EPA-450/3-78-122
Development of Questionnaires
for Various Emission Inventory Uses
by
Peter Hulman and Carolyn Collins
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Boulevard
Austin, Texas 78766
Contract No. 68-02-2608
Task No. 51
EPA Project Officer: Audrey McBath
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Nois'e, and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
June 1979
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This report is issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
to report technical data of interest to a limited number of readers.
Copies are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations in limited
quantities from the Library Services Office (MD-35), Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road,
Springfield, Virginia 22161.
This report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
Radian Corporation, 8500 Shoal Creek Blvd., Austin, Texas 78766, in
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-2608. The contents of this report_
are reproduced herein as received from Radian Corporation. The opinions,;
findings and conclusions expressed are those of the author and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency. Mention >
of company or product names is not to be considered an endorsement i
fay the Environmental Protection Agency.
Publication .No. EPA-450/3-78-122
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
. Tom Shirley, of Radian Corporation, provided, invaluable
guidance in the preparation of this document. A special,thanks'
for information and. sample questionnaire forms goes to John ". '"".
Anderson of the Texas Air Control Board and Ali Kahn of the """ ;
East Chicago Department of Air Quality Control. ' '? ' * ' '
111
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PREFACE
Questionnaires have become an important tool for con-
ducting emission inventories. As the concern for our environment
grows, so does the need for well designed emission inventory
questionnaires. A questionnaire designer must consider options
that will maximize the efficiency of the questionnaire, the re-,
turn rate, and the accuracy of the resiiltant data. To this end,
the knowledge gained by agencies that have become experienced ;
in questionnaire design needs to be shared with all other agen-
cies . This report has been written to address this need. It is
intended to be used as a guide for all agencies interested in
questionnaire design.
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ABSTRACT
This report was written to act as a guide for, agencies
interested in developing emission inventory mail-out question-
naires. It addresses both the physical and psychological- con-
straints on questionnaire design. The information provided is
based on the knowledge of agencies and individuals'that have
experience in the art of questionnaire design. ; :
The first section discusses the choice of mail-out
questionnaires over other information-gathering methods The
second section describes the. individual elements of a mail-out
questionnaire - the cover letter, the instructions and the ques-
tions - and what should be included in each. The third section
considers design considerations for maximizing the. return rate
and the accuracy. Formulation of appropriate questions is also
addressed. The formatting of a questionnaire for computer input
and the use of a computer's capabilities are described in Sec-
tion 4. Follow-up procedures are discussed in Section 5, Appen-
dices .include sample questionnaire elements.
This report was submitted in fulfillment of Contract
No. 68-02-2608, Task No. 51 by Radian'Corporation under the
sponsorship of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ,
v
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
PREFACE iv
ABSTRACT v
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Purpose. 1
1. 2 Background 2
1. 3 Approach. . . 3
2.0 ELEMENTS OF AN EMISSION INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE 5
2.1 Cover Letter 5
2.2 Instructions . 8 !
2.3 Questionnaire 9
2.3.1 General Information. . 9
2.3.2 Emissions and Process Details....;. 13
3.0 CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPING QUESTIONNAIRES 18 '' :
3.1 The Right Question. ... 18 .
3 . 2 The Return Rate 20
3.2.1 Cover Letter. N. ..... 20 ';
3.2.2 Questions , 23 '
3.3 Accuracy of Responses. ...... .:'. ,.,... 27
4.0 DESIGNING FOR COMPUTER INPUT ,' , 30
4.1 Making Use of a Computer's Capabilities 30
4.2 Formatting for Computer Input . 31 I
5 .,0 FOLLOW-UP 42
vo.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
6.0 REFERENCES.
APPENDICES.
APPENDIX A:
APPENDIX B:
APPENDIX C:
APPENDIX D:
APPENDIX E:
APPENDIX F:
Page
44
46
Example Cover Letters A_]_
Example Instruction Sheets 3-!
Example Question Sections c-1
Example Follow-Up Letter '. . . £_]_
Example Reference Material E-l
Supplementary References F_]_
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Purpose
This document is designed to help those agencies which
decide to use questionnaires as part of their emission inventory
process. It is intended as a guideline for the preparation of
effective questionnaires suitable for a variety of situations.
This document is not intended as a source of complete
questionnaires to be used as-is. Though sample portions of
questionnaires are included as references in the text and in an
extensive appendix, each agency is urged' to compile its own
questionnaires to meet its particular needs.
It may not be possible to adhere strictly to the sug-
gestions made in this document. Local and state laws, the in-
formation needs of the agency, and the agency's manpower and
resources may dictate alternate approaches. There also may be
no single "best" questionnaire for any given situation because
of the many factors which must be considered.
1.2
Background
Emission inventories are conducted by air pollution
agencies to assess air quality problems and to determine the
important pollutants and pollutant sources in a particular area
of concern. Some inventories-are conducted regularly or peri-
odically while others are used to update previously acquired
information. An inventory may be concerned with many pollutants
in the area or it may be concerned with only one. It may ask
for annual emissions or it may ask for instantaneous emissions
to be used for modeling purposes.
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Emission inventories may be conducted in one of sev-
eral ways, according to the needs and resources of the agency. '
If only a few industries are involved, if a small amount of in-
formation is needed from each one, and if written verification
is not necessary, telephone calls may suffice. Plant visits by
agency personnel may be applicable when there are few industries
and/or a small geographical area involved. In these cases, in-
depth interviews can be inexpensive and quite productive.
In many instances, however, especially if there are
numerous industries, a lot of information needed, or a large.
geographical area, the mailed-out questionnaire is the most
practical method for conducting an emission inventory. Before
beginning one, however, the agency should determine whether it ,
has the manpower and resources to develop the questionnaire, to
print and mail it, to review the returns and follow up delin-
quent ones, and to compile and analyze the results.
No one questionnaire format can be suitable for all
needs. Questionnaires can range from a one-page form for dry
cleaning or service station establishments to a multipage (10
to 50 pages) mail-out to complex chemical plants. Sometimes ;
the same questionnaire format can be used many times; sometimes
a new one must be designed for a specific purpose.
In all cases, the psychological factors inherent in any
questionnaire must be considered. Its results will be affected
by the recipient's working relationship with other agencies and
with the public. Likewise, future questionnaires may be affected
by the courtesy and consideration with which the present survey
is conducted. .
To be successful, a questionnaire must have a rela-
tively high response rate and the agency must have some indi-
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cation of the nature of the delinquent recipients' facilities
Such a response will require 'painstaking consideration of each
of the suggestions made in this document.
1.3
Approach
Section 2 of this document describes the basic elements
of an emission inventory mail-out and discusses what is included
in each. Briefly, the cover letter introduces the questionnaire
and establishes its importance with a statement of any regulation
which requires the recipient to.respond. The instructions give
any pertinent information about the questionnaire as a whole and
if necessary, instructions for specific kinds of questions The'
questionnaire itself may include both general information ques-
tions about the facility and its operation and specific questions
about particular processes and emissions. These questions may be
arranged by source (all questions about one emission point on one
page) or by subject (one subject to a page).
Section 3 addresses topics which must be considered in
the development of a successful questionnaire. Return rate and
accuracy are emphasized. Among the topics discussed are choosing
the right questions, the size and visual impact of the mail-out
as a whole, provisions for confidentiality, and the organization
and format of the questions.
Designing a questionnaire for computer input is dis-
cussed in Section 4. Included in this section is a sample ques-
tionnaire before and after reformatting for the computer.
The follow-up work which must be done after a ques-
tionnaire is mailed out is considered in Section 5. This work
includes checking all responses for accuracy and completeness
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contacting delinquent recipients and tabulating and/or trans-
cribing the responses. No questionnaire effort is complete un-
til every effort has been made to obtain a response from each
recipient and all resulting data has been properly compiled.
The Appendix contains samples of the individual parts
of a mail-out and a sample follow-up letter. It also contains
a list of supplementary references and sample pages from "Com-
pilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors" (AP-42) and the
National Emission Data System (NEDS) Questionnaire.
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2.0
ELEMENTS OF AN EMISSION INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE
An emission inventory questionnaire mail-out has three
basic elements: the cover letter, the instructions, and the
questionnaire itself. Their format and content depend on the
kind of-inventory being conducted.
A questionnaire which addresses all pollutants from all
large industrial plant sources can best be designed with a com-
mon cover letter, a common general instruction section, a common
general information question section and a separate specific in-
dustry process question section (possibly with additional in-
structions) for each class of industry. An inventory of emissions
from many diffe .ent area sources may have a common cover letter,
but should have separate instructions and question sections for'
the different types of sources.
merits .
2.1
The sections below describe the contents of these ele-
Samples of the elements are provided in the Appendix.
Cover Letter '
Within a questionnaire, the cover letter is the initial
contact with the recipient.- The importance that he assigns to
the questionnaire will be based on its content. Unless the cover
letter catches the recipient's attention, the questionnaire may
be discarded or filed away until some time in the indefinite
future.
The information which should'be included.in the cover
letter is listed below:
A citation'Of regulations which requires the
recipient to respond,
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Provisions for confidentiality, if applicable,
A statement of the purpose of the questionnaire,
A respectful request for cooperation in filling
out the questionnaire,
A final due date for the completed question-
naire ,
The name of a person with the agency who can be
contacted for questions.
As with all sections of a questionnaire, the cover let-
ter should be as short and direct as possible. The general in-
structions (see Section 2.2), however, may be combined with the
cover letter if practicable. Example cover letters and cover ,
letters combined with sample instructions are included as Appen-
dix A.
A strong statement about the' law which requires'a re-
cipient to respond to the questionnaire-is the agency's most.
powerful tool for maximizing the return rate. Some recipients
will refuse to fill out a questionnaire unless they realize that
they are legally bound to do so. Many others will procrastinate
as long as possible. The recipient should be aware from the
outset that he will hot be forgotten if he does not comply.
The questionnaires with the strongest legal statements
have been the most successful. The strength of the statement,
of course, is a reflection of the strength of the regulation..
Each state should have an effective regulation, according to
the Environmental Protection Agency regulations on the prepara-
tion of State"Implementation Plans, Title 40 of the Code of
6
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Federal Regulations, Section 51.11. However, some states have
not fully implemented these requirements.
Provisions for confidentiality may be established in
the cover letter or on the general information page. Mentioning
confidentiality in the cover letter provides early notification
of its availability.
A statement of the purpose of the questionnaire helps
to motivate the recipient by providing him with a connection
between his efforts and the final product. He should also be
given the feeling that the information that he will provide is
important. Some recipients may be motivated by reading that
their efforts will contribute to the maintenance or improvement
of air quality.
The request for cooperation should briefly tell the
recipient what-he is required to fill out. This helps the re-
cipient relate to. the questionnaire by providing him with an '
indication of what to expect after the cover letter. If the in-
structions for the questionnaire are brief, they may also be in-
cluded here .
The final due data for returning the questionnaire may
be specified either as a certain date or as a period of time af-
ter the recipient receives the questionnaire. The due date for
each questionnaire must be carefully recorded so that the agency
will know when to issue follow-up letters or phone calls to non-
responding recipients.-
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The questionnaire recipient should be given the name,
phone number, and address of at least one person in the agency to
be contacted for questions. If there are many optional contacts,
the recipient may be referred to a separate, categorized list
of contacts that follows the cover letter. ;
2.2
Instructions
Some questionnaires have two sets of instructions, a'
set of general instructions which explains how to answer the
questions and another set which explains how to prepare a process
flow schematic and a plant layout diagram. These two sets of
instructions may be combined, or there may be only the general
instructions. Sample instruction pages, both general instruc-
tions and diagram instructions, are included in this document
as Appendix B.
General information that affects the whole questionnaire
should be included on the instruction page. For example, if the
questionnaire is a general one, the instructions should explain '
'that the questionnaire was designed for a variety of operations
and that some questions, sections, or pages might not apply to;
a specific facility. They should also indicate which sections
or pages should be completed for which processes or facilities.
If the question pages are designed for direct coding to computer
input, the instructions should explain how to enter numbers pro-
perly. The instructions for a process flow schematic or a plant
layout diagram should, if possible, include a sample diagram.
It is best to have the samples adjacent to the instructions which
they exemplify. :
In addition to explaining how to complete the question-
naire, the general instructions should provide the specific year,
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or other appropriate period of time, for which all data are re-
quested. The contact name and the return date might optionally
be included with the instructions instead of with the cover let-
ter. If the general instructions are short, they may be combined
with the cover letter, as explained in Section 2.1.
2.3
Que s t i onn ai re
The general information section of a questionnaire iden-
tifies and locates the facility; it also solicits emission and
activity levels for both the facility as a whole and its peri-
pheral operations. The process details section covers the spe-
cific operations at the facility; it solicits information on ac-
tivity levels equipment involved, and emission points in each
process .
The distinction between these two sections may not be
evident in a sample questionnaire such as an industry specific
questionnaire for a single pollutant, but it should be considered
in the preparation of any questionnaire.
2.3.1
General Information
The following information is usually solicited in the
general information section:
Facility's name and mailing address, if dif-
ferent from label,
Facility's location, if different from mailing
address,
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Plot plan,
Applicability of the questionnaire,
Fuel used in entire facility,
Waste disposal practices,
Other identification information, such as
the operating schedule, the anticipated
growth rate, the SIC, or the number of ,
employees, only if required by the agency .. '
for present or future needs, ,
Confidentiality, if desired, and
Name and phone number of a person asso-
ciated with the facility that the agency
can contact.
Since the facility name and mailing.address are usually
obtained by the agency before mailing out a questionnaire, there
'may be no reason to ask the recipient to provide it. In some :
instances, however, the questionnaire may be sent to a home of-
fice and the facility name and address may not be known to the
agency. If the facility name and address are given by the agency,
there should be space provided for address correction.
The type of information required for plant location ;
varies with the needs of the inventory. Sometimes an address/:
location is sufficient. A scale diagram of the plant layout
(plot plan) may be necessary for accurately locating the source
for plume dispersion modeling. To be useful, diagrams should
have labeled clearly all processes, emission points, and control
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devices with the same identification names or numbers that are
used for entries in the questionnaire.
Many inventories require UTM coordinates. The instruc-
tions for determining these coordinates must be long and detailed,
the level of effort required is high, and the chance of error is
significant. (On the other hand, it would be quite costly for
the agency to determine UTM coordinates for every facility.) This
information should be on file somewhere at the plant, on property
records, or in regional agency records.
One compromise solution has been to ask the recipient
for the most detailed information-to which he has access. In
other words, he is asked to supply UTM coordinates, if available,
and if not, to supply as much information as possible to help the
agency determine them. A problem with this approach is that the
agency may receive random information unless it specifies exactly
the types of information needed. One possible solution is. illus-
trated on page C-4 in Appendix C.
, Each questionnaire should include immediately after the
identification information a statement of the conditions under
which the questionnaire would not apply to the recipient's facil-
ity. The recipient should be asked to check a box and return the
questionnaire if it is not applicable.
Fuel use and waste disposal data might also be required
by the agency. Fuel use data may be for space heating and/or for
total fuel use. Wastes may be burned, land-filled, sold, or dis-
posed of in some other manner. If wastes are sold to another
industry or contracted out, the name and address of the purchaser
may alert the agency to a previously unknown source of emissions.
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For large or complex facilities, an operating schedule
may be needed for each emission source. In this case, it might
be simpler to request operating schedule information along with
the specific questions about each source instead of with general
information questions.
A request for operating scheidule information should fit
the needs of the inventory. The level of detail required should
not exceed the requirements of the end uses of the inventory.
For example, seasonal operating schediiles are sufficient for in-
ventories used to calculate seasonally adjusted emissions, where-
as daily operating schedules, such as- hours/day and days/week,;
are required for inventories used to identify sources to be con-
trolled during emergency episodes.
Anticipated growth rates might be required by the agency
for planning or modeling. The information can be requested as a
percentage of growth or decline over a specified number of years.
As with other information, it should only be requested if needed
for the purpose of the inventory.
There are several methods which will provide for confi-
dentiality. These methods are discussed in Section 3. It is ;
important tha't confidentiality be available to those who need it,
but not so easily available that everyone will ask for it.
The agency needs to know the name of the person who is
responsible for the responses given to a questionnaire and, in
some cases, the names of other people who participated in its ,
completion. These names can be solicited directly or as signa-
tures .
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2.3.2
Emissions and Process Details
The question section of an emission inventory question-
naire solicits the information needed for the characterization of
emissions. The kinds of questions asked will depend on whether
an annual emissions inventory of many pollutants is desired or
whether instantaneous average and maximum emission rates of one
or more pollutants is needed for modeling or other purposes. It
is most important that the information requested is both needed
and not already on hand.
A complete question .section for such questionnaires may
ask for the following types of information:
Activity levels for sources of emissions,
Control system descriptions,
Process flow diagrams with equipment descrip-
tions ,
Plans for proposed changes to control equip-
ment or operation procedures,
Stack data,
Emission rates from stacks, vents, and fugi-
tive sources,
Concentrations of elements in raw materials
and end products,
Stack test results,
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Physical and chemical characteristics of
emissions,
Efficiency of control systems, ;
Any additional descriptive information.
The first five types of questions can be answered by
all recipients. Some recipients will not be able to answer the
next five. It is essential, therefore, that the first questions
solicit enough information on the operation of a facility so
that emission values can be verified if given and calculated
if not given. The agency must also be aware of all sources of
emissions that are likely in each type of facility. Categories
of sources of emissions and emission rates as related to various
activity levels, such as pounds of emissions per ton of product,
etc., are discussed in AP-42, "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emis-
sion Factors."5 Some example pages from AP-42 are included for
reference in Appendix E.
Emission types may include process emissions; combus-
tion emissions from heat, steam, or power production; incineration
or-open burning emissions;, evaporative loss emissions from vola-
tile organic storage, loading, unloading, or fugitive, emissions.
Activity levels which can be used to compute emission levels in-
clude fuel usage, raw material usage, production figures, and
operating schedules.
The agency should refer to AP-42 and ascertain that the
appropriate information is requested for each industry so that
the emission factors can be used to calculate emission rates.
The questionnaire, however, should not refer to AP-42, and the
recipient should not be encouraged to use it to quantify emissions
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Emission rates are usually one of the main questions of
a questionnaire. These rates, incidentally, cannot be held con-
fidential in any state according to Section 114 of the Clean Air
Act and Amendments. One of the uses for a questionnaire might be
to provide data for the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
The data requirements for this system are discussed in EPA-450/
2-77-028, "Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories
for Volatile Organic Compounds." Sample question pages for the
NEDS-are included in Appendix E of this document. '
The agency might also need to quantify different classi-
fications of emissions. Actual emissions a're those related during
a specific time period, either a long term average or a short term
maximum. Upset emissions are those released during the same time
period due to control equipment downtime. Potential emissions
are those estimated to be released if there were no control equip-
ment being used. For the sake of comparison, allowable emissions
or those stipulated by government regulations or source permits
may also be desired.
.Many small' facilities in an area are often considered
collectively as an "area source." Drycleaning establishments
and service stations are common examples. In many of. these in-
stances the questionnaire may go to the parent company instead
of the individual operator.
If a plant gives an estimate of its emissions, it is
important that the source of the estimate also be given. Emis-
sions estimates based on'data from another plant or on emission
factors may not be as. accurate as those estimated on-site.
The agency may ask for.emission test results and material
balances, if available. These results are especially valuable if
they are the basis for other information supplied by the company
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or if there are fugitive emissions. Fugitive emission data
should be solicited for each operation or phase of each process.
The agency also should ask for the type and the effi-
ciency of all control equipment. To be most accurate, control:
efficiencies for each type of pollutant might be requested. Some
control equipment reduces, the emissions of more than one type of
pollutant; venturi scrubbers, for example, can be used to control
both particulates and sulfur dioxide. The efficiency of particu-
late scrubbers varies with the particle size. Expected ranges of
efficiency for specific control equipment can be found in APTD-
1570, "National Emissions Data System Control Device Workbook."6
The agency might also want to know the fuel requirements for con-
trol devices. ;
Stack data are required for plume and other dispersion
modeling. These include stack height and diameter, and gas tem-
perature and velocity or flow rate. Other data requirements for
plume dispersion modeling are discussed in the document "Guide-
line on Air Quality Models."7
The agency might also require information on the physi-
cal or chemical characteristics of emissions. For example, the
particle size -distribution of particulates might be needed. For
air oxidant studies, the agency might need to know the composition
of non-methane hydrocarbon emissions. The recipient might also be
specifically asked to list emissions of other specific hazardous
pollutants, such as chlorides or heavy metals, or he might simply
be asked for the chemical composition of emissions. Sample for-
mats for pollutant specific questionnaires are included on pages
C-29, C-30, and C-31 in Appendix C.
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Plans for proposed changes to control equipment or in
operating procedures which could affect emissions should be so-
licited so that the agency can estimate how long these question-
naire results will be valid.
Another piece of information which may be requested is
a schematic diagram of process flow. This diagram is a valuable
aid for interpreting the data entered by the questionnaire re-
cipient. For complex facilities, such as refineries or chemical
Plants, a schematic is essential. A sample process flow diagram
is included as Page B-10 in Appendix B.
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3.0
CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPING QUESTIONNAIRES
A successful questionnaire obtains the right answers to
the right questions while maintaining a good working relationship
with the recipients. To get the right answers, the agency must
design the questionnaire for a high rate of return and a high rate
of accuracy. To ask the right questions, the agency must carefully
examine its information needs. To maintain a good working rela-
tionship with the recipients, the imposition caused by the ques-
tionnaire must be minimal.
These requirements are discussed in this section, both
in general terms and as they apply to the specific parts of the
questionnaire. In many instances the considerations are inter-
related.
3.1
The Right Question
The right questions are those which solicit information
which the agency needs, does not have, and cannot obtain easily,
from any other source. In considering its information needs, the
agency should consider, what it is. going to use the information for.
The end use should indicate how accurate, how specific and how
current the information has to be. Information needs for the near
future should also be considered.
Sometimes the information needs of several agencies can
be met by one well-designed questionnaire. If feasible, the agency
should solicit input from other agencies in the designing of the
questionnaire.
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After determining the present and near future informa-
tion needs, the agency should check its files to determine if the
information is already available.' If it is not, the agency should
consider all possible methods for obtaining it.
Possible methods other than questionnaires for obtain-
ing information include the files of other agencies, phone calls
or visits to plant facilities (more useful for small industries
and small geographic areas), trade associations, and meetings with
industry representatives. The choice of method will depend on the
size of the industry, the type of information needed, and the
agency's working relationship with other agencies and with indus-
try. These other-methods were discussed in Section 1.2. In gen-
eral, questionnaires are most practical when there is a'lot of
information to be obtained, a lot of people to obtain informa-
tion from, or a need to have written verification of the answers.
Even the right questions can be wrong if they are asked
too often. Industry's sensitivity to an overload of paperwork
from government agencies must be considered. Some information
obtained once is valid for the life of the facility; other infor-
mation must be updated often.
If possible, all information which the agency already
has about the recipient's facility, such as mailing address, SIC
number, UTM coordinates, registration numbers, etc., should be
preprinted on the questionnaire. A window envelope could be used
to expose the facility name and address. The recipient could
then check them for accuracy and make only necessary corrections.
An example of this approach is shown on page C-2 in Appendix C.
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3.2
The Return Rate
The return rate of a questionnaire depends on several
factors, not all of which are inherent in the questionnaire it-
self. Some recipients, for example, may bitterly remember the
poor questionnaire they fumbled through only a short time ago.
But there are several ways to convince the recipient that he
should complete this one anyway. And here first impressions can
be very important.
The recipient's first impression will be the very size
of the document. It should be as brief as possible. Then as the
recipient flips through the pages he should see uncluttered pages
with easy-to read type and ample room for answers. Paragraphs
should be short and well-spaced; questions should be in an aes-
thetic arrangement. A return envelope emphasizes the importance
of the questionnaire and also indicates to the recipient that the
agency is anxious" to lessen the imposition.
3.2.1-:^. Cover Letter . '.
^.^ . _
* ~
, The cover letter will probably be the first part of the
questionnaire' that the recipient will actually read. It contains
several items crucial to a high return rate:
""*'
' A statement about any laws which require the
recipient to respond,
Provisions for confidentiality, and
A due date .
A strong statement about existing and applicable regu-
lations which require a recipient to respond to the questionnaire
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is the agency's .most powerful tool for maximizing the return
rate. The statement should be placed prominently in upper case
type at the top of the cover letter as shown in Appendix A. It
should cite any applicable regulations and specify.penalties ,for
noncompliance.
Confidentiality'can be established in one of several
ways. The simplest is a box to be checked to request confiden-
tiality for all information other than emissions data given in
the questionnaire. Justification for the request would be given
by the recipient on a separate sheet.
The main advantage to this approach is that is clearly
indicates the request to the agency. It also alerts the agency
to look for supplementary supporting information. If the question-
naire is converted to computer input, a check in the confiden-
tiality box can be programmed as a command to store all informa-
tion in a limited access data" file.
The disadvantages of this approach are that it does
not provide confidentiality 'for only part of the information and
that it may be too easy to use. It should be used only for re-
cipients who are anticipated to be deeply concerned about con-
fidentiality .
A more complex method for establishing confidentiality
involves the assignment of a survey number to each questionnaire;
this number would be also printed on the general information page.
The agency director would detach the general information page
from the returned questionnaire and store it in a locked file.
Since all identification is presented on the general information
page, no one would be able to associate the information on the
question .pages with a specific facility. If necessary, a fa-
cility could be identified at a later time by locating the survey
21
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number in the locked file of general information pages. This
consideration is especially important if the agency subcontracts
to a private company for the interpretation and transcription of
the information. If the information is computerized, the identi-
fication information could be entered into a separate limited
access file.
Each agency should investigate local laws to ascertain
that the identification concealment is not forbidden. The public's
access to records varies among states.
A system which allows for partial confidentiality could
be established by the following insert in the cover letter: ;
Any proprietary information, which you believe
is of a confidential nature, should be identi-
fied in a supplementary letter and appropriate
data in the questionnaire marked with the word
CONFIDENTIAL. A brief explanation in, your let- '
ter for the desired confidentiality should be
noted.
This system indicates clearly to the agency which infor-
mation is confidential and which is not. It also alerts the
agency to look for supplementary supporting information with each
returned questionnaire that is marked anywhere with the word "con-
fidential." Unless the marking is very clear, however, it is easier
for the agency to overlook confidentiality with this system than
with the other systems.
The final due date should be included in the cover letter
so that it will not be overlooked by those who do not read instruc-
tions . This due date may be specified either as a certain date or
22
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as a period of time after the recipient receives the questionnaire
The first approach is more specific, and gives the recipient a
definite date to look at. With the latter approach, however the
questionnaire mailing can be staggered without having to reprint
the due dates listed on the cover letters.
Staggered mailing is particularly important for large
inventories with too many questionnaires to process at one time
The resulting staggered receipt more economically uses the agency's
resources. Also, questionnaires can easily become lost or damaged
while waiting to be processed by the agency.
Each correspondent should have an equal amount of time
to respond. This time period should be large enough so that the
correspondent is not overly rushed and short enough that the cor-
respondent is not likely to forget.
3.2.2
Questions
Several factors in the design of the question section
can affect the return rate. First, there should be a clear state-
ment from which the applicant can determine whether the question-
naxre is applicable to his facility. Then the questions must be
well-arranged and easy to answer. These factors are discussed in
this section.
A clear statement of applicability serves several pur-
poses . If the questionnaire is applicable, the statement rein-
forces the necessity of compliance. If the questionnaire is not
applicable and the recipient can easily process it as such he
may be more cooperative when one does apply to him. A maximum
return rate on nonapplicable returns also means that the agency
will not waste money following them up and will know which facili-
ties are not producing the emissions, being inventoried.
23
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The use of a check box helps the agency distinguish be-
tween questionnaires that are not applicable and the ones that
are returned without any response. Examples of statements of ap-
plicability are provided below.
. If this equipment was used at least five (5)
days last year, complete the questionnaire,
If this equipment was not used at least five (5)
days last year, check this box and return this
form,
If this equipment has been removed, check this
box and return this form.
Colored pages may be used to designate different sec-;
tions of the questionnaire. Statements of nonapplicability at
the beginning of each page or section can be used as an alterna-
tive or supplement to a general statement of applicability. For
example, a page of questions about organic liquid storage emis-
sions might begin with the following statement. ,
If you stored organic liquids last year;
fill
out this page
. If not, check this box and turn to the next
page II
By supplying a check box, the agency can discriminate between
pages which were forgotten and which were not applicable.
As mentioned earlier, brevity enhances the rate of re-
turn. The agency can usually reduce the bulk of the question ;
24
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section by designing industry specific questionnaires instead of
general questionnaires. Industry specific questionnaires are de-
signed specifically for one particular industry, as opposed to
general questionnaires applicable to a whole group of industries.
For example, it is better to send an industry specific question-
naire with one question page to .a dry cleaning establishment than
to send it a multipage general organic solvent users questionnaire.
This consideration, however, must be balanced against
the level of resources available to the agency conducting the
inventory. It takes more money and manpower to design, mail out,
and interpret many industry specific questionnaires than it does
general questionnaires. Processing of industry specific ques-
tionnaires is .Iso more complex because the format of each speci-
fic questionnaire will vary. Furthermore, it is possible to send
the inappropriate industry specific questionnaire to a facility.
General questionnaires may be preferable if the agency's
resources are limited or if the agency is unfamiliar with many of
the sources. Inventories for specific pollutants such as lead or
volatile organic compounds may be most advantageously conducted '
with general questionnaires. Furthermore, general questionnaires
may be more appropriate for large or complex .facilities that are
difficult to characterize. Most of these facilities will have
engineers available to interpret the forms. If a general question-
naire must be used, it is even more valuable to provide a statement
of applicability for each page.
Questionnaires that are organized so that all informa-
tion about each source can be provided on one page (source by
source) are usually easier to fill out than questionnaires" that
have separate pages for process, emission, control, and stack
25
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information (subject-by-subject). For this reason, source-by-source
questionnaires are usually considered the better format. However,
if the questions are arranged by subject, industry specific ques-
tionnaires can be designed by simply selecting the subject pages
that apply to each industry. Only a few supplementary pages of
questions that are unique to an industry must then be formulated.
Source-by-source and subject-by-subject questionnaires are illus-
trated in Appendix C.
Another method which can minimize the level of effort
required from the recipient, and therefore enhance the return
rate, concerns the format of the questions.
Multiple choice questions are the easiest type for the
recipient to answer. Many questions can easily be formatted as
multiple choice. For example, a question that asks the recipient
to write in the type of control device used can be improved by
supplying a list of conceivable control devices and asking the
recipient to put a check next to the appropriate answer. Many
multiple choice questions should include the choice "other" with
a b'lank beside it -for entering out-of-the-ordinary replies .
Other questions, -such as those that require exact numerical an-
swers, can only be answered appropriately with a written response.
A series of questions that are to be answered repeti-
tively can be put into a tabular format. Tabular data are easier
to fill in and to process without errors if separate lines are
provided for each series of entries. .Questionnaires that require
hourly or daily entries are especially suited to a tabular format.
An example of a questionnaire requiring hourly entries is in-
cluded on page C-26 of Appendix C.
As an alternative to a table for repetitive questions,
the recipient could be asked to make a copy of a questionnaire
26
-------
page for each set of answers. The latter approach is especially
useful if the questions are long or if they can be put into a
multiple choice format. This approach is illustrated on pages
C-9, C-23, and C-24 in Appendix C.
3.3 Accuracy of Responses
To be considered accurate, questionnaire responses
must provide both the type of information desired and the cor-
rect numerical data. To assure that responses will be accurate,
every effort must be made not to confuse the recipient.
General instructions should be as precise as possible.
Some of the least effective general instructions are those which
explain in detail how to answer each question. With such instruc-
tions the recipient must refer to the instruction page each time
he gets to a new question. This increases the work load and the
change of error. If a particular question requires clarification,
it is better to note the information on the same page as the
question than to print it on a separate instruction page.
To reduce ambiguity, the following types of information
should not be included in the general instructions.
Units of measurement -- appropriate units
of measurement should be specified on the
question pages or the recipient should be
explicitly requested to write them with
the answers.
Methods of calculation and conversion --
calculations and conversions should be
performed by the agency, and
27
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Code numbers for entries -- all code numbers
other than emission point numbers, if needed
for computer input, should be entered by the
agency.
<%
Questions which do not need further explanation limit
the errors caused by those who might otherwise read the wrong
instructions for a question or by those who answer questions
without reading the instructions however well written they may
be. One way to call for specific responses is to print the type
of units wanted for an answer right next to the answer space.
Another way is to use the multiple choice format discussed earlier.
It is an advantage if samples can be provided with the
instructions for process flow schematic and plant layout dia-
grams. Sample diagrams help the recipient to visualize what is
expected; they are easiest to interpret if they are adjacent to
the instructions.
If a consistent, standardized, form is provided for per-
iodic inventories, regular recipients will eventually learn how
to provide the correct responses. This is the one condition under
which a single generalized form for all facilities is acceptable.
Results for the first administration of the questionnaire may be
poorer than successive ones, but they will improve with each
successive administration.
Industry specific language is especially important for
non-technical personnel who do not have economically practical
access to engineers or other technical personnel. If a general
questionnaire is considered because of "limited funds or because
the agency is uncertain of the processes performed at a facility,
it may be better to provide a packet of industry specific question-
naires with industry specific language than to provide a single
generalized form.
28
-------
Accuracy is also a factor in the decision to use the
source by source or the subject-by-subject organization of the
question section. With the subject-by-subject organization the
recxpient must turn pages continually to enter information about
each source of emissions. Mistakes can be made in the connec-
tions established between a process, its emissions, it, associated
control device, and its associated stack. Omissions of data can
also easily go unnoticed. A mistake can also easily be made by
assigning information to the.wrong emission point number which
should be shown on the process flow diagram along with all control
equipment used. These problems also affect the agency when the
data xs processed. Process diagrams with numbered emission points
can partially alleviate this problem.
29
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4.0
DESIGNING FOR COMPUTER INPUT
The analysis of information/data received during the
course of most inventories is aided by the use of a computer.
The information below briefly discusses some of the possible
uses for a computer and explains how to format a questionnaire
for computer input. A sample of a questionnaire formatted for
computer input is included in Appendix A.
4.1
Making Use of a Computer's Capabilities
A computer can be used throughout most stages of an in-
ventory. Some of the functions that it can perform are the fol-
lowing :
Prepare address labels and/or preprint in-
formation ,
Print assembled industry-specific question-
naire sets, .
Keep track of the status of the question-
naires ,
Store data,
Perform calculations and conversions,
Tabulate results , and
Reformat data for future needs'.
30
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A computer can also be programmed to check the accuracy of the
questionnaire responses by searching for illegible or inappro-
priate entries.
Instead of printing address labels, the computer can
preprint the address directly onto the questionnaire form. It
can also be programmed to search data files from previous inven-
tories to find and preprint all other information that would
probably remain unchanged, such as plant'location and SIC numbers .
The recipient then simply has to check the information for accur-
acy and make changes, if necessary, Preprinting saves work for
the recipient and improves the accuracy of the responses. It is
discussed in Section 3.1.
As a part of keeping track of the status of the ques-
tionnaires, a computer can be used periodically to print out
lists o,f overdue questionnaires and those received. It can then
be programmed to automatically print cut follow-up letters to
delinquent recipients. . - -
One advantage to having a computer perform all emission
calculations is that it can. then be used to update .existing emis-
sion inventories whenever a new emission factor is generated. If
existing emission inventories are not updated, an agency will not
be able to distinguish between real-changes in emissions and false
changes caused by the use of different emission factors in dif-
ferent years.
4.2
Formatting for Computer Input
To be converted to computer input, the information on
a questionnaire must be put into a,format that can easily be read
by a keypunch operator unless the computer is programmed to accept
31
-------
data input directly into a video display formatted the same as
the questionnaire. The recipient and the keypunch operator,
however, have different formatting needs. The recipient can
only relate to spaces for complete answers, whereas the key
punch operator can only relate to individual spaces for each
number or letter.
This problem can be solved with two different approaches,
One approach is to transcribe data from the questionnaires to a
separate computer input form, such as the computer input form :
in Appendix E-l. A second approach is to reformat the question-
naire so that the data entered by the recipient can be read al-
most directly off the form by a keypunch operator. Examples of
a questionnaire before and after reformatting are shown in Figures
4-1 and 4-2.
Each approach has its relative advantages. The first
is easier to use by the keypunch operator and is faster to use
for proofreading the resultant keypunched cards; transcribing
data to a separate form, however, it is extremely time consuming
and also introduces an additional chance of error. The refor-
matted form, however, is a compromise between the ideal form
for a recipient and that for a keypunch operator; as such, it is
a bit more difficult for each to use than the separate forms as-
sociated with the first approach.
The three basic steps for reformatting questionnaires
are summarized below:
Decide which information to keypunch,
Provide answer boxes for each response
to aid the recipients, and
Provide numbers beneath or above each
answer box to aid the keypuncher.
32
-------
As part of the first step, the agency may decide not
to keypunch all of the information on the questionnaire form.
For example, it may not be necessary to keypunch the names of
the facilities if inventory identification numbers are being
used. For the information that is needed, the agency should try
to provide multiple choice questions.- Answers to such questions
are easier to keypunch than 'more subjective responses and require
less space on a computer card. If the multiple choice format is
used, however, the optional answer of "other" with a fill-in space
should be provided for those responses that cannot be fitted into
the printed ones . It is bette.r for the agency to interpret answers
than to force the recipient to do so .
The second step in reformatting is to provide boxes for
each answer. Multiple choice questions should have one box for
each acceptable answer. Fill-in questions should have at least
one box for each letter and number anticipated in the answer. This
requires that the agency estimate how long each answer will be.
For numerical answers, the range of values expected for each an-
swer must be determined. For example, if the answers are expected
to range between 10 and 99,000 tons, then five boxes must be pro-
vided: .
Mi tons .
Alternately, if answers between 1,000 and 99,000 tons are ex-
pected and they need be accurate only to the nearest thousand,
two boxes must be provided:
I I 1,000 tons .
Commas and decimals placed correctly help the recipient to under
stand what is expected. The problem with this system is that
33
-------
Name of Company:_
Location:
Emissions Inventory
Data for year
WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Plant ID No.
Number of actual operating days_
Normal operating-schedule: hrs/day
days/wk wks/yr
Check one of the following Mill Types:
Type A - Circular Head-saw; with or without trim saws
Type B - Circular Head-saw; edger, trim saws
Type C - Circular Head-saw; vertical band resaw, edger, trim saws
Type D - Band Head-saw; edger, trim saws
~Type E - Band Head-saws; horizontal band resaw, edger, trim saws
"Type F - Band Head-saw; cant-gangsaw, edger, trim saws
Type G - Round-log gangsaw; edger, double-end trimmer
BF Doyle logs processed OR
Emission controls:
RESIDUES
BF lumber produced (Green Lumber Tally)
Cyclones Multiclones
International Units
Other (Specify Units)
Bagf ilters Scrubbers
Type
Chips
Bark
Sawdust
Shavings
Quantity
(Specify tons, cords, etc.)
Uses (% of each)
Landfill
Burned
Sold
How is material conveyed?_
Pneumatically (Air blown)
Mechanically (Drag
chains or conveyor belts)
If pneumatic, give the following information relating to cyclones:
EPN Diameter Height Residue Type
Figure 4-1. Typical Industry Specific Questionnaire (continued on page 36)
34
-------
TOR OFFICE USE ONLY
Form: GD Yoar 19fT~l
Plant ID No. I I I I I I 1
56789 10
WOOD PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
Name of company:
Location:
Number of actual operating days: Normal operating schedule: CEHrs/day g days/wk [
. Check one of the following mill types:
S9D Type A-Circular head-saw; with or without trim saws
5gD2 Type BCircular head-saw; edger, trim saws
MD3 Type C-Circular head-saw; vertical band resaw, edger, trim saws
SgQ4 Type D~Band head-saw; edger, trim saws
5sP5 Type E-Band head-saws; horizontal band resaw, edger, trim saws
sgD6 Type F-Band head-saw; cant-gangsaw, edger, trim saws '
D Type G-Round-log gangsaw; edger, double-end trimmer
0R Jf^ ,££Q International Units
TO000 <* l-b«r Produced (green lumber t.Uy) p Other (specify units)
Emission controls:
Cyclones g Multiclones DBagfilters H Scrubbers
'O 79
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: Card No. Q]
80
RESIDUES
How is serial convoyed, ,£ Pne^.tically (.tr blown) ^ Mechanically (dr
If pneumatic, give the following iniormation relating to cyclones:
ag
E?N
47 aa
D iame t e r
CD fc
49 50
HeiRlit
CD ft
sTsz
Residue Type
Chips
a
Bark
a
54
Sawdust
. H ;
Shavings
n
56
Figure 4-2.
Typical Industry Specific Questionnaire Redesigned for
Computer Input (continued on page 37 )
35
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Wood Products Industry (continued)
COMBUSTION
Dry kilns: Yes No
EPN
Type:_
Gas
Steam
Wood
Yes
Quantity of wood burned_
Conical (Teepee) Burner:
EPN
Quantity of residue burned_
_tons
No
tons
Check which is applicable to your .teepee operation:
Radial overfire air supply near bottom of shell and many gaping
holes in shell
Radial overfire air supply near bottom of shell
_Adjustable underfire air supply and adjustable, tangential overfire
air inlets
Boiler(s):
EPN
Yes
No
Fly-ash reinjection:
Yes
No
Quantity of fuel used: tons of bark tons of wood mcf of gas
Emission controls: Cyclone Multiclone Other (specify)
Stack Data: ,Height_
ACFM
ft Diameter
_ft Temperature_
OR Velocity (fps)_
For square stacks: Length ft Width
Short Stack: Yes
ft
No
Permit Numbers since (date):
Describe all non-permitted changes to your opearation since (date) e.j
added a scrubber to boiler EPN B-10. You may use back if necessary.
COPY THIS PAGE FOR ADDITIONAL KILNS OR TEEPEE BOILERS.
Figure 4-1 (continued from page 34)
36
-------
Wood Products Industry (continued)
COMBUSTION
Dry kilns:
57-1
QNo
57-2
Type:
DGas
58-1
DSteam
58-2
D Wood
58-3
EPN CD
5960
Conical (Teepee) Burner:
EPN
Quantity of- wood burned_:
rm,[
616263 6
Jtons
1.1 I tons of residue burned
7686970
71
Check which is applicable to your teepee operation:
D Radian overfire air supply near bottom of shell and many gaping
734 holes in shell
D Radian overfire air supply near bottom of shell
/3~2
D Adjustable underfire air supply and adjustable, tangential over-
733 fire air inlets
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: Card No.
Boiler(s)
EPNOQ
1 2
Fly-ash reinjection: Q Yee
Emission controls: D Cyclone D Multiclone D Otter '(specify)
Stack data: Height CEQft Diamecsr ODft Temperature
Flow
- For square stacks: Length CDft
Permit numbers since January 1977: D-DOOH 0-
45 4647,«49 5O
Width CD,ft
Short stack:
*
Qyes
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY:
EPN Q~]
1 2
CARD No. Q
Fly-ash reinjection: Q^es Q No
Quantity of fuel used: ^.Cfl tons of bark n^CCD tons of wood
Emission controls: Qcyclone D Multiclone DOther (specify)
ft
racf o£ gas
Stack data: Height U_U ft
23 2425
Diameter
ACFM OR
Flow rate , . .
32333435
For square stacks: Length LLJ ft
3940
Permit numbers since January 1977: D-OZTTl
45 46474849
!627
Velocity
Width CD ft
41 42
Temperature f~l i I I
23 29 3031
363738 V
Short stack:
D Yes D No
43 44
n-LiJjj n-rrrn
55 56 575859 60 6162S364
FOR OFFICE USE ONLY: Card No.
COPY THIS PAGE FOR ADDITIONAL KILNS OP,
Figure 4-2 (continued from page 35)
-------
there are no provisions for unexpectedly large answers. For ex-
ample, there is no way to record 100,000 tons in the above two
examples. A possible solution is to request the answer in scien-
tific notation. The number 1,200,000 or 1.2 x 106 could be re-
corded as
This type of answer, however, may be confusing for the recipient
and may lead to order of magnitude errors; its use should be
limited to major industries and a thorough explanation should
accompany its use.
Boxes should also be provided for alphanumeric entries,
such as the facility name and mailing address, if needed. It is
difficult to anticipate the longest alphanumeric entry. Two al-
ternative approaches might be used. . One is to leave enough boxes
for most answers and to instruct the recipient to abbreviate an-
swers that are too long. Another is to leave a blank line for
the answer and to instruct the keypunch operator to type in only
as much of the answer as possible within a specific number of
spaces on the keypunch card. The -latter is better because it
provides the agency with a written copy of the complete answer.
This approach was used to format the company name and address in
Figure 4-2.
The third step is to provide numbers beneath each box.,
They tell the keypunch operator which space on a computer card
corresponds to each box. The first spaces on each card should
be assigned to information that can be used to identify the spe-
cific questions associated with the information on each card.
This information might include an inventory or account number and
the year of the inventory. The keypunch operator should be in-
structed to repeat this information automatically at the beginning
38
-------
of each card for a questionnaire. The sequential card number
should also be typed in at the beginning or the end of each card.
This provides enough information so that the cards can easily be
put in order. Spaces for the above information should be set
apart from the rest of the questionnaire and labeled "for office
use only" (see Figure 4-2) , "since the information should be pro-
vided by the agency.
The remaining spaces on each computer card should be
assigned to the recipient's responses. Answers to. multiple choice
questions can be grouped together under one number. One space
for a symbolic answer (X) or several spaces for a subjective
answer may be allocated for the response to "other". However,
some provision should be made for storing in the agency's data
file a -complete response to such questions. A secondary number
or letter would then be assigned to each acceptable answer so
that the keypunch operator would know which number or letter to
type into the assigned space. In other words, in the example
shown below (taken from Figure 4-2) , if the recipient has checked
Type C, the keypunch operator would know to type the number 3 into
space 59 of the computer card.
Check one of the following mill types:
59=1 Type A~ Circular head-saw; with or without trim saws
59^2 Type B~ Circular head-saw; edger, trim saws
Type aCircular head-saw; vertical band resaw, edger, trim saws
Type D~Band head-saw; edger, trim saws
Type E Band head-saws; horizontal band resaw, edger, . trim saws
59?6 T7Pe F~~Band ^ad-saw; cant-gangsaw, edger, trim saws
D Type G-- Round-log gangsaw; edger, double-end trimmer
39
-------
Each box for a fill-in answer should be assigned its
own number. Blank lines for alphanumeric fill-in answers could
be assigned numbers to indicate the beginning and the end of the
field allotted on the computer card. This system is not as suit-
able for numerical answers, since the keypunch operator would not
know specifically in which space to type each number. For ex-
ample, compare the following entries:
206
8
I I I I I
5678
The keypunch operator could make a mistake by typing the first
entry as 2, 0, 6, blank, which could be read by the computer as
2060. There is much less chance of this error with the second
entry.
*
In most "cases , numbers provided, underneath the answer
spaces will not be confusing to the recipient. If there is fear
that they may be, the numbers could be printed on a separate over-
lay. The keypunch operator would then simply have to place the
overlay on top of the questionnaire before keypunching the data.
The agency would have to make sure that the correct overlay is
used with each questionnaire.
Some responses may need to be coded by the agency. Extra
spaces can be left next to each answer that is to be coded by the
agency. These spaces should be clearly separated from the spaces
left for the recipient's responses. They could be enclosed in
boxes and labeled "for office use only" or placed in a separate
column so labeled. As an alternative, the extra spaces could be
40
-------
printed on an overlay instead of on the questionnaire. The over-
lay could also include all of the computer card position numbers,
as discussed above. Care would then have to be taken to keep each
coded overlay with its associated questionnaire.
41
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5.0
FOLLOW-UP
The work on a questionnaire has only begun when the
mailing is done. Several important tasks remain: checking the
accuracy and completeness of responses, contacting delinquent re-
cipients , and tabulating and/or transcribing the responses. In
addition, all agency personnel who were listed as contacts on the
questionnaire should confer with each other to be sure the advice
they are giving is consistent.
Each questionnaire should be reviewed as soon as pos-
sible after it is received. Immediate tabulation also helps the
agency to determine which recipients are delinquent and to spot
questionable data. If the inventory is large, the mailings can
be staggered so that all of the questionnaires are not returned
at the same time.
All questionnaires should ideally be checked by engineers
to see if the questions have been answered properly and to see if.
the data provided are reasonable. Process flow and plant layout
diagrams help the engineer to interpret the responses. Ideally,
questionnaires from each industry should be checked by engineers
who have worked in or are very familiar with the industry.
To ascertain that the total emissions and activity
level results from a questionnaire are reasonable, the totals
should be compared to those which can be extrapolated from data
from other sources. For instance, total fuel use for an area
can be obtained from state tax records, total dry cleaning emis-
sions can be determined from population figures, and emission
factors can be obtained from AP-42.
Obviously, the extent to which an agency can check the
responses depends on the resources available to the agency.
42
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Nevertheless, the success of the questionnaires will suffer
greatly if the accuracy of the responses is not properly checked.
Provisions for the resources, funds, and manpower needed to
check the questionnaires should be established by the agency at
the onset of the inventory.
The return rate can be greatly increased by recontact-
ing delinquent recipients by phone or letter. Recontact reminds
them they will not be conveniently forgotten if they just remain
quiet. For others, who may be frustrated with the questionnaire,
it provides an honorable way to ask for help. A sample follow-
up letter to a delinquent recipient is given in Appendix D.
A contact at the recipient's facility, preferably the
person who filled out the questionnaire, is also important to
help the agency clarify or substantiate responses in the ques-
tionnaire .
The number of contacts with the recipient should be
limited because the recipient might become uncooperative if con-
tinually requested to supply information. This is particularly
true for those who might'be annoyed by the entire idea of com-
pleting a questionnaire. Limited contact, however, does not
mean that the agency should refrain from recontacting a recipient
whose questionnaire is incomplete or improperly completed. When
recontacting a recipient, though, the agency should attempt to
ask for all required information at one time.
Finally, the agency should observe the successes and
shortcomings of its questionnaire. Causes should be established
from.any problems incurred so that the next questionnaire can be
improved.
43
-------
6.0
REFERENCES
Lahre, Tom. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission In-
ventories for Volatile Organic Compounds, Volume I. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, OAQPS. Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, 27711. EPA 450/2-77-028. December 1977.
Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc. Guidelines for Air Quality
Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Volume VII, Projecting
County Emissions, Second Edition. Bethesda, Maryland. EPA
450/4-74-008, OAQPS Guideline No. 1-2-026. January 1975.
Baldwin, T. E. et al. Guidelines for Air Quality Maintenance
Planning and Analysis, Final Report, Volume XIII, Allocating
Projected Emissions to Subcounty Areas. Argonne National
Laboratory, Energy Environmental Systems Division, Argonne,
Illinois. EPA 450/4-74-014. November 1974.
AEROS Manual Series
Volume I: AEROS Overview. Environmental Protection '
Agency, OAQPS. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
27711. EPA-450/2-76-001, OAQPS No. 1.2-038. February
1976.
Volume II: AEROS Users Manual. Environmental Protection
Agency, OAQPS. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
27711. EPA-450/2-76-029, OAQPS No. 1.2-039. December
1976.
Volume III: Summary and Retrieval (Second Edition)
Environmental Protection Agency, OAQPS. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711. EPA-450/2-76-009a,
OAQPS No. 1.2-040A, July 1977.
44
-------
5.
6.
Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, 3rd Edition,
and Supplement 8, AP-42, PB 275 525. Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, OAQPS, Monitoring and Data Analysis Division.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711, August 1977
and May 1978.
Vatavuk, William M. National Emissions Data System (NEDS)
Control Device Workbook. Environmental Protection Agency,
National Air Data Branch. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 27711. APTD-1570. 1973.
Guideline on Air Quality Models. Environmental Protection
Agency, OAQPS, Office of Air and Waste Management. Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, 27711. EPA 450/2-78-027,
OAQPS No. 1.2-080. April 1978.
Guide for Compiling a Comprehensive Emission Inventory,
APTD 1135, Revised. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Air and Water Programs. Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 27711. March 1973.-
45
-------
APPENDICES
Appendices A, B, C, & D contain sample cover letters,
instruction pages, question sections, and a follow-up letter.
They are intended only as illustrations of suggestions made in
the text, not as prototypes to be copied exactly.
No attempt has been made to provide any one complete
questionnaire for a particular purpose. Each agency shoxild com-
pile its own questionnaire according to its own needs.
Some'of the examples included here have been taken di-
rectly from actual questionnaires distributed by state agencies.
Others have been altered somewhat or designed solely for,this
document. All examples have been denuded of identifying marks
and names to protect the privacy of the contributors.
In some instances the examples have been reduced from
larger size originals to make inclusion in this document conven-
ient. In any actual questionnaire, care must be taken to assure
that space for answers is adequate and that pages do not appear
cramped.
Appendix E contains sample entries from AP-42 to illus-
trate the kinds of information that can be obtained from it and
sample forms from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS) to
illustrate uses for the information obtained from an emissions
inventory.
46
-------
APPENDIX A
Example Cover Letters
A-2:
A-3:
A-4:
A-5:
Sample cover letter
Cover letter explaining applicability
Cover letter with general instructions
Cover letter with general instructions
A-l
-------
(OFFICIAL STATIONERY HEADING)
LAWS OF THIS STATE REQUIRE THAT THE INFORMATION REQUESTED BELOW
BE SUBMITTED AS SPECIFIED TO THE (AGENCY).
FAILURE TO RESPOND COULD RESULT IN
(LOCALLY APPLICABLE REGULATIONS OR PENALTIES)
Gentlemen:
The (agency) is conducting an inventory of atmospheric emissions of organic
compounds from stationary sources in (area). The results will be used in the
formulation of control plans as required by (applicable regulations). You are
requested to provide information necessary for the assessment of emissions
from equipment and processes in your plant by completing the enclosed question-
naire .
Confidentiality will be provided for all submitted information (other than
emissions data) which is properly identified as confidential on the answer
sheet.
This questionnaire has been designed specifically for your industry; there-
fore, you should answer each question.
The required data should be submitted no later than thirty (30) days after
receipt of this letter. A return envelope is included for your convenience.
Any questions regarding this questionnaire should be forwarded to (name(s)
of Agency personnel) at (phone number)-.
Sincerely,
(Name)
(Title)
A-2
-------
(OFFICIAL STATIONARY HEADING)
YOU ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING THE INFORMATION
REQUESTED BELOW FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR (YEAR) NO MATTER WHAT
PORTION OF THE YEAR YOU OPERATED AND/OR OWNED THE FACILITY
OR HOW SMALL YOUR SOURCE OF EMISSIONS. FAILURE TO COMPLY
MAY BE GROUNDS FOR THE INSTITUTION OF LEGAL PROCEEDING IN
ACCORDANCE WITH THE PROVISIONS OF.(STATUTE), WHICH PROVIDES
FOR CIVIL PENALTIES IN THE EVENT OF VIOLATION.
Gentlemen:
A primary responsibility of the (Agency) is to evaluate the quality and
quantity of the air contaminants emitted to the atmosphere of (area). The
attached solvent usage survey report forms will assist the (Agency) in carry-
ing out that important task.
The questionnaire which follows is a general questionnaire, some parts of
which will not be applicable to your situation. You are requested to com-
plete ^one form for each item of equipment you have which is listed below.
You.will also comp"ate one pink form number 4 for each location. All pages
which are not applicable are to be marked as such in the space provided at
the top of each page.
WHITE
YELLOW
BLUE
PINK
FORM 1 - Spray Booths (paint & Solvents)
Degreasers (metal cleaning)
Dip Tanks (painting & cleaning)
Printing Presses (ink & solvents)
Roller or Flow Coaters (paints & solvents)
Adhesive & Miscellaneous equipment (solvents)
FORM 2 - Ovens (used to dry coated materials)
FORM 3 - Bulk handling and processing equipment which
use solvents. (Paint, plastic, fertilizer,
pharmaceutical, insecticides, rubber, pre-
servatives, etc.)
FORM 4 - Each plant location (solvents & cleaning)
Please give the permit number if the equipment has one. If the
equipment does not have,a permit, write in Section A of the form
"No Permit".
The required data is to be submitted not later than thirty (30) days after
receipt of this questionnaire. We will be glad to assist you in any way that
we can. If you have any questions, please contact (Name(s) of agency personnel)
at (phone number).
Sincerely 3
(Name)
(Title)
A-3
-------
(OFFICIAL STATIONERY HEADING)
THIS SURVEY IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH (REGULATION). YOU
WILL BE LIABLE FOR (PENALTY) IF YOU DO NOT COMPLY.
Dear Sir:
The purpose of this survey is to obtain information on the approximate number
of gallons of gasoline which are delivered at selected service stations.
Neither the name or location of your station will be disclosed in any survey
report.
Results will be reported for the total number of stations in each category.
For example, six stations in the lower end of the range (approximately 100,000
gallons/year) ; eight in the middle range s-nd six in the upper range (over
500,000 gallons/year).
You will receive a copy of this final survey and should find it useful both for
scheduling of your own personnel and for comparison of your individual de-
liveries against the norm for your range.
We appreciate that your sales are heaviest on the weekends, so please take your
readings on a Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday during the month of (month).
Special Notes
1. Please take the reading on each pump once every two hours, preferably ;
near the end of the even hours. If for some reason you are unable to
take the reading at the scheduled time, skip the reading and take it
for the next hour, noting the time. . . ;
2. Numbered labels are provided so that you can number your pumps for the
purpose of this survey.
3. The form contains columns for six pumps; if you have more than this,
please use additional sheets.
4. The completed form is to be returned to this office by (Date). A
self-addressed, stamped envelope has been 'enclosed for your con-
venience .
Sincerely,
(Name)
(Title)
A-4
-------
(OFFICIAL STATIONERY HEADING)
FAILURE TO RESPOND TO THIS REQUEST COULD CAUSE
(LOCALLY APPLICABLE REGULATIONS OR PENALTIES)
Gentlemen:
The (Agency) requests your cooperation in providing the information asked
for on the attached questionnaire concerning potential emissions resulting
from the operation of your facility. The results will be used in compiling
a state-wide analysis of your industry.
BEFORE FILLING OUR THE QUESTIONNAIRE
PLEASE READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS:
Please return the questionnaire in the enclosed stamped, ad-
dressed envelope on or before (Date). Your cooperation and
expeditious completion of the inventory forms will be appre-
ciated.
* The questionnaire was designed for a wide variety of opera-
tions which involve extensive solvent usage. Accordingly;
many questions may not apply to your facilities. Please
complete only those sections that are applicable to your
operations and mark the others as "not applicable."
Everyone receiving this form should complete Section I
(General Information). Indicate any change in name and/
or address.
The information submitted should pertain to the calendar
year of (Year).
If there is more than one plant location, please request
additional copies or photocopy it for each facility.
If the space provided is not adequate, feel free to either
copy the form, use a separate sheet or request an additional
copy.
Please mark clearly any information, other than emissions data,
which you consider confidential and include your reasons for
doing so in your cover letter.
Your cooperation in filling out this form is greatly appreciated. If you
require additional forms or further information, please contact (Name of Agency
contact) (telephone).
Sincerely,
(Name)
(Title)
A-5
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
Example' Instruction Sheets
B-2: Sample general instructions
B-3: Special instructions
B-4: Instructions for computer-formatted form
B-5: Plant lay-out map and process flow diagram
instructions for less complex industries
B-6
to
B-10: Plant lay-out map and process flow diagram.
instructions for more complex industries
and sample.
B-l
-------
(SAMPLE)
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
ORGANIC SOLVENT SOURCE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. All questions should be directed to (name of agency contact) (phone
number).
2. This questionnaire was designed to obtain information from a wide variety
of solvent users. The complete questionnaire includes the following
pages:
Page A - General Information
B - Degreasing Operatifans
C - Dry Cleaning Operations
D - Protective or Decorative Coatings
E - Fabric or Rubberized Coatings
F - Miscellaneous Surface Coatings
G - Ovens
H - Printing :
I - General Solvent Use
J - Bulk Solvent Storage
K - Control and Stack Information
You have received only the pages that our records show would pertain to
your operations. All recipients should complete pages I, J. and K. If
certain pages appear to be missing please contact (name of agency contact).
3. Data should reflect calendar year (year) or (year), whichever is more
readily available. Specify any other 12-month period that may be used.
4. Fill in the descriptive Information and amounts -of solvent use or solvent
containing materials for each device operating under county permit as
shown in the example on each page. (Note: these examples are for illus-
tration1 only and may not represent actual operating conditions.) if data
are not available on an individual device basis, use best estimates from
total plant usage.
5. If the type(s) and/or percentages of solvents in coatings, inks, etc. are
not known, include sufficient information on the manufacturer, type and
stock number so that this breakdown can be obtained. A copy of the sup-
plier's invoice would be adequate. Do not -simply specify that the material
meets Rule 66 requirements.
6. Confidential or proprietary information may be so specified by including
a cover letter with the returned questionnaire. The data that will be
generated during this program will be public information. However the
data on specific sources will be presented in a manner that will conceal
the individual emission source to all but staff personnel. It is our
understanding that the data will not be used for enforcement purposes;
however, it must be recognized that this information may be employed in
the formulation of regulations which may ultimately affect the specific
sources included in the study. Again, please specify in writing what
data are considered confidential or proprietary.
B-2
-------
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS
(AGENCY) EMISSIONS INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRES ARE
MAILED TO ALL INDUSTRIES WHETHER LARGE OR SMALL.
IT IS EXPECTED THAT MANY SMALL INDUSTRIES WILL
BE EXEMPT FROM FUTURE QUESTIONNAIRES. HOWEVER,
EXEMPTIONS CAN BE GRANTED ONLY AFTER THE (AGENCY)
HAS COMPLETED AN EVALUATION OF THE COMPANY'S
FACILITIES. THEREFORE, IT IS IMPORTANT THAT SMALL
INDUSTRIES COMPLETELY DESCRIBE ALL OPERATIONS ON
PAGE ( ) . IF NECESSARY, A LETTER 'SHOULD BE
ATTACHED FULLY EXPLAINING THE COMPANY'S OPERA-
TIONS. INADEQUATE INFORMATION WILL RESULT IN
CONTINUED COMMUNICATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.
B-3
-------
INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING THE SOLVENT USAGE SURVEY FORMS
These forms are formatted for computer input. Therefore, it is es-
sential that all answers be entered properly.
When an answer is in words, such as the name of your facility, be-
gin with the left box and write your answer one letter to a box until you
finish or run out of boxes. Use standard abbreviations, if necessary.
When your answer is in numbers, such as the amount of solvent used,
put the last digit of the number in the box farthest to the right and work
'backwards. Round off any fractions to the nearest whole number. For example,
enter 2785.8 gallons as
rm .1 7\8\ 61 gal.
The forms require that you enter the operating time using a_ 24-hour
dock. Use the following table to convert from normal clock time. Round each
time to the nearest whole hour; round half hours to the previous hour.
Normal
Clock
12 Midnight
1 a.m.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 Noon
24-Hour
Clock
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
' 08
09
10
11
12
Normal
Clock
1 p.m.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
' 10
11
12 Midnight
24-Hour
Clock
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
For a beginning time of 8:30 a.m. and an.ending time of 4:45 p.m., round off
8:30 to 8:00 and 4:45 to 5:00. Using the table, convert 8:00 a.m. to 08 and
5:00 p.m. to 17. Enter these numbers on the.form as follows:
Beginning Time I 0|8|
Ending Time 111 71
A 24-hour operation would be entered as:
Beginning Time I Olol
Ending Time
B-4
-------
INSTRUCTIONS FOR REPORTING
EMISSION SOURCES AND NEW PROCESSES
INFORMATION PROVIDED SHOULD BE FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR (JANUARY 1 THRU DECEMBER 31)
PLANT LAY-OUT MAP AND SOURCE NUMBERING
A scaled map of your plant showing boundaries must be included with your question-
naire. Number each source of emissions to the atmosphere (stack, flare, building,
dump, etc.) sequentially throughout the plant so that no two emission sources have
tiln^T m^er,;i1T£eSe ?anbered «*«»i<» sources will be used throughout the ques-
n ^ ! ^ referred to as "SOURCE NUMBERS." If a scale map was previously
provided, supply a sketch so we can locate any new emission sources on your map.
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM '
A flow sheet should be provided for each manufacturing process, fuel combustion,
and waste disposal system:
1. Draw a flow diagram similar to the example below that describes the flow
of emissions from each contributing source.
2. Name each"PROCESS." The process name should be descriptive and indicate
the type of equipment used in the process.
3. Label each air pollution control device with its "CONTROL NUMBER" and label
each source of emissions with its "SOURCE NUMBER."
The "SOURCE NUMBERS" in the Process Flow Diagram should be identical with those
listed in the PLANT LAY-OUT MAP and throughout the QUESTIONNAIRE.
EXAMPLE:
Control Number 1
CONTROL
DEVICE
EMISSIONS
SOURCE
Source Number 2
EMISSIONS
SOURCE
Control Number 2
CONTROL DEVICE
Control Number 3
CONTROL DEVICE
Source Number 3
EMISSIONS SOURCE
OVERALL PLANT FLOW PATTERN
A diagram describing the interrelationships of the process within your plant should
be compiled similar to the example below and included with the returned question-
naire (name each process with the same name used for the "Process Flow Diagram")
Flag new processes and indicate their interrelationships with previously existing
processes: °
EXAMPLE:
PROCESS Y
PROCESS X
PROCESS P
PROCESS Q
B-5
-------
PLOT PLAN GUIDELINES
In order to accurately define the geographical coordinates of each emis-
sion point for computer modeling, the agency must use computerized aids to
determine the exact location of your emission sources with respect to an
accurately defined bench mark location. It is important, therefore, that
your plot plan conform to the following specifications:
1. The plot plan should be drawn with a scale between 1" = 10' and
1" - 400'. The plot plan submitted should not be reduced or en-
larged from the original scale drawing. The maximum size plan
should be 30" x 40".
If your plant is too large to meet the above criteria submit
multiple drawings, each in accordance with these guidelines
and each with an accuratley defined bench mark.
2. One point on each plot plan map should be specified as the plant's
bench mark by latitude and longitude accurate to the nearest degree,
minute, and second (General Highway Maps from the State Highway
Department or U.S. Geodetic Survey maps available from local en-
gineering supply offices have latitude and longitude lines on them
and may be an aid in determining this). This point does not neces-
sarily have to be within the plant's boundaries but could, for
example, be a nearby intersection which appears on the plot plan.
3. A "TRUE NORTH" arrow should be drawn on each plan.
4. Each emission point in the plant must be accurately placed with
respect to the-bench mark and should be designated with a dot.
Numbered flags should be used to identify these emission points.
5. Since these data will be computerized, we ask that you use emission
points uniformly as follows:
A. Use only numbers and upper case letters.
B. Do not use more than 8 characters.
C. Do not use the same number for two different emission
points. If you have a stack number 2 and tank number
2, use S2 and T2 to differentiate between them.
D. Numbers for fugitive emission points should include the
prefix "F."
E. Please be consistent with emission point numbers between
the plot plan and the emissions inventory questionnaire.
If emission point numbers can not correspond to those
in your last emissions inventory, please provide a cross-
reference table.
B-6
-------
Page 2 - Plot Plan Guidelines
6.
An emission point number should be assigned for each of the following
items:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Any stack or vent which normally has a flow containing compounds
other than steam or oxygen.
Each flare (ground or elevated).
Each industrial tank greater than 10,000 gallons which contains
a volatile organic compound (VOC) regardless of vapor pressure
and each tank between 1,000 gallons and 10,000 gallons which
contains VOC with a vapor pressure >0.1 psia, at storage temp-
erature, which vents to the atmosphere. Tanks less than 1,000
gallons which contain material of any vapor pressure may be .
grouped together and their emissions represented under a tank
farm fugitive emission point number along with the emissions
from the valves and pumps in the tank farm.
Each loading/unloading point (for railroad cars, trucks, pipelines
ships, and barges).
E. Each fugitive emission point:
a.
b.
c.
Each process which has groups of non-continuous stacks or
vents (i.e., relief valves, blowdown vents, rupture disks)
process drains, pipe valves and flanges, pump seals, com-
pressor seals, or raw material transfer points which are
sources of fugitive materials. Each process should have
one fugitive emission point number assigned.
Each cooling tower structure which cools water that has
exchanged heat with process hydrocarbons (several bays in
one structure may be represented by one emission point
number). Closed circuit cooling water systems which have
a vent on the water surge vessel are considered fugitive
emission sources and an emission point number must be as-
signed to each vent.
Each pond, reservoir, lagoon, holding basin, separator,
or other containment containing any carbon compound in
process waste water. Fresh water, fire water, and inor-
ganic chemical water ponds need not be assigned emission
point numbers.
B-7
-------
Page 3 - Plot Plan Guidelines
d. Each open burning area or open dump; each bulk materials
and solid waste storage pile.
e. Any other fugitive emission for a given area of the
facility of which you have knowledge (i.e., painting,
degreasing, engine testing, space heating, printing,
etc.)
7, Identification of many singular emission points may be difficult in
congested areas of some plot plans.
Reference numbers or letters may then be used to identify a group
of these emission point numbers. We ask that you do not group
these congested emission points unless they are within 30 feet of
the selected point shown on the plot plan. This 30-foot rule
applies only to stacks and does not apply to groupings of fugi-
tive emissions for an area; e.g., valves, pumps, and small tanks
within a VOC storage tank farm.
8. Combustors of the same type and which have a unit design capacity
less than one million BTU/hr may be grouped under one emission
point number. That is, all small heaters in your plant can be
grouped and assigned one emission point number. All small boilers
can also be grouped and assigned another emission point number.
Therefore, only two dots would be drawn on your plot plan to
represent these two groupings. The location of these points
must be representative of the, area in which the majority of the
stacks are located. ' . .
9. Place your Plant ID number on the plot plan. This number is
located in the lower left corner of the address label on the
questionnaire.
B-8
-------
1.
2.
3.
4.
EMISSION INVENTORY SHORT FORM QUESTIONNAIRE INSTRUCTIONS
Complete each applicable item and return the questionnaire within 60 days
after receipt. Indicate "NA" for the items in the questionnaire not
applicable to your operation.
Unless your questionnaire specifically indicates a. requirement for esti-
mated emission rates (tons per year), do not enter these rates. Emission
rates wxll be calculated by the (Agency) from the data submitted.
Include a process flow diagram (sample attached), for each process, with
your questionnaire. This diagram must indicate the flow of raw materials
and^ fuels, into, through, and from the process and its associated process
equipment. Each of the emission points must be clearly shown and num-
!re?/? ^S diagram' ^ combustors, processes and abatement equipment
should be descriptively named on the flow diagram or on an attachment to
the flow diagram. Emission points are those points within your plant
property from which emissions to the outside air exist.
An Emission Point Number (EPN) is also required for each Process Fugitive
!2sjB and for fugitive emissions from aggregate or solid waste storage
piles, waste water holding ponds which may contain carbon compounds and
volatile organic compound (VOC) storage tank farms. The latter must show
not only an emission point number for each' storage tank and each loading/
unloading dock, but also a fugitive emission point number which repre-
sents the total losses from all pumps, valves, etc. in each tank farm
area.
All roof or other building vents not directly ducted from processes
are to be. considered as building fugitive emissions. Assign one emis- '
sion point number for the total emissions from all such-vents in one
building. .
Process stacks which go through the building or are against it, but do
notarise more than 10 feet above the roof line or apex, are considered
as Short Stacks" for emissions dispersion modeling and must be so indi-
cated in the stack data section of the questionnaire
B-9
-------
M
ts
M
0
§
Pd
<
B-10
-------
APPENDIX C
EXAMPLE QUESTION SECTIONS
C-2:
C-3:
C-4:
C-5:
C-6:
C-7:
C-8:
C-9:
C-10
C-ll:
C-12:
C-13:
C-14:
C-15:
C-16:
C-17:
C-18
C-19
C-20:
C-21:
C-22:
C-23:
C-24:
to
to
GENERAL INFORMATION
Identification and Question Sheet -Section
Identification
Location
Location '
Fuel Consumption
Refuse Collection and Disposal
Refuse Disposal
SPECIFIC INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
Stack Data
Elevators, Grain Processing, Feed Emissions
Computerized Solvent Survey
Computerized Solvent Survey
Heat, Steam and Power Equipment
Boiler Design
Electric Power Plan
Stone Quarrying, Rock Processing, and Mixing
Concrete Batching - <=» 5
Grain Operations
Storage Tank Data
Process,-Weight
Emission Sources
Emission Data
SPECIFIC AREA SOURCE
C-25 to
C-26: Petroleum Storage and Handling
C-28: Dry Cleaning
C-29:
C-30:
C-31:
POLLUTANT-SPECIFIC
Toxic and Hazardous Materials
Elements and Compounds Emitted
Lead Emissions Inventory
C-l
-------
I. General Information
A.
(Sic Number) (ID Number)
(Facility Name)
(Facility Address)
(City, State) (Zip)
If any of the information on the mailing label at left is incorrect,
please provide the correct information in the corresponding blank to
the right. ...
B. Person to contact about form
Telephone Title_
C. Are solvent-containing materials such as cleaning fluids, coating,
adhesives, ink, etc. used at your facility?
Yes
No
If no, sign this form and return it.
If yes, sign this form and complete only the sections which apply
to your facility:
Page
. 2, 9 & 10
3, 9 & 10
II. Dry Cleaning
III. Degreasing
IV. Surface Coating & Applications
A. Fabric and Rubberized 4, 9 & 10
B. Protective or Decorative other than IV-A 4, 9 & 10
C. Printing 6,9 & 10
D. Miscellaneous Surface Coatings
(Adhesives, Paper, Leather, Films, Glass, etc.) 7, 9 & 10
V. Manufacturing Industries-
8, 9 & 10
Signature_
Date
C-2
-------
A. The manager of the facility, on location at the plant site:
Name:
Title:
Name of Company:
Business street address/P. 0.. Box:
City or town, parish, Zip code:
Business area code/telephone No.
B. Person to contact at the site of the facility about air pollution control,
if different from the above:
Name:
Title: ,
Business telephone No./extension: '
C. If the company's air pollution control correspondence and documents are
prepared at a headquarters office, at a different site, give the informa-
tion on the person to be contacted below:
Name:
Title: " '." ' ' ,,.
Name of company; or parent company:
Business street address/P.0. Box:
City, state, Zip code:
Business area code; telephone No: .'
D. Person who prepared this report: (If one of the above, just check appro-
priate"block: ' ' '
Name: '
Title:
Firm: (if prepared by a consultant)
Company:(if prepared in-house)
Street address/P.O. Box:
City, state, Zip code:
Area code, telephone #, extensionr
(signature of manager, or other company agent)
(printed or typed name & title of person above)
(date signed)
C-3
-------
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PLANT LOCATION FOR AIR POLLUTION DISPERSION MODELING
Give below the Universal Transverse Mercator zone number and Universal Trans-
verse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, to the nearest one-tenth kilometer, of your
facility. These will be used for wide area dispersion modeling purposes.
The coordinates can be obtained from most U.S. Geological Survey maps, scale
1:24,000 or 1:62,000 for your particular area. These maps, if not already
in your possession, may be found in your local library, or can be purchased
from the U.S. Geological Surgey (USGS) at the address shown below. An index
of all the maps available for (area), together with prices and detailed in-
structions for ordering, may be obtained free by addressing a request to:
U.S. Geological Survey, Distribution Center, Denver Federal Center
Bldg. 41, Denver, Colorado 80225 ' ' '
If the map has the Universal Transverse-Hercator (UTM) coordinates listed, it
will have the UTM zone number mentioned among the writing along the bottom
or the map. .
Please note: Latitude and longitude are not what we need. The USGS maps do
not show UTM grid lines as they do latitude and longitude; however tick
marks along the edges of the maps do indicate the UTM grid locations A
straight edge must be used to connect tick marks at the opposite sides of
USGS maps when interpolating between UTM tick marks. The map grid is drawn
on^the latitude-longitude system and, therefore, the UTM grid may appear
quite skewed. For the scales mentioned, tick marks appear for every 1000
meters (1 kilometer), with every fifth tick mark and the tick marks nearest
Si ?°7A nnf ^f n°rthwest corners of the »ap giving the value in meters.
r*9 Ann' V Preferred t° accurately locate the facility, but the
1:62,000 scale may be used if the 1:24,000 scale map is unavailable for your
3. -
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UTM zone No. ( ) horizontal coordinate: (
vertical coordinate: (
Your facility: UTM zone No.( )
horizontal coordinate: (_
vertical coordinate: (
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A. Amount of combustible refuse disposed of per year:
(give the applicable units)
B. Description(s) of refuse:
I I Paper scrap Q Rubber scrap
Q Wood scraps & sawdust Q Wet garbage or animal wastes
. | 1 Other, specify: _____
C. Method(s) of refuse disposal:
City pickup
Ij Contractor pickup
l~1 Other, specify:
CJ On-site dump (_J On-site incineration
On-site outdoor ,,
burning IJ On-site landfill
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contractor: .
E. The on-site incinerator, -if any, has the following design features:
I I N'° on-site incinerator [j Afterburners
Single chamber P] Primary &
1' secondary
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** a Kr*-i 1 *a-*»
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Manufacturer: Model.
ii Water scrubber
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Auxiliary fuel used:
Type
JCnstallation date:
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BLUE COPY
FORMhj] SOLVENT SURVEY FOR BULK PRODUCT HANDLING & PROCESSING EQUIPMENT WITH A PERMIT
1
l.O. NUMBER
COMPANY NAME-
.COUNTY.
3T 8 EQUIPMENT ADDRESS-
.CITY.
Subscript Numbers for Keypunch Us* Only. Repeat Cols. 1-14 for All Subsequant Cards. Card No. in Col. 80 i.e. 1, 2, 3 etc.
A
Please copy the Permit (PE3M.NO.)
and Application (APPL.NO.)
IS
20
exactly as shown on the address sheet.
B
1 1 OR IF
21
THIS EQUIPMENT HAS BEEN
IF THIS EQUIPMENT WAS NOT USED LAST YEAR, CHECK THIS BOX
n
REMOVED. CHECK THIS BOX] _ [ AND COMPLETE SECTION "F" ONLY.
IF THIS EQUIPMENT WAS USED AT LEAST FIVE (5) DAYS IN THE LAST YEAR, COMPLETE FORM
C
USE A SEPARATE SHEET FOR EACH PERMIT.
TOTAL AMOUNT OF LIQUID ORGANIC MATERIAL EMITTED IT
FROM THE EQUIPMENT, OR ADDED TO PRODUCT FOR 1975 >^f
PLEASE CONVERT
ALL VALUES
TO L8S/YEAR
TOTAL AMOUNT OF LIQUID ORGANIC MATERIAL
SHIPPED AS A PART OF THE PRODUCT.
JU
Jo
D
IF THE EQUIPMENT WAS VENTED TO ONE OR MORE CONTROL DEVICES, PLEASE ENTER THE PERMIT
NUMBERS BELOW AND THE BTU/HOUR RATINGS IF THE CONTROL DEVICES WERE AFTERBURNERS.
CONTROL PERMIT NO. | | |
37
CONTROL PERMIT NO.
CONTROL PERMIT NO.
FOR AFTERBURNERS
FOR AFTERBURNERS
43
48
Ji
FOR AFTERBURNERS £_
ooo
AVERAGE DAILY HOURS FOR PRODUCT MANUFACTURE IN 1975
USE 1ST TWO DIGITS ON M0(g TUES W£D TH(JRS
24 HOUR CLOCK CARD 2 21 23 25 27
BEGINNING TIME:
ENDING TIME:
SEE INSTSUCTION SHEETS
_
[] Qj_j
D QD
. FR|
29
[Jjj [j[_J
QD QD
NUMBER OF WEEKS PER YEAR EQUIPMENT WAS OPERATED:
PERSON SUPPLYING INFORMATION.
PHONE
TITLE
AFTER COMPLETING THE APPLICABLE SECTIONS, RETURN THIS SHEET TO THE (AGENCY).
IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS, PLEASE CONTACT (NAME, PHONE OF AGENCY CONTACT).
WE THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION.
C-12
-------
PINK COPY
FORM U]
SOLVENT USAGE FOR SOURCES WHICH DO NOT HAVE APCD PERMITS
COMPLETE ONE FORM FOR EACH PLANT LOCATION
COPY IDENTIFICATION NUMBER EXACTLY FROM ADDRESS
LABEL
I.D. NUMBER
COMPANY NAME.
EQUIPMENT ADDRESS.
___ COUNTY,
.CITY
Subscript Numbers for Kaypurtch Use Only.
.
LIST THE TOTAL AMOUNT OF ANY AND ALL LIQUID ORGANIC MATERIALS
USED AT YOUR LOCATION WH.CH .ARE NOT IDENTIFIED WITH
HAV.NG A PERM.T TO OPERATE. DO NOT INCLUDE ^
SHEET. ENTER THAT TOTAL BELOW FOR 1975.
YEAR"
PLEASE CONVERT ALL VALUES TO LBS/YEAR
APPROXIMATE %
OF TOTAL USED
USE ADDITIONAL SHEETS IF NECESSARY
PERSON SUPPLYING INFQRMATinM
PHONE
AFTER COMPLETING THE APPLICABLE SECTIONS, RETURN THIS SHEET TO THE (AGENCY)
E TKYora
WE THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION.
C-13
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(Specify)
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Cu
Sulfuric
Acid
Hydrogen
Sulfide
Particu-
lates
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C-24
-------
PETROLEUM PRODUCT STORAGE FACILITIES INVENTORY
(Not applicable_
_I_PETROLEUM PRODUCTS STORED AND QUANTITIES
TANK #
TANK CAPACITY
(gallons)
PRODUCT STORED
(type)
ANNUAL THROUGHPUT
(gallons)
_II_ METHOD OF FILLING (check appropriate
box for each tank above)
TANK #
Does this facility operate any
air pollution control equipment
such as vapor recovery? .
Yes No ....
If yes, please specify the type:
a
a
a
a
a
a
n
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
^^CLASSIFICATION: Retail Sales
Bulk Sales
Private Storage
Other (specify)
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY (Do not complete)
TANK # . STORAGE LOSS LOADING LOSS FILLING LOSS
Factor Quantity Factor Quantity Factor Quantity
C-25
-------
Check here if no gasoline
is pumped at this facility
PUMP NUMBERS
Pump Number
Gasoline Type
(e.g., Regular,
No Lead, etc.)
Midnight
2 am
4 am
6 am
8 am
10 am
12 Noon
2 pm
4 pm
6 pm
8 pm
10 pm
Midnight
1
2
3
4
5
6
A. Storage tanks: Splash fill_
Submerged fill_
B. Frequency of gasoline deliveries to station. Every_
days
Address
City
Zip Code
Signature (Owner or Lessor)/Date
C-26
-------
SIC
ID
(Not applicable
DRYCLEANING QUESTIONNAIRE
Before filling out the questionnaire please read the following instructions:
Everyone receiving this form should complete Section I (General
Information) and all other sections pertaining to their firm.
The information submitted should pertain to the calendar year
of (year) . *
If the space provided is not adequate, feel free to either
copy the form or use a separate sheet.
Your cooperation in filling out this form is greatly appreciated. It is anti-
cxpated that some of the data will not be available. Please supply as much in-
formation as possible to enable accurate calculations to be made and an accur-
ate surveyto be conducted. If you have any questions, feel free to contact
the individual(s) listed on the enclosed cover letter. A stamped, return en-
velope has been enclosed for your convenience.
I GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Company Name:
Plant Address:_
City:
_Zip Code:
Nearest Cross Street:
Mailing Address (if different from above):
City:_ ; Zip Code:
_County:
Has any of the above information changed since the last inventory?
Yes No
Person to contact about form:
Telephone:___ Ti tie:
How much do you anticipate your growth will increase or decrease by
the year 1990? .
Increase %
Decrease
Is this establishment engaged in cleaning clothes, uniforms, or any
other fabric with any type of solvent?
Yes
No
If YES, please sign form and complete the remainder of the questionnaire,
If NO, please sign form and return only this page.
Signature:_
Date:
C-27
-------
TECHNICAL DATA
1. Amount of clothes cleaned per year, if known s "
2. Type of operation.
|| Transfer || Dry to Dry
3. What type of business does your operation handle?
tons.
|j Commercial
I| Coin-Op
|[ Industrial
|| Other (Specify)^
4. Type and amount of solvent cleaner used during the year (year) and sup-
plier's name and address.
Type of Solvent
Petroleum
(Stoddard, 140 °F)
Perchloroethylene
Freon 113
Other (Specify)
Quantity Purchased
(Gallons Per Year)
Supplier's Name and
Mailing Address
5.
Amount of solvent returned to supplier or 'collector for reprocessing or
disposal, if applicable. Specify type of solvent if more than one type
is used.
gallons per year.
£-28
-------
TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
A. List below any substances used or produced in your facility which could
cause immediate injury to life or property if they were emitted to the
atmosphere. (Chlorine for water treatment, gases used as catalysts, etc.,
which do not normally escape.)
None
B. Does your facility use or produce asbestos, mercury (other than laboratory
use), or beryllium in any amount whatsoever?
Yes
No
If yes, give amount
Safety precautions taken
C-29
-------
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Aldehydes
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Asbestos
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Polynuclear Orgz
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a
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Selenium
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1 0
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Be sure to include emissions data for these sources on Pages ( )
Tellurium
Thallium
Tin
Vanadium
Zinc
Other Heavy Meta
C-30
-------
'C-31
-------
-------
APPENDIX D
D-2: Example Follow-Up Letter
D-l
-------
(OFFICIAL STATIONERY HEADING)
Gentlemen:
POSSIBLE SUSPENSION OF YOUR OPERATING PERMIT(S)
On' or about (date), a letter was sent to you requesting information concerning
the operation of your dry cleaning equipment. To assist you in furnishing this
information, a survey form was supplied. The completed form should have been
returned to us within 30 days of receipt of our letter. As of this date, it
has not been received.
The (Statute) authorizes the (Agency) to request from the holder of a permit
any information that will disclose the nature, extent or quantity of air con-
taminants which are or may be discharged by such source, and to suspend a
permit to operate if the holder willfully fails or refuses to provide the in-
formation .
We ask for your cooperation in supplying us with the requested information
within two weeks from the date of this letter. Should you require additional
survey forms or desire any additional information regarding this question-
naire, please contact' (name of agency person) (telephone).
Very truly yours,
(Name)
(Title)
D-2
-------
APPENDIX E
EXAMPLE REFERENCE MATERIALS
E-2:
E-3: ,
E-4:
Sample forms for input into the
National Emissions Data System
(NEDS) for a Point Source
Sample forms for input into the
National Emissions Data System
(NEDS) for an Area Source
Sample of emission factor tables in AP-42,
"Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emissions Factors"
E-l
-------
i
g
II
.
S
Sf
m
>
M
«CO
!i
s
uoiptf
NMO
75
Wl
£
I
g
cn
r-
CO
To"
jii
pt
f^
CM
"o"
5T
to
-
a.
<
-
1
CO I
10 1
r*
10
"55"
to
£
S
-i
to * *
nl I
E-2
-------
-------
Table 6.3-1. EMISSION FACTORS FOR COTTON GINNING
OPERATIONS WITHOUT CONTROL"-"
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C
Process
Unloading fan
Seed cotton
cleaning system
Cleaners
and dryersd
Stick and burr
machine
Miscellaneous*
Total
Estimated total
particulate
Ib/bale
5
1
3
3
12
kg/bale
2.27
0.45
1.36
1.36
5.44
Particulates
>100 jim
settled out, %c
0
70
95
50
Estimated emission
factor (released
to atmosphere)
Ib/bale
5.0
0.3
0.2
1.5
7.0
kg/bale
2.2J
0.14
0.09
0.68
3.2
aReferenca 1.
bOne bale weighs 500 pounds (226 kilograms).
°Percentage of the particles that settle out in the plant.
Corresponds to items 1 and 2 in Table 6.3-2.
Corresponds to items 4 through 9 in Table 6.3-2.
Table 6.3-2. PARTICULATE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR COTTON GINS WITH CONTROLS"
EMISSION FACTOR RATING: C
Emission source13
1. Unloading fan
2. No. 1 dryer and cleaner
3. No. 2 dryer and cleaner
4. Trash fan
5. Overflow fan
6. No. 1 lint cleaner condenser
7. No. 2 lint cleaner condenser
8. Mote fan
9. Battery condenser
10. Master trash fan
Total
lb/balec
0.32
0.18
0.10
0.04
0.08
0.81
0.15
0.20
0.19
0.17
2.24
g/kg
0.64
0.36
0.20
0.08
0.16
1.62
0.30
0.40
0.38
0.34
4.48
Emission factor
127
i I
^References 2.6-9.
Numbers correspond to those in Figure 6.3-2.
CA bale of cotton weighs 500 pounds (227 Kilograms).
Food and Agricultural Industry
E-4
6.3-5
-------
APPENDIX F
F-2 to F-7: Supplementary References
F-l
-------
The following references describe some of the back-
ground information required for the setting of Standards of
Performance for various industries:
EPA 450/2-74-002A
EPA 450/2-74-009A
EPA 450/2-74-017A
EPA 450/2-74-017B
EPA 450/2-74-018A
EPA 450/2-74-018B
EPA 450/2-74-018C
EPA 450/2-74-019A
EPA 450/2-74-019B
Background Information for New Source Per-
formance Standards: Primary Copper, Zinc,
and Lead Smelters. Vol. 1 - Proposed
Standards. 10/74.
Background Information on National Emission
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants,
Proposed Amendments to Standards for As-
bestos and Mercury. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Electric Arc Furnaces in the
Steel Industry. Vol. 1 - Proposed Stand-
ards. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Electric Arc Furnaces in the
Steel Industry.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Electric Submerged Arc Fur-
n.aces Producing Ferroalloys. Vol. 1:
Proposed Standards. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
'Performance: Electric Submerged Arc Fur-
naces for Production of Ferroalloys. Vol.
2: Test Data Summary. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance - Electric Submerged Arc Fur-
naces for Production of Ferroalloys. Vol.
3 - Supplemental Information. 4/75.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Phosphate Fertilizer In-
dustrv. Vol. 1 - Proposed Standards.
10/74^.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Phosphate Fertilizer In-
dustry. Vol. 2: Summary of Test Data.
10/74.
F-2
-------
EPA 450/2-74-020A
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Primary Aluminum Plants
vol. 1 - Proposed Standards. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Primary Aluminum Plants.
vol. 2: Summary of Test Data. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Primary Aluminum Industry.
Vol. 3 - Supplemental Information. 1/76.
Background information for Standards of
Performance: Coal Preparation Plants.
vol. l: Proposed Standards. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Coal Preparation Plants.
vol. 2. - Summary of Test Data. 10/74.
Background Information for Standards of
Performance: Coal Preparation Plants
Vol. 3 - Supplemental Information. 1/76.
Background Information on Hydrocarbon
Emissions from Marine Terminal Operations :
Vol. I - Discussion. Radian Corp. 1976.
Background Information on Hydrocarbon
vSt30?? fromMa^ne Termi*al Operations:
1976^ " APPendices- Radian Corp.
State Implementation Plan Emission Regula-
tions for Sulfur Oxides - Fuel CombusEion.
State Support and Environmental Impact Statements for
various industries are described in the following references.
EPA 450/2-74-020B
EPA 450/2-74-020C
EPA 450/2-74-021A
EPA 450/2-74-021B
EPA 450/2-74-021C
EPA 450/3-76-038A
EPA 450/3-76-038B
EPA 450/2-76-002
EPA 450/2-75-009
EPA 450/2-75-009B
Standard Support and Environmental Impact
~ Standard for
Standard Support and Environmental Impact
StSd^SH £"*? 2 Promulgated Emission
Standard for Vinyl Chloride. 1976.
-------
EPA 450/2-76-014A
EPA 450/2-76-016A
EPA 450/2-76-030A
EPA 450/2-77-001A
EPA 450/2-77-005
EPA 450/2-77-007A
EPA 450/2-77-017A
Standard Support and Environmental Impact
Statement: Vol. 1 Proposed Standards of
Performance for Kraft Pulp Mills. 1976.
Standards Support and Environmental Impact
Statement: Vol. 1 Proposed Standards of
Performance for Petroleum Refinery Sulfur
Recovery Plants. 1976.
Standards Support and Environmental Impact
Statement: Vol. 1 - Proposed Standard of
Performance for Lignite-Fired Steam Gen-
erators. EPA: OAQPS 1976.
Standards Support 'and Environmental Impact
Statement: Vol. 1 - Proposed Standards of
Performance for the Grain Elevator Indus-
try. EPA: OAQPS 1977.
Control of Fluoride Emissions from Existing
Phosphate Fertilizer Plants: Final Guide-
line Document. EPA OAQPS 19,77.
Standards Support and Environmental Impact
Statement: Vol. 1 - Proposed Standards of
Performance for Lime Manufacturing Plants.
EPA: OAQPS 1977.
Standards Support and Environmental Impact
Statement: Vol. 1 - Proposed Standards of
Performance for Stationary Gas Turbines.
EPA: OAQPS 1977.
Various control methods, their efficiencies, costs, and
emissions resulting from them', are discussed in the following
references.
EPA 450/2-76-028
EPA 450/2-77-022
EPA 450/2-77-025
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources: Vol. 1 -
Control Methods for Furnace Coating Opera-
tion. 1976.
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Solvent Metal Cleaning. OAQPS No. 1.2-079.
November 1977.
Control of Refinery Vacuum Producing Sys-'
terns, Wastewater Separators, and Process
Unit Turnarounds. OAQPS No. 1.2-081.
October 1977.
F-4'
-------
EPA 450/2-77-026
EPA 450/2-76-028
EPA 450/2-77-008
Control of Hydrocarbons from Tank Truck
?af°no^e Loadin§ Terminals. OAQPS No.
1.2-082. October 1977.
EPA 450/2-77-032
EPA 450/2-77-033
EPA 450/2-77-034
EPA 450/2-77-035
EPA 450/2-77-036
EPA 450/3-73-003A
EPA'450/3-73-003B
EPA 450/3-73-004A
°L V°latile Organic Emissions from
g Stationary Sources Volume I: Gon-
PB°27?^Q? 8"n°r S?^f ace-Coating Operations
rJ3 275 292. December 1977.
Control Volatile Organic Emissions from
£xis ting Stationary Sources Volume II-
Surface Coating of Cans, Coils, Paper'
C A
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
existing Stationary Sources Volume III-
Surface Coating of Metal Furniture. OAQPS
No. 1.2-086. December 1977.
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
existing Stationary Sources Volume IV-
Surface Coating for Insulation of Magnet
Wire. OAQPS No. 1.2-087. December 1977.
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Stationary Sources Volume V- Sur-
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from.
tfulk Gasoline Plants. OAQPS No. 1 2-085
December 1977. - *
Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Storage of Petroleum Liquids in Fixed-Roof
Tanks. OAQPS No. 1.2-089. December 1977
Emissions Control in the Grain and. Feed In-
12/7?7' M°J' l- *nSineer±ng and Cost Stuoy
12/73. Midwest Research Inst. 1973.
Emissions Control in the Grain and Feed In-
q??/ 7-M-I01- 2- Emission Inventory.
y/74. Midwest Research Inst. 1974.
Air Pollution Control in the Primary Alu-
minum Industry. Vol. 1 of 2 (Sections 1
through 10). 7/73. Singmaster anHreyer .
F-5
-------
EPA/450-3-73-004B
EPA 450/3-74-002
EPA 450/3-74-015
EPA 450/3-74-036A
EPA 450/3-74-036B
EPA 450/3-74-060
EPA 450/3-74-063
EPA 450/3-75-046A
EPA 450/3-75-046B
EPA 450/3-75-047
EPA 450/3-76-005
EPA 450/3-76-013
EPA 450/3-76-036
Air Pollution Control in the Primary Alu-
minum Industry. Volume 2 of 2 (appendices).
7/73.
Evaluation of the Controllability of Power
Plants Having a Significant Impact on Air
Quality Standards. 2/74.
Factors Affecting Ability to Retrofit Flue
Gas Desulfurization Systems. 12/73, Radian
Corp. 1973-
Investigation of Fugitive Dust: Vol. I -
Sources, Emissions, and Control. PEDCo
Env. Specialists. 1974.
Investigation of Fugitive Dust: Vol. II -
Control Strategy and Regulatory Approach.
PEDCo Env. Specialists. 1974.
Air Pollution Control Technology and Costs -
Seven Selected Emission Factors. 12/74.
Indust. Gas Cleaning Inst. 1974.
Particulate Emission Control Systems for
Oil-Fired Boilers. 12/74. Geomet. 1975.
A Study of Vapor Control Methods for Gaso-
line Marketing Operations. Vol. 1 - In-
dustry Survey and Control Techniques. 4/75.
Radian Corp. 1975.
A Study -of Vapor Control Methods for Gaso-
line Marketing Operations. Vol. 2 - Appen-
dix. 4/75. Radian Corp. 1975.
Comparison of Flue.Gas Desulfurization Coal
Liquefaction and Coal Gasification for Use
at Coal-Fired Power Plants. Kellogg MS Co.
1975.
Control of Particulate Matter from Oil
Burners" and Boilers. Aerotherm Corp. 1976.
Cost of Retrofitting Coke Oven Particulate
Controls. Vulcan Cincinnati. 1974.
Evaluation of Methods for Measuring and
Controlling Hydrocarbon Emissions from
Petroleum Storage Tanks. Battelle Memor-
ial Inst. 1976.
F-6
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EPA 450/3-76-042
EPA 450/3-77-010
EPA 450/3-77-026
EPA 450/3-77-046
(Unpublished)
EPA 450/2-77-037
EPA 450/2-73-002
EPA 450/2-74-008
EPA 450/2-76-012
EPA 450/2-77-019
EPA 340/1-78-004
Economic Impact of Stage II Vapor Recovery
Regulations: Working Memoranda. Little
Ad. 1976.
Technical Guidance for Control of Indus-
trial Process Fugitive Particulate Emis-
sions. PEDCo Env. Specialists. 1977,.
Atmospheric Emissions from Offshore Oil
and Gas Development and Production. Energy
Resources Co. 1977. m«=igy
Screening Study to Determine Need for SOV
and Hydrocarbon NSPS for FCC Regenerator*.
.Design Criteria for State I 'Vapor Control
Sn^!o;c,GaSToline Ser^ice Stations. EPA:
ESED/OAQPS, November 1975.
Control of Volatile Organic Compounds from
Use of Cutback Asphalt December 1977
A_ Technique for Calculating Overall Effi-
ciencies of Particulate Control Devices.
o/ / J . ,
tudTr-
Study of the Ferroalloy Industry
Cost
5/74.
Final-Guideline Document: Control of Sul-
furic Acid Mist Emissions from Existing
S^lfunc Acid Production Units. §
1977.
EPA:
Controlled and Uncontrolled Emission
R^r-«s and .^Dulicable Limitations for
Eiphty Processes. RTP ?TC April 1978
F-7
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO. 2.
EPA-450/3-78-122
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Development of Questionnaires for Various
Emission Inventory Uses
7. AUTHORtS)
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Radian Corporation
8500 Shoal Creek Blvd.
Austin, Texas 78766
19 SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N.C. 27711
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
5. REPORT DATE
June , 1979
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
2AA635
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-2608
Task No. 51
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Audrey McBath
16. ABSTRACT
This report is for use as a guide to agencies interested in developing emission
inventory questionnaires. It addresses both the physical and psychological con-
straints on questionnaire design.
The report discusses general considerations for maximizing the success of a
questionnaire; the factors that vary the rate of return and the accuracy of responses;
design considerations for optimizing the conversion of questionnaire responses to
computer input; and design considerations for the cover letter, instructions, general
information section, and question section as individual elements of a questionnaire.
The appendices include samples of several types of questionnaires.
17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
8. DESCRIPTORS
Questionnaires
Emission Inventory Development
Point Source
Area Source
Survey
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
c. COSATI Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
116
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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