PRELIMINARY, DATA SUMMARY
FOR THE
HOSPITALS
POINT SOURCE CATEGORY
Office of Water Regulations and Standards
Office of Water
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, B.C.
August 1989
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PREFACE
This is one of a series of Preliminary Data Summaries
preparedly the Office of Water Regulations and Standards of the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Summaries contain
engineering, economic and environmental data that pertain to
whether the industrial facilities in various industries discharge
pollutants in their wastewaters and whether the EPA should pursue
regulations to control such discharges. The summaries were
prepared in order to allow EPA to respond to the mandate of
section 304(m) of the Clean Water Act, which requires the Agency
to develop plans to regulate industrial categories that
contribute to pollution of the Nation's surface waters.
The Summaries vary in terms of the amount and nature of the
data presented. This variation reflects several factors
including the overall size of the category (number of
dischargers), the amount of sampling and analytical work
performed by EPA in developing the Summary, the amount of
relevant secondary data that exists for the various categories
whether the industry had been the subject of previous studies (by
EPA or other parties), and whether or not the Agency was already
committed to a regulation for the industry, with respect to the
last factor, the pattern is for categories that are already the
?o iHS ire?ulftor£ activity (e.g., Pesticides, Pulp and Paper)
to have relatively short Summaries. This is because the
Summaries are intended primarily to assist EPA management in
designating industry categories for rulemaking. Summaries for
categories already subject to rulemaking were developed for
comparison purposes and contain only the minimal amount of data
needed to provide some perspective on the relative magnitude of
the pollution problems created across the categories
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ACKNOWLE DGEMENTS
Preparation of this Preliminary Data Summary was directed by Dr
Frank H Hund of the Industrial Technology Division, with support
provided under EPA Contract No. 68-03-6302. support
Industrial Technology Division (WH-552)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agencv
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone (202) 382-7131
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1.0
2.0
3.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
SUMMARY
PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY
REGULATORY STATUS
SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.4.5
1.4.6
1.4.7
1.4.8
Review and Assessment
Supplemental Data Gathering
Supplemental Questionnaire
Sampling and Analytical Program
Industrial Profile and
Subcategoriz at ion
Water Use, Solids Generation, and
Waste Characterization
Pollutant Parameters
Assessment of Control and
Treatment Technologies
INDUSTRY PROFILE
2.1 SUMMARY
2.2 STANDARD PROCESSES AND PRACTICES
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
1
1
3
3
4
•4
4
5
5
7
11
12
4.0
3.1 CHEMICAL WASTE
3.2 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
3.3 INFECTIOUS WASTE
3.4 PHYSICALLY HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
3.5 WASTEWATER
3.5.1 Hospital A
3.5.2 Hospital B
3.5.3 Hospital C
3.5.4 Hospital D
3.6 POLLUTANTS
3.6.1 INTRODUCTION
3.6.2 TRADITIONAL POLLUTANTS
3.6.3 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
3.6.4 HAZARDOUS NON-PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
3.6.5 INDUSTRY MASS LOADINGS
3.6.6 DISCUSSION
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL METHODOLOGIES
12
12
14
17
17
20
23
23
29
35
35
35
35
35
35
40
45
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
TITLE
PAGE
4.1 CHEMICAL WASTE
4.2 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
4.2.1 Separation and Confinement
4'.2.2 Dilution and Dispersion
4.3 INFECTIOUS WASTE
4.3.1 Steam Sterilization
4.3.2 Incineration
4.3.3 Liquid Disposal in Sewer
4.4 PHYSICALLY HAZARDOUS WASTE
4.5 WASTEWATER
4.5.1 Pretreatment Technologies
4.5.1.1 Silver Recovery
4.5.1.2 Solvent Recycling and
Reclamation
4.5.2 Biological Treatment
4.5.2.1 Trickling Filters
4.5.2.2 Activated Sludge
4.5.2.3 Aerated Lagoons
45
45
45
48
49
50
51
51
52
52
52
52
54
54
56
56
58
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
REFERENCES
APPENDIX A - ITD LIST OF ANALYTES
APPENDIX B - MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS OF
POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATER
61
62
64
69
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TABLE NO.
LIST OF TABLES
TITLE
2-1
2-2
2-3
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
ESTIMATED AMOUNTS OF POLLUTANTS
DISCHARGED TO WATER, AIR, AND
CAPTURED IN SLUDGE
DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED
HOSPITALS BY BED SIZE (1985)
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY
HOSPITALS, 1975 TO 1985
DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED
COMMUNITY HOSPITALS AFFILIATED
WITH MEDICAL SCHOOLS BY BED
SIZE (1985)
CHEMICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATED
BY THE HOSPITAL INDUSTRY
USE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN PATIENT
CARE, 1983 AND 1984
DESIGNATION OF INFECTIOUS WASTE
TYPES
HOSPITAL EFFLUENTS COMPARED
WITH NONINDUSTRIAL POTW
INFLUENTS
INFECTIOUS WASTE DISPOSAL
METHOD RECOMMENDATIONS
ii
10
13
15
16
18
21
3-6
3-7
3-8
3-9
3-10
3-11
SUMMARY OF REPORTED ANALYTICAL 24
RESULTS - HOSPITAL A
SUMMARY OF REPORTED ANALYTICAL 26
RESULTS - HOSPITAL B
SUMMARY OF REPORTED ANALYTICAL 30
RESULTS - HOSPITAL C
SUMMARY OF REPORTED ANALYTICAL 33
RESULTS - HOSPITAL D
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS DETECTED 36
HAZARDOUS NONPRIORITY POLLUTANTS 36
DETECTED
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LIST OF TABLES (continued)
TABLE NO.
3-12
3-13
4-1
4-2
A-l
B-l
TITLE
DATA SUMMARY FOR THE
INDIRECT DISCHARGING HOSPITALS
HOSPITAL INDIRECT DISCHARGE
LOADING SUMMARY
RADIOISOTOPIC HALF-LIVES
STEAM STERILIZATION
ITD LIST OF ANALYTES
MAXIMUM PERMISSABLE CONCENTRATIONS
PAGE
37
41
46
50
63
70
OF POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATER
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LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE
4-1
HOSPITAL SAMPLING POINT
SCHEMATIC
TYPICAL HAZARDOUS WASTE
TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
ROUTES
46
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Writers and P»blicly owned treatmen works
e- The sampling program, conducted at four hospitals
^
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ESTIMATED AMOUNTS OF POLLUTANTS DISCHARGED TO WATER,
AIR AND CAPTURED IN SLUDGE
Estimated Waste Discharges (Units are Ibs/yr)
To POTWs and To Recieving
EOP Treatment
BODS
TSS
COD
259,000,000
135,000,000
567,000,000
Priority Pollutants
Volatiles 37,960
Metals 255,135
Semivolatiles 56,210
Nonpriority Pollutants
Volatiles 545,675
Metals 314,995
Waters
a
a
a
Air
NA
NA
NA
Sludge
NA
a
NA
3,037
a
a
43,654
a
33,405
480,194
NA - Not applicable
a - Insufficient data are available for a reliable estimate
b - A significant amount of metals will apportion to sludge
ii
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1.1 SUMMARY
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
the ffi°St current information available
°f wa?tewater and solid wastes containing
K non-Priority pollutants by hospitals. ThI
of this document are to (1) provide a technical basis
for determining whether additional national regulations' Snould bl
° ""™ to the Clean Water Act (CWA) , anl (2) makl
information regarding the discharge of
indstry. non-priority pollutants by the hofpital
i.ndustrv Profile is presented in Section 2.0. Section
ri?? and1ZhS h°2Pltal wast*w*ter in terms of the presence of
cS^t
tmen'teohrirS-WaSte mana^^t practices and contlt? ^
treatment technologies are described in Section 4.0. Environmental
*C?n^1C .impaCt analvses *ave not been performed as Trt of
docuLn?d' C°nse^entlv «» such analyseSP are discussed in
is required by
1-2 PURPOSE AND AUTHORITY
The U.S. Environmental Prbtection
of
of promulgation of these
this review Program and as a
. with several environmental groups,
of toxic ^-tA;
To achieve these goals, the Industrial Technology Division riTD)
™ .*?****»*. Proposing, ^nd promSgatiSg
guide^lneas> new source performance standardl
Stand.ards' and b^st management practices
point source discharges; (2\ assurin
of scientific, economic 'an^^echSca
« ^H t0- SUPP°rt the Affluent limitations and
gathering, developing, and analvzina data anri
t0 the ^nnual revieYw and periodic
. ^ and standards; and (4) developing
^formation required for the judicial review of
guidelines and standards.
f or
for
and rs
standards,
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In addition to its responsibilities under the CWA, EPA is also
charged by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976
(RCRA) with oversight of "cradle-to-grave" management of hazardous
solid wastes. Section 3018(a) of RCRA, as amended by the 1984
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments (HSWA) , directed EPA to submit
a report to Congress concerning wastes discharged through sewer
systems to publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) that are exempt
from RCRA regulation as a result of the Domestic Sewage Exclusion
(DSE) of RCRA. The DSE, established by Congress in Section
1004(27) of RCRA, provides that solid or dissolved material in
domestic sewage is not solid waste as defined in RCRA; therefore,
it cannot be considered hazardous waste for RCRA purposes. The DSE
applies to domestic sewage and industrial wastes discharged to POTW
sewers containing domestic sewage, even if the industrial wastes
would otherwise be considered hazardous.
The report (the Domestic Sewage Study, or DSS) was prepared by the
EPA Office of Water and submitted to Congress on February 7, 1986.
The DSS examined the nature and sources of hazardous wastes
discharged to POTWs, measured the effectiveness of EPA's programs
in dealing with such discharges, and recommended program
improvements to achieve better control of hazardous wastes entering
POTWs.
Implicit in the DSE is the assumption that the pretreatment program
mandated by the CWA can ensure adequate control of industrial
discharges to sewers. This program, detailed under Section 307(b)
of the CWA and implemented in 40 CFR Part 403, requires EPA to
establish pretreatment standards for pollutants discharged to POTWs
by industrial facilities for those pollutants that interfere with,
pass through, or are otherwise incompatible with the operation of
POTWs.
As follow-up to the DSS, Section 3018(b) of RCRA directs the
Administrator to revise existing regulations and promulgate any
pretreatment standards controlling the discharge of individual
hazardous constituents to POTWs that are necessary to ensure
adequate protection of human health and the environment. These
regulations are to be promulgated pursuant to RCRA, Section 307 of
the CWA, or any appropriate authority possessed by EPA. The
regulations must be promulgated within 18 months after submission
of the DSS to Congress (i.e., by August 1987).
The DSS concluded that the DSE should be retained at the present
time, and recommended improvements to various EPA programs under
the CWA for better control of hazardous wastes entering POTWs. In
addition, the DSS recommended study efforts to fill information
gaps, and indicated that.other statutes (e.g., RCRA and the Clean
Air Act) should be considered along with the CWA to control either
hazardous waste dischargers or receiving POTWs, or both (if the
recommended research indicates the presence of problems not
adequately addressed by the CWA).
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One recommendation of the DSS was that EPA review and amend
categorical pretreatment standards to achieve better control of
the hazardous waste constituents. The DSS recommended that EPA
modify existing standards to improve control of organic priority
and non-priority pollutants, and also promulgate categorical
standards for industrial categories not included in the Natural
ERC°2120? D?C?£?S 11 ^^ C°nSent DSCree (NRDC V« Train' 8
Because the DSS identified hospitals as a possible source of
hazardous pollutants, and hospital discharges to POTWs are
unregulated for these pollutants, EPA decided to review and update
existing data related to the discharge of both priority and
hazardous non-priority pollutants from hospitals.
1lJ REGULATORY STATUS Previous hospital industry regulatory
efforts resulted in the following measures: guiatory
development of an industry profile
sampling and analytical program to characterize water
use and wastes
assessment of control and treatment technologies
development of final Best Practicable Technology fBPT)
regulations. ** v '
o
o
o
o
The 1976 Development Document provided the technical basis for the
interim final BPT limitations for biochemical oxygen demand (BODS)
total suspended solids (TSS), and PH, and proposed Best Availabl4
SS^S°SpiB5T) SS NSPS f°r B°D5 and TSS- Tn 1981' the Proposed
BAT and NSPS for BODS and TSS were withdrawn.
SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY
1.4
a?!thi^Ud^' EPVire<*ed its efforts primarily toward obtaining
all available information on the discharge of priority and
hazardous non-priority pollutants from hospitals. The data-
gathering efforts and the subsequent information assessments
conducted for this study were divided into eight tasks which are
discussed in the following sections. ^asjcs, wnicn are
1.4.1
REVIEW AND ASSESSMENT
A review of the existing wastewater data, compiled for the 1976
Development Document, was performed. This review indicated that
^i S!fl2«nt data were available on indirect discharging
f • dx*ect discharger data included conventional and
IiVe4- 1°nam1 P°llutant data, but no priority or hazardous
data. To comply with Section 3018(b) of RCRA, EPA
initiated a sampling program designed to characterize hazardous
TSIT; discharge by the industry. This study concentrated on
indirect dischargers because more than 97 percent of the hospitals
are indirect dischargers and little or no information was available
concerning them.
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1.4.2 SUPPIJ3MENTAL DATA GATHERING
Following review of the existing data base, state regulatory
agencies were contacted to obtain more effluent data from
hospitals. The American Hospital Association (AHA) was then
contacted, and they recommended that the American Society for
Hospital Engineering (ASHE), an association within the AHA, be
contacted. A meeting with ASHE was held in July 1986 to discuss
the approach to information-gathering and hospital wastewater
sampling. The recommendations received from ASHE were incorporated
into the study. ASHE recommended other organizations and experts
in the hospital engineering field, including the Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) and the National Institutes for Health (NIH).
A literature search was performed to obtain current data on
hospital waste generation and disposal practices. The generation,
treatment, and disposal of hazardous waste was emphasized;
specifically, the characterization of wastewater sources and the
origin of wastewater contaminants. The literature used for this
document was obtained from governmental and private sources. Data
from the AHA Annual Survey of Hospitals were obtained to describe
the industry population, services provided, and bed size (i.e.,
number of beds per hospital).
1.4.3 SUPPiLEMENTAL QUESTIONNAIRE
Due to the lack of current data describing the hospital industry
and in the event that further study of the hospitals might be
desirable, a survey questionnaire was drafted in order to obtain
pertinent information about the industry, such as the wastes
produced and how hazardous wastes are handled and disposed of. An
initial draft questionnaire was submitted to ASHE for review;
comments were received and incorporated before completing the final
draft. However, after review of the information and data presented
in this document and in consideration of the fact that additional
study efforts will not be required, the Agency has decided not to
send a survey questionnaire to the hospital industry.
1.4.4 SAMPLING AND ANALYTICAL PROGRAM
A sampling program was conducted at four hospitals to screen for
toxic and hazardous pollutants in hospital wastewater. The
following criteria were developed to select the hospitals for
sampling: (1) because of the lack of data concerning indirect
discharges and EPA's need to comply with Section 3018(b) of RCRA,
the hospitals should be indirect dischargers; and (2) because the
average size of a U.S. hospital is approximately 200 beds, the
sampled hospitals should be close to this size. As a result of
input from ASHE, it was also decided that at least two of the
sampled hospitals be research and teaching hospitals since these
hospitals should represent a "worst case" situation in terms of
both the variety and concentrations of toxic and hazardous
pollutants.
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Before sampling the hospitals, site visits were performed to
confirm whether the criteria established for candidate hospitals
were met. Since both hospitals satisfied the criteria, sampling
episodes were conducted soon after the site visits. Each
hospital's effluent was sampled for two consecutive days The
parameters analyzed included all compounds on the EPA ITD List of
Analytes (see Appendix A) . This list includes organic, inorganic
and conventional analytes. In addition, pH and temperature were
recorded every four hours and settleable solids were analyzed once
per day during the sampling episodes.
The preliminary data from these hospitals indicated that the
worst-case scenario still needed to be represented. Therefore
with input from ASHE, two larger research and teaching hospital^
were chosen for sampling, because the pollutant variety and
hospitals WSre 6Xpected to be greater than at community
The effluent samples from the research hospitals were analyzed for
the same parameters as the samples from the community hospitals.
However preliminary results indicated that the research 'hospital
SnS?S? ??? "? S19nificantly different from the community
hospital effluent. Results of the sampling episodes are discussed
in section 3.5.
1'4-5
INDUSTRIAL PRQFTLE AND SUBCATEGORIZATION
The detailed information collected in previous data .
efforts by EPA and AHA was the basis for the industry MiWJ.Ax«
Jo ™?* °n .c°llecjed during the present study has been compared
to earlier information to update and revise the industry profile
and subcategorization scheme, as necessary.
-1'4*6 WATER USE. SOLIDS GENERATION. AND WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Both the data base established previously by EPA and the new data
were reviewed to update water use and waste characterization for
the industry. Literature was reviewed (see References) and
information obtained during the data collection efforts was
evaluated (including the sampling program and analytical data
obtained from state and municipal authorities).
1.4.7 POLLUTANT PARAMETERS
S^*"*1?10*1 data base Was uPdated to include information
obtained from previous industry studies in addition to the current
data. To identify the pollutants of concern, the data base was
5^1™L!:i^Je^CJit°011^lsf^d freguency of occurrence in the
1.4.8
ASSESSMENT OF CONTROL AND TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES
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Both previous and new waste treatment information on full-scale,
pilot-scale, and laboratory-scale in-plant controls and treatment
systems was evaluated. Literature on in-plant controls and
treatment systems was also collected and reviewed.
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2.1 SUMMARY
SECTION 2.0
INDUSTRY PROFILE
To be registered as a hospital, an institution must meet AHA
requirements. However, membership in AHA is not a prerequisite
for registration. According to the 1986 edition of the AHA
Hospital Statistics, 6,872 hospitals were registered in the u.s
i"19f5' Wlth a total of 1,317,630 beds and staffed by 3,625,000
full-time personnel. These statistics compare to the 1975 totals
of 7,156 hospitals, 1,466,000 beds, and 3,023,000 full-time
employees. Currently, 152 hospitals with 13,639 beds are non-
registered. Table 2-1 lists the 1985 distribution of registered
hospitals by bed size.
u the hosPitals can be classified as community hospitals,
which are defined as nonfederal, short-term, general and special
hospitals, excluding hospital units of institutions with facilities
and services available to the public. Non-community hospitals
include federal hospitals, long-term hospitals, hospital units of
institutions, psychiatric hospitals, hospitals for tuberculosis and
other respiratory diseases, chronic disease hospitals, institutions
for the mentally retarded, and alcohol and chemical -dependency
r33?1^3* T-here are 5'732 roistered community hospitals compared
to 1,140 registered non-community hospitals in the U.S.
The average size of community hospitals increased from 16O to 175
?ndSL bftween *975 and 1985. Community hospitals with less than
100 beds comprise 38 percent of the registered industry population.
Moderately sized (i.e., 100 to 399 beds) community hospitals make
up another 38 percent, and those with more than 400 beds make up
approximately eight percent of the registered industry population!
Table 2-2 compares the 1975 and 1985 distributions of community
hospitals. There are 895 community hospitals affiliated with
medical schools. Table 2-3 presents the distribution of these
hospitals by bed size. The average size of registered noncommunitv
hospitals decreased from 441 beds in 1975 to 289 beds in 1985 due
to the fact that there are 89 fewer noncommunity hospitals in 1985
than 1975, as well as the -decreased number of long-term care
diJ»°J and indirect dischargers also changed between
™™ n. n 1975f there Were over 7'000 hospitals, of which
approximately 92 percent sent their waste to POTWs. The remaining
hospitals treated their own waste. By 1985, the number of indirect
dischargers had increased to include approximately 97 percent of
the hospital industry.
TABLE 2-1
DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED HOSPITALS BY BED SIZE (1985)
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TABUB 2-1
DISTRIBUTION OF REGISTERED HOSPITAL BY BED SIZE (1985)
Claggj f* f?a tif on f Beds),
6-24
25-49
50-99
100-199
200-299
300-399
400-499
500 or more
No. of Hospitals
267
1,134
1,666
1,618
848
507
301
531
Beds
5,066
42,310
120,854
228,844
206,261
175,773
134,387
404.135
Source: AHA Hospital Statistics; 1986 Edition; Table 8
8
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TABLE 2-2
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITY HOSPITALS, 1975 TO 1985
Bed Size Category
~1d_Census Div
Number of
Total Community Hospitals
Bed Size Category
6-24
25-49
50-99
100-199
200-299
300-399
400-499
500 or more
Census Division
New England
Middle Atlantic
South Atlantic
North Central
South Central
Mountain
Pacific
299
1,155
1,481
1,363
678
378
230
291
265
663
791
1,727
1,319
356
754
5,732
248
596
826
1,669
1,325
375
693
Percent
hanc
- 2.4
208
982
1,399
1,407
739
439
239
319
-30.4
-15.0
- 5.5
3.2
9.0
16.1
3.9
9.6
- 6.4
-10.1
4.4
- 3.4
0.5
5.3
- 8.1
Source:
AHA Hospital Statistics; 1986 Edition; Table
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TABLE 2-3
WITH
itals
Source: AHA Hospital Statistics: 1986 Edition; Table 8
10
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2.2 STANDARD PROCESSES AND PRACTICES
The main function of a hospital is to provide health care to the
people of a community; its size will depend on the population that
it plans to serve. Some hospitals provide services other than
health care, including research, teaching, long-term health care,
and nursing home facilities. In addition, specialty hospitals deal
with specific types of illnesses, such as psychiatric disorders,
tuberculosis and respiratory diseases, alcohol or chemical
dependency, and obstetrics.
Regardless of the type of facility, activities are similar in all
hospitals. Most hospitals are open 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year, with most activities continuing around the clock. A hospital
must be able to provide the necessary support facilities for the
staff, as well as patients and their visitors, including surgical
suites, patient rooms, laboratories, cafeterias, laundries,
restrooms, heating and air conditioning units, and other support
systems. These services all require a reliable water supply.
According to the 1976 Development Document, hospitals use water at
a rate of 242 gallons per bed per day. (Based on the latest
information, this figure has not changed.) This water is
discharged to either the municipal sanitary system or the
hospital's own treatment system. Solid waste generated in
hospitals can either be treated on-site or transported off-site
for disposal in a secured landfill. The main method of on-site
treatment is incineration; the resulting ash is transported to a
secured landfill for final disposal.
11
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SECTION 3.0
3.0
WASTE CHARACTERIZATION
Wastes generated in hospitals can be classified as either general
(i.e., nonhazardous) or hazardous waste. Approximately 85 percent
of the total hospital wastestream can be classified as general,
with the remainder classified as hazardous waste (ASHE, 1985). The
types of hazardous waste generated include chemical, radioactive,
infectious, and physically hazardous, or a combination of these.
The primary sources of wastewater in hospitals include sanitary
wastewater and discharges from surgical rooms, laboratories,
laundries, X-ray departments, cafeterias, and glassware washing.
In 1976, EPA investigated the need for establishing subcategories
to determine if segments of the hospital industry existed in which
separate effluent limitations and standards might apply. EPA
considered and assessed the following factors: the size, age,
location, and type of hospital; the nature of wastes generated;
and the treatability of wastewater. EPA found that the wastewater
characteristics of the hospitals studied were very similar and
independent of these factors. EPA concluded in the 1976
Development Document that further subcategorization was not
required to establish effluent limitations guidelines and NSPS for
the hospital industry. Based on industry sampling, review of the
1976 document, and literature searches, no fundamental changes in
the industry have occurred since the 1976 document indicating the
need for further subcategorization.
3.1 CHEMICAL WASTE
Chemical wastes generated in hospitals consists of spent solvents,
acidic and caustic solutions, and solutions containing heavy
metals. Solid chemical wastes include organic and inorganic
compounds and heavy metals. The amount of chemical hazardous waste
generated by the hospital industry is summarized in Table 3-1
(ASHE, 1985).
Most of the solvents used by the hospitals category are used at
research and teaching hospitals. The solvents used most frequently
include alcohols, xylenes, formalin (i.e., formaldehyde in ethyl
alcohol), and toluene. Alcohols and xylenes are used in the
histology processing operations in both clinical and research
laboratories. Formalin is used as a preservative in pathology
departments. Toluene is used in liquid scintillation and can be
radioactive when used for this purpose. Other solvents that
contribute to the waste load include halogenated solvents used
primarily for degreasing or cleaning equipment, and acetone used
for cleaning glassware.
12
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Solutions containing heavy metals are used and produced in
hospitals. Spent solution produced in the X-ray developing process
contains silver. Certain medicines, disinfectants, mildew
inhibitors, and thermometers contain mercury. Arsenic is used in
laboratories in chemical reactions and can be used to kill cells.
Solid chemical wastes include both organic and inorganic compounds,
most of which are generated in laboratories. These compounds
include salts, precipitates from various chemical reactions,
metals, and solid chemicals with expired shelf-lives.
3.2 RADIOACTIVE WASTE
Nuclear medicine is practiced in nearly every hospital;
approximately 25 percent of the total low level radioactive waste
generated in the U.S. originates from clinical practice and
biomedical research (Olsen, 1985). Medical uses of radioisotopes
are common and varied (Table 3-2) (Brill, 1985).
The types of radioisotopes used will vary depending on whether a
hospital is affiliated with research or specialized in certain
treatments, or is relatively small and concerned with general
health care. The following radioisotopes used in hospitals have
low radioactive levels and most have short half-lives:
H3
,35
r131
Co1
63
Ga'
P33
87
Yb
169
Cr!
.51
Co0
Xe1
Ca*
Tl
201
Mo"
In
111
Tc!
.99
Low-level wastes can be solid, liquid, or gaseous radioactive
products from a variety of medical processes. These wastes include
paper, absorbed liquids, protective clothing, contaminated
plastics, tools, sealed sources (e.g., radium needles), biological
wastes, laboratory animal carcasses, scintillation vials and
liquids, needles and syringes, and other contaminated handling
materials.
3.3 INFECTIOUS WASTE
In most hospitals, 10 to 15 percent of the total waste stream is
generally classified as infectious. However, depending on the
definition used by hospital management, the contribution may be as
high as 30 to 40 percent (ASHE, 1980). Most infectious waste
consists of contaminated synthetic materials, such as disposable
plastic tubing and paper products. Opinion varies on what should
be designated as infectious waste; Table 3-3 summarizes various
waste types as designated by the EPA, CDC, and Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). The "Other" category includes
linens, paper and plastic products, and items that may have been
in contact with a patient considered to have an infectious disease.
14
-------
TABLE 3-2
USE OF RADIOISOTOPES IN PATIENT CARE
1983 AND 1984
Sources
Nuclear Medicine Imaqina
(B) y
Radioinununoassay
(C)
Isotopic Radiation Therapy
No. of
_Annual_Procedures
6,130,000 (A)
54,800,000 (C)
61,000 (S)
No. Percent
_of_Hospitals_
3,830 (60.3)
4,500 (70.9)
1,390 (21.9)
Si
"
15
-------
TABLE 3-3
DESIGNATION OF INFECTIOUS WASTE TYPES
EPAf3)
Microbiological
Blood and Blood Products
Communicable Disease Isolation
Pathological (including Autopsy)
Items containing Secretions/Excretions
Contaminated Laboratory Wastes
Sharps
Surgical ("Dirty" Cases)
Dialysis Unit
Other
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No*
No*
Yes
No*
No*
No*
* EPA regards these waste types as "optional " infectious wastes,
that is, the individual facility should decide whether the waste
in question is infectious.
(1) Garner, J.S. and Favero, M.S. Guideline for Handwashinq and
Hospital Environmental Control; Centers for Disease Control;
November 1985.
(2) Personal Communication, March 7, 1989, Nan Bangs (E.G. Jordan
Co.) Ode Keil (Joint Communication On Accredation of
Hospitals), referencing Joint Commission on Accredation of
Hospitals, "Managing Hazardous Materials" ; Plant, Technology,
and Safety Management Series; 1986.
(3) US EPA EPA Guide for infectious Waste Management; Office
of Solid Waste and Emergancy Response; USEPA 530-SW-86-014;
May 1986
16
-------
3.4
PHYSICAT.LY HAZARDOUS MATKRTAT.g
3.5
WASTEWATER
BOD5.
COD
TSS
TOC
50 to 400 mg/1
150 to 800 mg/1
60 to 200 mg/1
50 to 300 mg/1
17
-------
I ABLE 3-4
Hospital Effluents Compared With Nonindustrial PUIW intluents
Pollutant
Volatile Organics
Acetone
Benzene
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
Toluene
1,1-Dichloroethane
Semi volatile Organics
Benzoic Acid
o-Cresol
Phenol
alpha-Terpineol
4-Nitrophenol
Priority Pollutant Metals
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Common Ions
Calcium
Iron
Magnesium
Sodium
Elements
Aluminum
Barium
Boron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Titanium
Range of
Concentrations
Found in 14
Nonindustrial
POTW Influents*
0-
<
1
5
33 ppb
- <5
38
283
- 260 ppb
50
1 - 9 ppb
1 - 159
21 - 330
16 - 194
0.2 - 1.7
4-64
1-45
89 - 806
8-90 ppm
679 - 13,074
1-36
41 - 208
537 - 6540 ppb
53 - 395
136 - 561
28 - 301
<35 - 140
7 - 157
Range of
Concentrations
Found in 4
Sampled
Hospitals
<50 - L,721 ppb
<10 - 104
<10 - 30
<10 - 24
- 23
- 38
<10 - 789 ppb
<10 - 11
<110 - 405
<10 - 174
<50 - 83
<5 - <10 ppb
<3 - 140
<25 - 105
<50 - <200
<0.2 - 4.5
<12 - 42
2.7 - 140
25 - 227
7.9 - 204.0 ppm
84 - 3,080
0.9 - 9.2
11 - 240
90 - 1670 ppb
26 - 1680
35 - 207
2 - 184
<10 - 140
10 - <50
18
-------
TABLE 3-4 (Continued)
Hospital Effluents Compared With Nonindustrial POTH Influent
Pollutant
Conventional
BODS
TSS
O&G
Nonconventionals
COD
TOC
NH3/N
Range of
Concentrations
Found in 14
Nonindustrial
POTW Influents*
95 - 329 ppm
85 - 508
13 - 75
183 - 867 ppm
47 - 265
4-24
Range of
Concentrations
Found in 4
Sampled
Hospitals
23 - 340 ppm
170 - 3900
7.5 - 99.0
98 - 1000 ppm
24 - 190
2.2 - 8.1
The industrial contributions to the 14 POTWs ranged from one to ten percent
The median industrial contribution was six percent. percent,
19
-------
Chemicals may enter the wastewater directly as a result of disposal
in laboratory sinks, as well as a result of accidental spills in
laboratories or chemical storage areas. The radioisotopes that may
enter wastewater directly as a result of patient excretion after
treatment are not regulated. Some isotopes are sewered after
dilution or after they have decayed to a specified, allowable
level. The concentrations of radioisotopes from these sources are
very low and the radioisotopes generally have short half-lives.
Disposal of radioisotopes in this manner is regulated by the
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, in addition to certain state and
local authorities.
Waste considered infectious may also appear in hospital wastewater.
Table 3-3 summarizes various designations of infectious waste types
by the EPA, CDC, and JCAH. Some of the waste listed as infectious
will be disposed of in the hospital wastewater because of
recommendations by CDC or JCAH. Table 3-5 summarizes the
recommended disposal methods for the various infectious waste types
and sources.
Currently, no federal regulations govern the disposal of infectious
waste; however, certain local or state regulations do apply. The
EPA, CDC, and JCAH have each developed guidelines, summarized in
Table 3-5. Currently, hospital management decides which guidelines
or combination of guidelines to follow, unless they are regulated
by a local or state authority.
Specific pollutants may be present in hospital wastewater in levels
greater than expected from domestic wastewater (i.e., silver,
barium, sodium, and acetone). Figure 3-1 is a schematic of the
sampling point locations for all sampling episodes. Analytical
data summaries for each hospital sampled are presented in the
following sections, along with brief descriptions of the hospitals.
To maintain confidentiality, each facility is identified by a code
letter.
3.5.1
HOSPITAL A
This facility, located in New England, is a 325 bed hospital
serving the surrounding community. Water is supplied by an on-
site well and is softened before use. The various sources of
wastewater at this hospital include patient rooms, laboratories,
the X-ray department, the cafeteria, surgical suites, the cooling
water system, and sanitary wastewater. Laundry is processed off-
site by a private contractor. On-site waste treatment at this
facility consists of specific unit operations, depending on the
objective. These include grease traps in the cafeteria, acid
neutralization tanks in the laboratories, a plaster recovery tank
in the room designated for fitting casts, and a silver recovery
system in the X-ray department. Sewered wastewater is treated at
a municipal treatment plant. Three raw wastewater samples were
20
-------
TABLE 3-5
INFECTIOUS WASTE DISPOSAL METHOD RECOMMENDATIONS
WASTE TYPE OR SOURCE
CDC
JCAHm
Microbiological 1,8(1) 1,8
Blood and Blood Products I,S,W(1) L,W
Communicable Disease Isolation H(2) L,W
Pathological (including Autopsy) 1(1) c,I
Items containing Secretions/Excretions N(l) L,W
Contaminated Laboratory Wastes I,S,G(1) I,S
Sharps N(l) I,S
Surgical ("Dirty" Cases) N(l) l,s
Dialysis Unit N(l) I,S
Other N(l) N
D,I,S,T
D,I,M,S
I,S
A,C,I
IfS
A,I,S
I,S
I,S
I,S
A,I,S
Key: A
c
D
G
H
I
L
M
N
S
T
steam sterilization with incineration of grinding
cremation or burial by mortician
chemical disinfection
general hospital solid waste in puncture-resistant
packaging
according to hospital policy
incineration
sanitary landfill
discharge to a sanitary sewer for treatment in municipal
sewer systems (provided secondary treatment is available)
not considered infectious waste
steam sterilization
thermal inactivation
(1) Garner, J.S. and Favero, M.S. Guideline for Handwashina and
Hospital Environmental Control; Centers for Disease Control;
November 1985
(2) Garner J,S, and Simmons, B.P "CDC Guidelines for Isolation
Precautions in Hospitals", Infection Control; No. 5, pp.
245-325.
(3) Personal Communication, March 7, 1989, Nan Bangs (E.G.
Jordan Co.) and Ode Keil (Joint Commission on Accreditation
of Hospitals), referencing Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Hospitals, "Managing Hazardous Materials";
Plant. Technology, and Safety Management Series; 1986
(4) USEPA, EPA Guide For Infectious Waste Management; Office of
Solid Waste and Emergency Response; USEPA 530-SW-86-014;
May 1986.
21
-------
UJ
UJ
OS
UJ
A 5
22
-------
collected from a manhole in the sewer line located in a parking lot
behind the hospital. Results of sample analysis for pollutants
detected at least once are summarized in Table 3-6. As indicated
low concentrations of only a few organic pollutants were detected
in the raw wastewater samples. Concentrations of metals and
conventional pollutants were in the range typical of nonindustrial
wastewater. The hospital engineer indicated that the water
associated with this facility would have a high level of sodium
which was evident in the results. *wuxum,
3.5.2 HOSPITAL B
This facility, also located in New England, is a research and
teaching hospital with 232 beds. Water is supplied by the local
municipality. Wastewater sources at this hospital include patient
rooms, laboratories, the cafeteria, the X-ray department, cooling
water, surgical suites, and the sanitary sewer. Laundry is
processed off-site by a private contractor. The hospital
discharged approximately 300,000 gallons per day of wastewater
during each day of sampling.
On-site wastewater treatment controls used at this hospital include
grease traps in the kitchen, limestone neutralization tanks for
laboratory wastewater, and silver recovery for the large X-ray
facilities. Sewered wastewater is treated off-site at a municipal
treatment facility. Two raw wastewater samples were collected from
a manhole in the sewer line located in a grassy area along the main
?™™anC? ^ -t0 the hosP±tal- Tap water samples were9 SfteiSS
from a faucet in a storage building located near the manhole used
for sampling.
- 3~J summarizes the results of analysis for samples collected
at this facility. The only organic compounds detected were acetone
and chloroform, in detectable concentrations. Concentrations of
conventional pollutants and metals (except silver) were in the
range typical of nonindustrial wastewater. Silver was detected at
approximately twice the level expected in nonindustrial wastewater;
this is probably due to silver originating in the X-ray department.
3.5.3 HOSPITAL C
This hospital, located in the southeastern U.S., is a research and
™SStS i ?aClll«Y -W±th 456.beds- Water ^ supplied by the local
municipality. Ma] or contributors to the wastestream include the
i™ ratories' cafeteria, X-ray and photography departments, patient
rooms, laundry, surgical suites, and sanitary waste. Average flow
from the hospital and the research areas is unknown; however, it
is estimated that 80 percent originates in the hospital and 20
percent in the research buildings. In-house wastewater treatment
techniques used at this hospital include dilution or decay of
liquid low-level radioactive compounds (holding) prior to
discharge, in accordance with state and federal guidelines. No
other types of treatment are used prior to discharge to the
23
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municipal sewer system. Two raw samples were collected from a
manhole in the sewer line into which wastewater from the hospital
and research areas flows before discharge to the city sewer.
Results of analysis for samples collected at this facility are
presented in Table 3-8. Review of the data shows that relatively
low concentrations of eight organic compounds were detected in the
raw wastewater. Silver and barium were detected at levels greater
than typical nonindustrial wastewater. This is probably due to
discharge from the X-ray and photography laboratories.
Conventional pollutants were detected in the range typical of
nonindustrial wastewater.
3.5.4
HOSPITAL D
This eastern U.S. research and teaching hospital has 452 beds.
Water is supplied by the local municipality. sources of the
wastewater stream include the laboratories, laundry, cafeteria
X-ray and photography departments, patient rooms, surgical suites'
and sanitary sewer. The average flow of wastewater- from the
research and hospital areas is unknown.
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include solvent recovery of xylene and ethanol, as well as grease
traps located in the cafeteria. With solvent recovery, xylene and
ethanol are distilled; the pure product is reused, while the impure
product is sent to the hospital's hazardous waste department for
appropriate disposal.
Raw wastewater samples were collected from a manhole located next
• m 5,hosPltal main entrance; the analysis results are summarized
in Table 3-9. Review of the data show concentrations of only three
organic compounds. Metals detected were in the range typical of
nonindustrial wastewater except for silver, which was found at
greater levels, probably due to discharge from the X-ray and
photography departments.
29
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3.6 POLLUTANTS
3.6.1 INTRODUCTTON
The traditional, priority, and hazardous non-priority pollutants
characterized in Section 3.0 are discussed in this section relativl
to their occurrence in the hospital industry's wastewater.
3-6.2 TRADITIONAL POLLUTANTS
requires the Administrator to establish effluent
» H ' 9uldelin?s' and standards for traditional pollutants.
Among these conventional parameters (i.e., BODS, TSS fecal
-'
- es
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"tS ** representative of specTXf S3
across the industry; data collected
Campling program do not change this conclusion
These pollutant parameters were identified in 100 percent of the
-I
3-6.3 PRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The priority pollutants detected in hospital wastewater as a result
of the ITD/RCRA SMBHnr, and Analysis Program are listed 1
3.6.4 HAZARDOUS NONPRIORITY POLLUTANTS
The hazardous nonpriority pollutants detected in hospital
Pro^rf^ af,-=t.Jef^ °f the ITD/RCRA Sampling and *OSpltal
•Hio TTTI T •! *.+• -.« •» 10- *"" — — —«.*»»»*.!=. ta.i.t= J.J.OUGU Oil
tne ITD List of Analytes; however, they are not crioritv
pollutants. Analytical results for the detected hazardous
nonpriority pollutants are discussed in Section 3*6.1. hazardous
3.6.5 INDUSTRY MASS
ni-3"*-12 presents raw data from the indirect dischargers by
pollutant group as identified in tables 3-10 and 3-n. "argers Dy
W6re calculated for each pollutant. The first
35
-------
Table 3-10
PRIORITY POLLUTANTS DETECTED
Volatile Oraanics
Benzene
Bromodichloromethane
Chloroform
Toluene
1 , i-Dichloromethane
Metals
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Silver
Zinc
Semivolatile Oraanics
Phenol
4-Nitrophenol
Miscellaneous
Cyanide
Acetone
Pesticides and Herbicides
Dichloran
Etridazone
Table 3-11
HAZARDOUS NONPRIORITY POLLUTANTS DETECTED
Hie Oraanics Semivolatile Orqanics
Alpha-Terpineol
Benzoic acid
o-Cresol
Elements
Aluminum
Barium
Boron
Manganese
Molybdenum
Titanium
36
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C) was an average of the detected pollutant concentration excluding
the ND values (or the detection limit).
Three estimated mass loading values were also calculated for each
pollutant group. In each method, the pollutant concentration
averages were summed by compound group. The pollutant
concentration sums were multiplied by the number of operating days
per year (365), the gallons of wastewater generated per bed (242),
and the total number of beds in the indirect discharging hospital
industry (1,290,521), as well as a conversion factor to pounds
discharged per year. The second and third values for mass loading
were calculated in the same manner, except for using Method B and
Method C averages, respectively.
For each pollutant, the percent detected above detection limit is
presented instead of a percent occurrence. This approach
eliminated counting an ND value as an occurrence.
Table 3-13 summarizes the hospital industry mass loadings by
compound group, based on data from the four indirect discharging
hospitals sampled during this study.
3.6.6 DISCUSSION
EPA's hospitals sampling effort included one community and three
research and teaching hospitals having an average of 330 beds. As
discussed in Section 2, there 215 direct and 6,662 indirect
discharging hospitals in the United States. The Agency sampling
effort was not an attempt to characterize hospital wastewater
discharges in the United States. Such an effort would have
required that the Agency sample a much larger number of hospitals
of varying types an sizes. The purposes of EPA's efforts were to
confirm what is known about hospital operations and their
propensity for generating toxic and hazardous pollutants and to
determine if additional study is warranted. EPA's rationale was
essentially that if either expected pollutants were found at higher
than expected levels or at treatable levels or that unexpected
pollutants were found at a detectable levels, the Agency would
conduct additional sampling and study efforts which might include
sending a survey questionnaire to a sampling of U.S. hospitals.
In summary, the sampling results confirm what is known about
wastewater generating operations within hospitals. Essentially no
unexpected pollutants were found despite the fact that the Agency
analyzed samples for over 400 toxic and hazardous (ITD listed)
pollutants. The pollutants detected were found at low levels well
below the wastewater treatability levels established for these
pollutants. Consequently, the Agency does not believe that further
study of the hospitals category is warranted. A complete
discussion of all of the pollutant observations from the four
hospital study is presented below.
40
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The pollutants and associated levels detected in the wastewater of
the four indirect discharging hospitals are for the most part
typical of nonindustrial wastewater. However, some pollutants were
detected at levels above those expected for nonindustrxal
wastewater. These pollutants were silver, barium, mercury,
phenols, and acetone. In addition, some toxic volatile organics
(solvents) were detected in a few samples. Finally,
alpha-terpineol and benzoic acid were detected in a few samples.
The sources of silver and barium in hospital wastewater are the
x-ray and other diagnostic operations conducted at all hospitals
while the detectable concentrations of mercury probably result from
the disposing of chemical solutions containing mercury. Phenols
are used as disinfecting agents in operating room and other area
cleanup operations. Acetone is commonly used in hospital
laboratories to clean glassware. Various solvents such as
chloroform, benzene or 1,2-dichloroethane may be used in various
research and other laboratories in the course of routine bench
level analytical procedures. Alpha-terpineol has been detected in
the wastewater of other categories but the source of this
pollutants has not yet been established. The sampling results
for each of above pollutants or groups of pollutants is discussed
in following paragraphs.
Silver
The average concentration of silver discharged from the one
hospital which had an in-house silver recovery system was 7.8 ug/1
(three data points) while the average concentration of silver
discharged from the three hospitals which did not have in- house
silver recovery systems was 69.4 ug/1 (five data points). The
former concentration is below the average silver concentration
found in the influents of POTWs receiving a less than ten percent
contribution of industrial wastewater (10 ug/1). The latter
effluent concentration is well below the
precipitation/clarification treatability level (about 1000 ug/1)
for silver. An average indirect hospital with 192 beds would be
expected to discharge 0.01 Ibs per day of silver to its POTW
assuming it did not have a silver recovery system in-place, and
0.09 Ibs per day of silver if it did. The total discharge of
silver from all indirect hospitals is estimated to be 600 Ibs per
day assuming no silver recovery systems are in-place and 67 Ibs per
day assuming all indirect hospitals have silver recovery systems
in-place.
EPA projects that the average direct discharger hospital with
activated sludge or aerated lagoon type of biological treatment
in-place would remove up to 96 percent of the silver generated by
its x-ray and photographic development operations (see the EPA
treatability manual. Vol.Ill section 3.2.1) Although many
hospitals have trickling filters rather than activated sludge or
aerated lagoon systems, and data on silver removal by trickling
filters is not available, EPA expects that silver removal by
trickling filters would be similar to that exhibited by activated
42
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and aerated lagoon systems since the primary removal mechanism,
adsorption onto biomass, should also be operative for trickling
filters as well.
In summary/ neither the amount of silver discharged by individual
hospitals (direct or indirect) with or without silver recovery nor
the total amount of silver expected to be discharged by direct and
indirect hospitals is significant. Therefore, the Agency is not
considering technology based national regulations for silver.
Phenols Phenol was detected twice in the raw waste of one hospital
at an average concentration of 216 ug/1. In addition,
4-nitrophenol was found once in the raw waste of another hospital
at a concentration of 83 ug/1, and o-cresol was detected once in
the raw waste of one hospital at a concentration of 11 ug/1. All
three pollutants appear to be readily biodegradable (see EPA
Treatability Manual, Vol. Ill sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 ) and, as
a result, similar concentrations in the influent of hospitals with
biological treatment should be reduced to nondetect levels and
would result in de minimus discharges of these pollutants to the
nation's surface waters from direct discharging hospitals. Neither
the concentration levels nor the frequency of occurrence of phenol
and 4-nitrophenol suggest that their discharge by the hospitals
category would cause pass-through or interference problems at the
nation's POTWs. Consequently, the Agency does not believe that
controls on the discharge of these pollutants are warranted.
Barium
Barium was detected in all eight raw waste samples taken at all
four sampled hospitals at an average concentration of 321 ug/1.
The average concentration of barium detected in the influents of
nonindustrial POTWs (see Table 3-13) was 138 ug/1. While the Agency
expects barium to be found in the wastewater of the vast majority
of hospital dischargers, direct and indirect, the concentration
levels are not expected to be significant. Only one sample showed
barium at a concentration higher than 1 ppm (1620 ug/1)).
Generally, barium concentrations in the wastewater of a given
hospital will vary depending on the number of diagnostic procedures
being conducted.
The Agency expects that the barium concentration in the raw
wastewater of direct discharger hospitals will be reduced greatly
as the result of adsorption onto the biomass in the biological
systems in-place. Similarly, the barium that hospitals discharge
to POTWs will accumulate in POTW sludges. Assuming all of the
barium discharged by the average direct hospital accumulates in
the average POTWs sludge, then the average hospital will contribute
0.12 Ib/day of barium to its POTW's sludge. This amount should not
cause sludge disposal problems.
43
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Acetone
Acetone, a hazardous nonpriority pollutant was detected in the raw
waste of three hospitals in five o*. six samples at an average
concentration of 1,001 ug/1. Acetone is a water soluble, extremely
volatile, but biodegradable pollutant and, as a result, should be
both volatilized and biodegraded to a considerable extent in the
biological systems of direct dischargers such that discharges of
acetone to the nation's surface waters from hospital should be de
minimus and not of concern. While the projected daily discharge
of acetone from the nation's 6,667 hospitals is projected to be
about 2573 Ibs/day based on an average discharge concentration of
1 ppm, this acetone loading is not significant because the total
discharge would be spread out evenly among the nation's POTWs such
that the average daily loading of acetone is about 0.5 Ibs per
POTW. The Agency does expect small amounts of air emissions of
acetone at POTWs without secondary treatment which receive hospital
wastes, however. Nonetheless, the Agency does not believe that the
projected loadings of acetone from hospitals will cause either pass
through or interference problems at the nations' POTWs.
Mercury was detected in four of eight samples in the raw
wastewater of three hospitals at an average concentration of 1.5
ug/1 or only slightly above influent. The average concentration
of mercury observed at nonindustrial POTWs which is 0.6 ug/1. This
average level is significantly below any categorical average and
well below any reasonable wastewater treatability level (See EPA
Treatability Manual, Vol.Ill sections 3.1.1 through 3.1.5 ). As
a result, mercury discharges from hospitals are not of concern.
Other Pollutants Detected
In addition to the above pollutants, various other organic
pollutants were detected at least once albeit at low concentrations
in the raw wastewater of hospitals. Chloroform was detected in
three samples at two hospitals at an average concentration of 18
ug/1. Benzene was found in two samples collected at one hospital
at an average concentration of 98 ug/1. Toluene and
bromodichloromethane were found in one sample at one hospital at
concentrations of 23 and 38 ug/1, respectively. In addition to
these observations, certain other low level concentrations of
alpha-terpineol and benzoic acid were found in samples of hospital
wastewater. However, the analytical veracity of these observations
is suspect.
44
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SECTION 4.0
TREATMENT AMQ DISPQSAT.
4.1 CHEMICAT.
route for
4-2 RADIOACTIVE
4'2'1
SEPARATTQN AND
45
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I HAZARDOUS WASTES GENERATED
—
i
INVENTORY
DISPOSAL
UNCLAIMED
EXCHANGE
USABLE
RESIDUE
NON-HAZARDOUS WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTE
i
TREATMENT:
NEUTRALIZATION
PRECIPITATION
EVAPORATION
DISTILLATION
DISPOSAL OFF-SITE
BY
LICENSED CONTRACTOR
• ERA-APPROVED LANDFILL
• EPA-APPROVEO
INCINERATOR
DISPOSAL ON-SITE
SANITARY SEWER
FUEL SUPPLEMENT
SOLID WASTE LANDFILL
INCINERATOR
46
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TABLE 4-1
RADIOISOTOPIC HALF-LIVES
RADIOISOTOPE
H3
C14
P32
S35
Ca45
Cr51
Co57
Co60
Ga67
Mo"
Tc"m
In111
•j-123
I125
•j-131
Xe133
Yb188
Tl201
* Source: Robert C. Weast, Editor.
and Phvsics; 6 3RD Edition; CRC Press,
HALF-LIFE fDAYS)*
4.5 X 103
2 X 106
1.43 X 101
8.71 x 101
1.65 X 102
2.78 X 101
2.7 X 102
1.9 X 103
3.25 X 10°
2.78 X 10°
2.5 X 10°
2.81 x 10°
5.54 X 10'1
6 X 101
8 X 10°
5.27 X 10°
3.2 X 101
3.04 X 10°
CRC Handbook of Chemistry
Inc.; Boca Raton. Florida:
pp. B-256-339; 1982.Table 4-1
47
-------
Restricting the quantity of radioactive materials and handling of
these fluids are important standard operating procedures (ASHE,
1985). The most widely practiced waste management technique for
radioactive solids is storing for decay and then packaging for
disposal for disposal at a designated land-burial site in a remote
location with controlled access (Hendee, 1986).
To ensure the safety and integrity of the on-site decay area and
storage process, it is essential that radioactive substances be
monitored and controlled at all times. These monitoring procedures
should be recorded and should reflect the results of periodic
surveys of the hospital storage area.
4.2.2 DILUTION AND DISPERSION
Dilution and dispersion techniques are appropriate for most liquids
and gaseous radioactive hospital wastes. Allowable discharge
concentrations to the sanitary sewer and air are given in the
maximum permissible concentration (MFC) tables of Chapter 10 of the
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 20 (see Appendix B). The
regulations allow for an average of the discharge concentrations
over a specific time period; many institutions have chosen to
discharge at the MPC to avoid any questions about the concentration
at any point beyond the institution's control. In essentially all
regions, measurements must be taken at exit points to verify these
calculations (St. Germain, 1986).
Some institutions choose not to discharge radioactive materials
into the sanitary sewer, except for patient excreta, which is
currently exempt from regulation as radioactive waste. However,
some institutions store the urine from patients who had been given
large amounts of Iodine-131 before discharging it to the sanitary
sewer (St. Germain, 1986).
The objective of these waste disposal techniques is to reduce
concentrations of radioactive materials to background levels before
they enter the sanitary sewer system or are discharged into the
atmosphere (ASHE, 1985).
4.3 INFECTIOUS WASTE
The disposal of infectious waste currently is not federally
regulated. Recommended disposal methods have been developed by
the EPA, CDC, and JCAH (see Table 3-5) (ASHE, 1985) . The most
common method of treatment and disposal is steam sterilization,
followed by incineration and landfill disposal and sewering for
certain liquids.
4.3.1 STEAM STERILIZATION
Steam sterilization is used to treat infectious waste and render
it noninfectious by killing any pathogens present in the waste
material. Before being placed in the steam sterilizer, waste is
48
-------
Trill -»--iY««fr 4. w«t neaa (e.g., 15 minutes at 121 C r25O°Fi^
procedure, the waste is sent to a saniJarTlfndmi rordlsposal?
49
-------
TABLE 4-2
STEAM STERILIZATION
Tempe
48
245
250
257
270
280
116
118
121
125
132
138
Minutes
30
18
12
8
2
0.8
John Hopkins university,
Baltimore, Maryland; 1981
.
Hygiene and Publxc Health,
50
-------
4•3•2 Incineration
With incineration, the waste is combusted, producing oases and
tKouSh 5T aSh'. T^ Pr°duct gases are vented to t^e3 atmosphere
through the incinerator stack, while the residue from incineration
aLant™ 10?S- **?** I* di^osed of ^ a sanitary landfill Th2
advantage of incineration is that it greatly reduces the mass and
volume of the waste (often by more than 95 percent) thich in tu?n
substantially reduces transport and disposal costs '
F' f ither be located on-site at the hospital where
the infectious waste is generated or at some off-sitf location
Any incinerator can be used to treat infectious waste if
pathogens and
Traditionally, pathological incinerators have been used to
wastr^ML?^09^"-1 Wa£*e'.as wel1 - other types of" infectious
rela?iv.!v «=™ athological incinerators are multi- chambered with
relatively small capacities; they provide high c
temperatures and can be operated intermittently. Because
design and operating characteristics, pathological
ate "
*
.i mode of operation is suitable for
^ °ther tyF6S °f infectious waste because a single
seldom generates quantities large enouah for- »
continuous-feed incinerator. \ost large hosp ita^^ an d medica?
centers have pathological incinerators on the premises ; tKycai
?fc?litfes Und ^ Small6r ^^^als, as well Pas large reseat
A rotary kiln is much larger than a pathological incinerator and
is therefore usually found in an industrial setting A rotarv'kiJn
provides a controlled environment which, coupled with ^rot^tio^
SS1^^" comPlete combustion of the 'waste. The T rotar? k?ln Is
the traditional type of incinerator used to treat many Smes of
hazardous waste. Rotary kilns are also being used in
. problems may be assoiae
°f nteCti°US Waste' ^r example, infectious
Because a large
51
-------
amount of infectious
waste consists of plastics and mo 1st
ends decrease. If this occurs, the inf ectious ^erxal wxll
SS SrSe JK.1 &SS to
esla^isS standard operating procedures and monitor performance on
a regular basis to ensure proper incineration.
4.3.3 Liquid Disposal in Sewer
a^well as excretion from infected patients or animals.
4.4 PHVSICALLV HAZARDOUS WASTE
ail needles and syringes SIKJUJ.U *^«= j. «-*««..•.•>-»-
disposal by incineration or in a landfill; this can be achieved by
grinding or compacting after treatment.
damage to incinerators and personnel.
4.5 WASTEWATER
4 5.1 Pretreatment Technologies
disposal of hazardous substances according to RCRA.
4.5.1.1 silver Recovery
52
-------
Silver recovery is used by x-ray departments to recover silver from
the spent fixer solution produced when developing x-ray film. Only
about one-third of the silver remains on the film to form an image;
the balance is washed into the fixer solution (ASHE, 1980).
Although the primary reason for silver recovery is an economic one,
local water quality regulations may require hospitals to reduce
concentrations of silver in their wastewater. Metallic replacement
and electrolytic plating are the most common methods used to
recover silver.
Silver recovery by metallic replacement involves a chemical process
to obtain silver from the spent fixer solution. The spent fixer
solution is brought into contact with a more chemically active
metal, such as iron. The reaction results in the more active metal
going into solution and the silver precipitating out for recovery
(ASHE, 1980). Cartridges containing the more active metal are
installed in or near the x-ray department. The spent fixer
solution flows through the inlet of the cartridge, and comes in
contact with the metal. The fixer solution then flows'out of the
cartridge to a drain. The silver precipitate is collected and
sold. This method can recover 95 percent or more of the available
silver. Efficiency decreases significantly when the cartridge is
near exhaustion or used infrequently. A summary of the advantages
and disadvantages of this methodology compared to other silver
recovery systems follows (ASHE, 1980).
Advantages
o Low initial cost
o Ease of installation and disconnection
o No energy requirement
o Low maintenance
o High theoretical recovery efficiency
o Usable with wash water
Disadvantages
o
o
o
o
Units must be replaced every 90 days; therefore, lifetime
costs are high.
Careful monitoring is required to avoid exhaustion, plugging,
or channeling.
Shipping and refining costs are high.
The possible dollar return may be low because of the high
costs.
o Spent fixer solution cannot be reused.
Silver recovery by electrolytic plating uses an electrical charge
to obtain the silver. A controlled direct electrical current is
passed between two electrodes, charging one positively (anode) and
one negatively (cathode). Because the silver ions in the spent
fixer solution carry a positive charge, they are attracted to the
stainless steel cathode and build up into a layer. Silver is
plated on the cathode at a rate determined by the recovery current
53
-------
(8 amps = 1 troy ounce in 1 hour) (ASHE, 1980).
A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of this methodology
compared to other silver recovery systems follows (ASHE, 1980).
Advantages
o High purity of silver
o Low shipping and refining costs
o Extended life of equipment
o Reusable fixer solution in recirculating systems
o Constant efficiency of operating properly
Disadvantages
o Higher capital expenditure*
o Increased maintenance and downtime because of complexity*
o Lower theoretical efficiency*
o More complex installation*
o Electrical energy required
* As compared to metallic replacement only
4.5.1.2 Solvent Recycling and Reclamation
Hospitals use many different types of solvents throughout the
facility. Any solvent remaining after use (i.e., spent solvent)
is considered a hazardous waste. Because of federal regulations,
these solvents must be tracked from "cradle to grave" to ensure
proper disposal of hazardous waste materials. To accomplish this,
many hospitals have established collection programs to contain
these hazardous wastes for documentation and disposal.
Some hospitals use large quantities of specific solvents (e.g.,
alcohols, xylenes) that can be reclaimed after use. Reclamation
or recycling of spent solvents, often by an outside contractor,
reduces the amount of hazardous waste produced and the solvent to
be purchased.
Reclamation.can also be performed "in-house" if enough solvent is
recycled to render the purchase of equipment economically feasible.
In-house reclamation 'is accomplished by distillation of the spent
solvent. Most hospitals use this technology to reclaim xylene and
ethanol.
Xylene and ethanol are used primarily in the histology laboratories
to prepare tissues and slides. During this preparation, the
solvent becomes contaminated with various dyes. The spent xylene
or ethanol can be distilled, which provides a relatively pure
(i.e., 90 to 95 percent) solvent that can be reused. The remaining
amount of contaminated solvent must be contained and disposed of
as a hazardous waste.
54
-------
Most hospitals have a plan designed to meet RCRA regulations to
collect and package hazardous wastes before transport to a disposal
site. These plans require documentation of the type and amount of
hazardous waste produced and a system for tracking these wastes to
the final disposal site. The hospitals are responsible for the
proper packaging, transporting, and disposing of their hazardous
waste. Most hospitals hire a contractor to transport and dispose
of the waste, who documents the disposal locations for the
hospital's records.
4.5.2 Biological Treatment
Most hospitals are located in areas of high population density and
97 percent discharge to municipal treatment systems. However,
approximately 215 hospitals treat their own wastewater and are
direct dischargers. The most common biological wastewater
treatment system for these hospitals is the trickling filter; other
systems include activated sludge and aerated lagoons.
4.5.2.1 Trickling Filters
A trickling filter is a biological waste treatment process in which
a fixed microbial population is used to biodegrade the organic
components of wastewater. The physical unit consists of a suitable
structure packed with an inert medium (usually rock, wood, or
plastic) on which a biological mass is grown. The wastewater is
distributed over the upper surface of the medium; as it flows
through the medium covered with biological slime, both dissolved
and suspended organic matter are removed by adsorption. The
adsorbed matter is oxidized by the organisms in the slime during
their metabolic processes. Air flows through the filter by
convection, thereby providing the oxygen needed to maintain aerobic
conditions.
As the microorganisms grow, the thickness of the slime layer
increases. Periodically, the slime breaks off the medium and is
replaced with new growth. This phenomenon of losing the slime
layer, called sloughing, is primarily a function of the organic
and hydraulic loadings on the filter. The effluent from the filter
is usually passed to a clarifier to settle and remove the
agglomerated solids.
Wastewater is applied to the filter by either a fixed-spray nozzle
system or a rotating distribution system. Fixed-spray nozzles are
used less frequently than rotary distributors because the latter
have greater reliability and ease of maintenance. The rotary units
consist of two or more distributor arms mounted on a pivot in the
center of the filter. As a result of the dynamic action of the
incoming wastestream, the arms rotate and the nozzles distribute
the wastewater. Most filter processes incorporate recirculation
of the treated effluent to provide uniform hydraulic loading and
dilute high-strength wastewater.
55
-------
The main advantages of trickling filters are simplicity, low power
and operating costs, and ease of operation and maintenance. In
addition, because of its inherent stability, a trickling filter is
not easily upset by shock loads or sudden variations in influent
volume.
Limitations include vulnerability to climatic changes and low
temperatures. Recirculation may be restricted during cold weather
as a result of cooling effects; flies and odors are common
problems; and wastewater containing high concentrations of soluble
organics is less effectively treated. Also, trickling filters have
limited flexibility and control compared to other processes.
4.5.2.2
Activated Sludge
The activated sludge process is a biological treatment used
primarily to remove organic material from wastewater. This process
is characterized by the suspension of aerobic and facilitative
microorganisms, maintained in a relatively homogeneous state by
either mixing or the turbulence induced by aeration. These
microorganisms oxidize soluble organics and agglomerate colloidal
and particulate solids in the presence of dissolved molecular
oxygen. If needed, the process can be preceded by sedimentation
to remove larger and heavier solid particles. The mixture of
microorganisms, agglomerated particles, and wastewater (referred
to as mixed liquor) is aerated in an aeration basin. The aeration
step is followed by sedimentation to separate biological sludge
from treated wastewater. The major portion of the microorganisms
and solids removed by sedimentation is recycled to the aeration
basin to be recombined with incoming wastewater. The excess, which
constitutes the waste sludge, is sent to sludge disposal
facilities.
The activated sludge biomass consists of bacteria, fungi, protozoa,
rotifers, and other higher forms of life. The bacteria comprise
the most important group of microorganisms because they are
responsible for stabilization of the organic matter and formation
of the biological floe. The function of the biomass is to convert
soluble organic compounds to cellular material. This conversion
consists of transfer of organic matter (also referred to as
substrate or food) through the cell wall into the cytoplasm,
oxidation of substrate to produce energy, and synthesis of protein
and other cellular components form the substrate. Some of the
cellular material undergoes auto-oxidation (i.e., self-oxidation
or endogenous respiration) in the aeration basin; the remainder
forms new growth or excess sludge. In addition to the direct
removal of dissolved organics by biosorption, the biomass can also
remove suspended and colloidal matter. The suspended matter is
removed by enmeshment in the biological floe. The colloidal
material is removed by physiochemical adsorption on the biological
floe. Volatile compounds may be driven off, to a certain extent,
in the aeration process. Metals are also partially removed, and
accumulate in the sludge.
56
-------
food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio- that is 9 1-t ^fcribed as the
sohe
4-5'2.3 Aerated Lagoons
57
-------
sufficient land is available at reasonable cost.
^-^j: «+. 4-ir^oc of laaoons can be group*
The many different types of
classes, based on the nature of
Aerobic Alaae Laaoons
algal photosynthesis are the J^f^^^^eatinl soluble
Anaerobic I^aaoons
IPI
vanultative !Laaoons
of soluble organic by-
the
proaucing carbon dioxide
and methane.
58
-------
Aerated Lagoons
Aerated lagoons are medium depth basins (i.e., 8 to 15 feet) in
which oxygenation is accomplished by mechanical or diffused
aeration units and from induces surface aeration. Surface aerators
may be either high-speed, small -diameter, or low-speed
large-diameter impeller devices, either fixed-mounted on piers or
float-mounted on pontoons. Diffused aerators may be plastic pipe
with regularly spaced holes, static mixers, helical diff users or
other types. Aerated lagoons can be either aerobic or facultative
Aerobic ponds are designed to maintain complete mixing. Thus, all
solids are in suspension; separate sludge settling and disposal
facilities are required to separate the solids from the treated
The major advantages of treatment lagoons are that they (1) can
w??£ x? ~Mlderable variations in organic and hydraulic loading
with little adverse effect on effluent quality; (2) require minimum
control and thus can be operated by relatively unskilled operators;
J7' . *?Ye low operation and maintenance costs. The major
limitations are (1) the large land area required; (2) localized
that "?y. °C?Ur When Conditions become anaerobic (more
iGing occurs>'- (3) excessive accumulation
Cells in the effluent, which creates a
suspended solids load in the receiving water;
and
59
-------
AHA
ASHE
BAT
BOD
BPT
CDC
CFR
COD
CWA
DO
DSE
DSS
EPA
HSWA
ITD
JCAH
MLSS
MFC
ND
NIH
NRDC
NSPS
POTW
psig
RCRA
SRT
TOC
TSS
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS
American Hospital Association
American Society for Hospital Engineering
Best Available Technology
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Best Practicable Technology
Centers for Disease Control
Code of Federal Regulations
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Clean Water Act
Dissolved Oxygen
Domestic Sewage Exclusion
Domestic Sewage Study
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments
Industrial Technology Division
Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals
Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids
Maximum Permissible Concentration
Not Detected
National Institutes for Health
Natural Resources Defense Council
New Source Performance Standards
Publicly Owned Treatment Works
pounds per square inch gauge
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Sludge Retention Time
Total Organic Carbon
Total Suspended Solids
60
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REFERENCES
American Society for Hospital Engineering. "Revised Hospital Waste
Management", Technical Document Series Number 055864; John
May' ^ Management Consultant; ABAX, Inc.; Bayside,
f°r HosPital Engineering. "Silver Recovery for
study conducted by Michael O. Brinkman, President;
Hospital Maintenance Consultants; Catalog No. 1300; 1980.
Barbeito, M.S. and G.G. Gremillion. "Microbiological Safety
Evaluation of an Industrial Refuse Incinerator"; Applied
Microbiology; 16(2) :291-295; February 1968. Applied
R" M>D* e^' a1'' "DisP°sal of Low-level Radioactive
Nvembr l0 AmeriCan Medical Association; 254(17) ;2449-51;
K-i o °n Autoclave Bags"; American Society for
Microbiology (ASM) News; 44(6);283; June 1978.
Everall P.H. and C.A. Morris. "Failure to Sterilize in Plastic
Bags"; Journal of Clinical Pathology; 29 (12) ;1132; December 1976.
Hendee, William R. "Disposal of Low-level Radioactive Wastes";
igse113" ^ NU°lear Medicine' Volume XVI, No. 3; pp. 184-186; July
Karle, D.A. "Sterilization of Laboratory Biological Wastes" •
Litsley, B.Y. "Microbiology of Sterilization"; Official Journal
Olsen, John, M.D. "Nuclear Medicine: How Medicine is Handling its
Own Hazardous Wastes"; Ohio State Medical Journal; 81(3) : 175- 182;
March 1985.
Perkins, J.J. Principles and Methods of sterilization in Health
ion,. Chanes c. Ihonas, Inc.; Springfield,
Rubbo, S.D. and J.F. Gardner. A Review of Sterilization and
Disinfection; Lloyd-Luke Ltd. (medical books); London; 1965. -
« .' and F'A- Sarubbi* ^. "Decontamination
of Laboratory Microbiological Wastes by Sterilization" /Applied and
Environmental Microbiology; 43 (6) :1311-1316; June 1982.
61
-------
St. Germain, Jean. "Institutional Storage and Disposal of
Radioactive Materials"; Seminars in Nuclear Medicine; Volume XVI,
No 3- PP. 187-190; July 1986. United States Pharmaceutical
Convention, Inc. "Sterilization" in the United States Pharmacopeia;
19th Revision; Rockville, Maryland; pp. 709-714; 1975.
62
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APPENDIX A
ITD LIST OF ANALYTES
63
-------
TABLE A-l
LIST OF ANALYTES MONITORED
Volatile Organic Compounds
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,l-Dichloroethene
1,2,3-Trichloropropane
1,2-Dibromoethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropane
1,3-Dichloropropylene
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol
1,4-Dioxane
l-Bromo-2-chlorobenzene
l-Bromo-3-chlorobenzene
2-Butenal
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
2-Hexanone
2-Picoline
3-Chloropropene
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl alcohol
Benzene
Br onto form
Bromodichloromethane
Bromomethane
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chioroben z ene
Chloroethane
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chloroprene
Cis-1,3-dichloropropene
Dibromochloromethane
Dibromo chloropropane
Dibromomethane
Dichlorofluoromethane
Diethyl ether
Dimethyl sulfone
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl cyanide
Volatile Organic Compounds
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl iodide
Methyl methacrylate
Methylene chloride
N,N-dimethy1formamide
Tetrachloroethene
Toluene
Trans-1,2-dichloroethene
Trans-1,3-dichloropropene
Trans-1,4-dichloro-2-butene
Trichloroethene
Trichlorofluoromethane
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl chloride
Semivolatile Organic Compounds
1,2,3-Trichlorobenz ene
1,2,3-Trimethoxybenzene
1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,2-Diphenylhydrazine
1,3,5-Trithiane
1,3-Dichlorobenzene
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
1,4-Dinitrobenzene
1,4-Naphthoquinone
1-5-Naphthalenediamine
l-Chloro-3-nitrobenzene
1-Methylfluorene
1-Methylphenanthrene
1-Methylphenanthrene
1-Naphthylamine
1-Phenylnaphthalene
2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol
2,3,6-Trichlorophenol
2,3-Benzofluorene
2,3-Dichloroaniline
2,3-Dichloronitrobenzene
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trimethylaniline
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
2,4-Diaminotoluene
2,4-Dichlorophenol
64
-------
Table A-l (continued
Ethyl methacrylate
Isobutyl alcohol
Methacrylonitrile
2,4-Dinitrophenol
2,4-Dinitrotoluene
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone
Semivolatile Organic Compounds
2-Chloronaphthalene
2-Chlorophenol
2-Isopropylnaphthalene
2-Methylbenzothioazole
2-Methylnaphthalene
2-Naphthylamine
2-Nitroaniline
2-Nitrophenol
2-Phenylnaphthalene
2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine
3,6-Dimethylphenanthrene
3-Methylcholanthrene
3-Nitroaniline
4,4-Methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
4,5-Methylene phenanthrene
4-Aminobiphenyl
4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether
4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether
4-Chloro-2-nitroaniline
4-Chloro-3-methylphenol
4-Nitrobiphenyl
4-Nitrophenol
5-Chloro-o-toluidine
5-Nitro-o-toluidine
7,12-Dimehtylbenz(a)anthracene
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetophenone
Alpha-terpineol
Aniline
Anthracene
Aramite
Benzanthrone
Benzidine
Benzoic acid
Benzo(a)anthracene
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzyl alcohol
Semivolatile Organic
Compounds
Carbazole
Chloroacetonitrile
Chyrsene
Dibenzothiophene
Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene
Dichloran
Diethyl phthalate
Dimethyl phthalate
Dinitrocresol
Diphenyl ether
Diphenyl sulfide
Diphenylamine
Di-n-butyl phthalate
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Di-n-propylnitrosamine
Erythritol anhydride
Ethylenethiourea
Ethylmethane sulfonate
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Hexachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobutadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Hexachloroethane
Hexachloropropene
Hexanoic acid
Indeno(1,2,3-CD)pyrene
Isophorone
Isosafrole
Longifolene
Malachite green
Mestranol
Methapyri1ene
Methyl methanesulfonate
Naphthalene
Nitrobenzene
N,n-dimethylformamide
N-decane
N-docosane
N-dodecane
N-eicosane
N-hexacosane
N-hexadecane
65
-------
Table A-l (continued)
Biphenyl
bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane
bis(2-chloroethyl)ether
bis(2-chloroisopropyl)ether
bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
bis(chloromethyl)ether
Bromoxynil
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Compounds
N-nitrosodiethylamine
N-nitrosodimethylamine
N-nitrosodiphenylamine
N-nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-nitrosomethylethylamine
N-nitrosomethylphenylamine
N-nitrosomorpholine
N-nitrosopiperidine
Pesticides and Herbicides
N-octacosane
N-octadecane
N-tetracosane
N-tetradecane
N-triacontane
O-anisidine
O-cresol
O-toluidine
Pentachlorobenzene
Phenacetin
Phenanthrene
Phenol
Phenothiaz ine
Pronamide
Pyrene
Pyridine
P-chloroaniline
P-cresol
p-cymene
P-dimethylaminoazobenzene
P-nitroaniline
Resorcinol
Safrole
Sgualene
Styrene
Thianaphthene
Thioacetamide
Thiophenol
Thioxanthone
Triphenylene
Tripropyleneglycol methyl ether
Pentachloroethane
Pentachlorophenol
Pentamethylbenzene
Perylene
Carbophenothion
Chlordane
Chlorfenvinphos
Chlorobenz ilate
Chlorpyrifos
Coumaphos
Crotoxyphos
Cygon
Delta-BHC
Demeton
Diallate
Diazinon
Dichlone
Dichlorvos
Dicrotophos
Dieldrin
Dinoseb
Dioxathion
Disulfoton
Endosulfan I
Endosulfan II
Endosulfan Sulfate
Endrin
Endrin aldehyde
Endrin ketone
EPN
Ethion
Ethylenebisdithiocarbamic
acid, salts, and esters
Famphur
Fensulfothion
Fenthion
Gamma-BHC
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
Hexamethylphosphoramide
66
-------
TABLE A-l (continued)
Pesticides and Herbicides
Isodrin
2,4,5-T
2,4,5-TP
2,4-D
4,4'-DDD
4,4'-DDE
4,4'-DDT
Aldrin
Alpha-BHC
Az inphos-ethyl
Az inphos-methyl
Beta-BHC
Captafol
Captan
Pesticides and Herbicides
PCB-1221
PCB-1232
PCB-1242
PCB-1248
PCB-1254
PCB-1260
PCNB
Phorate
Phosmet
Phosphamidon
Sulfotepp
Tepp
Terbufos
Tetrachlorvinphos
Thiram
Toxaphene
Trichlorofon
Tricresylphosphate
Trifluralin
Trimethylphosphate
Zineb
Ziram
Dibenzo-p-dioxins
and Dibenzofm-ans
2,3,7,8-TCDD
Dibenzofuran
Heptachlorodibenzofurans
Heptachlorodibenzo-P-dioxins
Hexachlorodibenz ofurans
Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Kepone
Leptophos
Malathion
Maneb
Methoxychlor
Methyl parathion
Mevinphos
Mirex
Monocrotophos
Nabam
Naled
Nitrofen
Parathion ethyl
PCB-1016
Elements
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
Europium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Holnium
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Lanthanum
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Niobium
Osmium
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium
67
-------
TABLE A-l (continued)
Octachlorodibenzofurans
Octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Pentachlorodibenzofurans
Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Tetrachlorodibenzofurans
Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxins
Elements
Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Cadmium
Calcium
Cerium
Conventional Pollutants
BOD5
Oil and Grease, Total Recoverable
PH
TSS
Rhenium
Rhodium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Ytterbium
yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Miscellaneous
Pollutants
Ammonia, as N
COD
Conductivity*
Corrosivity
Cyanides
Flash Point
Fluoride
Nitrate/Nitrite
Nitrogen, Kjeldahl, Total
Reactivity*
Residue, Filterable
Salinity (with calcium)*
Salinity (with sodium)*
Sulfide
Total Organic Carbon
Total Phosphorus
* Analytes not monitored during 1986-87 sampling
68
-------
APPENDIX B
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE CONCENTRATIONS
OF POLLUTANTS IN AIR AND WATER
69
-------
RADIATION STANDARDS
TABLE B-l
s-i
151:411:
APPENDIX B-CONCENTRAT.ONS IN Am AND WATER ABOVE NATURAL BACKGROUND
CSM not« •! *nO 0( »pp«ne>i»)
EMflwnl MUfne numb*')
Annum (89)
Am«rc**n (05) _„««....«-....«. —
Anwnony -^ «• ••"•" — '
Arpon (1 8)..«-.«™».-.— .—«-—*— "«*™*""
Afsttvc (33) ..«.—..«.•—•••««•*«•• «.•.—••—• .—..«••
Attttmt (B5)
B*num(56) -
BtOiclwn (87) ~
B«fylkum (4)
Bamutn(B3) - -
Catimwm (4B) • ••••• •
OHommm (98) - -
Ike 227
AC 22B
Am 24t
Am 242m
Am 242 —-..-.
Am 243
Am 244
Sb 122..—
SO 124 -.
St> 125
A 37 -....-..
41 ..«—..—.•"•
At 73
At 74 _.
At 76.....—.
At 77.-.-
Al 21 1
Bt 131
Bl 140...._
Bk 249
Bk 250 -
Be 7
B. 206..
Q, 207 — .......
Bi 210.....
B, 212
Br 82 —
CO 109
CO 115m
Cfl 1 15
Ci 45 „
Ca 47
^^
CI24B
CI 250
CI 251
D 252
Cl 253
CI 254
>
»
S
5
5
|
s
1
s
1
s
s
1
s
1
Sub'
Sub
S
|
S
1
s
1
s
1
s
1
s
5
S
s
1
s
1
s
1
s
1
s
1
s
s
1
s
1
s
1
s
s
1
s
1
s
1
. s
1
. s
1
. s
1
. s
1
. s
1
TabU Tatdt
Col 1— A»
OiO'ml)
2x10'"
3x10'"
• xlO"
8x10"
6x10-"
1x10"*
6x10-"
3x10""
4X10"
5x10"
6x10-" i
1 x 10" "
4X10-"
2x10-t
2x10"
1 x 10" '
2x10"
2x10'«
5x10"
3x10""
6x10"*
2x10-*
2x10-'
4x10"
3x10"
1x10"'
1x10"'
1x10"
5x10"
4x10"'
7x10"'
3x10"
1X10"
4x10"
1x10"
4x 10' •
Col 2—
W*l*f
OiCi/nH)
6x10"'
6x10"'
3x10"»
3x10"
1x10"
• x10"
1x10"
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4X10"
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(V 1ft*
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7x10"
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1 xlO"1 ! 2x10"
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6»10"4
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2x10"'
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6v.lO"»
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6x10"
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M 1-A«
0.&/ml)
• xlO-"
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2x10-"
4x10""
2x10""
• »10"'
1x10"
2x10"«
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4x10""
1x10"
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6x10"
5 x 10"*
5x10"
7x10""
2x10"
• xlO""
1 X 10" *
4X10"
7x10''
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1X10-'
4x10"
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3x10"
Col 2—
Water
biD/ml)
2x10"V
3x10"
tx10">
• xlO"'
4xtO"
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4X10'*
9x10''
1 x 10" •
1x10"
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5x10"'
5x10"
3x10"
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2x10"
2x10"
1x10"
1x10"
SxlO-4
5x10"
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5x10"
2x10"
2x10"
2x10" 8x10"'
1x10" 8X10"
2x10""
1x10"»
4X10''
1x10"
4x10"
1x10"*
3x10""
4X10"
5 <10"
4x10"
5x10" ! 2x10"
5x10" 4x10"
1X10"
1x10"'
2x10"'
2x10"
1x10"
1x10"'
IvIO" 1x10"
2x10 ' 1x10"'
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2x10"'
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7x10"'
4v10'«
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2x10"
3x10"
1 x 10"
2x10"
a* 10"
2x10""
1X10""
5x10"'
1x10-"
'2x10'"
1X1C-"
6X10"
3X10"
ixio-*
exio->
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6X10"
1 X 1U
5x10"'
5x 10" '
7x10"'
7x10"
1x10"'
1x10"
3 xlO"4
5w 1ft" ^
X tU
IxlO"5
1x10"'
1x10"'
7x10"
4x10"
7X10'
1X10"
6x10"
• 2x10"
8x10"
• 4X10'
• 4x10'
• 4xtO'
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6MO"
SOO"
6x10"
5x10""
2* 10"'
2x10""
3x10"
7x10"
4x10"
C i* 10" *
2-.10-f
; «i v ID**
( J X IV
1x10"'
1x10"
BxlO"
6x10"
1X10"
4 X 1 0 ' *
6>.10"
6 .10-*
S. 10"'
| 3X10"
2x10''
• 3x10"'
6x10"'
• 3x10''
• 2x10-
• 1X10"
> 3X10"
» 3x10-
• ixio-
• IX»0"
2x10"'
7x10"'
2x10"
2x10"
3x10"
2X10"
6x10"
6x10"
2x10"
2>10"
2x10"
2x10"
4>10"
4x10"'
6 xlO"1
6x10"
4x10"
4x10"
4x10"
4x10"
3 xlO"4
4X 10"*
2x10"
2x 10"
3x10"
3x10"'
3x10"
4X10"*
SxlO"
2x10"'
5x10"'
3x1C"
4x10"*
2X10"
' 1x10"
> 3x10"
4 4x10"
> 3x10"
• 7x10"
> 7x10"
' 1x10"
' 1X10"
» 1X10"
" 1X10"
Table B-1 Source: 10 CFR 20, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Standards for
Protection Against Radiation, pp. 151:4112.3-4117.
£App*ndix B]
70
-------
151:4112.4
TABLE B-l
Arrcccix B—Continued
1KB WJTK JBOTB W4TCIU
|Fr« notf!<»t rnil ofcpprndltj
FEDERAL REGULATIONS
Eteimnt Uiornlc number)
Carbon (t) .
C«rium <»>..
Ojluro (45)........
Cblorioe 07) .
Chromium f24).._...
Cobalt (27)
Copper {2»)........
Curium (W) ............
Djjprojium (68).. .........
EiulelnluiB (*»)..„
Erbium (C8).._.._
Europium {63)_....._.. j
]
I
I
Frrefuoi (100)........... j
I
r
t luorln* P)......^...^ t
OadoXniun (•!)_ ...... o
0
O*Uliim{*|). ...... o
OrreiaohuB p»). ....... c
Oold(:»; A
A
J*l
l>oiop« i
... CM B
(CO,) Su
... Cc Ml 5
C* 143 8
Ct 144 5
Cl 134m 8
C354m B
EJ264 8
El 256 8
Er 169 8
Er 171 8
I
F.II ijj s
T,1-ejlir») 1
:u i« 5
TK- H JT») i
:u 1M a
:uiii s
IB 244 e
msis a
in 246 *
i
1143 S
diee B
8
i
UIH C
um »
am ii
T»lil( I
Column
Alt
(*t/ml)
4X10
JXIO
4Xlfr
2X10
3X10
2X10-
1X10-
•XIO-
1X10
3X10-
4X10-
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4X10-
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»>.•«(•-•
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2 Column
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fee/ml)
-' JXIIh
1X10
1 JtXIO-
i 4X1H-
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: 7X10-
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1 2X10-
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3XIO-I
3XIO-'
»xio-«
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exiir-'
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2Xltwl
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0-»
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lxi«r«
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axio-«
71
-------
TABLE B-l
RADIATION STANDARDS
S-386
151:4113
S—CoBtlrtDtd
4*» 1T4TKK A»OVB HATDI.U. SaCXOftODIt
t8*e »ot» »t end •! appendix)
Zleatet (sUmlCBombir)
MitTihJtn (77).... ......_.._. —
— tdiun (49)... .......i ILB....I.-II
I*dl3* (Slh ...........
lrlu»imi (~^.— —
frtm triKn. TT
lunlbmum (S7).«. ..—.——. —
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Mlckt) Cl) tm...— m
NUbluB (C«Ium>Uut») («O._—
botop*'
1
HI III K
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» ?
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is :::= *
ID 115 •
MM •
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11M «
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Ir »W S
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It 194 6
r»6S £
f'«W B
Kr »im Bub
Kr K Bub
Kr 17 Sub
Kr (8 Cut)
LA MO E
rbsra B
rbJIO B
rtsiz B
L*>177 B
MnC B
Mo« B
Mo*6 8
IlK 197m B
III 1«? B
iiraw E
MoW 8
Kd 144 8
Nd 147 •
Nd I4» B
Np3*7 B
NpJJt B
NIW B
Ni«3 B
NIW B
NbUn B
Nh«i B
Kb (7 B
OlIU «
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3X19"
8X10"
•XllH
::nc-»
1X10-'
3X10-'
3X10-1
3X10-'
axio-'
4X10-'
•XIO-'
«XIO"
4X10"'
•X10-"
•xio-»
7XJO"«
axiw
3X10"
7X10"
SXlir*
1XH-'
1X10"
3Xll»-'
axio-'
3X10"
3X10-'
4X10"
•xio-1
axiw
4X10-'
3X10-'
7X10"
3X10"'
ixio-"'
1X10-'
8X10"
•XIO"
•XIO-'
IXIO"
4X10-"
»XIO-«
«xi«-«
SXIO"
8X10"
tXID"
ixi*-»
axio"
*XIO"
4X19"
•XI*"
axic"
JXIO-'
TiXIO-'
3XHr>'
ax 10"
ax io"
*«xnr-'
8X10-'
CtiUBIDi
Watrr
Oe/ml)
7xitr»
7XIO-*
axio-'
3X10"
sxio-»
1X19-*
ixi't^'
ixii*-*
3X10"
axio-'
4XI(r'
tX!*^*4
»x"6-«
*XI"-'
ax ic-'
3XJO-«
»xio-'
fxio-«
CXIJ-'
JXK-«
axsrr'
tXlfr*
IX10-«
sxio-'
1X10-'
4Xir«
axio-'
•X13-«
4X!lr«
7X10-'
3X>0-«
ax!o-«
4X10-*
«x:i>-'
axio-j
3X10-J
8X10"
3X10"
•XIO"
SXIO"
•"••"SxWS
3XIO-i
4X10"
4X10"
1X10-'
3X'.ir«
3X10"
3X10-'
1X10"
1X10"
3X10"
3X10"
1X10"
1X10"
ixio"
ixio"
3X10"
3X10"
3X10"
•XIO"
3X10"
1X10"
3X10"
4XIC"
7X10-'
SXIO"
•XIO-'
•XIO"
3X10"
3X10"
3X10"
axio-«
IXIO"
1X10"
axio-'
8X10-'
3X10-'
7X10"'
1X10"
IXIO"
4X»^
4X!^-«
IXI5-'
1> 0"
•»ie-«
'•xio-*
txio-1
3X10"
axio-'
ixio-'
ffAMMA<
-------
TABLE B-l
FEDERAL REGULATIONS
4rn:.xt>ix It—Coutluurd
» «M 4KB W4TC8 «»0r» **TO»AJ
|8ee nota »t ted of •p|«nOu|
Clennt (•twr.lcaamlMr)
fattodium («6>..M.
IMllUUl (C12«
ri»te*eUahu& (ti).
J*otoi*«
Oilvl
Osltt
Pdioa
WS)..
il PS).
Sbodlua (43).
P33
Pi 101
FllKun
Ft »7m
Ft in
Fit 340
Pull)
Tit SO
PuJO
Fu344
Po3IO
EC
PrlC
7ail«T
FmI49
Pa 233
1U224
R»2K
JU2»
Ho 220
Re 153
Ac ISC
KtlE7
BOM
RblOJro
KhlW
KbCC
Kb 17
BuOT
«U103
stum
Siul47
Cm 131
Kmia
Be 48
ft 47
Sc4l
B
I
f
i
E
I
73
Tsihle I
Column I
Air
be/ml)
4Xltr'
•XIO-'
4X10"'
7X10-'
exio-'
8X)«r«
6XIO-"
KXltr'
2XIO-"
4XIO-"
4X10-"
•X10-"
4X10-
8X10-"
4X10-"
2X10-«
2X10-«
2X10-U
3X10-"
»XIO-»
8X10^
1X10-1
8X10-'
3X10-'
8X10-'
exio-1
JX10-'
8X10-'
3X10-«
•X10-"
1X10-'-'
1X10-"
^AIV •
aXHr»
SXHI-"
7X10-"
4XIO-:i
3X10-;
3X10-*
6X10-'
2XIO-:
SXIO-:
4X10-'
8X10-:
•XJO-'
7XIO-*
•X1C-'
8X10-'
3X10-
CXIO-*
7X10- •:
•Xltri
1XIO--
»XIO-
9XIO-«
Colutuii}
Cwc/mi;
3XU>-»
JXItrJ
iXIO--
1X10-'
3Xlir»
3x:n-'
SXIo-<
JXlu-'
JXIO-s
axio-i
JXIU-"
JXIO-«
4X10-"
1X10-*
*XlCr<
JX10->
!X10->
axio-*
1X10-:
T»LkJJ
Cblunin 1
Air
!XJ(r»
7xio->
7X10-»
3X10-1
fXIO-<
4XIO->
2X?"":
ixio-«
7X10-'
SXIO-*
4X10-'
txio-«
3XlC->
IX'O-'
7X10 •
4X10-:
8X10-'
3X10-1
4X10-'
3XIO->
7X10-'
axio-'
1XIO-:
4XIO-<
8X10-5
SXIO-»
IXIO-:
»x>o-»
ax.iv*
sxio-'
axio-»
ax»o-»
*xie-<
4X!0-'
J-Xlt>-'
3X19-'
ax:t-
3x:t-
3X10-'
2X10-'
SXJC-'
SXl'r'
8X10-'
8XU>-'
3X10-'
8X10"
IX10-»
IXlO-'t
CXIO-"
1X10- "
3XIO-"
CeWumn J
Ut'JBl)
6X10-'
*X10->
6X10-"
SXIO-"
7XJO-«
7X10-'
4XJO-*
7X10-'
4X10-'
1X10-'
6XIO-«
3X10-'
1X10-'
«X10"
3X10-'"
4X10-"
4X10-"
2X10-'
exio-'
SX10-"
JXIO-i
3X10-"
8X10-'
2X19-J
SXH-K
3X10-«
•X.10-'
2X10-'
3X>0->
SXIO-'
6X10-'
SXIi>-«
3X10-'
SXIO-'
3X10-'
SXIO-*
3XIO-*
sxitr*
SXIirl
5XlC->-
SXI«r»
SXIO-»
1X1O-'
BXIO-t
SXIO-«
sxio-'
•XIO-'
3X10-'
• XIO"
•XiCrl
3X10-'
• XI IT'
7X10-'
8XIO-'
8X10-'
1XIO-'
lx»o-»
ixio-'
!XI|r«
3X10-'
3X10-'
3X10 •
2X10-'
!XIO->
3X10-'
3X10-'
3X10"
1X10-'
7X10-'
3X>0-»
3XiO-'
8X10-'
3X10-.'
3X10-'
4X10-'
4X10"
SXIO-'
SX10-«
4XJO-'
4X10-1
axio"
9X10-'
axio-'
1X50-
-------
TABLE B-l
RADIATION STANDARDS
S-316
151:1115
Arrr.xiux U— Continued
COXCCKTIUTIOX* IN *>" «KO
|£ee notes at end el appen Jn
»4«O«MtX».
itlnued
Cterceet (alonilc number)
feint.**)
SU:eoD (14) M..^_-~..
SilTcr (t*j i" iinii«"«r
ScUluai Ul)..— ~~- — —
Strontium CI)... ..._~..
Sulfur (18) „_..— -~
Tantalum (73)
TecbBctlusi (IS) — •' ••••
Terbium (to)..—.™— .—.-- —
Th>1HotP CTI ) i • • • « • r • ¥-
Tttfijsten fflT«lfnn) p4>.~— —
Isotope •
Sc7* £
H3> 8
At IB B
At Jlfcn 8
Aft 111 |5
s
NoW 6
crtiin R
B
SrM B
8r(0 ii
crta if
SrK If
834 j>
Taltt B
TetVm B
TCK f
Te l>7m «
TeS7 8
TeWiJ B
1
j
Te 124m B
I
Te >:;ro £
To J27 8
T« 129m S
Te 128 8
Te Jilm 8
Te IK 8
TblSO 8
T1MO B
TIM) B
*
rj2W2 •
T12W B
TJi 2JS 8
TbSM S
Tb23! S
1
Tli natural 8
Tb2J4 8
Tn 170 B
Tsn J71 8
1
£o IIS B
I
Sn I!S B
w m *
\V 1S4 f
»
win •
vaao B
vm B
va» B
U8J« S'
Table 1
Column 1
Air
1X10-"
1X1T!
j'xiv
rxio-'
JXI"-1
axiir"
2x!iri
Jx'lir'
JX10-«
IXlir'
4X1V
3X1O-'
SXIlr'
1X10-'
3X10-'
4XJO-J
*X10"
4X1 tr'
3X10-'
4XIO":
3X10-;
3XIO--
4XIO-'
2XIO-J
3X10-'
6X10-'
8X10-'
SXH"'
2X10-'
1X10-'
3X10-'
4XK'"
JXI"-*
8X10"
exio-'
4X10-'
1 V 1 (f 1
J*^*u^
JXK*-'
4Xl«-»
2XIO-J
•XIV
4X10-'
4XIT'
8X10-'
8X10-:
JXIO-'
IXIO-'
3XIO-*
3X1V
axiu-j
•XIO-'
8X10-'
*XIO-'
3XIV
•xio"'
6X10-1'
3XIO-"
IO-*1
3X10"'
SXIl^11
3X10-"
3X10-"
•XIO-'
3X10-'
4XIV
3XIV
JXIO-'
2X10-'
4XIO-J
JXlV
8XH<-;
!5 J^Zi
axto-;
ax iv
3X«'»"
•Xl'*"'
JXIO-'
•XIU'
Column S
Water
0,r/ml)
«Xl|r>
6X10-1
3X1V
9X10"
ixiv
CXIO-s
5X10-'
axio-'
axio-;
3X10-'
JXIV
IXIV
2X!0-»
JXIO->
2X10->
2X1V
ixiv
JXIV
JX10-"
4X10-'
3X10-1
1X1 V
1X10-'
4X1V
4X10-
2X1V
2X10-'
4X1V
4XIV
JXIO-'
8X5V
2XIO-J
4XIO-J
JXIV
SXIV
2X1V
2X1V
JXIV
•XIV
«X1V
JX10-1
7XIV
*X10->
4XIV
8X10-'
3XIV
2X10-'
2X1 V
4X10-'
8X10-'
SXIV
3X10-'
•XIO"
IXIV
JXIO-i
axtv
sxiv
IXIV
4XIV
axio-'
5xn>-'
JXIV
txiv
CXIir'
•xio-
•X to-
Table U
Coiunia 1
Air
fftia-n
4X1V
8X10-'
3XIV
2X1V
ax iv
7X10"
3X1V»
lX^r*
>^X5tr**
3X10-"
4X1V
txiv
•XIO"
4XJV
ix:v
ax iv
8X10-"
8X1V
•XJV
axiv
IXIV
*X1V
flXIV
IXIV
ax iv
1X10"
2X1V
4X10-'
JXIV
7X10-'
2XIV
JXIO-'
4X1U-*
JXlt)-'
tXlir1
3X1V
3X1V
»X1V
2x10-;
1X1U-J
7XIV
4XH»-'
3XIV
IXH'"
•XIV
4X10-'
7X)V
SXIO-'
3XIV
•8X10-'
3XIV
8X10-"
§X1V
3X10-U
JO- n
1O-I1
JO-W
axiv
IV
JXIO-'
JXIO-'
4XIV
IXIV
4XIV
ax iv
4X10-'
axiv
4XBV
JXtU-'
ixio->
4XIV
9X1V-'
SXIt^'
4Xlf«
7XIV-1
CaiuueS
Wav
«»*.««)
axiv
axiv
VX!V
SXIII-'
IXIO"
axiir'
axiv
4X11T'
4XIO-;
4X1V
3X50-'
2X1IT*
3X10-*
7XJO-*
7XIO-'
axio"
3X10"
3X10-'
*XIO-»
4X1V
7X1V
SXIO-*
CX1V
3X1V
4X10-'
4X1V
IXIV
1X10-'
ixio-'
4X10"
2X1V
*xio-<
ex;s-»
SXl1*-'
3X10"4
IX1U-'
4XIV
3XIV
3X10-'
2X1V
fXIO-J
4X1V
3X10"
2XIV
4XIV
4XIV
4X!0-<
3X1V
IXIV
JXltr'
7XIV
lir'
SXIV
3X1V
8XIO-*
10"
10"
SXIV
SXIV
4XIO-J
*XIO-J
•XIO"
*xiv
8Xlt>-'
axiv
1^10-'
TXIO"
•xiv
i »X1V
> »Xlw»
i axiv
»
-------
TABLE B-l
FEDERAL REGULATIONS
JJ—CoatlBurd
IN *» AMI* V/ATCk A»orB K4Tt*i
ISre BOIC* at end *f •npeadiij
xtloued
ZUeaent (atomic number)
Vanadium f53^ TT1.......t
Xeooc (*O....M.._.^__^.
Vtterblnm (TO) ,.,-.
Yttrium O9> ........
Zinc (K) — „.„..-..
Zirconium (40) ........._^_.
Any sinrle radionuetlrie not
listed «bOfc with dc.-avrncde
oliier thMi alpha emission or
•pontaorous 1'is.tinn aud with
ra<1ioieiiTe halMif* leu than
3 hours.
As? siurle radinnucliclr not
lined above wiin deenv mode
etber than (tilth* rnu<«'"Ti or
MH>I"<»IIFOUI ns;ion and u'itb
radionctivc half-life greater
than 2 houn.
Any sin»Je radtonuelldc not
listed above, whlrli decay* by
alpii* emission or spomantous
fiision.
Isotope *
U33S i-
V2K 8
V 934 S*
VS40 8
U-natural S1
v« I
I
Xe 13lm 8ub
X*1U Sub
Xi I33m Sub
Xe 131 fiub
\ K 1?K •£
* D **« B
f
Y«m 8
vc, i
YK 8
YI3 8
ZoU E
Znttra 8
ZeU 8
ZrU S
ZrW 8
I
tr67 £
L
Tahiti
Columul
Air
t>c/ml)
IXIO-i'
•XIO->»
lX10-»
'XIO-*'
JXlO-w
8X10-'
SXIO-'
7XIC-"
8X10^"
6X10-'
JXJirl
JX10-*
JX10-'
4X)0-«
TX10-'
•X10-'
JX10-'
SXiO"'
4X10-<
"axfo1'"
4X10-'
axio-'
8X10-'
1X10-'
JX10-'
•X10-'
4X10-'
axio-'
7X1 0-«
txio-«
1XIU-'
axio-'
JX10-'
Cduaaa
Water
axio-"
1XIO-*
1X1U-*
ixio-'
ix to-;
1X10-'
*x:fr«
eXIO-"
•x;o->
::~:n::nr:
3X10-'
1X10-"
1X10-"
"axi'S"
CV}(^4
•X10-«
•XIO-i
2X10-'
2X10-'
2X10-'
axio-«
8X10-'
axir,-i sxio-»
JX10-' j »X10-«
lX10-«
axi(M
"""
•X10-<
•XlO-i
4X10-'
Table II
Column I
Air
(*t/mJ)
rxl?"
ixii*"
axio-i
3X10-'
*Xltr<
axio-»
fXIO-'
4X10-'
3X10-'
axio-'
2X10-1
3X10-*
4X10-"
axio-«
CX10-'
CX 10-'
ixitn
JXJO-'
*X10-«
4XIO-«
axso-«
1X10-'
1X10-'
8X10-'
3X10-'
4X10"
1X10-'
4XIO-*
1X10-*
4XIO-«
axio-<
axio-«
1X10-"
8X10-"
Coltt»al
Water.
SXIO-*
xio-<
axio-i
axiir*
3X10-'
4XIC-'
axio-'
3X10-'
8X10-'
2X10-'
3X10-'
3X10-'
^.......•.^.•*
1X10"
2X10-*
2X10-»
3X10-1
•|yjfW|
axio^T"
CX10-*
iVKVl
9^1\f •
3X10-'
1X10-"
2X10-*
7X10-'
8X10-*
2X1P"
*X10-<
AVld*f
7X1"-'
2X10-*
axio-«
axio-.
uble (S): Insoluble (I).
|Sub" aeant that rallies et»en are far submenloe fa
b>!<;pl.iri6aJ Infinite cloud of airborne material.
R>eoe ndoa ccncentraoon* are approprl-
I for prot«enon from r»dOD-332 combined
fe Its «hort-ll»»d daughtera. AJt«ra»tiv«).
I «»U>e la Table I may be replaced by cm*.
*" tVS) Tworklne le»el." (A "wirtttof
to defined M aay combination of abort-
_ r»doB>93a daughter*, t>oJonluin-ai8,
I-2T4. biuouth-214 aad polonlum-914 in
ter of «r; »itaou***gvti to the detrce
. that will mult to tb* ultl-
a er 1^5 « 10- u*v «r alt>ba
u n^on-322 oooc«Dtr>tloaa
»tr>ci«d afeui mt*« than one rftdlonuelide. the limiting valuei
for purpotei «t tab Appendix ehould b< dclermtoed at
lively, then tht Cbneer.liatians (hall b* limited so that
tbe tollowtog mUUoosbip csttts:
C»
Cc
MFC. MFC*
S>
Per •oia^ia aauturet of tT-238. tr-23«
3-236 to ate chemical tcxlclty may tee tbe
lot factor. XX tbo percent by weight (en-
nent) of tJ-23f> li leu tban t. tlie con*
Iratloa value for a 40-bour workweek,
p* X. l» OJ mllllframi uranium per cubic
•r of air average. For any enrichment.
product of ibe averaee concentration and
> of ••ixieurc during a 40-hour workweek
..*•• >' »•>• WwfKy •»< eonoMitratton •/ each radtonu-
S.(de,Jn^*b! «"*»tur* •*? *»own. the limiting value*
•hould b* derived ai tollews: Delernme. lor each r"
dlODUClId* In the miiture. th»r»lk> beiwwn tnr auatitlty
prewnt In the mltture and the limit otherwbe esu£
Itohed to Append iz B tor the specific radionuellde when
not In a mltture. The sum of such ratta lor all the
f*dlonuet!d*i to tbs mttuut mmy MA esesed -1" «*,
: ll radtonuelUei A. B. and C are
7?
8. If either the Mcnifly or tne eoneentration of any
radionuelide jr. the miiture is not knnwn. the Itmitlnr
values tor purposes of Appendix B ahalj be:
a. For purpous of Table I, Col. 1-exiO-"
b. For purposrs of Table I. Col. 2—1X10-'
e. For purposn of Table II. Col. I—2X10-"
d. For purposes of Table 11. Col. 2-4X10-'
a. If any of the conditions specified betow are Bet, tbe
corresponding values specified below may b* used la
tleu of those specified to paragraph 3 above.
a. ir the Identity of each radionuelide to tbe miiture
tt known but the eaneentration of one er more of the
rad ionuclMea In tht mixture*) net known the concentra-
tion limit lor tlie ntsurre * the limit specified In Ap-
Kdn "B" tor [tbe ndtenuelide to she mislur* bavtog
lowest eoneeatratton I bolt; or
». If tb* MentHy ofeadi ndtonuelMc In tb* miitur*
to not known, but It to known th»; eeruln • -.- <—-iclldai
BpeeinedrnAppiFndis*>B"arenolpee*enit •:•>,
tb* aoneentration limit tor tht miiture u .i.c .»«e:'.
eeoontralioo Iteiit apeclfted Ir Appendii ~B" tor any
tvdionueJlde which k not knows to k* abmt tratu tb*
»lsturc;ar :
B)
-------
TABLE B-l
RADIATION STANDARDS
151:41
CONCENTRATION IN AIR AND ^TER ABOTENATTOAL BACKGROUND-continued
(See notes at end of appendix]
S E»nv»« :§:
- •« -WIS
Co> i Co 2
Co- 2
M « * «iw,n trut S; K : 125.1126.: 12? I -.31 P '33 UM « onj) Pi 21C. fa
tie A: 2V. R» 223. R« 22« ** 22S A: 22? R« 228. Tn 23C. ft 231. Tn
232 TiMiM.*Sm 2«B. C? 2W. ine PIT. IV, t't no: »i«»»ni.
Mm* .nc-r.mi: & K 1125.1126 I 12S |i 131.1 133 MW.II *"*). ft. t-0. Po
210. R* 223. R* 22S. R* 22». P» 231. Tn.n»l Cm 2U C! 2K. »"0 *"> 25«
M it « kno^MTs' »0.1 128 (I 125 I 126. I 131. UW. « 004,). ft> 210. R» 226.
A* 229. Cm 2*8. «no O 2S* •»• nw o-t««m
« «« .ns-r. mi «:s.-<»-«!nrti« »ne A: 22. •»• ne
re* ••aw m»l A: 227. Tn 230. »» 231. ft. 23t ^, 238
2u Cn- ?a D 2'k «no D 2S«. vt na: e*H.nL
3 .10-
1»10'"
eenMit of ur«n.um §*) rt« Mughnrt * «H» **i Bnor to ehwwe* »««'»'"0 * tlw
^, ,a tfwsn,^ through ,«te,m.22«. ~...d
: « 71 ««,».
. o, 3 m,cro-
conudtrtd « not prtMni m tf» miituf* SO«t
AM'nanr-12'
A«Mx C
------- |