EPA-450/2-90-013
Guide to Public Awareness
Materials on Wood Combustion
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
September 1990
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RIDER TO U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
DOCUMENT ENTITLED ^PUBLIC AWARENESS
MATERIALS ON RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION"
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency produced six public
service announcements (PSA's) in 1990. Since publication of this
document in September 1990, only three of these "Let's Clear the
Air" PSA's have been authorized for distribution. They include
the following: "Fireman," "Chimney Sweep," and "Mechanic."
Thirty-second and ten-second spots were produced for all three
PSA's. The other three videos will not be released.
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bi?,°k!et WaS prepared by Radjan Corporation under EPA Contract No. 68-02-
4464, Work Assignment No. 90-79.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Improving the Way You Burn
3. Facts About Your Woodstove
4. How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health.
5. Environmental Pollution
6. Economics of Woodburning
7. Curtailments and Regulations
8. Materials
IV
1
11
19
25
33
37
Al
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1. Introduction
This booklet contains a collection of public
awareness materials on residential wood
combustion. Many state and local agen-
cies have prepared these materials for dis-
tribution as part of their PM-10 public awareness pro-
grams. Several federal agencies, including the U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, have prepared
materials as well.
The U. S. EPA has prepared this booklet as an
information-sharing resource. Because it will allow
agencies to see and obtain copies of materials pre-
pared by other agencies, it should reduce the need to
recreate the same materials.
In preparing this booklet, individuals at 39
federal, state, and local agencies were surveyed. As
shown in Table 1,26 of these agencies have produced
their own materials or have been distributing materi-
als prepared by others.
Public awareness materials generally fall into
four types: brochures, fact sheets, booklets, and vide-
otapes. The remainder of this booklet presents
descriptions of these materials as well as copies of
most of the materials themselves.
Using this Booklet:
To make it easier to use this booklet, all of the
gathered public awareness materials are organized in
six main subject categories:
Q Improving the Way You Bum;
Q Facts About Your Woodstove;
Q How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health;
Q Environmental Pollution;
Q Economics of Woodburning; and
Q Curtailments and Regulations.
These categories correspond with sections 2-7 of
this booklet. In each section, you'11 find a list and
short description of all public awareness materials
covering that area, organized by state. Materials are
sometimes listed more than once; they are shown
under the agency that distributes them as well as
under the publishing agency. Assume that the dis-
tributor and producer are one and the same unless the
publisher's name appears in italics below the title of
the material.
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Introduction
Some materials bear the notation "historical
material." These are publications that have been dis-
tributed by an agency in the past, but are no longer in
active circulation. They are not necessarily out of
date, but may have been more useful during the early
stages of a public awareness campaign than after
several years.
Each type of material has its own symbol so that
you can tell at a glance whether something is a bro-
chure, booklet, fact sheet, or videotape. The symbols
are as follows:
Fact Sheet
Brochure
Booklet
Videotape
A fact sheet generally is presented in 81/2 x 11
format, stapled at the corner if more than a single
sheet Fact sheets tend to be narrowly focused in
content Some may be in the form of a nonstandard
size card.
A brochure usually is a single sheet, printed
front and back with two folds, which covers two to
five topics.
A booklet is multipaged and stapled along the
spine. It is comprehensive either in scope (many
related topics) or treatment (depth of a single topic).
The videotape category includes short (60-, 30-,
and 10-second) public service announcements as well
as longer videotapes. Public service announcements
are intended for broadcast; other videotapes may be
broadcast or shown to specific audiences.
Copies of most of the materials may be found in
the appendix, entitled "Materials." Some of the
longer documents have not been included because of
space considerations. Scripts of video public service
announcements also are included.
To obtain copies of the materials, contact the ap-
propriate person listed by agency in Table 1 of the
introduction to this booklet
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Introduction
Table t
List of Contacts for Public Awareness Materials
on Wood Combustion
California
Bay Area Air Quality Management District
939 Ellis Street
San Francisco, CA 94109
Fresno County Department of Health
P.O. Box 11867
Fresno, CA 93775
Northern Sierra Air Quality District
540 Searls Avenue
Nevada City, CA 95959
Northern Sonoma County
Air Pollution Control District
109 North Street
Healdsburg, CA 95448
Placer County Air Pollution Control District
11464 B Avenue
Auburn, CA 95603
Joan Dracott
(415) 771-6000
Bob Bashian
(209)445-3239
Russell Roberts
(916) 265-1398
Mike Tolmasoff
(707)433-5911
Noel Bonderson
(916) 889-7130
Colorado
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental Health Department
130 S. Galena Street
Aspen, CO 81611
LeeCassin
(303) 920-5070
Routt County Department of Environmental Health Mike Nopf
P.O. Box 770087 (303)817-0185
Steamboat Springs, CA 80477
Idaho
Boise City Housing Building Department
P.O. Box 500
Boise, ID 83701
Jim Fackrell
(208) 384-4272
Maine
Maine Department of Environmental Protection
State House Station 17
Augusta, ME 04333
Ronald Severance
(207) 289-2434
(Continued)
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Introduction
Montana
Table 1
Continued
Butte - Silver Bow Health Department
25 West Front
Butte, MT 59701
Lewis & Clark County Health Department
P.O. Box 1723
Helena, MT 59624
Missoula City/County Health Department
301 West Alder
Missoula, MT 59802
State of Montana
1520 East Sixth Ave.
Helena, MT 59620
Rick Larson
(406) 723-3274
WillSelsar
(406)433-1010
Joann Rich/Scott Church
(406) 721-5700
Jan Oilman
(406) 444-3454
Nevada
Washoe County District Health Department
Air Quality Management Division
P.O. Box 11130
Reno, NV 89520-0027
Kevin Golden
(702) 328-2426
New Mexico Environmental Health Department
Air Pollution Control Division
P.O. Box 1293
Albuquerque, NM 87103
Scott Stapp
(505) 768-2600
Oregon
Jackson County Department of
Planning & Development
County Courthouse
Medford, OR 97501
Klamath County Health Department
403 Pine Street
Klamath Falls, OR 97601
Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority
225 North 5th, Suite 501
Springfield, OR 97477
Brad Pryor
(503) 776-7554
Lou Ellen Kelly
(503)883-5118
Marty Douglass
(503) 726-2514
(Continued)
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Introduction
Table 1-1
Continued
Oregon
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
811SW Sixth Avenue
Portland, OR 97204-1390
John MacKellar
(503) 299-6488
Vermont
Vermont Department of
Environmental Conservation
103 South Main Street
Waterbury, VT 05676
Dave Manning
(802)244-8731
Washington Okanogan County Health District
P.O. Box 231
Okanogan, WA 98840
Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Authority
200 W. Mercer, Room 205
Seattle, WA 9811°
Washington Energy Extension Service
914 E. Jefferson #300
Seattle, WA 98122-5399
Washington Department of Ecology
4224 Sixth Avenue, SJE.
Rowesix Bldg. 4
Olympia, WA 98504-8711
Brad Banner/Sheila Udyouderian
(509) 422-3867
Nadine Maykutt
(206) 296-7330
Mike Nelson
(206) 296-5642
Fred Greef
(206)459-6231
U. S. Department of Energy
Conservation and Renewable Energy Inquiry
and Referral Service
Box 8900
Silver Spring, MD 20907
1-800-523-2929
(Continued)
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Introduction
Table 1-1
Continued
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 2Q460
Mail Code EN 341, Room 3202
Bob Lebens
(202) 382-2874
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Management Division (MD-15)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Chris Stoneman
(919) 541-0823
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2. Improving the Way You Burn
CALIFORNIA
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District
"Residential Woodstoves and Fireplaces"
,• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q EPA's woodstove certification
Q Selecting and installing a woodstove
Fresno County
Department of Health
"Woodbuming—Take a Look at the Facts"
(American Lung Association of Central California)
• '• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Northern Sierra Air Quality
Management District
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select the best types of firewood
"Woodstove Fuel—Selection and Handling''
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select the best types of firewood
Northern Sonoma County
Air Pollution
Control District
"A Woodburner's Guide"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
"Burn Wood Better"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
Placer County Air Pollution
Control District
COLORADO
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
"A Burning Issue"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q Description of temperature inversions
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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Improving the Way You Burn
COLORADO
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
"Make Your Stove a Clean Burner!"
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"What Are Inversions?/Tips on How to Bum"
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Description of temperature inversions
"What to Bum"
Efficient woodburning practices
Routt County Department
of Environmental Health
'•'Burning Wood Better"
(Colorado State University Extension Service)
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
IDAHO
City of Boise
Building Department
"Wood Fuel for Home Heating"
(Colorado State University Extension Service)
Efficient woodburning practices
How to select the best types of firewood
Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
"Let's Clear the Air!"
(Historical document)
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q City's PM-10 regulations
Q Curtailment responsibilities
Q City program for upgrading woodstoves
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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Improving the Way You Burn
MAINE
Department of
Environmental Protection
"Burn Wood Efficiently"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to size, install, and maintain a woodstove
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
MONTANA
Butte-Silver Bow
Health Department
"Wood Stove News"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q EPA's woodstove certification program
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Lewis & Clark City-County
Health Department
"Air Pollution in Helena...It's Something We Can Live Without"
(Historical document)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Good Neighbors Under One Roof
(Historical document)
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
"Please.. .For a Healthy Helena"
(Historical document)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Missoula City-County
Health Department
"How You Burn Makes a Big Difference"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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Improving the Way You Burn
MONTANA
Missoula City-County
Health Department
"Wood Collection & Storage"
• How to select and store the best types of
firewood for the area
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources &. Conservation)
State of Montana
"Heating with Wood—How You Bum Makes a Big Difference"
(Montana Department of Health and Environmental Services)
. • Efficient woodbuming practices-
NEVADA
Washoe County District
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"A Woodburner's Guide"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Burning Issues"
Efficient woodbuming practices
How to select and store the best types of firewood
Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
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Improving the Way You Burn
NEW MEXICO
City of Albuquerque
Environmental
Health Department
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic programs for woodstove users
Q Curtailment responsibilities
"How About That Fireplace?"
• Efficient woodbuming practices for fireplaces
"How to Bum Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go up in Smoke"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"Bum Smart. A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Burn Smart: Good Ideas For Woodstove Users.
Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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Improving the Way You Burn
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"Burn Wood Better"
Efficient woodburning practices
How to select and store the best types of firewood
Comparison of heating efficiency of different
types of firewood
"CleanAir Clint Takes on Particle Pete in the Battle for Oregon's
(Designed as a teachers guide)
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
!-**!
"Heating with Wood"
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Keeping Wood Dry: Building Plans for a Two-Cord Woodshed"
• How to build a woodshed for storing firewood
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"Build a Solar Wood Dryer"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• How to store the firewood
' "Burn Dry Firewood for Safety, Cleaner Burning and Efficiency"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• How to store firewood
• How to determine if firewood is seasoned
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Improving the Way You Burn
OREGON
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"Do You Have Money to Bum?"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
"Operate and Maintain Your Wood Stove for Cleaner Burning
and Efficiency"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to use a stove thermometer
Q Ideal burning temperatures
Klamath County
Department of Health Services
"In Klamath County...Paniculate Matters"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q Description of temperature inversions
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
•Q Curtailment responsibilities
• Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
Lane Regional Air
Pollution Authority
"Burn Smart. A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Heating with Wood"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Keeping Wood Dry: Building Plans for a Two-Cord Woodshed"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Reduce Pollution"
Efficient woodbuming practices
How to select and store the best types of firewood
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Improving the Way You Burn
VERMONT
Department of
Environmental Conservation
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(C/.5. Environmental Protection Agency)
WASHINGTON
Puget Sound Air Pollution
Control Authority
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
(Washington State Department of Ecology/Historical document)
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
(Historical document)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Curtailment responsibilities
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Keeping Wood Dry: Building Plans for a Two-Cord Woodshed"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
(Washington Insurance Council)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Using Wood Heating: Advantages and Drawbacks"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
. Q Economic advantages (and disadvantages) of burning wood
"Wood Fuel"
(U.S. Department of Energy)
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
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Improving the Way You Burn
WASHINGTON
Washington State
Department of Ecology
"Keeping Wood Dry: Building Plans for a Two-Cord Woodshed"
• How to build a woodshed for storing firewood
• How to select and store the best types of firewood
"If You Bum, Bum Smart"
• Efficient woodburning practices
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
(Historical document)
• Efficient woodburning practices
• How to select the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
U. S. DOE
Conservation and Renewable
Energy Inquiry and
Referral Service
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
O State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Operating a Wood-Burning Appliance"
• Efficient woodburning practices
Q Proper chimney maintenance
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects and safety risks
Q How to install and operate a woodstove
"Wood Fuel"
How to select and store the best types of firewood
Economic advantages of burning wood
Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
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Improving the Way You Burn
u. s. EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Let's Clear the Air Mechanic"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
• Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Woodstove maintenance
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
• Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to select the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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3. Facts About Your Woodstove
CALIFORNIA
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District
"Residential Woodstoves and Fireplaces"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• EPA's woodstove certification program
• Selecting and installing a woodstove
Northern Sonoma County
Air Pollution
Control District
"A Woodburner's Guide"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
"Catalytic Woodstoves"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Certified Woodstoves"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Oregon DEQ-Certified Woodstoves Meeting the
1988 Emission Standard"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Sizing Woodstoves"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
Placer County Air Pollution
Control District
"Buying an EPA-Certified Woodstove"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
COLORADO!
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
"Stove Sizing No: 1"
(60-second public service announcement)
• Importance of selecting correct size woodstove
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Facts About Your Woodstove
COLORADO
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
"Stove Sizing No. 2"
(60-second public service announcement)
• Importance of selecting correct size wocdstove
Routt County Department
of Environmental Health
"Woodbuming Stove Operation and Safety"
• How to operate a woodstove safely
• Descriptions of different types of metal woodstoves
MAINE
Department of
Environmental Protection
"Burn Wood Efficiently"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to size, install, and maintain a woodstove'
"Buying an EPA-Certified Wood Stove"
(US. Environmental Protection Agency)
"Residential Wood Combustion"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
"Residential Wood Heaters Certified by the U.S. EPA"
• Listing of woodstove manufacturers and their addresses,
and woodstove models and efficiency ratings
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Ah-"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
"Wood Stove News"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• EPA's woodstove certification program
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Facts About Your Woodstove
MONTANA
Butte-Silver Bow
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(US. Environmental Protection Agency)
Lewis & Clark City-County
Health Department
Missoula City-County
Health Department
State of Montana
NEVADA
Washoe County District
Health Department
"How Can You Tell If You Are Burning Hot, Smokeless Fires?"
(Historical document)
• How to use a magnetic.stove thermometer
• Ideal burning temperatures
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources &. Conservation)
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices .
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
A Woodburner's Guide"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
0
d
"New Rules for Buying and Selling Wood Stoves"
(Historical document)
• Discussion of County's woodstove certification program
Q Curtailment responsibilities
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Facts About Your Woodstove
NEVADA
Washoe County District
Health Department
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"Wood Stove Appliances and the Sale of Your Home"
(Historical document)
• Advice about the sell of homes with woodstoves
• Certification of woodstoves
"Burn Smart. A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Bum Smart: Good Ideas For Woodstove Users.
Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Catalytic Woodstoves"
• How to select and operate a catalytic woodstove
"Certified Woodstoves"
• How to select an Oregon-certified woodstove
"Heating with Wood"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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Facts About Your Woodstove
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"Sizing Woodstoves"
• How to size and choose a woodstove
Jackson County
. Department of
Planning and Development
"Operate and Maintain Your Wood Stove for Cleaner Burning
and Efficiency"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• How to use a stove thermometer
• Ideal burning temperatures
Lane Regional
Air Pollution Authority
"Burn Smart. A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Heating with Wood"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
VERMONT^
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Department of "Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
Environmental Conservation (US. Environmental Protection Agency)
WASHINGTON
Okanogan County
Health District
"Okanogan County Health District List of Approved Woodstoves"
• Listing of woodstove manufacturers and their addresses,
and woodstove models and efficiency ratings
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Adding a Catalytic Combustor to an Existing Woodstove"
• Economic and burning advantages to using a catalyst
"Chemical Chimney Cleaners"
• How chemical cleaners remove creosote from chimneys
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Facts About Your Woodstove
WASHINGTON
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Guide to Sizing Woodstoves"
• How to size a woodstove
Q Advantages of weatherizadon
"Installing a Wood Heater"
• How to install and vent a woodstove
"Metal Fireplace Covers"
• Description of fireplace covers
• How fireplace covers work and how to install them
"Publication to Help You Save Money and Energy!"
• Listing of publications from the Washington Energy
Extension Office on a variety of woodstove topics
"Safer and Cleaner Wood Heat"
• How to operate and maintain a woodstove
• How to use a catalytic heater
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Woodburners! Be Aware"
(Washington State Chimney Sweep Guild)
• The role chimney sweeps play in the maintenance of
chimneys and fireplaces
Washington State
Department of Ecology
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
"The Wood Heat Factor Evaluating the Risk"
(30-minute tape directed at insurance agents/underwriters)
• How to select, install, and operate a woodstove safely
• How to maintain a woodstove and chimney properly
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Facts About Your Woodstove
WASHINGTON
Washington State
Department of Ecology
U. S. DOE
Conservation and Renewable
Energy Inquiry and
Referral Service
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Different types of woodstoves
"Buying A Wood-Burning Appliance"
• How to select and install different types of solid-fuel devices
U. S. EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Operating a Wood-Burning Appliance"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Proper chimney maintenance
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects and safety risks
• How to install and operate a woodstove
"Buying an EPA-Certified Wood Stove"
• How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
• EPA's woodstove certification program
"Let's Clear the Air. Mechanic"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Woodstove maintenance
"Residential Wood Combustion"
(Article in Control Technology Center News)
• EPA's woodstove certification program
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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Facts About Your Woodstove
U. S. EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select the best types of firev/ood
• How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
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4. HowWoodsmoke Affects Your Health
CALIFORNIA
Fresno County
Department of Health
"Woodbuming—Take a Look at the Facts"
(American Lung Association of Central California)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
MONTANA
Butte-Silver Bow
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Lewis & Clark City-County
Health Department
"Air Pollution Affects Our Health"
(Historical document)
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Air Pollution in Helena...It's Something We Can Live Without"
(Historical document)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Missoula City-County
Health Department
"An Overview of Air Quality in Missoula, Montana"
Q How woodsmoke affects Missoula's air quality
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q City's PM-10 regulations
"Wood Collection & Storage"
Q How to select and store the best types of
firewood for the area
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
-------
How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health
MONTANA
State of Montana
NEW MEXICO
City of Albuquerque
Environmental
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic programs for woodstove users
Q Curtailment responsibilities
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"How to Burn Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go up in Smoke"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
"Bum Smart: Good Ideas For Woodstove Users.
Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
''deanAir Clint Takes on Particle Pete in the Battle for Oregon's Skies"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"Heating with Wood"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"Wood Smoke and Health"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Wood Smoke and Quality of Life"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Klamath County
Department of Health Services
"In Klamath County.. .Paniculate Matters"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q Description of temperature inversions
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Curtailment responsibilities
O Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
Lane Regional
Air Pollution Authority
"Heating with Wood"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
•"The Monitor" s
Q Woodstove curtailment exemptions selected
by advisory committee and local curtailment
programs and responsibilities
Q News about Lane County's woodstove ordinance
Q Curtailment responsibilities
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health
VERMONT
Vermont Air Pollution
Control Division
WASHINGTON
Puget Sound Air Pollution
Control Authority
"Backyard Burning"
Addresses health, pollution, and legal issues of
open-air burning
"Citizens Against Woodstove Fumes" (newsletter)
(Historical document)
Q State's PM-10 regulations
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Environmental risks from woodsmoke
"Health Effect of Wood Smoke: A Summary Statement"
(Historical document)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
D
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
(Historical document)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Curtailment responsibilities
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Focus on Washington's Wood Stove Regulation
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
"Indoor Air Pollutants Combustion Products"
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
(Washington Insurance Council)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
-------
How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health
WASHINGTON
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
Washington State
Department of Ecology
"Focus on Washington's Wood Stove Regulation"
Q EPA's certification program
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q State's PM- 10 regulations
Q Curtailment responsibilities
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
U.S.DOE?
Conservation and Renewable
Energy Inquiry and
Referral Service
"Wood Smoke Facts"
(Washington State Department of Ecology/Historical document)
Q State's PM-10 regulations
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Operating a Wood-Burning Appliance"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Proper chimney maintenance
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Health effects and safety risks
Q How to install and operate a woodstove
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Let's Clear the Air Firefighter"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
-------
How Woodsmoke Affects Your Health
u. s. EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Let's Clear the Air Mother and Child"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Let's Clear the Air Older Wood Burner"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoks
"Let's Clear the Air: Smoker"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
• Health effects from breathing woodsmokc
-------
5. Environmental Pollution
CALIFORNIA
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District
''Residential Woodstoves and Fireplaces"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q How EPA certifies a woodstove
Q Selecting and installing a woodstove
Fresno County
Department of Health
"Woodburning—Take a Look at the Facts"
(American Lung Association of Central California)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Northern Sonoma County
Air Pollution
Control District
"A Woodbumer's Guide"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
Placer County Air Pollution
Control District
COLORADO
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
"A Burning Issue"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
• Description of temperature inversions
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Make Your Stove a Clean Burner!"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"What Are Inversions?/Tips on How to Burn"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Description of temperature inversions
-------
Environmental Pollution
COLORADO
Routt County Department
of Environmental Health
"Burning Wood Better"
(Colorado State University Extension Service)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
IDAHO
City of Boise
Building Department
MAINE
Department of
Environmental Protection
"Let's Clear die Air!"
(Historical document)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q City's PM-10 regulations
Q Curtailment responsibilities
Q City program for upgrading woodstoves
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
MONTANA
Butte-Silver Bow
Health Department
"Wood Stove News"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q How EPA certifies a woodstove
Q Different types of woodstoves
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency)
Lewis & Clark City-County
Health Department
"Air Pollution Affects Our Health"
(Historical document)
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
-------
Environmental Pollution
MONTANA
Missoula City-County
Health Department
"An Overview of Air Quality in Missoula, Montana"
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q City's PM-10 regulations
"How You Bum Makes a Big Difference"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
State of Montana
NEVADA
Washoe County District
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"A Woodburner's Guide"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Green-Yellow-Red"
• Explains the County's color system used to indicate
air quality and how it affects the burning of woodstoves
• Description of temperature inversions
"Pollution Solutions"
• Measures people can take to reduce air pollution
-------
Environmental Pollution
NEW MEXICO
City of Albuquerque
Environmental
Health Department
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic programs for woodstove users
Q Curtailment responsibilities
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"How to Burn Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go Up in Smoke"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
"Bum Smart A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Bum Smart: Good Ideas For Woodstove Users.
Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, operate, and maintain a woodstove
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"CleanAir Clint Takes on Particle Pete in the Battle for Oregon's Skies*
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
Environmental Pollution
OREGON
Department of
Environmental Quality
"Heating with Wood"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, operate, and maintain a wpodstove
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"Burning Questions...And Clear Answers"
Q Federal PM-10 standard
• Measures people can take to reduce air pollution
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"PM-10: Reaching Attainment in the Rogue Valley"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
Q Federal PM-10 standard
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Klamath County
Department of Health Services
"In Klamath County...Paniculate Matters"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• Description of temperature inversions
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Curtailment responsibilities
Q Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
Lane Regional
Air Pollution Authority
"Burn Smart. A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
"Heating with Wood"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
-------
Environmental Pollution
OREGON
Lane Regional
Air Pollution Authority
"The Monitor"
Q Woodstove curtailment exemptions selected
by advisory committee and local curtailment
programs and responsibilities
Q News about Lane County's woodstove ordinance
Q Curtailment responsibilities
Q Health effects from breathing woodsrioke
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
VERMONT
Department of
Environmental Conservation
'Tuesday Night Hearing Set on Woodstove Control Plan"
• Summary of a public hearing to consider measures
to control air pollution from woodsmoke
"Backyard Burning"
• Addresses health, pollution, and legal
issues of open-air burning
WASHINGTON
Puget Sound Air Pollution
Control Authority
"Citizens Against Woodstove Fumes" (newsletter)
(Historical document)
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Environmental risks from woodsmoke
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
(Washington Insurance Council)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Economic benefits of wood heating
"Focus on Washington's Wood Stove Regulation"
(Washington State Department of Ecology/Historical document)
-------
Environmental Pollution
WASHINGTON
Washington State
Department of Ecology
"Focus on Washington's Wood Stove Regulation"
(Historical document)
Q EPA's certification program
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Curtailment responsibilities
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
(Historical document)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q How to select the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You'
U.S.DOE
Conservation and Renewable
Energy Inquiry and
Referral Service
U.S.EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
Q
Q
Q
•
Q
Q
Efficient woodburning practices
Economic advantages of burning wood
State's PM-10 regulations
Air pollution from woodsmoke
Different types of woodstoves
Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Operating a Wood-Burning Appliance"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Proper chimney maintenance
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects and safety risks
Q How to install and operate a woodstove
"Let's Clear the Air: Chimney Sweep"
(30- and 10-second public service announcements)
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
Environmental Pollution
u. s. EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Residential Wood Combustion"
(Article in Control Technology Center News)
Q EPA's woodstove certification program
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Wood Stove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q How to select the best types of firewood
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
• Air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
6. Economics of Woodfaurning
COLORADO
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
MONTANA
Biitte-Silver Bow
Health Department
"A Burning Issue"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Economic advantages of burning wood
Q Description of temperature inversions
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
LewiS & Clark City-County
Health Department
"Everything Has Its Price. Even Wood"
(Historical document)
• Worksheet to estimate cost of wood heat
State of Montana
NEVADA
Washoe County District
Health Department
NEWMEXICOI
City of Albuquerque
Environmental
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Wood Stove Appliances and the Sale of Your Home"
• Advice about the sell of homes with woodstoves
Q Certification of woodstoves
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Economic programs for woodstove users
Q Curtailment responsibilities
-------
Economics of Woodburning
NEW MEXICO
City of Albuquerque
Environmental
Health Department
OREGON
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"How to Bum Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go up in Smoke"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Economic advantages of burning wood
"Wood Smoke and Economic Development"
(Oregon State University Extension Service)
• How woodsmoke pollution limits economic
growth and development
Lane Regional Air
Pollution Authority
WASHINGTON
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Get Your Money's Worth"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
• Economic advantages of burning wood
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
(Washington Insurance Council)
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Economic advantages of burning wood
"Publications to Help You Save Money and Energy!"
• Listing of over 75 publications available from
the Washington Energy Extension Service on a
variety of energy-related topics
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
-------
Economics of Woodburning
WASHINGTON
Washington State
Department of Ecology
U. S. DOE
Conservation and Renewable
Energy Inquiry and
Referral Service
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
• Economic advantages of burning wood
Q State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Wood Fuel"
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
• Economic advantages of burning wood
Q Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
-------
-------
7. Curtailments and Regulations
COLORADO
Aspen/Pitkin Environmental
Health Department
IDAHO
City of Boise
Building Department
MONTANA
Butte-Silver Bow
Health Department
"Notice to Aspen Property Owners"
(Historical document)
• Explanation of City's odd-even bum days system
• Curtailment responsibilities
"Let's Clear the Air!"
(Historical document)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
• City's PM-10 regulations
• Curtailment responsibilities
Q City program for upgrading woodstoves
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Lewis & Clark City-County
Health Department
"Air Pollution Affects Our Health"
(Historical document)
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Curtailment responsibilities
Missoula City-County
Health Department
"An Overview of Air Quality in Missoula, Montana"
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• City's PM-10 regulations
"Missoula's Air Pollution Reporting System"
• Curtailment responsibilities
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
-------
Curtailments and Regulations
MONTANA
State of Montana
NEVADA
Washoe County District
Health Department
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
• State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Green-Yellow-Red"
• Explains the County's color system used to indicate
air quality and how it affects the burning of woodstoves
Q Description of temperature inversions
NEW MEXICO
City of Albuquerque
Environmental
Health Department
*\ OREGON
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"New Rules for Buying and Selling Wood Stoves"
(Historical document)
• Curtailment responsibilities
Q How to choose a woodstove
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Economic programs for woodstove users
• Curtailment responsibilities
"Burning Questions...And Clear Answers"
• Federal PM-10 standard
Q Measures people can take to reduce air pollution
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
Curtailments and Regulations
OREGON
Jackson County
Department of
Planning and Development
"PM-10: Reaching Attainment in the Rogue Valley"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
• Federal PM-10 standard
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Klamath County
Department of Health Services
"In Klamath County...Paniculate Matters"
Q Efficient woodburning practices
Q How to select and store the best types of firewood
Q Description of temperature inversions
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
• Curtailment responsibilities
Q Comparison of heating efficiency of different types of firewood
"Paniculate Matters"
Plans for a model curtailment program for
premandatory education as it relates to woodburning
Lane Regional
Air Pollution Authority
"LRAPA's Voluntary Curtailment Program"
• Explains the County's curtailment responsibilities
"The Monitor"
• Woodstove curtailment exemptions selected
by advisory committee and local curtailment
programs and responsibilities
M- News about Lane County's woodstove ordinance
• Curtailment responsibilities
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
'Tuesday Night Hearing Set on Woodstove Control Plan"
• Summary of a public hearing to consider measures
to control air pollution from woodsmoke
-------
Curtailments and Regulations
WASHINGTON
Methow Valley Air
Quality District
"Methow Valley Air Quality Regulation"
• Explains the County's PM-10 regulaiion and
curtailment responsibilities
Puget Sound Air Pollution
Control Authority
"Citizens Against Woodstove Fumes" (newsletter)
(Historical document)
• State's PM-10 regulations
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Q Environmental risks from woodsmoke
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
(Historical document)
Q Efficient woodbuming practices
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• Curtailment responsibilities
Washington Energy
Extension Service
"Wood Smoke Facts"
(Washington State Department of Ecology/Historical document)
Q State's PM-10 regulations
• Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
Washington State
Department of Ecology
"Focus on Washington's Wood Stove Regulation"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
"Focus on Washington's Wood Stove Regulation"
Q EPA's certification program
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
• State's PM-10 regulations
• Curtailment responsibilities
-------
Curtailments and Regulations
WASHINGTON
Washington State
Department of Ecology
U.S. EPA
U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency
"Wood Heat, Wood Smoke and You"
Q Efficient wdodburning practices
Q Economic advantages of burning wood
• State's PM-10 regulations
Q Air pollution from woodsmoke
Q Different types of woodstoves
Q Health effects from breathing woodsmoke
"Buying an EPA-Certified Wood Stove"
Q How to choose, install, and operate a woodstove
• EPA's woodstove certification program and regulations
-------
Materials
Residential
Woodstoves
and
Fireplaces
Bay Area Air Quality
Management District
939 Ellis Street,
San Francisco, CA 94109
(415)771-6000
The regulation also prohibits the consumer
from removing the stove's permanent label,
from tampering with the pollution control
features of the stove, and, in general, from
operating the woodstove in a manner not
consistent with the directions provided by
the manufacturer.
How Much Will The Regulation
Cost The Consumer?
An EPA-certified woodstove will cost more
than an otherwise comparable unregulated
stove. However, for most consumers this
cost will be more thiin offset by savings
from reduced firewood consumption (one-
third to one-fourth less) and less frequent
chimney cleaning. Iri addition, the new
woodstoves will allow consumers to be
good neighbors — by decreasing the
chance a stove will cause annoyance to
neighbors, and by contributing to a cleaner
environment.
Remember that these regulations apply to
newly purchased woodstoves and inserts.
Most existing stoves will be around for a
long time, and it is important that proper "
precautions, as described earlier, be taken
with these units.
This pamphlet provides answers to com-
monly asked questions about the operation
of woodstoves and fireplaces. If you have
additional questions, you may call the
District at (415) 771-CiOOO, extension 210.
"Residential Woodstoves and Fireplaces"
(Bay Area Air Quality Management District)
-------
Materials
What Is The Bay Area Air Quality
Management District?
in the Bay Area are emissions of carbon
monoxide (CO), since the Bay Area
presently does not attain the CO standard.
The Bay Area Air Quality Management
District (District) is the regional agency in
the Bay Area that regulates stationary
sources of air pollution such as factories,
industrial sites and gasoline stations. The
District has jurisdiction in nine counties —
Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco,
San Mateo, Santa Clara, Marin, Napa,
southwest Solano and southern Sonoma.
Increasingly, the Bay Area Air Quality
Management District is receiving inquiries
from the public regarding residential wood-
stoves and fireplaces. Many of the callers
express concern about the amount of
smoke and pollution they produce, espe-
cially during stagnant weather conditions.
This brochure contains some suggestions
for operating your woodstove or fireplace
so that air pollution emissions are as low
as possible. In addition, it contains informa-
tion on the new Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) regulation on woodstoves
and fireplace inserts.
What Pollutants Do Woodstoves^
And Fireplaces Produce?^ ti
Woodstoves and fireplaces produce several
types of pollution including particulate
matter, carbon monoxide and organic
gases. These pollutants are known to
cause respiratory and cardiovascular illness
and can contribute to atmospheric visibility
problems and property damage. The
burning of wood in homes is the fastest-
growing source of air pollution in many
areas of the United States including Reno,
Denver and Portland. Of particular concern
What Can I Do To Reduce
Pollution From Woodburning?
One obvious way is to reduce the frequency
and duration of wopdbuming. If you do bum
wood in a stove or fireplace, remember that
woodsmoke is unbumt fuel, some of which
accumulates in your chimney as creosote
while the rest exits the stack as smoke. The
key to reducing air pollution from wood-
stoves is to bum the fuel more completely.
Three things make a stove dean-burning —
how it is designed, how it is installed and
how it is operated. The following are some
guidelines for operating your stove or
fireplace to minimize emissions.
Purchase the right size stove — If pur-
chasing a woodstove, carefully determine
the right size appliance for your needs. A \
stove that is too large or too small will be i
inefficient, create more pollution and cause
discomfort. "Size" means the rated heat
output in British Thermal Units (BTU's) per
hour. If you are unsure of the correct size"
stove to purchase, consult an expert such
as a heating contractor, architect or local
woodstove dealer. Make sure the stove is
properly installed. Chimney size and height
are important for creating sufficient draft
Information on the new EPA-certified stoves
is available later in this pamphlet.
Burn only dry, seasoned wood — Dry
hardwood has the best combustion effi-
ciency. Softwoods are slightly harder to bum
due to their higher resin content. Do not
bum garbage, plastics or treated wood, as
these can release toxic materials into the
air, in addition to excess smoke and odors.
"Residential Woodstoves and Fireplaces"
-------
Materials
Coal should be burnt only in a stove specifi-
cally designed for coal.
Start the fire with small, dry pieces of
kindling, and gradually add wood of 4 to 5
inches in diameter to maintain a hot, clean-
burning fire. Do not overload. Frequent
refueling with small loads will result in less
pollution than fueling less often with larger
loads.
Keep the damper open enough to Insure
an adequate oxygen supply to the fire.
A more rapid combustion rate generates
less pollution than slow combustion. Since
the rate of combustion is at least partially
dependent on the air supply, the draft
setting on the stove should be set to allow
enough air for efficient burning. Smoldering
fires cause as much as 6 times more
pollution than hot, clean fires.
Remember, by operating your stove or
fireplace in ways that reduce pollution, you
also save fuel and chimney cleaning costs,
and reduce the chance of chimney fires. A
good indicator of efficiency is the amount of
smoke coming from the chimney. If the fire
is burning cleanly, there should be little or
no smoke coming from the chimney once
the fire is well established.
When Should I Curtail Use
Of My Fireplace Or Woodstove?
During the winter months, when the air is
stagnant and there is little wind to dilute
woodsmoke, levels of carbon monoxide
and particulate matter can quickly build up
to unhealthful levels. During these times,
we ask that Bay Area residents curtail
the burning of wood in fireplaces and
woodstoves.
To check air pollution levels, call the
District's Smog Phone at (415) 673-SMOG.
The recorded message reports air quality
conditions in six geographic sections of the
Bay Area, using the Pollutant Standards
Index (PSI). If the numerical value in your
area is near or exceeding 100, the air quality
may be unhealthful. Under these circum-
stances, the District .'asks that you curtail
woodbuming until th» air qualify improves.
For more information on the PSI, call the
District's Public Information Office at (415)
771-6000, ext. 210.
The New EPA Regulation
On Woodstoves
On July 1,1988, the EPA began certifying
all new fireplace inserts and freestanding
woodstoves. The new certified stoves have
been shown in the laboratory to have
particulate matter (smoke) emissions from
70 to 90% less than conventional stoves.
By controlling paniculate matter, other
pollutants will also bet reduced. It's up to
consumers, however, to see that stoves
bum cleanly and efficiently where it matters
— in homes and in neighborhoods.
What Does The Regulation Require?
Essentially, the new regulation requires
manufacturers to produce dean-burning
woodstoves. It also requires manufacturers
and retailers to properly label the stoves as
EPA certified, and to include manuals that
provide appropriate operating and main-
tenance instructions. Included on the label
is the heat output range in British Thermal
Units (BTU's), which is important information
to have when choosing the right size stove
for your needs.
"Residential Woodstoves and Fireplaces'
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Materials
WOOD-
BURNING
A CRACKLING FIRE ON
THE HEARTH, OR A
CHEERY WOODSTOVE
HAS GREAT WINTER-
TIME APPEAL.
MUCH OF THE SMOKE,
HOWEVER, CONTAINS
HARMFUL POLLUTANTS.
HOW DOES THIS
AFFECT US? WHAT
IS A RESPONSIBLE
APPROACH TO WOOD-
BURNING?
Take A Look
At The racist
WOOD BURNING FACTS
Those venturing outdoors on winter evenings
in Central California cities are frequently
greeted by overpowering wood smoke. If you
are sensitive to this irritant, you may suffer from
burning and watery eyes, a scratchy throat,
headaches, difficulty breathing, and even
more severe respiratory difficulties, such as
asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema compli-
cations. Jogging may be hazardous to your
health when the air is smokey, as may be any
strenuous outdoor activity.
Home wood-burning stoves or fireplaces can
produce significant air pollution, the American
Council on Science and Health has an-
nounced. Measurements in one Oregon com-
munity recently showed that half the paniculate
matter in the air came from residential wood
burning. The problem became so greatthat a
new Oregon law established an accurate
method of testing woodstove emissions, and
with the year 1986, stove manufacturers and
retailers must meet standards requiring that
most gases and materials be burned before
being released in the atmosphere. Aspen and
vail, Colorado, among many cities, also have
serious wood smoke problems and strict wood
burning ordinances are on the books.
COMMON GEOGRAPHICAL PROBLEM
San Joaqum Valley towns share this problem
with Portland, Vail, and Aspen, because our
geographies are similar. All are in valleys en-
closed by mountains. When there are tang
periods of stable air, such as occur in the
winter, a warm inversion layer, often only a few
hundred feet above ground, acts like a lid,
trapping the air and concentrating its pollut-
"Woodburning—Take a Look at the Facts"
(Fresno County Department of Health; American Lung Association of Central California)
-------
Materials
ants of carbon monoxide, oxidants, pollens,
molds, and wood smoke. During the winter our
main pollutants are paniculate matter and car-
bon monoxide. Portland research shows that
wood burning stoves emit about 10 times more
carbon monoxide on a typical winter heating
day than the average highway vehicle would
on a 50-mile trip.
Fresno Air Pollution Control District engineers,
for-example, noticed an unusual pattern in the
daily carbon monoxide levels, which prompted
a local study on wood burning in 1982, fi-
nanced by the Environmental Protection
Agency. During the winter, carbon monoxide
levels in metropolitan Fresno would rise after
6:00 p.m. It was previously assumed that the
majority of carbon monoxide in Fresno came
from automobile emissions. However; this rise
in CO levels continued long after the heavy
commuter traffic hours. This pattern did not
exist outside the metropolitan area. The EPA
study was conducted to determine how wood
burning contributes to air pollution in Fresno.
Results of the study showed that pollution from
wood burning was substantially higher than
previously recognized, and mainly consisted
of carbon monoxide and particulates. This pat-
tern probably threatens other San Joaquin Val-
ley communities also.
WHATTO DO
Now that this is offically confirmed locally, what
can one do about it?
First, there is no official or unofficial movement
or feeling that woodstove or fireplace burning
be restricted or otheiwise controlled locally. It
is hoped, however, that once the wood burning
public becomes aware of the problem caused
by injudicious burning, they will act in an in-
formed and responsible manner. The obvious
first step is to leam the known facts about wood
burning and its consequences. As part of this
self-education process, one can leam to better
understand the Pollution Standard Index (PSI)
reports given daily in the newspapers and on
radio and television. The PSI can be a guide in
making personal decisions about wood bum-
ing on any particular day. Next, one can per-
sonally observe "Bum" and "No Bum" days in
the valley. Finally, ttw> use of proper burning
techniques and proper kinds of wood, and the
curtailing of burning at certain times will sub-
POLLUTION
STANDARD
INDEX (PSI) RATING
0-50 Good
60-100 Moderate
•
110-200 Unhealthful
210-300 Very
Unhealthful
350-500 Hazardous
HEALTH WARNINGS
Persons with existing
heart or respiratory
ailments should reduce
physical exertion and
outdoor activity.
Children, elderly, and
persons with existing
heart or lung disease
should stay indoors
and reduce physical
activity.
Everyone should stay
indoors
SUGGESTIONS
FOB
BURNING
Use recommended
techniques
Use recommended
techniques & curtail
hours
Curtail or avoid
burning
Do not bum
Do not bum
"Woodburning—Take a Look at the Facts"
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Materials
THE POLLUTION STANDARD INDEX (PSI)
This index tells one what the previous clay's
pollution levels were, and can be used to moni-
tor general pollution trends. For example, if the
level one day is 110, and considered unhealth-
ful, with cold temperatures, fog, and little wind,
one might expect the poor air to continue.
Wood burning under these conditions would
further add to the deteriorating air quality.
BURN/NO BURN DAYS
One can also listen to the daily 'Bum* and "No
Bum" reports. They give the go-ahead to those
with agricultural burning permits if the pollution
levels for that day are expected to fall within
good rating levels. If the pollution levels are
poor and a "No Bum" day is announced, every-
one concerned about pollution should consid-
er some other form of heat besides fireplaces
and woodstoves.
PROPER BURNING TECHNIQUES
Hardwoods make better fuel than resinous
softwoods. Use seasoned wood, not green or
wet wood, which gives off more smoke, par-
ticulate matter, toxic gases, and less heat.
Start a fire with paper and dry kindling fol-
lowed by small sticks. Never use gasoline or
lighter fluid.
Feed wood in frequent small amounts. Use
large wood pieces.
Maintain a hot fire.
Maintain sufficient draft to prevent the fuel
from smoldering; don't overdamp.
Do not bum trash, garbage, colored paper,
gift wrap, plastic, or coal (which contains con-
siderable sulfur, a known threat to health).
Have the chimney cleaned as necessary to
prevent creasote buildup, which could be afire
hazard as well as a producer of additional toxic
fumes.
Extinguish fireplace fires before retiring and
close chimney flue to prevent siphoning
warmed house air up the chimney, which
would occur if the fire was allowed to die out by
itself.
Air Pollution
Asthma
Bronchiectasis
Chronic Bronchitis
Chronic Cough
Cigarette Smoking
Cocci (Coccidioldomycotls)
Common Cold
Dust Disease
Emphysema
Farmer's Lung
Flu (Influenza)
Ask your
Lung Association
for any of
these leaflets
Hay Fever
Histoplasmosis
Lung Cancer
Pipe & Cigar Smoking
Pleurisy
Pneumonia
Sarcoidosis
Second-Hand Smoke
Shortness of Breath
TB Outside the Lungs
Tuberculosis
Your Lungs
A community service paid for by 'Christmas Seals.'
It's a matter of life and breath,*
AMERICAN LUNG ASSOCIATION
OF CENTRAL CAUFOH «»A
234 N. BROADWAY
FRESNO. CA 93701
i (209) 266-5864
S. MO 367-5864
American rfc Lung Association
of Central California
234 N. BROADWAY FRESNO, CALIFORNIA 93701
"Woodburning—Take a Look at the Facts"
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Materials
WOOD HEATING
AND
AIR POLLUTION
NORTHERN SIERRA
AIR QUALITY
MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
The nation nas exoenencec a recant reoirtr ;n
«ne use of wood (or residential nesting anc v.s
areas of Nevaoa. Plumas ana Sierra Counties are
no exceotion. Burning WOOD for r.ome neating
nas become one of the most raoidly growing
sources of air pollution. The oollutants from
wood stoves include carbon monoxide, organic
gases, and paniculate materials sucn as smoke
and soot.
During every winter for the oast several years.
we have seen an increase in :ne numoer of
woodburnmg stoves sold, the numoer of wood
cutting permits issued, and the smell of wood-
smoke in residential neighborhoods. This trend is
likely to continue as the pnce of fuel oil. elec-
tricity, and natural gas continues to rise. By
following the advice outlined in this brochure.
you can get the greatest heating vatue out of your
wood and help reduce! air pollution for yourself
and your neighbors.
CHOOSING A FUEL
1. Bum Seasoned Wood
Burning green wood is like burning money.
Dry wood has 50% more heating value than an
equal weight of green or wet wood. Wet wood
fouls the chimney vrith dangerous creosote
and increases air pollution. Firewood should
be season-dried — at least 6 to 8 months
before burning in order to provide the cheap-
est, cleanest, and safest fire. Cover the wood
and keep it off the ground for at least that long.
For clean air and Ctest fuel economy, it is
important to bum wood that is dry and prop-
erly seasoned.
BURNING DRY WOOD = DOLLARS SAVED
Z Bum Property Sized Ptecat
Us* kindling only for starting the fire. For
continued burning, use 4 to 6 inch thick
pieces, or larger, depending on the stove size.
The larger pieces limit the vaporization rate of
the wood so that the combustibles can be
completely burned by an adequate air supply
available within the move.
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
(Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District)
-------
Materials
FIREWOOD PREPARATION
7. Splitting and Stacking
Splitting logs Hastens drying. Stacn soiit or
small round logs to allow air circulation ana
leave under cover for 6 to 8 months, if ocssioie.
This will proviae the best heat yieic ana least
pollution. As a minimum, cut wooa snouia dry
at least a full summer. Don't burn wooa in
Octooer that was cut in September.
ALLOW ADEQUATE VENTILATION
2. Storage
It isn't necessary to store wooa in a garage
because a simple covering will suffice. The
idea is to keep moisture off the wood wniie
drying to allow proper ventilation.
MAINTAINING A FIRE
1. Bum Hot
A choked down, smoldering fire is the worst
polluter and greatly increases creosote buiio-
up in the chimney — an efficiency robber and
possible fire hazard.
Burn your wooastove or fireplace briskly for
the first 30 minutes after loaoing. Thereafter.
keep the fire at a mooerate burn rate rather
than an oxygen-starved, fiamoereaaown burn
rate. Also consider not burning on days wnen
the air quality outside is poor, if you have
alternate heating sources available.
2. Amid Burning Garbage, fluoown and TV-eared
Wood
These aroouce noxious ana corrosive prod-
ucts. Unburnea fragments (foil, paper, ptas-
tics. etc.) can plug gas passages. espec:aily «
stoves with catalytic comoustors.
Other materials that should never be burned
mcluoe aoison ivy. poison oatc. ana cnemicaily
treatea wood sucn as discarded railroad ties.
utility poies. ana many yard fences. All emit
poisonous fumes and could add :o those
materials that collect in the cnimney. increas-
ing the possibility of a cnimney fire.
a Watch For Slgntit
Visible smoke leaving the top of the chimney
or lazy flames m the firebox are signs of
incomplete starved - air burning. When this
occurs, more air is needed to complete the
burning. To do this, open the dampers, letting
additional air into the stove.
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
-------
Materials
TIPS FOR REDUCING
AIR POLLUTION FROM
WOOD HEATING
* BURN DRY. CLEAN WOQP. Pirawnnri «h»..M
be seasoned (dried) at least six to eight
months before use.
» BURN BRISKLY THE FIRST 30 MINUTES. A
hot fire will heat the stove up enough to burn
the wood completely and cleanly.
• DO-NOT DAMPER TOO FAR Allow enough
air into stove to fully comoust the wood. Fires
that smolder due to lack of air are the worst pol-
luters. Dont attempt to "hold" a fire overnight
by reducing combustion air.
* WATCH YOUR CHIMNEY. if you can see
smoke, your wood is not burning completely
and the air supply to the fire should be in-
creased.
» DO NOTBURN ON POOR AIR QUALITY DAYS.
Use your oil or natural gas furnace or elec-
tricity for heat until the air quality improves in
your area.
« DO NOT BURN IN MODERATE TEMPgBA.
TURES. Stoves that are oamperea aown to re-
stnct heat generally pollute more.
* PCLNQTBURN GARBAGg. VJoarxar*,** ar»oc-
•signed for Durning wooc. not garoage. trasn.
treated wood, or plastics. Some-types of plastics
release toxic fumes when burned.
BEFORE INSTALL1MC A
WOQp
consioer insulating ano weatnerstnppmg your
nome to conserve neat better. Conservation anc
weatnenzatior are the cneaoes; ways to cut
heating costs
YOUR COOPERATION
WILL HELP
KEEP OUR AIR CLEAN
NORTHERN SIERRA
AIR QUALITY
MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
FOR MORE INFORMATION
Northern Sierra AOMD
540 Searis Avenue
Nevada City. CA 95959
(916) 26S-1398
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
-------
Materials
WXDSTCVE FUEL - SELECTION AM) WNOLINB
laeauy, Durn wood that has a moisture content between 15-85 percent
;:
* Just
rrs
h»«tens sea.oning, proper
can
o? Sn
Se*sonin9 "V Protect IHB your stack fro. the r.in or
(6) ""* *HftT Ncrr TO a*N - ""•<« sure your wood is clean and free of soil nud and
- XSS-BS-
.-sxr 11 •""•'• ^- »»-
Operating a woodburning appliance EFFICiam.Y is NOT as simple as opening its door
Remember, a SM«U. HOT FIRE, FREQUENTLY STOKED with'oRY, CLEAN, 3-6" DIAHaTTER FUEL
provides for
MAXIMJW OOejSTION = MAXIMA! HEATING VALUE = MINIM1I AIR POLLUTION
DEVELOPED BY THE NEVADft COUNTY AIR QUALITY ADVISORY CCMHITTEE
"Woodstove Fuel—Selection and Handling"
(Northern Sierra Air Quality Management District)
-------
Materials
A BURNING ISSUE
IMMEDIATE SOLUTIONS
TO OUR
POLLUTION THREAT
Learn How and When To Burn...
The purpose of this pamphlet
is to provide you with
information on the environ-
mental impact of burning wood
and on the cost of using wood for
heat.
WHAT ABE
Normally smoke and other pollutants are
carried upward by air currents and
dispersed by winds. When there is an
.inversion, a layer of warm air above very
cold air closer to the ground acts as a lid
preventing further upward movement and
trapping the cold air and pollutants below.
When it's cold and clear with little wind,
we are likely to be having an inversion.
This is when the levels of pollution
become very high. Inversions are very
common in the mountains. PLEASE DO NOT
BURN DURING AN II WERSION.
To find out if we have an inversion,
check TV Channel 11 or 12, local
radio stations, or the Aspen/Pitkin
Environmental Health Department at
925-2020.
"A Burning Issue"
(Aspen/Pitkin Environmental Health Department)
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Materials
POLLUTION FROM WOODBURNINfi
Fine Particulates
Woodbuming produces very small
particles which can be inhaled and trapped
in our lungs. Most dangerous are
polycyclic matter (ROM's), some of which
are toxic, some of which cause biologic
mutations, and some of which have been
linked to cancer.
Aspen sometimes has unhealthful levels of
particulates.
Carbon Monoxide .
You cannot see or smell this type of
pollution, but it causes dizziness and
headaches, breathing problems, and
difficulty with vision, hearing and
judgement.
Indoor Air Pollution
New energy-efficient homes can trap many
pollutants given off by wood and can result
in inside pollution levels higher than those
outside. A leaky or poorly operated
woodstove or fireplace can cause high
levels of pollutants in your home.
Clean your chimney often to let your
fireplace or stove bum efficiently!
AIR POLLUTION IS ESPECIALLY HARD ON
CHILDREN, OLDER PEOPLE, THE ILL AND
THOSE NOT USED TO OUR HIGH ALTITUDE
WITH ITS LOW OXYGEN CONTENT.
DON'T ELECTRICITY AMP
NATURAL GAS ALSO POLLUTE?
Very little compared to wood, according
to information from the Brookhaven
National Laboratory. The graph below
illustrates how wood stacks up compared
to another fuel used for home heating:
1500
1000
300
fOUUTIOK
VS OIL FURNACE
woodBtov* oil
Carnac*
mmagjots
WHAT DOES IT REALLY
COST TO HEAT WITH WOOD?
For Fireplaces: The Colorado Health
Department says that for a typical
fireplace, it is cheaper to heat with
natural gas unless you can get your wood
for less than $17.00 per cord.
For Stoves: You have to be able to get
wood for less than $87.00 per cord to
make even an efficient stove cheaper, and
that's including all of the costs of
getting the wood.
'A Burning Issue'
-------
Materials
YOU HOLD THE KEY!!
TIPS FOR HOW TO BURN
To cut pollution and save money, follow
these simple rules:
1. BEFORE BURNING, CHECK WITH TV
SKI REPORT, LOCAL RADIO STATIONS,
OR LOCAL HEALTH DEPARTMENT AT
(303) 925-2020 FOR INVERSION
INFORMATION. PLEASE DO NOT BURN
DURING THESE TIMESIII
2. Do not build a fire if you are
leaving for work, dinner, or skiing, or
about to go to sleep. Unattended fires are
dangerous and add greatly to air pollution
because they smolder for hours.
3. Build small, hot firesll Add small
amounts of wood only when needed.
4. Use your stove with the air intake at
least one-third open. If you need less
heat, build a smaller fire.
5. Bum hot for twenty minutes before
damping-down or closing doors.
6. Go outside and check your chimney for
smoke. Correct burning produces no
visible smoke.
7. New certified stoves use a third less
wood and reduce paniculate emissions by
about 90%.
8. Cover your wood. Store it split and
covered for at least six months before you
burn it.
CORRECT
A small, hot, cloan-buming fire.
WRONG
A smoldering, damped-down fire.
YOUR CHIMNEY TELLS ALL
"A Burning Issue'
-------
Materials
Aspen/Pltkln Environmental
Health Department
MAKE YOUR
STOVE
A CLEAN
BURNER!
X)
REALLY
CAUSE
THAT MUCH
POLLUTION?
According to a study done by the
Brookhaven National Laboratory, an
uncertified woodstove used to heat a
typical house produces 1500 times
more participates than does an oil
furnace used to heat the same house!
Woodsmoke contains at least 19
cancer-causing chemicals, including
benzopyrenes, methylcholanthene, and
dibenzocarbazoles.
Printed on Recycled Paper
"Make Your Stove a Clean Burner"
(AspenlPitkin Environmental Health Department)
-------
Materials
THINGS YOU CAN DO
TO REDUCE POLLUTION
FRO
1. If you have a
stove not
certified by the
State Health
Department as
a clean-burner,
replace it with a
certified, clean-
burning stove.
The certified
stove will burn
1/3 less wood,
and will cause
much less air
pollution!
There is a
program
whereby some-
one wanting to
install an extra
fireplace may
buy you a new,
clean-burning
stove, or pay to
install gas logs
TOVE
in your fireplace. Contact the
Aspen/Pitkm Environmental
Health Department for details at
920-5070.
2. Make sure your wood is dry -
store it for at least 6 months,
covered, before you burn it.
3. Build small, hot fires instead
of smoldering ones.
4. Avoid burning on clear, cold,
still days, when inversions trap
pollution near the ground.
5. Consider doing without a
stove or fireplace, to help our air!
Clean Air - It's up
to Us!
"Make Your Stove a Clean Burner"
-------
Materials
WHAT ABE IHVERSIOMS?
They are weather events that
happen very often in narrow
mountain valleys.
When heavy, cold air drains down
into the valleys from the high
mountains above/ it stays right
over town since the air is so
dense. Warm air above acts like
a lid, keeping the cold air and
pollution right in our towns.
Inversions happen when skies are
clear, temperatures are cold and
there is little wind. This is
when a very small number of cars
on the road and burning
fireplaces can cause high
pollution levels.
On inversion days, please help
our community by walking or
taking the bus and waiting until
the inversion breaks to build a
fire in your fireplace.
To find out if we have an
inversion, check Aspen TV
stations, local radio stations
or call the Aspen/Pitkin
Environmental Health Department
at 925-2020. extension 213.
TIPS Cm HOW TO BTOH
To help our community clean-air
effort, please follow these
simple suggestions:
1. BEFORE BURNING, CHECK WITH
THE TV SKI REPORT, LOCAL RADIO
STATIONS OR LOCAL HEALTH
DEPARTMENT (925-2020) FOR
INVERSION INFORMATION. PLEASE
DO NOT BORN DPRIMG INVERSION
SUffiSLL
2. DO NOT BOILD A FIRE IF YOU
ARE ABOUT TO LEAVE FOR WORK, GO
TO DINNER, GO SKIING OR GO TO
SLEEP. UNATTENDED FIRES 'ARE
DANGEROUS AND ADD TO AIR
POLLUTION BECAUSE THEY SMOLDER
FOR SEVERAL HOURS.
3. BUILD SMALL, HOT FIRES1 1
ADD SMALL AMOUNTS OF WOOD ONLY
WHEN NEEDED.
AVOID USING YOUR FIREPLACE
IN THE MORNING, WHEN INVERSIONS
ARE MOST LIKELY.
Thank yon for your cooperation
in helping to keep Aspen's air
clean. Enjoy your visit11
"What Are Inversions?/Tips on How to Burn"
(Aspen/Pitkin Environmental Health Department)
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Materials
Proper Stove Operation Script: 60 Seconds
2idaa ' Audio
Chimney sweep pulling brush out of
chinmey
Cut to interior. Sweep helps man
build fire in stove.'
Cut to exterior. Chinmey sweep
leaving house.
Tag
"You know, I clean chimneys for a
living. And I've seen a lot of
flues in my time. Take it from me:
there are only two ways to burn.
There's a right way and a wrong way.
Let's go in and talk to the owners
about a few do's and don'ts.*
First, you should buy the properly
sized stove, one liko this one. And
you should buy one of. the new low
polluting stoves. Don't overload
your stove. Make snuill fires that
burn hot and add just: a few pieces
of wood when necessary instead of
stuffing your stove like you're
doing. This only creates a
smoldering fire. Also, don't damper
that stove. All that does is send
your heat up the chimney where it
gets wasted, and causes creosote and
air pollution.
Remember, control the amount of heat
you get by the amount of wood you
add and not by adjusting the
dampers.
Use less fuel instead. That way
you'll get more heat i:rom less wood,
you won't have to buy as much wood,
and the air will be cleaner.
"Proper Stove Operation"
(AspenlPitidn Environmental Health Department)
mm?
-------
Materials
Stove Sizing #1: 60 Seconds
Video
Medium shot boy and girl playing a
board game in front of wood stove
Audio
GIRL:
"Boy it's hot in here!"
BOY: "Yeah, I guess Dad didn't read
this pamphlet on how to buy the
right size stove. We learned about
that in school today."
GIRL:
here?1
"But why is it so hot in
Key tag over live action
BOY: "Because Dad bought this big
stove so he didn't have to add wood
all the time. Then it gets too hot
so he has to shut the dampers, which
cools off the room, but also causes
a lot of smoke."
GIRL: "But why can't we shut the
dampers?"
BOY: "Because closing the dampers
shuts off the air supply, causing a
smoldering fire. This produces '
large amounts of pollution. That's
why we can't shut the dampers.
GIRL: "I guess that means when
buying a stove, bigger is not
better. I think what Charles is
trying to say is that buying a stove
that is too big wastes wood, causes
chimney fires, and pollutes the air.
So, please learn how to burn."
"Stove Sizing No. 1"
(AspenlPitkin Environmental Health Department)
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Materials
Stove Sizing #2: 60 Seconds
Video
Two men greet each other at door
Cut to living room sofa in
foreground, stove in back.
The two men enter and sit.
Time passes. Bill is lying back on
sofa; his tee-shirt is wet with
perspiration.
Tag keyed over live action
Audio
BILL: "Hey Bob, how's it going?"
BOB: "Hey Bill."
BILL: "Game started yet?"
BOB: "No, in a couple minutes."
BILL: "Well, I brought some more
refreshments. Boy it's kind of hot
in here.*
BOB: "Yeah, I just bought this big
brand new stove. Guess it is a
little warm. You know, these
suckers sure are hard to adjust."
BILL: "Then you ought to learn to
operate it so it's not smoking so
much outside. I've got a stove at
home that's only about half that
big. It heats my house just fine
and it doesn't smoke like this one.
It's one of those new clean burning
stoves."
BOB: "Yeah,.well I never have to
add wood, just stuff it full. Look,
why don't you take your sweater
off!"
"Hmm. I guess it could be a little
bit big for this house."
NARRATOR (voice ovctr): Buying a
stove that is too big wastes wood,
causes chimney fires, and pollutes
the air. Buy a small clean stove
and use it correctly. Ask your
local environmental, health
department for advice.
"Stove Sizing No. 2"
(Aspen/PitJdn Environmental Health Department)"
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Materials
What to Burn Script: 30 Seconds
Video
Still shot mountains
Shots of chimneys
Tag
Audio
Host people think the real "Rocky
Mountain High" is clean air. But
wood burning pollution is making the
air less and less healthy. Time has
run out. Pollution in some of our
small towns is actually worse than
in many large cities.
Learn how to burn. For instance, do
not burn when winds are light or
when there is a visible haze. Never
burn during air quality alerts. And
if you must burn, have a small hot
fire, never a smoldering one. If
you have questions, call your county
environmental health office. It's
time we learned how to burn.
"What to Burn"
(AspenlPitidn Environmental Health Department)
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Materials
LETS CLEAR
THE AIR!
& oise has an air pollution problem during the
winter. This pollution is caused by a combination
of automobile emissions, wood smoke and air
inversions. During an Inversion, pollutants are
trapped in the air and contribute to respiratory
problems, eye irritation, and headaches.
y n an effort to resolve this problem, the City of
Boise has adopted two ordinances.
Ordinance #4946 requires that as of July 1,
1987, only wood burning appliances which have
been certified as "clean burning" by the Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) may
be sold or installed in the City of Boise.
Ordinance #4946 also establishes an incentive
program to encourage Boise City residents with
an old stove or fireplace insert to upgrade to a
new clean burning appliance. Loans are currently
available at a 2% annuiil fee in lieu of interest
Applicants may select repayment terms from 1 to
5 years. Following is an example of a "typical"
loan:
Cost of new stove
(including installation) ......... $1,000.00
Repayment term
(selected by applicant) ........... 5 years
Loan initiation fee
(2%x5x 1,000) .. ............... $100.00
Monthly payment (1,100 *60) ...... $ia33
/hose participating in the incentive program
must agree to give their existing appliance to the
City of Boise or its designee when the
replacement appliance is installed.
he incentive program is for replacement of
existing wood burning appliances only. No loans
will be made to new useirs ot wood burning '
appliances.
or those using wooti.or coal as their sole
source of heat, low interest loans are available to
"Let's Clear The Air!"
(City of Boise Building Department)
(Historical document)
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Materials
finance the installation of another heating system
such as electricity, natural gas, oil or propane.
The terms of this program are:
Maximum Loan ................... $3,000.00
Interest Rate ....................... . ..... g%
Repayment Term .................. 15 years
Monthly payment per 1 ,000 . . . : ...... $8.44
WO INCOME LIMITS APPLY ON EITHER
LOAN PROGRAM
Ordinance #4944 mandates that an air quality
atert be declared when paniculate levels reach
the unhealthful category and air stagnation
conditions are forecasted tor at least 24 hours.
Should this occur, the public will be notified by
the news media that all wood burning must be
stopped within a three-hour bum down period.
The burning ban WILL BE enforced during an air
quality alert. Complaints about violations will be
taken at 342-6423.
xemptions to the burning ban may be
granted in the following situations:
1 . A solid fuel heating appliance is the sole
source of heat for the building in which it is
located, or
2. That using an alternative heating system
would cause an unreasonable economic
hardship, or
3. The solid fuel heating appliance is certified by
the Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality as
clean burning.
/n any case, applications for exemption must
be made in writing and addressed to City of
Boise, Building Dept.. P.O. Box 500, Boise, ID
83701.
/he Solid Fuels Heating Appliance Appeals
and Advisory Board will hear all appeals
regarding denial of woodstove permits and/or
exemptions.
^guarantees , °"'""i,L,
that no matter how , ; .
cold it-43t outside or how . ' . . '
smoky or how inverted the air is. V'._•• •
you'll always be able to use your wood stovo.
That's because it only comes on high oiiici-'-nc/-
"clean burning" stoves. And stoves thai don't,
burn clean, that will pollute the air. will not he
allowed to be used during air stagnation aierts .
after January 1, 1987. The only exception will be.
if your stove is your only source of heat. So if
you're buying a new wood stove, get one that';
you can, use anytime in any weather; LOOK for the
Good Housewarming Seal and get a new?high-7
' efficiency stove: For more information, callfe,;/
, 342-NICE^.v*;?^'::;>,;- W;:y--« ^x^iSv
"Let's Clear The Air!"
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Materials
CLEAN
BURNING
IDEAS
1. DONT BANK AT NIGHT
Banking your stove (loading it with
enough wood to burn all night) is
the biggest cause of wood smoke
pollution. Instead, load it to V* to Vi
capacity, leave the air inlets open
and allow the fire to burn out, OR
bury the coals in two to three inches
of ash prior to going to bed. The fire
will then light easily in the morning.
2. BURN DRY WOOD
Wood with a moisture content of
less than 25% produces more
usable BTUs and less smoke and
creosote than green wood. Freshly
cut wood should be split, stacked,
covered and allowed to dry at least
six months before it's burned.
3. ONLY USE WOOD
Wood is the only appropriate fuel
for a wood stove. Don't burn
railroad ties, trash, plastic or colored
paper.
4. KEEP YOUR CHIMNEY
CLEAN
During the wood burning season
that means having it cleaned at least
once a month.
5. BUY WISELY^
If you're purchasing a wood stove,
buy the right size. Make sure it's a
clean burning stove. Install it
properly and have it inspected. Be a
wise consumer.
••'••,,V.. . i.
-•r-'W-7
... -."?. i.
,!.:•*'•;: •:•.
•••'2f«
NO MORE
NICE GUY.
v^l^it's bad for our air, bad for our health a)
>»fQr:buf. city. • V^
::i>'v"So bad that Boise has found i t necessary'to".'
'-•Vpass new laws regulating wood stoves. ".' • ••«"
*'•': "Frankly, the situation we find ourselves trr-
• demands them. In fact some call the new laws;
'•'.acts of self-defense. '-.'_ ':
;;'.. YfWtost of the new laws deal with inefficient
.•X'wQOd stoves, but there are new high .efficient, =
^wood stoves available that Boise City thinks so '-
|*i5riuch of we'll help you buy one." -
you presently own an inefficient wood
ye, the City of Boise will loan you the money'
a new high efficient one at very low
•fitjrxji
rates.
^^^these new stoves will not only do nice things
your wallet. They bum less wood, and you
use them all the time - which under one of
Knew laws won't be true for inefficient stoves.
-vfo find out more about the low interest loans
to find the new high efficient stoves,
And p|ease< help ^ have nfce,'
•tong." .
"Let's Clear The Air!"
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Materials
BURN
WOOD
INTRODUCTION
Residential 'woodburning has
become increasingly popular as the
prices of hone heating fuels es-
calate. It is not uncoonon to be
driving along a Miine road and see
wood smoke curling from a number
of chimneys. Oveic half of all
Maine households jaresently burn
wood as their primary or supple-
mentary source of space heat.
Wood win be burned in Maine
hones well into the future because
it is reasonably priced and revl-
ily available. Increased wood-
burning means increased safety
hazards, fires, arid wood smoke
pollution.
• Poor wood stove instal-
lations and incorrect
burning practices result
in fires.
• Wood smoke pollution is
caused by the incomplete
combustion of wood. Wood
smoke contains over 100
different 'Chemicals and
compounds. Particles in
the smoke can ledge deep
in the lungs where they
can cause or contribute to
respiratory problems.
• One group (if these res-
pirable pairticles is
called polycyclic organic
matter or 1.13*6. POMS con-
tain some chemicals that
are known or suspected
carcinogens!.
Fortunately, the steps a
wocdburner can take to.burn wood
safely and nore efficiently are
the sane steps that can help de-
crease wood smoke pollution.
"Burn Wood Efficiently"
(Maine Department of Environmental Protection)
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Materials
SIZE YOUR
PROPERLY
WOODSTOVE
One of the biggest mistakes
woodburners make is to size their
woodstove too large for the space
they intend to neat. A house with
an average amount of insulation
will lose about 45 Btu's per
square foot per hour, while a
house with many large windows may
lose an additional 60%. A super
insulated house may lose only
around 23 Btu's per square foot
per hour.
A stove that is sized too large
for the space to be heated will
have to be over damped, a process
that increases the safety hazards
of fire from creosote and health
problems from air pollution. A
properly sized stove will be able
to heat your desired space even on
the coldest days.
2
PURCHASE EFFICIENTLY
DESIGNED WOODBURNING
EQUIPMENT
Research is developing better
designed fireboxes, drafts, cata-
lytic combustors, and other wocd-^
burning device modifications that
inprove combustion and reduce
woodsmoke pollution. When you
purchase a new woodburning device,
consider purchasing one that is
better designed and more efficient
than your present one.
3
CHECK FOR SAFE
INSTALLATION
The minimum clearance from the
stove's heating surface to com-
bustible materials is 36 inches
and for stovepipe is 18 inches.
These clearances can be decreased
by the use of appropriate surface
protectors. (Check with your
local fire official.)
Minimum- Cleorcwvcw
Stovepipe
t&Bszifa&r*-
36" (torn, stave. Heating surface te comb«**ibJ«
Stbvr-
ftateciiorv
4
BURN ONLY THE FUEL
YOUR STOVE
IS DESIGNED TO BURN
Certain fuels should not be
burned in an ordinary stove, be-
cause they barn too hot for the
stove design and can create a fire
hazard. Coal must have both a
primary and secondary air supply.
The primary air supply mast corns
from below the coal, whereas the
primary air supply for wood comas
in over the top of the fire. If
your unit is designed to barn
either wood or coal by changing
grates or other modifications,
then you. can burn either fuel as
long as you do the proper ncdifi-
cations before burning.
'Burn Wood Efficiently'
-------
Materials
Trash should not be burned in a
stove. In addition to increasing
the chance of igniting a chiimey
fire, certain plastics and other
trash emit harmful chemicals and
gases.
BURN SEASONED WOOD
Wood burns in stages. First,
the wood is heated to evaporate
and drive off moisture. Green
wood can contain up to 50% of is
weight in water. The heat needed
to drive off this water does not
heat your stove or house, but is
necessary before the volatile
matter can be vaporized. These
vapors contain over half of the
heating value of the wood. Burn-
ing seasoned wood increases the
efficiency of the combustion pro-
cess, which helps decrease the
amount of creosote buildup in your
stovepipe and chimney.
6
BURN SMALL HOT FIRES
A small hot fire decreases the
amount of creosote and increases
the efficiency of the combustion
process, because the volatiles are
burned more completely. A small
hot fire -produces fewer safety
hazards and health problems than a
fire that is over daiiped. Even
though small hot fires nean acre
frequent loading and tending of
the stove, the improved efficiency
and decreased air pollution are
worth the effort.
Little. Creosote. FbttnCioi- | ,
Uttie.
fiowung pve.
A smoldering fire has a heavy
creosote potential. The wood is
not burned efficiently and the
safety hazards and health problens
are nuch greater than with a small
hot fire. The indoor air pollu-
tion can also be inc»sased with a
firebox packed with wood.
Whenever you load your stove,
always be sure that ti« flue and
stovepipe dampers are open.
Slowly open the firebox door to
allow the fire to adjust to the
increased air flow. This win
also help carry smoke up the flue,
instead of into the house.
Heavy Gtoscte. Pbfe*vti
-------
Materials
7
INSTALL A STACK
THERMOMETER
10
WEATHERIZE YOUR
HOUSE
A stack thernorreter can help
you monitor the tenperature of'the
gases as they leave the stove.
The mast efficient and least pol-
luting tenperature range for the
gases is about 300 to 400 F.
8
REMOVE EXCESS ASHES
Excess ashes can clog your
stove's air intaked vents and
decrease the amount of oxygen and
turbulence required for efficient
wood burning.
Insulation, storm windows,
weatherstripping, and caulking can
all reduce energy consumption for
wocdburners. They also decrease
the amount of wood required to
heat your house, which will help
decrease the amount of air pollu-
tion.
CONCLUSION
Wood is one of feine's most
inportant renewable resources.
With proper management and effi-
cient utilization, wood can be one
long term solution to Maine's
energy problems.
9
CLEAN YOUR STOVEPIPE
AND CHIMNEY
Your stovepipe and chimney
should be cleaned an absolute
mininuin of once a year or whenever
the creosote builds up to a 1/4"
thickness.
The following agencies funded
this publication and ace good
sources of additional information:
Maine Office of Energy Resources
Statehouse Station 153
Augusta, ME 04333 (207)289-3811
Maine Department of Enpironaantal
' Protection
Statehouse Station 117
Augusta, ME 04333 (207)289-2437
State Fixe Marshal
Statehouse Station IS2
Augusta, * 04333 (207)289-2481
Maine Lung Association
128 Setoll Street
Augusta, ME 04330 (207)622-6394
"Burn Wood Efficiently"
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Materials
Air Pollution
Affects
Our Health
Woodbuming is Helena's major
winter air polluting problem.
Cancer causing compounds are
present in wood smoke.
Air pollution can cause health
problems, even in healthy adults.
such as sore throats, coughs, runny
noses, headaches & nausea.
Children. Pregnant Women. Elderly
Persons with heart and lung
disease, joggers and smokers
are especially at risk.
What does a Poor Air
Quality Advisory Mean?
There is an increased health risk
to all residents and all wood
burning should fc>e stopped.
What Should I Do During
A Poor Advisory?
0 Don't use your v/oodstove or
fireplace
• Limit outdoor physical activity.
* Restrict driving to necessary
trips only.
For the most up>-to-date
Information
24 Hr. Air Quality
Conditions
443-1934
"Air Pollution Affects Our Health"
(Lewis & Clark City-County Health Department)
(Historical document)
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Materials
AIR POLLUTION IN HELENA
IT'S SOMETHING WE CAN LIVE WITHOUT
It's not hard to see that Helena's air quality has deteriorated the last few years
Much of our wintertime air pollution comes from improper burning of wood stoves
Th,s type of pollution can be reduced - and the place to do it is at home.
When burning a wood stove, be a good neighbor.
Go outside and check your chimney - if you burn correctly, you'll see the difference.
WE'LL ALL SEE THE DIFFERENCE!
FOR 24 HR. AIR QUALITY CONDITIONS CALL 443-1934
Lewis and Clark City County Health Department
316 M. Park. Helena, MT 59623
443-1O1O Ext. 351
'Air Pollution in Helena...lt's Something We Can Live Without"
(Lewis & Clark City-County Health Department)
(Historical document)
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Materials
THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO BURN A WOOD STOVE:
THE RIGHT WAY THE WRONG WAY
-a hot, smokeless fire -a polluting, damped-down fire
BURNING THE RIGHT WAY WILL CUT DOWN THE SMOKE FROM YOUR STOVE
AND WILL HELP US ALL LIVE WITHOUT AIR POLLUTION:
TO BEGIN WITH. HAVE YOUR STOVE SIZED PROPERLY FOR YOUR NE',EDS
Too large a stove means damped-down smoldering fires.
USE ONLY DRY, WELL-SEASONED, MEDIUM-SIZED WOOD
This means cutting, splitting, and storing wood early in the season.
START YOUR FIRE WITH SMALL, DRY KINDLING TO ESTABLISH A HOT FLAME
If done carelessly, this start-up period is often the most polluting.
DON'T PACK TOO MANY LOGS INTO YOUR STOVE
Smaller, hotter, fires are more efficient and less polluting.
KEEP AIR INTAKES/DAMPER OPEN ENOUGH TO MAINTAIN A CLEAN HOT FIRE
Pollution skyrockets when large fires smolder with no air.
CHECK AND CLEAN YOUR CHIMNEY ON A REGULAR BASIS FOR CREOSOTE
Creosote causes chimney fires and decreases efficiency.
FOLLOW THE HEALTH DEPARTMENTS ADVISORIES AMD REDUCE BURNING WHEN WARNINGS ARE ISSUED.
'Air Pollution in Helena...It's Something We Can Live Without"
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Materials
Help reduce
wintertime
air pollution
in Helena
Bum the
right kind
of wood
in your stove.
GOOD
NEIGHBORS
UNDER
ONE ROOF
Proper wood collection & storage
will cut down on air pollution,
get you more heat with less wood,
and reduce creosote buildup
so there is less chance of chimney fires.
To reduce air pollution and
increase heat output
just follow these three steps:
Cut Wood Early
— Late Spring or Summer is best.
This allows wood to dry and
season, which will cut down on
air pollution.
Collect the Right
Kind of Wood
— Cut only natural, untreated
wood and make sure it's dead.
— The most common wood cut in
the Helena area is Douglas Fir &
Lodgepole Pine which are two
of the best trees to cut.
— Don't collect things such as
railroad ties, fence posts etc.
These woods have been treated
and will add to the air pollution.
Split & Store Properly
— Splitting before stacking helps
the wood dry out.
— Stack in alternating directions
— Store it off the ground
& keep it covered.
Lewis & Clark Co.
Health Dept.
(406)443-1010
"Good Neighbors Under One Roof
(Lewis & Clark City-County Health Department)
(Historical document)
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Materials
HOW CAN YOU TELL IF YOU AR£ BURNING HOT. SMOKELESS FIRES ?
You can monitor your own pollution
levels from your stove by using a
magnetic stove thermometer. These
attach to the surface of your stove,
and show you when your draft controls
are set for the least creosote build-up
and the least pollution. Ideal draft
settings produce burning temperatures
between 300° and 400° F.
-J-herwomrier helps
bum dainty on*
Available for about $12.00 from your
local woodstove dealer, who can tell you where
best to attach it to your model stove.
"How Can You Tell If You Are Burning Hot, Smokeless Fires?"
(Lewis & Clark City-County Health Department)
(Historical document)
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Materials
How You BURN
MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE.
2H Indartriil Wood Bumh«
Residential wood burning
is Missoula'smajor source
of winter tune air pollu-
tion. If youareoneof over
13,000 families who burn
wood, how you burn can
make a significant dif-
ference. In fact, burning a
hot, clean fire will reduce
Missoula's air pollution.
Do your part. Follow
these simple steps and
help reduce air pollution
a healthy Missoula.
Typical Winter Day
Respirable Particulates
"How You Burn Makes a Big Difference"
(Missoula City-County Health Department)
-------
Materials
1 . BURN DR% WELL-SEASONED WOOD.
Burning dry wood reduces participate and carbon monoxide emissions and
produces more heat
2. START YOUR HRE WITH SMALL, DRY KINDLING.
Establish a hot flame with kindling, and gradually add 4"-5" diameter wood to
maintain a hot, dean burning fire.
3- KEEP AIR INTAKE/DAMPER OPEN ENOUGH TO
MAINTAIN A HOT, CLEAN FIRE.
Smouldering fires can cause six times more emissions than a hot, dean fire.
4. DON'T OVERLOAD YOUR STOVE.
Load your stove regularly with as few logs as possible to maintain a hot, clean flame.
5. CHECK FOR CREOSOTE BUILD-UP.
A dean chimney increases wood burning efficiency and reduces the chance of
dangerous chimney fires.
6. AVOID BURNING DURING WARM WEATHER ...AND
NEVER BURN ON POOR AIR QUAIITY DAYS.
Burning in tonperatures above 40°F requires constant dampering, Increasing
emissions. Discontinue burning during Stage I Alerts and Stage n Nfemings.
7. GO OUTSIDE AND CHECK YOUR CHIMNEY FOR SMOKE.
Periodic checks will tell you if you are burning efficiently.
YOU'LL SEE THE DIFFERENCE
WHEN YOU FOLLOW THESE STEPS,
"How You Burn Makes a Big Difference"
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Materials
IF You ARE BUMMING PROPERIY You CAN SEE THE Di
RIGHT.
A hot, clean burning fire.
WRONG.
A smouldering, damped-down fire.
If you arc considering purchasing a wood stove, contact the Mitsoula City-County Health
Department for information on new stove technologies which are more efficient and produce
lower emissions. v
The Missoula City-County Health Department does not advocate wood burning because
the amount of air available for us to breathe is limited..and wood burning contributes
significantly to Missoula's air pollution problem. If you must burn, please follow the guide-
lines in this pamphlet
MISSOULA CITY-COUNTY HEALTH DEPARTMENT
301 W. Alder • Missoula, Montana 59802 • (406) 721-5700
Air Pollution Hot Line: 728-AIRE (2473)
"How You Burn Makes a Big Difference"
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Materials
MISSOULA'S
AIR
POLLUTION
REPORTING
SYSTEM
KNOW THE
AIR POLLUTION FORECAST
DEFINITIONS TO HELP YOU UNDERSTAND
THE AIR QUALITY HOTLJNE MESSAGE
728-AIRIE
PM10 PARTtCULATE POLLUTION: Par betes 10 microns or toss in
size are small enough to remain suspended in the air. making it ap-
pear "dirty or hazy." The amount of paniculate in the air s measured
as micrograms per cubic meter (UG/M»). The size range is also called
inhalaWe paniculate because they can enter the lungs when inhaled
through the mouth. The new Federal standards (or paniculate are
based on PM10 and are 50 UQM» on an annual basis and 150 UQM»
on a 24-hour basis.
DISPERSION: This term refers to the degree of air movement that is
occurring in the valley. Air movement is mainly in the form of Mind.
Wind can "clean" our air, so it is an impor tant factor in predicting air
quality.
GOOD dispersion means valley winds are strong, generally
exceeding 10 tntes per hour.
FAIR dispersion means vaKey winds are moderate, between
5 and 10 miles per hour.
POOR dispersion means valley winds are light, ueualry less
than 5 mites per hour. During the winter, the Miasouta valley
experiencesperiodsofpocfdispmsxmandstrorigirMrsions
which together mean that polluted air is trapped in the valley.
It is during these "stagnant air episodes" that pollution levels
begin to reach or exceed Federal standards.
GOOD
The current air quality status is GOODortfa forecast cate tor GOOD
air quality.
THIS MESSAGE MEANS:
• The PM10 is tow and is less than 50 UGW
• Dispersion is g^xxiwtr« Weather Serves predicts good dispersion
for the next 12 to 24 hours.
• An alert is not likely to be called under those conditions, so efficient
and clean burning is allowed.
AIR POLLUTION FORECAST
CALL THE AIR QUALITY HOTLINE
728-AIRE
AIR QUALITY
FORECAST
728-AIRE
This FORECAST will appear
on the front page of the
MISSOUUAN the following
morning.
'Missoula's Air Pollution Reporting System"
(Missoula City-County Health Department)
-------
Materials
THE AIR QUALITY HOTUNE (72&AIRE) IS UPDATED AT
9flO AM AND 4:OOPM DAILY. THESE ARE THE TYPES
OF MESSAGES YOU WILL HEAR:
MARGINAL
The air quality status is MARGINAL or the forecast calls for
MARGINAL air quality.
THIS MESSAGE MEANS:
• The PM10 level is somewhat elevated and is in the range of 50 to 74
• Dispersion is fair or the Weather Service predicts fair dispersion for
the next 12 to 24 hours.
• An alert is possible if the paniculate level begins to rise rapidly. The
Health Department encourages residents to voluntarily limit those
activities that increase the particulate level. Residents should call
the Air Pollution Hotline for the latest air quality information
AIR QUALITY
FORECAST
728-AIRE
This FORECAST will appear
on the front page of the
MISSOUUAN the following
morning.
POOR
The air quality status is POOR or the forecast cate for POOR air quality.
THISMESSAGEMEANS:
• The PM10 level is high and is in the range of 75 to 99 UGflvP Some
residents may experience health problems at the higher levels and
should consult their physician.
• Anatertislikelyunlessdispersionimprovesandthe'leveldecreases.
• The Health Department requests that residents limit activities that
increase the particulate level and call the Air Pollution Hotline for the
latest air quality information.
AIR QUALITY
FORECAST
728-AIRE
POOR
This FORECAST will appear
on the front page of the
MISSOUUAN the following
morning.
STAGE I ALERT
An air pollution ALERT is in effect.
THISMESSAGEMEANS:
The PM10 level is very high and is expected to exceed 100 UG/M1
» Residents are strongly urged to limit driving and use the Mountain
IF YOU BURN WOOD, ITIS YOUR LEGAL
RESPONSIBILJTYTO KNOWTHE AIR QUALfTYSTATUS.
AIR QUALITY
STATUS
728-AIRE
This STATUS win appear on
the front page of the
MISSOUUAN the totowng
morning.
STAGE II WARNING
An air pollution MMRNINB is in effect
THISMESSAGEMEANS:
* J^^10te^Bextrernelyhighandexceeds150UGfl«l».ASTAGE
I ALERT will be called before a STAGE IIWVRNING unless the PM10
• Dispersion is POOR and the Weather Service^yedicts POOR dis-
persion to continue for the next 24 hours.
• W*xxjborrUr^ is prohibited except for rwldents with valid Sote
Source of Heat permits. Residents with Special Need and
Class I permits cannot bum.
•Residerrts are strongly urged to fenitoViving and use the Mountain
• If the PM10 level exceeds 150 UGW over a 24-hour period.
Missoula's air is considered unhealthful and residents should Hmit
their exposure. Individuals experiencing health problems should
consult their physician.
AIR QUALITY
STATUS
728-AIRE
This STATUS will appear on
the front page of the
MISSOUUAN the following
morning.
"Missoula's Air Pollution Reporting System"
-------
Materials
During an ALB1T OR WUWJNft
• Local tefav«on stations (KECI and KPAX)wW broadcasts ALERT
or WARNING message approximately every 30 minutes along wffli
thrtramtion ID. The air qua«y status wil also be given during me
vw*flwr segment of their news programs.
• Local rado stations wM announce penodfcafly fhrooghout the day
thrt an A^STT or WARNING is in progress.
• Cabto TVwNttw channal win display a message that an ALERT or
WARNING b in effect along with the local weattxsr forecast.
AIR QUALITY
STATUS
728-AIRE
MfllTS MO WMMN6S ARE CALLED TO PREVENT MISSOULA
FROM VIOLATING FEDERAL AND SWTE AIR POLLUTION S1AN-
DARDSTHAT ARE DESK3NED TO PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH.
AIR QUALITY
STATUS
728-AIRE
REMEMBER THATTHE GRAPH WHICH
APPEARS ON THE FRONT PAGE OF
THEUISSOUUAN IS ONLY A FORECAST.
YOU MUST CALL THE AIR QUALITY HOTLINE
(728AIRE) FOR THE LATEST INFORMATION.
"Missoula's. Air Pollution Reporting System'
A-39
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The amount of air available for us
to breathe is limited Residential
wood burning contributes greatly to
Missoula's air pollution problem.
Although the Missoula City-County
Health Department does not advo-
cate wood burning for these reasons,
if you must bum, please follow the
guidelines in this pamphlet
Be A Part Of The Solution:
CutWoodEarly
Gut The Right Kind of Tree
Store Wood Properly
MISSOULA CITY-COUNTY
HEALTH DEPARTMENT
301 WEST ALDER
MISSOULA. MONTANA 59801
(406) 721-5700
&S1ORAGC
For A
Healthy
Missoula
For A
Healthy i
Missoula
"Wood Collection & Storage"
(Missoula City-County Health Department)
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Materials
WCARE
„ me
SOLUTION.
The facts are dean
• Over 50% of winter time air pollu-
tion in the Missoula Valley is
caused by residential wood burning
—use of fireplaces and wood
stoves.
• This pollution is made up of very
small particulate matter. It can be
• taken directly into tiie lungs.
• Wood smoke has a number of
toxic (poisonous) and cancer-
causing agents.
• A local health effects study shows
that individuals with respiratory
problems and children are signifi-
cantly affected by high levels of
total suspended particulates and
respirable participates, of which
wood smoke is a high percentage.
Each of us can help reduce the air
pollution caused by wood burning.
Proper wood collection and storage
wfll make a difference. A dry, well
seasoned log that is properly stored
will bum at higher temperatures.
Particulate and carbon monoxide
emissions are therefore greatly
reduced.
Dry logs will also provide more
heat..as much as 44% more heat
than an improperly stored log with
high moisture content More heat
with less wood.
And whaf s more, burning dry logs
reduces the amount of creosote for-
mation and build-up. The chance of
chimney fires is jjreatly reduced.
To reduce air pollution in the
Missoula Valley amd increase the
heat output of the wood you burn,
just follow these three steps:
THRfie
IMPORTANT
STEPS.
Cut Wood Early
Cut The Right Kind of Tree
Store Wood Properly
fill
"Wood Collection & Storage"
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Materials
CUTNKDD
Cut wood as soon as possible in
the late spring and early summer.
This allows the wood longer to dry
and season. With moisture-content
reduced, air pollution is reduced,
too.
CUTTHC RIGHT KIND
OFTR€€
Cutting and burning the right kind
of tree will increase the heat output
and reduce air pollution.
Douglas Fir, Lodgepole Pine, and
Larch (also known as Western Larch
and Tamarack) are three of the best
trees to cut in and near the MSssoula
Valley.
Remember, before you cut, be
sure the tree is dead.
*-" BARK
Size: Large, up to 2-3 feet in diameter. Tall.
Branches 2-3% inches in diameter, in top half of
tree.
Bark Very thick, farrowed, cork-like. Grey to
brown.
Quality: Good firewood, good heat output
"Wood Collection & Storage'
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Materials
Lodgepole Pine
Six Smafl. 6-12 inches in diameter. Very tall
Dratcha: 1-2 inches in diameter. Located at very
top of tree only.
Ssnb Very thin, pale brown.
Quatity: Good firewood, easy to split, light in
wei#t flood beat output, bum completely leaving
Larch
(Western Larch, Tamarack)
Star Luge, 1V4-3 feet in diameter. Very tail.
Branches % inch in diameter, in top half of tree.
Most branches grow out of 3-6 inch bumps known
as burrs.
Baric Very thick, brawn to cinnamon-red.
Quality: Good firewood, easy to split, good heat
output
AO7S Do not cut Lath if. 1) 0* Motia hoc* faOen. but Hit
. Thttntis still alw* aid will
hm a ti&i moatm comne 3) Hit snag a utry lag* or has
a hotel MR Uiat a* uiUUt On, ant should tx left as a.
4
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STORE WOOD
PRDPeWY
Even if you have done everything
right so far, have cut the right kind
of wood, and cut it early, all is lost if
your wood is stored improperly.
Good storage techniques will help
reduce the moisture content in the
wood. Use of a wood shed will help
keep the wood dry and protect it
from rain and snow, yet allow for
good air circulation.
SPLIT WOOD BEFORE STACK-
ING. Splitting the wood before stack-
ing increases the exposed surface
area. This greatly reduces drying
time.
STACK WOOD IN ALTER-
NATING DIRECTIONS. This spac-
ing allows for air circulation, thereby
reducing moisture content
STORE WOOD OFF THE
GROUND AND OUT OF THE
RAIN AND SNOW. The wood
should be at least 6 inches off the
ground to keep it out of the moisture
jump zone. Covering the wood
reduces exposure to the elements
and allows air circulation to quicken
drying and seasoning.
STATIONARY
WOODSHED.
These wood shed designs allow
good air circulation, elevate the
wood above the moisture jump zone,
and protect the wood from rain and
snow. The result is
seasoned wood.
more
DRYER
SHELTER
COMBINATION.
If you do not have a woodshed,
you can take advantage of the
"greenhouse principle" and use the
sun to speed the seasoning of your
wood supply. This can be done by
making a plastic "tent" against the
woodpile on its sunny side. Air must
be allowed to circulate through and
out the top course of wood or mois-
ture will collect
"Wood Collection & Storage'
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Materials
AIR POLLUTION AFFECTS OUR HEALTH
)k- Air pollution can cause health problems
In oven healthy adults, such as sore
throats, coughs, runny noses, headaches
and nausea.
SOME FACTS TO KNOW
^k. People with allergies, asthma, chronic
bronchitis, or emphysema often have
trouble breathing on days with high levels
of air pollution.
\J£_ Wooc burning is a major winter air
•T^ pollution problem. Cancer-causing
substances and other toxic compounds are
present in wood smoke.
AIR POLLUTION HURTS
PLEASE CONSIDER YOUR NEIGHBOR,
Far more dialled tarocnutloa plane contact:
AIR QUALITY BUREAU
""•«•»• Departawat of Health and En*traamenul Sdeaeei
CocnreU avUdtac. Helena. Montana 3M3O
(4O8I444-34S4
2.3O) cupm of llm public diKunieni were |>uh>
lithcd XI in euimaini cnM of W per cup*, for a lu-
111 CM of S200.no. which includes S2m no for
pfimmi and $.00 for JiMnhulion.
HEATING WITH WOOD
Smoke from a smoldering, damped-down fire.
Smoke from a hot. clean fire.
How You BURN MAKES A BIG DIFFERENCE.
"Heating With Wood—How You Burn Makes a Big Difference"
(State of Montana)
A-45"
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FOLLOW THESE STEPS WHEN You BURN.
1. BUY THE RIGHT-SIZED STOVE FOR THE AREA
YOG WANT TO HEAT.
Too large a stove must be damped-down, causing smoldering, incomplete combustion
and heat loss, and more pollution.
2. BORN DRY, WELL-SEASONED WOOD.
Burning dry wood, split, covered and stacked for at least six months, produces more
heat per volume and reduces particulate and carbon monoxide emissions. Burning coal
synthetic logs, treated wood, or garbage in a wood stove may be dangerous.
3. START YOGR FIRE WITH SMALL, DRY KINDLING.
Estabfish a hot flame with kindling, and gradually add 4"-5" diameter wood to maintain
a hot, dean burning fire.
4. KEEP AIR INTAKE/DAMPER OPEN ENOUGH TO
MAINTAIN A HOT, CLEAN FIRE.
Smoldering fires can waste up to 20% of the wood heat value and produce six times
more-emissions than a hot, clean fire. " •
5. DONT OVERLOAD YOCIR STOVE.
Load your stove regularly with as few logs as possible to maintain a hot, clean flame.
6. CHECK FOR CREOSOTE BUILD-UP.
A dean chimney increases wood burning efficiency, reduces maintenance and the
chance of dangerous chimney fires. Consider a stovepipe temperature gauge.
Maintaining proper stack temperatures may reduce creosote buildup.
7. AVOID BURNING DURING WARM WEATHER. . .AND
NEVER BURN ON POOR AIR QUALITY DAYS.
Burning in temperatures above 40°F requires constant dampering, increasing emissions.
8. GO(OUJSIDE AND CHECK YOUR CHIMNEY FOR
Periodic checks wifl tell you if you are burning efficiently.
YOU'LL SEE THE DIFFERENCE.
"Heating With Wood—How You Burn Makes a Big Difference'
A-46
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MONTANA DEPARTMENT ^ar.NATUHAL^RESOUtCES « CONSERVATION
"Wood Heat"
(Montana Department of Natural Resources & Conservation)
-------
A-48
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Materials
PURCHASE ONLY CERTIFIED STOVES OR INSERTS
A WOODBURNER'S GUIDE
A GUIDE FOR GETTING THE MOST FROM
YOUR WOOD AND REDUCING AIR POLLUTION
"A Woodburner's Guide"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
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Materials
B
U
R
N
I
N
G
I
S
S
U
E
S
The nation has experienced a recent rebirth in
the use of wood for residential heating, and the
Truckee Meadows is no exception. Burning
wood for home heating has become one of the
most rapidly growing sources of air pollution
in the Truckee Meadows. The pollutants from
wood stoves include carbon monoxide, organic
gases, and paniculate materials such as smoke
and soot.
During every winter for the past several
years, we have seen an increase in the number
of woodburning stoves sold, the number of
wood cutting permits issued, and the smell of
woodsmoke in residential neighborhoods.
This trend is likely to continue as the price of
fuel oil, electricity, and natural gas continues
to rise. By following the advice outlined in this
brochure, you can get the greatest heating
value out of your wood and help reduce air
pollution for yourself and your neighbors in
the Truckee Meadows.
CHOOSING A FUEL
1. Burn Seasoned Wood
Burning green wood is like burning money.
Dry wood has 50% more heating value than an
equal weight of green or wet wood. Wet wood
fouls the chimney with dangerous creosote
and increases air pollution. Firewood should
be season - dried - at least 6to8months before
burning in order to provide the cheapest,
cleanest, and safest fire. Cover the wood and
keep it off the ground for at least that long.
Check the chart on the reverse side for the
characteristics of various wood species.
BURNING DRY WOOD = DOLLARS SAVED
2. Burn Properly Sized Pieces
Use kindling only for starting the fire For
continued burning use 4 to 6 inch thick pieces,
or larger, depending on the stove size. The
larger pieces limit the vaporization rate of the
wood so that the combustibles can be
completely burned by an adequate air supply
available within the stove.
"Burning Issues"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
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Materials
FIREWOOD PREPARATION
1. Splitting and Stacking
Splitting logs hastens drying. Stack split or
small round logs to allow air circulation and
leave under cover for 6 to 8 months, if possible.
This will provide the best heat yield and least
pollution. As a minimum, cut wood should dry
at least a full summer. Don't burn wood in
October that was cut in September.
ALLOW ADEQUATE VENTILATION
2. Storage
It Isn't necessary to store wood in a garage
because a simple covering will suffice. The
idea is to keep moisture off the wood while
drying to allow proper ventilation.
MAINTAINING A FIRE
1. Burn Hot
A choked down, smoldering fire is the worst
polluter and greatly increases creosote build-
up in the chimney - an efficiency robber and
possible fire hazard.
Burn your woodstove or fireplace briskly
for the first 30 minutes after loading. There-
after, keep the fire at a moderate burn rate
rather than an oxygen-starved, dampered
down burn rate. Also consider not burning on
days when the air quality outside is poor, if you
have alternate heating sources available.
2. Avoid Burning Garbage, Rubbish and
Treated Wood
These produce noxious and corrosive pro-
ducts. Unburned fragments (foil, paper,
plastics, etc.) can plug gas passages, espe-
cially in stoves with catalytic combustors.
Other materials that should never be
burned include poison ivy, poison oak, and
chemically treated wood such as discarded
railroad ties, utility poles, and many yard
fences. All emit poisonous fumes and could
add to those materials that collect in the
chimney, increasing the possibility of a
chimney fire.
3. Watch For Signals.
Visible smoke leaving the top of the chimney or
lazy flames in the firebox are signs of incom-
plete starved-air burning. When this occurs,
more air is needed to complete the burning. To
do this open the dampers letting additional air
into the stove.
"Burning Issues"
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Materials
SOME OTHER TIPS
When the air quality in the Truckee Meadows is
poor please consider not burning, unless no
alternative heat source is available. Also,
during an air pollution alert you may be
requested to cease burning but, again, only if
you have an alternate source of heat. Your
cooperation will help keep our air in the
Truckee Meadows clean and healthy, j
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obtained from: • v.t,
'•} !'!
Regional Administrative . ~ • .. ^
Planning Agency - if;
241 Ridge Street , ! I
Reno, Nevada 89504 ru ! *J
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702-785-4575 J ] | j|
Washoe County , D ffi ,|
District Health Department • 1 1 T
1001 East Ninth Street I j K £
Reno. Nevada 89502 I fl 1
702-785-4290 . vr^^*^%j.
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Materials
Green
Yellow
Red
GREEN, YELLOW. RED is part of a new
program developed to help dean up the air in
the Truckee Meadows, during the high
pollution winter months.
To find out the color of the day. look at the
front page of the Reno Gazette-Journal, listen
to the weather reports on the radio, and watch
the evening W newscasts.
You can also find out the PSI level and color
fay calling 328-2AIR. The recording is updated
daffy and more frequently when problems
with air quality occur.
GREEN
YELLOW
RED
A WOOD BURNING
WATCH PROGRAM
A guide for burning wood stoves and
fireplaces in the Truckee Meadows, during
the winter pollution season.
WASHOE COUNTY DISTRICT
HEALTH DEPARTMENT
1001 E 9TH STREET • P.O. BOX 11130 • RENO. NV 89520
(TOM 328-2400
"Green-Yellow-Red"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
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Materials
Gt*«n means wood btming is allowed—
when the Poflutant Standard Index (PSD is
from zero to 99, it is ok to light the wood
stove or fireplace. However, always bum
correctly, allowing enough oxygen to reach
the fire. Never overload the firebox and/or
allow the fire to smolder. Smoldering fires
emit unbumed particles and carbon
monoxide into the air, which then becomes
one of the greatest contributors to wood
smoke pollution problems during the winter
months.
Only burn wefl seasoned wood. Never bum
green wood, plastics, color newsprint or
magazines, or any form of garbage, like milk
cartons, tires, rubber products or chemically
treated products. Along with producing
excessive smoke and odors, these materials
are detrimental to those appliances
incorporating a catalytic device.
Yellow
Yellow means slow down afl wood boning
—when the PSI level reaches 100, try to cut
back on the amount of wood burned and the
time the stove or fireplace is used. If possible,
do not use the wood stove or fireplace at all.
Voluntary cutbacks have shown to be an
effective way to reduce pollutant levels, thus
avoiding burn bans.
During YELLOW days, curb outside
activities, as the air quality is considered •
unhealthfuL It is also advisable to use
alternate modes of transportation, such as car
pooling and riding Gtifare buses.
"Green-Yellow-Red"
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Materials
Red
led means stop afl residential and
commercial fanning — red is called only
when the PSI levels show unhealthfui air, and
when the weather forecasts show very little
chance of the temperature inversions lifting.
At that time, the District Health Department
wffl cafl a Stage I Alert and ban all wood stove.
fireplace and commercial burning for a
minimum period of 24 hours.
During alerts, avoid afl outdoor activities,
especially if suffering from respiratory
problems. Also car pool and ride the bus
whenever possible.
Warnings and fines will be levied against
anyone ignoring a Stage I bum ban. A three
hour bum down time will be permitted for
those who learn of the ban after starting a fire.
Open the damper to produce a brisk bum,
and do not add more wood.
The bum ban wifl be canceled when the PSI
levels drop significantly and/or a weather
front reaches the area, and allows the
temperature inversions to lift.
Temperature Inversions
Temperature inversions severely restrict the
vertical dispersion of pollutants. The Truckee
Meadows experiences inversions on a daily
basis throughout most of the year. During the
winter months these inversions are very
persistant and in some cases last several days
before breaking up. It is during these
prolonged periods when the pollutant levels
become elevated and require the necessity of
a bum ban.
A layer of cold air is contained in valleys surrounded by
mountains. Above the cold, denser layer is warm air. This
inversion effectively acts as a lid on the valley, trapping all of the
pollutants below it The low winter sun angle provides only
slight warmth, making the break up of the inversion doubtful
Heat absorbed by the ground torn the sun is radiated into the
cold air layer, causing the inversion level to rise. This produces
an apparent reduction in pollution levels, as the pollutants rise
from the ground, higher into the air. However, with little wind
and/or no weather storm fonfs. most of the pollutants are
unable to escape.
When the sun goes down, huat escapes from the surrounding
mountains and the cold air layer settles back to its morning
volume. This washes, the pollutants into a small, tight cold layer.
If this persists far several days, the pollutants continue to build.
until the air quality reaches iinhealthtul levels.
"Green-Yellow-Red"
A-55
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Air Quality Management Division
Washes County District
Health Department
P.O.Box 11130
Reno. Nevada 89520
Primed tut Rrt \, led faptr
"Pollution Solutions"
(Washoe County District Health Department)
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Materials
There are ways that you can help cut back
on air pollution. Little steps add up if we
all moke an effort. Here are things you and
even businesses can do every day to help
cut back on air pollution.
Personal
1. Keep your car tuned year-round
2. Carpool to work.
3. Take the bus to work.
4. Walk to the comer market instead of
driving.
5. Ride your bike to work.
6. Take your lunch to work at least one
day a week and don't drive at
lunchtime.
7. Ride your bike on errands.
8. Use your FAX machine at work to
send urgent information.
9. Teleconference calls whenever
possible.
10. Carpool to lunch.
11. Walk into the bank instead of using
the drive up window or use the walk-
up ATM.
12, Walk into the fast food restaurant
instead of using the drive up window.
13. Map out your shopping trips so that
you get everything done in one trip.
14. Shop with a friend.
15. Work with local government to
increase the number of bicycle routes
and lanes.
16. Turn your engine off while you're
stopped for the train.
Businesses
1. Offer incentives to those employees
who carpool to work.
2. Offer incentives to those employees
who ride the bus to work.
3. Employ a transpottation/rideshare
coordinator, and implement a
rideshare/vanpool program.
4. Provide an on-site cafeteria for
employees.
5. Provide pleasant surroundings for a
lunch area, and encourage employees
to bring a brown bag lunch.
6. Provide enclosed bicycle
storage/parking facilities.
7. Provide shower/locker facilities for
bicycling commuters.
8. Provide on-site child care centers.
9. Offer flexible/compressed work
schedules to help eliminate heavy
traffic during standard rush hour
times.
10. Keep fleet vehicles tuned.
11. Convert fleet vehicles to compressed
natural gas fuel.
12. Construct park-and-ride lots.
13. Woik with local government to
increase the number of bicycle routes
and lanes.
14. Encourage employees to work at
home and use a computer
and modem to send work to the
office.
Did You Realize...
...that every day we drive enough miles in
the Truckee Meadows to go to the moon and
back eight times? That's over 4.2 million
miles a day or 1.5 billion miles a year!
...that every day we put 310 tons of
pollution into our air? That's equal in weight
to 16 Reno Arches, or 75 elephants the size of
Bertha, or about 2.5 million Quarter Pounders!
...that in; some cities, such things as
outdoor barbecues, gas-powered lawn
mowers and oil-based house paints are being
banned because they add to the air pollution?
...that in other cities, bans on such things
as haiispray. hair mousse, antifreeze-based
windshield fluid and furniture polish are
being considered as a means to control air
pollution?
...that we all contribute to pollution every
day and that we all must do our share to
clean up the air.
If you need solutions or have suggestions
call our Answerline at 328-2501.
"Pollution Solutions"
A-57
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r
U
Wood Stove
Appliances
and the
sale of
your home...
Answers to the most
common questions
regarding
home resale
For further information, contact
the Washoe County District
Health Department. 1001 E. 9th
Street in Reno--328-2400:
or the Reno/Sharks Board of
REALTORS*. 1100 Kietzke Lane
--786-6020.
WHAT DO WOOD STOVES HAVE TO DO
WITH SELLING MT HOME?
The residents of the Truckee Meadows are
faced with some serious air pollution prob-
lems, some of which are caused by the
burning of wood and other solid fuels. To
help alleviate this problem the Washoe
County District Board of Health mandated
that all wood stoves be replaced by low
emitting, certified stoves, by the year 1993.
To help accelerate the change-out of high
emitting stoves. It was decided that upon
resale, a home would be inspected to see if
the proper appliance is in place.
DO I NEED AN INSPECTION IP I HAVE A
FIREPLACE?
No. Houses with fireplaces do not need an
inspection. However, both the seller and the
buyer must sign a "Notice of Exemption"
that states the property contains no solid
fuel burning device, such as a wood stove.
pellet stove, fireplace insert or a fireplace
with air-tight doors. This notice must be
approved by the District Health Department
and then filed with the title company for
escrow to close.
WHERE DO I GET A
"NOTICE OF EXEMPTION"?
Forms will be available at the Reno/Sparks
Board of REALTORS*, local title companies,
real estate offices and the District Health
Department.
HOW CAN I TELL IF MY FIREPLACE HAS
AIR-TIGHT DOORS?
Some fireplaces have had air-tight doors
and convection systems added to produce
more efficient heating. Modification of this
type can cause your fireplace to be classified
as a wood stove. It may be difficult for you
to tell if this is the case. If you have any
question as to whether your fireplace has
"Wood Stove Appliances and the Sale of Your Home'
(Washoe County District Health Department)
-------
Materials
air-tight doors, have an Inspection done on
the property.
WHAT 18 A CERTIFIED WOOD BURNING
APPLIANCE?
Any wood stove or insert that appears on the
Approved Stove List is certified. This list is
compiled and provided by the District Health
Department. Copies of the complete list are $3
each.
WHAT IS SO SPECIAL ABOUT A
CERTIFIED STOVE?
Burning wood or other solid fuels causes air
pollution. During winter temperature inver-
sions, carbon monoxide and parttculates are
trapped close to the valley floor. Appliances
certified as clean burning emit less carbon
monoxide and particulates. reducing the risk
of high levels of air pollution during winter
temperature inversions.
WHgfSHOULD I HAVE MY STOVE
If you are anticipating selling your home, the
ideal time to have your appliance inspected is
when you list your home for sale with a
member of the Reno/Sparks Board of REAL-
TORS*. or when you begin advertising your
home for sale. By doing so. you will limit the
possibility that your home sale could be held
up because of certification problems.
WHAT DO I DO IP BIT STOVE IS NOT ON
THE LIST?
There are several things that can be done.
1) Replace the existing stove with an ap-
proved stove.
2.) Remove the stove from the property.
3.) Render the stove inoperable by weld-
ing at least 25 percent of the door shut.
4.) Check to see if your stove can be
retrofitted with a certified pellet hopper and
modified to burn only pellet fuel.
DT MY STOVE IS NOT CERTIFIED, DOES
THAT DECREASE THE VALUE OF MY
HOME?
This is something you should discuss with
your real estate agent. If the stove is not
certified, some type of action must be taken
to correct the problem. How you choose to
remedy that problem may affect the value of
your home.
DT MY STOVE IS CERTIFIED, DOES THAT
INCREASE THE VALUE OF MY HOME?
It may Increase the value of your home and
decrease the time that your home is on the
market. Sellers can be made aware of the
merits of having a certified stove by contact-
ing a real estate agent. Buyers should ask if
a stove has been certified, and if not, what
the seller intends to do with the appliance.
WHAT IF I DON'T fiCAVE MY HOME
INSPECTED FOR A WOOD BURNING
DEVICE WHEN I'M READY TO SELL?
Escrow will not close; without a signed cer-
tificate issued by the District Health Depart-
ment stating the house was inspected and
that the wood burning appliance either
passed or failed inspection. If it is found
that either the inspector, resident, or any
other person involved in the transaction .
provided false information, a fine of up to
$1.000 may be levied! in addition to charges
of perjury.
WHAT HAPPENS DT THE INSPECTOR
FINDS THAT MY STOVE IS NOT
CERTIFIED?
You will be issued a Notice of Denial, which
would hold up escrow. What you must do is
remedy the problem and have the stove
reinspected. After the second inspection, if
everything proceeds properly, the title com-
pany will receive a Certificate of Compliance
and escrow will continue.
03°
"Wood Stove Appliances and the Sale of Your Home"
«r
-------
Materials
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE FROM THE
TIME OF INSPECTION UNTIL I RECEIVE
MY CERTIFICATE?
The District Health Department has seven
working days from the time the paperwork
•is received from an inspector to issue a cer-
tificate. If paperwork processing goes past
the required seven working days, the home
will automatically pass inspection.
ARE THERE ANT CIRCUMSTANCES THAT
MAT HOLD UP MT CERTIFICATION?
There are three things that may delay the
certification, or may result in Notice of
Denial. These are if 1) the appliance is
uncertified and no action has been taken to
correct it: 21 if the stove is unverified, which
means that neither the inspector or the
homeowner can prove the stove is certified:
or 3) if the inspector has failed to completely
fill out the paperwork.
HOW DO I FIND AN INSPECTOR?
The Washoe County District Health Depart-
ment maintains a list of licensed wood stove
inspectors. Many offer other types of inspec-
tions needed for home resale, and many real
estate agents may also offer this service as
part of their marketing package.
WHAT IF I DON'T SELL MT HOME RIGHT
AWAT? WILL I NEED TO GET THE HOUSE
REINSPECTBD?
The Certificate of Compliance is good until
you sell your house. An inspection must be
made or a Notice of Exemption must be filed
each time the house is sold.
SHOULD I GET MT HOME INSPECTED,
EVEN IF I'M NOT PLANNING ON
SELLING?
That may not be a bad idea. The Regulations
Governing Air Pollution state that ALL wood
burning appliances used in Washoe County
must be certified by 1993. If you get your
appliances inspected now. you may head off
problems down the road, especially if the
stove is not certified and must be replaced.
Your certified stove purchased today will
probably cost much less than in 1993. Plus
we have the added benefit of clean air next
winter.
IS THERE ANT EAST WAT TO DETERMINE
IF MT STOVE IS NOT CERTIFIED, WITH-
OUT HAVING AN INSPECTOR COME OUT?
If your stove was purchased before 1984. it
definitely is NOT certified. Approximately 70
percent of the stoves used in Washoe County
fall into that category.
** IREPLACE MY OLD STOVE WITH A
CERTIFIED ONE. WILL I SEE ANT OTHER
BENEFITS. BESIDES HELPING CLEAN THE
ATR?
YES! Although lowering pollution levels is the
major benefit of this replacement program,
you will be buying a stove that is also more
fuel efficient. Certified appliances are 25 to 30
percent more efficient than older stoves.
burning less wood for the same amount of
heat generated. That means fewer trips to the
woodpile. So while you lower pollution levels,
you'll use less wood and heat more efficiently.
CAN I STIIX BUY NON-CERTIFIED STOVES
IN WASHOB COUNTT?
Although local dealers are allowed to sell non-
. certified stoves to people who live in other
counties, it is illegal to install a non-certified
stove in Washoe County. So if you mistakenly
purchase a non-certified stove, any building
department in Washoe County will not be
able to issue a building permit.
Always get a building permit to install a wood
stove and check with your insurance agent to
be sure you are covered. Remember: an ounce
of prevention is worth a pound of cure. Fire
safety should be a consideration when install-
ing a wood burning appliance. o
"Wood Stove Appliances and the Sale of Your Home"
-------
Materials
The WPA
The Winter Pollution Advisory be-
came a mandatory "NO-BURN" pro-
gram in 1988 when the
Albuquerque/Beraalillo County Air
Quality Control Board passed Wood-
burning Regulation #34.
The WPA program is designed to
control carbon monoxide (CO) produced
by woodstoves and fireplaces.
WHY BE CONCERNED ABOUT
WOODSMOKE?
The burning of wood produces carbon mon-
oxide and other gasses and very tiny particles
(smoke). Carbon monoxide is a colorless,
odorless gas produced when compounds contain-
ing carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons such as
wood or fossil fuels) are not burned completely.
At high levels, CO can interfere with the amount
of oxygen that the blood can carry. This usually
isn't a problem for healthy people but can be dan-
gerous for pregnant women and people with heart
or respiratory problems,, The particles found in
woodsmoke are too smsill to be filtered by the
nose and upper lungs. Toxic (poisonous) and
cancer-causing chemicals ride these panicles deep
into the lungs. For more health information, call
the American Lung Association of New Mexico
HEALTH • LINE, 268-1011.
HOW DID YOU FIND OUT THAT WOOD-
BURNING CONTRIBUTES TO THE CO
PROBLEM?
In 1986, studies "fingerprinted" the carbon
in the carbon monoxide molecules in the air by
the carbon isotope techniques similar to the ones
that are used to find the age of dinosaur bones.
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
(City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Department)
-------
Materials
WILL WOODBURNING BE BANNED IN
THE ALBUQUERQUE AREA?
There are no plans to ban woodbaming. By
restricting woodbaming during periods of poor
weather conditions, we may be able to control our
problem. In the winter, inversions trap cold air
and pollutants like CO beneath warm air. This
interferes with the normal flushing of polluted air
and contributes to high CO levels. Other wood-
burning programs are also in progress. As of July
1,1989, only woodstoves or fireplace inserts that
are U.S. EPA certified as low polluting will be
allowed for sale in BemaliHo County. Restric-
tions may apply also to the installation of new
woodDutmng i^mf^,
WHAT ARE YOU TRYING TO
CONTROL, CARBON MONOXIDE OR THE
BROWN CLOUD?
"NO-BURN" periods were designed to
control carbon monoxide, but they also help our
brown cloud problem. Over one-half of the winter
brown cloud is caused by woodbuming.
WHAT IS AN EPA CERTIFIED WOOD-
STOVE OR FIREPLACE INSERT?
Like motor vehicles, stoves and fireplace
inserts manufactured after July 1.1988, meet
certain emission standards set by the U.S. EPA.
These stoves and inserts use either catalysts or a
series of air baffles to reduce emissions. An EPA
certified unit may produce as little as l/10th the
pollution (measured as either small particles or
CO)ofanoldernoncertifiedunit Gas logs or
electric systems produce little or no CO.
IS IT TRUE THAT THESE STOVES/
INSERTS MAY BE BURNED DURING "NO-
BURN" PERIODS?
Only if the EPA certified units produce NO
smoke 20 minutes after lighting the fire can you
burn during "NO-BURN" periods . Just like the
miles per gallon estimates on new cars, the
emissions from your stove/insert may vary.
Improper installation, use or maintenance may
cause emissions far in excess of the standards.
Gas or electric alternatives to woodbuming may
be used at any time.
IF I HAVE AN EPA CERTIFIED STOVE,
BUT IT STILL SMOKES, WILL I GET A
TICKET?
You may. The stove or insert must be used
correctly to operate during a "NO-BURN" period.
If the unit smokes after a 20 minute start up
period, it is usually caused by using "green" wood
or over-dampening the air flow. DON'T EX-
PERIMENT DURING "NO-BURN" PERI-
ODS. Go outside and look for smoke when
burning is allowed. If you have trouble burning '
properly, call your dealer.
SHOULD I REGISTER MY EPA CERTIFIED
STOVE WITH ANYONE?
No. Registration of existing stoves is not re-
quired.
WHY DOES THE ALBUQUERQUE
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEPART-
MENT ENFORCE THE WOODBURNING
REGULATION IN THE COUNTY?
The Department has County-wide authority
for enforcing regulations of the Albuquerque/Ber-
nalillo County Air Quality Control Board
DOES THE REGULATION APPLY TO ALL
OF BERNALILLO COUNTY?
The regulation defines a "woodsmoke im-
pacted area" where the regulation is enforced.
Areas that do not contribute to the problem, are of
low population, and do not have a problem of
their own are excluded from the program. Ex-
'Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
-------
Materials
cloded areas are east of the moutl. of Tijeras
canyon (roughly Camue) and the escarpment on
the west (west of 1-40 and Central).
WHAT IF I USE WOOD TO HEAT MY
HOME?
If your home has no source of heat other than
wood (or solar), yon may qualify for an exemp-
tion. Burning wood because you prefer to heat
with wood does not qualify for an exemption. If
you can afford nothing else, you may qualify for a
low income exemption.
THE ADDITION TO MY HOME IS HEATED
SOLELY BY WOOD. DO I QUALIFY FOR A
SOLE SOURCE EXEMPTION?
No. Sole source means that there is no other
scarce of heat (excluding solar) in the entire
building.
DOES THIS APPLY TO BUSINESSES?
Yes. If wood is the sole source of heat in the
building, the business or residence may qualify for
a sole source exemption.
HOW DO I QUALIFY FOR A LOW
INCOME EXEMPTION?
Qualifying for a low income exemption is
based on acceptance to one of three state income
support programs. After acceptance to Low
Income Energy Assistance, Food Stamps or
Medicaid (not Medicare), through the NM Human
Services Department, a low income exemption
may be obtained through the Albuquerque
Environmental Health Department.
HOW DO I APPLY FOR THESE
PROGRAMS?
Consult the Government Easy Reference List
in the blue pages of the telephone book under
Welfere.
"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
A-63
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Materials
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"Answers to All Your Burning Questions"
-------
Materials
HOW ABOUT
THAT FIREPLACE?
Ifs up to each
of1 us.
City of Albuquerque
Air Pollution Control Division
Telephone: 766-7432
Whether you use your fireplace for heating or just for enjoymenit, you
want it
TO BURN — not S-m-o-k-e!
A good-burning fireplace is a benefit for both you and your neighbors
in our pollution-troubled city. But, burning a fireplace effectively takes
work! There are three important factors for good, smoke-free burning.
They are called the 3T's of combustion: Temperature, Time and Turbu-
lence. Here is how the 3 T's can help you use your fireplace to bum —
not s-m-o-k-e:
"How About That Fireplace?"
(City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Department)
A-65
-------
Materials
TEMPERATURE
Complaint: Beginning fire smokes a lot and won't keep burning.
Cause: Fireplace may be too clean; the starting fire cools too fast to keep
itself burning.
Correction: Always leave some ashes to act as a bed or warming
blanket for the next fire. '
Complaint: Logs burn at first but then the flames die down.
Cause: Bare logs cool off on top.
Correction: Always cluster three
logs together to form a hot burn-
ing zone. Top log keeps the heat
from escaping.
NOT THE
L-JLJUlJLJLJf J
Complaint: White smoke billows off the wood and goes up the
chimney unburned.
Cause: Unseasoned wood may feel dry to touch but contains 20% to
50% of the log's weight as water. This requires a lot of heat just to boil
the water out of the wood.
Correction: Stack new wood outdoors for several months prior to use.
Our dry climate will dry it and make it burn hotter and less prone to
smoking.
Complaint: Logs tend to burn in the middle, not along the full width.
Cause: The logs may be much
shorter than the width of the fire-
place. This develops cold ends
which smoke.
Correction: Either get wood that
fits the fireplace or adjust the fire-
box with cement blocks to reduce
its working width.
TIME
Complaint: Pitchy wood, such as pinon, boils and bubbles and
makes too much black smoke.
Cause: The pitch melts and vaporizes and is caught up in the chim-
ney draft before it can ignite in a flame.
Correction: Blend pitchy wood such
as pinon with oak or some other
variety to dilute effect. Place the
pinon on the lower layer of the
fire. Buy blended woods to
provide for this type of fueling.
"How About That Fireplace?"
-------
Materials
TURBULENCE
K1NDUNC
UCW1TD5TKIP5
CF NEW9IHPER
You really don't have much control over the turbulence or air
movement in fireplace burning. However, you can keep in mind the
principle that a good fire must have enough air or it will choke and
smoke — not burn.
Complaint: Hard to start.
Cause: Ash bed from previous fire completely up to the grating.
Correction: Push ashes aside and place strips torn from full sections of
the newspaper on edge. Insert these lighted strips under the grate
until the fuel catches well. Using
several sticks of kindling will speed
up the starting. Don't stuff the
space under the grate with tightly-
packed paper. Paper needs air to
burn, too!
Complaint: Fire seems lazy, not really as active as you'd like.
Cause: Ash bed may have filled all the way up to the grating.
Correction: Take tie poker and knock about a one-inch clearance
space under the grate. (Remember, leave some ashes to keep the bottom
of your fire insulated from the cold firebricks.)
Complaint: Fire seems lazy, not really as active as you'd like.
Cause: Logs may fit together so well there is no air space between them
to allow air and flames to pass.
Correction: With poker, push
logs apart slightly so a visible
opening crack occurs along their
mating surfaces. Use small sticks if
necessary, to act as separators.
YOU START ON PURPOSE; STOP ON PURPOSE, TOO!
Finally, before turning in for the night, remember to end the use of your fireplace.
Those last remaining red coals will glow and burn very poorly (choking for air)
throughout the night, emitting more than your share of carbon monoxide. One
large drinking glass of water poured on top of the coals is usually enough to quench
them to they essentially stop burning. By the next evening the heat of die firebox
will have dried them out and be ready for use as pan of the next fire's fuel.
If you follow some of these tips, you will enjoy a better-burning — not smoking —
fireplace, and you, your neighborhood and Albuquerque will breathe esisier.
City of Albuquerque
Environmental Health & Energy Dept.
'How About That Fireplace?"
A-67
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Materials
Kerosene Heaters
PortaBie kerosene neaters were banned in many states and
localities as unsafe in recent years mey nave made a come-
Back. Any portable space neater can Be cost efficient if it
allows you to turn down your furnace and neat only the room
you use.
However any portaaie liquid fuel space neater is a potential
fire hazard if used improperly, unvented neaters emit CO HC
oxides of nitrogen INOXJ. and sulfur oxides . These are ex-
tremely Hazardous to tne respiratory system and possiBiy
cancer causing. Kerosene neaters should Be operated oniv in
well ventilated areas.
For an excellent treatment of the topic of kerosene
heaters, reaa 'Are Kerosene Heaters Safer, Consumar Repons
OCtOBer 1982, pp. 499-507.
Additional summed endings
, - Dv urrv °« caraen w«
PuBllsmng CO., Cnanotte Vermont.
wooa Hot, Bv Jonn Vivian. eoaale Press. Emmaus. Pennsylvania
Bv *> snelton' Vermont Crossroads
Craomc illustrations t aaaotanons ov f>. Mancnester
ZSZL 'nlem*">" ««""«' »« ows o» tnn orocnure
aa* ov a .junc from tnt Owwtnwnt of Energy
nroum tn. awov att force of m. urojn ccnMroum (or
'.n'"""1 1*°""c* tttaoat» «» orowdw o» Puonc
How to Burn
wood Without
Having Your
Health, Budget,
and Environment
Co up in Smoke
"How to Burn Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go Up in Smoke"
(City of Albuquerque Environmental Health Department)
-------
Materials
The approach of winter evokes for many
the image of pleasant evenings in front
of a crackling fire Recent studies indicate
that wood-burning stoves and fireplaces
have become a popular alternative home
heating source There is also an indication
that the average user makes a fire more
than once a week and burns from v* to
I1/* cords of wood per heating season.
ABOUT WOOD
euying:
Tne price of wood vanei based on availability and what Deo-
pis will pay. cnectc your local newspaper and ask friends wno
us* wood. It Is sold By die cord, face cord, or half cord. Hard-
ness, or density, usually determines tne price
Cord , s x a x s (of stacked wood)
Face cord x x S x trie length of tne pieces
Half cord 4-x2 xff
The oefl of a standard sized pickup truck win hold % to v*
cord. Measure stacked wood Before paying) Many sellers
deliver and stack wood; you can cut costs by picking it up
yourseft LumBeryard scraps are inexpensive and make good
kindling.
cutting your own:
The us. Forest Service, tne Bureau of Land Management and
state land and forestry offices allow fuel cutting in designated
areas—witn properpermlts! Permit fees vary as do tneamounts
permitted.
wnen cutting your own. take an adequate vehicle for tne
terrain to be covered and tne load to be hauled, use proper
equipment
1 chain saw with spark arrester and tools to maintain it
Z ha tenet or ax
3. wedge
4. small sledge hammer
isnovel
a ear plugs, gloves, and protective eye wear recommended
Storing wood:
• stack wood In a covered area facing soutn If possible
• Dry fresnty cut wood for 6 months before using.
wood is good, but...
The burning of wood comnoutes to air pollution — inside our
homes and out in urban areas visibility is affected: residents
Breathe substances that aggravate respiratory infections, con-
tribute to asmma. chronic Bronchitis, pulmonary emonvsema
ana possibly cancer.
Air Quality problems are aggravated in some areas by topog-
rapny and climate Temperature inversions can prevent tne nor-
mal rising of warm air from low lying areas. All of the air pollu-
tion (industrial, automobile wood smoke etc) is trapped in the
•breathing layer of tne surrounding air. Many communities
have instituted •air pollution aflvisones wnicn can be contactea to
determine wnetner or not you should be curtailing your wood-
burning and automobile driving on tne "bad nigntr during tne
winter Contact me agency in ysur area mat is responsible for air
pollution control to see if sucn an advisory nas Been instituted.
Take can of Yourself, and the nest of us
Some simple practices can help you do your part in keeping
pollution from wood burning to a minimum. The best part is
that it also can save you money and provide more warmtn for
your effort!
FOR LESS POLLUTION
1. Sum only dry. seasoned wood.
2. Never bum trasn or gartiage in a fireplace — many plastics
and treatea papers emit toxic fumes wnen burned.
3. Never bum coal in a wood-burning fireplace — coal
emits oxides of nitrogen and sulphur along witn carbon
monoxide and often bums too not for the fireboxes in
wood-burning stoves or fireplaces
4. in fireplaces, make small hot fires — combustion is more
complete pollution is lets.
5. in wood-burning stoves, use internal baffles, catalytic con-
verters, and adequate air supply to promote the burning
of vaporized unused fuels,
6. Do not use lignter fluids or otner flammable liquids to
start fires! <
7. Start fires witn strips of newspaper and kindling placed
loosely on top. AS tne wood begins to burn aaa larger
pieces until tne fire is stable TOO much fuel will cause tne
fire to smolder and smoke
8. Remove asnes freouendy, leaving a light "bed1 to catch tne
coals. Tbo many asnes obstruct tne flow of oxygen ana
smooierthe fire (Use a metal bucket to remove not ashes
and store them until cooieoj
"How to Burn Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go Up in Smoke'*
-------
Materials
FOR GREATER EFFICIENCY*
1. Start by selecting a stove tnat is properly sized
area tnat you wisn to neat.
i
' !
| ; , ' 2. A catalytic cc
. iji ! : — tne most <
'^ f'"^]"^--^ "add-orr aval
P^ ^~-^ ,^> can increase
^•^^ ' ' by 20-30%!
\. ,.i>w ./, . • . £
• ^ •* S
3. use Convection Tube crates, in- I
stead of standard wrougnt iron \
grates, to promote air circuia- /
tlon; a blower fan will force air /
tnrougn tne grin and furtner in- ' r\
crease neat delivery to tne / ,
room. /
- ' S
- L_V
«-*£^
•:o2
-*-£fm*&
For tne
mm*m
nverter
effective «*-
able —
efficiency
I"H"»I'
•VMM
HUT TO
HOUSE .
jL IV PASS T
T^ CATE CATAimC
1 (OKNK» / CONVUTU
1 STAITINC) \ [OmONAl)
UNMIINID ^ISStR. INTUNAL
^^^^g vAfotoio *sl^Bm **""
' ' - / \
HMT All TO \
STOIACI WOOD INSULATION
WAU
(NOH-COMIUSniU
MATUIALSI
4. select a fiign efficiency stove witn a secondary combus-
tion cnamber and/or catalytic converter, mese also emit
less pollution.
/ CO
N
ml
\ \ Fireplace
A wood-bur
i | wood-bur
1 witn
^ catalytic
^ secondar
ii\| . combusti
ja Gas Heate
K' Electric H
eff iciet
anotne
MPARATIVE EFFICIENCY RATING
ipinon or jumper acSUS/Corai
iffictaficv ca«/ioa,eoo«TU Hftctiw
Utlnv (Illfliilll cwt-lTlnftn
10% S .54 S5.40
ningstove 50% .54 1.08
ning stove
converter or
y
on 65% . .54 , .33
r 55% .53" .96
eat 100% 2.3S" 2.35
tive cost is determined by dividing tne cost by tne
icy rating.
/tnerm will vary from one energy service area to
r.
"How to Burn Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go Up in Smoke"
A-70
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Materials
5. A heatilator can Increase tne efficiency of a fireplace by
10 • 20%. lisa of blower fans can increase efficiency by
anotntrtO-20%.
LIKE THIS
LIKE THIS
6. wnen building a flre. sack logs as snown above, mis
creates a natural draft to more efficiently burn me wood.
• Hreouctj are at best an tneff lel«nt way to neat your nome. A
aanaara metal flre oox flreoiace witn no energy saving
retro fits mayaiiow more neat to escaoe from your nome man
tt DUU la if you cone aoujs me flre ano close me flue wnen
you art done using me fireolaee, neateo air will simoiy float uo
mt enimne* tne addition of glass aoors can reouee tnts ev 10 •
15%. out rememocr mis ooes not increase tne amount of
neat going into me room, it merely reouces tne amount of
neacM air tnx teav« me room.
The most for your dollar:
Different wooas produce different amounts of energy IBTUSI.
BTU'S/CORD
03K / 30.427.488
M3Dle / 27.100.250
Pinon / 24.710,400
Birch / 23.59S.015
Pine /18.778,320
FACTOR
30.4
27.1
24.7
23.6
18.8
TO compare prices, divide tne price per cord by the number
of BTUS per cord. To make it easier use tne rounded off factor
to tne right
Example: if a cord of oak costs S135...
• S135.00 •> 30.4 = S4.44
and a cord of pine costs S85,
S 85.00 -183 =54.52
... oak is more cost effective
SAFETY
Wood is a volatile neat source and can be very dangerous if
not used safely.
1. wood stoves snould be sited well away from flammable
obiects. insulated walls, and flooring and out of regular
traffic patterns.
2. Stove pipes snould be installed in accordance with fire
codes.
3. Chimney and stove pipes should be cleaned regularly
usually wnen creosote build-up is about v, inch, creosote
is Highly flammable and can cause a maior fire in your
home!
a. Never leave fires unattended unless you can close glass (or
other appropriate) doors aver the firebox opening.
S. Always keep a fire screen in place to prevent sparks from
landing on tne hearth or in the room.
6. install smoke alarms and fire extinguishers near the
fireplace or stove
7. if a fire starts in tne cnimney. call the Fire Department.
extinguish tne fire in tne fireplace or stove close off all air
vents to smother tne fire, and wet down tne roof.
"How to Burn Wood Without Having Your Health,
Budget and Environment Go Up in Smoke"
A-71
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Materials
y h * .> W*\J
And Clear
Answers
What's the Problem?
Today, living in the Rogue Valley is more compli-
cated than it was in the past. Became so many of us
now live here, our lifestyle choices often affect our
neighbors in critical wsiys. One of them is con-
tamination of the air we breathe by smoke from
residential woodburning.
PARTICULATE MATTER, the visible part of
smoke and dust, is a serious local health concern.
These tiny particles became lodged deep in the
lungs and reduce our resistance to infection. It also
causes diseases such as bronchitis, asthma, and em-
physema, making this health problem and related
treatment costs a burden to us alL Additionally, pol-
luted air costs us money by discouraging new in-
dustry and hindering tourism; and the county faces
penalties from the U.S. iEnvironmental Protection
Agency for not meeting federal rules.
A NEW FEDERAL STANDARD has estab-
lished allowable amount! of air borne paniculate
matter. This standard, called PM10, is designed to
protect us from "fine pairticulate.' These particles
are less than 10 microns in size, about one-sixth the
diameter of a human hair. Department of Environ-
mental Quality monitoring indicates that the valley's
pollution levels often viokite the standard during the
winter months.
"Burning Your Questions...And Clear Answers"
(Jackson County Department of Planning and Development)
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NATURE CONTRIBUTES to our air pollution
problem*. Studies of weather patterns show that
Southwestern Oregon's interior valleys are among
areas with the highest pollution potential in the
country. In the Rogue Valley, the h«« that occurs
when we have a temperature inversion not only looks
like bad air • it is bad air. Inversions trap smoke and
dust in a stagnant air layer near the ground, where
pollutants build up to unhealthful levels. The smoke
also reduces visibility and detracts from the natural
beauty of our area.
THE WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY, a major
source of particulate pollution here before 197S, has
reduced their particulate emissions by 70 percent
smce 1979. However, smoke from the increasing
number of local wood stoves has slowed overall air
quality improvement
WOOD STOVE SMOKE is dangerous because
the smoke particles are in the most unhealthful
range - 10 microns and smaller. During the winter,
when severe inversions occur, the air quality in the
Rogue Valley violates federal health standards on
20-25 days. On the wont days, the concentration is
twice the health standard. This is not only costly to
our health and economy - inefficient, uncertified
stove* are also expensive to operate.
Is There a Solution?
THE ROGUE VALLEY is not alone in battling
air pollution. Other cities in Oregon and across the
country face similar problems. Some cities - Mis-
soula, Juneau, Boise and Reno • have already begun
wood stove curtailment programs which are work-
ing.
In May of 1987, the Jackson County Commis-
sioners appointed a local citizens Woodbuming
Task Force to evaluate the particulate problem. The
Task Force examined the alternatives, weighed costs
and benefits, and made recommendations to the
commissioners.
TASK FORCE
RECOMMENDATIONS
•PUBLIC EDUCATION
A public education program would alert people to
the serious health problems associated wkh wood
stove smoke. It would outline the economic, health,
energy and safety benefits of reducing wood smoke
and suggest what you can do to help.
•CURTAIL WOOD BURNING
On the worst days stove use would be prohibited.
Exemptions would be granted to low-income
families and to those who have ao other beat source.
SomeOEQ certified stoves would also be exempted.
Mandatory curtailment would be needed on 10 to 20
high pollution days a year.
•FINANCIAL INCENTIVES
Grants or low interest loans would be sought to en-
courage the use of gas, electricity or dean-burning
certified stoves. Jackson County has already
received one grant to help low-income households
replace inefficient wood stoves.
•BAN NON-CERTIFIED STOVES
Local ordinances would prohibit installation of
non-certified stoves.
•CLEAN AIR UTILITY RATES
Lower 'clean air* rates for both electricity and
natural gas should be pursued with the Public Utility
Commission.
Over the next few months, Jackson County will
present the Task Force recommendations to the
public Yon will have many opportunities to discuss
fhi^ i«y^
"Burning Your Questions...And Clear Answers"
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HOW YOU CAN HELP
•Become Informed about air quality and
woodburntag problems in the Rogue Valley
aad participate In the discussion!
•tfytw boy a stove, make sore that It fa both
the right size for your house and an effi-
cient, certified model. Call the DEO for
stove rating information. (1-«00-4S2-4011)
•Lean aad follow the proper methods of
operating your store.
•Us* year stove efficient!y by burning only
dry, seasoned wood. '
•B*lld small hot fires with plenty of draft.
•Keep your stove properly maintained.
Check year stack for creosote buildup - a
major cause of house fires.
•Never barn garbage, plastic or treated
wood. They release toxic fumes.
•Follow official woodburning advisories -
Dort bora oared days. Call 770-4460
(Mtdford), or 776-7007 (County), for the
daily tMOBing advisory.
DEPARTMENT OF PLANNING
AND DEVELOPMENT
.bekion County Courtnoun
M>flfort. Oragan 97S01
"Burning Your Questions...And Clear Answers"
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OREGON
ENVIRONMENTAL
COUNCIL
service
Printed on recycled paper
DO YOU
HAVE MONEY
TO
BURN?
"Do You Have Money to Burn?"
(Jackson County Department of Planning and Development)
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Here is some HOT, INSIDE INFORMATION:
invest in seasoned wood. Whether you
season it yourself, or you buy it dry from
a dealer you trust, it's still money in the
old wood bank.
SOME COMMONLY USED FIREWOODS
areau
DOUGLAS FIR
OAK
MADROflE
DMT
KBTU's 1
20.790
29.400
30.240
COST 2
' 980
5115
1115
GREEN
KBTUl i
14.850
21.000
21.600
COST 2 I
962
585
985
1. Thousand BTU per cord. Based on Oregon State
Unlvtnity Extension Service data.
2. Av*r*gc advertised price per cord, delivered.
November 29. 1988.
Although seasoned wood appears to cost
more up front when you buy it from a
dealer, the extra heat that it provides will
more than make up the difference. The
extra thirty percent that you pay for
seasoned wood is an investment that
yields forty percent more heat. So. in a
dollars per BTU comparison, seasoned
wood is the better buy. (To be sure of
good quality, ask for a moisture certifica-
tion slip from your fire department, dated
the day of delivery).
COST PER MILLION BTU
•MECiU
DOUGLAS FIR
OAK
8URMGHEEM
14.18
94.08
MADRONE I 93.94
8UYOHY
93.85
»3.9J
13.80
YOU DRY
92.98
92.89
92.81
If you have the time and space, you will
want to consider seasoning your own
wood. It's easy, and it's one of the best
investments you'll ever make.
There are a few tips you should follow in
order to maximize your investment:
• Split your wood before stacking it. This
will increase the surface area and aid in
drying. Also, hardwoods split easier
when wet.
• Stack it off the ground, in alternating
directions to provide good air cir-
culation.
• To reduce the risk of pest invasions to
your home, it should be stacked at
least 25 feet from your house. Make
sure you protect it from the weather.
however.
• Take a sample of your wood to your
local fire department. They have the
equipment to tell you the exact moisture
content of your wood and how long it
needs to dry.
"Do You Have Money to Burn?"
A-77
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If you have the time and space, you will
want to consider seasoning your own
wood. It's easy, and it's one of the best
investments you'll ever make.
There are a few tips you should follow in
order to maximize your investment:
• Split your wood before stacking it. This
will increase the surface area and aid in
drying. Also, hardwoods split easier
when wet.
• Stack it off the ground, in alternating
directions to provide good air cir-
culation.
• To reduce the risk of pest invasions to
your home, it should be stacked at
least 25 feet from your house. Make
sure you protect it from the weather.
however.
• Take a sample of your wood to your
local fire department. They have the
equipment to tell you the exact moisture
content of your wood and how long it
needs to dry.
There is an additional premium to burning
only dry wood: REDUCED FIRE HAZARD.
Creosote buildup in chimneys is one of the
major causes of home fires, and burning
wet wood is a primary contributor to that
buildup. According to the State Fire
Marshal's Office, there were 3329 home
fires in 1987 in Oregon related to wood-
stoves and fireplaces. That was down
from 3533 in 1986. but it is still too many
'possibly preventable fires. Safety for
your family and yourself may be the
biggest payoff of all.
Finally, there's one more way that burning
dry wood pays, and pays everyone. Dry
wood burns cleaner, so that means less of
your fuel goes floating out the stack as
pollutants. By burning only properly
seasoned wood, we can all breathe a little
easier.
DRYING RECOMMENDATIONS
HARDWOODS
% MOI^ TURE MONTHS TO DRY
More tr.dn 55 8
45-54 7
35-44 6
30-34 5
25-29 4
20-24 2
Less than 20 OK
SOFTWOODS
% MOISTURE MONTHS TO DRY
More than 50 6
40-49 5
30-39 4
25-29 3
20-24 2
Less than 20 OK
"Do You Have Money to Burn?"
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DRY WOOD
CERTIFICATE
Asamplefrom this cord of wood has been tested by
a Klamath Falls area fire department volunteer with
a moisture meter and has been found within the
allowable moisture content range for proper burn-
ing. Certification should not be misconstrued as
being a guarantee since it is based upon the integ-
rity of the wood vendor in presenting the wood
samples for testing.
Klamath County Health Dept.
Air Quality Progr;
"Dry Wood Certificate"
(Klamath County Department of Health )
A-79
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In Klamath County
"In Klamath County...Particulate Matters"
(Klamath County Department of Health )
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PROTECT YOUR QUALITY OF LIFE
it's a "matter" of ...
good health for you &
your family, clean air, a
healthy economy: jobs,
survival of businesses that ser/e you
& your family!
It's ALL A PART OF THE BIG PICTURE!
become a VOLUNTEER FOR
COMPLIANCE help your
community & tell the CLEAN AIR
STORY!
W*
NOVEMBER 1 - MARCH 31
follow the woodburning advisory:
RED: NO WOODBURNING
EXCEPT WOOD AS A SOLE
HEATING SOURCE
YELLOW: BURNING WOOD
AS A SOLE HEATING
SOURCE, OR EPA/DEQ
CERTIFIED WOODSTOVES
GREEN: OKAY TO BURN
•-ca the WOODBURNING ADVISORY TELEPHONE 883-744,9
• rod dM Hmld UK! N«w» ,
'•• torn to KAGO Radio . AM/FM (1150 AM/99.5 FM)
.-• bttn to KFLS, FM107 (1450 AM/106.9 FM)
to Kon TV (Ou 2) ...-•*• • listen tp KDRV (Ch. 12.& 311)
to KTVL TV (Ch. 10)'
At CZualtty &. Woodbuming Information Is provided twice daily: 6:45 a.m. and
4:45 p.m. Updates & health alerts are also given.
'In Klamath County...Particulate Matters"
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• or check outside and use this rule-of-thumb:
DONT BURN if there is ...
NO WIND _ _ _ NO SOLID CLOUD
COVER
it's a "matter" of ...
AS A RESPONSIBLE
CITIZEN YOU SHOULD
CARE
In winter, Urban Klamath Falls air quality is frequently poor, exceeding the daily
& annual National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY ... the poor air affects the quality of our health
& our lives.
. It affects us in economic development (getting more jobs for you, your fami-
ly, your friends). The local industry cannot expand giving more jobs.
- It affects the survival of retail/service businesses that serve you (in that popu-
lation losses mean lost business, lost profits mean more jobs lost).
- h affects the quality/quantity of available medical care.
The Klamath FaOs Urban Growth Boundary was designated as a Group IPM10
pollution area by EPA in August, 1987.
24-Hour PM10 High Measurements for past four yean:
1986/87 Season - 474 - 46 days out-of-attainment
1987/88 Season - 752 - 46 days out-of-attainment
1988/89 Season - 417 - 37 days out-of-attainment
1989/90 Season - 369 - 39 days out-of-attainment
(National Standard: 150 PMlOs 24-hour maximum)
The 24-hour averages of PM10 are bad enough, but don't be misled, because
at night when an inversion is in process, single hour readings have been esti-
mated higher than 800 ... even this last season! In the 88/89 season a 53%
pollution level reduction was realized - but we need more!
__TMsls still critically dangerous air that yon are breathing.
"Li Klamath County...Participate Matters"
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Don't think you are clear of the pollution Just because you don't live
In the air testing zone (Peterson School area).
During an inversion (1988/89 heating season), portable testing equip-
ment estimated one hour PM10 readings on Pacific Terrace area, top
of the hill - 350 and 450; Moyina Heights - 550 and 400; above down-
town - 350 and 300; Peterson School & Gatewood - 750 and 650; Peli-
can City - 200 and 150.
What is "particulate matter?" Woodsmoke is mostly made up of
microscope sized participates (pieces) that measure LESS than 10
MICRONS. 500 MICRONS are equal to a dot this sizii, Q
(one/l,000,000th of a meter - to scientists it's PM-10).
Why can it hurt us? Because PMlOs are so tiny, we can breath them
DEEP INTO OUR LUNGS and because they are made up of harmful
chemical compounds. They can make us sick, now or later!
What is an AIR INVERSION? What does it mean to us?
An air inversion is cool air held on the ground by a layer of warmer
air above it, like a shelf that will not let the cool air below escape.
HOW DO INVERSIONS DIFFER FROM NORMAL AIR FLOWS? Air
aloft is cooler - cool air allows warmer air below to rise like a balloon
so that a constant mixing and freshening occurs. Inversions prevent this
so that ...
The cool air then becomes stale and is made-worse by woodsmoke
and other pollutants that also get caught under the warm air shelf.
'Woodsmoke hugs the ground because it is heavier than cool air. The
longer an inversion lasts (we have had them for 12 days at a time), the
•more woodsmoke builds up. The bigger the buildup, the more the air
CAN HURT OUR HEALTH.
Inversions can occur at any time of the year „. but OUR problem
is worse in the winter (Oct.-Mar.). Our greatest number of long-lasting
inversions occurs in mid-January through late February - when we ex-
perience the least storm activity and the least amount of wind. And,
the only thing that can dear an inversion is ventilation (wind).
"In Klamath County...Particulate Matters"
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it's a "matter" of ...
Life & Breath
I* woodsmoke really dangerous? Yes, -according to research in the con-
centrations that Klamath Falls gets.
l» woodsmoke really carcinogenic (cancer causing)? According to re-
search, high concentrations of woodsmoke have the potential of causing cancers
in some people.
What are some of the other things high concentrations
of woodsmoke can do to our health? It can cause asthma
to develop or cause an asthmatic to have an attack; it can cause
shortness of breath; it can increase up-
per airway irritation such as sore
throats, coughing and wheezing; it can
cause allergies to develop or cause al-
lergic reactions; it can cause greater sus-
ceptibility to develop pneumonia,
bronchitis and lung lesions (kind of like
an open sore, causing coughing up of
blood); it can cause greater problems
for individuals with heart disease (in-
cluding Angina), emphysema and other
lung problems.
NHGHBORHOOD MEETINGS ARE AVAILABLE WITH THE AIR QUALITY
PROGRAM COORDINATOR, CALL KLAMATH COUNTY PUBLIC
HEALTH: 882-8846.
When we have high concentrations (over 150 PMlOs) of woodsmoke.
but we have not reached a hazardous level, who is at risk? Generally,
the elderly; preschool aged youngsters; potentially asthmatics and individuals
with allergies; people who have emphysema; people with cardiopulmonary
conditions and SMQKERS/ex-smokers. In research, it has been found that
reduced lung function has occurred in preschool children and the elderly who
have continuous exposure to woodsmoke (the effect can last up to 6 to 8 weeks).
"In Klamath County...Particulate Matters"
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When we have reached hazardous (over 300 PMlOs) level* of wood-
smoke. who to at risk? Everyone. When hazardous air conditions occur,
a health alert Is declared by the Klamath County Health Officer. The alerts
advise reduced physical activity (soccer players, joggers, bicyclists, etc.) for every-
one in the affected aone. All schools are notified. Physical fitness programs
should be suspended during inversions. In Klamath Falls, when we incur
hazardous air levels, the entire urban growth boundary is affected (iriclu: Stewart-
Lenox, Lakeshore, Pacific Terrace - all the way to the top. Conger and California,
Moyina, Sunset, etc.)
WE ARE NOT SAYING EVERYONE IS GOING TO BE AFFFECTED - WE
ARE SAYING THE POTENTIAL EXISTS - IT CAN HAPPEN! You may not
be aware of being affected either! Higher death rates, according to research,
do occur during exposure times to high concentrations of woodsmoke.
What doe* the API advisory mean?
.The Environmental Protection Agency devised the API (Ate Pollution In-
-dex) for the public as a measuring standard for harmful pollutants since
>' pofiutants are afl measured differently and can be very confusing to track.
£ An API can be a combination of many poflutants depending upon what
y .area of the US. that you Bye In. In Klamath rails, our primary pollutant
""•it woodsmoke and the compound* that make it up.
.Th« AtePoUutloa Index' (API) scale Is as follows:
Measurement
"-. 0-50
> 101-199
v^200-299
•;300^vcr
'500 ,
_ EPA. Health Advisory
"Goad"''"'•*."" / "."•"• ' '
Moderate Health Effect
Onhealthful. Levels
Voy.Uihaaltnful
'. Hazardous, r Health Alert Status
. Skjnlrkant Harm Level '
' ' ' ' '
^cbv^ (Air Quattry Standard^24-nour maxfarurn Is 100API)
"In Klamath County...Particulate Matters"
A-85
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-S^..:-,.
»..'"-. * ~.'
'•:>'' ""•'•
£#}•, ••:-'••
t-f-!:*,: —;
Hf-rVv::;'
a "matter" of ... - V - ; v
• Bum Right
. . • Have the Correct Sized Stove
.,;-.: • Bum Only Clean, Dry Wood
• Get a Moisture Meter Check
• Bum Small Hot Fires - Don't Damper
'' • Operate \four Stove Correctly
.;<:.. . • Use a Backup Heat Source at Night
: - '' • Don't Bum When Air Quality is Poor
/: • Consider Upgrading Msur Heating
^ • Complying is Cheaper Than You Think
:; J •-Check \faur Chimney
••Volunteer for Compliance
Maintain 10% to 20%
Wood Moisture Content
What happens if it Is too wet? A greater number of PMlOs and a greater
variety of toxins are released into the air from poor combustion. There are
two kinds of wvfc green wood and wood that may be aged but has never
been covered so it has absorbed water. Wet wood, when hit together, makes
a dull "thud" sound and feels heavy.
Can wood be too dry (overaged)? Yes, if dried
ina warm area. Too dry a wood combusts too rapidly.
creating another set of toxins that are released into
the air that can also be harmful. Overly dry wood
produces heavy amounts of sparks that can cause
fires in your flue or outside your house (your roof,
your neighbors property, etc.). Additionally, too dry
a wood - on a ratio of wood burned to heat created
- produces less heat.
Let your wood age for 6 mo*, to 3 yean!... not all wood is created equal.
Pines & cedar will season in 6 to 9 mos., Douglas fir may take 1-lVz yrs., while
madrons can take up to 3 years! ALWAYS split & stack your wood - keep it
covered so it is also dry. Split wood seasons faster. On the average, 4 to 5
cords of wood are more than enough for winters here. Remember, aged wood
feels lighter and when pieces are hit together, has a light "ring" or look for
little cracks in the wood like the illustration. PLEASE have your wood tested
for moisture at a local fire department, it's free of charge.
"In Klamath County...Participate Matters"
A-86
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I
S'l
«'
jf
1
I
i
Hi
if
1
I
i
i
I
i
"In KJamath County...Particulate Matters"
A-87
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DO NOT BURN;
PARTICLE BOARD OR
PLASTICS INDOORS OR
OUTDOORS — HARMFUL
EMISSIONS ARE RELEASED.
PLEASE BURN ONLY WOOD
BURN CLEAN - Don't bum treated wood such as railroad ties or composi-
tion logs with paraffin in them (check the package); don't burn garbage -
the result is that you are releasing emissions into the air that can be danger-
ously toxic and can be creating fire hazards for you or your neighbors, plus
it can damage your fireplace/woodstove.
CORRECT BURNING PRODUCES
LESS SMOKE
Us« the correct size stove for your house. If a stove is too large for your
needs, you will find yourself dampering down the fire to maintain bearable tem-
peratures. Dampering down causes incomplete combustion and great quanti-
ties of pollution. Burning temperatures vary - please consult your manufacturer's
instructions or see your local dealer.
OUR WORST AIR DEVELOPS
7 P.M. - 2 A.M.
BUILD SMALL HOT FIRES. Begin by opening draft controls all the way,
bum the kindling hot - allowing a small bed of coals to develop, then add larg-
er wood pieces. Be sure to open draft controls completely each time new wood
is added to the fire which will help you maintain an even indoor temperature
and maintain better combustion. Different woods have different combus-
tion. If you have a chance to get hardwood, do so since it does bum cleaner,
slower and hotter than our local fir, pine and cedar. Juniper also burns slow'
and hot but it does produce a lot of ash.
'In Klamath County...Particulate Matters"
A-88
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DONT DAMPER DOWN AT NIGHT
PlUng your woodstove fuU of wood and dampering down doe* not rave on
wood, but instead, fills the air with dirty, acrid smoke and causes rapid creo-
sote buildup in your chimney. This has the potential of increasing your chances
for a flue fire!
CORRECT BURNING SAVES ON
WOOD AND PRODUCES
MORE HEAT
Go outside and observe your chimney from time to time
If you are burning right, you should see only a greyish wisp of
smoke If your chimney shows a smoke that you can't see through,
then increase the air to your fire - wait a little and recheck your.
chimney. If you are still getting smoke that you cannot see through
then your wood is either not seasoned or it is not dry or both!
Make sure you have a safe, clean chimney/stove
pipe «o you will bum cleaner and take no
chancea with fire. DO HAVE YOUR CHIMNEY
CLEANED & CHECKED ANNUALLY by a reg*
iatered & bonded chimney aowep!
on Carbon
•.-.- (CO). Butaccordtaato preBrninary iesting, the cause Is
N -I30* woodsmoki Wfe solve our woodsmoke problem, we wifl most
&.®t*& solV€.tn« CO problemLCO J» continuously monitored in"the
(ppmK
D*t*laptd by Klamath County Dfpartmtnt of Health Serolaa and funded In part, by gmnto
^om BonntuO* Pow*r /Wmmtanttton. Oregon State Department of Energy, Oregon State Depart-
nwnto/ £no
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-. . •-•,.. «
VOLUNTEER FOR COMPLIANCE
ANNOUNCErt.883-7449
r to' Mich 3».~B:; -
MEASURE YOUR WOOD MOISTURE CONTENT AT YOUR
NEIGHBORHOOD FIRE DEPARTMENT
HOW TO GET YOUR WOOD CHECKED
Take wood samples from each cord of wood in your yard, to one of the fire
stations according to the schedule. The firemen on duty will check the wood
with a moisture meter. If your wood has more than 20 percent moisture in
it, PLEASE LET IT AGE A LITTLE LONGER before using it. If it should check
as less than 10% moisture, it's too dry - PLEASE think about using it as just
kindling.
CITY FIRE DEPARTMENT
Main Station, 143 Broad St — 8 a.m. - 5 p.m., Monday - Friday
Campus Dr. *2 Station House — 5 p.m. - 8 p.m., Monday - Friday
Shasta Way.& Mitchell *3 — 5 p.m. - 8 p.m., Monday - Friday
Weekends, usually available at Stations 2 & 3 only.
KLAMATH COUNTY FIRE DISTRICT
District *1, Gertie St — 1 p.m. - 4 p.m., Monday - Friday
District *2, Hilyard St. — 1 p.m. - 4 p.m., Monday - Friday
District *5, Hwy. 97 N. — 1 p.m. - 4 p.m., Monday - Friday
(Sorry, no weekend checking available)
STEWART-LENOX VOLUNTEER FIRE DEPARTMENT
Wt are all volunteers -- we would be happy to check the moisture content of
your wood, but call us first for an appointment, 884-1670.
AIRPORT FIRE DEPARTMENT, KINGSLEY
Moisture checks for AIR NATIONAL GUARD and BASE EMPLOYEES ONLY!
Service available seven days a week.
YOU CAN
IGNORE US ...
BUT UNLESS YOU
HELP, WE WONT GO AWAY!
'In Klamath County.. .Particulate Matters"
A-90
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SEASONS
YOUR WOOD SUPPLY
WILL MEAN MORE HEAT
&LESS AIR POLLUTION!
Residential woodburning is
the number-one source of
wintertime air pollution in
Lane County. Smoke emissions
from wood stoves and fireplace
inserts can cause health
problems for local citizens
on stagnant winter days.
Follow these suggestions to
minimize air pollution and
increase heat efficiency:
• Burn seasoned wood:
Burning green or "wet"
wood is like burning $SS.
An equivalent amount of
dry, well-seasoned wood
has 50% more heat value.
Most local species of wood
should be seasoned for at
Teast six months.
Burn hot:
The first 30 minutes is
the period of greatest
air pollution. /A hot fire
means a cleaner and more
complete burn.
LAXE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION AUTHORITY
225 S. 5th, Sutce 501, Springfteld
726—2514
WOOD STORAGE
* Locate the stack where it will get
the warm summer sun.
* Begin by laying two logs parallel to
each other over the length of the
intended stack. This will keep the
stack itself off the ground and allow
for air circulation up through the
stack.
* The ends of the pile should be built
"log cabin" style, with each course
of, wood placed at right angles to the
.pieces below it to form a square
"post."
* Provide shelter for the wood from the
rain or snow by either storing the
wood in a woodshed or covering the
stack with a sheet of plastic that
extends 10 inches down from the top.
ALDER
DOUGLAS
FIR
OAK
PINE
MINIMUM
OUTDOOR OBVINC
r i ME
(split 4 covered)
6 mo.-plus
6 mo.
6 mo.
6 mo.
HEATING EASE
VALUE oT~
PER SPLITTING
AIR-ORTEP-CORO
medium
medium
easy
easy
high moderate
med.-low easy
"Reduce Pollution"
(Lane Regional Air Pollution Authority)
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BURN SMART
Woodstoves
and air pollution
Smoke from burning wood for home heating is a
major air pollution problem in some communities.
Fine particles in smoke can adversely affect your
health as well as contribute to air pollution. In
some areas, air pollution from wood smoke vio-
lates federal clean air standards and uses up
airshed capacity that may be needed for economic
growth.
Proper operation of your woodstove or fireplace,
results in better use of your investment of time
and money. Woodburners can take steps now to
help reduce the level of air pollution by improving
their operating methods. Proper stove operation
will reduce your heating costs while helping to
clean the air, increase the heat output and enhance
stove safety by reducing creosote buildup.
Conservation
Weatherize
Conservation is the cheapest way to cut heating
costs. Check the insulation in your home. By
improving your home weatherization, you will con-
serve energy and cut down your heating bills.
Stove selection
The most common buying mistake is selecting a
stove too large for the area you want to heat. A
stove that is too large must be dampered down,
creating smoke and increasing air pollution and
creosote buildup in the chimney. Make sure the
stove you purchase is the right one for your home.
See guidelines on matching home heat load to
stove size. Check the stove label for information
on efficiency and heat output.
Don't burn in moderate temperatures
Stoves that are choked down to restrict the amount
of heat generated, pollute more. Use alternative
sources of energy for heat, such as gas and elec-
tricity, when the outside temperatures are
moderate.
Operation
Build small, hot fires
The first 30 minutes in a burn cycle (after re-
loading fuel) is the period of greatest air pollution.
A hot fire will heat the stove up enough to burn
the wood completely and cleanly. It will also
reduce creosote buildup in the chimney and help
avoid chimney fires.
Don't burn at night
Don't try to burn at night. Warm your house in
the evening and start the fire again in the morn-
ing. Night time fires are a major cause of air pol- •
lution, waste fuel and create a fire hazard. Always
follow the manufacturer's instructions that came
with your stove.
Burn cleanly
To burn as cleanly as possible, check the smoke
coming from the chimney, viewing it against a
dark background if possible. The less smoke com-
ing out of the stack, the better.
Don't burn garbage
Materials other than wood can release toxic fumes
in your house and around your neighborhood as
well as damage your woodstove. Never burn gar-
bage, plastic, or treated wood.
"Burn Smart...A Guide to Efficient Wood Burning*
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
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Don't burn on poor air quality days
On poor air quality days, avoid using your wood-
stove or fireplace if possible. Use an alternative
heat source, if you have one available, until the air
quality improves.
Installation
Clean your chimney
Keeping your chimney clean helps increase the effi-
ciency of your stove as well as reduce the chance
of a chimney fire. Make sure your stove is properly
installed with the appropriate chimney system.
Consult your dealer for specifics. If you use your
stove on a continual basis, clean your chimney at
least once every two months.
Stov* and chimney match
Consult your stove dealer on proper stove installa-
tion. Adequate draft, especially for fireplace inserts
and newer units, is critical for efficient stove oper-
ation.
Use dry, seasoned wood
Wood with a high moisture content produces
more smoke. Freshly cut wood should be split,
stacked, covered and allowed to dry at least
six months before it's burned. Some species,
drying times and heating values are listed
below.
ALDER Dry for longer than six months:
medium heating value; easy to split; produces
moderate amount of sparks.
CEDAR Minimum drying time is six months;
medium to low heating value; easy to split;
produces many sparks.
DOUGLAS FUt Minimum drying time is six
months; medium heating value; easy to split;
produces moderate amount of sparks.
MADRONE Minimum drying time is six
months; high heating value; difficult to split:
produces few sparks.
MAPLE Minimum drying time is six months;
high to medium heatini? value; somewhat dif-
ficult to split; produces few sparks.
OAK Minimum drying time is six months;
high heating value; somewhat difficult to split:
produces few sparks.
PINE Minimum drying time is six months:
medium to low heating value; easy to split:
produces moderate amount of sparks.
WHITE FIR Minimum drying time is six
months; medium to low heating value; easy to
split: produces moderate amount of sparks.
"Burn Smart...A Guide to Efficient Wood Burniing'
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URN SMART
GOOD IDEAS FOR WOODSWVE USERS.
CUT YOUR COSTS AND REDUCE SMOKE.
'Burn Smart: Good Ideas for Woodstove Users. Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke.'
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
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Materials
BURN RIGHT.
BURN CLEAN. BURN HOT.
BURN SMART. If you own a woodstove,
great. They're cozy, satisfying to own and, if
used properly, a reliable source of heat.
But too much of a good thing can hurt our
environment. You see, Mother Nature threw us a
curve when she gave our community an air
inversion "ceiling." This ceiling traps pollutants
close to the ground and prevents them from
blowing away naturally. And even though folks
have burned wood for years, the number of
woodstoves has simply outgrown the airshed's
capacity to clean itself.
What can we do about this ceiling? Nothing.
But we can do something
about what we put into the
s air, by cutting down on
V the amount of pollu-
—} tion we create in the
first place.
AIR INVERSION CEILINGS
are produced by a combina-
tion of temperature, geography, altitude and
wind speed. While this ceiling occurs at various
times throughout the year, it's particularly bad
during winter. That's when woodstoves fire up
and add smoke to the other pollutants already
suspended in the air.
We[re not the only area with this problem.
Other cities across the country have inversion
layers too, and are working to solve their pollu-
tion problems the same as we.
WHY WOODSMOKE IS A PROBLEM
Woodsmoke isn't the only source of air pollution.
But when too many homes fire up on stagnant
air days, large amounts of smoke particles and
toxic fumes become suspended in the air outside
and even inside our homes.
That's when woodsmoke causes health prob-
lems. Some particulates are so tiny they get
inhaled deep into the lungs and can't escape.
Young children, the elderly, and people with
breathing difficulties are especially at risk,
because they don't have enough lung capacity to
overcome the pollution.
Woodsmoke lowers your resistance to
infections like pneumonia. And it aggravates
bronchitis, asthma and similar diseases in people
of all ages.
WHEN YOU BURN SMART, YOU'LL
PRODUCE LITTLE SMOKE That's because
smoke is really unburned fuel. When wood
burns hot, it combusts completely. If not, much
of the wood turns into smoke and creosote . . .
literally sending valuable energy and potential
heat up the chimney.
In fact, you can actually see the difference.
A fire that burns properly creates little smoke.
An improperly burning fire, one that's wasting
wood, sends dense smoke out the chimney.'
Go outside occasion-
ally and look at how
much smoke is coming
from your chimney.
Wait for 30 minutes
after lighting the fire.
If you see dense
smoke, the fire is wast-
ing wood and needs
more air.
"Burn Smart: Good Ideas for Woodstove Users. Cut Your Costs aind Reduce Smoke.
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GET THE MOST FROM YOUR WOODSJWE
Luckily, the steps that reduce smoke output are
the same steps that actually save money. That's
because proper burning techniques stretch your
fuel dollar and provide more efficient heat.
STOVE OPERATION There's a right way to oper-
ate your stove ... and that's burn small, hot
fires! A hot fire will get the most mileage from
your wood by burning it completely and cleanly.
Always burn briskly the first 30 minutes of
a new fire. Overloaded stoves smolder, taking
longer to catch.
Avoid the temptation to "hold" a fire over-
night by cutting down the air supply. While it
appears you're saving wood, mostly you're just
creating smoke and creosote.
Remember to follow your stove's instruction
manual for best efficiency. Some catalytic com-
bustion stoves, for example, may actually require
less air than other stoves to operate at peak effi-
ciency.
STOVE INSTALLATION A MAINTENANCE Insulate
and weatherstrip your home to keep valuable
heat from escaping and cut down heating bills.
Keep it clean! Chimneys should be cleaned
every year to remove creosote (a by-product of
combustion) that is the major cause of flue
fires.
Proper chimney size and height are impor-
tant for creating sufficient draft.
All new woodstoves require a permit to be
installed, to protect against house fires and
allow the stove to operate efficiently. If your
stove or insert was installed without a permit,
it's a good idea to have an inspection by a local
building official to make sure it's properly
installed for maximum efficiency and safe use.
Follow manufacturer's instructions for
inspecting catalytic combustors for deterioration.
WOOD BURNING Woodstoves are made to burn
wood, not trash. Garbage creates unpleasant
odors and lowers your stove's efficiency. Gar-
bage, plastics and treated wood damage your
stove and give off toxic fumes.
Dry, seasoned wood burns hotter and more
completely than green wood, for greater fuel
efficiency and cost savings. Dry wood reduces
smoke and creosote build-up. Always allow at
least six months drying time and store your
wood under cover.
Hardwoods are the best buy for your
money. That's because they burn slower than
softwoods. Choose madrone, maple, Douglas fir
or oak over softwoods such as alder, cedar, pine
or white fir.
BUYING A NEW STOVE Newer DEQ-certified
woodstoves save money by burning wood effi-
ciently. Firewood consumption is often reduced
25%-33%, a considerable cost savings.
When you buy a new stove, make sure it's
the right size for your house. Owners with
woodstoves too big for their homes end up
dampering down their stoves sending more
smoke and valuable heat up the chimney.
BURN RIGHT— Use the proper stove
BURN SMART—Bum small, hot fires
BURN CLEAN—Use proper fuel
BURN HOT— Provide enough air
"Burn Smart: Good Ideas for Woodstove Users. Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke."
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Materials
3/1.000 oz.
every 16 hours
% to 1 Ib. pollution
every 16 hours
WOOD
NATURAL
GAS
Note No emissions an produced by electric heat.
ABOUT PARTICULATES, AIR POLLUTION
AND HEALTH Air pollution comes in many
forms. Some forms can be seen. Others can't.
Together or separately, these pollutants create
airborne garbage that can affect your health
when inhaled. Small particles are the major
health offenders when it comes to woodsmoke.
In 1987, the federal government issued a
new standard limiting the amount of paniculate
matter, 10 microns and smaller, in the air. For
comparison, the period at the end of this sen-
tence is about 500 microns in diameter. The
standard, called PM10, is designed to protect the
public from fine paniculate pollution. These
tiny panicles are a serious health concern and
can become lodged in the lungs, reducing resis-
tance to infections and aggravating respiratory
diseases.
RESPONSIBLE WOODSTOVE
USE IS EVERYONE'S BUSINESS
In addition to cutting down on the amount Q(
smoke produced by your stove, you can go a
step further. Make sure you have an adequate
alternative heating source (oil, gas or electric)
ready for use on days of highest paniculate pol-
lution. This means that you'll be able to switch
to a cleaner form of heat until air quality
improves.
If a stove is your only source of heat, con-
sider getting another source to use on high pol-
lution days.
We're not asking you to give up your stove.
Just learn to use it efficiently. Clean air is every-
one's responsibility . . . won't you do your part
and Burn Smart?
ENJOY YOUR STOVE.
AND BURN SMART!
"Burn Smart: Good Ideas for Woodstove Users. Cut Your Costs and Reduce Smoke."
A-97
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Burning wood for home
heating is the fastest
growing source of air
pollution in Oregon. In
Portland and Medford,
wood-heating smoke
causes violations of
dean Air Standards. In
other parts of the
state—Bend, Pendleton.
Klamath Falls, The
Dalles, Grants Pass,
etc.—woodstove
emissions are using up
the airshed capacity that
may be needed for
growth.
YOU CAN HELP
REDUCE WOOD
STOVE
EMISSIONS
Weatherize
Conservation is the
cheapest way to cut
heating costs. And,
depending upon how far
you travel to get your
wood, it may be cheaper
for you to use a different
heat source.
Buy the right
sized stove
A stove too large for the
area you want to heat
must be dampered
down, creating smoke,
reducing efficiency and
creating creosote
buildup.
Burn dry.
seasoned wood
Dry wood burns cleaner
and more efficiently than
wet wood. Season split
wood by raising it off
the ground and covering
it. (See chart on reverse
side.) Never burn
garbage, plastic or
treated wood, as they
can release toxic fumes.
Build small
fires, burn hot
and restoke
Small fires with plenty of
oxygen bum cleanest.
Bum briskly the first 30
minutes after loading,
then keep fire at a
moderate bum rate.
Check your
stack and
clean your
chimney
Go outside and look at
smoke against a dark
background, if possible.
The less smoke coming
out of your stack, the
cleaner you're burning.
Keeping your chimney
clean helps increase
efficiency and safety.
Avoid use on
poor air quality
days if you have
another heat
source
_ AQ
&M388fi||
For More Information:
!"fvironr"!ntal Quali*y- Air Quality Division, P.O. Box 1760. Portland, Oregon
, or toll-free in Oregon 1 -800-452-4011.
"Burn Wood Better."
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-98
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Materials
Species
AlaWr
CaWsr
Di»jl«« Fir
MlrffWM
Ma**.
Oak
KM
WUtaFtr
Minimum
Outdoor Drying
Time
(Split & Covered)
Longer than 6
months
6 MO.
6 MO.
6 MO.
6 MO.
6 MO.
6 MO.
6 MO.
Heating Value
Million Btu per
Air-Dried Cord
18-21
medium
14-20
medium-low
19-21
medium
30
high
19-21
high-medium
29-31
high
17
medium-low
17
medium-low
Ease of
Splitting
easy
easy
easy
difficult
moderate
moderate
easy
easy
Sparks
moderate
many
moderate
very few
few
few
moderate
moderate
Ftre Prevention
WfcfleiWoodcatting
During font! fire season, about May through October.
special regulation* may be In effect. Chain saw use may
be banned entirely, or prohibited between 1-8 p.m.
When you get your woodcutting permit, ask about any
tpectaJ fire prevention regulations.
Be alert to any changes in rules that come about because
c4 increasing fire danger. During critical fire weather.
eampflres may be banned or smoking may be limited.
Personal Safety
While Woodcutting
Woodcutter! should be alert to safely hazards posed by
chain saws, physical exertion, driving on forest roads,
and slips and mains in mountainous terrain.
Chain saws are not toy* and should not be used by
children. Many saws that woodcutters use are very imall.
Make sure the sue of the chain saw matches the uzc of
the wood you are trying to cut.
Do not overload your veliicle or you may 911 stuck on
forest roads. Keep the vetucle on firm ground or rocked
roads.
You should have a first aid kit. sturdy shoes, and eye and
car protection for your own iaf
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Materials
CATALYTIC
WOOD
STOVES
Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality
vy roodstove use in Oregon has increased
W dramatically in the past few years,
raising concern about effects on air quality.
The 1983 Oregon Legislature passed a law
limiting woodstove emissions and requiring
the Department of Environmental Quality
to certify ail woodstoves sold in Oregon
after June 30,1986. Reflecting the stricter
standard* of the law, many new woodstove
designs are appearing on the market. This
• brochure describes one new type: catalytic
woodstoves.
Catalytic*: How they work
Many woodstoves on the market today
are equipped with catalytic combustors
that work like a smog control device on a
car to reduce emissions. Besides making
stoves bum cleaner, combustors improve
heating efficiency.
in a noncatalytic woodstove operating at
low to moderate heat, up to 30 percent of
wood energy goes up the chimney as smoke
- combustibles that didn't ignite. To cap-
ture this energy, a conventional woodstove
would have to bum at temperatures of up to
10OTF.
Catalytic stoves can bum woodsmoke at
low temperatures, releasing energy that
would otherwise be lost. As smoke passes
through the combustor on its way to the
chimney, a rare metal (usually platinum or
palladium) coating on the combustor
changes fuel molecules in the smoke so
they bum at 500 to 600*F.
Because they operate so efficiently at low
and moderate heat levels, catalytic
woodstoves are especially well-suited to
Oregon's mild climate or to weatherized
homes where a sustained hot fire is not
needed.
Comparing performance
Well-designed catalytic stoves may cost
$200 to $300 more than non-certified.
conventional woodstoves, but offer these
economic and air-quality benefits:
• Higher efficiency - catalytic woodstoves
can reach overall efficiency approaching
80% and provide nearly complete com- '
"Catalytic Wood Stoves"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-100
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Materials
bustion, so energy doesn't go up the
chimney in smoke.
• Lett pollution - well-designed catalytic
woodttoves produce 80 to 90 percent lea
pollution than conventional stoves at low
and moderate temperatures.
• Leas firewood - catalytic woodstoves ute
V4 to VS let* firewood became they bum
mote completely.
Newaovtda^n
• Lot frequent chimney cleaning-
catalytic woodstoves pnxiuce less creo-
sote becaute they bum cleaner.
• Lest fire hazard -complete combustion
and lowe
atures means cleaner
flue*.
' More time between reloading - catalytic
stoves generally have larger fireboxes than
Oregon-certified non-catalytic wood-
stoves, so you don't need to refuel as
often.
Performance of catalytic stoves can vary,
so check the performance label to see how
well the stove is engineered. Quality of the
stove components (thermostat, catalyst
flame shield, seats and gaskets, bypass, and
the catalyst itself) and construction deter-
mine how long you can expect the stove to
maintain its tested iwrformance level.
Catalytic combustocs do degrade over time
and eventually must: be replaced.
Operating a catalytic woodstove
To get the high efficiency, low emissions
and safety benefits ofacatalytic woodstove,
follow these guidelines:
• Bum only untreated, seasoned wood.
DEQ strongly recommends against bum-
ing garbage or packaging in any woodstove
because harmful or toxic fumes may be
emitted into your home or neighborhood.
If you must bum anything besides wood,
bypass die combustor to protect it from
damage.
• Be sure the combustor is ignited. It must
be heated to about 5007 to begin to
work. Bum die stows moderately hot for
10 to 30 minutes. It'll best to check the
temperature using a otalyst temperature
probe. Some stoves come equipped with a
probe, or you may buy a probe for under
$20 from most woodxtove dealers. If
the stove cools down too far between
refueling, you may have to re-ignite the
combustor.
• Never let the combuator temperature
exceed 1800*F to avoid damage. If you
bum at high heat, optimum combustor
temperature is 1200 to HOOT.
• Take care not to jar or scrape the com-
bustor or blow it with compressed air.
• Be sure to choose the right size catalytic
stove for your heating needs, and see that
your chimney provides proper draft.
How long do combiustors last?
Expect your catalytic combustor to
operate effectively for 6,000 to 12,000
hours.'That's about 3 to 5 years' worth of
wood at average bum'rates for Oregon's
climate. Oregon-certiiSed woodstoves must
"Catalytic Wood Stoves"
A-101
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Materials
cany a minimum 2-year full-replacement
warranty. Some manufacturers offer longer,
prorated warranties.
To tell if the combustor is wearing out,
look for a significant increase in chimney
smoke when burning at low temperatures.
Better yet, check the temperature inside
the combustor at the beginning and middle
of a low heating cycle. If the unit can't
maintain 900 to 1000*F, replace it.
The most accurate way to determine if
the combustor is worn out is to monitor
temperature above and below the catalyst.
An active combustor increases gas tempera-
ture as the gases leave the combustor.
It's generally easy to replace a combustor
and you can do it in a matter of minutes
without special tools. Replacements sell for
$70 to $140.
Is a catalytic woodstove worth the
extra cost?
You can expect to recover the costs of a
catalytic stove and replacement combustors
by saving on fuel costs. Because of the
greater efficiency of catalytics, expect to
save $10 to $20 per cord of wood burned.
depending on whether you cut your own
firewood or pay up to $90 a cord. (Cutting
your own firewood really costs you about
$50 a cord considering cost of a cutting
permit, transportation, and chainsaw
maintenance and depreciation.)
What about retrofitting?
If you have a conventional woodstove,
you can buy a catalytic combustor that goes
inside the stove or is attached at the flue
collar. Preliminary testing shows that
add-on devices are less effective than
catalytic combustors designed as an integral
partofnewwopdstoves. But they do reduce
emissions by 30 to 50 percent, depending
on design, stove type and operating condi-
tions.
For more information
Call the Oregon Department of Environ-
mental Quality at 229-6488 or toll-free at
1-800-452-4011. Other brochures include
Oregon Certified Woodstoves, Matching
Woodstove Size to Heating Needs, and List
of DEQ Certified Stoves.
Department of Environmental Quality
811 S.W. Sixth Avenue
Portland, Oregon 97204
"Catalytic Wood Stoves"
A-102
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C_E_RT. E
WOOD
STOVES
Approved by Oregon DEQ
Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality
T n recent years, more Oregonians than
JL ever have purchased woodstoves and
fireplace inseits. Concerned about air
pollution from increased wood burning,
the 1983 Oregon Legislature passed the
nation's first law restricting woodstove
emissions. This brochure describes Ore-
gon's -woodsto ve law and how it may affect
your purchase of a woodstove or fireplace
insert.
What does the law say?
All new woodstoves or fireplace inseits
sold in Oregon after June 30, 1986 must be
certified as a "clean burner" by the Oregon
Department of Environmental Quality.
Manufacturers must have each stove
model tested by a DEQ-approved, indepen-
dent laboratory. The lab measures emis-
sions and efficiency when the stove is
operating at low, medium, high and
maximum heat output. Stoves failing to
meet the DEQ standards may not be sold in
Oregon. DEQ will be checking retail
outlets for compliance with the law.
The certification program does not
apply to used stoves offered for sale, stoves
installed in Oregon homes before the
standards take effect, central furnaces or
fireplaces.
The law Calls for phased-in restrictions
on woodstove emissions. This gives man-
ufacturers time to develop a variety of
woodstoves that meet the standards, so
consumers hav« a choice of styles and types
of stoves. For example, one of the newest
U.S. designs on the market is the catalytic
woodstove. (See DEQ brochure on Cataly-
tic Woodstoves for details.)
Reducing emiissions for cleaner air
The 1986 limit reduces emissions by
about 50 percent. The 1988 standard
reduces them by about 75 percent.
Emissions are measured in grams of
smoke per hour. Catalytic stoves have
tougher standards because their perform-
ance degrades with time.
"Certified Wood Stoves"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-103
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Materials
Oregon emissions standards
Catalytic
stoves
Noncatafyac
stoves
1986 limit
1988 limit
6 grams/hour 15 grams/hour
4 grams/hour 9 grams/hour
When you buy an Oregon-certified
woodstove you are getting an appliance
that is proven efficient and clean burning.
As a stove owner you are responsible for
seeing that your stove continues to perform
with peak efficiency and lowest emissions.
Be sure to:
• Follow the manufacturer's instructions
for installing, operating and maintaining
your stove.
• Bum only seasoned, untreated wood.
• Clean your stove and chimney when
needed.
• Replace stove parts that are worn,
especially the combustor if you have a
catalytic woodstove.
Look for the label
Oregon-certified stoves carry two labels
describing their tested performance. A
permanent metal label shows emissions and
efficiency levels for a range of heat outputs.
This tells you the optimum performance
level of that particular stove. A removable
"showroom" label compares the stove's
average performance with Oregon's emis-
sions standards. Average emission and
Hta output BTU/hr.
efficiency are calculated for the typical
residential heating demand in Oregon.
The label helps you compare different stove
models.
While testing and certification is not
mandatory until July 1. 1986, some man-
ufacturers are voluntarily having their
stoves tested and labeled now. In fact, some
stoves meeting 1988 standards are already
being marketed. DEQ keeps a list of ap-
proved stoves as they are certified, includ-
ing information on stove performance and
operating conditions, such as draft, heat
output and time between refueling.
Benefits for consumers
Besides promoting cleaner air, Oregon's
Woodstove Certification Program offers
these benefits:
• Woodstoves that bum cleaner are more
energy efficient. They bum wood more
completely, extracting the most energy,
reducing your firewood use and cost.
Typical un*xhtm'c
Jtugn
"Certified Wood Stoves"
A-104
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Materials
• Cleaner stoves ate safer stoves. More
complete combustion means less creosote.
You have less risk of a chimney fire and
less frequent need for cleaning.
• The new labels give you standardized,
factual information to make a decision
about buying a woodstove or fireplace
insert. By carefully reading the emissions
and efficiency labels, you can select the
proper size stove for your particular heat-
ing needs, and know where the stove
operates at optimum efficiency and lowest
emissions.
• You know your certified stove helps meet
DEQ's clean air standards and should not
cause excessive smoke and odor that
makes some stoves a neighborhood
For more information
Call the Oregon Department of Environ-
mental Quality at 229-6488 or toll-free at
1-800-452-4011. Other brochures include
Catalytic Woodstoves, Matching Wood-
stove Size to Heating Needs, and List of
DEQ Certified Woodstoves.
Installing an Oregon certified stove
An important part of woodstove installa-
tion is the design and construction of the
chimney. Ask your dealer to help determine
proper chimney size and design to match
the stove you buy, and meet fire safety
requirements.
Get a building permit and have your
installed stove or fireplace insert inspected
by the local building department. Your
home fire insurance may be invalid without
proof of inspection.
Department of Environmental Quality
522 S.W. Fifth Avenue, Box 1760
Portland, Oregon 97207
"Certified .Wood Stoves"
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Materials
CLEAN Aw CUNT
A GUIDE FOR TEACHERS CONCERNED ABOUT WOODSTOVE SMOKE
"Clean Air Clint Takes on Particle Pete in the Battle for Oregon's Skies'
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-106
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Materials
HEATING WITH WOOD
Burn Smart
Burning wood for home heating is the
most rapidly growing source of air pollu-
tion in some communities. Woodstove
and fireplace smokr is especially trouble-
some during periods of stagnant air when
pollutants are trapped near the ground.
Woodburners can learn to Burn Smart
and help reduce the level of air pollution.
Proper stove operation can save you
money by increasing the effectiveness of
your woodstove. It also results in cleaner
air, increased heat output and greater
safety by reducing creosote buildup.
It's your health
Particulate matter—the tiny particles in
smoke and dust—is a serious health con-
cern. These tiny particles can become
lodged in the lungs, reducing our resis-
tance to infections and aggravating bron-
chitis, asthma, emphysema or similar
diseases. Research has shown that parti-
cles less than 10 microns in diameter pose
the greatest concern to health because
they can be inhaled deep into the lungs.
Woodstove smoke is of special concern
because the smoke particles are almost all
in the inhalabie range and are produced
during the winter when the serious air
inversions occur.
A new federal standard
The federal government has issued a new
standard limiting the amount of panicu-
late matter, 10 microns and smaller, in
the air. This standard, called PM10, is
designed to protect the public from fine
paniculate pollution. The major source
of small particles in some areas is wood-
stoves.
Geography/meteorology
are part of the problem
Nature plays a role in air pollution prob-
lems. Low wind speeds and temperature
inversions during the winter trap pollu-
tants in the stagnant air. Smoke and
other pollutants can build up to
unhealthful levels. On days when air pol-
lution potential is high, avoid using your
woodstove or fireplace, if possible.
Stove selection
Choosing a wood stove involves several
factors: price, efficiency, safety and size.
The most common mistatke is selecting a
stove too large for the area you want to
heat. A stove that is too large must be
dampered down, creating smoke and
increasing air pollution and creosote
buildup in the chimney.
"Heating with Wood"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-107
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Materials
Stove operation
No two stoves are exactly alike and they
may operate under different principles.
For example, the operation of a catalytic
stove is different from the conventional
model, while both operate entirely differ-
ent from a pellet stove. Check your
retailer or manufacturer's instructions on
proper operation.
Season your wood
Moisture content of firewood can deter-
mine how efficiently your stove operates.
Burning wood that is not seasoned means
losing money by losing available heat
value. It also means increased main-
tenance on your stove and more air pol-
lution. Wood should be split and loosely
stacked in a dry place for six to eight
months before use.
You can help now
You can start solving the problem
today by Burning Smart.
° Use your stove efficiently by burn-
ing only dry, seasoned wood.
D If you don't have to burn at night,
don't. Nighttime Tires are a major
cause of air pollution, waste fuel
and create a fire hazard. Always
follow the manufacturer's instruc-
tions that came with your stove.
a Keep your stove properly main-
tained. Check your stack for creo-
sote buildup—a major cause of
house fires.
o Never burn garbage, plastic or
treated wood because they can
release toxic fumes and damage
catalytic combusters installed in
some stoves.
n Install stoves properly. Adequate
draft is important for proper oper-
ation.
° Don't burn on poor air quality
days.
Reducing the high levels of paniculate
on winter days will improve air qual-
ity and decrease health risk. More
efficient burning will save consumers
money because they will burn less
wood. Improving air quality will also
benefit tourism and leave room in the
airshed for new industry.
'Heating with Wood"
A-1 OH
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Materials
KEEPING WOOD DRY
Shed will help you
dry, season wood
If you burn dry, seasoned wood, you will operate
your stove more efficiently, save money by reduc-
ing the amount of wood you burn, and reduce air
pollution. Smoke from woodstoves and fireplaces
is a major problem in some communities.
Wood with a high moisture content produces more
smoke. Freshly cut wood should be split, stacked,
covered and allowed to dry at least six months
before it is burned.
The two-cord woodshed illustrated below will help
shelter your wood while it is drying. The roof will
hold a snow load of 60 pounds per square foot.
The structural support pieces (header beams, main
vertical supports and roof joists) should be of high
quality lumber. Used lumber or plywood cut to
size may be substituted for the wails. The roof
may be covered with either sheet metal pieces or
corrugated fiberglass. These materials shed snow
better than wood or shingles.
It is best to situate the open front of the wood-
shed in the direction most protected from wind,
rain and snow. A floor of 2"x 12" planks, wood
pallets or other scrap lumber will keep firewood
off the ground and increase air circulation. When
filling the finished woodshed with firewood,
remember to allow space at the sides and top for
plenty of air circulation.
Use dry, seasoned wood
-Wood with a high moisture content produces
more smoke. Freshly cut wood should be split,
stacked, covered and allowed to dry at least
six months before it's burned. Some species,
drying times and heating values are listed
below.
ALDER Dry for longer than six months;
medium heating value; easy to split; produces
moderate amount of sparks.
CEDAR Minimum drying time is six months;
medium to low heating value; easy to split;
produces many sparks.
DOUGLAS FIR Minimum drying time is six
months; medium heating value; easy to split;
produces moderate amount of sparks.
MADRONE Minimum drying time is six
months; high heating value; difficult to split;
produces few sparks.
MAPLE Minimum drying time is six months;
high to medium heating; value; somewhat dif-
ficult to split; produces few sparks.
OAK Minimum drying time is six months;
high heating value; somewhat difficult to split;
produces few sparks.
PINE Minimum drying time is six months;
medium to low heating value; easy to split;
produces moderate amount of sparks.
WHITE FIR Minimum drying time is six
months; medium to low heating value; easy to
split; produces moderate amount of sparks.
"Keeping Wood Dry"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-I09
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Materials
CORRUGATED FIBERGLASS OR
OTHER MATERIAL OVER 3/8'
COX PLYWOOD OH 2"x2-
CROSSPIECES 16- O.C.
2-xl HOOF JOISTS
16- ON CENTER
18- OVERHANG
STAGGERED
1-x6- 3- ON
CENTER OR
COX PLYWOOD
CUT TO 6--T
WIDTHS.
KEEPS OUT
HORIZONTAL
RAIN AND
ALLOWS GOOD
VENTILATION.
BURY 4"»4-
BEAMS FOR
SUPPORT
Materials list
Four 4"x4"x8' beams
Two 2"x10"x8' header beams
Six 2"x4"xff studs
Ten 1"x6"x8' rough finish boards
Ten 1"x6"x10' rough finish boards
Four 2"x 8" corrugated fiberglass
Two %"x4"x8' exterior plywood
"Keeping Wood Dry"
A-110
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Materials
SIZING
WOOD
STOVES
Matching Heating Capacity To Heating Needs
Oregon Department of
Environmental Quality
"Sizing Wood Stoves"
(Oregon Department of Environmental Quality)
A-lll
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Materials
"KT ow that you've decided to buy a
1N woodstove, how do you select the
tight model for your home? Performance is
important. Appearance is a consideration.
But an often overlooked element is size.
You want a stove that provides needed heat
during the coldest periods you will operate
it, but won't overheat your space during
wanner days*
loo often buyers dunk bigger is better
and get a stove that far exceeds their heat-
ing needs. Buying a stove with more heating
capacity than you need U a waste of money,
and it's inefficient. To keep your room from
overheating, you may have to open windows.
On the other hand, buying too small a stove
may not keep your home warm enough.
The right size woodstove for you is one
that keeps your home at the right tempera-
ture and operates most efficiently at the
heating level rhat matches your most frequent
heating need*. Oregon-certified wood-
stoves are labelled with stove performance
data that gives you a unique opportunity
to properly match stove size to home
heating needs.
Some things to think about
The key to selecting the proper size stove
is determining your true heating needs.
• Do you intend to use die stove all through
die heating season as your sole heat source i
• Will you operate the stove off and on over
the entire heating season, using your con-
ventional heat source on the warmest days
and to supplement your woodstove on die
coldest days?
• Do you want to be able to heat your home
on the coldest and warmest days of the
heating season using only the woodstove?
• How much area must die stove heat - your
whole house, or just the family living areas?
• Do you want a stove that bums for hours
without refueling, or are you willing to get
up every hour or so to add wood?
Now that you've thought about how you
will use your stove, you're ready to calculate
your actual heat load need.
Calculating home heating needs
Three factors determine heating needs:
square footage of area to be heated; amount
of weatherization; and outside temperature.
Estimate die square footage you expect
the stove to heat. Keep the stove's location
in mind. If you have a long ranch-style or
a two-story home with die stove on die
second floor, you may not be able to heat
your entire home with the woodstove unless
you use the forced air circulation system on
your conventional furnace.
Determine your level of weatherization
based on die descriptions in die tables below.
The better weadierized your home, die
lower your heat load need and wood use.
Now find die range of outside tempera-
tures when you'll be using die stove. In
most cases if your stove is used to supple-
ment your conventional heat source, use
die "average" category to determine your
heating need. But if you will run die stove
as your sole heat source during die heating
season temperature extremes, refer to die
high and low categories in die table.
"Sizing Wood Stoves"
A-U2
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Materials
WESTERN OREGON HEATING NEEDS (BTU/hr.)
t400iq.ft.j«,'
Hat laid
OutMoc iGffipGiuuK
DcpiahatincKMDn
BOORWEATHEREATION:
nowiUorceilincnuukdon
nan* is Soar
AVERAGEWEATHEREATION:
3V4*inwtll», 6*inc«ling
none in floor
«nfUp«ne windowi
MAMMUMWEATHEREATION:
3Wtaw*lk9"tacetlinf
6" in floor
douhfejantwajdowi
LOW
more than 53*F
36 -
lewdunU.CXtl
lot dun 9,000
lea than 5,000
AVERAGE
53'»36T
141
13,000(031,000
9,000 to 22,000
5,000 to 13.000
EASTERN OREGON HEATING NEEDS (BTU/hr.)
M00«*ft.««'
Hacked
OuaidiTeBveaan
D«7»io hating «tMon
POraWEATHEREATION:
no w»U or ceUbif inwbtion
non« in floor
AVERAGE WEATHEREATION:
3WinwElk,6-incalin<
nom in floor
rinckp«nc>.inluwi
MAXttftJM WEATHEREATION:
SWlnwmlk.o'kiaainf
6* In floor
LOW
more thai 52*F
36
IcBtnan H.Ool
t
le» than 10.000
le« than 6,000
AVERAGE
5r»3rF
141
14.000037,000
10,000 to 26,000
. 6,000 to 15.000
TodcwmimiMK k»d fbrocheiquBr feoage, uie thuformuk:
AaalhacmcnMd - .00071 x KnMiare. to be heated <«q. ft.) x heat bid ftom able in BTXJ/hr
HIGHEST
1ST
54,000
38,000
22,000
"Sizing Wood Stoves"
A-113
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Materials
From the tables you should now have an
idea of your lowest and highest heating
needs in BTUs per hour, and your heating
need for the conditions when you most
frequently use your stove.
Matching heat need to stoves
All new woods to ves sold in Oregon after
June 30,1986 must be certified by DEQ and
carry two labels which show they have been
tested by a DEQ-approved, independent
laboratory that measures emissions and
efficiency of the stove. Use die performance
information on die labels to find die right
size stove to match your heating needs.
Peak Efficiency
ThoutmdsofBTU/hr.
Pint check die removable "showroom"
label diat gives die heat output range of die
stove in BTUs per hour. This range should
match your maximum and minimum heating
needs at closely as possible. For example, if
you need 9,000 to 22,000 BTUs an hour,
you won't want a stove that operates only
in die 20,000 to 35.000 BTU range.
Next check die permanent metal label
to see at what BTU level die stove operates
toon efficiently. Compare it to die BTU
level you'll most frequently need. If you'll
usually require about 15,000 BTUs an hour,
look for a stove that operates most
efficiently at that heat level. In some cases
it may not be pouible to perfectly match
moK frequent heating needs to maximum
stove efficiency levels, but at least take this
factor into consideration when shopping
for a stove.
The information on die two labels helps
you find stoves that match your particular
heating needs. Keep in mind, however,
that die performance data on die labels is
based on uniform test conditions. Actual
home conditions may produce a wider range
of heat outputs depending on die type and
quantity of wood used, manner of stove
operation, installation and chimney draft.
Nevertheless, die label information gives a
good indication of die relative performance
of various stoves.
By selecting die proper size stove for your
heating needs you are helping yourself and
your community. Buying a stove with the
right heating capacity gives you top effi-
ciency, which means you save money on
wood by getting die most energy out of
each log. You're also bunting a cleaner, less
polluting stove.
If you need help determining how your
heating needs match various stoves, ask
your woodstove dealer, who can also advise
you on proper, safe installation of any
woodstove.
For more information
The Oregon Department of Environ*
mental Quality has a list of Oregon-certified
woodstoves that includes comparative
information about emissions and efficiency,
heat output range and time between refuel-
ing. Other DEQ brochures include Oregon
Certified Woodstoves and Catalytic
Woodstoves. This information is free for
the asking. Call 229-6488 or toll-free
1-800-452-4011.
"Sizing Wood Stoves"
A-114
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Materials
Air Pollution Control
in Vermont
Backyard
Burning
Tlw Vennont Air Pollution Control Division was established
to maintain and improve the quality of Vermont's air. dean air
will safeguard our citizens' health and safety, promote
economic and social development, and enhance enjoyment of
the state's natural attractions.
The program described in this pamphlet is one of several
administered by the Department of Environmental
Conservation as pan of this mission.
Questions?
For more information about backyard burning or other air
pollution issues, or to recejve more copies of this pamphlet,
call the Air Pollution Control Division at (802) 244-8731.
For information on recycling, call the Recycling Hotline
at 1-800-932-7100, or your local solid waste district office.
Air Pollution Control Division
Department of Environmental Conservation
Agency of Natural Resources
Waterbury.VT 05676
Pamphlet No. 2, October 1989
"Backyard Burning"
(Vermont Air Pollution Control Division)
A-115
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Materials
So You Want
To Burn Something?
Open-air burning is sort of a tradition. You know, you put
some brush, leasts, old newspapers, junk from Ac attic, or
maybe construction debris in a big pile in a field or in a bum
band and light a match. Disposal fees at the local landfill go
19 in smoke.
A lot of other tilings go up in smoke, too — things that can
cause serious health problems and damage the environment
Hut's why the Legislature, through the state Agency of
Natural Resources, has established regulations to control air
pollution. Then simply isn't enough clean air left to do
whatever we want We must protect ourselves from the
harmful effects of outdated "traditions'' such as open-air
burning.
Roughly 7 to 9 percent of what you bum ends up as air
pollution, with some pollutants being highly trade And that
figure does not include the large amount of carbon dioxide, a
common "greenhouse gas," that is given off
There are many effects of open-air burning, some of which
are more immediate than others. The smoke from your fire
might not bother you, but it could be a real nuisance or a
serious health threat to your neighbor, especially if he has any
respiratory illnesses. And, a variety of illnesses can actually be
caused, over time, by air pollution, including cancer,
emphysema, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
Let's lace it A lot of open burning just isn't necessary. Brush
could be composted, piled up for wildlife, or just left to rot.
Isn't There Anything
I Can Still Burn?
Yes, certain kinds of open burning are still allowed if they
don't create a nuisance and if they are not prohibited by local
ordinances. These types of fires are allowed:
• Campfires and outdoor barbecues
• Burning of leaves, brush, deadwood, tree cuttings, and
weeds from your property
• Wood bonfires on festive occasions
However, it is illegal to bum:
• Paper and cardboard
• Tires and other rubber products
• Treated, painted, or finished wood
• Plastics
• Garbage
Think again before you light that match. Many
recycling centers around the state accept paper,
cardboard and various plastics. Open burning is
simply a very poor way of getting rid of
combustible trash.
'Backyard Burning"
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Materials
What Must I Do If
Fm Planning A Burn?
You do not need a general air pollution permit for allowable
flies. However, in many cases you will need a local permit —
from either your town or the local forest fire warden. Open
burning is considered a nuisance, and officials may establish
rufcs to lessen the nuisance. Check with local officials if you
have any questions.
If you're considering burning large quantities of materials,
you might need a permit from the Air Pollution Control
Division of the state Department of Environmental
Conservation (244-8731). A permit may or may not be
issued, depending on the individual situation.
'Backyard Burning'
A-117
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A-I18
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Materials
THE TOWIM OF FIRCREST
WASHINGTON'S
Model
CLEAN AIR
COMMUNITY
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
(Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Authority)
A-119
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Materials
A COMMUNITY PROBLEM
• Air Pollution
• Health Risk
• Fire Hazard
A COMMUNITY SOLUTION
• An Informed Public
• No Burning During Air Stagnation Episodes
• Proper Installation, Operation
& Maintenance of Wood Stoves
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
A-120
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Materials
WASHINGTON WOOD STOVE
LEGISLATION
• Education
• Emission standards for new
wood stoves
• Restrictions on smoke emissions
• Use of alternate heat source
during air stagnation episodes
« Restrictions on allowable fuel
• No garbage burning
• Dry, untreated wood and
paper only
WRONG
A smoldering, damped-down fire.
J.XJWJN Of FIRCREST
FIRCREST EPISODE CURTAILMENT
• Implementation of State
legislation
• Media & Fircrest 'Hotline'
announcements of pollution
episodes
• Citizen responsibility
• Switch to alternate
heat source
• Community Enforcement
• Verbal contact
• Written warning
• Fines
To Find Out No-Burn Days, Call:
• PSAPCA: (206) 286-8612
• Ecology: 1-800-523-INFO
• ALA: 1-800-732-9339
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
A-121
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Materials
WHAT YOU CAN DO
TO REDUCE HEALTH IMPACTS
OF WOODSMOKE
Choose a clean heat source
Switch to cleaner heat source
during air stagnation episodes
If you use wood heat:
• Use a certified stove, size correctly,
install properly, have inspected
• Use burning techniques to
minimize emissions
• quick, hot fires
• burn only dry, untreated wood
1 Don't damper down at night
Keep chimney dean
For More Information, Call:
• Washington Energy Extension Service:
1-800-962-9731
WOODSMOKE FACTS
• Adults and children exposed to
woodsmoke experience increased
respiratory illness
• Woodsmoke contains a number of
dangerous toxics and carcinogens
• 200 -1,700 times more pollution is
emitted from an average wood stove
than a comparable gas or oil home
heater
• Wood stoves are a major cause of
residential fires in all northwest states
For Details, Call:
• Fircrest:
• (206)564-8900
• Puget Sound Air Pollution
Control Agency
(PSAPCA):
(206) 344-7335
• American Lung
Association (ALA):
• 1-800-732-9339
Ecology (WDOE): 1-800-523-INFO
"The Town of Fircrest—Washington's Model Clean Air City"
A-122
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Materials
LIFE, HEALTH
AND
WOODSMOKE
V
V**
V
WASHINGTON
INSURANCE COUNCIL
1218 Third Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98101
(206) 624-3927
•* «•
WIG'S INTEREST IN WOOO8URNING
The Washington Insurance Council (WIG) is a
voluntary trade group of insurance companies,
agencies and insurance organizations doing
business in Washington, Our membership in-
cludes companies writing life-health and
property-casualty insurance. WIG has an in-
terest in woodburning on behalf of companies
providing coverage in both areas of insurance.
WIC's life-health membership wants to en-
courage Washington state residents to adopt
health-conscious behaviors. The health-
conscious insurance customer makes better
choices at issues related to his or her well-
being, decreasing the risk of suffering from
sickness or disease.
The property-casualty members of WIG have
promoted the safety consciousness of in-
surance customers for several years. Education
about correct installation, use and maintenance
• of woodstoves helps prevent fires, loss of life
and property damage.
Our interest in life-health issues and choices
related to health behavior, as well as safety
issues for property-casualty insurers, may ap-
pear to be self-serving, but the insurance pur-
chaser ultimately will pay the cost of eveiy
claim. Good health and safety choices also
serve your interest, and we hope you'll read the
information that follows in that light.
One last note: WIG is not discouraging or en-
couraging woodburning as a method of
residential heating. As an industry, we
recognize that wood heating is here to stay. But
certain problems associated with woodburning
can be lessened through education, which will
lead to better choices about health and safety.
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
(Washington Insurance Council)
A123
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Materials
RESPONSIBLE WOODBURNING
Woodburning is a popular method of home
heating in Washington. However, the
byproducts of woodburning can be significant
factors affecting our quality of life and living.
The Washington Insurance Council supports
educational efforts to help woodburners be
good neighbors-good neighbors concerned
about air quality. If you are a woodburner, you'll
be a good neighbor when you:'
• Insulate and weatherstrip the home to
conserve heat. You can use a smaller
woodstove and burn less wood.
• Burn seasoned wood. Green wood just
smolders and smokes without producing
much heat. An average 16-pound piece of
freshly cut alder contains about 21/z quarts of
moisture!
• Achieve proper burning temperatures. A
properly functioning appliance should not
produce more than a pale gray wisp of
smoke.
• Use wood only in your appliance. Avoid
burning trash, treated materials or coal that
give off poisonous gas, cancer-causing
chemicals or noxious compounds.
• Consider the air quality before you burn
wood. Use the central heating in your home
when an air quality alert is declared in your
area. It adds fewer emissions to smog and
haze.
The following panels summarize possible ef-
fects of woodsmoke on your life, health and
wallet. Be a good neighbor be a responsible
woodburner.
WHAT IS WOODSMOKE?
Woodsmoke is a product of burning wood. It in-
cludes water vapor, toxic gases and fine par-
ticulate matter. The quantity and composition of
woodsmoke varies depending on fuel and burn-
ing temperature.
Water vapor is the least offensive by-product of
woodburning. As a naturally-occurring com-
pound, water vapor is the most easily absorbed
component released in the atmosphere.
Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide also are
naturally occurring compounds but are
dangerous gases. Both can cause fatal asphyx-
iation.
The fine paniculate matter found in woodsmoke
includes polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
(PAH). Any fine particulates may be inhaled
deep into the lungs where they irritate sensitive
tissues. Persons with existing respiratory
disease such as asthma, emphysema or bron-
chitis are particularly susceptible to the irritating
effects of fine particulate emissions. Some of
the PAH compounds also are known to be
cancer-causing agents.
Fourteen PAH compounds known to cause
cancer have been identified in woodsmoke.
Concentrations of one of the compounds ap
proximated the exposure of, smoking 2-6
cigarettes a day. One location in the Pacific
Northwest produced concentrations equivalent
to smoking 16 cigarettes per day. Nonsmokers
and smokers alike are exposed to these cancer-
causing compounds in the course of daily ac-
tivity.
You can help to reduce the air quality problems.
associated with woodburning. You'll never get
away from producing some woodsmoke, but
you can significantly reduce the quantity if you
try.
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
A124
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Materials
AIR QUALITY AND WOODSMOKE
Air quality is affected by woodsmoke. Depend-
ing upon burning conditions, indoor and out-
door air quality can be degraded significantly
by poor burning practices.
Most woodbuming stoves should not be used
for burning other fuels. For example, burning
coal in a stove designed for wood may result in
a dangerous build-up of carbon monoxide gas
inside your home. A sufficient exposure to car-
bon monoxide will cause sickness or death.
These appliances also may allow other gases
and fine particulate matter to escape into your
home. Cracks, holes or improperly fitting stove
parts should be repaired immediately. Poor
indoor air quality can lead to increased in-
cidence of respiratory disease.
Outdoor air quality is affected directly by-wood-
burning. The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency commissioned a study (Residential
Wood Combustion Study, EPA 910/9-82-089K)
that investigated the effects of woodburning in
Idaho, Oregon and Washington during
1980-1982. Results showed that residential
wood combustion contributes significantly to
fine particulate emissions. The study found that
93 percent of the fine particulates collected at
the study site in Yakima, Washington, were
residue from woodburning.
You don't have to buy a new technology
woodstove to be a cleaner woodburner. Proper
operation of your existing woodstove will
reduce significantly smoke emissions. If you're
going to buy z new woodstove anyway, con-
sider a unit that has been tested to meet air
emissions standards. The woodstoves that
have passed the testing offer higher efficiency,
use less wood and allow fewer pollutants into
the air.
Upgraded technology and good burning prac-
tices can help reduce the problems of wood-
burning. Practice reponsible woodburning—be
a good neighbor!
DOLLARS AND SENSE
ABOUT WOODBURNING
Woodburning became more popular when
energy prices soared in the late 1970's and ear-
ly 1980's. Today, the time may be right to
evaluate the direct and indirect costs of wood
heating.
Direct costs of wood hoating include two major
categories:
• Your cost to buy, install, use and maintain a
woodburning appliance. Your wood heating
system isn't just the woodstove--it's the
chimney system, floor protection, building
• permit, installation contractor, fuel supply
and chimney sweep. Call around to
estimate your costs beforehand if you're
thinking about buying a woodburning stove.
• Your time to cut, split and stack wood,
clean out the ashes and maintain your
stove. If you have an "8 day a week" per-
sonal schedule, you may want to spend
your time doing other things.
Indirect costs of wood heating affect you too:
• Health insurance costs climb.
• Most health insurance contracts have
premiums that are adjusted every year
based on claims paid. Woodsmoke may
contribute to the number of illnesses requir-
ing doctor visits, medications and
hospitalization. The money paid out for
health insurance claims is a major factor in
determining the cost of your health in-
surance.
• Fire insurance costs climb.
1984 statistics collected by the Washington
State Fire Marshall showed that nearly half
of the 9,155 reported fires in 1- and 2-family
dwellings were attributed to the use of solid
fuel appliances. The estimated'$4,5 million
losses helped push up the c'ost of insurance
on your home.
Consider use of a woodburning appliance in a
"dollars and sense" fashion ..before you buy.
before you burn.
"Life, Health and Woodsmoke"
A125
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Materials
"If vou Burn. Burn Smart": 30 Seconds
Video
Low angle shot of living room with
dog and wood stove.
Camera tilts up and dollies in to
show a man seated before woodstove
Man is an Orson Welles look alike
Tag
Audio
NARRATOR (voice over): "Did you know
it's illegal to burn garbage in your
woodstove or fire place if you live
in Washington? It's also illegal to
burn anything else except dry
seasoned firewood."
."Burning other items or burning
green wood produces unhealthful
toxic emissions. Season your
firewood at least six months before
burning."
MAN: "I will burn no wood before
its time."
NARRATOR: "If you burn, burn smart.
This message is brought to you by
the Washington Department of
Ecology."
"If You Burn, Burn Smart"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
A126
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Materials
WOOD HEAT, WOOD SMOKE
AND YOU
A Guide to Wood
Heating Decision
Making into
the 1990's
W1SHINGTOX STATE
0 i P » K T U £ N T Qf
ECOLOGY
"Wood Heat, Woodsmoke and You"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
A127
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Materials
WOOD HEATING
AND
AIR POLLUTION
WASHINGTON
DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY
WOOD STORAGE
AND BURNING
The moisture content of firewood can to a great extent
determine the efficiency -of your stove. Burning wood
which is not seasoned to a moisture content of 25%
means losing 15-40% of the available heat value in the
wood. It will also mean increased maintenance, more air
pollution and wasting a valuable natural resource.
Good storage techniques will help reduce the moisture
content in the wood. Wood should be split and loosely
stacked in a dry place for six to eight months before use.
When stacking wood, try to orient the wood so that it will
get as many hours of summer sun as possible on its top
and broadside. Use of a wood shed will help keep the
wood dry and protect it from rain and snow. Avoid
stacking wood against your home as this may invite
infestation by termites.
For clean air and best fuel economy, it is important to
burn wood that is' dry and properly seasoned.
Stack wood to allow air to circulate under, then up
•nd through the pile.
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
(Washington State Department of Ecology)
A128
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Materials
TIPS FOR REDCICING
AIR POLLUTION FROM
WOOD HEATING
• Burn dry. clean wood. Firewood should be seasoned
(dried) at least six to eight months before use.
• Burn briskly the first 30 minutes. A hot fire will heat
the stove up enough to burn the wood completely
and cleanly.
• Do not damper too far. Allow enough air into the
stove to fully combust the wood. Fires that smolder
due to lack of air are the worst polluters. Don't at-
tempt to "hold" a fire overnight by reducing com-
bustion air.
• Watch your chimney. If you can see smoke, your
wood to not burning completely and the air supply to
the fire should be increased.
• Do not burn on poor air quality days. (Air quality
Information Is announced through the news media.)
Return to your oil or natural gas furnace or electric-
ity for neat until the air quality improves in your
are*.
• Do not bum in moderate temperatures. Stoves that
«* dampered down to restrict heat generation pol-
lute more.
• Do not burn garbage. Woodstoves are designed for
burning wood, not garbage, trash, treated wood or
plastics. Some types of plastics release toxic fumes
when burned.
• Before installing a wood stove, consider insulating
and weatherstripping your home to conserve heat
better. (Conservation and weatherization are the
cheapest ways to cut heating costs.)
WOOD HEATING AND
AIR POLLUTION
Burning wood for home heating is a rapidly growing
source of air pollution in Washington. Wood stove and
fireplace smoke is especially troublesome during periods
of stagnant air when air pollutants are trapped near the
ground.
Compared to burning oil or natural gas, wood burning
emits far more carbon monoxide, a poisonous gas that is
colorless and odorless. Wood burning also produces more
particulates than oil or gas. Participates are tiny particles
of soot and ash which if inhaled go deep into the lungs. In
addition, a number of ingredients found in wood smoke
are toxic and some are cancer-causing.
Woodburners cannot change weather conditions, but
they can significantly improve their operating methods.
This can increase the effectiveness of the wood burning
device resulting in cleaner air, increased heat output and
greater safety through reduced deposits on chimney
walls. Proper operation also results-in more economical
use of wood, maximizing the woodturner's investment of
time and money.
PROPER STOVE
OPERATION
Controlled draft stoves and fireplace inserts have the
potential to create air pollutants if they are improperly
operated. In order to improve operation of a wood-burning
device, several principles of wood combustion must be
understood.
When wood burns, the combustion process is never
absolutely complete. The ismoke contains creosote,
which is dark brown or bia<:k, and has an unpleasant
odor. When the stovepipe and/or chimney flue tempera-
ture drops below 250° F., creosote will condense on
interior surfaces. The amount of creosote that will
condense out of the smoke depends on several factors:
the species and dryness of the wood, the density of the
smoke, and the temperature of the flue.
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
A129
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Materials
Stove operation for gaining maximum efficiency, limit-
ing creosote buildup and reducing air pollutants is not dif-
ficult:
• Bum briskly during the first 30 minutes; the period
of greatest air pollution. A hot fire will heat the stove
up enough to burn wood completely and cleanly.
• Open the draft controls for combustion air for 10 to
30 minutes whenever a load of wood is added to the
stove.
• Regulate the amount of heat from your stove by the
size of the fire that you build. It is better to burn a
small fire with plenty of combustion than to build a
large fire and let it smolder for lack of oxygen.
Shutting down the oxygen supply, to decrease stove
temperature, results in an air-starved fire. An air-
starved fire produces more creosote condensation
and sends large amounts of particulate pollution into
the air.
• Monitor the operation of a stove by observing the
chimney. Efficient combustion has been achieved
when the chimney shows no visible smoke.
FIREPLACES
Fireplaces are known to be very inefficient heating
devices. Typical efficiencies range from -1056 to +15%,
compared with wood stoves which can be as efficient as
7056 or better. A few techniques can help maximize the
efficiency and reduce the pollution of your fireplace:
• Do not use your fireplace for heat when the outside
temperature is below 20° F. The infiltration of cold
air into your house more than offsets the heat gain
from the fireplace.
• Build a very hot fire. Fireplaces "work" by heating
the fireplace masonry to a very high temperature.
Radiation from the hot masonry warms the room.
• Burn the fireplace with the glass doors (if any) open.
Be sure to have the spark screen in place.
• Close the fireplace doors when you retire for the
night. This reduces the escape of heated air up the
flue and out of the home through natural convec-
tion.
IF YOd ARE BURNING PROPERLY YOU CAM SEE THE
RIGHT
A hot. dean-burning fir*
WRONG
A smoldering, damped-down fire
"Wood Heating and Air Pollution"
A130
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Materials
WEATHER AMD WOOD
STOVE POLLOTIOM
Weather conditions during fall and winter months are
responsible for periods of stagnant air over Washington.
These conditions usually occur when a high pressure
system settles over the Pacific Northwest resulting in
light surface winds and stable air as the surface air
becomes cooler than the air above. During these stagnant
air periods, air pollutants, including wood smoke, can
accumulate in certain areas presenting a potential danqer
to public health.
On bod air quality days, avoid using your woodstove or
fireplace (If possible). Return to oil, natural gas or
electricity for heat until air quality improves.
STOVE SELECTION
There are literally hundreds of wood-fueled heating
devices on the market today. Choosing a woodstove
Involves the consideration of several factors: stove effi-
ciency, safety, price, ease of Installation, length of burn
between refueilngs, appearance, and durability. The
choice of device depends largely on the order of priority
the buyer gives each characteristic.
Before buying a stove or fireplace insert, also consider
the size and design which can affect air pollution
emissions and energy efficiency. A unit which is too large
for the space it is heating will usually be operated
inefficiently. With an oversized stove or insert, maintain-
ing proper combustion temperatures will often result in
overheating the room. Maintaining comfortable room
temperature will usually be achieved by decreasing the
air supply and increasing air pollution due to Incomplete
combustion. Consult with a stove dealer on this
Important aspect of stove selection.
Finally, all woodstoves should be installed according to
current building codes and the appliance "listing." Specif-
ically, these include requirements for floor and wall
protection under and near the appliance and the
necessary clearances from combustible materials.
FOR INFORMATION ON
AIR QUALITY IN YOUR
AREA CALL:
Douglas County Air Pollution Control Commission
Wenatchee (509) 884-1511
Grant County Clean Air Authority, Ephrata (509)
754-2011
Northwest Air Pollution Authority (Island. Skagit &
Whatcom Counties). Mount Vernon (206)
336-5705
Olympic Air Pollution Control Authority (Clallam,
Jefferson, Mason, Grays Harbor, Thurston &
Pacific Counties), Olympia (206) 352-4881
Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency
(Snohomish, King. Pierce & Kitsap Counties),
Seattle (206) 344-7330
Southwest Air Pollution Control Authority (Clark,
Cowlitz, Lewis, Skamania & Wahkiakum
Counties), Vancouver G'06) 696-2508
Spokane County Air Pollution Control Authority
Spokane (509) 456-4727
Tri-County Air Pollution Control Authority (Benton,
Franklin & Walla Walla Counties), Richland (509)
545-2354
Yakima County Clean Air Authority. Yakima (509)
575-4116
Department of Ecology Eastern Regional Office
(Ferry, Stevens, Pend Oreille, Lincoln, Adams,
Whitman, Asotin, Garfictld & Columbia Counties)
Spokane (509) 456-2926
Department of Ecology Central Regional Office •
(Okanogan. Chelan, Kittitas & Klickitat Counties),
Yakima (509) 575-2491
Department of Ecology Headquarters, Office of
Hazardous Substances Jind Air Quality Programs,
(San Juan County), Olympia (206) 4596257
State of
Washington
John Speilman
Governor
Department
of Ecology
Donald Moos
Director
-------
A132
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Materials
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
February 1990
Buying an
EPA-Certified
Woodstove
Answers to Your
Questions About
EPA's Regulation
Sizing a
Woodstove
for Your Home
Where You
Can Get More
Information
For More ][nformation
Local authorities zind experts
Check with your local building inspection
office, fire department, com ty agricultural extension
office, insurance agent, waodstove retailer, or
chimney sweep for local requirements and advice.
Annual directory of products
Wood Heat 88 (Energy Publications, Box 2008
Laconia, N.H. 03247). Comprehensive product
descriptions and photographs. Includes articles
on woodstove operation and installation.
EPA woodstove certification program
For lists of certified stoves and general
information on enforcement and certification,
write Wood Heater Program (EN-341),
U.S. EPA, 401 M Street SW,
Washington, B.C. 20460,
or call (202) 382-2874.
Other government assistance
To obtain brochures and fact sheets dealing
with home heating in general and specific aspects
of wood heating (such as installation, appliance
selection, obtaining and preparing fuel, and
chimney systems), you may call the Conservation
and Renewable Energy Inquiry and Referral
Service toll-free at 1-800-S23-2929.
For specific technical questions in these areas
you may call the National Appropriate
Technology Assistance Service toll-free at
1-800-428-2525.
For safety concerns call the U.S. Consumer
Product Safety Commission toll-free at
1-800-638-2772..
The Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality (811 SW 6th Avenue, Portland, Oregon
97204) has publications on stove sizing, catalytic
stoves, and test data on Oregon-certified stoves.
"Buying an EPA-Certified Woodstove"
(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
A133
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Materials
Answers to Your Questions on EPA's
Q. Why is EPA regulating woodstoves?
A. Residential woodstoves are one of the nation's
largest sources of paniculate matter air pollution
(smoke). Woodsmoke also contains significant
amounts of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and
many other organic compounds. These pollutants
are known to cause respiratory and cardiovascular
illness and contribute to atmospheric visibility
problems and property damage.. The EPA
regulation requires manufacturers to produce new
stoves that emit less pollution. As consumers
replace their old woodstoves with cleaner, more
efficient, new stoves, the quality of the air will
improve-particularly in residential neighborhoods
where woodstoves are popular.
Q. What appliances are regulated?
A. In general, the regulation applies to new
fireplace inserts and freestanding woodstoves
having air supply controls and tight-fitting doors.
The regulation does not apply to furnaces, boilers,
cookstoves, coal-only stoves, open fireplaces, or
existing woodstoves.
Q. What makes a woodstove clean
burning?
A. Woodsmoke is unowned fuel, some of which
accumulates in your chimney as creosote while the
remainder exits the stack as smoke. The key to
reducing air pollution from woodstoves is to bum
fuel more completely. Three things make a stave
clean burning: how it is designed, how it is
installed, and how you operate it.
Let's look at what the manufacturer does to
design a clean-burning model and then what you
can do. Some stoves use catalytic combustors to
burn fuel more completely while others use a
variety of design features such as baffles, secondary
combustion chambers, and introduction of
secondary air. The particulate matter emissions
from EPA-certified stoves are at least 70 pecent.
and in many cases 90 percent, less than those from
a conventional stove, based on laboratory testing.
EPA's certification program ensures that the
certified stoves burn cleanly in the test lab.
However, it is up to you, the consumer, to install
and operate your new stove so that it burns cleanly
and efficiently where it matters~in your home and
your neighborhood.
Be sure to follow your owner's manual carefully
when installing your new woodstove. Proper
chimney size and height are important for creating
sufficient draft. Consult an expert if in doubt.
Your owner's manual will also describe the
operation and maintenance necessary for clean and
efficient burning, such as fire-building and wood-
loading suggestions as well as mechanical
adjustments.
In addition, you will need to make periodic
inspections and replacements. For example,
catalytic combustors should be visually inspected as
prescribed by the owner's manual at least three
times per heating season (or more, depending on
how often the stove is in use) and replaced as
necessary. The regulation requires that
manufacturers provide unprorated two-year
multiple replacement warranties for the catalytic
combustor.
Remember, by operating your stove in ways that
reduce pollution, you also save fuel and chimney-
cleaning costs and reduce the chances of chimney
fires. The best indicator that you are realizing
these benefits is that little or no smoke will be
coming from your chimney after the fire is well
established and the stove is operating properly.
Your owner's manual will provide additional
details on monitoring catalyst performance and
proper stove operation.
Q. What does the regulation do and
when does it take effect?
A. Essentially, the regulation requires
manufactures to produce clean-burning woodstoves.
The regulation establishes limits on the amount of
particulate matter (smoke) a new stove can emit.
'Buying an EPA-Certified Woodstove"
A134
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Materials
Woodstove Air Pollution Regulation
(By controlling paniculate matter emissions, other
pollutants are also reduced). Woodstove
manufacturers will have a single stove within each
model line tested at an EPA-accredited laboratory.
If the tested stove meets the emission limits and
other certification requirements, all stoves within
the model line will be certified. Manufacturers and
retailers must ensure that the stoves are properly
labeled and include manuals that provide
appropriate operation and maintenance
instructions.
The regulation takes effect in two phases. With
a few exceptions, all woodstoves produced on or
after Jufy 1, 1988, or sold on or after July 1, 1990,
must meet the Phase I emission limits. All
woodstoves produced on or after July 1, 1990, or
sold on or after Jufy 1, 1992, must meet the more
stringent Phase n emission limits.
Q. How does the regulation affect me, as
the operator of a new stove?
A. you, as the woodstove operator, are
prohibited from (1) removing the stove's permanent
label' (2f tampering with the pollution control
features on the stove; or (3) operating a stove
designed for use with a catalytic combustor if the
combustor is missing or deactivated.
More generally, the regulation also prohibits you
from installing or operating a woodstove in a
manner that is not consistent with the directions
provided by the manufacturer. When you consider
that faulty woodstove installation causes thousands
of house fires annually and that by following the
manufacturer's instructions you will preserve the
economic and environmental benefits you are
paying for in an EPA-certified woodstove, it makes
good sense to follow these instructions carefully.
Q. How can I tell if a woodstove is
EPA-certified?
A. All certified woodstoves offered for sale will
have both a permanent and a temporary label
indicating that the stoves are EPA-certified. The
temporary label win also contain information that
you will find useful when shopping for a new stove.
Does this mean that: I can use the label
to compare new stoves?
A. Yes. The temporary labels will tell you
generally how clean and how efficient each
woodstove is. However, because the regulation will
require all new stoves to bum much cleaner and
more efficiently than unregulated woodstoves, there
should not be significant differences in efficiency
and emissions performance among certified models.
The label win also indicate which stoves are
equipped with catalytic combmtors.
Perhaps the most important information on the
label you will need when selecting a stove is the
heat output range. Use this information to help
select the right size stove for the space you will be
heating. See the section on stove sizing in this
brochure for how to use the information.
Q. How much will the regulation cost me?
A. An EPA-certified woodstove will cost more
than an otherwise comparable unregulated stove.
However, for most consumers this cost will be more
than offset by savings from reduced firewood
consumption (one-third to one-fourth less/ and less
frequent chimney cleaning. Tf,\e amount of savings
will depend on several factors such as the amount
and type of wood you bum, the cost of the wood,
the cost of chimney cleaning, and how you operate
and maintain your woodstove.
Q. Does this mean the regulation can save ,
me money hi the long run?
A. Yes. For example, if you have a typical
unregulated stove and use three cords of wood fat
tlOO/cord/ and have three chimney cleanings (at
S50 each) per season, you can save about $200 per
season by purchasing a new EPA-certified stove.
Your actual savings will vary according to how
often you use your stove and other factors.
Nationwide, the net savings from reduced firewood
consumption and fewer chimney cleanings is
estimated to be about J30 million annually. In
addition, the health and welfare benefits resulting
from fewer smoke-related illnesses and from
reduced materials damage is estimated at about
Sl.S billion annually.
'Buying an EPA-Certified Woodstove"
A135
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Materials
Sizing Your Woodstove
Figure 1. Climate Zones
In selecting a new woodstove, you should
carefully determine the right "size" appliance
for your needs. By size, we mean rated heat
output. A stove that is either too large or too
small for the space to be heated will be
inefficient, create more pollution, and may
cause discomfort as well. Following the five
steps below will give you a rough idea of what
size stove to buy. For more information on
woodstove selection and sizing consult an
expert (e.g., heating contractor, architect, or
your local woodstove dealer).
1. On the map above (Figure 1), locate where
you live and place an "X" at that point. Note
where the "X" is in relation to the boundaries
of the climate zone. For example, on the map
an "X" has been placed at Little Rock,
Arkansas, which is located in the middle of
climate zone 5. The seven zones are based
upon anticipated low temperatures ranging
from less than minus 20°F to more than 30°F.
2. Determine the square footage of the area
that you expect the woodstove to heat. This
area will include the room the stove will be
located in and perhaps the adjacent rooms.
You will probably include only a portion of
your house, unless you (1) have a. small house,
(2) are willing to live with big temperature
differences within the house, or (3) have a
means of distributing the heat to remote
rooms.
3. Now look at the bottom line of numbers in
Figure 2, the Heat Requirement Calculation
chart. Find the point that approximates the
square footage estimate from Step 2. Next,
draw a vertical line up from that point until
you are in the right climate zone for your
location. Look again at where you placed your
!,Xi, ?n the maP (Fig"116 1) and place another
"X" in Figure 2 at a point that approximates
the relative position of your geographic
position to the climate zone boundaries. (See
the example calculation to the right.) From
the "X" you made in Figure 2, draw a
horizontal line to the heat requirement figures
on the left side of the chart. This number is
the unadjusted maximum heat output your
new stove should be capable of attaining.
4. Next, you should adjust the maximum heat
output number obtained above by subjectively
taking into account how "weatherized" your
home is. If your home is a "typical" new
single-story wood house with 8-foot high
"Buying an EPA-Certified Woodstove"
A136
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Materials
600
800 1000 1200 1400 16OO 18OO
Area to be Heated
(Square feet)
Figure 2. Heat Requirement
.,. Calculations
ceilings, double-paned windows, and 3Vt inches
of insulation in the walls, 9 inches in the
ceiling, and 6 inches in the floor (R-ll, R-30
and R-19, respectively), no adjustment is
necessary. However, if your house is drafty,
nas lots of windows, has high ceilings, or is
poorly insulated, you may want to adjust the
heat output value upward by 10 to 100 percent.
The adjustment factor you choose should reflect
how many and to what extent these factors are
present. Similarly, if you have a very tight,
well-insulated home with relatively few
windows, you may want to reduce the heat
output value by 10 to SO percent.
5. Now you are ready to compare your adjusted
heat output value estimate with the heat output
values on the temporary labels of the EPA-
certified stoves. Be sure that the high end of
the heat output values on the EPA-certified
woodstove temporary label is equal to or
greater than the maximum heat output value
you calculated hi Step 4. In order to avoid
buying too large a stove for your needs, you
should also taice into account your average
heating needs, which will probably be one-half
or less of the value you calculated in Step 4. Be
sure that the low end of the range on the label
is not higher than one-half the calculated heat
requirement value. If you intend to use the
stove during mild weather conditions, you
should also make sure that the minimum heat
output is about one-fourth the ma-rimum value.
Example Calculation
A homeowner hi Little Rock, Arkansas, is
considering purchase of at freestanding
woodstove to heat his newly constructed, well-
insulated 800-square-foot room addition. He is
trying to decide between two similar models-
one large and one small. The label on the
larger unit says its heat output ranges from
• 12,000 to 50,000 Btu per hour the heat output
figures for the smaller one are 7,000 to 20,000
Btu per hour.
Using the map and chart in this brochure, he
first notes that Little Rod: is in the center of
zone 5. Next, on the chart he locates the point
along the 800-square-foot vertical line that
approximates the center of zone 5. This point
is shown on the chart (Figure 2) by an "X."
From this point he draws a horizontal line to
the left (marked by a "Y" on the chart). From
this, he determines that for a typical house he
would need about 19,000 Btu per hour for the
coldest weather anticipated. His room
addition, being extra well-insulated and having
relatively few windows, allows him to reduce
the heat requirement somewhat. He estimates
that a 20 percent adjustment is appropriate.
He now calculates that the marimnrn heat
output he will need is only about 15,200 Btu
per hour, and an average value of about 7,600
Btu per hour.
Having made this calculation, the
homeowner knows he can confidently purchase
the smaller stove and still have sufficient heat.
He also knows that had he bought the larger
unit he may have been uncomfortably warm
most of the winter, paid too much money,
operated the stove inefficiently, and created a
safety hazard from creosote buildup in the
chimney.
"Buying an EPA-Certified Woodstove"
A137
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Materials
"Let's Clear the Air": Chinmev Sween; 30 Seconds
Audio
Scene opens with a long shot of a
chimney sweep in uniform (top hat
and tails) standing on a roof beside
a chimney.
He reaches into chimney and brings
up a handful of cinders, ash, and
soot. Holds hand open to camera.
.Brushes hands together. Black
powder and ash make a cloud in front
of him.
"Let's Clear the Air" logo with a
space for insertion of the name and
number of the local agency:"
SWEEP: "If you're heating your home
with wood...
...this is what can go up your
chimney...into the air... and into
our lungs."
"Every year, wood smoke causes
breathing problems and illness,
especially in kids and older folks.
And every year we don't do something
about it, it gets worse."
VOICE OVER: "Be a good neighbor.
If you have a wood stove or
fireplace, learn how and when to
burn. Let's clear the air."
"Let's Clear the Air: Chimney Sweep"
(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
A138
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Materials
-Clear the Air": Fireman: 30 Second;
Video
Exterior at night.
Red lights are flashing and the
sounds of firemen fighting a fire
can be heard,
Wide shot of fireman stepping into
scene as he takes off his gas mask.
Wisps of smoke gently come through
the scene. Zoom in slowly as he
speaks, into a tight shot.
As he finishes his lines, he holds
up the gas mask.
"Let's Clear the Air" logo with
space for a local agency tag.
Audio
FIREHAN: "When I'm fighting
fires...this gas mask protects me
from the smoke. But in my own back
yard, I'm not prot«cted. Smoke from
woodstoves causes Illness and
breathing problems for many people
each year."
"So learn how to burn wood cleanly,
or learn how to use this."
VOICE OVER: "To find out more.
contact your local air quality
agency. Let's clear the air."
"Let's Clear the Air: Fireman"
(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
AI39
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Materials
"Let's Clear the Air": Mechanic: 30 Second
Scene opens with a mechanic working
on a car in a small repair shop. He
looks up from his work to address
the camera.
Mechanic continues to address the
camera as he walks into a home where
there is a wood stove.
He points to flue pipe...
picks up catalyst and shows to
camera.
A space is provided for insertion of
the name and number of the local air
quality agency.
Audio
MECHANIC:
We all know your car runs clean and
smooth when it's we11-maintained,
and that can save you a lot of .
money.
You may not know that the same is
true for your wood stove.
Remember, burn dry, well-seasoned
wood...
Build efficient fires that burn hot
and clean.
Check your stack, clean your
chimney, •
And inspect your catalyst annually.
Just as taking care of your car
makes it run smoothly, learning to
use and care for your wood stove
keeps it burning cleanly and
efficiently.
"Let's Clear the Air: Mechanic"
(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
A140
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Materials
•Let's Clear the Air": Mother and Child: 30 Second?
2iS*S2 Audio
Scene opens with a mother sitting in
a child's bedroom. The child is in
bed asleep and the mother sits on
the side of the bed stroking the
child's hair.
She rises and walks toward bedroom
door...
walks through bedroom door into
hall...
pauses outside the door.
(as she pulls door closed)
Looks at closed door (tighter shot)
A space is provided for insertion of
the name and number of the local air
quality agency.
MOTHER:
"She's quiet now, poor thing.
'Every winter it's the same."
"The weather gets cold. The wood
stoves start up. The air gets all
smoky. And Elizabeth's asthma gets
worse."
"I used to think wood fires were
cozy and romantic,"
"I don't any more,," V/0 (WOMAN'S
VOICE, seriously): Let's clear the
air. Pollution from wood stoves is
a serious problem. Help by heating
with oil, gas, or electricity,
especially on poor air quality days.
"Let's Clear the Air: Mother and Child"
(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
A141
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Materials
•Let's Clear the Air'
Video
Smoker: 30 Second;
Scene opens with a MS of a man
sitting at a kitchen table. In his
hand, he fidgets with an unlit
cigarette.
He grinds cigarette out on table
top.
A space is provided for insertion of
the name and number of the local air
quality agency.
Audio
MAN:
I quit smoking years ago. Now I
learn that smoke from my wood stove
can also be hazardous for my
health...and for my neighbors'.
When I realized cigarettes were bad
for me, I knew what to do.
I quit.
Now that I know wood smoke is bad
for me...
I quit.
V/0 (WOMAN'S VOICE, seriously):
Let's clear the air. Pollution from
wood stoves is a serious problem.
You can help by heating with oil,
gas, or electricity, especially on
poor air quality days.
"Let's Clear the Air: Smoker"
(U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
A142
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Materials
"Let's Clear the Air": Older Wood Burner: 30 Seconds
Audio
Scene opens with a mid-shot of WOOD
BURNER (an older man in a plaid
flannel shirt) seated beside a wood
stove. As he speaks, the area
around his head and shoulders begins
to fill with smoke.
Snoke begins to drift gradually into
the frame. WOOD BURNER begins to
glance about him, distracted and
apprehensive.
He continues to wave at the smoke as
it becomes thicker.
A space is provided for insertion of
the name and number of the local air
quality agency.
WOOD BURNER (assured and somewhat
arrogant):
I've heated my house with a wood
stove for years.
Now I hear wood smoke causes
breathing problems and illness,
especially in kids and older folks.
Closing down a stove at night or
burning green wood increases
pollution and wastes wood.
Frankly, (coughs) I just don't see
the problem, (coughs)
V/0 (WOMAN'S VOICE!, seriously):
Let's clear the air. If you own a
fireplace or wood stove...learn how
to burn...cleanly.
"Let's Clear the Air: Wood Burner"
(U. 5. Environmental Protection Agency)
AI43
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Materials
United State* EPA-60O/0-83-112
Environmental Protection Sept. 1983
Agency
Be«eareh end Development
Wood Stove
Features and
Operation
Guideline for
Cleaner Air
"Woodstove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air'
(U. S. En vironmental Protection Agency)
A144
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Materials
Are wood stovee • major pollution source?
Yea. for torn* pollutants, •specially considering the
proximity of these emission sourcas to paopla. Many
eiti«a such aa Oanvar. Ponland, and Missoula have
recently become concerned with this problem.
Complaints are also heard in smaller communities
across the nation.
What are the primary pollutants from wood stoves?
Carbon monoxide, organic gases, and paniculate
materials including smoke, soot, and condensed orgsnic
matter. Many people also object to the odors.
Can thaae emissions be prevented?
Yea. stove builders can help to reduce emissions by
Improvements in design.
How can J reduce emiaeioaa from my stove?
By taking the advice in this pamphlet on:
• What stove you choose
• What fuel you burn
• How you operate the stove.
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INSOLATION
Typical Wood Stove
How to Choose a Stove
Good Stove Features
Smell Size: Buy the smallest stove that will provide
enough heat. A larger stove, burning fuel at the same
rate, will have lower combustion efficiency and produce
more creosote and more sir pollution.
Baffles: Properly designed internal baffle plates can
regulate the flow within the stove, ducting incompletely
burned gases through tho active fire. This can provide
increased turbulence leading to more complete burning
and increased combustion efficiency. Venting the space
above the wood directly into the stove pipe may cause
high emissions of unburned organic materials, and
lower combustion efficiencies.
Ducted Air Supply: Pipen or channels that heat the
entering air and direct it within the stove into the active
flames will also increase combustion efficiency.
Firebox Insulation: Insulation, such as firebrick, around
a small fire may increase burning temperatures,
increase combustion efficiency, reduce emissions, and
store heat.
Other Design Features: Any design feature that
promotes complete burning is desired. Tests have shown
that a catalytic combustor and a heated secondary air
supply directed to the flames may be affective devices in
improving secondary combustion, and thereby reduce
emissions.
Good Installation Features
Safety: Make certain than all safety procedures and
codes are satisfied, in addition to following all the
manufacturer's direction;!.
Heat Storage: A large mass of noncombustible material
such as stone, brick, or water immediately adjacent to or
surrounding the stove will store heat. This device will
prolong the heat release into the house, combining
increased comfort with clean, high^rate burning in the
stove.
Supplemental Heat Recovery: For new installations, a
heat transfer device that recovers supplemental heat
from the flue pipe may permit adequate heating with a
smaller stove. This will result in a hotter, cleaner
burning fire. W>«n such n device is added as a retrofit to
an adequately sized but inefficient stove, the burning
rate may be reduced to provide the same amount of
heat. This tends to lower burning temperatures and
increase the emission of
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Materials
How to Choose a Fuel
Preferred Fuels
Air Dried Hardwoods: Tho bast combustion efficiency is
obtained when wood is thoroughly dried, for a year.
Air Dried Softwoods: These are also good fuels, but
they are slightly harder to burn cleanly due to their
higher resin content.
Property Sized Pieces: Use kindling only for starting. For
continued burning use 4- to 6-inch-thick pieces, or
larger, depending on stove size. The larger pieces limit
the vaporization rate of the wood so that the
combustibles can be completely burned by an adequate
air supply available within the stove.
Charred Wood: This includes partially consumed fuel
remaining in the stove after the fire is extinguished. It
should be burned when the stove is relighted. It is an
ideal fuel because of its low volatile content.
Less Desirable Fuels
Freshly Cut Wood: High moisture content hinders hot,
clean burning, resulting in higher emissions of unburned
organic materials, and lower heat output.
Kiln or Oven-Dried Wood: This wood often vaporizes
too fast, resulting in emissions of organic materials.
Kindling. Cardboard, and LOOM Paper: These should
be used only to start a fire. They also vaporize too fast.
leading to excessive organic emissions, and possibly to
stove overheating when burned in large quantities.
Avoid These
Household Rubbish. Garbage: These produce noxious
and corrosive products. Unburned fragments (foil, paper,
plastics, etc.) can plug gas passages, especially in stoves
with catalytic combustors.
Any Treated Wood: Rot and insect preventive chemicals
can release very toxic, even cancer-producing, materials
under the conditions within a wood stove firebox.
Synthetic logs designed only for fireplace use-may be
unsatisfactory for stove use due to the binders.
Coal: Burning coal in a stove originally designed for
wood can result in the release of noxious and harmful
emissions. Coal should only be burned in a stove
specifically designed for coal. Bituminous (soft) coals ara
harder to burn cleanly than anthracite (hard) coals.
How to Operate the Stove
Stove operation at high temperatures with an adequate
air system to complete the combustion will have three
important supply benefits:
• Increased combustion efficiency
• Reduced air pollution
• Reduced creosote formation (a fire hazard).
Starting a Fire
Follow Manufacturer's Directions: First, follow the
instructions supplied with the stove. They will identify
any special techniques appropriate to your specific stove
Starting: Kindling wood should be used only when
starting a fire. Always use larger wood pieces (4 inches
and thicker) after a bed of hot coals has been
established.
Old Wood First: Always burn first the most thoroughly
air-dried wood available. The storage of several weeks
supply of wood under a roof will prevent the burning of
wet wood, which has a tendency toward smoky burning.
Maintaining a Fire
Air Supply: Enough air must be supplied to completely
burn the gases and resins from the wood. The rate of
wood burning is related to the air supplied directly to the
wood, whereas completeness of burning requires
adequate air to be supplied to the flames leaving the
wood. After adding new wood, this requires opening the
dampers to supply air directly to the wood, and to the
flames leaving the wood.
Frequency of Adding Wood: Small frequent additions of
wood are preferred. For example, instead of adding 10
pieces at once, add 2 pieces every 15 minutes.
Prolonged Burning: After the initial high-rate burning
(about 15 minutes should char all the wood surface).
reduce the air supply over a 15-minute period if a
prolonged time of burning is desired. For overnight
operation, whan a large total charge is desired, charred
wood should be accumulated within the stove over a
period of several hours, rather than firing many pieces of
wood at one time.
Watch for Signals: Visible smoke leaving the top of rhe
chimney or long lazy flames leaving the firebox are signs
of incomplete starved-air burning. When this occurs,
more air is needed to complete the burning. To do this,
open the dampers letting additional air into the stove,
especially air that will mix with the flames leaving the
burning wood.
"Woodstove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air'
A146
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Materials
Wood Stova Air Pollutants
What are tha Pollutants?
Pollution from wood stoves includes many chemical
species, the more important being carbon monoxide,
organic gases, and organic paniculate manor.
Carbon Monoxide is a product of incomplete
combustion of any carbon containing fuel. It results from
the burning with insufficient air, and poor mixing, as
occurs in automobile engines.
Organic Materials consist of many different compounds
too numerous to list.
• Some of them bum completely,
• Some are changed chemically within the stove,
and
• Some leave the stove without burning.
Of the many organic materials that leave the stove.
• Some deposit in the chimney as creosote.
• Some condense and are emitted as smoke, and
• Some may condense later in the atmosphere.
The materials that heve been chemically changed within
the stove include a class of chemicals called polycyelie
organic matter (POM).
Because of the seriousness of their potential effects on
people, the POM* in wood stove smoke are probably the
most significant pollutants. Some of these materials are
toxic, some are cancer-causing, and some cause
biological mutations. For example, benzo-a-pyrene. a
known carcinogen found in cigarette smoke, has also
been found In wood stove emissions. However, no
definitive studies have been conducted which correlate
wood stove emissions directly with cancer or other
soecffic human diseases.
Nationwide surveys of air pollution from all sources
show that wood stoves are e major contributor to the
overall pollution levels in areas of the U.S. with meny
residential or commercial users of wood heating. Some
areas experience significant pollution problems related
to wood stoves, especially those with winter
atmospheric inversions and valley locations with poor air
circulation.
How to Raduca tha Pollution
Specific techniques in this guide will aid stove operators
in reducing air pollution from their wood stoves. They
will also minimize the accumulation of creosote in
chimneys, and thereby help reduce the likelihood of
chimney fires.
Comparison with Other Sources
AM rauinvwn MOM USUXNTUI HMTIN&
WOOD COMMIED TO OTHU IUUS
CAMON MONOXMC
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Emissions of these pollutimts from wood stoves
represent a small fraction of the national emissions from
all sources.
From Source Assessment: Residential Combustion of
Wood. EPA 600/2-80-04 2b NTIS PB81-136160.
POM UMSMONSi KSIOINTU1 WOOD SUININO
COMTAUD TO Ml OTHU SOUtCIS IN USA.
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These data are preliminary, and more definitive data are
needed for evaluation of their significance.
From Residential Solid Fuels. Environmental Impacts
and Solutions. Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton,
Oregon.
Want to Learn More?
Additional information, can be obtained from the '
following:
Control of Emissions front Residential Wood Burning
by Combustion Modification. EPA-600/S7-81-091
NTIS PBS 1-217655.
•Center for Environmental Research Information
Cincinnati. OH 45268.
The Woodturner* Encyclopedia.
Vermont Crossroads Press, Waitsfield, VT 05673.
Wood as Home Fuel: A Source of Air Pollution.
American Council on Science and Health
47 Maple St.. Summit. N.J 07901.
Wood Burning Heaters: How to Choose. Install, and
Use Them.
Tennessee Valley Authority, Solar Applications
Branch. Credit Union Bldn.. Chattanooga. TN 37401
"Woodstove Features and Operation Guideline for Cleaner Air"
A147
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