-------
o
en
s
CO
en
CO
en
o
at
<0
ซ *
O 9>
L.
O
ฉ 'C*
01 f*.
<3 en
o
ซ
o
e
e
09
o to
w ^*>
c? cn
ป
u
to
r^
en
e
o
._ co
O ~
4)
CS
co
O =
S 2
ง ฐ
u u.
o cj
ซปป
^ u ,
o-a I
o u.1
u. ซe
*- u ซ3
a *a I
01
to
a
in
a
a
a
a
a
a
N
as
o
u
o
e
S
T5
Q
e
o
.c
o
\n
03
*> OT
^o 0>
O 0ป
W o
one
in
en
CM
in
<ซ o
o tn e>
U. O
C3. 0
>
^
- t.
^ O
o
o
E M
ซ-ซ 3
.e a
ป -a
.E
>ป o
a o
u u
ฐ f_^ a.
._
_ ^
0> I.
o
0
E u
- a
u
-= o
ป o
0 O
U L.
t ^ Q^
* ""
Q> L.
0
O ป
E u
a>
u
n -a
w > o
3* O
0 O
U, L.
<_> Q.
ov > (/)
* * ' C- 3 O
, *^ *~^
U
o -o
ft o
o
-0 O
= E
O 0
ae oo
L.
<- a>
3 C
o -o
O
V
> i
o u
C
- w
E OJ
"W O
0> 0
-C (U
^- s
u. a.
> V)
=9 0
^ .
- ' O
ซ 1
O i.
C
'I S
O JZ
a> a
0
u_ a.
> ป
3 0
~i
X O
O L.
e
'I 2
O .ฃ
0) a
i (U
o
u. a.
16
-------
ffl
01
oป
PS.
at
0>
i-N,
at
a
a*
o
a>
P>ป
a*
9
a
1_ CO
o a>
en
o>
b, bb,
e ซJ
a
to
in
OS
k,
SJX
o
a
rs.
r>ป
in
CM
CO
a
to
C3
a
0ป
a
CO
CM
CM
1 3
to
IN,
o
-a
oj
o
a
ซ
5
in
T
CM
m
t
CM
fป
i
o
ui
i
in
t
m
t
in
z
o
w
= B B *- 4- 4. ' ' e . vt
CJJ
ป en
3 e
^
ป > 0
l_ ^_
< IB
E
* -a o
O 4> t-
e J= a
c w
-t- ซ
E o o
o o
0 ป .C
ป . a
4- ซ E
o e
u. Q-
. -o
vt
a o
cO i
E
B O
O U
e a
e
E 41
13 O
4) a
> E
o
u. o.
-0 _i. .OS 4)
a o
en
._ 0)
E
B 0
O l-
e a
e
E ซ>
o o
0 -C
4> a
<- E
0
u. a.
3 01
0 0
O
~~~ E
B O
O U
e a
c
E 4>
o o
ซ "a
-e 4)
0
u. Q-
3 Vt
o e>
^v 4)
B O
O 1-
e a
c
CO
o o
O JC
4> a
*- E
U. Q-
3 cn
o
E
B 0
O k.
e a
E 4>
w o
o ^:
4> a
*- E
U. Q-
3> Vt
3 O
E
B O
O !-
e a
s
E 4)
o o
o .e
4> a
-- E
u. Q-
49 M
ป 3
3 ^
*^ j^
0
JS O
Vt L.
VM C7
Vt Vt
4) O
4> a
V- 4)
^_
o
CO ~ซ
c/> o
o vt
-a
o
JS 3
3 4)
O -*-
E a
4> o
o> k
u u
0
i a
vt
41
>a>>
Q
Vt ^
vt o
o vt
-0
* L.
3 4)
O -*-
1 g
Ol U.
u o
o
-J 2
17
-------
, I
J g
O. _l
o
* a
-< -- CNJ
- a
- E
o i .
O *
O
18
-------
Cffl
rv,
as
i.
as
in
C7
O
ee
rv,
CO
cn
CO
o>
CO
o>
4>
oป
es
"ซ>
o
o
o
to
CO
<0
o
_M
o
a
o
u
<5
e
N
a
ซ
=e
e
e
i
vi
UJ
u
UJ
a.
(/i
e o
o u
a o
4) JT
as u
- <- i ซ
o
o
-a
o
a
U1
tj
< *
u
1*0
CO
evi
ซ M
ID o
O
e i o
o ซซ. ซJ
b cn e
o cj
3
u
4)
fi
V>
.2
a
o
C9
ซ
3
ป en
e 4>
'o
o u
*-
S .-
4> ^<
0 ซt
e
a
o
"'o
4)
>
O
en o
0 .
S V.
4> O
4>
0 U
O
CO
o
^
o
G
41
^
O
e
4)
e u
4) O
4) ซ
g^ป <_>
M
g
E
3
g
0
. "
e E
O 3
O
rซa "o
o
*~ o
o
h- O
a. o
o
*
u
0
o
- e
0 E
O >
O 0
-*- L.
0 -ป-
a, i
-
- *. tfl
t~ O
o
CM in o
ซ^
O
e
0
e o
9 E
0) 0
o
o c
a a
o
e
- o
c o
e E
4) 0
o e
"O .C
0 O
a
0
e
o
c o
o E
0) 0
o *
o c
0 O
0
\s o
< ' e
c o
l_
<]> O
o
e G
o a
Z 0
o
u o
0) E
O 0
0
> o
t^ ^E
19
-------
e
o
IO
ts.
en
u
o
oo
en
en
o
CO
en
en
o.
en
o
I
10
p^.
en
to
h*.
en
0)
n
er
e a
u
a
a
4- e
a
oป 4-
o o
'O
no
(O
IO
u
c
o *-
i ฃ
O O fO
u o in
OO
in
o
4- 13
e
o o
.
o> u o>
o ID c
S ป -o
o ป ซ~
E
o e
es aป
e
c
*
0
!
3
G
ซ n ป M
O k. U O O o
o .= .e -o -S -o
a ' o
3
i in
3
M
U
O
i_
JC O
in ฃ>
0
>> u
o o
u u
0
o
U O ^ o
*- 0} g o ._
:s e . E *.
o ^ o i_ o
I. U ซ o rO u
O O O CM O
]v of ซ in -** '~
o *- _
UJ O CO 9> .
K E O E Q. 0
a o *- o 3 o
o
o
ฃ
in
in o
o in
J3
J= 3
4ป U.
a
1) O
1- U
0
_i a
in
^
O
*
e
o
o
u
e
2
e
o
^5
9
V)
0)
4)
O
c
o
(B
W
O
a.
CO
ซ
E
ซ
ซ
nw
O
20
-------
REFERENCES
Abernethy, S., A.M. Bobra, W.Y. Shiu, P.G. Wells and D. Mackay. 1986. Acute
lethal toxicity of hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons to two planktonic
crustaceans: The key role of organism-water partitioning. Aquat. Toxicol.
8:163-174.
Ahmad, N., D. Benoit, L. Brooke, D> Call, A. Carlson, D. DeFoe, J. Huot, A.
Moriarity, J. Richter, P. Shubat, G. Veith and C. Walbridge. 1984. Aquatic
toxicity tests to characterize the hazard of volatile organic chemicals in
water: A toxicity data summaryParts I and II. EPA-600/3-84-009. National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
ASTM. 1986. Standard practice for conducting acute toxicity tests with fishes,
macroinvertebrates, and amphibians. E729. American Society for Testing and
Materials, Philadelphia, PA.
Atuma, S.S. and C.O. Eigbe. 1985. Organochlorine residues in fresh-water
fishes in Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 24:251-254.
Baker, J.E., S.J. Eisenreich, T.C. Johnson and B.M. Halfman. 1985. Chlorinated
hydrocarbon cycling in the benthic nepheloid layer of Lake Superior. Environ.
Sci. Techno 1. 19:854-861.
Ballschmitter, K. and M. Zell. 1980. Baseline studies of the global pollution,
Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 8:15-35.
21
-------
Belluck, D. and A. Felsot. 1981. Bioeoncentration of pesticides by egg masses
of the caddisi'ly, Triaenodes tardus Milne. Bull. Environ. Contam. To'xicol.
26:299-308.
Bobra, A., ff.Y. Shiu and D. Mackay. 1985. Quantitative structure-activity
relationships for the acute toxicity of chlorobenzenes to Daphnia magna.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:297-305.
Brevik, E.M. 1981. Organochlorine residues-in fish from Lake Mjosa in Norway.
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 26:679-680.
-i -
Brunn, H. and D. Manz. 1982. Contamination of native fish stock by
hexachlorobenzene and pblychlorinated biphenyl residues., Bull. Environ.
Contam. Tori col. 28:599-604.
Calamari, D., S. Galassi, F. Setti and M. Vighi. 1983. Toxicity of selected
chlorobenzenes to aquatic organisms. Chemosphere 12:253-262.
Call, D.J., L.T. Brooke, N. Ahmad and J.E. Richter. 1983. Toxicity and
metabolism studies with EPA priority pollutants and related chemicals in
freshwater organisms. EPA-600/3-83-095. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
Callahan, M.A., M.W. Slimak, N.W. Gabel, I.P. May, C.F. Fowler, J.R. Freed, P,
Jennings, R.L. Durfee, F.C. Whitmore, B. Maestri, W.R. Mabey, B.R. Holt and C
Gould. 1979. Water-related environmental fate of 129 priority pollutants. Vol
II. EPA-440/4-79-029b. National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
VA. pp. 77-1 to 77-13.
22
-------
Carlson, A.R. and P.A. Kosian, 1987. Toxieity of chlorinated benzenes to
fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas). Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 16:
129-135.
Chiou, C.T. 1985. Partition coefficients of organic compounds in lipid-water
systems and correlations with fish bioconcentration factors. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 19:57-62.
Chiou, C.T., V.H. Freed, D.W. Sehmedding and R.L. Kohnert. 1977. Partition
coefficient and bioaccumulation of selected organic chemicals. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 11:475-478.
Chovelon, A., L. George, C. Gulayetes, Y. Hoyano, E. McGuinness, J. Moore, S.
Ramaraoorthy, S. Ramamoorthy, P. Singer, K. Smiley and A. Wheatley. 1984.
Pesticide and PCB levels in fish from Alberta (Canada). Chemosphere 13:19-32.
Clark, J.R., D. DeVault, R.J. Bowden and J.A. Weishaar. 1984. Contaminant
analysis of fillets from Great Lakes coho salmon. 1980. J. Great Lakes Res.
10:38-47.
Cleveland, L., D.R. Buckler, F.L. Mayer and D.R. Branson. 1982. Toxicity of
three preparations of pentachlorophenol to fathead minnows - a comparative
study. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1:205-212.
Connor, M.S. 1984. Comparison of the carcinogenic risks from fish vs.
groundwater contamination by organic compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol.
18:628-631.
23
-------
Courtney, K.D. 1979. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB): A review. Environ. Res.
20:225-266.
Davies, R.P. and A.J. Dobbs.' 1984. The prediction of bioconcentration in fish.
Water Res. 18:1253-1262.
DeVault, D.S. 1985. Contaminants in fish from Great Lakes harbors and
tributary mouths. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 14:587-594.
Dive, D., H. LeClerc and G. Personne. 1980. Pesticide toxicity on the ciliate
protozoan Colpidium campvlum: Possible consequences of the effect of
pesticides in the aquatic environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 4:129-133.
Evans, M.S., R.ff. Bathelt and C.P. Rice. 1982. PCBs and other toxicants in
Mvsis re 1icta. Hydrobiologia 93:205-215.
Fox, M.E., J.H. Carey and B.C. Oliver. 1983. Compartmental distribution of
organochlorine contaminants in the Niagara River and the western basin of Lake
Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 9:287-294.
Freitag, D. 1907. Environmental hazard profile of organic chemicals. An
experimental method for the assessment of the behaviour of organic chemicals
in the environment. Chemosphere 16:589-598.
Freitag, D., H. Geyer, A. Kraus, R. Viswanathan, D. Kotzias, A. Attar, W.
Klein and F. Korte. 1982. Ecotoxicological profile analysis. VII. Screening
chemicals for their environmental behavior by comparative evaluation.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 6:60-81.
24
-------
Freitag, D., J.P. Lay and F. Korte. 1984. Environmental hazard profile-test
results as related to structures and translation into the environment. In:
QSAR in environmental toxicology. Kaiser, K.L.E. (Ed.). D. Reidel Publishing
Company, Boston, MA. pp. 111-138.
Freitag, D., L. Ballhorn, H. Geyer and F. Korte. 1985. Environmental hazard
profile of organic chemicals. An experimental method for the assessment of the
behavior of organic chemicals in the ecosphere by means of simple laboratory
tests with 14C labelled chemicals. Chemosphere 14:1589-1616.
Galassi, S., G. Gandolfi and G. Pacchetti. 1981. Chlorinated hydrocarbons in
fish from the River Po (Italy). Sci. Total Environ. 20:231-240.
Geike, F. and C.D. Parasher. 1976. Effect of hexachlorobenzene on some growth
parameters of Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
15:670-677.
Geyer, H., R. Viswanathan, D. Freitag and F. Korte. 1981. Relationship between
water solubility of organic chemicals and their bioaccumulation by the alga
Chlorella. Chemosphere 10': 1307-1313.
Geyer, H. , G. Politzki and D. Freitag. 1984. Prediction of ecotoxicological
behavior of chemicals: Relationship between n-octanol/water partition
*
coefficient and bioaccumulation of organic chemicals by alga Chlorella.
Chemosphere 13:269-284.
25
-------
Geyer, H., I. Scheunert and F. Korte. 1985. The effects of organic
environmental chemicals on the growth of the alga Scenedesmus subspicatus: A
contribution to environmental biology. Chemosphere 14:1355-1369.
Giesy, J.P., J. Newsted and D.L. Garling. 1986. Relationships between
chlorinated hydrocarbon concentrations and rearing mortality of chinook salmon
(Oncorhvnchug tshawytscha) eggs from Lake Michigan. J. Great Lakes Res.
12:82-98.
Gjessing, E., E. Lygren, S. Anderson, L. Berglind, G. Carlberg, H. Efraimsen,
T. Kallqvist and K. Martinsen. 1984. Acute toxicity and chemical
characteristics of moderately polluted runoff from highways. Sci. Total
Environ. 33:225-232.
Glass, G.E. 1975. Identification of thirty-eight chemical contaminants in Lake
Superior trout and Lake Huron burbot. U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN.
Glass, G.E., Tf.M.I. Strachan, W.A. ffillford, F.A.I. Armstrong, K.L.E. Kaiser
and A. Lutz. 1977. Organic contaminants. In: The Waters of Lake Huron and Lake
Superior. Vol. II (Part B). Lake Huron, Georgian Bay, and the North Channel.
Report to the International Joint Commission by the Upper Great Lakes
Reference Group, pp. 577-590 and 667-670.
Gluth, G. and If. Hanke. 1984. A comparison of physiological changes in carp,
Cyprinus carpio, induced by several pollutants at sublethal concentration-II.
The dependency on the temperature. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 79C:39-45.
26
-------
Hanke, If., G. Gluth, H. Bubel and R. Muller. 1983. Physiological changes in
carps induced by pollution. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 7:229-241.
Hattori, M., K. Senoo, S. Harada, Y. Ishizu and M. Goto. 1984. The daphnia
reproduction test of some environmental chemicals. Seitai Kagaki 6:23-27.
He Ida, H. 1983. TCDD in bottom sediments and eel around a refuse dump near
Amsterdam, Holland. Chemosphere 12:503-509.
Ingebrigtsen, K. and J.U. Skaare. 1983. Distribution and elimination of
l-14rCJhexachlorobenzene after single oral exposure in the rainbow trout
(Salmo gairdneri). J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 12:309-316.
Isensee, A.R. 1976. Variability of aquatic model ecosystem-derived data. Int.
J. Environ. Stud. 10:35-41.
Isensee, A.R., E.R. Holden, E.A. Wool son and G.E. Jones. 1976. Soil
persistence and aquatic bioaccumulation potential of hexachlorobenzene (HCB).
J. Agric. Food Chem. 24:1210-1214.
Jaffe, R. and R.A. Hites. 1986. Anthropogenic, polyhalogenated, organic
compounds in non-migratory fish from the Niagara River area and tributaries to
Lake Ontario. J. Great Lakes Res. 12:63-71.
Jan, J. and S. Malnersic. 1980. Chlorinated benzene residues in fish in
Slovenia (Yugoslavia). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24:824-827.
27
-------
Johnson, J.L., D.L. Stalling and J.Tf. Hogan. 1974. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)
residues in fish. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 11:393-398.
Johnson, W.W. and M.T. Finley. 1980. Handbook of acute toxicity of chemicals
to fish and aquatic invertebrates. Research Publication 137. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Washington, DC. pp. 44-45.
Kaiser, K.L.E. 1977. Organic contaminant residues in fishes from Nipigon Bay,
Lake Superior. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34:850-855.
Kaiser, K.L.E. 1982. Early trend determination of organochlorine contamination
from residue ratios in the sea lamprey (Petromvzon marinus) and its lake
whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) host. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 39:571-579.
Kaiser, K.L.E. and I. Valdmanis, 1978. Organochlorine contaminants in a sea
lamprey (Petromvzon marinus) from Lake Ontario. Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.
4:234-236.
Kaiser, K.L.E.., D.G. Dixon and P.V. Hodson. 1984. QSAR studies on
chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and para-substituded phenols. In: QSAR in
environmental toxicology. Kaiser, K.L.E. (Ed.). D. Reidel Publishing Company,
Boston, MA. pp. 189-206.
Karickhoff,-S..W. and K.R. Morris. 1985. Impact of tubificid oligochaetes on
pollutant transport in bottom sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol, 19:51-56.
28
-------
Keck, G. and J. Raffenot. 1979. Chemical contamination by PCBs in the fishes
of a French river: The Furans (Jura). Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
21:689-696.
Klein, W., H. Geyer, D. Freitag and H. Rohleder. 1984. Sensitivity of schemes
for ecotoxicological hazard ranking of chemicals. Chemosphere 13:203-211.
Koch, R. 1982a. Molecular connectivity and acute toxicity "of environmental
pollutants. Chemosphere 11:925-931.
Koch, R. 1982b. Chemical structural parameters as criteria for classification
of environmental pollutants. Chemosphere 11:511-520. - '
Konemann, H. 1979. Quantitative structure-activity relationships for kinetics
and toxicity of aquatic pollutants and their mixtures in fish. Ph.D. thesis.
University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
/
Konemann, H. 1981. Quantitative structure-activity relationships in fish
toxicity studies. Part 1: Relationship for 50 industrial pollutants.
Toxicology 19:209-221.
Konemann, H. and K. Van Leeuwen. 1980. Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation
and elimination of six chlorobenzenes by guppies. Chemosphere 9:3-19.
Korte, F., D. Freitag, H. Geyer, W. Klein. A.G. Kraus and E. Lahaniatis. 1978.
Ecotoxicologic profile analysis. A concept for establishing ecotoxicologic
priority lists for chemicals. Chemosphere 1:79-102.
29
-------
Kosian, P., A. Lerake, K. Studders and G. Veith. 1981. The precision of the
ASTM bioconcentration test. EPA-600/3-81-022. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
Kuehl, D.W., E.N. Leonard, K.S. Welch and G.D. Veith. 1980. Identification of
hazardous organic chemicals in fish from the Ashtabula River, Ohio, and Wabash
River; Indiana. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 63:1238-1244.
Kuehl, D.W., K.L. Johnson, B.C. Butterworth, E.N. Leonard and G.D. Veith.
1981. Quantification of octachlorostyrene and related compounds in Great Lakes
fish by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J. Great Lakes Res. 7:330-335.
Kuehl, D.lf., E.N. Leonard, B.C. Butterworth and K.L. Johnson. 1983.
Polychlorinatttd chemical residues in fish from major watersheds near the Great
Lakes, 1979. Environ. Int.' 9:293-299.
Kuehl, D.W., E. Durhan, B. Butterworth and D. Linn. 1984. Identification of
polychlorinated planar chemicals in fishes from major watersheds near the
Great Lakes. Environ. Int. 10:45-49.
Laseter, J.L., C.K. Bartell, A.L. Laska, D.G. Holmquist, D.B. Condie, J.W.
Brown and R.L. Evans. 1976. An ecological study of hexachlorobenzene.
EPA-560/6-76-009. National Technical Information Service, Springfield. VA.
Laska, A.L., C.K. Bartell and J.L. Laseter. 1976. Distribution of
hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorobutadiene in water, soil, and selected aquatic
organisms along the lower Mississippi River, Louisiana. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 15:535-542.
30
-------
Laska, A.L., C.K. Bartell, D.B. Condie, J.W. Brown, R.L. Evans and J.L.
Laseter. 1978. Acute and chronic effects of hexachlorobenzene and
hexachlorobutadiene in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarki) and selected
fish species. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 43:1-12.
Law, F.C.P. and R.F. Addison. 1981. Response of trout hepatic mixed-function
oxidases to experimental feeding of ten known or possible chlorinated
environmental contaminants. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27:605-609.
Leatherland, J.F. and R. A. Sonstegard. 1982. Bioaccumulation of
organochlorines .by yearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch Walbaum) fed
diets containing Great Lakes coho salmon, and the pathophysiological responses
of the recipients. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 72C:91-99.
Lu, P.Y. and R.L. Metcalf. 1975. Environmental fate and biodegradabi1ity of
benzene derivatives as studied in a model aquatic ecosystem. Environ. Health
Perspect. 10:269-284.
Matsuo, M. 1980. The i/o*-characters to correlate bio-accumulation of some
chlorobenzenes in guppies with their chemical structures. Chemosphere
9:409-413.
Matsuo, M. 1981. i/o*-characters to describe bioconcentration factors of
chloro-benzenes and -naphthalenesmeaning of the sign of the coefficients
of Si/So in the correlating equations. Chemosphere 10:1073-1078.
31
-------
Mayer, F.L., Jr. and M.R. Ellersieck. 1986. Manual of acute toxicity:
Interpretation and. data base for 410 chemicals and 66 species of freshwater
animals. Resource Publication No. 160. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Washington, DC. p. 265.
McKira, J., P. Schraieder and G. Veith. 1985. Absorption dynamics of organic
chemical transport across trout gills as:related to octanol-water partition
coefficient. Tori col. Appl. Pharmacol. 77:1-10.
Metcalf, R.L., I.P. Kapoor, P.Y. Lu, C.K. Schuth and P. Sherman. 1973. Model
ecosystem studies of the environmental fate of six organochlorine pesticides.
Environ. Health Perspect. 4:35-44.
Neely, W.B., D.R. Branson and G.E. Blau.. 1974. Partition coefficient to
measure bioconcentration potential of organic chemicals in fish. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 8:1113-1115.
Niimi, A.J. 1979. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) levels in Lake Ontario salmonids.
Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 23:20-24.
Niirai, A.J. 1983. Biological and toxicological effects of environmental
contaminants in fish and their eggs. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:306-312.
Niimi, A.J. and C.Y. Cho. 1980. Uptake of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) from feed by
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 24:834-839.
32
-------
Niirai, A.J. and C.Y. Cho. 1981. Elimination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). and an examination of its kinetics in Lake
Ontario salmonids. Can. J. Fish Aquat. Sci. 38:1350-1356.
Niimi, A.J. and V. Palazzo. 1985. Temperature effect on the elimination of
pentachlorophenol, hexachlorobenzene and mirex by rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri). Water Res. 19:205-207.
Norheim, G. and S.O. Roald. 1985. Distribution and elimination of
hexachlorobenzene, octachlorostyrene and decachlorobiphenyl in rainbow trout,
Salmo gairdneri. Aquat. Toxicol. 6:13-24.
Norstrom, R.J., D.J. Hallett and R.A. Sonstegard. 1978. Coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch) and herring gulls (Larus argentatus) as indicators of
organochlorine contamination in Lake Ontario. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
35:1401-1409.
Oliver, B.C. 1984a. The relationship between bioconcentration factor in
rainbow trout and physical-chemical properties for some halogenated compounds,
In: QSAR in environmental toxicology. Kaiser, K.L.E. (Ed.). D. Reidel
Publishing Company, Boston, MA. pp. 301-317.
Oliver, B.C. 1984b. Uptake of chlorinated organics from anthropogenically
contaminated sediments by oligochaete worms. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.
41:878-883.
33
-------
Oliver, B.G. and K.D. Nicol. 1982. Chlorobenzenes in sediments, water, and
selected fish from Lakes Superior, Huron, Erie, and Ontario. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 16:532-536.
Oliver, B.G. and A.J. Niimi. 1983. Bioconcentration of chlorobenzenes from
water by rainbow trout: Correlations with partition coefficients and
environmental residues. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17:287-291.
Paasivirta, J., J. Sarkka, M. Aho, K. Surma-Aho, J. Tarhanen and A. Roos.
1981. Recent trends of biocides In pikes of the Lake Paijanne. Chemosphere
10:405-414.
Paasivirta, J., J. Knuutinen, J. Tarhanen, T., Kuokkanen, K. Surma-Aho, R;
Paukku, H.' Kaariainen, M. Lahtipera and A. Veijanen. 1983a. Potential
off-flavor compounds from chloro-bleaching of pulp and chloro-disinfection of
water. Water Sci. Technol. 15:97-104:
*
Paasivirta, J., J. Sarkka, K. Surma-Aho, T. Humppi, T. Kuokkanen and M.
Martinnen. 1983b. Food chain enrichment of organochlorine compounds and
mercury in clean and polluted lakes of Finland. Chemosphere 12:239-252.
Parasher, C.D., M. Ozel and F. Geike. 1978. Effect of hexachlorobenzene and
acetone on algal growth: Physiology and ultrastructure. Chem.-Bioi. Interact.
20:89-95.
Pennington, C.H., J.A. Baker and M.E. Potter. 1982. Contaminant levels in
.\.-i.
fishes from Brawn's Lake, Mississippi. J. Miss. Acad. Sci. 27:139-147.
34
-------
Poels, C.L.M., M.A. van der Gaag and J.F.J. van de Kerkhoff. 1980. An
investigation into the long-term effects of Rhine water on the rainbow trout.
Water Res. 14:1029-1035.
Quinlivan, S.C., M. Ghassemi and T.V. Leshendok. 1975/1977. Sources,
characteristics and treatment and disposal of industrial wastes containing
hexachlorobenzene. J. Hazard. Mater. 1:343-359.
Sabljic, A. and M. Protic. 1982. Molecular connectivity: A novel method for
prediction of bioconcentration fa.ctor of hazardous chemicals. Chem.-Biol.
Interact. 42:301-310.
Sabourin, T.D., R.T. Faulk, J.J. Coyle, G.M. DeGraeve, L.T. Brooke, D.J. Call,
S.L. Harting, L. Larson, C.A. Lindbergh, T.T. Markee, D.J. McCauley and S.H.
Poirier. 1986. Freshwater aquatic criteria development and testing. Final
Report by Battelle to U.S. EPA on Contract No. 68-01-6986. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Div., Washington, DC.
Sackmauerova, M., 0. Pal'Usova and A. Szokolay. 1977. Contribution to the
study of drinking water, Danube water and biocenose contamination with
chlorinated insecticides. Water Res. 11:551-556.
Safe, S., D. Jones, J. Kohli, L.O. Ruzo, 0. Hutzinger and G. Sundstrom. 1976.
The metabolism of chlorinated aromatic pollutants by the frog. Can. J. Zool.
54:1818-1823.
35
-------
Sanborn, J.R., 1T.F. Childers and L.G. Hansen. 1977. Uptake and elimination of
[14C]hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by the green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus Raf.,
after feeding contaminated food. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25:551-553.
Schauerte, IT., J.P. Lay, W. .Klein and F. Korte. 1982. Long-term fate of
organochlorine xenobiotics in aquatic ecosystems. Distribution, residual
behavior, and metabolism of hexachlorobenzene, pentachloronitrobenzene, and
4-chloroaniline in small experimental ponds. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
6:560-569.
* .
Schraidt-Bleek, F., W. Haberland, A.W. Klein and S. Carol!. 1982. Steps toward
environmental hazard assessment .of new chemicals (including a hazard ranking
scheme, based upon Directive 79/831/EEC). Chemosphere 11:383-415.
Schmitt, C.J., J.L. Zajicek and M.A. Ribick. 1985. National Pesticide
Monitoring Program: Residues of organochlorine chemicals in freshwater fish.
1980-81. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 14:225-260.
Schuler, W., H. Brunn and D. Manz. 1985. Pesticides and polychlorinated
biphenyls in fish from the Lahn River. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
34:608-616.
Skaftaaon, J.F., and T. Johannesson. 1982. Organochlorine compounds in
Icelandic lake trout and salmon fry: Local and global sources of
contamination. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 51:397-400.
36
-------
Spehar, R.L. 1986. U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN. (Memorandum to D.J. Call, University
of Wisconsin-Superior, Superior, WI, September 16).
Stephen, C.E., D.I. Mount, D.J. Hansen, J.H., Gentile, G.A. Chapman and W.A.
Brungs. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water quality
criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses. PB85-227049.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
Sugatt, R.H., D.P. O'Grady and S. Banerjee. 1984. Toxicity of organic
mixtures saturated in water to Daphnia magna. Effect of compositional
changes. Chemosphere 13:11-18. " ;
Sugiura, K., M. Aoki, S. Kaneko, I. Daisaku, Y. Komatsu, H. Shibuya, H.
Suzuki and M. Goto. 1984. Fate of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol,
p-chlorobiphenyl and hexachlorobenzene in an outdoor experimental pond:
Comparison between observations and predictions based on laboratory data.
Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 13:745-758.
Swain, W.R. 1978. Chlorinated organic residues in fish, water, and
precipitation from the vicinity of Isle Royale, Lake Superior. Int. Assoc.
Great Lakes Res. 4:398-407.
Tsui, P.T.P. and P.J. McCart. 1981. Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues and
heavy metals in several fish species from the Cold Lake area in Alberta,
Canada. Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 10:277-285.
37
-------
U.S. EPA. 1980. Ambient water quality criteria for chlorinated benzenes.
EPA-440/5-80-C28. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA.
U.S. EPA. 1983a. Water quality standards regulation. Federal Regist.
48:51400-51413. November 8.
U.S. EPA. 1983b. Water quality standards handbook. Office of Water
Regulations and Standards, Washington, DC.
U.S. EPA. 1985a. Appendix B - Response to public comments on "Guidelines for
deriving numerical national water quality criteria for the protection of
aquatic organisms and their uses." Federal Regist. 50:30793-30796. July 29.
U.S. EPA. 1985b. Technical support document for water quality-based toxics
control. EPA-440/4-85-032 or PB86-150067. National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, VA.
U.S. EPA. 1988. Chapter 1 - Stream design flow for steady-state modeling. In:
Book VI - Design conditions. In: Technical guidance manual for preparing
waste load allocation. Office of Water, Washington, DC. August.
U.S. EPA. 1987. Permit writer's guide to water quality-based permitting for
toxic pollutants. EPA-440/4-87-005. Office of Water, Washington, DC.
Veith, G.D. .1980. U.S. EPA, Duluth, MN. (Memorandum to C.E.. Stephan, U.S.
EPA, Duluth, MN. April 14.)
Veith, G.D., D.W. Kuehl, F.A. Puglisi, G.E. Glass and J.G. Eaton. 1977.
Residues of PCH's and DDT in the western Lake Superior ecosystem. Arch.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol 5:487-499.
38
-------
Veith, G.D., D.L, DeFoe and B.V. Bergstedt. 1979a. Measuring and estimating
the bioconcentration factor of chemicals in fish. J. Fish. Res. Board Can.
36:1040-1048.
Veith, G.D., D.W. Kuehl, E.N. Leonard, F.A, Puglisi andA.E. Lemke. 1979b.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from
major watersheds of the United States, 1976. Pestic. Monit. J. 13:1-11.
Veith, G.D., D.W. Kuehl, E.N. Leonard, K. Welch and G. Pratt. 1981.
Polychlorinated biphenyls and other organic chemical residues in fish from
major United States watersheds near the Great Lakes, 1978. Pestic. Monit. J.
15:1-7. -
Veith, G.D.., D.J. Call and L.T. Brooke. 1983a. Estimating the acute toxicity
of narcotic industrial chemicals to fathead minnows. In: Aquatic toxicology
and hazard assessment: Sixth symposium. Bishop. W.E., R.D. Cardwell and B.B.
Heidolph, (Eds.). ASTM STP 802. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 90-9?;
Veith, G.D., D.J. Call and L.T. Brooke. 1983b. Structure-toxicity
relationships for the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas: Narcotic
industrial chemicals. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40:743-748.
Villanueva, E;C., R.W. Jennings, V.W. Burse and R.D. Kimbrough. 1974.
Evidence of chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and chlorodibenEofuran in
hexachlorobenzene. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22:916-917.
39
-------
Ifestin, D.T., C.E. Olney and B.A. Rogers. 1985. Effects of parental and
ซ
dietary organochlorines on survival and body burdens of striped bass larvae.
Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 114:125-136.
ffieraeyer, S.N., A.A. Belisle and F.J. Gramlich. 1978. Organochlorine residues
in potential food items of Maine bald eagles (Haliaetus leucocephalus). 1966
and 1974. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19:64-72.
Wong, P.T.S., Y.K. Chau, J.S. Rhamey and M. Docker. 1984. Relationship
between water solubility of chlorobenzenes and their effects on a freshwater
green alga. Chemosphere 13:991-996.
Yoshioka, Y., Y. Ose and T. Sato. 1985. Testing for the toxicity of chemicals
with Tetrahvmena pvriformis. Sci. Total Environ. 43:149-157.
Yoshioka, Y., Y. Ose and T. Sato. 1986. Correlation of the five test methods
to assess chemical toricity and relation to physical properties. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Saf. 12:15-21.
Young, D.R., T.C. Heesen and R.W. Gossett. 1980. Chlorinated benzenes in
southern California municipal wastewaters and submarine discharge zones. In:
Ifater chlorination, environmental impact and health effects. Vol. 3. Jo 1 ley,
R.L., W.A. Brungs, R.B. Gumming and V.A. Jacobs (Eds.). Ann Arbor Science,
Ann Arbor, MI. pp. 471-486.
Zitko, V. 1971. Polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in
some freshwater and marine fishes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 6:464-470.
40
-------
Zitko, V. 1977. Uptake and excretion of chlorinated and brominated
hydrocarbons by fish. Technical Report No. 737. Fisheries and Marine Service,
Biological Station, St. Andrews, New Brunswick, Canada.
Zitko, V. and 0. Hutzinger. 1976. Uptake of chloro- and bromobiphenyls,
hexachloro- and hexabromobenzene by fish. Bull. Environ. Contain, Toxicol.
16:665-673.
41
-------
-------