EPA 450/2-74-020C
 January 1976
         BACKGROUND  INFORMATION
    FOR STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE:
       PRIMARY  ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
VOLUME 3: SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
                              ::::::::::::::::::::::::;::::u;::::::u:::::.r^
                              :;:::::::u:uu::::::;:»:^::;::*::»::»U' it J
          U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
             Office of Air and Waste Management
          Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

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                                  EPA 450/2-74-020C
       BACKGROUND INFORMATION
   FOR  STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE:
      PRIMARY  ALUMINUM INDUSTRY
VOLUME 3: SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION
             Emission Standards and Engineering Division
             U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                 Office of Air and Waste Management
              Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
             Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711

                       January 1976

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This report is issued by the Environmental Protection Agency to report
technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.  Copies are
available free of charge to Federal employees,  current contractors and
grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Air
Pollution Technical Information Center, Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for  a fee, from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield,
Virginia 22161.
                 Publication No. EPA-450/2-74~020c
                                ii

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                      Table of Contents

Section                                                          Pa9e
I.   Inflationary Impact of the Standards 	    1
II.  Public Comment Summary:  Primary Aluminum Industry ....    6
III. Reference Methods ISA and 13B:  Experience With Sampling
       Train	    45

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          I.  Inflationary Impact of the Standards*

     Based on the economic analysis and data appearing in Volume 1  of
Background Information for Standards of Performance:  Primary Aluminum
Industry (hereafter the "background document") and other available
information, the following conclusions may be drawn:
     1)  Growth in total domestic primary aluminum capacity and
supplies will not be adversely affected by the promulgated standards.
     2)  The promulgated standards will accelerate the current
industry trend to prebake cells and away from Soderberg cells.
     3)  The standards are expected to result in an investment cost
increase at new primary aluminum plants of approximately $95— per
ton of capacity (first quarter, 1975) or approximately eight  percent
of the cost of a new uncontrolled plant.  With an  expected growth
rate of approximately seven percent per year  in domestic aluminum
capacity,  this translates into a total additional  capital require-
ment of approximately $180 million over a five-year period.
     It should be noted that  existing primary aluminum plants are
not totally uncontrolled  even though many States do not  specifically
        Executive  Order 11821  (39  FR  41501,  Nov.  29,  1974)  requires
 evaluation of the inflationary impact  of  certain Federal actions.
 For that purpose, the information presented here supplements  the
 economic analysis appearing at pages 41-93  of  Volume 1  of  Background
 Information for Standards  of Performance:   Primary Aluminum  Industry
 (EPA 450/2-74-0203;,  October 1974) which was prepared prior to the
 issuance of Executive Order 11821.

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require control of fluoride emissions to the air.  Existing control
levels are estimated to require average investment costs of
approximately $65^ per ton of aluminum capacity.  Viewed as an
 incremental  cost,  then  the promulgated  standards would  requ.ire an
 investment cost increase over the current industry average of  only
 $30 per ton  of capacity, or $57 million over a five-year period.
      4)  The standards  are expected  to  result in an  annualized cost
 increase at  new primary aluminum  plants of  approximately 0.82£/lb-
 of aluminum  produced (assuming  no existing  State control requirements
 would apply).  A  total  annualized cost increase  of approximately $31   -
 million in the fifth year is  expected to  result  from the  imposition
 of the standards  (making the  same assumption).   If the entire cost
 increase referred to above were passed on to consumers it would amount
 to a price  increase of 2.1 percent of current pricec.  ATTowing a
 pre-tax return on the pollution control capital  of 20 percent would
 result in a total price increase of  approximately 1.8
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amount to approximately 0.4*/1b. of aluminum or 1.0 percent of current
prices.
    .Capital and annualized cost increases of the level of magnitude
referred to above are believed to be too small to have a measurable
impact on the overall level of inflation.  A recent study by Chase
Econometrics Associates, Inc.-/ on the impact of pollution control
expenditures on the economy indicated that in 1978 the wholesale
price  index would be 3.0 percent higher than what it would have been
in the absence of pollution control expenditures.  This figure
reflects the impact of  spending a total for all industries of
approximately $56 billion  in capital costs and $55 billion in
annualized  costs over  the  period 1973-1977 for control of both air
pollution and water pollution.  Similarly, the consumer price index
would  be  1.2 percent higher and the implicit  6NP  deflator would be
1.9  percent higher as  a result of these  expenditures.  It is obvious
that the  much smaller  costs necessitated  by  the standards for
aluminum  plants  would  have no measurable  impact on  these  indices  of
national  inflation.
      5)   The  standards would  result in  the reduction of fluoride
emissions to  the air of approximately  48 pounds of  fluoride  per
 ton of aluminum produced (96  percent)  in the case of an  uncontrolled
 plant and 11  pounds  per ton of aluminum produced  (85 percent)  in  the
 case of a plant employing the industry's current  average  level  of
 control.
                                  3

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      6)   With  regard to  other economic considerations  (secondary
 price effects, employment,  productivity,  competition,  tax collec-
 tions, balance of payments, and investment of non-environmental
 assets) the standards are expected to have little or no impact.
 Although it is not possible to accurately assess the community and
 regional implications of the standards, it is believed that these
 impacts would also be minimal or non-existent.  Finally, no plant
 closings or production  curtailments  are expected to result from
 the  imposition of the standards.
       The background document also  includes analysis of the economic
 effects of several  alternative standards  that were considered.   The
 probable economic effects  of these alternative  standards can  be
  summarized as follows:
       !)  Emission limitations that are more  stringent than the promulgated
  standard would tend to discriminate against the small market entrant
  that is without existing capacity in favor of the large, established,
  integrated producer.
       2)  More stringent controls would tend  to encourage a greater
  amount of  imports  than would  otherwise be the  case and  would
  encourage  the construction of primary aluminum capacity in other
  countries  rather than  in  the United States.
        3)  More stringent controls  could  result  in  appreciably higher
   prices for primary aluminum than would  otherwise  be  the case.
   Energy Impact of Standards
        The energy requirements for air pollution control systems
   currently in use at existing primary aluminum plants and the energy
*
                                       4

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requirements to meet the 1983 EPA effluent guidelines at these plants
have been estimated to total 285 kwh/ton of aluminum produced
(industry-wide average).  However, the energy requirements for a new
prebake plant  (only prebake plants are expected to be built) have been
estimated at 211 kwh/ton of aluminum produced.  Therefore, new plants
will be using  approximately 25  percent less energy than existing
plants in meeting applicable pollution control regulations.  This will be due
mainly to  the  use  of  air pollution  control  systems which  do  not  cause
water  pollution problems.
                     e  in the background document have  been escalated
to curentlevu a Sf the Chical  Engineering Index as follows
 to curenev
 (January 1972 Index = 137, March 1975 Index - 181).
      Original cost value x ^f} = New cost value
      i/ Tho M^mprnnomlc  Impacts nf Federal Pollution Control Programs,
  Chase  Econometrics Association,  inc., January,  IS/B.  wuntract No.
  EQ 5AC002).

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    II.   Public Comment Summary:   Primary Aluminum Industry

     On  October 23, 1974 (39 FR 37730)  the Administrator proposed
standards of performance for new and modified primary aluminum reduction
plants.   After proposal, interested persons participated in the
rulemaking by submitting written comments to EPA.  The comments received
and EPA's responses to these comments are summarized in this section.
The comments were  carefully considered and, where determined by the
Administrator  to be appropriate, revisions were  incorporated into the
regulations.
 Note:   As discussed in the preamble  to  the  final  regulations,  the  -
 proposed 2.0 Ib TF/TAP standard for  prebake plants has  been split into
 separate standards for potroom groups (1.9  Ib TF/TAP)  and for  anode  bake
 plants (0.1 TF/TAP) as a result of changes  in the affected facility
 designation.  Except as otherwise indicated, reference is made in this
 conment summary to the composite standard for prebake plants (i.e.,
 2.0 Ib TF/TAP} for convenience of discussion.

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                   List of Commentators
Commentator
Number
1 1 LI 11 11-' v- i
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
S9
S10
sn
S12
SI 3
S14
S15

SI 6
S17
S18
S19
S20
Commentator
Souka
-
Cooper '
Rountree
Hosmer
Schwegmann
Ay res
Byrne
Hulcher
Boyer
Meier
Bolo
Armintrout
Colbert
Simmons

Atkins
Meyer
Hook
Byrne
Duprey
Affiliation
Airco Speer Carbon Graphite
Not a comment
I Alabama Air Pollution Control Commission
General Counsel of the Dept. of Commerce
Monsanto Industrial Chemicals Company
Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Corporation
Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
Martin Marietta Aluminum
Reynolds Aluminum
Consolidated Aluminum Corporation
Farmland Industries, Inc.
Ormet Corporation
Eastalco Aluminum Company
Revere Copper and Brass, Inc.
State of California - Resources Agency - Air
j — *
Resources Board
Aluminum Company of America
Virginia - State Air Pollution Control Board
• Anaconda Aluminum Company
Martin Marietta Aluminum
U. S. EPA (Division of Stationary Source
I ^— _f A. UK.A n*v«s%m *l" l
S21
Gaulding
                            Pennsylvania - Dept. of Environmental Resources

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                III.   Reference Methods ISA and 13B
                   Experience with Sampling Train

     Reference Methods ISA and 13B specify fluoride sampling and
analysis procedures applicable to testing of primary aluminum
plants and phosphate fertilizer plants.  The methods were promulgated
with standards of performance for the phosphate fertilizer industry
on August 6, 1975 (40 FR 33152).  A common fluoride sampling train
is utilized in the methods and a schematic diagram of it is
reprinted on the following page.  The diagram shows two possible
filter locations, one between the third and fourth impingers and
the other before the first impinger.
     During EPA's fluoride emissions tests at aluminum plants, a
glass fiber filter was used and was located before the first
impinger.  However, the promulgated version of the methods specifies
a Whatman paper filter instead of the glass fiber filter.  The reason
for this is that glass fibers themselves contain fluorides which,
along with particulate fluorides captured  by the filter, appear in
the laboratory analysis.  To correct for this, fluorides contained
in glass fiber filter blanks were measured and subtracted from the
analysis fluoride  values  to obtain  the  actual amount of fluoride
collected  in  the sampling train.  When  sampling  fluorides in  low
concentrations,  the filter fluoride content may  represent a signifi-
cant  percentage  of the  total  fluoride  analyzed and, thereby,  present
a potential  source of imprecision.  To  improve precision, a paper
filter  was  specified  in  the methods.
                                  45

-------
     Recent results of limited testing involving the paper filter
and a gas stream containing relatively low fluoride concentrations
suggest that, when the paper filter is located before the first
impinger, some fluorides which pass through the filter are retained
on the glass frit filter support.  This apparently results in
nuoride sample loss and "low-biased" test results.  EPA  is continuing
to investigate this phenomenon in  an  attempt  to accurately quantify
its  effect and, if appropriate,  will  revise the reference methods  in
the  future. .In the interim,  compliance  tests conducted  with  the
 paper filter located before the  first impinger may tend  to yield
 results more favorable to the source owner or operator than  tests
 conducted with the filter between the third and fourth impingers.
                                   46

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