDUP
* ITT-Rayonier, Inc.
Pulp ppt
Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Fernandina Beach
0.2 ND 0.5 ND WSU
Palatka
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
* Stone Container Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Buckeye Cellulose
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* St. Joe Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
16.0
0.5
0.5
92.0
8.4
6.9
0.1
3.6
27.0
0.5
0.8
12.0
21.0
2.2
38.0
ND 0.9
ND 2.4
410.0
Panama City
ND 7.9
18.0
ND 6.6
16.0
Perry
80.0
0.7
ND 2.5
40.0
Port St. Joe
60.0
5.7
CAL
ND WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
Non-dewatered
PRIM
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
8
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: GA
* Federal Paper Board Co
Effluent ppq
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppq
* Brunswick Pulp and Paper
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* iTT-Rayonier, Inc.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Buckeye Cellulose
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
* Oilman Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
Augusta
16.0
2.4
4.9
7.9
580.0
per
30.0
30.0
6.3
6.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
8.3
33.0
24.0
23.0
0.6
0.3
0.7
0.7
3.0
12.0
0.5
2.6
2.6
6.5
2.8
3.7
220.0
47.0
7.9
15.0
19.0
1400.0
Brunswick
68.0
50.0
8.0
9.4
3.5
2.9
4.3
12.0
62.0
Jesup
0.0
16.0
ND 0.8
ND 0.8
ND 0.6
ND 0.9
2.4
Oglethorpe
ND 26.0
ND 0.9
6.1
3.0
St. Marys
ND 17.0
6.8
12.0
610.0
CAL
wsu
wsu
wsu
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
NQ CAL
CAL
ND CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
ND CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
Non-dewatered
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
LDUP
LDUP
Non-dewatered
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: ID
* Potlatch Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
71.0
79.0
25.0
27.0
78.0
Lewiston
360.0
320.0
153.0
147.0
639.0
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
10
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: KY
* Wilamette Industries
Effluent ppq
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
Sludge ppq
* Westvaco Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Hawesville
11.0 KD 8.0 ND CAL
0.3 ND 1.1 WSU
0.5 ND 1.9 WSU
83.0 380.0 CAL
52.0 210.0 CAL
Wiekliffe
35.0 150.0 CAL
12.0 55.0 WSU
11.0 54.0 WSU
2.1 25.0 WSU
9.4 46.0 CAL
Non-dewatered
Non-dewatered
LDUP
LDUP
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
11
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: LA
* International Paper Co.
Effluent ppg 330.0
Pulp ppt 5.1
Pulp ppt 5.7
Pulp ppt 6.3
Sludge ppt 140.0
* Boise Cascade Corp.
Effluent ppg 9.2
Pulp ppt 5.3
Sludge ppg 280.0
* James River Corp.
Effluent ppg 82.0
Pulp ppt 6.4
Pulp ppt 4.9
Sludge ppt 96.0
* Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Effluent ppg 190.0
Pulp ppt 16.0
Pulp ppt 5.2
Pulp ppt 27.0
Bastrop
1600.0
22.0
23.0
42.0
677.0
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
Deridder
44.0
8.7
440.0
FDUP
FDUP
CAL
WSU
CAL
Non-dewatered
St. Francesville
320.0 CAL
19.0 WSU
15.0 WSU
243.0 CAL
Zachary
Sludge ppt
17.0
0.0 NQ CAL
539.0 WSU
78.0 WSU
632.0 WSU
421.0 CAL
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
12
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: MD
* Westvaco Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
16.0
29.0
80.0
Luke
49.0
157.0
471.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
13
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab Comments
** State: ME
* Scott Paper
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
Co,
19.0
16.0
1.9
8.5
7.9
33.0
6.9
39.0
67.0
* Lincoln Pulp and Paper
Effluent ppg 32.0
Pulp ppt 16.0
Sludge ppt 48.0
* James River Corp.
Effluent ppg 39.0
Pulp ppt 13.0
Sludge ppt 12.0
* Boise Cascade Corp.
Effluent ppg 120.0
Pulp ppt 116.0
Pulp ppt 17.0
Sludge ppt 105.0
* Scott Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
6.3
4.2
8.1
13.0
Hinckley
100.0
63.0
10.0
37.0
35.0
106.0
29.0
149.0
330.0
Lincoln
130.0
94.0
223.0
Old Town
130.0
51.0
34.0
Rumford
570.0
800.0
111.0
674.0
Westbrook
12.0
16.0
30.0
55.0
Woodland
6.8 25.0
0.4 ND 0.9
1.9 ND 7.3
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
14
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: MI
* Mead Corporation
Effluent ppq
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Scott Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Escanaba
17.0 ND 50.8
25.0 116.0
18.0 68.0
15.0 39.0
125.0 574.0
8.4 ND
0.3 ND
0.4 ND
Muskegon
42.0
1.0
1.4
* Champion International
Effluent ppq 9.0
Pulp ppt 7.7
Pulp ppt 7.8
Sludge ppt 95.0
Quinnesec
66.0
50.0
45.0
735.0
wsu
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
FDUP
FDUP
LDUP
LDUP
FDUP
FDUP
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
15
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: MN
* Potlatch Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
24.0
1.2
2.4
5.0
Cloguet
46.0
5.0
7.9
25.0
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
16
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: MS
* international Paper Co.
Effluent ppg 160.0
Pulp ppt 7.3
Pulp ppt 15.0
Sludge ppt 161.0
* International Paper Co.
Effluent ppg 38.0
Pulp ppt 3.6
Sludge ppt 14.0
* Leaf River Forest Products
Effluent ppq 200.0
Pulp ppt 15.0
Pulp ppt 14.0
Pulp ppt • 3,8
Sludge ppt 681.0
Moss Point
920.0
36.0
105.0
1020.0
Natchez
220.0
15.0
78.0
New Augusta
410.0
35.0
23.0
7.7
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
PRIM
0.0 NQ CAL
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
17
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: MT
* Stone Container Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
3.1
4.1
55.0
Hissoula
7.6 ND CAL
13.0 WSU
150.0 CAL
Non-dewatered
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
18
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: NC
* Champion International
Pulp ppt
pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
* Weyerhauser Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
* Weyerhauser Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Federal Paper Board Co
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
Canton
17.0
6..0
6.5
4.6
5.8
175.0
172.0
44.0
7.5
373.0
213.0
320.0
10.0
14.0
33.0
1390.0
CO.
0.0
4.0
4.3
3.2
3.3
3.8
2.9
27.0
9.9
11.0
5.5
10.0
0.0 NQ
260.0
New Bern
180.0
45.0
1920.0
1600.0
Plymouth
4000.0
82.0
222.0
318.0
17100.0
Riegelwood
NO 61.0
3.2
4.7
1.3
1.5
5.2
3.3
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
wsu
wsu
wsu
CAL
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
LDUP
LDUP
LDUP
LDUP
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
19
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: NH
* James River Corp.
Effluent ppg 59.0
Pulp ppt 32.0
Pulp ppt 3.3
Sludge ppt 104.0
Berlin
1200.0
1110.0
41.0
2930.0
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
-------
Page No.
06/16/89
20
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results;
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: NY
* Finch Pruyn & Co, Inc.
Pulp PPt 0.3
* international Paper Co.
Effluent ppg 18.0
Effluent ppq -24.0
Pulp PPt 16•0
Pulp PPt 17.0
Pulp PPt 31.0
Sludge ppt 59.0
Sludge ppt
306.0
Glens Falls
0.3
Ticonderoga
150.0
160.0
103.0
108.0
185.0
267.0
2470.0
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
LDUP
LDUP
PRIM
SEC
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Page No.
06/16/89
21
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: OR
* Pope & Talbot, Inc.
Effluent ppg 30.0
Pulp ppt 10.0
Sludge ppt 31.0
* Boise Cascade Corp.
Effluent ppg 22.0
Pulp ppt 4.2
Pulp ppt 4.4
Pulp ppt 6.5
Sludge ppt 4.2
Halsey
82.0
41.0
106.0
St. Helens
100.0
12.0
11.0
18.0
25.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
LDUP
LDUP
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Page No..
06/16/89
22
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results;
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
** State: PA
* International Paper Co. Erie
Effluent ppg 24.0 68.0
Pulp ppt 6.4 22.0
Sludge ppt 1.4 ND 3.0
Sludge ppt 0.9 3.1
* Penntech Papers, Inc.
Effluent ppg 6.8 ND
Effluent ppg 9.7
Pulp ppt 3.1
* Proctor £ Gamble Co.
Pulp ppt 2.0
* Appleton Papers, ^nc.
Effluent ppg " 11.0 ND
Pulp ppt 1.0
Sludge ppt 5.0
* P.H. Glatfelter Co.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt 6.5
Pulp ppt 0.4
Sludge ppt 0.0 NQ
Johnsonburg
14.0
65.0
38.0
Mehoopany
1.1
Roaring Springs
18.0
21.0
113.0
Spring Grove
8.4 ND 26.0
65.0 210.0
3.9 13.0
18.0
2.2
GAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
LDUP
LDUP
COMB
RAW WASTE
LDUP
LDUP
0.0 NQ CAL
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Page Mo.
06/16/89
23
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: SC
* Bowater Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
* Union Camp Corp,
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
24.0
2.1
620.0
* International Paper Co.
Effluent ppg 640.0
Effluent ppg 490.0
Pulp ppt 9.2
Pulp ppt 10.0
Pulp ppt 1.9
Pulp ppt 17.0
Pulp ppt 16.0
Sludge ppt 62.0
Catawba
42.0
3.3
880.0
20.0
0.4 ND
2.4
6.9
Eastover
53.0
1.3
5.6
13.0
Georgetown
1600.0
1500.0
38.0
41.0
7.7
55.0
52.0
161.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
Non-dewatered
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
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Page No.
06/16/89
24
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lai:)
Comments
** State: TN
* Bowater Corp.
Effluent ppq
Pulp PPt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
6.8 ND
7.7
0.0 NQ
4.5
Calhoun
5.5 ND CAL
53.0 WSU
17.0 CAL
14.0
CAL
LDUP
Non-dewatered
LDUP
Non-dewatered
* Mead Corporation
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
6.0
1.5
3.0 ND
Kingsport
44.0
26.0
25.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
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Page No.
06/16/89
25
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: TX
* Temple-Eastex, Inc. Evadale
Effluent ppq 0.0 NQ
Pulp ppt 1.9
Pulp ppt 3.1
Pulp ppt 7.8
Pulp ppt 4.1
Sludge ppt 16.0
0.0 NQ CAL
9.6 WSU
6.3 WSU
22.0 WSU
13.0 WSU
49.0 CAL
* Champion International Houston
Effluent ppq 0.0 NQ 86.0
PPt 4.9 £.8
Pulp
Sludge
ppt
106.0
144.0
* Simpson Paper Co.
Effluent ppq
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pasadena
0.0 NQ 1400.0
14.0 48.0
18.0 66.0
4.5 11.0
* International Paper Co.
Effluent ppq 13.0
Effluent ppq 18.0
Pulp ppt 7.1
Pulp ppt 12.0
Sludge ppt 71.0
Sludge ppt 0.0 NQ
Texarkana
43.0
44.0
51.0
81.0
1000.0
600.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
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Page No.
06/16/89
26
-U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: VA
* Westvaco Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Union Camp Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Chesapeake Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Covington
180.0 520.0 CAL
18.0 ND 173.0 TRI
12.0 132.0 TRI
13.0 105.0 WSU
6.2 49.0 WSU
5.9 19.0 WSU
119.0 799.0 CAL
Franklin
68.0 71.0 CAL
1.1 2.1 CAL
5.2 5.7 CAL
5.4 6.9 GAL
3.8 4.2 CAL
3.2 3.6 CAL
3.6 6.0 CAL
West Point
16.0 96.0 CAL
8.3 14.0 CAL
14.0 47.0 CAL
FDUP
FDUP LDUP
FDUP LDUP
LDUP
LDUP
PRIM
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Page No.
06/16/89
27
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration Lab
Comments
0.0 NO
0.2 ND
0.3 ND
12.0
12.0
0.3 ND
0.3 ND
0.3 ND
** State: WA
* Georgia-Pacific Corp.
Pulp ppt
* James River Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Weyerhauser Co.
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
* Scott Paper Co.
Pulp ppt
* Weyerhauser Co.
Effluent ppq
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
* ITT-Rayonier, Inc.
Pulp ppt
* Longview Fibre Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Weyerhauser Co.
Effluent ppg 10.0
Effluent ppg 8.5
Pulp ppt 1.7
Pulp ppt 1.6
Pulp ppt 7.7
Pulp ppt 1.7
Sludge ppt 25.0
Sludge ppt 0.0 NQ
Sludge ppt 35.0
Bellingham
2.6 ND 449.0 WSU
Camas
0.0 NQ CAL
0.6 WSU
0.9 WSU
152.0 WSU
105.0 CAL
Cosmopolis
1.0 ND 6.3
0.0 NQ 6.4
3.1
2.9
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
Everett
0.1 ND WSU
33.0
3.4
5.2
Everett
0.6 ND
Hoguiam
260.0
16.0
20.0
3.8
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
Longview
4.6 ND 57.0 CAL
4.8 0.0 NQ WSU
4.7 18.0 WSU
69.0 437.0 CAL
Longview
37.0
21.0
2.8
2.8
20.0
9.4
80.0
84.0
89.0
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP LDUP
FDUP LDUP
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Page No.
06/16/89
28
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
* ITT-Rayonier, Inc.
Pulp PPt
•
* Simpson Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp PPt
Sludge ppt
* Boise Cascade Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp PPt
Sludge ppt
0.6 ND
Port Angeles
2.1
Tacoma
wsu
0.0 NQ 27.0
12.0 38.0
0.6 NQ 87.0
Wallula
360.0 7500.0
56.0 1380.0
70.0 1490.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
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Page No.
06/16/89
29
U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
Cooperative Dioxin Study
Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: WI
* Wausau Paper Mills Co. Brokaw
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* James River Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
4.2 ND
0.4 ND
3.2
11.0
8.5 ND
0.8 ND
35.0
22.0
09.0
14.0
9.9
68.0
Green Bay
61.0
29.0
7.1
250.0
Nekoosa
283.0
1300.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL
WSU
CAL
TO RIVER
TO MSD
* Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
Effluent ppg 40.0
* Pentair, Inc.
Effluent ppg 5.4 ND
Pulp ppt 0.5 ND
Sludge ppt 9.4
* Badger Paper Mills, Inc
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
Nekoosa & Port Edwards
320.0 CAL
Park Falls
4.8 CAL
0.9 ND WSU
90.0 CAL
9.8
4.5
4.4
36.0
* Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
Pulp ppt 0.4 ND
* Weyerhauser Co.
Effluent ppg 12.0
Pulp ppt 15.0
Sludge ppt 58.0
* Consolidated Papers, Inc.
Pulp ppt 20.0
Pulp ppt 18.0
Peshtigo
280.0 CAL
110.0 CAL
323.0 WSU
1800.0 CAL
Port Edwards
4.1 WSU
Rothchild
24.0 CAL
26.0 WSU
150.0 CAL
Wisconsin Rapids
83.0 CAL
79.0 CAL
Non-dewatered
FDUP
FDUP
U.S. Government Printing Office : 1990 - 720-540/06614
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