'


                                                                                                  rfSSarifc..*****
                                                                                                 J%«;,i4*i,,"s3

~T%'-' ?;if •'"-" «wr' sP^BWk'-" '-•?•-^^Bfgjffii^gHBffl'Jt:' '^HBiB-l  -'•


               i .i': .Tt.shAWiK.iii «s«>«* i"

-------

-------
           PRELIMINARY DATA SUMMARY
                   FOR THE
          PULP,  PAPER AND PAPERBOARD
            POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
  Office of Water Regulations and Standards
               Office of Water
United States Environmental Protection Agency
              Washington,  D.C.

                 August 1989

-------

-------
                             PREFACE


     This is one of a series of Preliminary Data Summaries
prepared by the Office of Water Regulations and Standards of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  The Summaries contain
engineering, economic and environmental data that pertain to
whether the industrial facilities in various industries discharge
pollutants in their wastewaters and whether the EPA should pursue
regulations to control such discharges.  The summaries were
prepared in order to allow EPA to respond to the mandate of
section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act, which requires the Agency
to develop plans to regulate industrial categories that
contribute to pollution of the Nation's surface waters.

     The Summaries vary in terms of the amount and nature of the
data presented.  This variation reflects several factors,
including the overall size of the category (number of
dischargers), the amount of sampling and analytical work
performed by EPA in developing the Summary, the amount of
relevant secondary data that exists for the various categories,
whether the industry had been the subject of previous studies (by
EPA or other parties), and whether or not the Agency was already
committed to a regulation for the industry.  With respect to the
last factor, the pattern is for categories that are already the
subject of regulatory activity (e.g., Pesticides, Pulp and Paper)
to have relatively short Summaries.  This is because the
Summaries are intended primarily to assist EPA management in
designating industry categories for rulemaking.  Summaries for
categories already subject to rulemaking were developed for
comparison purposes and contain only the minimal amount of data
needed to provide some perspective on the relative magnitude of
the pollution problems created across the categories.

-------

-------
     The Preliminary Data Summary for the Pulp, Paper and
Paperboard Point Source category is a collection of four
documents:

  1. Overview of the United States Pulp, Paper and Paperboard
     Industry and Production Processes.  October 1987.

  2. U.S.EPA / Paper Industry Cooperative Dioxin Screening Study.
     March 1988.

  3. Statement of Martha G. Prothro, Director, Office of Water
     Regulations and Standards, before the Subcommittee on Water
     Resources of the Committee on Public Works and
     Transportation, U.S. House of Representatives.  July 13,
     1988.

  4. U.S. EPA / Paper Industry Cooperative Dioxin Study:
     Analytical Results.  June 16,  1989.
     Persons interested in obtaining additional copies of this
summary may write to the following address:

          Industrial Technology Division
          WH-552
          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
          401 M Street, S.W.
          Washington, D.C. 20460

          Telephone (202)  382-7131

-------

-------
OVERVIEW OF THE UNITED STATES
 PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD
  INDUSTRY AND PRODUCTION
           PROCESSES
             presented to
 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                by
           E.C JORDAN CO.

            OCTOBER 1987

-------

-------
              OUTLINE  OF  PRESENTATION
1,     GENERAL INFORMATION ON THE INDUSTRY






2,     GENERAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE PROCESSES






3,     REVIEW OF TYPICAL KRAFT BLEACHING PROCESSES






4,     DISCUSSION OF OTHER PROCESSES UTILIZING






5,     DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVE BLEACHING PROCESS




         CHLORINE OR BLEACHED PULPS

-------
            INDUSTRY SUBCATEGORIZATION
0     3 MAJOR SEGMENTS




          -  INTEGRATED




          -  SECONDARY FIBER




          -  NONINTEGRATED
0     24 SUBCATEGORIES



          -  PROCESSES



          -  PRODUCTS

-------
          INTEGRATED  PULP  AND  PAPER  MILLS
0     PREPARES OWN PULP FROM WOOD, LOGS,.OR CHIPS

0     COOKS AND/OR BLEACHES PULP(s) FOR USE ON THE
      PAPER MACHINE(S) OR PULP DRYER

0     BLENDS PULP(s) AND PURCHASED PULP(s) FOR
      DESIRED PAPER PROPERTIES

0     MAKES PRODUCT ON PULP DRYER OR PAPER MACHINE

0     PRODUCTS INCLUDE:
          -  BUSINESS PAPERS
          -  BOOK PAPERS
          -  MAGAZINE PAPERS
          -  NEWSPRINT
          -  UNBLEACHED BOARD
          -  BLEACHED BOARD

-------
       SECONDARY FIBER PULP AND PAPER MILLS
0     PURCHASES WASTE PAPER AS MAJOR FIBER SOURCE






0     USUALLY PURCHASES PULPS FROM OTHER'MILLS; TO .



      BLEND FOR DESIRED PAPER PROPERTIES      !






0     WASTEPAPER MAY BE MILDLY COOKED TO SEPARATE




      FIBERS





0     SOME PRODUCTS WILL REQUIRE BLEACHED FIBER SO



      A SEPARATE BLEACHING SYSTEM MAY BE USED,



      TYPICALLY, THIS is A ONE OR TWO STAGE SYSTEM/




      i,E,:  H, OR CH






0     MAKE PRODUCT ON A PAPER MACHINE OR OTHER  ;




      FORMER






0     MAJOR PRODUCTS MAY INCLUDE:



           -  TISSUE                         •  .



           -  NEWS



           -  PRINTING GRADES



           -  BOARD GRADES



           -  MOLDED PRODUCTS                  ;

-------
            NON-INTEGRATED PAPER MILLS
0     PURCHASES PULPS





0     BLENDS SELECTED PULPS FOR DESIRED PAPER



      PROPERTIES






o     MAKES PRODUCT(S) ON PAPER MACHINES





0     PRODUCTS INCLUDE PRIMARILY:



          -  HIGH QUALITY FINE PAPERS



          -  SPECIALTY GRADES



          -  TISSUE

-------
 APPROXIMATE DISTRIBUTION AND
PRODUCTION OF MILLS BY SEGMENT
            (c. 1976)

INTEGRATED
KRAFT
BLEACHED
UNBLEACHED
SEMi-CHEMiCAL
SULFITE
GROUNDWOOD
MISCELLANEOUS
SECONDARY FIBER
DEINK
OTHER
MISCELLANEOUS
NONINTEGRATED
NUMBER OF FACILITIES
45
40
2"0
	 	 	 	 :2'2" 	 '
17
94

25
294
22
161
PRODUCTION
(TONS/DAY)

46668
10173
8560
8237
56248

5870
34<325_ 	
3785
17770

-------
FACILITY LIST
Subcategory
Integrated Segment
Dissolving Kraft
Market Bleached Kraft
BC7 Bleached Kraft
Alkaline-Fine
Unbleached Kraft
o Linerboard
o Bag
Semi-Chemical
Unbleached Kraft and
S emi - Chemi ca 1
Dissolving Sulfite.Pulp
Papergrade Sulfite
Groundwood-Thermo-
Mechanical
Groundwood-CMN Papers
Groundwood-Fine Papers
Integrated Miscellaneous
Secondary Fibers Segment
Deink
o Fine
o Newsprint
o Tissue
Tissue From Wastepaper
Paperboard From Wastepaper
Wastepaper-Molded
Products
Builders' Paper and
Roofing Felt.
Secondary Fibers
Miscellaneous
Nonintegrated Segment
Nonintegrated-Fine Papers
o Wood Fiber Furnish
o Cotton Fiber Furnish
Nonintegrated-Tissue Papers
Nonintegrated-Lightweight
Papers
o Lightweight Papers
o Electrical Papers
Nonintegrated-Filter and
Nonwoven Papers
Nonintegrated-Paperboard
Nonintegrated Miscellaneous
TOTAL
Number
of
Plants

3
13
9
20

17
11
20

11
6
14

4
4
9
89


5
4
16
19
152

15

60

22


33
7
25


11
5

14
16
40
674

Direct

3
12
9
16

16
11
18

9
6
11

3
2
7
62


3
1
11
10
40

4

4

7


13
2
~12


9
3

5
6
23
338

Indirect

_
-
-
3

1
-
-

1
-
-

• -
2
2
15


1
3
3
2
72

8

29

9


9
3
11


-
2

7
10
9
202
Method of
Indirect
w/
Primarv

_
-
-
1

-
'
2

-
—
-
-
-
-
-
1


1
-
-
1
16

-

5

3


4
-
2


-
-

2
-
3
41
Discharge
Indirect Self-
& Direct Contained Unknown

_ - —
1
-
_ _

-
_
_ •

1
i
3

1
_
_ • _
7 3 1


_
_
1 . 1
» ' A " -»
19 5

1 2

18 4

1 - 2


2 3 2
2 ' ,-
-


2 - -
-

_
-
5
18. 56 19
^Includes Fine Bleached Kraft  and  Soda  subcategories.
"Includes Papergrade Sulfite  (Blow Pit  Wash) and Papergrade  Sulfite  (Drum Wash)  subcategories

-------
o

IE
IT
3
O.
(^



'
v*-i
CM
00
cr>
 O

>•


Cfl
UJ
O



I
DC
UJ
Q.
O
U.
O
O
o

-------
    ILI
    O
S  O
<  a:
2  a.
o  o
<  z
o  E
^  -J
5  D
o  a.
Q  <
LU  QC
E  y:
-i  o
550

    UJ

-------
      GENERAL FLOW SHEET
PULPING AND PAPERMAKING PROCESS
RAW MATERIALS FUNDAMENTAL PROCESS WASTES

WOOD
PULP LOOS 	 »•
PREPARATION
DEBARKED LO«S I
(•ROUNDWOOO) *°.2I
1 CHIP'
ACID 3ULFITE LIQUOR ri - 	 *
ALKALINE SULFATE LIQUOR 	 _ _.„ ......
(KRAFT) ' 1»» PULPIN*
NEUTRAL SULFITE LIQUOR f
CHEMICAL CR
REUSE p\
L_
"'

EVA
m_ (HEAT
"O.6 TION
LP PRO
GASEOUS t.
BARKE
COOLII
J WASH VI
EMISSION LIQUOI
BLOW
' ' SPILL
'ORATION
r. GENERA- ^ «..fi-r TANK CONDI!
"' *> OT "^ EMISSION ORE9S
•>UCT' LIME KILN EMISSION MUD W
4 J, RECOVERY FURNACE ACID 1
i T EMISSION '- WASTK
	 KRAFT a NEUTRAl EVAPORATION
EMISSION
f* SULFITE RECOV.
IQUID SOLID
.UME BARK REFUSE
WOOD PARTICLES
H BEARINO AND SLIVERS
l« WATER SAWDUST
ATER .
E SPENT
1
fIT COLLECTED
9
18 ATE , RESIDUES
WASHING
ASHIN3
>LANT
1 ' '
1— CONDENSATE —I
r
WHITE WATER OR 	 ^ WASHIN8
FRESH WATER

REUSE WATER *"l
r
SCREENING
1
r
THICKENING

AND RECOVERY


WATERS FIBER
LIQUOR KNOTS
FIBER
WATERS FIBER
BLEACHIN8 AND OTHER «»L«VeHEO PULP
NECESSARY CHEMICALS "~~| 	 	 , J . <
BLCACHIN9
r*
FRESH WATER OR WHITE 	 1
WATER REUSE ~""^
FM l.F.R* 1

DYE 	 ^ STOCK
ALUM I PREPA
HTAKCH | "^ , 	 	
FHE9H WATRK OR
RATION
r
WHITE WATER REUSE ' PAPER
r^ MACHINE
r ,
._.,.. 	 j^. R| F/\»;

WATER

VAPOR
r
1 FINISHIN4 AND
CO AT IN* PIOMENTS ' ' »• •
ANOADHESIVES CONVERTINC

WASH '1
1
FINISHED PAPER
PRODUCTS
H WASTES FIBER
- UP , DIRT
STOCK SPILLS
WATER FIBER
FILLERS
BROKE
t
1 - UP BROKE
MTER COATIN*<
1

-------
                   TYPICAL KRAFT*




                BLEACHING SEQUENCES
CEHD




CEHDP




CEHED



CEDED




CEHDED
          WHERE:    c - CHLORINE



                    E - SODIUM HYDROXIDE



                    H - HYPOCHLORITE



                    D - CHLORINE DIOXIDE



                    0 - OXYGEN



                    P - PEROXIDE

-------
i!
s c-
«/> x
Ul -I
e a
a.


3

-------
          OTHER PROCESSES USING CHLORINE,




          HYPOCHLORITE,  OR BLEACHED PULPS
0     BLEACHED SULFITE PULP




          -  CEH




          -  CEHH






0     BLEACHED DEINKED PULP




          -  C




          -  H




          -  CH




          -  CEH






0     PURCHASED BLEACHED PULPS




          -  KRAFT




          -  SULFITE






0     WASTE PAPER - LEDGER TYPE
- LOW GROUNDWOOD

-------
           ALTERNATIVE KRAFT BLEACHING
              PROCESSES USING OXYGEN
0     APPLIED AT DIGESTER BEFORE DISCHARGE
0     SEPARATE DELIGNIFICATION VESSEL FOLLOWING DIGESTER
0     USED AT BROWNSTOCK WASHER AREA
0     USED FOLLOWING FIRST BLEACH STAGE
0     USED IN THE EI STAGE

TYPICALLY:   OCED
             CEQD                               ;
             D/C EQ D                           .
THE USE OF DO BEFORE BLEACHING  EARLY  IN THE BLEACH REDUCES
THE LIGNIN CONTENT LOW ENOUGH SO FEWER BLEACH STAGES ARE
REQUIRED  TO  COMPLETE THE BLEACHING,             '.

-------
                   DISCUSSION OF

                  OXYGEN BLEACHING
 0      CAN  CONTINUE  DEL IGNIFICATION  (LOWER  KAPPA NO,)
       MAKING  FOLLOWING  BLEACHING  EASIER


 0      CAN  BE  INTEGRATED  WITH  BLACK  LIQUOR  RECOVERY
       SYSTEM

            -   REDUCE  BOD LOSS

            -   REDUCE  COLOR

            -   REDUCE  DISSOLVED SOLIDS LOSS

            -   REDUCE  NET LOAD TO  RECOVERY
      REDUCES TOTAL BLEACH DEMAND - MORE THAN SAME
      DELIGNIFICATION BY NORMAL COOKING
0
CHEMICAL SAVINGS
      CAN BE USED AFTER CHLORINATION BUT BENEFITS
      LESS PRONOUNCED EXCEPT TO REDUCE FOLLOWING
      HYPO OR CLOo DEMAND
                 L
0     OXYGEN LESS EXPENSIVE THAN CHLORINE
0     RETROFIT COSTS INCURRED IN SWITCH FROM
      CHLORINE BLEACHING

-------
  ALTERNATIVE KRAFT BLEACHING




PROCESSES USING  CHLORINE DIOXIDE
           D/CEHD




           D/CEHED   .




           D/CEDED




           DEDED - EXPERIMENTAL

-------
                   DISCUSSION OF

           CHLORINE DIOXIDE SUBSTITUTION
0     'MORE SELECTIVE OXIDIZING BLEACHING AGENT

0     MADE KRAFT BLEACHING POSSIBLE - USED  IN FINAL
      STAGE(S)

0     CAN REPLACE MUCH OF CHLORINE  IN TRADITIONAL
      FIRST STAGE'

          -  USE AS MIXTURE OF CLO^ AND Cl_2

          -  CHLORINATE AND FOLLOW WITH CLO^

          -  USE CL02 AND FOLLOW WITH Cl_2

             (THIS is MOST EFFECTIVE METHOD)

0     IMPROVED FINAL PULP STRENGTH PROPERTIES*

0     HIGHER PULP VISCOSITY*

0     HIGHER BRIGHTNESS FOR GIVEN'TOTAL EQUIVALENT
      BLEACH APPLIED

0     REDUCED EFFLUENT COLOR

0     REDUCED TOXICITY AND MUTAGENICITY

0     RETROFIT COSTS INCURRED IN SWITCH FROM
      CHLORINE BLEACHING

      *  DEPENDS ON SEQUENCE AND APPLICATION LEVELS,

-------
                 APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE

                     BLEACHING  PROCESSES
KRAFT MILLS USING CHLORINE AND/OR
  HYPOCHLORITE
84 MILLS (124
INCLUDING UNBLEACHED)
KRAFT MILLS USING CLOo IN FIRST
  STAGE              L
10 MILLS
KRAFT MILLS USING OXYGEN -
  (DELIGNIFICATION OR BLEACHING)
 9 MILLS
SULFITE MILLS USING' CHLORINE
  AND/OR HYPOCHLORITE
17 MILLS (19
INCLUDING UNBLEACHED)
DEINK MILLS USING CHLORINE AND/OR
  HYPOCHLORITE
30 MILLS
MISCELLANEOUS PULPING MILLS USING
  CHLORINE AND/OR HYPOCHLORITE
   MILLS

-------
       OTHER MODIFIED BLEACHING

     SEQUENCES TO REDUCE CHLORINE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE PRETREATMENT - BEFORE
OXYGEN AND DEL IGNIFICATION

-  MAY REDUCE BOD   - 55%

-  MAY REDUCE COD   - 55%

-  MAY REDUCE TOCL  - 55%

-  MAY REDUCE COLOR - 75%

-  THIS, IS AN EXPERIMENTAL PROCESS - SCA -
   SWEDEN - PROCESS IS UNDER DEVELOPMENT

OZONE BLEACHING

-  POSSIBLE CLo REPLACEMENT

-  UNDER DEVELOPMENT - GRENOBLE, FRANCE -
   D, LACHENAL

-  LOWER PULP YIELD

-  LOWER VISCOSITY

-  LOW SELECTIVITY - CARBOHYDRATE DEGRADATION

PEROXIDE BLEACHING

-  USUALLY H202

-  EFFECTIVE FINAL TREATMENT TO REDUCE REVERSION

-  CAN REDUCE EQUIVALENT CHLORINE OR HYPOCHLORITE

-  COST FOR BUFFERED HoOo WITH CHELATING AGENTS
   AND POLYPHOSPHATES TS HIGH FOR MARGINAL BRIGHT-
   NESS GAINS - NOT A GOOD GENERAL BLEACH ON KRAFT
   PULPS

-------
   U.S.  EPA/PAPER INDUSTRY COOPERATIVE DIOXIN SCREENING STUDY



                   EPA 440/1-88-025,  March 1988
This report is available under separate cover from the Industrial
Technology Division, at the address given on page i.   !

-------
                           STATEMENT OF
                        MARTHA G.  PROTHRO
                             DIRECTOR
            OFFICE OF WATER REGULATIONS  AND  STANDARDS
                           BEFORE  THE
                 SUBCOMMITTEE ON WATER RESOURCES
                              OF THE
           COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC WORKS AND TRANSPORTATION
                  U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
                         WASHINGTON, D.C.

                          July 13, 1988
     Good morning.   My name is Martha Prothro,  and I  am

Director of the Environmental  Protection Agency's  Office  of

Water Regulations and Standards.   I am here today  to  describe  my

office's nationwide initiatives concerning the  chemical compound

dioxin.  These initiatives led to the discovery of dioxin

contamination in the Pigeon River, as just described  by Mr.

Barrett.  I will also discuss  our strategy for  additional data

gathering and for protecting the  aquatic environment  from dioxin

contamination.  First, I will  briefly describe  the dioxin family

of chemical compounds in order to provide you with some

background on this issue.


     The family of dioxins includes over 200 related  chemical

compounds with varying chemical,  physical, and  toxicological

properties.  Dioxins are unwanted by-products in the  manufacture

of chemical products, in certain  combustion processes,  and in

chemical wood pulp bleaching operations.

-------
                                -2-
     Several of the dioxins are highly toxic, especially
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dtoxin  (2,3,7,8-TCDD).  Experimental
studies with 2,3,7,8-TCDD in animals have demonstrated a variety
of toxic effects.  Based on these animal studies, EPA considers
2,3,7,8-TCDD to be a probable carcinogen in humans.

     EPA's specific regulatory efforts with respect to dioxin
began in the early 1970's when the Agency initiated proceedings
to cancel the registration of certain uses of the pesticide
2,4,5-tMchl orophenoxy acetic acid (2,4,5-T).  This compound and
its precursor, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol  (2,4,5-TCP) were the only
major sources of dioxin that had been identified at that time.
It was discovered that 2,3,7,8-TCDD was formed in the synthesis
of the 2»4,5-TCP intermediate in the manufacturing process.

     Because of the toxicity of dioxins, the persistence of
dioxins in soils and sediments, and the detection of dioxins at
a variety of sites in the U.S., EPA issued a Dioxin Strategy in
1983 to establish a framework for addressing dioxin contamination,
The Dioxin Strategy included three initiatives:  (1) a broad
National  Dioxin Study of dioxin contamination in the environment
and its associated risks; (2) enforcement and cleanup actions
directed  at contaminated sites; and (3) evaluation of regulatory
and disposal  alternatives to prevent  future environmental
contamination.   The Strategy also established a  management
framework for coordinating  the numerous dioxin-related  activities
throughout the  Agency.

-------
                               -3-
     EPA's National  Dioxin Study included investigation of
production and disposal  si,tes for the pesticide 2,4,5-t and its
precursor 2,4,5-TCP.  Waste combustion facilities were also
investigated since 2,3,7,8-TCDD was determined to be present in
incinerator flue gas.  EPA also analyzed over 4,000 samples of
soil, sediment, fish, water, plants, and animals from 862 sites
nationwide.  As a result of these investigations, further
sampling, clean up actions, emergency removals, or the issuance
                          \
of health and fish advisories were initiated at 53 sites where
potential exposures  presented cause for concern.

     A major, previously unexpected finding  of the National  Dioxin
Study was that dioxin was present in fish downstream from 57
percent of the pulp  and  paper mill  sites sampled.  To follow up
on these National Dioxin Study results, EPA  sampled sludge at 22
pulp and paper mills in  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, and Maine in late
1985.  It appeared at the time that dioxin was probably being
formed as a by-product during the bleaching  of wood pulp with
chlorine or chlorine derivatives.  Of the 22 mills, the highest
dioxin level  in sludge was found at a mill in International  Falls,
Minnesota.  In cooperation with our Region V Office, we decided
to obtain detailed sampling data for this mill.  In March 1986,
EPA requested that the company provide access and assistance to
EPA and State staff  in an intensive dioxin sampling study.
     Before sampling actually took  place at  the request of the
Minnesota mill, the  American Paper Institute (API) and the National

-------
                               -4-
Council of the Paper Industry for Air and Stream Improvement
(NCASI), asked to participate in this mill sampling and urged
that the study be expanded from one to five mills.   The industry
agreed to fund a portion of the project and to supply detailed
process Information for each mill selected for study.  In June
1986, EPA and industry representatives entered into this agreement
for a Cooperative Dioxin Screening Study, often referred to as
the "Five Hill Study."  The voluntary cooperation of the industry
at this stage helped assure a more expeditious sampling program.
Full scale sampling began in June and ended in January 1987.  In
the agreement, EPA retained its authority under Section 308 of
the Clean Water Act to require additional data to be submitted
if necessary.                                         I

     While the sampling effort was underway, EPA successfully
undertook to improve analytical  methods so that additional  dioxin
and furan compounds could be analyzed at lower detection1 levels
in the Five Mill  Study.  EPA provided Congress with preliminary
results from the Five Mill  Study along with the National  Dioxin
Study Report in September 1987.   A summary of the preliminary
results was also made public in October 1987 at an  International
Dioxin Symposium held in Las Vegas, Nevada.  Dioxins and/or
furans were found in the effluents of four of the five mills,
the pulps of all  five mills, and the wastewater treatment plant
sludges of all five mills.   EPA recently published  the final
technical  report for the Five Mill Study.

-------
                               -5-
     Because we found dioxin in the pulps at the five mills, it
appeared necessary tp consider the possibile health impacts of
the presence of dioxin in some consumer and food packaging
products.  We therefore provided this information to EPA's Office
                                                          .; ' • '
of Toxic Substances (OTS) and other federal agencies, including
the U.S.  Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC).  An interagency group then
agreed to follow up on the Five Mill  Study by further character-
izing dioxin levels at U.S.  pulp and  paper mills bleaching pulp
with chlorine or chlorine derivatives.  At the same time, the
pulp and paper industry represented by API and NCASI expressed an
interest in again cooperating voluntarily on follow-up work.  In
November 1987, we described  to paper  industry representatives  in
detail the data needs of the federal  agencies, and a cooperative
approach to gathering that information was developed.

     On March 8S 1988, the Office of  Management and Budget
approved the cooperative data collection activities agreed upon
by EPA and the industry.  On April 25, 1988, the cooperative  .
agreement was signed by all  parties.   Forty-two companies
representing 103 mills where chlorine or chlorine derivatives
are used to bleach pulp have agreed to participate.  From this
study, EPA will receive from each company all existing
dioxin/furan analytical results, detailed bleach plant process
information, information on  wastewater treatment systems  and
sludge disposal practices, and dioxin/furan 5-day composite

-------
                               -6-
results of effluents, sludges, and pulps.   Sampling has already
begun.
     Again, the industry's willingness to  cooperate in a study
of the 103 mills assured the most expeditious information
gathering possible.  By agreement, the industry is funding the
total project which is now underway.  EPA  is specifying consistent
sampling and analytical protocols and reporting methods to be
used and is auditing all stages of the study.  Industry will
submit to EPA much more extensive process  information and dioxin
data for 25 of the 103 mills the study covers.   If any of the
companies should fail to cooperate or if additional information
is needed, EPA will exercise its authority under Section 308  of
the Clean Water Act to require that all  necessary information be
developed and provided to us.  EPA will  release the results from
this study as information becomes available.  We expect to have
all of the agreed upon dioxin analytical  data by the spring of
1989.
                                                       9
     In addition to the efforts already  described, my staff is
assessing treatment technologies to reduce dioxin levels.  For
example, samples were taken from two mills in December 1987 to
assess the potential for reducing effluent levels; of total
suspended solids and dioxin by adding coagulants or polymers.
We expect to publish the results from this study next month.

-------
                               -7-
     Another potential  technology for reducing dioxin discharges
is oxygen del igni'f icati on.  This technology is a bleaching process
where oxygen is used prior to chlorine bleaching.  This summer we
will  sample several  mills that use oxygen delignification.  We
plan to study the data from all  of these activities and to revise,
if necessary, the nationally applicable pulp and paper mill
effluent limitations guidelines.  These guidelines establish
the minimum technology-based effluent controls that pulp and
paper mills must achieve.

     One more study is currently underway that will be relevant
to our regulation of dioxins in  pulp mill effluents.  The National
Bioaccumulation Study was initiated to determine whether fish
tissue has  been contaminated by  any of approximately 65 pollutants
of concern, including dioxins and furans.  EPA initiated this
nationwide  fish tissue sampling  survey at approximately 400  sites
to discover whether pollutants with properties similar to
2,3,7,8-TCDD might bioaccumulate in the aquatic food chain.
Final results should be  available by the spring of next year.
To date, dioxin has been detected in fish tissue collected near
36 mills using chlorine  to bleach pulp.  No dioxin was detected
in fish tissue collected near three mills.  Levels in the whole
fish samples ranged from less than 1 to 118 parts per trillion.
Detectable  levels in the fillet  samples, the edible portions of
the fish, were generally much lower than those found in the
whole fish  samples.   Moreover, the levels in the fillets were

-------
                               -8-
found to be below the FDA acti-on level  of 25 parts per trillion.
However, in certain areas, state health agencies have issued
fish consumption advisories.  We anticipate that additional
fish consumption advisories will be made as more data becomes
available.
     Finally, I will briefly discuss our plans for issuing or
revising discharge permits for the affected mills.  EPA is
developing a long-term NPDES permitting strategy for pulp mill
dioxin discharges.  We plan to issue final  guidance to EPA regions
and the states after review of the effluent, sludge, and pulp data
from the cooperative study.  However, in the meantime, permit
writers will take appropriate action in modifying NPDES permits
for mills where dioxin is detected.  Appropriate permit require-
ments may include effluent limitations  on dioxin discharges,
additional effluent and/or water quality monitoring requirements,
reopener provisions to' allow for more stringent control require-
ments wherever necessary and appropriate, and requirements to
conduct further studies on treatment technologies.  My staff is
available to provide technical assistance to state and EPA Regional
permit writers.
     You may be interested to know that EPA is also following
dioxin-related activities in other countries.  In November 1987,
Office of Water staff met with representatives from the Swedish
Environmental Protection Board and Environment Canada in
Washington, D.C. to discuss., among other things, the presence

-------
                               -9-
of pollutants of concern, including dioxins/furans and other
chlorinated organics in bleached pulp and paper mill  effluents.
Representatives of the three nations agreed to exchange informa-
tion.  In addition, we have had several  subsequent technical
exchanges with Environment Canada.

     This concludes my prepared testimony.   I will be pleased to
answer any questions you may have.   Thank you.

-------

-------
                U.S.  EPA / PAPER INDUSTRY
                 COOPERATIVE DIOXIN STUDY

                   ANALYTICAL RESULTS*

 This  report presents all analytical data for 2,3,7,8-TCDD
 and 2,3,7,8-TCDF in  pulp,  effluent and sludge received to
 date  under the  Cooperative Dioxin  Study.  Data are listed by
 mill.   Abbreviations used in this  report are defined below.
 If  there  are any questions concerning  the data, contact
 Jennie  Helms at (202)382-7155.

 UNITS:  The unit of  measurement for 2378-TCDD/TCDF
 concentration
           ppt « part per trillion
           ppg « part per.quadrillion

 2378-TCDD/TCDF
 CONCENTRATION:  Reported  value of chemical concentration
           ND =  Not Detected, in these instances the value
           reported is the  detection limit
         'NQ =  Not Quantified,  lab  analyses are being re-run
           for these  samples

LAB: The analytical  laboratory which completed the analysis
           CAL - California Analytical Laboratories
                 Enseco,  CA
          WSU » Brehm Laboratory, Wright State Univ.
                Dayton, OH
          TRI - Triangle Laboratories
                Research Triangle Park, NC

NOTES:    Comments on analysis or sample origin
          LDUP  - laboratory duplicate analysis
          PDUP = field duplicate sample

-------

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                           2378-TCDF
                       Concentration
                        Lab
Comments
** State: AK

*  Ketchikan Pulp & Paper
 Pulp
PPt
       Ketchikan
0.3 ND           0.3 ND WSU
*  Alaska Pulp Corp.
 Pulp     ppt
                0.7 ND
                       Sitka
                 1.4    WSU

-------
 Page Mo.
 06/16/89
                             U.S.  EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study-

                                Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
    2378-TCDF
Concentration    Lab
Comments
** States AL

*  Container Corp. of America
 Effluent ppg             6.5
 Pulp  *   ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  James River Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg

*  Alabama River Pulp
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Kiroberly-Clark Corp,
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg

*  Champion International
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Gulf  States Paper Corp
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
Brewton
         10.0 HD CAL
2.3
16.0

23.0
3.3
1.2
3.7
330.0

41.0
40.0
46.0
43.0
3.9
3.8
81.0
73.0
68.0

35.0
0.3
4.1
11.0
2.6
3800.0
ial
77.0
3.5
23.0
215.0
>rp.
38.0
5.2
51.0
4.5
34.0
Butler
72.0
19.0
1.4
30.0
1100.0
Claiborne
250.0
250.0
210.0
120.0
97.0
98.0
373.0
393.0
342.0
Coosa Pines
74.0
ND 1.0
7.3
38.0
3.3
9200.0
Courtland
340.0
7.6
102.0
923.0
Demopolis
110.0
20.0
0.0
wsu
CAL

CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL

CAL
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL

CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL

CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL

CAL
WSU
NQ CAL
                          Non-dewatered
                          FDUP
                          FDUP
                          FDUP
                          FDUP
                          FDUP
                          FDUP
                          FDUP
                          Non-dewatered

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
                            U.S.  EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                               Analytical Results
Sample 2378-TCDD
Matrix Units Concentration
* Boise Cascade Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
Sludge ppt
* International Paper
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp . ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Scott Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* International Paper
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg

120.0
95.0
11.0
9.1
18.0
18.0
Co.
0.0
20.0
21.0
3.5
108.0

14.0
1.7
0.6
9.5
Co.
81.0
2.1
4.7
680.0
2378-TCDF
Concentration
Jackson
630.0
540.0
104.0
71.0
147.0
169.0
Mobile
NQ 850.0
104.0
106.0
14.0
617.0
Mobile
19.0
2.2
0.8
18.0
Selma
310.0
21.0
22.0
2900.0
                                                Lab
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
Comments
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
Non-dewatered

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
Sample             2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                                     2378-TCDF
                                 Concentration
        Lab
         Comments
** State: AR

*  Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Georgia-Pacific Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppg

 Sludge   ppg
                        41.0
                         2 . 8
                         5.5
                        13.0
                                Ashdown
 96.0
  6.0
  7.7
 19.0
168.0
  0.0 NQ

190.0
                                Cresset
94.0
27.0
12.0
30.0
                                        710.0
CAL
wsu
wsu
CAL
370.0
59.0
89.0
308.0
1680.0
740.0
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
        CAL
         PRIM
         LDUP
         Non-dewatered|
         LDUP
         Non-dewateredl
*  Potlatch Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  International Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg           110.0
 Pulp     ppt            21.0
 Pulp     ppt            23.0
 Pulp     PPt             5.0
 Sludge   ppt
                                 McGhee
                         40.0            100.0    CAL
                         21.0             59.0    WSU
                         12.0             83.0    WSU
                         91.0            433.0    CAL

                                 Pine Bluff
                                        1100.0    CAL
                                         647.0    WSU
                                         661.0    WSU
                                          57.0    WSU
                         185.0           2940.0    CAL;
                 LDUP
                 LDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
           2378-TCDF
       Concentration    Lab
                 Comments
** State: AZ

*  Stone Container Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
5.5
0.7 ND
       Snowflake
39.0
 1.3
CAL
WSU
                                                                        I

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
Sample             2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                          2378-TCDF
                      Concentration    Lab
                                Comments
** State: CA

*  Simpson Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Gaylord Container Corp
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Simpson Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt

*  Louisiana Pacific Corp.
 Effluent ppg

250.0
49.0
278.0
'P-
49.0
32.0
101.0

100.0
20.0
Anderson
8400.0
2620.0
6740.0
Antioch
800.0
969.0
1570.0
Fairhaven
660.0
106.0

CAL
WSU
CAL

CAL
WSU
CAL

CAL
CAL
                                 Samoa
 Pulp
ppt
0.0 NQ
9.1
                                         320.0
                                          59.0
                                        CAL
                                        CAL

-------
 Page Mo.
 06/16/89
                             U.S.  EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                                     2378-TCDF
                                 Concentration    Lab
                                  Comments
** State:  FL

*  Champion International        Cantonment
 Effluent  ppg            11.0 ND          38.0
 Pulp     ppt             0.7 ND          4.1
 Pulp
 Pulp
 Pulp
 Pulp
 Sludge
          PPt
          ppt
          ppt
          ppt
          PPt
 1,
 2.
 2.
0 ND
0
0
 4.9
14.0
        CAL
        WSU
 0.7 ND CAL
 2.2    WSU
 0.9    CAL
 1.1    CAL
21.0    CAL
LDUP
LDUP
FDUP  LDUP
LDUP,FDUP
FDUP
*  ITT-Rayonier, Inc.
 Pulp     ppt

   Georgia-Pacific Corp.
                                Fernandina Beach
                         0.2 ND           0.5 ND WSU

                                Palatka
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppg
* Stone Container Corp.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* Buckeye Cellulose
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
Pulp ppt
Sludge ppt
* St. Joe Paper Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp ppt
16.0
0.5
0.5
92.0

8.4
6.9
0.1
3.6

27.0
0.5
0.8
12.0

21.0
2.2
38.0
ND 0.9
ND 2.4
410.0
Panama City
ND 7.9
18.0
ND 6.6
16.0
Perry
80.0
0.7
ND 2.5
40.0
Port St. Joe
60.0
5.7
CAL
ND WSU
WSU
CAL

CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL

CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL

CAL
WSU
                                                          Non-dewatered
                                                          PRIM

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
8
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                       2378-TCDF
                   Concentration    Lab
Comments
** State: GA

*  Federal Paper Board Co
 Effluent ppq
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppq

*  Brunswick Pulp and Paper
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  iTT-Rayonier, Inc.
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Buckeye Cellulose
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Oilman Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg
                   Augusta
16.0
2.4
4.9
7.9
580.0
per
30.0
30.0
6.3
6.1
1.9
1.6
3.6
8.3
33.0

24.0
23.0
0.6
0.3
0.7
0.7
3.0

12.0
0.5
2.6
2.6

6.5
2.8
3.7
220.0
47.0
7.9
15.0
19.0
1400.0
Brunswick
68.0
50.0
8.0
9.4
3.5
2.9
4.3
12.0
62.0
Jesup
0.0
16.0
ND 0.8
ND 0.8
ND 0.6
ND 0.9
2.4
Oglethorpe
ND 26.0
ND 0.9
6.1
3.0
St. Marys
ND 17.0
6.8
12.0
610.0
CAL
wsu
wsu
wsu
CAL

CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL

NQ CAL
CAL
ND CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL

CAL
ND CAL
CAL
CAL

CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
                                            Non-dewatered
                                            FDUP
                                            FDUP
                                            FDUP
                                            FDUP
                                            FDUP
                                            FDUP
                                             LDUP
                                             LDUP
                                             Non-dewatered

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
            2378-TCDF
        Concentration
         Lab
         Comments
** State: ID

*  Potlatch Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
71.0
79.0
25.0
27.0
78.0
        Lewiston
360.0
320.0
153.0
147.0
639.0
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
10
                             U.S.  EPA/ Paper  Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: KY

*  Wilamette Industries
 Effluent ppq
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg
 Sludge   ppq

*  Westvaco Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
                    Hawesville
            11.0 KD           8.0 ND CAL
             0.3 ND           1.1    WSU
             0.5 ND           1.9    WSU
            83.0            380.0    CAL
            52.0            210.0    CAL

                    Wiekliffe
            35.0            150.0    CAL
            12.0             55.0    WSU
            11.0             54.0    WSU
             2.1             25.0    WSU
             9.4             46.0    CAL
         Non-dewatered
         Non-dewatered
         LDUP
         LDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
11
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
         Lab
Comments
** State: LA

*  International Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg           330.0
 Pulp     ppt             5.1
 Pulp     ppt             5.7
 Pulp     ppt             6.3
 Sludge   ppt           140.0

*  Boise Cascade Corp.
 Effluent ppg             9.2
 Pulp     ppt             5.3
 Sludge   ppg           280.0

*  James River Corp.
 Effluent ppg            82.0
 Pulp     ppt             6.4
 Pulp     ppt             4.9
 Sludge   ppt            96.0

*  Georgia-Pacific Corp.
 Effluent ppg           190.0
 Pulp     ppt            16.0
 Pulp     ppt             5.2
 Pulp     ppt            27.0
                    Bastrop
1600.0
22.0
23.0
42.0
677.0
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
                    Deridder
                             44.0
                              8.7
                            440.0
                                              FDUP
                                              FDUP
         CAL
         WSU
         CAL
Non-dewatered
                    St.  Francesville
                            320.0    CAL
                             19.0    WSU
                             15.0    WSU
                            243.0    CAL
                    Zachary
 Sludge   ppt
            17.0
  0.0 NQ CAL
539.0    WSU
 78.0    WSU
632.0    WSU
421.0    CAL

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
12
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
         Lab
         Comments
** State: MD

*  Westvaco Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
            16.0
            29.0
            80.0
                    Luke
 49.0
157.0
471.0
CAL
WSU
CAL

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
              13
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
Sample             2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                                     2378-TCDF
                                 Concentration    Lab      Comments
** State: ME

*  Scott Paper
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt
              Co,
19.0
16.0
 1.9
 8.5
 7.9
33.0
 6.9
39.0
67.0
*  Lincoln Pulp and Paper
 Effluent ppg            32.0
 Pulp     ppt            16.0
 Sludge   ppt            48.0

*  James River Corp.
 Effluent ppg            39.0
 Pulp     ppt            13.0
 Sludge   ppt            12.0

*  Boise Cascade Corp.
 Effluent ppg           120.0
 Pulp     ppt           116.0
 Pulp     ppt            17.0
 Sludge   ppt           105.0
*  Scott Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Georgia-Pacific Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 6.3
 4.2
 8.1
13.0
        Hinckley
100.0
 63.0
 10.0
 37.0
 35.0
106.0
 29.0
149.0
330.0
                               Lincoln
                130.0
                 94.0
                223.0
                               Old Town
                130.0
                 51.0
                 34.0
                               Rumford
                570.0
                800.0
                111.0
                674.0
                               Westbrook
                 12.0
                 16.0
                 30.0
                 55.0
        Woodland
 6.8             25.0
 0.4 ND           0.9
 1.9 ND           7.3
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                                CAL
                                                WSU
                                                CAL
                                  FDUP
                                  FDUP

                                  FDUP
                                  FDUP
                                  FDUP

                                  FDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
14
                             U.S.  EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration    Lab
                 Comments
** State: MI

*  Mead Corporation
 Effluent ppq
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Scott Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
                    Escanaba
            17.0 ND          50.8
            25.0            116.0
            18.0             68.0
            15.0             39.0
           125.0            574.0
             8.4 ND
             0.3 ND
             0.4 ND
                    Muskegon
42.0
 1.0
 1.4
*  Champion International
 Effluent ppq             9.0
 Pulp     ppt             7.7
 Pulp     ppt             7.8
 Sludge   ppt            95.0
                    Quinnesec
                             66.0
                             50.0
                             45.0
                            735.0
        wsu
        CAL
        CAL
        CAL
        WSU
CAL
WSU
WSU
        WSU
        CAL
        CAL
        WSU
         FDUP
         FDUP
LDUP
LDUP
         FDUP
         FDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
15
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
        Lab
         Comments
** State: MN

*  Potlatch Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
            24.0
             1.2
             2.4
             5.0
                    Cloguet
46.0
 5.0
 7.9
25.0
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
16
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: MS

*  international Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg           160.0
 Pulp     ppt             7.3
 Pulp     ppt            15.0
 Sludge   ppt           161.0

*  International Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg            38.0
 Pulp     ppt             3.6
 Sludge   ppt            14.0

*  Leaf River Forest Products
 Effluent ppq           200.0
 Pulp     ppt            15.0
 Pulp     ppt            14.0
 Pulp     ppt  •           3,8
 Sludge   ppt           681.0
                    Moss Point
                            920.0
                             36.0
                            105.0
                           1020.0
                    Natchez
                            220.0
                             15.0
                             78.0
                    New Augusta
                            410.0
                             35.0
                             23.0
                              7.7
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
PRIM
                              0.0 NQ CAL

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
17
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration    Lab
                  Comments
** State: MT

*  Stone Container Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg
             3.1
             4.1
            55.0
                    Hissoula
  7.6 ND CAL
 13.0    WSU
150.0    CAL
Non-dewatered

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
18
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: NC

*  Champion International
 Pulp     ppt
 pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Weyerhauser Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Weyerhauser Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Federal Paper Board Co
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
 Sludge   ppt
                    Canton
17.0
6..0
6.5
4.6
5.8
175.0
172.0

44.0
7.5
373.0
213.0

320.0
10.0
14.0
33.0
1390.0
CO.
0.0
4.0
4.3
3.2
3.3
3.8
2.9
27.0
9.9
11.0
5.5
10.0
0.0 NQ
260.0
New Bern
180.0
45.0
1920.0
1600.0
Plymouth
4000.0
82.0
222.0
318.0
17100.0
Riegelwood
NO 61.0
3.2
4.7
1.3
1.5
5.2
3.3
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu
wsu

CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL

CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL

CAL
WSU
wsu
wsu
wsu
CAL
CAL
                                             FDUP
                                             FDUP

                                             FDUP
                                             FDUP
                                              FDUP
                                              FDUP
                                              LDUP
                                              LDUP
                                              LDUP
                                              LDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
19
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration    Lab
         Comments
** State: NH

*  James River Corp.
 Effluent ppg            59.0
 Pulp     ppt            32.0
 Pulp     ppt             3.3
 Sludge   ppt           104.0
                    Berlin
                           1200.0
                           1110.0
                             41.0
                           2930.0
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
           20
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results;
Sample             2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                                    2378-TCDF
                                Concentration
                                                  Lab
                          Comments
** State: NY

*  Finch Pruyn & Co, Inc.
 Pulp     PPt             0.3

*  international Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg            18.0
 Effluent ppq            -24.0
 Pulp     PPt            16•0
 Pulp     PPt            17.0
 Pulp     PPt            31.0
 Sludge   ppt            59.0
Sludge   ppt
                        306.0
Glens Falls
          0.3

Ticonderoga
        150.0
        160.0
        103.0
        108.0
        185.0
        267.0
       2470.0
                                                 CAL
                                                 CAL
                                                 WSU
                                                 WSU
                                                 WSU
                                                 CAL
                                                 CAL
                                                          FDUP
                                                          FDUP
                                                          LDUP
                                                          LDUP

                                                          PRIM
                                                          SEC

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
21
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
Lab
Comments
** State: OR

*  Pope & Talbot, Inc.
 Effluent ppg            30.0
 Pulp     ppt            10.0
 Sludge   ppt            31.0

*  Boise Cascade Corp.
 Effluent ppg            22.0
 Pulp     ppt             4.2
 Pulp     ppt             4.4
 Pulp     ppt             6.5
 Sludge   ppt             4.2
                   Halsey
                            82.0
                            41.0
                           106.0
                   St. Helens
                           100.0
                            12.0
                            11.0
                            18.0
                            25.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
LDUP
LDUP

-------
 Page No..
 06/16/89
22
                             U.S.  EPA/ Paper  Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results;
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration    Lab
                                                          Comments
** State: PA

*  International Paper Co.       Erie
 Effluent ppg            24.0             68.0
 Pulp     ppt             6.4             22.0
 Sludge   ppt             1.4 ND           3.0
 Sludge   ppt             0.9              3.1
*   Penntech Papers,  Inc.
Effluent ppg             6.8  ND
Effluent ppg             9.7
Pulp     ppt             3.1

*   Proctor £ Gamble  Co.
Pulp     ppt             2.0

*   Appleton Papers,  ^nc.
Effluent ppg       "     11.0  ND
Pulp     ppt             1.0
Sludge   ppt             5.0

*   P.H. Glatfelter Co.
Effluent ppg
Effluent ppg
Pulp     ppt
Pulp     ppt             6.5
Pulp     ppt             0.4
Sludge   ppt             0.0  NQ
                                 Johnsonburg
                                          14.0
                                          65.0
                                          38.0
                    Mehoopany
                              1.1

                    Roaring Springs
                             18.0
                             21.0
                            113.0

                    Spring Grove
             8.4 ND          26.0
            65.0            210.0
             3.9             13.0
                             18.0
                              2.2
                                     GAL
                                     WSU
                                     CAL
                                     CAL
                                     CAL
                                     CAL
                                     WSU
                                                  WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
CAL
                                                          LDUP
                                                          LDUP
                                                           COMB
                                                           RAW WASTE
                                                           LDUP
                                                           LDUP
                                           0.0 NQ CAL

-------
 Page Mo.
 06/16/89
23
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
                 Lab
         Comments
** State: SC

*  Bowater Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg

*  Union Camp Corp,
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
            24.0
             2.1
           620.0
*  International Paper Co.
 Effluent ppg           640.0
 Effluent ppg           490.0
 Pulp     ppt             9.2
 Pulp     ppt            10.0
 Pulp     ppt             1.9
 Pulp     ppt            17.0
 Pulp     ppt            16.0
 Sludge   ppt            62.0
                    Catawba
         42.0
          3.3
        880.0
            20.0
             0.4 ND
             2.4
             6.9
                    Eastover
         53.0
          1.3
          5.6
         13.0

Georgetown
       1600.0
       1500.0
         38.0
         41.0
          7.7
         55.0
         52.0
        161.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
CAL
                                    CAL
                                    CAL
                                    WSU
                                    WSU
                                    WSU
                                    WSU
                                    WSU
                                    CAL
Non-dewatered
         FDUP
         FDUP
         FDUP
         FDUP

         FDUP
         FDUP

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
24
                             U.S.  EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
        Lai:)
         Comments
** State: TN

*  Bowater Corp.
 Effluent ppq
 Pulp     PPt
 Sludge   ppt

 Sludge   ppt
             6.8 ND
             7.7
             0.0 NQ

             4.5
                    Calhoun
 5.5 ND CAL
53.0    WSU
17.0    CAL
14.0
CAL
LDUP
Non-dewatered
LDUP
Non-dewatered
 *  Mead Corporation
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
              6.0
              1.5
              3.0 ND
                    Kingsport
44.0
26.0
25.0
CAL
WSU
CAL

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
             25
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                                     2378-TCDF
                                 Concentration
                         Lab
                                                           Comments
** State: TX

*  Temple-Eastex, Inc.           Evadale
 Effluent ppq             0.0 NQ
 Pulp     ppt             1.9
 Pulp     ppt             3.1
 Pulp     ppt             7.8
 Pulp     ppt             4.1
 Sludge   ppt            16.0
                                           0.0 NQ CAL
                                           9.6    WSU
                                           6.3    WSU
                                          22.0    WSU
                                          13.0    WSU
                                          49.0    CAL
*  Champion International        Houston
 Effluent ppq             0.0 NQ          86.0
          PPt             4.9              £.8
Pulp
Sludge
          ppt
                        106.0
                144.0
*  Simpson Paper Co.
 Effluent ppq
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
        Pasadena
 0.0 NQ        1400.0
14.0             48.0
18.0             66.0
 4.5             11.0
*  International Paper Co.
 Effluent ppq            13.0
 Effluent ppq            18.0
 Pulp     ppt             7.1
 Pulp     ppt            12.0
 Sludge   ppt            71.0
 Sludge   ppt             0.0 NQ
        Texarkana
                 43.0
                 44.0
                 51.0
                 81.0
               1000.0
                600.0
CAL
WSU
CAL
                                                 CAL
                                                 WSU
                                                 WSU
                                                 WSU
                                                 CAL
                                                 CAL
                                                 WSU
                                                 WSU
                                                 CAL
                                                 CAL
                                                          FDUP
                                                          FDUP
                                                          FDUP
                                                          FDUP
                                                          FDUP
                                                          FDUP

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
26
                           -U.S.  EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
Sample             2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
                                                 Lab
Comments
** State: VA

*  Westvaco Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Union Camp Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Chesapeake Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
                                Covington
                       180.0            520.0    CAL
                        18.0 ND         173.0    TRI
                        12.0            132.0    TRI
                        13.0            105.0    WSU
                         6.2             49.0    WSU
                         5.9             19.0    WSU
                       119.0            799.0    CAL

                                Franklin
                        68.0             71.0    CAL
                         1.1              2.1    CAL
                         5.2              5.7    CAL
                         5.4              6.9    GAL
                         3.8              4.2    CAL
                         3.2              3.6    CAL
                         3.6              6.0    CAL

                                West Point
                        16.0             96.0    CAL
                         8.3             14.0    CAL
                        14.0             47.0    CAL
                                              FDUP
                                              FDUP LDUP
                                              FDUP  LDUP
                                              LDUP
                                              LDUP
                                              PRIM

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
27
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
Sample             2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration   Lab
          Comments
                         0.0 NO
                         0.2 ND
                         0.3 ND
                        12.0
                        12.0
                         0.3 ND
                         0.3 ND
                         0.3  ND
** State: WA

*  Georgia-Pacific Corp.
 Pulp     ppt

*  James River Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Weyerhauser Co.
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt

*  Scott Paper Co.
 Pulp     ppt

*  Weyerhauser Co.
 Effluent ppq
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt

*  ITT-Rayonier, Inc.
 Pulp     ppt

*  Longview Fibre Co.
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Weyerhauser Co.
 Effluent ppg            10.0
 Effluent ppg             8.5
 Pulp     ppt             1.7
 Pulp     ppt             1.6
 Pulp     ppt             7.7
 Pulp     ppt             1.7
 Sludge   ppt            25.0
 Sludge   ppt             0.0 NQ
 Sludge   ppt            35.0
                                Bellingham
                         2.6 ND         449.0   WSU
                                Camas
                              0.0 NQ CAL
                              0.6    WSU
                              0.9    WSU
                            152.0    WSU
                            105.0    CAL
                                Cosmopolis
                         1.0 ND          6.3
                         0.0 NQ          6.4
                             3.1
                             2.9
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
FDUP
                                Everett
                             0.1 ND WSU
                        33.0
                         3.4
                         5.2
                                Everett
            0.6 ND
                               Hoguiam
                           260.0
                            16.0
                            20.0
                                         3.8
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
                               Longview
                         4.6 ND          57.0    CAL
                         4.8              0.0 NQ WSU
                         4.7             18.0    WSU
                        69.0            437.0    CAL
                               Longview
                            37.0
                            21.0
                             2.8
                             2.8
                            20.0
                             9.4
                            80.0
                            84.0
                            89.0
CAL
CAL
WSU
WSU
WSU
WSU
CAL
CAL
CAL
                                                         FDUP
                                                         FDUP
                                                         FDUP
                                                         FDUP
                                                         FDUP
                                                         FDUP  LDUP
                                                         FDUP  LDUP

-------
Page No.
06/16/89
28
                            U.S. EPA/ Paper Industry
                            Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                Analytical Results
Sample              2378-TCDD
Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
                 Lab
         Comments
*   ITT-Rayonier,  Inc.
Pulp     PPt
       •
*   Simpson Paper  Co.
Effluent ppg
Pulp     PPt
Sludge   ppt

*   Boise Cascade  Corp.
Effluent ppg
Pulp     PPt
Sludge   ppt
             0.6 ND
Port Angeles
          2.1
                    Tacoma
wsu
0.0 NQ 27.0
12.0 38.0
0.6 NQ 87.0
Wallula
360.0 7500.0
56.0 1380.0
70.0 1490.0
CAL
WSU
CAL

CAL
WSU
CAL

-------
 Page No.
 06/16/89
29
                             U.S. EPA/ Paper  Industry
                             Cooperative Dioxin Study

                                 Analytical Results
 Sample             2378-TCDD
 Matrix   Units Concentration
                        2378-TCDF
                    Concentration
                 Lab
Comments
** State: WI

*  Wausau Paper Mills Co.        Brokaw
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  James River Corp.
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt

*  Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppt
4.2 ND
0.4 ND
3.2

11.0
8.5 ND
0.8 ND
35.0

22.0
09.0
14.0
9.9
68.0
Green Bay
61.0
29.0
7.1
250.0
Nekoosa
283.0
1300.0
CAL
WSU
CAL

CAL
CAL
WSU
CAL

WSU
CAL




TO RIVER
TO MSD





*  Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
 Effluent ppg            40.0

*  Pentair, Inc.
 Effluent ppg             5.4 ND
 Pulp     ppt             0.5 ND
 Sludge   ppt             9.4

*  Badger Paper Mills, Inc
 Effluent ppg
 Effluent ppg
 Pulp     ppt
 Sludge   ppg
                    Nekoosa & Port Edwards
                            320.0    CAL
                    Park Falls
                              4.8    CAL
                              0.9 ND WSU
                             90.0    CAL
             9.8
             4.5
             4.4
            36.0
*  Nekoosa Papers, Inc.
 Pulp     ppt             0.4 ND

*  Weyerhauser Co.
 Effluent ppg            12.0
 Pulp     ppt            15.0
 Sludge   ppt            58.0

*  Consolidated Papers, Inc.
 Pulp     ppt            20.0
 Pulp     ppt            18.0
Peshtigo
        280.0    CAL
        110.0    CAL
        323.0    WSU
       1800.0    CAL

Port Edwards
          4.1    WSU

Rothchild
         24.0    CAL
         26.0    WSU
        150.0    CAL

Wisconsin Rapids
         83.0    CAL
         79.0    CAL
Non-dewatered
                                              FDUP
                                              FDUP
  U.S. Government Printing Office : 1990 - 720-540/06614

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------

-------