United States :
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
E£PA/450/3-91-0010
February 1991
Air
HEM-II User's Guide
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NOTICE
The information in this document has been funded j
wholly or in part by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-D9-001 to ,
Radian Corporation. Mention of trade names or ,
commercial products does not constitute < (
endorsements or recommendation for use. ;
The HEM-II system is continually being updated.
This User's Guide was prepared for Version 1.3 of
the HEM-ll software. Versions 1.4 and 1.5 of
HEM-II were completed during the preparation of
this guide. Because only minor modifications have ,
been made to the actual User Interface, the j
contents of this guide are still appropriate. !
The use of styrene in the tutorial that is found in :
Chapter 2 of this document should be regarded as |
an illustrative example. The weight-of-evidence ,
classification and the unit risk estimate for styrene
were not approved by EPA at the time of publication
of this User's Guide. Users wanting to estimate
cancer risks from exposure to any potentially
carcinogenic compounds should first verify the unit i
risk estimates with the Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS) at 202-382-2549.
Please note that this manual is a User's Guide for |
the HEM-ll computer software. It is NOT a user's
quide to the model. The HEM-ll Technical
Reference Guide will be produced and published at
a later date.
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BACKGROUND
The original Human Exposure Model (HEM or HEM-I), developed in 1979,
continues to be an effective tool for screening point sources of hazardous air
pollutants; and ranking individual sources and source categories in terms of their
relative carcinogenic risks. The model was designed to efficiently screen a large
number of sources inexpensively and quickly. HEM, on occasion, has been used
in rule making decisions and supporting studies. Many opportunities for public
comment on HEM have been provided through publication of proposed
rulemakings in the Federal Flegister and summary reports of studies. Many of
the comments and criticisms of HEM focus on a simplification of assumptions
inherent in a model designed to be used as a screening tool.
The most important of these comments are:
1. HEM-I is not user friendly. It is not easy for people with limited
HEM-I and computer experience to use. This is an important
consideration for State and local air pollution control agencies
and for many private parties that would like to use HEM-I.
2. The adequacy of the dispersion algorithm is questionable, because
it has not been validated as a screening algorithm.
3. The use of predicted ambient concentrations at the fenceline or the
residence, as the basis for exposure estimation, is also
questionable. People are mobile and do not remain at "their
residences" 100 percent of the time. Additionally, the exposed
population does not breathe ambient (outdoor) air for the entire
duration of exposure.
4. Uncertainty is not explicitly treated. This is needed because
uncertainties in risk assessment and risk characterization are
very large. Quantification of uncertainty will also be important for
estimating the conservatism that is often associated with
carcinogenic risk assessments.
The HEM is being revised and released to the public in stages defined as distinct
program versions. The present version of the improved HEM (HEM-II version
1.5) addresses the first three comments listed above. It also enables users to
present selected outputs graphically with bar charts, or two- or three-dimensional
graphs. The HEM-II is user friendly. The user is prompted for all input data by a
well-designed, logical series of screens.
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The HEM-II contains an EPA-approved, validated model, the Industrial Source
Complex Long-Term Model (ISCLT), that has been accepted for many industrial
source modeling applications. For those situations where ISCLT is not
appropriate (e.g., if the facility is sited in complex terrain), HEM-II provides the
user with the means to transfer to HEM-II a concentration file that has been
created by the more appropriate dispersion model. The transferred file is then
used by HEM-II to estimate population exposure and risk, etc.
The HEM-II provides the user with the option of moving the exposed population
"off of their front porches." This is achieved by the user defining up to ten places,
or areas of unique concentrations, called microenvironments.
Microenvironments may include indoors at home, indoors at work, in transit,
mobility-specifically migration out of the study area, etc. The user defines an
indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratio typical of the microenvironment in question,
the percentage of the exposed population to be assigned to the
microenvironment, and the amount of time, on an annual basis, estimated to be
spent in each microenvironment.
The next version of HEM-II (2.0) will address uncertainty via a Monte Carlo
analysis of the input parameters that have the potential to contribute the most
uncertainty to the exposure and risk results. The parameters, under
consideration at this time, include: emission rate, cancer potency estimate,
microenvironment concentrations, amount of time spent in microenvironments,
and the amount of time people reside at their primary residences. Version 2.0 is
expected to be released during the summer of 1992.
Future versions of HEM-II may include an algorithm for moving the exposed
population between home and work, and in and out of the study area. It may
also contain a short-term atmospheric dispersion model, as well as other
multimedia models for estimating exposure from other routes of exposure. :
These additional exposure routes could include ingestion and re-entrainment of :
deposited pollutants. ,
t
Review of Version 1.5 and a preliminary Version 2.0 (if not the completed 2.0), is
expected to be conducted by the National Academy of Science as part of their I
review of risk assessment methodologies required by Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990.
The accompanying document is a draft user's guide. EPA/OAQPS hopes to
receive comments from users on any aspect of HEM-II, e.g., unclear menu
instructions/choices, unclear titles of options, software bugs, limitations on
options, other features that should be added, etc. Please contact Mike
Dusetzina, U. S. EPA, OAQPS, at (919) 541-5338.
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CONTENTS
; P§ures vi
Acronyms and Abbreviations vii
' User Interface Terms viii
HEM-II Model Terminology „ ix
1 Introduction 1-1
Purpose and Features 1-1
Anticipated Users 1-3
! Manual Organization 1-3
2 First Session with HEM-II 2-1
The HEM-II User Interface 2-1
User Interaction 2-1
Keyboard 2-2
How to Access the NCC VAX .;' 2-3
Dial-up Access 2-4
General NCC Users 2-5
Washington, DC, Users 2-6
Ethernet Access 2-6
Log-on Procedures 2-6
1 Log-out Procedure 2-8
Using the HEM-II User Interface 2-8
Control Menu Screens 2-9
: Data Entry Screens 2-9
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study.... 2-10
Typographical Conventions 2-10
Tutorial: Part 1 , 2-11
Tutorial: Part 2 2-33
3 The HEM-II User Interface 3-1
Control Menu Screens 3-1
' Data Entry/Review Screens 3-2
Data Entry 3-4
Screen Conventions 3-4
Screen Windows 3-4
Study Data Entry 3-5
Data Validation 3-7
User Interface Organization : 3-7
4 Using HEM-II 4-1
Defining a HEM-II Study 4-1
Main Menu 4-1
Define a HEM Study 4-1
i Set Output Options 4-1
iii
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Excute HEM Study 4-2
Reports and Graphics 4-2
Global Study Data Check 4-2 ,
Software Configuration 4-3 ;
Exit Program 4-3 ;
Study Definition Menu 4-3
Create New Study 4-41
Create from Existing Study 4-4
Review/Modify Existing Study 4-4
Return to Main Menu 4-5
Component Data Menu 4-5
HEM Study Scenario 4-5
BAG Processing 4-6
POP Processing 4-6 \
EXP Processing 4-6!
RISK Processing 4-6 i
Previous Menu 4-8 i
BAG Options Menu 4-6;
Pollutant List 4-7 [
Air Dispersion Models 4-7
STAR Site Selection 4-7
Microenvironments 4-8
Previous Menu 4-8
BAG Dispersion Model Menu 4-8
HEM-II Internal Point Sources 4-9
External Point Source Model Data 4-91
HEM-II Studywide Area Sources 4-9 j
HEM-II Prototype Area Sources 4-9 i
BAG Microenvironments Pollutant
Coefficients Menu 4-9!
HEM-II Default Coefficients 4-10
User-defined Coefficients 4-10
Area-specific Coefficients 4-10
POP Processing Options Menu 4-11
Population Base Year 4-11
Population Cohorts 4-11
Population Growth 4-11
Microenvironments 4-12
Previous Menu 4-12
Population Growth Menu 4-12
None 4-13
By County 4-13
By Population Cohort 4-13
IV
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By Specified Area 4-13
POP Microenvironments 4-13
By Microenvironment Alone 4-14
! By POP Cohort Per Microenvironment... 4-14
Including Cohorts & Specified Areas 4-14
Checking User Data for Errors 4-14
• Selecting Model Output Options 4-15
Executing a HEM-II Study 4-15
Diagnosing Problems 4-16
'. Session Log Files 4-17
Main Log File 4-17
Component Log Files 4-18
: TSS Diagnostic Messages 4-18
'. GAT Diagnostic Messages 4-19
5 . Reports and Graphics 5-1
. Preparing Printed Reports : 5-1
User-supplied HEM-II Study
Definition Reports : 5-2
HEM-II TSS Model Outputs ', 5-2
: Report 1: Source-specific Maximum
Concentration Report 5-3
Report 2: Source-specific
Exposure/Risk Report 5-4
Report 3: Source-group
; Exposure/Risk Report 5-15
Report 4: Study Exposure/Risk Report 5-20
ISCLT Model Defaults 5-24
Preparing HEM-II Graphical Outputs 5-24
Creating Graphics Output Data Sets 5-28
Producing Graphics from Graphics
Data Sets 5-28
6 References 6-1
Appendix A HEM-II Disk File Directories A-1
Appendix B HEM-II Version 1.3 Specifications B-1
Appendix C HEM-II Point Source Module C-1
Introduction : c-1
Meteorological Data C-2
: Model Options C-3
Appendix D HEM-II Area Source Module D-1
Appendix E Calculation of Exposure and Risk E-1
Introduction E-1
Point Sources E-2
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Studywide Area Sources E-3
Point Sources and Studywide
Area Sources Combined E-4
Appendix F User-supplied Point Source
Concentration Data from External
Dispersion Models F-1
Appendix G HEM-II Permanent Support
Data Files G-1
Appendix H Study Definition Reports H-1
Appendix I ISCLT Model Defaults Reports 1-1
Appendix J Microenvironments J-1
FIGURES
3-1. HEM-II Control Menus 3-3
3-2. HEM-II Control Menu Diagram for
Main Menu 3-8
3-3. HEM-II Control Menu Diagram for
BAG Options Menu 3-9
3-4. HEM-II Control Menu Diagram for
POP Options Menu 3-10
5-1. Plan View Graphic 5-26
5-2. Bar Chart Graphic 5-26
5-3. Contour Graphic 5-27
5-4. Surface Graphic 5-27
C-1. Example Schematic of Source Hierarchy
within HEM-II (1.3) C-4
D-1. 10x10 Grid Encompassing Most of
Morgan County, CO D-3
E-1. Interpolation of Pollutant Concentrations E-2
F-1. File Format for HEM-II External Mode Data.... F-3
F-2. FORTRAN Code from HEM-II for
Writing External File F-4
VI
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BGED
• CGM
CONG LB
CONG UB
EOF
EPA
GAT
GEMS
HEM
I/O
: IO_ERR
: ISCLT
ISO
NAAQS
NCC
NEM
NESHAP
NTIS
NWS
OTS
PAB
PC
STAR
TECH_ERR
TSSMS
UNAMAP
,
: VAX
WIG
Block Group/Enumeraltion District
Computer Graphics Metafile
Concentration Lower Bounds
Concentration Upper Bounds
End of File
Environmental Protection Agency
Graphics Analysis Tools
Graphical Exposure Modeling System
Human Exposure Model
Input/Output (of data from computer files)
I/O Error Trapping Routine
Industrial Source Complex Long
Term Model
International Standards Organization
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Computer Center
NAAQS Exposure Model
National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Technical Information Service
National Weather Service
Office of Toxic Substances
Pollutant Assessment [Branch
Personal Computer
STabilityARray
Technical Error Trapping Routine
Time Sharing Services Management
Systems
User's Network for Applied Modeling
of Air Pollution
Family of Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC) Computers
VAX Operating System
Washington Information Center
VII
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NOTE:
User Interface
terms are listed
in a logical order
of use.
USER INTERFACE TERMS
TERMINAL - The hardware device used to
communicate with the host VAX computer.
TERMINAL EMULATOR - A software program that
allows a personal computer to imitate the
characteristics of a specified computer terminal
(i.e., a VAX terminal).
DISPLAY- The visible surface of the terminal
monitor on which screens are presented.
SCREEN - The formatted information that appears
on the terminal's display. HEM-II uses two screen
types, control menu screens and data entry screens.
Data entry screens may consist of multiple windows.
MENU - A predetermined list of options presented
on a computer screen from which the user selects to
control the program operation.
WINDOW - A collection of related information,
presented on a computer screen in a framed box.
NESTED WINDOW- A window inset within a larger
window. Nested windows are used to visibly
present logically related information.
POP-UP WINDOW - A small window that appears
superimposed over a larger window. Its purpose is
to allow the user to supply additional detailed
information that relates to a selection made in the
larger window.
INPUT FIELD - A single item of information that the
user supplies as indicated on a computer screen.
CURSOR - A blinking or highlighted indicator that
shows the position of current activity on a screen.
CURSOR KEYS - The arrow keys on the terminal
keyboard that are used to move the cursor around
within a window or input field.
VIII
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FUNCTION KEYS - Special purpose (non-display)
keys on the terminal keyboard that software
programs inteipret for control purposes. The
programmable function keys are used for HEM-II
software control (PF1, PF2, PF3, and PF4).
FULL-SCREEN EDITING - A data-entry window
; that allows the user to move horizontally and
vertically between the various input fields within a
given window.
DEFAULT VALUES - A value for a user-supplied
entry field that will be used unless the user provides
a specific value.
REVERSE (INVERSE) VIDEO - The use on the
computer screen of dark letters on a bright
.background. This causes the information in the
reverse-shaded block to appear as a highlighted
block.
LIGHT BAR - An inverse video highlighted block
that appears on the screen to indicate a currently
selected value.
MENU NAVIGATION - Moving vertically through a
tree-structured hierarchical network of menu
screens.
HEM-II MODEL TERMINOLOGY
ALGORITHM - A stepwise method for solving a
problem. In computer science, an algorithm also
details the way that this solution is implemented in
computer code.
BAC - The HEM-II Breathing Air Component.
BATCH PROCESS - The type of process that
requires no user interaction and continues unless a
stop or delete command is issued by the user. A
batch process will continue after the user has
logged out from the VAX System. Batch processing
operates in the batch mode.
ix
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BGED - Block Group Enumeration District. This is a
population grouping system used by the U.S.
Bureau of the Census. Block groups are generally
found in urban areas; enumeration districts, in rural.
COORDINATORS - The secondary control routines
that are directly invoked by the Supervisor routine.
The function of these coordinators is to allow the
four components of the HEM-II to execute
independently.
COMPONENTS - The four chief functional
segments of the HEM-II modeling software.
EXP - The HEM-II Exposure Component.
INTERACTIVE PROCESS - The user directs
computer program operation by software interaction,
receiving information on the terminal display and
entering control information and data from the
terminal keyboard. An interactive process is one
that operates in the interactive mode.
MICROENVIRONMENT- A location where pollutant
concentrations are characteristically different from
ambient air concentrations. Most air dispersion
models calculate pollutant concentrations for the
ambient air. The most health-conservative estimate
of human exposure to pollutants assumes that a
person is exposed to the full concentration in the
ambient air. To provide a more realistic estimate of
exposure, HEM-II allows exposure to be partitioned
between multiple microenvironments. The default
microenvironments in HEM-II are indoor and
outdoor, with the indoor microenvironment specified
using a percentage of time spent indoors and a
percentage of the indoor concentration relative to
the ambient (outdoor) concentration.
MODULES - Large computer systems are divided
into smaller functional units, termed modules. Each
module performs a specific function.
POP - The HEM-II Population Component.
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PROCESSORS - The technical modeling routines
that process the user-specified study definition
under the direction of the Component Coordinators.
RISK - The HEM-II Risk Component.
STUDY - A single application scenario of the HEM-II
software using a given set of model inputs.
User-supplied study definitions are retained in
permanent storage for later reuse or modification
and resubmission.
.SUPERVISOR - The main software routine of the
HEM-II modeling software. This routine controls the
execution of the individual Component Coordinators.
TSS - The Technical Software System of HEM-II. It
Consists of the BAG, POP, EXP, and RISK
Components combined. Runs in batch mode.
UNIT RISK ESTIMATE - Incidences of cancer per
unit of pollutant concentration. The lifetime cancer
probability occuring in a hypothetical population in
which all individuals are exposed continuously
throughout their lifetimes to 1 u.g/m3 of the potential
carcinogen in the air that they breathe.
USER INTERFACE - The HEM-II User Interface is
an interactive segment of the HEM-II model. It is
the primary means for the user to supply input data
for processing. The User Interface aids the user in
defining the application data files that collectively
;are called a "HEM study."
,USR - The HEM-II User Interface Component.
Runs in interactive mode.
XI
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
In 1980, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) developed the Human Exposure Model
(HEM). This model was designed to screen point
sources of air pollutant emissions efficiently, ranking
the sources according to their potential cancer risks.
Several years of experience with HEM! indicated that
additional modeling capabilities were needed to
.address issues related to the analysis of toxic air
pollutants. The Human Exposure Model II (HEM-II),
Version 1.3, is the result of the program to develop
the enhanced modeling system.
PURPOSE AND FEATURES
HEM-II is intended for use in evaluating potential
human exposure and risks generated by sources of
air pollutants. The HEM-II modeling system
incorporates current techniques in air dispersion
modeling, population characterization, and health
effects to provide the user with a flexible and
powerful analytical tool.
Although HEM-II has been designed to allow the
user to analyze a wide range of situations, the
essential purpose of the original HEM has been
preserved. That is, HEM-II also can be used to
screen point sources for a single pollutant in order to
rank sources according to cancer risks. However,
technical aspects of the modeling system have been
updated to be current with EPA practices.
Moreover, HEM-II includes features that allow the
user to conduct a more refined analysis of individual
point sources, and to study entire urban areas that
include multiple point sources, multiple pollutants,
area sources, and dense population distributions.
Introduction
1-1
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Some of the technical aspects of the model are
listed below. HEM-II:
• incorporates the latest version of the Industrial
Source Complex Long Term model (ISCLT)
regulatory mode only, which allows the user to
perform a modeling analysis that is consistent
with EPA modeling tools and guidance
(Alternatively, the user can import the output files
of any dispersion model executed outside the
HEM-II modeling system.);
• contains a limited STability ARray (STAR) site
data base within the model (Although STAR sites
are automatically selected by HEM-II, the user
can override this selection.);
• can be used to model complex emission
inventories [HEM-II can accommodate area
sources (e.g., mobile sources and residential
heating) simultaneously with point sources.];
• offers a choice of grid systems for calculating
exposures: a source polar grid similar to the
original HEM, and a master Cartesian grid that
will accommodate areas with high population
density and numerous air pollution sources;
• allows the user to account for differences
between microenvironments, e.g., indoor and
outdoor concentrations;
• incorporates a population data base that covers
the entire United States to the Block Group/
Enumeration District (BGED) level;
• allows for population modeling within HEM-II to
account for population growth (either from the
base year of the population data base to the
current year or to a future year); and
• generates graphical output of results, producing
bar charts, plan views, contours, and
three-dimensional surfaces.
1-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
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The HEM-II software has been developed in a
modular, structured fashion to provide an extensible
modeling system. HEM-II can be enhanced with
new features to meet the needs of evolving
techniques in human health risk estimation.
Additional releases of HEM-II are planned and will
provide increasingly sophisticated analytical
, capabilities.
ANTICIPATED USERS
HEM-II is a complex model that incorporates
I techniques from a variety of disciplines:
atmospheric dispersion modeling, population data
analysis, and health sciences. Users, of HEM-II
should be familiar with the principles of dispersion
modeling (ISCLT; U.S. EPA, 1987) and with the
EPA Guideline on Air Quality Models (U.S. EPA,
1986a). Additionally, users should bo familiar with
, the uses and limitations of risk assessment
techniques. It is important to apply professional
judgment in the design of HEM-H modeling
scenarios, and especially in the interpretation of
HEM-II outputs.
Similarly, this User's Guide has been written with
the assumption that the user is knowledgeable
about the principles and practices of dispersion
modeling and risk assessment.
MANUAL ORGANIZATION
Section 2 serves two purposes for the first-time
, user:
1. Describes how to access HEM-II on the National
Computer Center (NCC) VAX computer, and
1 2. Provides an on-line tutorial to acquaint the user
with the HEM-II User Interface screens.
Section 3 discusses the design philosophy and
operation of the HEM-II User Interface. Section 4
describes the user menus and data entry screens
Introduction
1-3
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used for defining a HEM-II study scenario. Section
5 describes the types of tabular reports and
computer graphics available for presenting the
results of a HEM-II study after processing data
input. Technical appendices provide specifics about
the model's capabilities.
Appendix A lists HEM-II disk file directories.
Appendix B details Version 1.3 specifications for
pollutant and population processing maximum limits.
Appendices C and D describe the HEM-II Area and
Point Source Module, respectively. Appendix E
explains calculation of exposure and risk for both
point and studywide area sources. Appendix F
provides information for experienced modelers to
use alternative air dispersion models other than
those incorporated in HEM-II. Appendix G covers
HEM-II permanent support data files and lists the
392 U.S. sites for which meteorological data are
available. Appendix H shows example study
definition reports, Appendix I shows the default
report for the ISCLT model, and Appendix J
discusses microenvironments.
1-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
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SECTION 2
FIRST SESSION
WITH HEM-II
THE HEM-II USER INTERFACE
The HEM-II User Interface is a user-friendly,
interactive program that assists the user in
supplying the complex information required to
exercise the advanced modeling features of HEM-II.
All data file formatting is handled automatically by
the User Interface. The user simply has to fill in the
: blanks provided within the various computer data
entry screens; this information is then processed
i into the appropriate data file formats as required by
the Technical Software System (TSS).
The HEM-II User Interface is implemented as a
separate component (USR) from the TSS that
performs the actual mathematical calculations. The
TSS itself consists of multiple components.
User Interaction
The HEM-II User Interface requires the use of a
VAX computer terminal or emulator. In this section,
a description of the VAX computer keyboard is
followed by detailed instructions to enable the
first-time user to access the NCC VAX computer on
which the HEM-II program is processed.
An extensive tutorial in two parts completes the
section. Part 1 covers all features of HEM-II and will
guide the first-time user through data input to
prescribe and execute a HEM-II study. Part 2
instructs the user on producing reports: and graphics
and depicts the variety of HEM-II outputs available.
First Session with HEM-II
2-1
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Keyboard
The VAX computer terminal or VAX terminal
emulator keyboard contains the following five types
of keys that serve specific purposes described
below:
1. Alphanumeric Keys,
2. Cursor Keys,
3. Return Key (or Enter Key),
4. Backspace Key, and
5. Programmable Function Keys (PF1 - PF4).
Alphanumeric Keys include alphabetical (A - Z),
special character (e.g., +, -, [. ],:), and numeric keys
(0 - 9) and are used to type in responses to
on-screen prompts to the user.
Cursor Keys are the left, right, up, and down arrow
keys.
The Return Key and in many places the cursor keys
are then used to accept the keyed response and
move forwards (or backwards).
The Backspace Key is used to fix an incorrect
response by deleting the character to the left of the
current screen cursor location.
The programmable function keys (PF1 - PF4) on the
terminal keyboard are used to perform all special
operations in the User Interface. The definitions of
these special keys are shown in the following frame.
2-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
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PF1 - HELP
PF2 - SCREEN COMMAND MENU
PF3 - CANCEL OPERATION ;
PF4 - (reserved for future use)
HOW TO ACCESS THE NCC VAX
To use HEM-II, users must obtain access to the
NCC VAX computer. This can be done through
EPA or another organization using the NCC System.
Users must have a User ID and a project number to
which computer time will be charged, and these
should be provided to users by their supervisor.
Assistance with access or use of the NCC system is
available through NCC User Support at one of the
following numbers:
• (919)541-7862,
« (FTS) 629-7862, or
• (800) 334-2405 (outside NC only).
Information on access through EPA or an
interagency agreement may be obtained by
contacting NCC's Account User Registration at Time
Sharing Services Management Systems (TSSMS)
at:
« (919) 541-3629 or
» (FTS) 629-3629.
First Session with HEM-II
2-3
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To arrange access outside of EPA, contact Cathy
Metzler at the National Technical Information
Service (NTIS) at:
• (703) 487-4807 or
• (FTS) 737-4807.
For questions regarding equipment compatibility,
call Telecommunication Support at:
• (919)541-4506,
• (FTS) 629-4506, or
• (800) 334-0741 (outside NC only).
After a user has arranged for a User ID and project
number, you can access the NCC VAX in two
different ways:
1. Via a modem connection over a dedicated
telephone line or
2. Via the Ethernet network.
Dial-up Access
Video display terminals or personal computers
(PCs) that are equipped with modems may be used
to connect with the NCC VAX System. Consult your
hardware documentation for specific instructions
because of the wide variety of modems and
communications packages that can be used.
However, the following general guidelines apply to
all communication with the NCC VAX:
1. Dial-up at either a 1200 or 2400 baud rate.
2. Use communication software that emulates
a VT100, VT200, or VT300 series DEC terminal.
3. Use the following communication parameters:
seven data bits, one stop bit, and even parity.
2-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
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The user's location and modem speed will
determine the most appropriate telephone number
for connecting with the NCC VAX. Three options
are available for accessing the main (Port Selector)
NCC menu.
GENERAL NCC USERS
The NCC VAX may be accessed by dialing one of
the following numbers:
• 1200 baud: (919) 541-4642 or (FTS) 629-4642 or
• 2400 baud: (919) 541-0700 or (FTS) 629-0700.
Users local to the NCC VAX in Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina, may dial without use of an
area code. Users outside of the Research Triangle
Park area may also access the VAX via the
TYMNET, BITNET, or other communication
network. Ask your computer systems manager
about how to reach the Port Selector Menu via
these networks.
When connected, press the Return Key once and
the following menu will appear.
He1 cone to the Diviponnental Protection Agency National CoHputei' Center
Please enter one of the following selections:
IBHPSI for IBM
or VAX SSS B
III
EMAIL for EHA
Inter selection:
The 'VAXA' option is the one to select for accessing
HEM-II and corresponds to the VAXTM1 mode of
the EPA VAX Cluster. The message 'Connected'
First Session with HEM-II
2-5
-------
should appear after this selection is made. Press
the Return Key again to begin the log-on procedure.
WASHINGTON, DC, USERS
Users in the Washington, DC, area can access the
VAX through the Washington Information Center
(WIC) Headquarters Data Switch by dialing (202)
488-3671. When the selection prompt appears,
enter "VAXA" to complete the connection.
ETHERNET ACCESS
The VAX also can be accessed via direct link
through a terminal server to the Ethernet network.
Simply turn on the terminal server and press the
Return Key. When the DECserver 200 Terminal
Server Local prompt appears, connect to the VAX
by entering the command:
Connect Vax
Log-on Procedures
After the user has established the NCC VAX
connection, the system will ask for a user name.
Pressing the Return Key may be required before the
following prompt will appear:
Username:
This prompt requests the three-character User ID
that the NCC issues to users who register to use the
VAX Cluster. This name identifies you to the VAX
each time you log on. Type in your User ID and
press the Return Key.
Next the system will ask for your password with the
following prompt:
Password:
Carefully enter your password and press the Return
Key. Note that the cursor will not move and your
password will not appear on the screen. If you enter
2-6
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
your password incorrectly, the following message
will appear on the screen.
User Authorization Failure
If this message appears, press the Return Key once
again to obtain the 'Username' prompt. Repeat
entry of your user name and password.
If you are unsuccessful in entering youir password
three consecutive times, you will be disconnected.
If you are unsuccessful in logging on five
consecutive times, your User ID will become invalid,
and further attempts to log on will be prohibited
without contacting the NCC User Support Center.
If your password has expired (this will occur the first
time you log on), you must much change ft
immediately. A password can be changed anytime
by entering the following command:
Set Password
The following prompt will appear: '
Old Password
[Enter your current password and then your new
password. Verify the new password by entering it
again.
The following rules apply to VAX passwords:
•: Length can range from 6 to 31 characters, and
A-Z, 0-9, $, and _ (underline) are acceptable.
Including at least one alphabetic and one
numeric character is recommended. The system
; does not differentiate between upper- and
; lower-case characters.
•'• Passwords expire every 90 days and must be
; changed.
• You cannot reuse your most recent password.
First Session with HEM-II
2-7
-------
NOTE:
If the user presses
any key that is not
correct or does not
activate the
desired response,
two results are
possible: either
nothing will
happen or the
terminal will beep
three times.
• Changing your password often is recommended.
This should be done immediately if password
secrecy is lost.
Assistance with passwords or other questions about
use of the NCC System is available through NCC
User Support by calling one of the numbers at the
beginning of this section.
Now a prompt will appear requesting your project
code. When users register with the NCC,
authorization is issued for one or more projects.
Project codes enable the VAX Cluster accounting
system to compute charges for computer time used.
Enter your project code and press the Return Key.
Next, the VAX prompt '$' will appear, signifying that
the user has successfully completed the log-on
procedure. The VAX system will now receive and
process commands. At this point, first-time users
can now proceed to the HEM-II Tutorial.
Log-out Procedure
To end a session on the VAX, there are two options.
Entering the command "LOGOUT* will provide users
with full accounting information including session
charges. Alternatively, entering the command "LO"
will log the user off quickly and no accounting
information will be displayed.
USING THE HEM-II USER INTERFACE
The User Interface is visually oriented and
organized into two classes of computer screens:
control menu screens and data entry screens.
Menu screens enable the user to activate the
desired data entry screens. The User Interface also
records information that is dependent on the actual
selection chosen from these menu screens. This
information may be used by the TSS later to decide
which program options to exercise or omit. The
data entry screens then allow the user to enter all
information for specific features. These data entry
screens are compartmentalized so that each screen
2-8
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
The term "menu."
used throughout
this document is
synonymous with
control menu
screen.
shows a group of related data items that have the
same level of detail.
Control Menu Screens
Some of the options that appear in the control
menus will not be active in Version 1.3. If the user
selects one of these inactive options, such as the
Population Cohorts option on the POP Options
Menu, the control menu will remain on the screen
rather than branching to another menu or data
screen. However, the terminal will beep and display
a message in the user message area that the
selected option is not yet implemented in the model
software.
Data Entry Screens
The data entry screens in the User Interface of
Version 1.3 of the HEM-II show all of the features
that are available now as well as some planned for a
future version. These presently inactive options are
included to facilitate the screen design and to
maximize the use of development funds; by
producing a completed working kernel of the
interface in Version 1.3.
Data entry screens may consist of one or more data
entry windows. Also, certain items in the data entry
windows are given fixed values and currently cannot
be edited. These include the Stochastic Processing
options for the POP and BAG components. Specific
examples of such options will be mentioned in the
relevant discussions in this manual.
First Session with HEM-II
2-9
-------
NOTE:
Important
supplemented
informationfor
using HEM-II and
completing the
tutorial will
appear here as a
left-margin note.
ON-LINE TUTORIAL WITH
DEMONSTRATION STUDY
This tutorial is intended for the first-time user of the
HEM-II. It will cover all of the features of the
HEM-II, guide the user through the description and
execution of a HEM-II study, and then produce
reports and graphical outputs. The tutorial assumes
that HEM-II is already installed on the VAX
computer and that the directories and operating
configurations have been set up by the VAX system
manager for the user's account.
Typographical Conventions
To facilitate use of this tutorial as well as this user's
guide, the following typographical conventions are
used:
. The "S" symbol indicates passages where
specific steps that the user should perform are
described. Intervening passages contain
additional information important in understanding
the HEM-II tutorial and actual model use.
• Computer menu titles and data entry window
titles are shown in bold and all caps, e.g., HEM-II
MAIN MENU.
• Specific selections on menu screens or items on
data entry windows are shown in bold with initial
caps and single quotation marks, e.g., 'Define a
HEM Study.'
• Actual commands or input to be entered by the
user appear in bold and with standard (double)
quotation marks when within text passages, e.g.,
"HEM."
• Lett-margin notes provide important
supplemental information for completing the
tutorial and for using HEM-II.
2-10
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Tutorial: Parti
1. How to Begin.
"^ To invoke the HEEM-II User Interface from the VAX
command level, type the command "HEM," or
whatever symbol the system manager has
designated to be used to execute the HEM-II model.
The computer terminal screen will clear and the first
control menu in the HEM-II User Interface (the
HEM-II MAIN MENU) will appear.
Each control menu has up to seven options that can
either be selected with a combination of the cursor
keys and the Return Key or by typing the number
that appears to the left of each selection. The
following features apply to control menus:
• There is a title at the top of the control menu box
to uniquely identify the menu.
• Each control menu will have a distinct title that
will be used as a reference in this User's Guide.
• : Additional information for the user will be
presented in messages at the bottom of the
computer screen.
• Error and warning messages also appear at the
bottom of the screen in the event of inappropriate
data.
Generally, in any control menu, the items will appear
in the order that they should be selected to operate
the model.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-11
-------
2. Here is the HEM-II MAIN MENU.
HUNAN EXPOSURE MODEL 1.3
HEfl-II HAIH Menu
1 pfefine a HEH StudyL
Z Set Output Options
3 Execute HEM Study
4 Reports and Graphics
5 Global Check of Study Data
6 Software Configuration
7 Exit Program
NOTE:
The term'HEM
Study' is used to
collectively denote
all of the various
data processing
options and
user-supplied data
that create a
modeling scenario.
3.
The first selection is 'Define a HEM Study.' This
will be the first step in creating the input files
required to specify a HEM-II scenario. When
HEM-II is started, the light bar first appears on
selection 1 of the control menu, 'Define a HEM
Study.'
At this time, either press the number 1 on the
computer keyboard or press the Return Key to
activate the subsystem of the HEM-II User Interface
used to define a HEM-II study by keying in all user
data.
Next, the HEM-II STUDY DEFINITION MENU
appears.
Three study definition options are given in this menu:
1 . Create a new study,
2. Copy an existing study to one under a new name,
and
3. Review or modify an existing study.
2-12
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEM- II)
Study Definition Menu
1 ipg^riew; Study|
Z Create fro* Existing Study [
3 Regieu/Nodify Existing Study
4 Return to MAIN Menu
NOTE:
Any combination
of upper- and
lower-case letters
is acceptable for
study names.
Press either the number 3 or use the down arrow
key to move the light bar to 'Review/Modify
Existing Study,' and press the Return Key.
A smaller window entitled MODIFY STUDY
appears. The user is requested to enter the name
of the HEM-II study to be used.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEN-II)
Study Definition Menu
1 Create Neu Study
Z Create fron Existing Study
3 rgeuieu/tlodify Existing Study!
IBS
Existing Study to Beuieu/Modify :
Type in "HEMDEMO" and press the Return Key.
Answer the confirmation prompt at the bottom of the
screen by pressing the letter Y on the computer
keyboard.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-13
-------
4. A control menu entitled COMPONENT DATA
MENU will now appear on the screen.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEM- I I)
Conponent Data Menu
1 pJBI Study Scenario^
Z BAG Processing
3 POP Processing
4 EXP Processing
5 RISK Processing
6 Preuious Menu
US'
This is a central control menu that allows the user to
navigate between the different data entry screens of
the HEM-II User Interface corresponding to the
various HEM-II components.
The first selection on this screen is 'HEM Study
Scenario,' and involves the universal processing
options affecting all features of the HEM-II model.
To review these, either press the number 1 or press
the Return Key.
Another control menu, SELECT DATA REVIEW
MODE FOR HEM-II STUDY DEFINITION DATA,
will appear, allowing the user to enter the option to
browse or edit/update for this session.
2-14
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Select Data Reuieu Hade
tor HEH Study Definition Data
1 lpi.it/UpJatel
Z Browse
3 Preuious Menu
5.
The browse mode allows the user to review the
existing study without having to worry about
inadvertently changing the data values in that study.
For this tutorial, select 1 or use the cursor key to
move the light bar down to 'Edit/Update' and press
the Return Key.
A data entry screen, framed in a rectangular box,
appears. This is called a "window." The window
title appears at the top of the screen.
The window HEM STUDY SCENARIO-HEMDEMO
will appear.
•
HH1 Itathenatical Kode
Grid Option'
Tine Scale ,
Health Effects (lode
Microenu inmnents
^— - — "- — -•—- .-=--*--- ----•.•• -r-j
: fpten«inlstic^ Stochastic
: S&nurce Grids" Master Grid i
^S~_*-_— ,J , Jf
: ^pg lernj Short Tern ;
: ftanccr* Non-cancer
a^- -^ n
'• Include :
rrz = Screen Comands
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-15
-------
NOTE:
Certain options in
some data entry
screens have not
yet been
implemented in
Version 1.3 of the
model. In such
cases, the user will
not supply data for
these items, and
the User Interface
will automatically
skip these items.
NOTE:
TSS = Technical
Software System.
NOTE:
The actual
apprearance of
bright or
highlighted text
may differ on some
terminals.
NOTE:
Other details about
microenvironments
appear on pages
4-8 and 4-12.
NOTE:
For the rest of this
tutorial, the phrase
'Accept this
screen' shall mean
to use the PF2 and
A key combination
to accept the
displayed screen
information as it
appears and then
continue.
6.
The cursor appears on the option 'Source Grids' of
item 2, 'Grid Option,' because the first item, 'HEM
Mathematical Mode,' may not be selected until a
later release of the model.
The grid option setting of source grids tells the
HEM-II TSS to use the individual polar receptor
grids of the various point sources to perform all
calculations.
The master grid option allows the processing of very
densely populated areas, which may exceed the
memory limitations of the VAX computer.
Leave the grid option setting at 'Source Grids' for
this tutorial.
Now press the down arrow key once.
The item selected is indicated by the bright or
highlighted prompt title on the left of the screen that
is now 'Microenvironments.'
The option selected is 'Exclude' for the HEM DEMO
study, which is the default setting.
'Microenvironments' offers a way to represent the
day-to-day activity patterns of a population.
A message at the bottom of the screen indicates
that the programmable function key PF2 should be
used to perform screen commands (see the screen
entitled HEM STUDY SCENARIO-HEMDEMO on
the previous page).
Press the Screen Command Key PF2. A line of
options now appears at the bottom of the screen.
2-16
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
ui J
STUDY SCttVOtiO - HEMDEMO
~"""""- -"" '-
HEM Mathematical Mode
Grid Dpticm
Tine Scale
Health Effects Hode
Hicroenu iroments
Stochastic
BrUsJ Master Grid
a-Mj Short Tern
• Non-cancer
Connands: Accept Screen I Biank Field I Cancel I Erase Screen I Beturn to Screen
"^ To indicate that these data are complete and will be
accepted, press the A key.
Data from that screen are now stored, and the
COMPONENT DATA MENU now reappears on the
screen.
7. Next the user will supply data for the Breathing Air
Component (BAG).
s®" Do this by either pressing the number 2. or moving
the cursor down one position to 'BAG Processing'
and press the Return Key.
A new control menu, BAG OPTIONS MENU,
appears on the screen at this time.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-17
-------
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEN-ID
BAG Options Menu
1 | Pollutant List '
2 Air Dispersion Models
3 STAR Site Selection
4 Hlcroenvironnents
5 Previous Menu
NOTE:
This and other
simple screens are
not depicted in this
tutorial.
The cursor highlights the first selection, 'Pollutant
List.'
The complete list of pollutants for any HEM-II study
must be specified before any other data because all
other data entry screens refer back to this pollutant
list.
"S* With the light bar highlighting the first section
'Pollutant List,' either press the number 1 or the
Return Key to access the pollutant list data entry
screen at this time.
8. The window HEM STUDY POLLUTANT LIST-
HEMDEMO now appears and contains two ,
columns: 'Pollutant Name'and the'Atmospheric
Decay Rate.' Three pollutants have been defined
for this study: chloroform, benzene, and styrene.
The atmospheric decay rates are negligible and
therefore have been left equal to zero.
"®" Press the down arrow key three times. With the
light bar in this position, the user could add
additional pollutants to the list at this time. For
purposes of this tutorial, do not add another
pollutant. Press the PF2 key and then the A key to
accept this screen.
2-18
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
9. The BAG OPTIONS MENU now reappears on the
screen.
<
HUNAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEM-II)
BAC Options Menu
1 Pollutant List
2 rfiir Dispersion Models <
Ki,=. ; ' £
3 STAR Site Selection
4 Hicroenvironnents
5 Previous Menu
To select the air dispersion model data portion of
the User Interface, press the down arrow once and
Return Key, or press the number 2.
A new control menu, BAG DISPERSION MODEL
MENU, which has four selections with an additional
selection allowing the user to return to the previous
menu when complete, will appear.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEN- II)
BAG Dispersion Model Menu
1 pEtt-II Internal Faint Sourcesl
Z External Point Source Model Data
3 HEM-II Studyuide Area Sources
4 HEM-II Prototype Point Sources
5 Previous Menu
The first selection, 'HEM-II Internal Point Sources,'
is highlighted. Currently, this is performed by the
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-19
-------
NOTE:
IntheHEM-II
User Interface, the
point source
description
corresponds to a
plant or facility,
and the emissions
point descriptions
provide the
detailed
information about
each stack, or
other emission unit
type, within that
facility.
1 0.
Industrial Source Complex Long Term (ISCLT)
version of the model of the U.S. EPA's User's
Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution
(UNAMAP).
The second selection, 'External Point Source
Model Data,' allows the user to provide point source
model data from other models external to the
HEM-II modeling system.
Selections 1 and 2 are mutually exclusive.
Selection 3, 'HEM-II Studywide Area Sources,'
allows use of the TOXBOX and Hanna-Gifford Area
Source models that are built into the HEM-II model.
Selection 4, 'HEM-II Prototype Point Sources,' will
be implemented in a later version of the HEM-II
model.
To proceed to describe the HEM-II internal point
sources, either press the number 1 or the Return
Key.
The HEM-li POINT SOURCE EDITOR screen
now appears. The second heading box on the
Editor Screen indicates that there are two existing
emissions point source descriptions.
HEN- I I Point Source Editor
2 Existing Descriptions
< E > Edit Source Descriptions
< A > Add Men Source Descriptions
< C > Clear AH Source Descriptions
< R > Return to Preuious Menu
Select an option by pressing the key
shoun in the < > brackets.
2-20
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
•s* Press the E key for 'Edit Source Descriptions.'
"®" A small window now appears allowing the user to
specify the initial source to edit. Press the Return
Key to accept the default: Source #1.;
11. The data entry screens, which are used to supply
data for the dispersion models, are organized as a
series of nested windows and appear on the
computer screen as a set of inset cards.
Each of these windows has a title, and will be inset
from the borders of the previous window that it
occludes.
12. The first window that appears is entitled
STANDARD POINT-SOURCE #1 DESCRIPTION.
The name of the source is given along with its
latitude and longitude, the land classification, and
option for the specification of the polar receptor
grids. -
With Demo Point Source #1, the Polar Model Grid
Setup has the default option selected. This will tell
HEM-II to run the ISCLT model with the standard set
of rings and direction of radials typically used at the
Pollutant Assessment Branch (PAB) of the U.S.
EPA.
POINT-SOURCE *1 DESCRIPTION -
Source Kline
Latitude of Source Center
Longitude of Source Center
Land Class if ication
Polar nodel Grid Setup
Dem Point Source tl
411121
B73M9
Urban Rural
Hod-Default Uscr-Defn
Source Use Option ext. elete, revious, eturn ?
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-21
-------
NOTE:
A nested window
appears inset
within a larger
window.
The 'Source Use Option' at the bottom of the
screen allows the user to either move to the next
source, edit or delete the current source, or move to
the next or previous screens. Single keystroke
responses are used.
Press E to edit point source #1.
Press the down arrow key four times until the
selection 'Polar Model Grid Setup' is highlighted,
with the cursor on the option 'Default.' Press the
Return Key.
Now a nested window appears on the screen called
POLAR GRID DEFINITION.
POINT-SOURCE •! DESCRIPTION <
Polar Ring
1
Z
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
jSoMK SKIP PirimrioTir—
Radius in 'kOcneters
0.Z6
8.56
1.66
z.ee
5.66
10.6
Z0.0
30.6
40.6
50.0
Press Any Key to Continue. . .
Because the default option has been selected, the
user cannot alter these values; they now are
displayed on the screen only for review.
At the bottom of the screen is a message that says
'Press any key to continue...' Press the space bar
or any other key on the keyboard now to return to
the source description window.
Press the PF2 key and the A key to accept the
STANDARD POINT-SOURCE #1 DESCRIPTION
screen. Now, a new nested window appears on the
2-22
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
screen for the first emission point within point
source #1.
Select E to edit this emission point. The name of
this emission point is 'Main Smokestack.'
-BUssnm 'raim in DESCBIPTIOH j-
Enlsslon Point Nane
Point Source Type
Point Variability Type
E-U Dist fron Source Ctr
H-S Dist Iron Source Ctr
Emission Release Height
Ground Elevation at Point
Nain Smokestack
STACK
0
0.0009
e.ooeo
35.0003
0.00003
Press the down arrow key one time to activate the
jtem 'Point Source Type.' You will now see a
pop-up selector box on the EMISSION POINT #1
DESCRIPTION screen, which allows you to select
either stack, volume, or area source processing
within ISCLT.
Enlssion Point Nane Main SmOt
Point Source Type STACK
Point Variability Type 0
E-U Dist fron Source Ctr 8.0000
N-S Dist Tron Source Ctr 0.0000
Enission Release Height 35.0000
Ground Elevation at Point 0.00000
<
BracKl
VOLUME
AREA
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-23
-------
«®" Leave the selection on 'Stack' and press the Return
Key.
13. A third-level nested data entry screen appears
entitled STACK FACTORS and is specific to those
values needed by the model for stack type emission
points.
• patffflflRB POIBT-SOURCE HI
DESCRIPTION ;
Enisslon Point Kane : (lain Smokestack
Point Source Type : STACK
Point Variability Type : 0
E-U Dist fron Source Ctr : 0.0000
H-S Hist fron Source Ctr : 0.0000
ESTfiCK~FfiCTO!RT~ 1
Exit Tenperature (deg Keluin) 400.00
Exit Velocity Cneters/sec) 0.1120
Internal Bianeter Cneters) 1.3180
Height of Nearest Building (•> 0.0080
Uidth of Nearest Building (») 0.0000
Uake Effects Option 0
NOTE:
Emission point
coordinates south
and/or west of the
source center are
indicated with
negative distances.
14.
Accept the values that are given by pressing the
PF2 and A key combination.
The user would next specify the location of each
emission point in terms of positive and negative
meters in the east-west direction or north-south
direction relative to the latitude and longitude
coordinates given for the center of this source.
The user can also give an emission release height,
that corresponds to the stack height in this case.
Press the PF2 and A key combination to accept
emission point #1 .
At this time, another nested window, POLLUTANT
EMISSION RATES, will appear.
2-24
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
Users should refer
to the notice on
p. ii of this guide
for information on
the use ofstyrene
in this tutorial.
roiHi »i DESCBIFIIOM"
Pollutant Kane Emission Date
chloroforM
benzene
styrene
6.1200089
0.2300000
e. 3-ioeoea
US'
: Press E to edit these emission rates. Now the user
can supply an emission rate in units of grams per
second for each pollutant that is emitted from this
stack. All three pollutants that the user listed appear
in the HEM STUDY POLLUTANT LIST.
To designate that a pollutant is not emitted from this
source, an emission rate value of zero would be
:used.
i
All three pollutants are provided emission rates for
emission point #1 of point source 1. Accept this
screen to continue. :
The User Interface now provides the user the option
of adding more emission points to this source
description. Press N or the Return Key to continue.
The User Interface now progresses to point
source #2. Press E to edit this source.
: Press the down arrow key four times to the 'Polar
Model Grid Setup' selection.
The light bar v/ill be positioned on the selection
'User defn.' Press the Return Key to review these
user-defined options for polar grid definitions.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-25
-------
NOTE:
Chloroform, the
first pollutant on
the list has the
emission rate value
0.00. This
indicates that
chloroform is not
emitted from this
emission point.
NOTE:
These emission
points are located
by using a positive
or negative
east-west distance
or north-south
distance in meters
relative to the
latitude and
longitude
coordinates, which
were specified for
the center of the
point source #2.
"®" In this option, the user is allowed to modify the
values for the rings of the polar grid. After reviewing
these values, accept this screen and continue.
^ Upon return to the STANDARD POINT SOURCE #2
window, press the PF2 and A keys again to accept
that screen and move to EMISSION POINT #1
DESCRIPTION.
"S" Select E to edit the emission point, 'Big Stack.'
cs> Move the light bar down to item 2, 'Point Source
Type,' and select 'Stack,' by pressing the Return
Key to review the values given for this emission
point.
"®" Accept this screen to continue.
15. The EMISSION POINT #1 DESCRIPTION window
will now reappear.
I& Press PF2 and A again to continue.
The user will now see the list of three pollutant
emission rates.
"®" Press N to advance to the next screen.
The User Interface will now progress to emission
point #2 of point source #2 named 'Little Stack.'
n®" Press E to edit this emission point. Move the light
bar down to item 2, 'Point Source Type' and press
the Return Key with the bar on 'Stack' to review the
STACK FACTORS window as done previously.
ES" Accept this screen and the EMISSION POINT #2
screen will reappear.
2-26
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
Because the
default, N, is
provided, the user
should only press
the Return Key.
Stack height is entered in meters in the '{Emission
Release Height' field.
os* ; Accept this screen to continue.
16. The POLLUTANT EMISSION RATES window now
appears for emission point #2 of point source #2.
Note that only chloroform is emitted from this
emission point, and the other two pollutants have a
value of 0.00 as their emission rates.
i®" . Press N or the Return Key to advance to the next
screen.
"^ Enter N to add additional emission units to point
source #2.
•*• The HEM-II POINT SOURCE EDITOR screen now
; reappears. Press R to exit point source editing and
return to the BAG DISPERSION MODEL MENU.
17. : You will now review the description of a different
type of emissions source under the option 'HEM-II
Studywide Area Sources.' This selection is
, intended for modeling large-scale area sources,
: which are distributed throughout an entire
geographic area. If point sources are included in
the HEM-II study, they are assumed to be located
! within the geographic area defined by the studywide
area source.
.-
"^ To review a predefined area source in this
demonstration, either press the number 3 or move
: the cursor down to move the highlight to 'HEM-II
Studywide Area Sources' and then press the
Return Key.
I The HEM-II AREA SOURCE EDITOR screen now
: appears. The second heading box on the editor
' menu indicates there is one existing area source
, description.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-27
-------
NOTE:
Only one pollutant,
benzene is
included for this
area source.
Press E for 'Edit Source Descriptions' and then
press the Return Key to start with area source #1,
the default.
A window entitled AREA SOURCE #1
DESCRIPTION now appears.
Press the E key to edit this description.
The HEM-II uses two distinct internal area source
models, the Hanna-Gifford and the TOXBOX.
An area source is described by giving the latitude
and longitude of its center, the number of
rectangular cells in the east-west and north-south
directions, and the cell size to create a grid for the
area source.
The source name of this stud/wide area source is
'Gasoline Stations As H-G Area Source' and is
modeled as a Hanna-Gifford area source.
Move the cursor down until 'Area Source Model' is
highlighted and the light bar is now on the option
'Hanna-Gifford.' Then press the Return Key or the
down arrow an extra time.
A smaller nested window will appear on the screen
entitled AREA SOURCE POLLUTANT SELECTION
LIST. This smaller window will overlay the AREA
SOURCE #1 DESCRIPTION window.
Again, this is to represent that this window, used for
indicating the pollutant list, is related to the larger
window entitled AREA SOURCE #1 DESCRIPTION.
Accept this screen to continue.
Another nested window appears on the screen
requesting information specific to the Hanna-Gifford
pollutant description for benzene.
2-28
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
The area-size-
driven option is
not available at
this time.
Currently all area source emissions are population
driven and the pollutant emission factor is in units of
grams per second per person in the study area.
Accept this screen to continue.
The User Interface returns back to the main AREA
SOURCE #1 DESCRIPTION screen. Accept this
; screen.
Press the Return Key to accept the default to
answer 'No' to the prompt to add more sources.
The HEM-II AREA SOURCE EDITOR screen
reappears. Press R to return to the BiAC
DISPERSION MODEL MENU.
r
Now either press the number 5 or move the light bar
down to the 'Previous Menu,' then press the Return
Key to exit the BAG DISPERSION MODEL MENU
, and return to the BAG OPTIONS MEIMU.
Do this again to return to the previous menu, the
COMPONENT DATA MENU.
Move the cursor key down to 'POP Processing'
and press the Return Key. The POP PROCESSING
OPTIONS MENU appears on the screen at this time.
'•
HUHAN EXPOSURE MODEL CHEd)
FOP Processing Options Menu
1 Population Base Year
Z Population Cohorts
3 Population Grouth
4 MicroenuironMents
5 |Preuious Menu^
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-29
-------
Observe the selections on this screen. No changes
will be made because this tutorial uses all the
population processing defaults.
At this time, return to the previous menu, the
COMPONENT DATA MENU.
Move down to selection 4, 'EXP Processing.'
Either press number 4 or move the light bar and
press the Return Key.
Two options appear in the SOURCE EXPOSURE
REPORTING OPTION window, 'Default' and
'MIR-based.' Accept the default by pressing the
Return Key.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL CHEJ1-II)
Component Data Menu
1 HEM Study Scenario
Z BAG Processing
3 FOP Processing
-LSpurce Exposure Reporting Option
Reporting InteruaIs : |gefau_lta MIR-based
Press [RETURN] to ftccept.
Now move the light bar down to 'RISK Processing'
and press the Return Key.
Another window appears on the screen entitled
HEM POLLUTANT UNIT RISK ESTIMATES —
hemdemo. Review the unit risk estimates and then
accept the screen.
2-30
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Pollutant Nane
chloroform
benzene
styrene
User/Default Unit Risk Kstiiw
U G. 0000230
U 0.00(10083
U 0.00(10001
•^ This now completes the description of the
demonstration study. Now move the cursor until
'Previous Menu' is highlighted on the
COMPONENT DATA MENU and press the Return
Key.
18. Now the User Interface returns to the HEM-II MAIN
MENU. However, it performs an additional step
indicated by the small window in the center of the
screen that is entitled PREPARING HEM-II TSS
INPUT FILES. These are the actual files that the
technical model system will use for input.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL 1.3
HEM-II MAIN Menu
1 Define a HEM Study
Z Set Output Options
•eparing HH»-Il TSS Input Filesj
Updating ID of User Files...
Creating Internal Files
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-31
-------
19. With the HEM-1! MAIN MENU on the screen. The
next step is to specify ouput options.
i®" Move the cursor down to selection 2 called 'Set
Output Options' and press the Return Key.
i®" A small window indicating the study name
'HEMDEMO' now appears. Press the Return Key to
accept this screen.
The OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTION SCREEN
now appears.
-Output Options Selection Screen
Source-Specific Graphics Data : Disabled
Study-Hide Graphics Bata : Disabled
B®" Verify that both options are 'Enabled' and accept
this screen. These will be used at a later time to
demonstrate the HEM-II graphics capability.
20. The HEM-II MAIN MENU now reappears.
I®> Now move the cursor down to 'Execute HEM
Study' and press the Return Key.
BS> Another small window appears to enable verification
that the name of the study is retained, so just press
the Return Key to execute the study HEMDEMO at
this time.
2-32
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
The message
'FORTRAN
STOP&' with the
cursor now appear
outside the
HEM-IIMAIN
MENU.
NOTE:
Version IS of
HEM-II has added
a convenient
means for checking
the log files
directly from the
HEM-IIMAIN
MENU.
The HEM-II study will be executed in Ihe batch
mode as a separate process from the User Interface
;and model execution will continue even after the
user exits the HEM-II User Interface.
The message, 'WARNING: DO NOT RE-EDIT until
execution has completed!!!' will appear,
accompanied by three audible beeps.
i®" Move the cursor to 'Exit Program' or press 7 at this
time to leave the User Interface.
The user should now wait until the HEM-II study has
completed execution before changing any values in
this particular study. The user can monitor the
progress of the execution of the study either by
observing the VAX system batch queue using VMS
commands or by observing a log file that is created
'as the study is executed. These log files are
informative for additional purposes. They will
indicate any warning messages or error conditions
that would indicate either an incorrectly specified
modeling parameter or some other VAX system
problem that may influence successful completion of
the model execution.
«" Use the VAX VMS command "SHOW QUEUE
SYS$BATCH" and press the Return Key to observe
Ihe VAX system execution queue. The job name
HEMDEMO is the study that was just submitted for
execution. When this disappears from the batch
queue, the execution is complete, and HEM-II
reports and graphics may be created from the
completed tutorial demonstration study.
Tutorial: Part 2
1. i Now the user can verify that the study was
successfully processed by checking the log files
produced as the Technical Software System (TSS)
is executed.
«• ' The main log file, HEM_HEMDEMO.LOG, may be
observed by entering the following coimmand:
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-33
-------
CS"
US'
TYPE HEM_HEMDEMO.LOG
If the run was successful, the following message
appears in the log file: 'HEM-II Study Processing
Now Complete.'
If errors occurred during the execution of the TSS,
corresponding diagnostic messages will appear in
either the main log file or one of the component log
files. The main log file will direct the user to the
appropriate component log file where the error
occurred.
If the software is correctly installed, the HEMDEMO
study should be processed without any error
conditions. Verify this by issuing the above VAX
command to display the main log file on the
terminal. If errors occurred, contact your VAX
system manager; otherwise continue.
The TSS has now processed the study scenario and
produced measures of human exposure and risk.
Restart the User Interface with the command,
"HEM." Now select option 4 from the HEM-II MAIN
MENU, 'Reports and Graphics,' to observe the
results of the TSS execution.
The HEM-II REPORTS/GRAPHICS MENU will now
appear on the screen.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL 1.3
HEM-II Reports/Graphics New
1 "PRINT User-supplied Info '
2 PRINT HEM Model Outputs
3 PR INI ISCLT Model Defaults
4 GRAPHICS Analysis Tools (GAT)
5 Return to MAIN Menu
2-34
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
The NCC system
configuration for
plotting metafiles
is being evaluated.
Users should
contact Mike
Dusetzina before
generating
hard-copy plots on
the system. This
does not affect
generating
on-screen graphics
or metafiles.
HEM-Il graphics
metafiles also may
be downloaded
from the NCC
system to generate
hard-copy plots if
desired.
•®* Option 1, 'Print User-supplied Info' prepares
printed reports of all of the data provided by the user
in the data entry screens. Select option 2 at this
time to prepare printed reports of the TSS results.
«SF A nested window, REPORT HEM MODEL.
OUTPUTS, appears requesting the user to input the
study name. Type in the name, "HEMDEMO."
Press the Return Key to accept the study name. A
message will appear that reports are being sent to
fhe system printer.
Four reports will be printed, identified as follows:
• Source-specific Maximum Concentration Report,
• Source-specific Exposure/Risk Re|x>rt,
• Source-group Exposure/Risk Report, and
• Study Exposure/Risk Report.
2. Now you can see the GRAPHICS Analysis Tools
(GAT) option of HEM-Il. Choose selection 4 from
the HEM-Il REPORTS/GRAPHICS MENU to chain
to the separate GAT system.
The GAT MAIN MENU should appear on the
screen. If GAT is not correctly installed on the VAX
computer or the GRAFkit® software is not enabled
the following message will appear:
Cannot Proceed.
Logical Value GKJTRN not set!
ERROR: GRAFkit not properly installed.
FORTRAN STOP.
If this error occurs, first verify that the GRAFkit®
procedure file GK_SETUP.COM has been executed
with the following command:
@GK_SETUP
: (Preferably this should be executed from your
LOGIN.COM procedure file.) If GK_SETUP_has
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-35
-------
us*
US'
been run and this error persists, contact your VAX
system manager.
If this procedure was successful, the message
'GRAFkit 3.1 is now setup for VAX/VMS' will
appear. Now input "HEM" after the '$' prompt.
The HEM-ll MAIN MENU will reappear. Choose
selection 4, 'Reports and Graphics,' to obtain the
HEM-ll REPORTS/GRAPHICS MENU, and then
select option 4, 'GRAPHICS Analysis Tools (GAT)'
to chain to the GAT Menu.
The GAT MAIN MENU is now on the computer
screen. As in other HEM-ll menu screens, the
options should be selected to specify the information
to present graphically and to indicate what graphical
representation is desired.
HEM-II Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
GAT MAIN Menu
ifselect HOI Study ^
2 Select Data to Graph
3 Specify Source (s)/Pollutant
4 Select Graphic Representation
5 Specify Graphic FaraMeters
6 Produce Graphics
7 Return to HEM-II MAIN MENU
Choose selection 1 and enter the name of the study,
HEMDEMO.
Another small window, READING STUDY
DESCRIPTION appears briefly with four items.
2-36
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Now choose selection 2, 'Select Data to Graph.'
Then select 'Source/BGED Location Data' from
the DATA SELECTION MENU.
HEM- I I Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Data Selection Menu
1 |Source/BGED Location Data^j ;
2 Population Data
3 Concentration Data for Pollutant
4 Exposure Data for Pollutant :
' 5 Risk Data for Pollutant '.
• 6 Return to Previous Menu
Another small window stating what will be presented
appears briefly and then the GAT MAIN MENU will
return to the screen.
Selections 3 and 4 do not pertain to location data;
therefore, select option 5, 'Specify Graphic
Parameters.' GAT will now load the studywide
graphics data set to determine the geographic
extent covered by the demo study.
The GAT PLAN VIEW DISPLAY PARAMETER
SCREEN will now appear with various options to
control the appearance of the Source/BGED
Location Data plot.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-37
-------
Title
Plot Sources
Drau Polar Rings
Border Color
5GED Color
Source Color
Polar Ring Color
Plot Key
"Mice" Hunters
lit ni i p i + ** ^
p ij i u ANcier iju ten ^
NO VES
HO IES
0 (default = 1)
8 (default = 5)
0 (default - 3)
0 (default = 21
va its
HO
-------
NOTE:
Both graphics data
file options are
enabled.
NOTE:
This is depicted in
Figure 5-1 on
p. 5-26 of this
guide.
A message window appears stating that the
GRAFkit® Interactive Mode is being invoked.
A cartesian plot over latitude and longitude will now
tie generated on the terminal. Each BGED will be
indicated as a point. Area source and point source
centers are represented by a plus sign,'+', and an
asterisk, '*', respectively. Point source polar grid
radii are shown as well.
"®" V\/hen graphics generation has completed, the
prompt '' is displayed in the top left-hand
corner of the screen. When you are finished
viewing this graphic, press the Return Key to go
back to the GRAPHICS GENERATION MODE
MENU.
c®" Now select option 2, 'Generate Metafile,' and
provide a name to use for storing the graphical
image. Once the metafile is generated, it may be
redisplayed with option 3, plotted on a hard-copy
pjotter using option 4, or downloaded from the VAX
computer into a PC-based desktop publishing
system by use of Kermit file transfer software. The
graphics in this manual were prepared in this
manner.
K? Return to the GAT MAIN MENU by selecting
option 5.
4. The GAT MAIN MENU should reappear.
"®° Choose option 2, 'Select Data to Graplti,' and then
option 3, 'Concentration Data for Pollutant' from
the DATA SELECTION MENU. A small window
appears briefly stating that pollutant concentration
data are selected for graphics and then the GAT
MAIN MENU reappears. Now pick option 3,
'Specify Sources(s)/Pollutant.'
The DATA SOURCE SELECTION MENU now
appears.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-39
-------
HEM- II Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Data Source Selection Menu
1 Scope - Study wide (all Sources)
Z iijcope - Single Emissions Source *
I7" • • &
3 Specify Pollutant
4 Return to Previous Menu
Pick option 2, 'Scope - Single Emissions Source'
to display concentration data for a single
user-selected source.
The GAT SOURCE SELECTION SCREEN now
appears.
-: GAT Source Selection Screen
DEtW POINT SOURCE II
MEITffiEH(rWj5HI~iZ"
TJASOI.INE STATIONS''AS H-G ftREA SOURCE
Use Cursor Keys to Highlight Entry. Use Enter Key to Select.
Use the cursor and return keys to select 'HEM
Demo Plant #2.'
The DATA SOURCE SELECTION MENU
reappears. Now select option 3, 'Specify Pollutant.
2-40
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
The GAT POLLUTANT SELECTION SCREEN will
appear on the screen.
II follijitaint Selection Screen ;
CHLOROFOKn
ISENZE11E
STIFREHE
Use Cursor Keys to Highlight Entry.
Use Enter Key to Select.
Select 'Benzene' as the pollutant to display
concentration data for with the HEM Demo Plant #2.
After the DATA SOURCE SELECTION MENU
reappears, select option 4 to return to the GAT
MAIN MENU.
Choose option 4, 'Select Graphic Representation,'
from the GAT MAIN MENU. Next, choose 'Surface
(3-D)' from the GRAPHICS REPRESENTATION
MENU.
HEM- I I Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Graphics Representation Menu
1 Bar Chart '
Z Contour CZ-D) ;
4 Return to Previous Menu
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-41
-------
A small window will appear briefly verifying this
selection.
When the GAT MAIN MENU reappears, choose ;
option 5, 'Specify Graphic Parameters' to load the
source-level graphics data set. Review the display
options for the 3-D surface representation. Supply a
title for the graphic and then accept the screen.
8 _A_ _ — n ,,
Text: Title 1
Title 2
Perspectiue: Rotation
felnuth
Display Options: Grid Matrix
X-V Scales
Skirt
Axes
Text Color
Data Color
Fence Color
Skirt Color
ni 1 P
lsp y
45
20
19 29
Min-Max
NO »ES
NO YES
e
0
0
a
| n *
2
(x,y plane across z-axis)
(elevation oucr x.y-plane)
30 -19 50
User-Spec
(default = 7)
(default - 4)
(default = Z)
(default = 5)
NOTE:
This is depicted in
Figure 5-4 on
p. 5-27 of this
guide.
5.
Now select 'Produce Graphics' from the GAT
MAIN MENU. The GRAPHICS GENERATION
MODE MENU will appear again. Select option 1,
'Generate On-Screen Graphics,' to invoke the
GRAFkit® Interactive Mode and display the
concentration isopleth.
When graphics generation has completed, the
prompt '' appears in the top left-hand
corner of the screen. When you are finished
viewing this graphic, press the Return Key and the
GRAPHICS GENERATION MODE MENU
reappears.
Try other combinations of graphics data, graphical
representations, and display options to familiarize
yourself with the capabilities of the GAT system.
This is done by returning to step 4 in Part 2 of this
2-42
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
tutorial and selecting different options, some of
which may not yet be enabled.
When you are finished, select option 7, 'Return to
HEM-II Main Menu' from the GAT MAIN MENU.
From the HEM-ll MAIN MENU, exit this HEM-II
session by selecting option 7, 'Exit Program.'
This concludes the HEM-I! Tutorial.
On-line Tutorial with Demonstration Study
2-43
-------
-------
SECTION 3
THE HEM-II USER
INTERFACE
Section 3 will acquaint the user with the mechanics
of operating the User Interface. In this section, a
conceptual model of the User Interface is presented.
A general description of various features of the
Interface is given along with explanations of editing
key functions. Specific details on the functions of
menu choices are described in Section!? 4 and 5.
CONTROL MENU SCREENS
Control menu screens, in general, are computer
screen listings of the available alternatives at each
point in the operation of a computer program.
Control menu screens provide a way to select
program processing options, leading the user
through a hierarchical arrangement of major and
subordinate control menus. These are often
referred to as the control system of a software
program because they allow the user to control the
{sequence of the appearance of the various menu
and data entry screens.
The information that is supplied by the user in the
menu control system is stored in the Study
Definition Data F:iles. These control data are used
later in the execution of the Technical Software
System (TSS) to enable or disable optional technical
processors such as population growth.
The control menu screen that occupies the highest
position in this tree-structured hierarchy is called the
Main Menu. This is the first computer screen that
the user sees when the program is started, as well
as the last upon completion of a HEM-II session.
The HEM-II MAIN MENU appears as follows.
The HEM-II User Interface
3-1
-------
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL 1.3
HEM- I I MftlN Menu
1 Define a HEN Study
2 Set Output Options
3 Execute HEM Study
4 Reports and Graphics
5 Global Check of Study Data
6 Software Configuration
7 Exit Progran
NOTE:
All discussions in
this manual
pertain to the Edit
Mode.
The diagram in Figure 3-1 shows the hierarchical
structure of the HEM-II control menu screens.
DATA ENTRY/REVIEW SCREENS
Data entry screens are used to supply the character,
numeric, and logical data with which the User
Interface software then uses to builds the data files.
These data files serve as input to the technical
modeling segment of the system (i.e., the TSS).
The mechanisms of data entry are discussed further
under Data Entry.
The HEM-II User Interface offers a browse mode
that allows the user to rapidly review the data in an
existing study. Additionally, the data can be
reviewed without making inadvertent changes in the
existing data values. The REVIEW MODE MENU is
displayed immediately after making a selection from
the HEM COMPONENT DATA MENU.
After selecting the browse mode, the user can
display the subsequent menus and data screens in
a fashion similar to the edit mode. The data screens
are presented along with current values. However,
instead of entering a full-screen editing mode, the
message 'Press Any Key to Continue..." is
displayed in the user message area at the bottom of
the screen. When the user depresses any key on
the terminal keyboard, the next data screen in the
3-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
z
UJ
UJ
111
Q
|
8
:E
8
CO
O
8.
c
Q>
IE
1
x
s
UJ
CL
2
O
CO
•S-
S
UJ
X
1
1
1
s
u
2
Pop. -Growth
»
1
I
S.
—
3
CO
-------
series will be displayed. This operation continues
until all screens in a given series are displayed.
DATA ENTRY
Screen Conventions
Several conventions are followed throughout the
HEM-II User Interface to provide a consistent
manner for the user to find screen and window titles,
messages, warnings, and error conditions.
• Messages will always appear on the last three
lines of the terminal screen.
• The last line of the terminal screen will be
reserved for warnings, error messages, and
command status messages and indicators.
• Individual screens will be identified by a screen
title at the top of a rectangular box (a "window"),
which is used to mark the user's "working area."
• Whenever the message, 'Press Any Key to
Continue...' appears on the screen, the program
will pause until the user has reviewed the
information on the screen and depresses any
key on the keyboard to allow program execution
to continue.
Screen Windows
Screen windows are used to group data items that
are related topically and possess the same level of
detail. For example, all of the general data that
describe an emissions source are contained in one
window, and each individual emissions point within
this source has a corresponding window.
Subordinate windows are indicated visually on the
computer screen; windows that correspond to a
lower level on the data hierarchy appear indented
and nested within the associated higher-level
window, wherever possible.
3-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
A terminator key
means the Return
(Enter) Key or
Cursor Keys.
Each window has a title located on the top line of
the rectangle that forms its perimeter. The window
title will be used to refer to this User's Guide.
Study Data Entry
HEM-II data are entered either by keystroking the
requested information or by using the cursor to
select from alternatives. For keystroke data entry,
data entry fields are shown on the screen as a
reverse video-shaded block. The length of the
shaded block indicates the maximum length of input
that can be accepted.
Some requests for user keystrokes do not require
the additional depressing of the tab or return input
terminating keys. Examples are pauses in
execution when messages such as 'Press Any Key
to Continue...' or 'Is the Above Correct (Y/N)?'
appear on the screen. For the sake of consistency,
all selections that require the user to press a
terminator key will highlight the entry field (or default
value) in reverse video. This allows the user to
confirm critical selections before continuing. This
distinction is clearer if the user selects 1he use of the
underline cursor in the terminal set up rather than
the reverse video blinking block cursor.
Wherever a default data value appears in an entry
field, that value will be accepted as the user
response simply by depressing the Return Key on
the terminal keyboard. Data that have been
supplied by the user in previous editing sessions will
appear as defaults when those data are) updated to
avoid redundant data entry.
A keystroke error occurs when data of the wrong
type are entered, such as text where integers are
expected. Keystroke errors are indicated by three
beeps on the terminal. This distinguishes an error
from the single beep heard when the maximum
input width of an entry field is reached.
The user is prompted to enter a value by
highlighting the item description. The item
description is text explaining of the model variable
The HEM-II User Interface
3-5
-------
for which the user is to supply a value. The width of
the shaded data entry area to the right of the
description indicates the maximum number of !
characters or digits.
In some instances, multiple entries of data of a
similar type are required. The user will be
presented with a matrix to fill in, similar to the
operation of an electronic spreadsheet.
The following editing keys are used:
Editing backspace Erase character to the left.
left/right
arrows
Horizontal tab
Movement
return
Vertical up/down
Movement arrows
return
Move cursor between
characters within a field.
Advance to the next
column (staying on the
same row).
Advance to the next
column (advancing to
next row).
Move to previous or next
row.
If in last column, move to
first column of next row.
When data are to be selected by cursor, a
predefined list of options is displayed horizontally on
a single row of the screen display, similar to an
electronic spreadsheet menu. The current value of
that data item appears in reverse video when
highlighted. The user positions the light bar to the
desired selection using the left-right cursor keys (or
tab). The user then accepts the selection by
pressing the Return Key.
If the list of alternatives is relatively long (i.e., more
than four items), a small framed pop-up window
appears adjacent to the data entry field on the
screen. This pop-up window presents a vertical list
of the allowed values for this field with the current
setting highlighted. The user positions the light bar
3-6
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
to the desired selection using up and down cursor
arrow keys, and then accepts the value by pressing
the Return Key.
Data Validation
User-supplied data are checked for correctness and
consistency by several mechanisms:
1. At the completion of every data entry screen, the
user must press the Screen Command Key, PF2,
and then press the A key to indicate that the data
shown are correct and should be aiscepted.
2. The program tests for data interdependencies
between the fields on the screen.
i
3. Certain fields from different data entry screens
are tested at the system level for consistency.
4. After data entry is completed, the user may
execute a data check across all of the HEM-II
, Study Definition Files by using the 'Global
Check of Study Data' option from the Main
: Menu (see Section 4).
User Interface Organization
Figures 3-2 through 3-4 display menu trees for the
HEM-II User Interface. These menu trees illustrate
each control menu as a narrow horizontal rectangle
listing all of the user options presented on that
particular control menu. The vertical connecting
lines then show the cause-and-effect
interconnection of these control menus. The bottom
level of the menu tree diagrams concludes in either
a set of specific data entry screens or other control
menus that have no lower levels or are not
implemented in HEM-II. Data entry screens are
depicted as rectangular boxes to distinguish them
from control menus.
The HEM-II User Interface
3-7
-------
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HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
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NOTE:
Refer to p. 2-10 for
typographical
conventions for the
computer screens
discussed in this
section.
SECTION 4
USING HEM-II
DEFINING A HEM-II STUDY
Main Menu
As shown below, seven selections appear on the
HEM-II MAIN MENU. These will be discussed in
the order in which they appear on the menu.
1
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL 1.3
HEH-II MAIN Menu
1 Define a HEH Study
2 Set Output Options
3 Execute HEM Study
4 Reports and Graphics
5 Global Check of Study Data
6 Software Configuration
7 Exit Progran
DEFINE A HEM STUDY
This selection passes program control from the
MAIN MENU to the STUDY DEFINITION MENU
and subsequently to the network of menus and data
entry screens that allow the user to supply
processing options and input data. The process of
defining a HEM-II study is discussed more fully in
later sections of this chapter.
SET OUTPUT OPTIONS
This selection invokes a control panel screen that
allows the user to enable or disable various optional
outputs created when the Technical Software
System (TSS) processes the HEM-II study. See the
Using HEM-II
4-1
-------
section Selecting Model Output Options for
additional details.
EXECUTE HEM STUDY
This selection prompts the user for the name of the
HEM-II study to be processed, and then invokes the
HEM-II TSS. The TSS processes the Model Input
Files generated from the User Interface. The batch
mode processing of the HEM-II TSS is totally
independent of the interactive User Interface, so the
user may safely log off the VAX computer while the
TSS continues to process the study. See the
section Executing a HEM-II Study for additional
details.
REPORTS AND GRAPHICS
This selection is chosen in order to prepare printed
reports and graphics. Tabular reports of the TSS
results may be printed on the VAX system printer. If
the graphics outputs were enabled, the TSS results
may be displayed on a VAX graphics terminal or on
the VAX system plotter using the HEM-II Graphics
Analysis Tools (GAT) from the REPORTS/
GRPAHICS MENU.
See Section 5, Reports and Graphics, for a detailed
explanation of the type and contents of the various
reports and graphical options available.
GLOBAL STUDY DATA CHECK
Choosing this selection activates a data checking
routine designed to determine whether the study
can be successfully processed. Various
consistency and completeness checks are
performed, and the user is informed of potential data
input problems that may warrant correction before
submitting the study for execution. See the section
Checking User Data for Errors for more details.
4-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
The 'Software
Configuration'
selection will be
used only by the
VAX system
manager.
SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION
This selection is normally used only once when
HEM-II is installed or a new user directory is created
by the VAX system manager to configure the HEM-II
for the following VAX/VMS considerations:
• Disk directory names for location of the HEM-II
software,
• Disk directory names for location of the user data
files,
• VAX system printer control,
• VAX batch queue options,
• VAX graphics terminal selection for use of GAT,
: and '•
• VAX plotter selection for use of GAT.
These settings may differ on different VAX systems
and for each separate VAX user account.
EXIT PROGRAM
This selection terminates the current HEM-II User
Interface session and returns the user to the
VAX/VMS command prompt ($).
Study Definition Menu
The HEM-II STUDY DEFINITION MENU appears
below. There are four selections on this menu.
Using HEM-II
4-3
-------
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEM- I I)
Study Definition Menu
1 Create Hcu Study
Z Create fro* Existing Study
3 Reulew/ttodify Existing Study
4 Return to MAIN Menu
CREATE NEW STUDY
This selection activates the first HEM-II User
Interface session for creating a new study. The
User Interface will request a name to use for this
study and then verify that a study with this name
does not already exist in the user directory.
Program control will now proceed to the
COMPONENT DATA MENU.
CREATE FROM EXISTING STUDY
This selection is for creating a new HEM-II study by
copying all of the data that have been previously
defined for a study of a different name. After
verifying that the new study name was not
previously used and that the old study does exist,
the User Interface will copy all of the existing study
data files to the new study. Program control will
now proceed to the COMPONENT DATA MENU.
REVIEW/MODIFY EXISTING STUDY
This selection enables the user to continue with a
previous User Interface session, correct data
entered in a previous session, or to review the user
data on the screen. Program control will now
proceed to the COMPONENT DATA MENU.
4-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
The HEM Study
Scenario screen is
described in detail
in the tutorial. See
pages 2-16 to 2-18.
RETURN TO MAIN MENU
This selection passes program control back to the
MAIN MENU and cancels the study definition
^operation.
Component Data Menu
The HEM-II COMPONENT DATA MENU is shown
;below. There are five selections on this menu that
progress in the logical order for user data entry and
one return option.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEM- I I)
Component Data Menu
1 HEM Study Scenario
Z BAG Processing
3 FOP Processing
4 EXP Processing
5 RISK Processing
6 Previous Menu
«
HEM STUDY SCENARIO
This option activates a set of data entiy screens that
allow the user to specify the HEM-II study scenario.
The HEM-II study scenario represents the highest
level of study processing options. This includes
options for the geographic mode for processing
source grids (source-specific or master grids) and
options to enable the processing of
microenvironments. Other options for long- and
short-term modeling and deterministic or stochastic
mathematical mode will be made in these study
scenario screens of HEM-II. The selections made in
these study scenario screens will determine the
types of information appearing in subsequent data
entry screens.
Using HEM-II
4-5
-------
NOTE:
Breathing Air
Components =
BAG.
NOTE:
Population
Processing
Component =
POP.
NOTE:
Exposure
Processing
Component =
EXP.
BAG PROCESSING
This option passes control to the BAG OPTIONS
MENU.
POP PROCESSING
This option passes control to the POP OPTIONS
MENU.
EXP PROCESSING
This selection invokes a control panel that allows
the user to select the mode of operation of the
Exposure Component.
RISK PROCESSING
This selection invokes a data entry screen that
allows the user to specify unit risk estimates for
each of the pollutants previously specified in the
BAG Pollutant List. Calculation of exposure and risk
is discussed in Appendix E.
PREVIOUS MENU
This selection passes program control back to the
HEM-II MAIN MENU and also creates the set of files
that are used later as input to the TSS. These TSS
input files differ somewhat in format and content
from the files that are used by the User Interface to
define a study.
BAG Options Menu
The BAG OPTIONS MENU, shown below, is used
for specifying processing options for the Breathing
Air Component (BAG). There are five selections on
this menu.
4-6
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
:
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL CHEH-ID
BAG Options Menu :
1
2
3
4
5
Pollutant List
Air Dispersion Models
STAR Site Selection
Hicroenuironnents
Preuious Menu
POLLUTANT LIST
This selection invokes the data entry screen for the
studywide pollutant list for the entire HEM-II study.
This pollutant list is used in all subsequent data
entry screens for BAG and RISK Processing.
AIR DISPERSION MODELS
This selection passes program control to the BAG
DISPERSION MODEL MENU from which the user
selects internally modeled point sources, externally
modeled point sources, or studywide area sources.
Prototype point sources will be implemented in a
future version. Selection of one of these options
then invokes a source editing facility 1:hat allows the
user to enter descriptions of the various sources or
revise existing descriptions. Additional information
about these options is provided later in this section.
STAR SITE SELECTION
This selection invokes a control panel that allows
the user to override the model's automatic selection
of climatological data. This option allows a
user-specified Stability Array (STAR) Site to be used
for a small study area, rather than allowing the TSS
to select the geographically closest STAR Site. A
Using HEM-II
4-7
-------
NOTE:
Refer to HEM-II
Model
Terminology and
Appendix Jfor a
definition and
discussion of
mlcroenvlronments.
list of STAR sites incorporated in HEM-II appears in
Appendix G.
MICROENVIRONMENTS
This selection invokes the BAG
MICROENVIRONMENTS POLLUTION
COEFFICIENTS MENU. This option allows the user
to specify the ratio between the concentration in
each microenvironment and the outdoor (ambient)
concentration of each specific pollutant. This
operation is not permitted if microenvironment
processing is disabled in the HEM-II study scenario
screen. Further details about this selection are
discussed later in this section.
PREVIOUS MENU
This selection passes program control back to the
COMPONENT DATA MENU.
BAG DISPERSION MODEL MENU
The BAC DISPERSION MODEL MENU, shown
below, provides five selections to the HEM-II user
that are further discussed below.
HUMAN EXPOSURE HODEL (HEN- I I)
BAC Dispersion Model Menu
1 HEM- I I Internal Point Sources
2 External Point Source Model Data
3 HEM-II Studyuide Area Sources
4 HEH-II Prototype Point Sources
5 Preuious Menu
4-8
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
HEM-II Internal Point Sources
This option pertains to the ISCLT module within
HEM-II. Details on this module are described in
Appendix C. A series of menus will query the user
for specific information required as input to ISCLT.
Note that although ISCLT includes an area source
option, the term "area source" within ISCLT is used
differently than in the 'HEM-II Studywide Area
Sources' selection described below. Within ISCLT,
the area option allows modeling of emissions from a
non-stack-type source such as fugitive emissions or
a storage pile. In these cases, the emissions are
still treated as emissions from a point.
External Point Source Model Data
Advanced users may wish to use a dispersion
model other than ISCLT. Choosing this option
allows input of results from external models. See
Appendix F for details.
HEM-II Studywide Area Sources
This selection pertains to the area source module
within HEM-II. Area sources are groups of point
1 sources that are too small and numerous to be
modeled individually. For example, automobile
emissions, residential emissions, or emissions from
dry cleaners should be modeled as Studywide area
sources. Appendix D describes the Area Source
Module in more detail.
HE:M-II Prototype Area Sources
This option has not been implemented in HEM-II
Version 1.3.
BAG MICROENVIRONMENTS POLLUTANT
COEFFICIENTS MENU
The BAG MICROENVIRONMENTS POLLUTANT
COEFFICIENTS MENU, shown below, provides the
HEM-II user with four selections that are discussed
below.
Using HEM-II
4-9
-------
BAC Microenuironnents
Pollutant Coefficients
1 HEN Default Coefficients
2 User-defn Coefficients
3 Area-specific Coefficients
4 Previews Menu
HEM-II Default Coefficients
This option should be selected only if default
microenvironments were chosen at the
COMPONENT DATA MENU level. The 'Outdoor'
coefficient is set to 1, the 'Indoor' coefficient is set
to 0.6. This means that indoor concentration levels
will be set to 60% of the calculated ambient
('Outdoor1) concentration.
User-defined (Defn) Coefficients
The user may choose to set the coefficients for each
microenvironment. This option may be selected
whether the user has selected 'Default
Microenvironments' or defined them. The user will
be prompted to enter values for each
microenvironment. Values should be set relative to
the ambient exposure level (i.e., 1 or less).
Area-specific Coefficients
This option allows the user to define geographic
regions. Within each region, the coefficients for
each microenvironment are defined by the user.
This option can be used for default or user-defined
microenvironments.
4-10
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
POP Processing Options Menu
The POP PROCESSING OPTIONS MENU, shown
below, is used for specifying population processing
options. There are five selections on this menu.
HUflAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEM)
POP Processing Options Menu
1 Population Base Year
Z Population Cohorts
3 Population Grouth
4 Hicroenuironnents
5 Previous Menu
POPULATION BASE YEAR
This selection invokes a control panel that allows
the user to select between two alternative census
population data bases, 1980 and 1983. However,
the 1983 is a proprietary data base that is not yet
on-line. When available, the 1990 census data will
be added to the model.
POPULATION COHORTS
' In future versions, this selection will activate the
POPULATION COHORTS MENU (not yet
implemented) in order to specify special sensitivity
groups or subpopulations by age, sex, race, or other
user-defined criteria.
POPULATION GROWTH
This option allows for population growrth from the
population base year until the specified study date.
If the user does not supply growth rates,
county-specific default growth factors will be used.
Using HEM-II
4-11
-------
NOTE:
Refer to HEM-Il
Model
Terminology and
Appendix Jfor a
definition and
discussion of
microenvironments.
Further information about this selection is given later
in this section.
MICROENVIRONMENTS
This selection invokes the POP
MICROENVIRONMENTS MENU and an associated
group of data entry screens that allow the study
population to be distributed among the
microenvironments specified in the HEM-Il study
scenario. An occupancy coefficient is used to
weight the proportion of time spent in each
microenvironment. This operation is not permitted if
microenvironment processing is disabled in the
HEM-Il study scenario. Additional details about this
selection are provided below.
PREVIOUS MENU
This selection passes program control back to the
HEM-Il COMPONENT DATA MENU.
POPULATION GROWTH MENU
The POPULATION GROWTH MENU, shown below,
offers the HEM-Il user five selections for which
details are discussed below.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL CHEN)
Population Growth
1 None
Z By County
3 By Population Cohort
4 By Specified Areas
5 Previous Menu
4-12
HEM-Il USER'S GUIDE
-------
None
Select this option if no growth is desired.
Populations from the 1980 U.S. census will be used
without modification.
By County
This option uses county-specific growth rates
derived from U.S. census projections. The user is
prompted to enter the year at which population
growth is stopped.
By Population Cohort
Currently, only one cohort, total population, is used
in HEM-II Version 1.3. This option can be used to
enter a user-defined growth rate for the entire
population.
By Specified Areas
This selection allows the user to define different
growth rates for different geographic areas. The
user is first prompted to define specific; rectangular
regions by entering the latitude and longitude of the
center of the rectangle and its height and width.
Then the user is prompted to enter growth rates for
each defined area as well as for any portion of the
study area not included in an explicitly defined area.
POP MICRO-ENVIRONMENTS
The POP MICROENVIRONMENTS OCCUPANCY
TIME SPECIFICATION MENU, shown below, offers
the HEM-II user four selections for which details are
provided below.
Using HEM-II
4-13
-------
POP Hicroenuironnents
Occupancy Tine Specification
1 By nicroenvironnent Alone
2 By POP Cohort per Microenu
3 Including Cohorts A Specified Areas
4 Previous Menu
NOTE:
Thefollowing
three sections
discuss other
functions available
from the HEM-II
MAINMENU
after the study has
been defined.
By Microenvironment Alone
This option allows the user to define the proportion
of time each microenvironment is occupied by the
population. These occupancy rates should add up
to one.
By POP Cohort per Microenvironment
Currently, only one cohort is available in HEM-II
Version 1.3. Therefore, this option produces results
identical to the option described above.
Including Cohorts & Specified Areas
This option allows the user to define rectangular
regions on the grid and to specify different growth
rates for each region. After defining the regions (by
latitude, longitude, width, and height), the user is
prompted to enter occupancy rates region by region.
CHECKING USER DATA FOR ERRORS
Choosing option 5, Global Check of Study Data,
from the Main Menu invokes an interactive data
checking facility designed to determine whether the
study can be successfully processed.
4-14
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
First, a check is made to determine that the HEM-II
Study Scenario has been described completely by
the user. For example, a study for which no
emissions sources of any type have been described
would be meaningless to process and would result
in a failure of the TSS upon executing the study.
Next, various geographic dependencies are
checked. For instance, the boundaries of studywide
area sources should extend far enough to include all
of the point sources. Otherwise, the results would
be biased by the omission of the area source
contribution from some point source domains and
not others. Also, for the master grid processing
mode, all sources should be encompassed by the
master grid.
Finally, data ranges are checked, where
appropriate. Warnings are displayed for data values
that fall outside the range of values normally
expected for that variable.
SELECTING MODEL OUTPUT OPTIONS
When option 2 from the HEM-II MAIN MENU, 'Set
Output Options,' is selected, a control panel screen
is invoked that allows the user to enables or disable
various optional outputs that are created when the
TSS processes the HEM-II study.
In Version 1.3 of HEM-II, most model outputs are
fixed except those pertaining to graphic!;. Graphics
output files are large and require additional
processing time to produce, so they should normally
be disabled unless the study has been previously
processed to completion and graphics outputs are
specifically desired.
EXECUTING A HEM-II STUDY
There are two modes of operation possible
whenever a computer executes a program. These
are called interactive and batch modes. The HEM-II
User Interface is an example of computer software
that operates in the interactive mode. The course of
Using HEM-II
4-15
-------
NOTE:
Detailed discussion
of 'Reports and
Graphics' appears
In Section 5.
its operation is directed by the user who interacts
with the software, receiving information on the
terminal display and entering control information and
data from the terminal keyboard. HEM-II studies,
however, are processed using an alternative mode
of operation called batch mode.
The batch mode of operation requires no user
intervention and continues processing unless the
user issues a STOP or DELETE command to
remove the job from the batch queue. Batch jobs
continue running even after the user has logged out
from the VAX computer system. Therefore, users
will most frequently follow the steps below in the
routine use of HEM-II:
1. Log onto the VAX computer.
2. Invoke the HEM-II User Interface.
3. Define a HEM-II study.
4. Submit the study for execution.
5. Exit the HEM-II User Interface.
6. Log off the VAX computer (the study continues
processing in the batch mode).
7. Log back onto the VAX computer at a later time.
8. Check for the successful completion of the study.
Refer back to Part 2 Step 1 in the tutorial.
9. Invoke the HEM-II User Interface again to
produce reports and graphics.
DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS
After executing a HEM-II study, the main log file
should be checked for the message indicating
successful completion. If the main log file contained
an error message or did not give the message about
successful completion, an error has occurred during
the processing of the study. The user should now
4-16
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
consult the various log files, discussed below, that
are created during execution to determine the cause
of the problem.
Session Log Files
A set of files named 'SESSION.LOG' are created
routinely during the use of the interactive HEM-II
User Interface. Multiple versions of this file occur for
each operation that is performed as a VAX/VMS
"spawned process." If errors or inconsistent
behavior are noticed during the operation of the
User Interface, the first action to diagnose the cause
is to exit the User Interface and examine these log
files by issuing the following VAX/VMS command:
$ TYPE SESSION.LOG;*
The log file will show messages such as the
following two:
1. Hardware disk errors or '•
2. Disk quota exceeded.
If the error message is unfamiliar to the user, the
VAX/VMS manual or operator should be consulted.
Main Log File
When the TSS executes a HEM-II study, the
processing of each TSS component is recorded in a
log file whose name is "HEM_" followed by the
name of the study, with the file name extension
".LOG." For example, when the tutorial study,
HEMDEMO, is processed by the TSS, the main log
file is created under the name
"HEM_HEMDEMO.LOG." If an error occurs during
processing, a descriptive error message will appear
in the Main Log File or the user will be directed to
the appropriate Component Log File to further
diagnose the cause of the failure.
Using HEM-II
4-17
-------
Component Log Files
Component Log Files are created as the TSS
Supervisor program runs each separate processor
that is part of the TSS. Individual processor '
programs exist for the following:
• The Source Grouping Processor,
• The Population Processor,
• The Area Model Input Generator,
• The Area Model,
• The Point Source Input Generator,
• ISCLT, and
• The Exposure Processor (also the Risk
Processor in future releases).
TSS Diagnostic Messages
The TSS is able to trap and diagnose certain error
conditions and report them with the following two
internal routines:
1. The File Input/Output (I/O) Error Trapping Routine
and
2. The Technical Error Trapping Routine.
The I/O Error Trapping Routine (IO_ERR)
diagnoses file errors that may result from internal
computer code errors or disk errors. The internal
name, date, and time of each separate input file is
evaluated for consistency. The numerical counts
and identities of sources, emission points,
pollutants, etc., are also tested for consistency
between input files. Any mismatch is reported by
the IO_ERR and execution of the TSS is terminated
with an error message. The IO_ERR routine also
checks for end-of-file (EOF) conditions when the
program was expecting to read a value from the file.
4-18
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Incorrect data type errors are also diagnosed by this
routine. For example, if a read operation finds
alphabetical text at the position in the file where a
number should occur, an IO_ERR error message
will be displayed.
A different routine, the Technical Error Trapping
Routine (TECH_ERR) handles a different class of
error conditions. This routine checks that critical
numerical values are non-zero and within model
maxima. This is essentially a second level of error
detection in case the IO_ERR routine did not detect
an erroneous value.
Errors that cannot be detected by the above
routines may be detected by the internal FORTRAN
array subscript and arithmetic overflow error
detection facilities. If this happens, the TSS will
terminate, and the Main Log File or Component Log
File will contain a FORTRAN Traceback diagnostic
message that will state the exact line number where
the error occurred and then successive lines to
indicate the sequence of routines that led up to
where the error occurred. This information is
extremely valuable in correcting software errors or in
enhancing the internal error-trapping routines to
cover additional possible error conditions.
If either of these types of error messages are
observed, please record them and communicate
these problems to Michael Dusetzina ait (919)
541-5338 or FTS 629-5338, or Warren Peters at
(919) 541-5337 or FTS 629-5337, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Pollutant
Assessment Branch (MD-13), at Research Triangle
Park, NC 27711.
GAT Diagnostic Messages
The HEM-II Graphics Analysis Tools (GAT) have
been developed using a commercial VAX graphics
development system called GRAFkit®.
Using HEM-II
4-19
-------
NOTE:
Computer
Graphics
Metafile = COM.
NOTES:
1. NEVER attempt
to cancel GAT by
use of the
Control-C or
Control-Ykey
sequences.
2. When
generating
on-screen
graphics, wait
until the COM
Translator has
completed its
processing and the
prompt
appears in the top
left-hand corner of
the screen. Then
press the Return
Key to return to
the GRAPHICS
GENERATION
MENU.
Some errors may arise from within the GRAFkit
system that may affect the behavior of GAT. In
particular, the CGM Translator, which operates as a
detached process within GRAFkit®, occasionally
can cause program execution errors. Be sure to
read margin notes 1 and 2 on this page.
Data errors that are detected by the CGM Translator
or user interruptions of the CGM Translator may
cause GAT to fail. Furthermore, since the CGM
Translator retains its operating state from one
invocation to the next, it may fail unexpectedly the
next time GAT invokes the CGM Translator. In suclr
cases, recognize that there may not be an actual
error condition and so a second attempt to run GAT
again with the same data may succeed.
4-20
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
SECTION 5
REPORTS AND
GRAPHICS
Printed reports and on-screen or hard-copy
computer graphics of HEM outputs may be prepared
after the study has been processed successfully by
the TSS.
PREPARING PRINTED REPORTS
HEM-ll provides several options for obtaining
printed tabular reports. These are available from
the HEM-ll REPORTS/GRAPHICS MENU. This
menu is reached by selecting option 4,'Reports and
Graphics,' from the Main Menu.
Three categories of printed reports are available:
1. User-supplied data reports,
2. ISCLT defaults report, and
3. Model output data reports.
These reports can be examined on screen or a copy
can be printed from the VMS prompt. F:or example,
the files containing the output reports are named:
_RPT#.DAT
To view a file on screen, issue the following
command:
TYPE _RPT#.DAT
To print a report, issue the following command:
PRINT RPT#.DAT
Reports and Graphics
5-1
-------
where # is 1, 2, 3, or 4, which correspond to the
four output reports discussed in the following
section. For example, RPT3 is the Source-group
Exposure/Risk Report.
User-supplied HEM-II Study
Definition Reports
The user-supplied data can be reviewed by printing
the Study Definition Reports. A different report is
generated for each user-input data file or "U" file.
Examples of each of these reports appear in
Appendix H.
The user should examine each of these reports after
creating a study to verify that all values have been
entered correctly. Note that some of the example
reports appear incomplete. In some cases, such as
"POP Microenvironment Data: File U14," options
not yet implemented are shown; specification of
more than one cohort, for example, is not yet
possible. On some other reports, the Study Data
and Study Time do not appear. This means that
these pieces of information are not accessible from
that file.
The user also needs to remember that the format of
the report may affect a value shown. For example,
if the decay rate is less than 10"4, the value will
appear as 0.0000 (see BAG Options/ Pollutant Data:
File U20 in Appendix H). If this occurs, the user
may check the U file, in this example, File U20, to
verify the exact value.
HEM-II TSS Model Outputs
Four output reports are currently created when the
TSS processes a HEM-II study. These are retained
after the TSS completes and may be printed
afterwards from the HEM-II REPORTS/GRAPHICS
MENU. When option 2,'Print HEM Model
Outputs,' is selected from the HEM-II
REPORTS/GRAPHICS MENU, these reports will be
printed on the VAX system printer according to the
printer command specified under the 'Software <
5-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
NOTE:
BGED = Block
| Group/Enumeration
District.
Configuration' selection on the HEM-II MAIN
MENU. The names of these reports are:
1. Source-specific Maximum Concentration Report,
2. Source-specific Exposure/Risk Report,
3. Source-group Exposure/Risk Report, and
4. Study Exposure/Risk Report.
EEach of these four reports are discussed in turn in
the following subsections with examples included.
REPORT 1: SOURCE-SPECIFIC MAXIMUM
CONCENTRATION REPORT
Report 1 summarizes the maximum concentrations
for each pollutant by source group and source
number. The cohort number is also shown; in
HEM-II Version 1.3, this will always be 1. Cohorts
will provide a means for defining population
subgroupings in future versions. In the current
version, only one cohort, total population, is
available.
The HEM Study Source List, at the top of Report 1,
gives the name of each source as it was defined by
the user. The number assigned by the program to
the source precedes the name. In the summary
tables that follow in this report and others, this
number will be used to identify the source.
Similarly, each pollutant defined by the user is listed
with its identification number.
The last table in Report 1 lists the maximum
concentration of each pollutant from each source.
The maximum concentration is the highest
concentration of a pollutant that is assigned to a
population BGED in the study area. It may not
necessarily be the highest concentration predicted
by the dispersion model; concentrations that occur
in unpopulated areas are not included. The table
also shows the population at the BGED that is
Reports and Graphics
5-3
-------
exposed to the maximum concentration. Finally, the
maximum risk is calculated as the product of the
maximum concentration and the unit risk estimate
(URE) for the pollutant. The URE represents the
risk to an individual over a 70-year lifespan. UREs
are discussed in the preamble to the Proposed and
Final National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAP) for Benzene, 53 FR 28496
and 54 FR 38044, respectively.
EPA MMUt EXPOSURE WOK. (KM-11 VE«1WI 1.5 J —
KPOR1 t
JICE-1KCIFIC HUIIMM CMCCMTMTICN tCKMT
STUDT KAHC 1 NGCENO
fTUOT W1E l 01/31/90
JTIOT TIM 1 10:20:12
6CHO HINT MWCe 81
KM KM PUUtT «
CAKX.IIC IUTIOKI At I-B MCA
HCM CTUOT POLLUTANT LIST I
KUta fOXCZ POLL COMXr KAX1MJH KAJUHCM WXIHUN
00* MM KM NLK CONG IXKXEO RIK
{!«,'•*)) Td MX (CMKW
3.KC
1.2K
r.ue
4.12E 01
I.Wt-01
*IK« tWC ::i Hltheft C«X««r*tton tulgntd t* toy Pepulnlen towrof* In th* Siidy A
IKJK RIlC itl HUIHJH COUC * Unit Rtfk ElttMl* fcr pollutartt
REPORT 2: SOURCE-SPECIFIC
EXPOSURE/RISK REPORT
Report 2 provides much more detail on the
exposure and risk estimates than were given in
Report 1. In addition, a description of the dispersion
modeling parameters for each source is given.
Following the source description, two tables are
given for each pollutant. The first table summarizes
the exposure of the entire population in the study
area. Concentration intervals are listed in
descending order; concentration lower bounds
(CONG LB) and concentration upper bounds
5-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
(CONG UB) define the limits of each interval. For
example, the first line of the table shows the number
of people exposed to the highest concentrations of
pollutants. EXPOSURE for that interval is
calculated as the cumulative product of the number
of people at each BGED exposed to a concentration
within that interval and the concentration to which
they are exposed. The last two columns are
cumulative values for population and exposure.
Thus, the CUMULATIVE POPULATION in the last
line is the total population of the study area;
CUMULATIVE EXPOSURE is the sum of the total
population's exposure.
Below the population exposure table, TOTAL
MAXIMUM EXPOSURE is shown. The values for
the items MAXIMUM EXPOSURE and
POPULATION EXPOSED are the same as are
given in Report 1. The product of these two values
is the TOTAL MAXIMUM EXPOSURE.
The risk table that follows is similar to the exposure
table. The URE is multiplied by the ex|3osure for
each population centroid to estimate the probable
number of cancers expected to occur in each group.
Again, risk levels are divided into intervals, and the
risks for population centroids within each interval are
summed to get the RISK for that interval. Below this
table, MAXIMUM RISK (also given in Report 1) is
reported, followed by the number of people to whom
that risk number applies. The product of these two
is the TOTAL MAXIMUM RISK, or probable number
of cancers in that group of people. ANNUAL
INCIDENCE is the estimated annual occurrences of
cancer in the study population. ANNUAL
INCIDENCE is calculated by dividing the
CUMULATIVE RISK for the total population by
70 years. Therefore, the CUMULATIVE RISK
represents the risk to the entire population over
70 years. Dividing CUMULATIVE RISK by 70 gives
an estimate of the probable number of cancers
occurring each year in the population.
The risk and exposure tables are repeated for each
pollutant and for each source.
Reports and Graphics
5-5
-------
** EPA HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL (HEN-11 VERSION 1.3 )
REPORT 2
SOURCE-SPECIFIC EXPOSURE/RISK IEPODT
STUOT HAHE : HEHOEHO
STUDY DATE : 01/31/90
STUDY TIME : 10:20:52
Source ID : DEMO POINT SOURCE 1*1
Source Type : POINT
source Grid Type : POLAR
source latitude : 4.1689E«01
Source Longitude : 8.7564E+01
Maxima Modeling Radius (Ka) :
Nimber of Polar Grid Rtngt :
Distance to Polar Grid Rings (Km) :
5.ooooE*oi
to
2.0000E-01 5.0000E-01 1.0000E-OO 2.0000E«00 5.0000E«00
1.0000E»01 2.0000E*01 3.00006*01 «.OOOOE*01 5.0000E+01
SOURCE-SPECIFIC EXPOSURE SUHHARY
STUDY HAHE
STUDY DATE
STUDY TIME
: HEHCEHO
: 01/31/90
: 10:20:52
Source Group Nan* : SOURCE GROUP NUMBER 1
Source Name : DEHO POINT SOURCE t\
Pollutant Ham* : CHLOROFORM
COUC IB
(u,/«"3)
2.5000E-02
1.0000E-02
5.000CE-03
2.5000E-03
1 .OOOOE-03
S.OOOOE-04
2.500GE-04
1.000CE-04
5.0000E-05
2.5000E-05
HAXIHUH
EXPOSURE
(u3/«"3)
3.B418E-02
COUC l»
(ufl/«"3>
5.0000E-02
2.5000E-02
1.00006-02
5.0000E-03
2.5000E-03
1. OOOOE-03
5.0000E-04
2.5000E-M
1.0000E-04
5.0000E-05
POPULATION
EXPOSED
(persons)
2.1S30E*03
POPULATIOH
EXPOSED EXPOSURE
(parsons) (p-uoyni**3)
3.137X1E+03 1.1715E*02
9.0160E*03 1.2I02E+02
2.9584E*04 2.02KE*€2
1.0330E»05 3.4&20E«02
2.3462E*05 3.5427E*02
4.6221E*05 3.1743E*02
1.0901E*0& 3.774BE*02
2.8379E*0& 4.45106+02
1.3481E*0& 1.0643E*02
3.6261E*M 1.7U7E*00
TOTAL MAXIMUM
EXPOSURE
(P_ug/n**3)
8.3867E*OI
CUMULATIVE
POPULATION
(persons)
3.137»E*03
1.2153EHK
4.1739E*O4
1.450tE*05
3.7946E«05
S.41B7EK15
1.9320E*0&
4.7696E+06
6.1179E*0&
6.1M2E»06
CUMULATIVE
EXPOSURE
(p-ug/n»3)
1.17I5E*02
2.4097E*02
4.4311E*02
7.8931E*02
l.U36E»03
1.4410E*03
1.8385E*03
2.25J6E-.03
2.3900E*03
2.391 7E+03
5-6
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
SOURCE-SPECIFIC KIStC SUHMARr
STUOT KANE : HEHOEHO
SIUOY DATE : 01/31/90
STUDY TINE : 10:20:52
Source Group None : SOURCE GIKUP HUKBER 1
Source Name : DEHO POIIIT SOURCE *1
Pollutant Ham : CHLOROFORM .
RISK 18 RISK OB
(prob of (prob of
individual individual
cancer) canc*r>
5.0000E-07
2.SOOOE-07
1.0000E-07
5.0000E-08
2.5000E-08
l.OOOOE-08
5.0000E-09
2.5000E-09
1.00006-09
1.0000E-06
S.OOOOE-07
2.5000E-07
1.0000E-07
S.OOOOE-08
2.50006-08
1.0000E-08
5.0000E-09
2.5000E-09
POPULATION
AT «ISK
(persons)'
6.5«10E»03
4.5519E-KK
1.1099E+D5
1.8502E*D5
6.5Z«2E*D5
1.229«tD6
DISC CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
(nurixr Of POPULATICN (ISK
cancers in
S.OOOOE-02
2.5000E-02
1.0000E-02
5.0000E-03
2.5000E-03
l.OMOE-OJ
5.0000E-04
2.50ME-M
1.0MOE-04
5.0000E-OJ
HAXIKUH
EXPOSURE
(ug/«~3)
7.3635E-02
COHC US
(us/»«"3>
1.0000E-01
S.OOOOE-02
2.5000E-02
1.0000E-02
5.0000E-03
2.5000E-03
1.0000E-03
5.0000E-M
2.5000E-H
1.0000E-M
POPULATION
EXPOSED
(parsons)
2.1S30E*03
POPULATION
EXPOSED
(parsons)
3.1370EM13
4.5020E-H13
3.1966EXK
9.7£*8£»0&
1.4o72E«05
5.1909E«05
1.0479E«06
1.976ZE406
2.27«OE>06
5.2916E«04
EXPOSURE
(|>-ug/«"3)
2.2454E»02
1.4627E402
4.5355€»02
6.4S97E<02
5.061S€-02
7.0006E-K12
7.2I81E»OJ
6.D681E«02
4.0930E-KI2
«.9I62E*00
CUMULATIVE
POPULATION
(persons)
3.T370E*03
7.69906-03
3.9eo5E«04
1.3731E<05
2.8403E-05
8.0312&1U5
1.8510E.W.
3.B272E*06
6.1012£«06
6.1542E*06
CUMULATIVE '
EXPOSURE
(p-u8/«"3)
2.24S4E»02
3.70B2E-OJ ,
S.2937E.02
1.4753£*03
1.M15E-KI3
Z.7624E*03
3.40(2E-»u3
4.1710E+03 :
4.5793E»03 ;
».58<2E*03
TOTAL MAXIMUM
EXPOSURE
1.o07«E<02
)
'
Reports and Graphics
5-7
-------
SOURCE-IPECIFIC mac sutwir
S1UOT HAKE : X6MOEHO
trier DATE : 01/31/90
STUDY TIH6 ! 10:20:52
Source Croup lOee [ SOURCE CHOP MME* I
Source nine I DEMO POIMT SOURCE ft
Pollutant Hne : BEH2EKE
msr LB msic u>
(prob of (prob of AT tlSK
individual individual (persona)
cancer) cancer)
POPULATION RISK CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
AT RISK (rwber of POPULATIOJI RISK
cancers In (persona) (cua no.
group) of cancers)
S.O»3E-07
Z.500X-07
1.0003C-07
S.OOOOE-08
2.50006-05
1.0003E-OS
5.00096-09
2.S003E-09
1.0000E-09
S.OOOOE-10
1.0000E-06
5.0000E-07
2.SOOOE-07
l.OOOOE-07
S.OOOOE-09
Z.5000e-08
1.0000E-08
5.0000E-09
2.SODOE-09
1.0030E-09
3.0990£»03
2.W7CCX3
2.ZoSSE«M
9.M99E-HK
1.391M-.05
«.0997E»K
>.(S06E«05
1.7306E400
2.7598£»06
1.M50E-03
7.6312E-W
3.2U8E-03
4.J655E-03
S.0611E-03
0.1U1E-03
5.813«-03
5.96SJE-03
4.6582E-03
1.52766-04
3.0WOC40J
5.59606.03
2.I2S1E>M
9.275OE'M
?.31ME'05
3.220oE«0«
5.9SOJE.OO
1.M50E-OI
2.6001E-03
5.M70C-03
1.0212E-02
1.527(E-02
2.1WOE-02
2.7273E-02
3.32UE-02
3.79ME-02
3.WH9E-02
MAXiMJt POPULAT10H TOTAL KM 1 HUH AKNUAL
(ISC
(prob of
Individual
cancer)
HIS*
(no. cancers
in grou?)
4.1117E-07 2.1«!OE»03 1.3K2E-03
INCIDENCE
(Nuifcer of
cancers
per year)
5.43556-04
OF AKXUM.
IIIC1DEIKE
STUOr UAHE
ItUOT DATE
STUDY TIHE
SOU8CE-SPECIFIC EXPtSUtE SUWAir
: KEHDEMO
1 01/31/90
: 10:20:52
Source Croup Haiae : SOJBCE CKU> HUMEII 1
Source Haiae : DEHO MINT SOUKCE *1
Pollutant K
COHC LB
(uo/al"J>
1.0000E-01
5.000CE-02
2.SOOOE-02
1.0COOC-02.
S.OCOO£-0>
2.5000E-03
l.OOOOE-03
5.0300E-04
2.5000E-U
1.0000E-M
HAXIHUH
extoswz
(ug/ar*3)
1.0M5E-01
•me : STTREMg
COHC M
("S/aC-3)
2.50006-01
1.00006-01
5.0000E-02
2. 50006-02
1.00006-02
5.00006-03
2. 50006-03
l.OOOOE-03
5.00006-04
2.50006-04
POPULATIOI
EXPOSED
Cperaone)
2.1K30Et03
POPULATIOH
EXPOSED
(peraona)
2.1SIOE.03
2.I400E.03
1.1S51E«M
S.Wv3E*M
1.3357E.05
2.3212E<05
5.503KH15
1.53»9£«06
2.34566*04
».7»3S£«05
EXPOSUU:
CUULAT1VE
POPULATIOII
(p-UB/«"3) 03
S.tt6lE«02
1.M27E«02
2.1B30E*03
4.5230E»03
1.6074£rf*
7.5167E*M
2.0574E»05
4.4086EK15
1.2912E*06
2.9302E-MU
5.1759E-0*
6.15426*06
OJHUUT1VE
EXPOSURE
*J>
2.37626.02
4.14126*02
7.S535E*02
1.65336*03
2.*107C*D3
3.4026£*03
4.6699E«03
5.7357E«03
6.57S3E»03
<.7766E<03
TOTAL KAXIMJH
EXPOSURE
(p_ug/«--3)
2.3762E<02
5-8
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
SOURCE-SPECIFIC mac suwuir
STUD? IUM
STUDY DATE
STUDT TIH£
: HEHDEHO
I 01/31/90
: 10:20:52
Source Croup Kane I SOURCE CROUP NUHBEIt 1
Source Name : DEMO POINT SOKCE *1 !
Pollutant H
RISK LS
Cprob of
individual
cancer)
1.0000E-0*
s.ooooe-09
2.50006-09
1.0000E-09
5.0000E-10
2.5000E-10
1.0000E-10
5.0000E-11
2.5000C-1I
1.0000E-11
HAXINUH
RISK
(probof
Individual
cancer)
1.0885E-08
ame : STYREHE
RISK UB
(prob of
individual
cancer)
2.SOOOE-OB
1.0000E-M
S.OOOOE-09
2.50006-09
l.CWOM-Ov
5.00OOE-10
2.5COM-10
1.0000E-10
5.0000E-11
2.5000E-11
POPUUriON
AT BISK
Cpor«on»
2.1850E403
POPULATION
AT BISK
(persons)
2.1B30E103
2.3400e*03
1.1551E»M
3.9093£->M
1.3>57E«05
2.3212E*05
8.5(O»€»05
1.5J89E«06
2.MHE«06
9.7«38£»W
RISK CUKULATIVE
(nuaber of POPULATION
cancer* In (percona)
>»
2.3762E-05 2.1«30€*03
1.7650E-05 4.;250E«03
3.7123E-05 1.e074E*Ot
».MODE-05 7.5167E»04
9.5735E-05 2.0874E»O5
7.9193E-OS 4.t086E*05
1.2675E-M 1.2912E«06
1.065BE-M 2.U02E*Oo
8.4261E-05 5.175«£«O4
1.9B27E-OS 6.1542E»06
CUUIATIVE '
RISK
(eta no.
of cancers)
2.J762E-05
4.U12E-05
7.0535E-OS
1.C533E-W
2.A107E-M
3.4026E-M
«.«99E-04
5.7J57E-0* I
6.S7S3E-M
6.7766E-M
TOTAL MAXIMUM AHKUAt BECIWOC/0.
RISC
INCIDENCE OF AN
NUAL
Cno. cancer* ' : 1.0000E-01 2.5000E-01 S.OOOOE-01 1.0000£»00 Z.OOOOEtOO
5.0000E«00 l.MIOOE*01 J.OOOOEtOl 3.0000E»01 «.OOOOE»01
Reports and Graphics
5-9
-------
SOUtCE-SPECIFIC EXPOSURE SUHKAItt
STUDY tUX : HEHCEMO
StUOr DATE : 01/31/90
SIUOI TIKE : 10:20:52
Source Group Hne : SOURCE GROUP NUMBER 1
Source Name I HEM DEW PLANT 42
Pollutant Name : CHLOROFORM
POPULATION CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
COSC LI COHC Ul EXPOSED EXPOSURE POPULATION EXPOSURE
(ug/«"3> (us/«"3> (persons) (p-UB/n"3> (persone) (p-uj/«**3>
1.0003C-02 2.5000E-D2 1.1350E«03 1.W36£«01 I.I350£«03 1.U36E«01
5.0000C-03 1.0000E-D2 3.6
1.2S95E-02 1.13SDE<03
SOURCE-SPECIFIC I1SK SUHKAIIT
STUOT NAME : HEMCEHO
SIICT DATE : 01/31/90
StUOT TIHE : 10:20:52
Source Croup N»ae : SOUflCE GROUP NUHBEX 1
Source Hue : HEX OEHO HJWr *2
Pollutant Ui.ie : CBLOBOFWH
RISC If USK l» POPULATIM
(prot> of (prcb of AT IISK
Individual individual 07 1.13506+03
I.OOOOe-07 2.SOOOE-07 2.0574E4OI
S.OOOOe-08 1.0000E-07 8.742ber of IKCIOEHCE
cancers
per year)
5.1WSE-CK 1.«37E»03
5-10
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
SCOHCE-sreCIFIC EXPOSURE SUWttY
STUOT NAME : BEHOEMO
STUDY DATE : 01/31/90
STUDY TIHE : 10:20:52
source Croup Mane : SOURCE GftCU> HUME* 1
Source Name : HEN MHO PLANT HZ
Pollutant Ham : BENZENE
owe UB
(ug/»"3>
POPULATION CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
EXPOSED EXPOSURE POPULATION EXPOSURE
(persons) (person*) (p-ug/«"3)
S.OOOOE-M 1.0MOE-03 2.1779E»M I.32«E»01 2.1779E*« 1.32Z«E«01
2.50006-04 5.0000E-0* «.1996E»OS 1.2HK*OZ «.*174E*«S 1.«11E»«2
1 00006-04 2.SOOOE-04 6.KS1E»05 H.U55E»02 1.0462E«16 2.6066E«B
S.OOOOE-05 1.0000E-M 2.6170E«3 2.3U4E-01 1.0489eM)4 2.oOS9E*02
HAX1MM POMJLAIIW TOTAL MAUIKJI
EXPOSURE EXPOSED EXPOSURE
(p_u9/«"J)
8.6629E-04 1.1350E*03 9.S324E-01
SOUHX-SFECIFIC RISK EUKHMT
STUDY HAKE : HEHDEHO
STUDY DATE : 01/31/90
STUDY TIME : 10:20:52
Source Group Nat
Source Nine
Pollutant Name
! : SOURCE GROUP IUHBER 1
: HEH DIHO PUOT ft
• IEHZEME
RISKIS aisKua POPUUTIOII tax CUHULATIVE OIUXATIVE
(prob 0« (pro* of AT K1SIC (niter Of POPULATION MHC
Individual individual (perum<) cancers In (peraonO (cue no.
cancer) c«icer) • S"~P> of ""•:"•«>
5.0000E-09 1.0000E-0! 1.1797E»ttl 6.O02E-05 1.1T97E«M 6.*302E-OS
2.5000E-09 S.OOOOE-09 1.9W4E-.OI5 5.8276E-0* 2.066««)5 4.47O6E-04
1.0000e-09 2.5000C-OV 8.1«»E«I» 1.W25e-03 1.«11E»Oe Z.139SE-03
5.0000E-10 1.0000E-09 2.77
-------
tCUICE-SPECIFlC EXPOSURE SUMUM
snoY one : naoaa
STUjr DATE I 01/31/90
STUDY TIME : 10:20:52
Source Croup KIM : SOUBCE GHOUP MJIUEI 1
Source Hl«e t HEM DEMO PLANT 12
Pollutant Name : STTKENE
POPULATION CUHJUTIVC CUMULATIVE
COIC LI CMC (M EXPOSED EXPOSURE POPULATION EXPOSURE
«3)
1.03WE-03 1.1350C«OJ 1.17WE»00
SOKCE-IPECIF1C
SlUOr IUW : HEHHHD
STUDT DATE : 01/31/90
STUCT TIME : 10:20:52
S9urc« Croup k
Saurc* HHM
Palturinc HMM
: i SOUKCE CliOUP KJWEI 1
: HEM DEHO PLAMT HZ
: CTTItEliE
«IS« LI RISK M POPULATION IttSK OMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
(prob of (prob of AT IISK InuMxr of POPULAT10H *I«C
individual individual Cperccne) canctr* in (pertont) (cun no.
cincer) cmccr) group) of cancer.)
1.0000E-10 2.50096-10 1.1350£»03 1.17V9E-07 1.1350e»03 I.tr9«-07
S.OOOOE-11 1.0000E-10 3.«26E»(K 2.U7X-06 ».0741E.C* Z.6055E-06
2.50COC-11 5.0000E-11 6.t551E*OS 2.22UE-OS 7.2o27£»05 2.<»53E-05
1.0000E-11 2.S900E-1I 3.22S9EXI5 6.4537E-M 1.0M9E«06 3.1307E-05
KAXIWM POPUUTICH TOTAL MXIHUH A1IMUAL
RISK
(prob of
individual
cancer)
AT «1S( IISK
(persona) (no. cancera
in group)
INCIDENCE
(Nutter of
cancers
per year)
KECIPDOCAL
OF AWIUVU.
INCIDENCE
1.0391E-10 1.1350E>DI 1.17W6-07
«.472«-07 2.235S>E«06
5-12
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Source 10 : GASOLINE STATIONS lit H-S AI£A JOUKCE
Source Type : ARE*
Source Grid Type : CART
Source latitude i &.16B9E*O1
Source Longitude : t.78SOE*G1
Hunter of Grid CeU» In Ee.t-v.it Dtnctlon i 55
Length of Cell* In Eett-Vett Direction (Kfl) : 5.0000E+00
Hunter of Grid CeUi in North-South Direction : 55
Length of Celts In North-South Direction (I0i) : 5.0000E400
ITUOY XAM£ :
STUDY DATE I
STUDY TIME 1
Sou re* Oroup
tourcc Name
Poilutvit MM
COMC L*
ug/«-*3)
.soooe-oi
.ooooe-01
.OOOOE-02
.5000E-02
.OOOOE-02
.OOOOE-03
.soooe-os
.OOOOE-03
.DMOE-04
.50QOE-M
.OOQOE-Ot
.DOOM-OS
.SOOOf-05
.OOOOE-03
.DOOOE-M
.SOOOE-M
.OOOOE-06
.coooe-or
.SOOOE-07
.ooooe-07
.SOOOE-Oft 3
HEWEMO
D1/31/90
IDiZOtSZ
1 CAM
IM I KMl
cone tm
UQ/^-3>
.OOOOE-01
.3000E-01
.OOOOE-01
.OOQOE-OZ
.SOOOE-02
.OOODE-03
.OOOOE*03
.SOOOE-03
.OOOOE-09
.ooooe-o*
.5000C-0*
.OOOOE-04
.OOOOE-OS
.soooe-M
,DOOOC'05
.ooooe-06
.soooe-w
.OOOOE-OA
.OOOOE-07
.5000E-07
.ooooE-oe
MUKCE-9PIC
CE OKUP MM
LIME tTATtOW
EHE
NUMJUTION
EXPOSED
dwraora}
.Z5BOE*OS
I.7M2E*OS
.6357E*flA
.1M1E*OA
,2«OU*M
.9111C*OS
.1223E*OS
.6977E*05
.2068E*05
..H9K*05
.29341*09
.31ZSC*M
.5S2tt*03
,16TOe*03
.iTooe+ta
.2400E*e2
.OOOOE*OI
.tKM)OC*00
.7DOOE«Ot
.OOOOE*W
.ooooc*oo
if ic txrtxuA
Kt 1
1 Al »-0 MEi
EXPOS JK
I>-Ui/l*«»J
.DUllfrtM
.2M3t-H»
.144QH+05
.64Z3WH
.B8971!««4
.47WE*<3
.«MSII*«3
.9zaac««2
.3SS«-+02
.*no«^*«i
.Mi6l<*C1
.swa<*ce
.58391! >0t
.issai-oi
.»7«<:-03
.13MIE-M
.«M«!-<»
,S520i:-0*
.5723l!>W
.0332)1-07
.•tOUl-07
C SUMtMtY ]
ft SOUKC
CUWLAT1VE OMJLATIU;
KMJUT10N DtrCWMC
CfwrttM) (p-Ut/M^Sl
.Z580E09 *.0*11I* (person*) (pjL«/.«"3)
Reports and Graphics
5-13
-------
SGUUCC-SPECIHC RISK SUMUtT
STUDT KAH6 I WMDCMO
S1UOT BATE 1 D1/31/90
SIUOT TIME i 10tW(52
Sourc* Croup NMM : SCLKCC MCUP MJ
Source ttM : GASOLINE STATIC
Pollutant llMt : KUZEUE
JtlttC 11 RISK LV POPULATION
)
•nctr)
.OOOOE-06 S.6«5C*«
.5000E-D4
.ftOOOC-M
.OOOOE-07
.soooe-»7
.6000E-07
.OOOOE-QB
.SOOOE-Oi
.0060C-08
.OOOOE-W
.soooe-ot
.ooooe-w
.OOOCC-10
.5000f.1l
.eoooE*ia
.ooooe-n
.50ooe*u
.ooooe-n
.00006-12
l.OOOOE- 2 2.5000E-12
5.00006-13 1.0000C-12
2.5000€-1S S.OOOOC-13
,7474€*OS
.38GAE*0»
.D5HC*W
,US1C*O&
.9W1E*OS
.93CSC*B5
,nwe*o$
,inSE*05
,6313E«H
.Uft&E*OS
.iicse*»4
,<7«€*04
.7410C+05
,UCOE*02
,4200E*02
.2000E+01
.OOOOt+01
.3000E*01
.OOOOE*00
.OOOOE+W
.ooooe*oa
NKR 1
Ml AS K-B Aft
RIHC
1.7SS4E-01
1.121SE*00
2.0K7E+OO
Z.8185E400
3.2U7E«M
S.32S3C*OO
3.3453C+00
3.3540E*Ofl
3.3So9E»M
3.3S73£*M
3.3S7K*M
S.3576C+M
3.3S74E+00
3.3S7«+00
3.3S7i£»00
3,3S7i£*00
3.35766*00
3.3S7«+00
3.3S7tt+00
3.357*£+00
3,357i£+OO
3.357AE.OO
MCIPIUCAL
NCC OF AH
ULUL
r of 1HCEDEKCE
:„
1
4.7W6E-02 2.08MC«01
5-14
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
REPORTS: SOURCE-GROUP
EXPOSURE/RISK REPORT
Report 3 is similar to Report 2 except that
pollutant-specific information is summarized for
source groups rather than for individual sources. In
the example shown here, Source Group 1 includes
one area source and two point sources. The
geographic boundaries of the source group grid are
also shown.
The exposure and risk tables are constructed in the
same way as described for Report 2. Note that
these tables do provide new information not given in
Report 2. For example, the MAXIMUM EXPOSURE
for chloroform within Source Group 1 area is higher
than for either of the two individual point sources
alone. The maxima shown on this source group
report are determined by summing the contribution
of each source at a population BGED. Because the
individual maxima were at different BGEDs, the
Source Group Maximum will differ from the sum of
the two individual maxima. CUMULATIVE
EXPOSURE, on the other hand, sums over the
entire grid. Therefore, the source grouip cumulative
values are equal to the sum of the source-specific
cumulative values for each pollutant shown in
Report 2.
Report 3 will give pollutant-specific summaries for
each source group defined in the study.
Reports and Graphics
5-15
-------
•• EPA HUHAK EXPOCUftE HOOEL (HEM-II VERSION 1.3 >'
REPORT J
SOURCE-GROUP EXPOSURE/* I SIC REPORT
STUDY KAHE : HEHDEHO
STUOr SATE t 01/31/90
STUOt TIKE : 10:20:52
SOURCE GROUP IU : SOURCE GROUP WJHBER 1
Sourc* Group Center Latitude : Q.OOOOE+OQ
Source Croup Center Longitude : D.OOOOE+00
Source Croup SV. Corner Lttftude : 4.M2K+01
Source Croup SU Corner Longitude : 8.9551E+01
Source Croup ME Corner Latitude : 4.2928E+01
Source Croup HE Comer Longitude : 8.61S2E+Q1
Total Hunter of Source* in Source Group i 3
Toul Hurfcer of Are* Sources ; 1
Total Hunker of Point Sources r 2
Totet Hurfcer of Prototype Source* : 0
SOURCE CROUP EXPOSURE SUMMARY
STUDY MAKE : HEHOEHO
STUDY DATE t 01/31/9O
STUDY TIKE : 10:20:52
Source Croup H«n* t SOURCE CROUP NUMER
peUuttnt KWM : CHLOROFORH
POPULATION CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
EXPOSED EXPOSURE POPULATION EXPOSURE
tper«on»> (p-ug/«"3>
2.SQ30E-02
l.OOOOE-02
s.ooooe-03
2.5000t-03
l.OOOOE-03
S.OOOOE'OX
2.500OE-0*
i.ooooe-o*
5.0000C-CS
Z.5030E-C5
S.COCOE-02
Z.5000C-02
1.0000E-02
5.0000E-03
2.SOOOC-03
1.0000E-03
S.OOOOE-04
2.5000C-04
1.000OE-O4
5.00006-os
1.iri5E+QZ
1.385*E*O2
1.17156*02
Z.5S70E*01
1.7169C+05 5.B134E+02 2.18166+05 1.063SE«03
1.M30C+06 1.7H2£*03 1.26116*06 2.7777E«03
5.54196*05 *.0906C+02 1.81736*06 3.1S67E+03
B.«&AOE*OS 2.93*7E*02 2.«6S7E*04 3.*80*e*O3
2.M70E+06 3.02636*02 5.1127E*06 3.B431E-03
1.1003£*06 7.2772£*01 *.2930E*O6 3.9559E*03
t 1.7147E+00 6.3293C*06 3.9576E*03
HAX1HUH POPUtATIOH TOTAL KAXIHUH
CKPOSUAE EXPOSED EXPOSURE
(uo/«"3)
-------
SOURCE GROUP RISK SUMMARY
STUDY NAME I HCHDEHO
STUDY DATE t 01/31/90
STUDY TIME i 1O;2O:S2
Sourc« Group H*M : SOURCE GROUP MUKtEa
Pollutant N*M*
RISK LI
Cprob of
individual
cancer)
S.OOOOE-07
2.SOOOE-07
1.OOOOE-D7
s.ooooc-oa
2.5000E-08
1.0000E-08
5.000 OE-09
Z.5000E-09
1.0000E-09
RISK UB
(prob of
individual
cancar)
1.OOOOE-06
5. 0000 E- 07
2.5000E-07
1.00OOE-07
s.ooooe-oa
Z.5000E-OB
i.ooooE-oa
5.0000E-09
2.50OOE-09
POPULATION
AT RISK
tp.r.00.)
$.1370E+03
r.6760E+O3
.6O93C+O4
.2943€*05
.S&92C+05
.58171*05
.6635E+OS
.9194E+06
.«921E+«6
RISK
Crxj*«r of
icanccro in
!iroup>
:£.6M5E-03
:!.59ME-03
<>.D7D1E-03
'I.U08E-02
».3090E-02
1.2475E-02
4».6£&1E-D3
*i.7933£-03
;>.&S37E-03
CUMULATIVE
POPULATION
3.137DE»03
1.0813£*O+
7.6«O6E*O4
3.0i33£*05
1.1933E*06
1.95UE«06
2.9178C+O6
4.&372E*06
6.5293E*O6
CUHULAT1VE
RISK
Ccun no.
of cancers)
2.6K5E-03
5.2W1E-03
1.4540E-02
2.9168E-02
6.2238C-02 , '.
r.4733E-02
fl. 13971-02
8.6190E-02
9.1024E-02
MAXIHUH POPULATION TOTAL MAXIMUM
RISK AT RISK RISK
cancer)
8.8362E-07 2.1CJOE+O3 1.92B9E-03
mtoup EXPOCURC
TUOY NAHE I HEMOEHO
TUDY OATC ; O1/31/9O
TUDY TIME I 10l2Ol52
•OOOCE-O1
.5000*-O1
.OOOOC-O1
.OOOOK-O2
.50OOC-OZ
.ooooE-02
,ooooe-03
,SOOOE-O3
.OOOOE-OS
.OOOOC-O4
.50OOE-O4
,0000004
,ooooe-O5
.SOOOE-O5
.OOOOE-OS
OOOOE-OA
soooe-06
ooooe-06
.OOOOE-O* 4
CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
POPULATION EXPOSURE
.O«6OE*O*
.1ZZ3E+OS 7.9217«*O1
.19121*03 Z.12££C*O1
.969et*O4 Z,3Z&7t+QO
.SAMMoOS 2.472AC-O1
,«90C*03 1.1262E-01
,02OOK*O2 2.9435C-O3
,1TOOt*02 B.BA47E-O4
,2OOOC*01 A.99O2E-OS
OOOOC-00 2.S520E-06
,7OOOK*01 A.S723E-O6
OOOOC»OO 1.O352C-O7
.6OBSC*OA
.0937E*05
-Q93TE+B5
.O-W7E+O5
4.4219C-01 5.9240E*03 2.A19SE*O3
Reports and Graphics
5-17
-------
SOURCE GROUP *I« SUMMIT
SIIOY KANE : KOODU
STtST DATE I 11/51/90
STUDY TIME i 10:20:52
sourc* cr«p ww« : scu« owuf KMMX 1
ralluttnt NMW t •£«£*
KItt U RtlX Ui POHJLAT10N «I« CUHJUTIVE CUMULATIVE
(prob «f (p*«b of AT RIK (cm f».
CMvir) cancer) fwp) •' «»nc«r»)
2.soeoe-04
1.0000E-0&
J.00006-07
2.SOOOC-07
uooooe-07
5.00006-08
2.SCOOE-QB
1.00006-98
S.OOOOC-M
2.50006-W
l.OOOOC-W
3.ooooe*io
2.SOOOC-10
1.0000E-10
s.ocoee-ii
2.socoe*ii
1.0000E-11
S.OOOOC-12
2.SOOOE-12
1.0000E-12
Z.MOOC-13
5.0000E-04
2.5000E-U
1.0000E-M
S.OOOOC-07
2.MOOE-B7
I.OOOOf.07
5.0000E-K
2.5000C-OS
i.ooeec-oe
S.OMOC<09
2.SOOOE-D9
1.0000E-W
S.OOOOE-19
2.SOOOE*1I
l.OOOOE-10
S.OOOQE-11
2.SOOOC-1I
I.075K+0*
2.Sai9E*U
S.5765E*K
2.«21E*B
1.M
0C-11
<>0400C'HIZ
2.5200£*DZ
s.ioooc*ai
3.0000CHM
s.ooooe-iz
z.sooee-iz
i.eeooe-12
s,ooooe-i3
1.7MU-01
9.S37SE-01
9.I7KE-01
7.427SE-01
4.2783E-01
7.73SJE-02
2.0BME-02
Z.4163C-OX
9.0B89E-H
2.993n-«
4.1MC-06
1.305K-U
3.05SK-OB
9.UMC-09
t.TSZK-10
Z.11S1E-11
4.U9SE-11
5. WISE* M 1.7MAE-91
7.3UtC*OS 1.12NE««0
Z.1I70E+M
2.tS97E+DO
3.3U9C*«0
3.MS7E+W
3.K42E+00
9.551 M*U
9.5BME+M
1.0000E4M ».57«E-15 ».«J85E*06 5.3975E+00
4.0000E+00 1.S27SE-I2 9.6065£*06 3.3»rae+W
KAX1MUM MfVLATIOU TOTAL NAXIHUH
H1K AT RISC RISK
Cprob of (peruM) C
CMXCT)
3.i70ZC-Ot
5-18
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
SOURCE GROW* EXPOSURE KMKMtY
STUDY NAME : HEHOEHO
STUDY DATE i 01/31/90
STUDY TIKE t 10l20:52
! i SOURCE GROUP NUIBCR
: STYREME
POPULATION
EXPOSED
CUMULATIVE
EXPOSURE
1 .OOOOE-01
5.COOOE-D2
2.50OOE-02
1.0000E-02
5. OOOOE-03
2.5000E-03
1.COOOE-03
5.0000E-04
2.5000E-M
1.0000E-04
2.500OE-01
l.OOOOE-01
S.OOOOE-OZ
2.5000E-02
l.OOOOE-02
5.OOOOE-03
2.5000E-03
i.OOOOE-GS
5.0OOOE-04
2.5OOOE-C4
2.1830E+03
2.3400E+03
1.1551E+0*
5.9093E+W
1 .3357E*05
1.631M*06
Z.Z1ZK+Q6
1.CW70£+06
CUMULATIVE
EXPOSURE POPULATION
iEp-UO/«**3>
;>.37&2E>02 2.18301*03 2.3762E»02
1.7650C*02 *.5Z30e*OS 4.1*121*02
:>.71Z3S»02 1.M74C+04 7.0535EM32
B.60000.02 7.5167EW4 1 .M3M-HJ3
9.5735E+02 2.0W4E+05 2.61O7E+03
S.0415E*OZ *.*S5S€»05 J.«14M*OJ
1.3U2E«03 1.*777E»06 4.9291E+Q3
3.109MMX, 6.0S47E.03
2.0132E*O2 6.3293C*06 7.0B97E+05
MAXIMUM POPULAT10M TOTAL HAX1MM
EXPOSURE EXPOSED EXPOSURE
(ug/m"3) Cperson*}
1.OSBSE-01 2.1830E+03 2.3762E+02
I
SOURCE C*CUP RISK SUMMARY
STUDY HAKE : HEHOEMO
STUOT DATE : O1/31/9O
SIUOY TIHE i 10:20:52
Sourc* Group NMW I SOURCE GROUP HIJHBCR 1
Pollut.nt NVM : STYREME
RISK LB RISK UB
(prob of {profo of
individual
c«nc«r>
1 .ooooe-oa
5.OOOOE-O9
2.3000E-09
1.DOOOE-O9
5.0OOOE- 0
2.5OOOE- 0
1.0000E- 0
5.0000E- 1
z.soooe- 1
1.0000E- 1
ndfvtdiMl
•nc«r>
.50DOE-OB
.OOOOE-08
.ooooe-09
.5000E-09
.DOOOC-O9
.OOOOC-10
.500OE-1O
.OOOOE-10
.OOOOE-11
.5OOOE-11
POPULATtOM RISK
AT RISK (no. c*ne*r»
Individual in group)
1.0885E-O8 Z.1030E*03 2.3762E-O5
Reports and Graphics
5-19
-------
Report 4: Study Exposure/Risk Report
Report 4 summarizes exposure and risk estimates
for all source groups. In the example used here,
only one source group was defined. Therefore,
Reports 3 and 4 give the same exposure and risk
results. When more than one source group is
defined, the studywide MAXIMUM EXPOSURE and
MAXIMUM RISK values reported in Report 4 are
likely to be different from any of those reported for
individual source groups in Report 3.
I *•»**********!
•• EPA WJKUf EXPOSURE MODEL (VERSION 1.5 >
JtCPOtT <
STUDY EXPOSURE/RISK SUHKMY DATA
STUDY WANE : HEHCEMO
STUDY DATE t 01/31/90
STUDY TIME ; 10:20:52
Study Option* Sunury
Study Grid Type
Study Hath Mode
Study Micro Mode
Study Cohort Mode
I SRC SPEC
t HIERH
: EXCIUDE
5-20
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
STUDY EXPOSURE SUHMAftY
SlUor NAME t HEMDEMO
STUDY DATE t 01/31/90
STUDY TIME : 10:20:52
? : CHLOROFORM
CONC L*
CONC U8
POPULATION
EXPOSED
OMULAT1VE CUMULATIVE
POPULATION EXPOSURE
(p«r.on.)
2.5000E-02 5.0000E-02 3.1370E»03 1I.1715E»02
1.0000E-02 2.50006-02 1.0151E+04
1.00006-02 3.3190EVW
5.0000E-03 1.nWE*05
2.5000E-03 1.0UOE*06
1.COODE-03
5.000M-M
2.5000E-M
S.OOOOE-03
2. 50006-03
1.0000E-03
5.00COe-04
2.5000E-04
1.0000E-W
5. 00 DOE-OS
2.5000E-05
2.1916E»05
1.71«2E*03 2.7777E-M13 1.2»11E*Oi
A.0906E*02 3.1867E+C3 1.8173E*O&
:.«U7E*02 3.U04E«C3 2.&S57EXU
3.B631C-H13 S.1127E-H16
1.0000E-M 1.1803E«06
5.0000E-05 3.6261EXK
HAXIWJH POPULATION TOTAL
EXPOSURE EXPOSED EXPOSUtE
2.1B30E-K}3 3.B41SE-02 8.3C67E*01
STUDY RISK SUMMARY
STUDY NAME
STUDY DATE
STUDY TIME
Pot lucant
ISK LB
prob of
ndlvlduat
aneer)
.OOOOE-07
.5000E-07
.00006-07
.ooooe-os
-SOME-OS
.ooooE-oa
.OOOOE-09
.SOOOE-O9
.OOOOE-09
KAX1HUH
RISK
(prob of
individual
cancer)
I KENOEHO
: 01/31/90
: 10:20:52
Name : CHLOROFORM
RISK UB
Cprob of
rndivldo.1
eanc«r>
1.OOOOE-06
5.0000E-07
2.SOOOE-07
1 .OOOOE-07
s. ooooe-os
2.SOOOE-08
1. ooooe-os
5.00006-09
2.50OOE-09
POPULATION
AT RISK
3.137OE*O3
7.6760E«03
.6O93E«O4
.2943E+OS
.B692E+OS
.5817E+05
.663SE-MJ5
.919«E*O6
.4921E»06
RISK CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
0' ««•«) :
2.694SE-03 3.137OE+03 2.6945E-03
2.59S6E-03 1.0o13E«04 5.2901 E-OJ
9. 0701E-03 7.69O6E+O4 1 .4MOE-02
1.4&O8E-02 3.0633E«O5 Z.916K-O2 :
3.3O9OE-02 1.1933C*06 6.22S8E-O2
1.2475E-02 1.9514E+Q6 7.4733E-O2
6.&641E-03 2.917K-»06 B.1397E-02
6. 7933E-03 4 .a37ZE*O6 A.819OE-02
2.B537E-03 6.3293E*06 9.1024C-02
TOTAL MAXIMUH
RISK
(no. cancir
fn group)
-
2.18306+03 B.8362E-07 1.9209E-03
Reports and Graphics
5-21
-------
•TUOT MAMC t NCNOCNO
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tOC*03 4.4219C-O1 Z.419SE»O3
BTUOT MAM* ,
aluor BAIK i
siuor TIME i
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Individual
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5-22
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
STUDY EXPOSURE SUNNAJir
STUDY NAME : HEHDEHO
STUDY DATE : 01/31/90
STUDY TIMS : 10:20:52
Pollutant Uawt : STlREME
COHC LB COUC UB
Cug/m**3>
POPULATION
EXPOSED
(person*)
CUMULATIVE CUMULATIVE
EXPOOME POPULATION EXPOSURE
Cp-ufl/Bi**3> (persons) Cp-ua/M»*3>
l.OOOOE-01
S.OOOOE-02
2.SOME-02
l.OOOOE-02
S.OOOOE-03
2.5COOE-03
1.00006-03
5.00OOE-04
2.5000E-M
l.OOOOE-04
2.50OOE-01
l.OOOOE-01
5.OOOOE-02
Z.5OOOE-02
1.OOOOE-02
S.OOOOE-03
2.SOOOE-03
l.OQOOE-03
5.MOOE-0*
2.5000E-04
2.19306+03
2.3400E*03 1.7650E+02 4.U1ZE+02 4.5230E+03
1.1SSie*W 3.71236+02 7.8535E+OZ 1.6074E+04
5.90936+04 B.6800£*02 1.65J3EK13 T.3167E*04
1.33S7E+05 9.5735E+02 2.6107E+03 2.06746*05
KSU2£*03 4.9291EtQ3 1.4777E+06
1.&310E1-O6 1,.15S6E+03 6.OBA7E+O3 3.1095C+06
2.21266*06 8,,036ae*Q2 6.BS83E+03
I.OOTOe+06 2.0132E+02 7.0697E+03
MAXIttJM POPULAIIOM TOTAL KAXIHUM
EXPOSURE EXPOSED EXPOSURE
(ug/«t**3)
2.SOOOE-O8
i.ooooe-oe
5.000OE-09
2.5000E-09
1.0000C-O9
S.OOOOE- O
2.5000E- 0
1.OOOOE- 0
S.OOOOE- 1
2.50006- 1
STUDY HIS
HE
POPULATION
AT ftlST
tp*f«on»)
2.1830C+OJ
Z.34OOE+O5
1.I5S1E+O4
5.9O93C+O4
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1.0321C*O6
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2.212SE+O6
1.007«E*06
;"7^,r ""
RICK
(r«r*«r of
cancers In
BTOUp)
2.3762E-OS
1.76SOE-05
3.7123E-05
B.&800C-05
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B.0415E-OS
1.SU2E-O4
1 . 1S5AE-O4
8.IKS6OE-OS
2.I9132E-OS
«—
OMULAT1VE
POPULATION
-------
ISCLT Model Defaults
The ISCLT Model Defaults Report (Appendix I)
describes various model inputs that are given
predetermined values when this dispersion model is
run in the HEM-II system. Some of the default
values correspond to what is known as the
regulatory default mode of ISCLT.
Preparing HEM-II Graphical Outputs
The Main Menu of the HEM-II User Interface
(Version 1.3) is repeated below.
HUMAN EXPOSURE MODEL 1.3
HEM- I I HA IN Menu
1 Define a HEM Study
Z Set Output Options
3 Execute HEM Study
4 Reports and Graphics
5 Global Check of Study Data
6 Software Configuration
7 Exit Program
To produce graphical results for a study, the user
must perform the following steps:
1. Select'Define a HEM Study'and supply all
required data.
2. Use 'Set Output Options' to enable graphics
outputs for studywide and/or source-specific
graphics data.
3. Select 'Execute HEM Study.'
4. Select 'Reports and Graphics' from the HEM-II
MAIN MENU and enter the GAT subsystem.
5-24
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
5. Use GAT to produce computer-generated
graphics from HEM-II graphics output data sets.
Four types of graphical representations of data are
available from GAT. These are shown in Table 5-1
with the types of data that are appropriate for each
type of representation.
Table 5-1. Types of HEM-II Graphics
Graphical Representation
Plan
Data view
Source Locations X
BGED Locations X
Studywide Concentrations
Source-specific Concentrations
Studywide Population
Studywide Exposure
Source-specific Exposure
Studywide Risk
Source-specific Risk
Bar
Charts
X
X
X
X
X
X
Contour
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Surface
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
The Plan View Graphic (see Figure 5-1) of location
data represents a "birds-eye view" with latitude and
longitude as the x- and y-axes, respectively. This
graphic illustrates the geographic relation between
the various emissions sources in a study and the
surrounding population centers. Each population
center BGED is shown as a dot.
Reports and Graphics
5-25
-------
Figure 5-1. Plan View Graphic.
Figure 5-2 shows an example of a Bar Chart
Graphic where the height of each bar represents the
number of people exposed to each interval of
concentration shown on the x-axis. The units and
scale of the x-axis will change for different data.
NE OOMCCKllWTIOH
Figure 5-2. Bar Chart Graphic.
The two-dimensional Contour Graphic depicts how
data are distributed over a region by the use of
isopleth lines. Figure 5-3 shows a contour graphic
depicting air concentration for benzene over a
region of latitude and longitude.
5-26
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
HEMDEMO
BENZENE CONCENTRATION 2-D CONTOUH
Figure 5-3. Contour Graphic.
Figure 5-4 is an example of a three-dimensional
surface. This Surface Graphic presents the same
data as in the Contour Graphic (Figure 5-3).
However, the region is rotated in the plane
perpendicular to the page. Also the viewpoint, or
azimuthal angle, is elevated slightly above this
plane. The three-dimensional nature of this graphic
aids in visualizing the data. Note how visible the
locations of the maximum concentrations become.
HEMDEMO
BENZENE CONCENTRATION 3-D SURFACE
Figure 5-4. Surface Graphic.
Reports and Graphics
5-27
-------
NOTE:
The default state is
for graphics
outputs to be
disabled. To
activate the
graphics, highlight
'enabled.'
Contour and Surface Graphics complement each
other. The Surface Graphic enables the user to
easily identify points of maximum concentration, '
risk, etc. The Contour Graphic better presents the
quantitative value and the locations of these maxima.
Creating Graphics Output Data Sets
After the user has defined a HEM-II study under
selection 1 of the HEM-II MAIN MENU, the next ;
step is to enable graphics data output as an output
option by selecting item 2 from the MAIN MENU.
An OUTPUT OPTIONS SELECTION SCREEN,
shown below, will appear that allows the user to
specify either the output of studywide data,
source-specific data, or both, for graphics
production. This HEM study should then be
executed by selecting main menu option 3 and then
specifying the name of the study to process. The
graphics output data sets specified above are
created as the model processes the study. The
user must wait until after the study has been
completely processed before producing graphics.
Output Options Selection Screen
Source-Specific Graphics Data
Study-Uide Graphics Data
Disabled
Disabled
Enabled
Enabled
Producing Graphics from Graphics
Data Sets
The HEM-II user enters the GAT Menu subsystem
by selecting 'Reports and Graphics' from the main
menu and then 'GRAPHICS Analysis Tools' from
5-28
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
the HEM-II REPORTS/GRAPHICS MENU. The
GAT MAIN MENU (below) will then appear. The
user will then select the type of data for graphing
and the format of the graphical output by using a set
of hierarchically structured control menus.
HEM-II Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
GAT MAIN Menu
. 1 Select HEN Study
Z Select Data to Graph '•
3 Specify Source(s)xPollutant
4 Select Graphic Representation
5 Specify Graphic Parameters
6 Produce Graphics
7 Return to HEM-II MAIN MEMO
The GAT MAIN MENU options should be selected
in the order listed. Therefore, the sequence of
events associated with graphics production is as
follows:
1.' Select the HEM-II study to use for graphics.
2. Select data to graph.
3. Specify emissions source(s) and pollutant
(if applicable).
4. Select type of graphic (predetermined for some
data).
5. Specify graphic viewing parameters (defaults are
provided if the user skips this selection).
6. Generate preliminary view of the graphic.
7. Adjust graphic viewing parameters.
8. Generate final view of the graphic.
Reports and Graphics
5-29
-------
9. Save graphic in metafile form.
10. Send the metafile to a hard-copy plotter.
The user controls this sequence of events using the
GAT MAIN MENU SCREEN, which is the central
point of orientation for the user to specify and
produce graphics.
After naming the HEM study to use for producing
graphics (the default is the study most recently !
defined in this session), the user selects the type of
HEM-II data for graphical display. As shown in the
DATA SELECTION MENU below, the options are
as follows:
HEM- I I Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Data Selection Menu
1
Z
3
4
5
6
Source/BGED Location Data
Population Data
Concentration Data for Pollutant
Exposure Data for Pollutant
Risk Data for Pollutant
Return to Previous Menu
• Population Centroid (BGED) Locations with
Emissions Source Locations,
• Population Density,
• Pollutant Concentration,
• Pollutant Exposure, and
• Health Risk Attributed to a Pollutant.
Source and pollutant information is not necessary
for source or BGED location graphs. However, if
the graph data are pollutant- or source-related data,
5-30
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
the user will provide input to specify these criteria
using the DATA SOURCE SELECTION MENU
(below). The user must specify a single pollutant if
the type of graph chosen is specific to a particular
pollutant (e.g., concentration, exposure, or risk).
HEM- I I Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Data Source Selection Menu
1 Scope - Study-wide (all Sources)
Z Scope - Single Emissions Source
3 Specify Pollutant ;
4 Return to Previous Menu
The user is presented with a list of all pollutant
names defined in the named study for selection.
Next, the user selects whether to use studywide
data (including all emissions sources), or,
alternatively, to use data only for a single emissions
source. Select either option 1 or 2 to accomplish
this. If the user selects a single source, a computer
display of all source names in the speciiied study is
presented for selection.
After the user selects the HEM-II study, the data to
graph, and applicable source(s)/pollutant details, the
user proceeds to the GRAPHICS
REPRESENTATION MENU to select the type of
graphic to generate: 'Bar Chart,' 'Contour (2-D),'
or 'Surface (3-D).' Some graphic representations
are determined by the graph data, and the user will
be informed regarding the applicable graph type
instead of using the GRAPHICS
REPRESENTATION MENU. For example, if the
user selects BGED locations as the graph data, the
[Reports and Graphics
5-31
-------
only graphic representation for this graph data is a
Plan View Graphic; this will be automatically
detected by the software. For this reason, the Plan
View Graphic does not appear on this screen.
HEM- I I Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Graphics Representation Menu
1 Bar Chart
Z Contour CZ-D)
3 Surface (3-D)
4 Return to Previous Henu
At this time, the user may specify certain display
parameters, such as the title of the graphic, using
the Display Parameters Screen (item 5 from the
GAT MAIN MENU shown previously. Defaults are
provided for unspecified values. Alternatively, the
user may want to wait until after viewing the graphic
to specify graphic labels, titles, and specific viewing
parameters all at once. The user may change some
specific values but accept the default values
provided for other parameters. The Graphics i
Parameters Entry Screen has not been designed at
this time. It will be designed during the phase of
developing details for interfacing and controlling the
GRAFkit® routines when they are better defined.
Such values as graphic title, axis labels, captions,
and viewing angles are expected to be incorporated
in this data entry screen.
The GRAPHICS GENERATION MODE MENU is
used for all subsequent steps of graphics '
production.
5-32
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
HEM- I I Basic Graphic Analysis Tools
Graphics Generation Mode Menu
1 Generate Qn-Screen Graphics
Z Generate Itetaf ile
3 View Metafile on Terminal
4 Plot Metafile
5 Return to MAIN Menu
The user may now generate the graphic on the
computer terminal using selection 1 from the
GRAPHICS GENERATION MODE MENU. The
GRAFkit® support software will construct the
graphical image for the type and content specified in
the GAT Menu subsystem. If, for example, BGED
Location was selected as the graph data, a graphic
like the one shown in Figure 5-1 would be created.
On the other hand, if Studywide Concentration was
selected as the graph data, graphics like Figures
5-2, 5-3, and 5-4 will be created. Figure 5-2 shows
an example of what is produced if 'Bar Chart' was
chosen as the graphics representation. Figure 5-3
shows the type of two-dimensional isopleth
produced if 'Contour1 was chosen as the graphics
representation. Figure 5-4 gives an example of a
three-dimensional isopleth that is created if
'Surface' was chosen as the graphics
representation.
After viewing the graphic with default display
parameters, the user may desire to modify these
display parameters to tailor the appearance of the
graphic, then to regenerate the display.
When the appearance of the graphic is as desired
(scale, perspective, etc.) the graphic may be
permanently saved as a Computer Graphics
Metafile (CGM). The CGM produced by GRAFkit®
conforms to the ISO-CGM (International Standards
Reports and Graphics
5-33
-------
Organization) standard. This CGM may be directly
recalled for display or for generating hard copy on a
plotter at a later time. The metafile is retained as a
permanent file in the user's directory of the VAX
computer. This file may be downloaded from the
VAX to a PC by using the Kermit file transfer utility
between the VAX and the PC. Note that you must
use the binary transfer mode of Kermit. These
metafiles may be used with PC-based graphics and
desktop publishing systems that support the CGM
standard.
5-34
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
SECTION 6
REFERENCES
Federal Register. Preamble to the Proposed National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAP) for Benzene, Volume 53, p. 28496, July 28,
1988.
Federal Register. Preamble to the Final National
Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
(NESHAP) for Benzene, Volume 54, p. 38044, September
14, 1989.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guideline on Air
Quality Models (Revised) (Includes Supplement A, July
1987). EPA-450/2-78-027R, U.S. EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, 1986a.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. User's Manual
For the Human Exposure Model (HEM).
EPA-450/5-86-001, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 1986b.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Industrial Source
Complex (ISC) Dispersion Model User's Guide-Second
Edition (Revised) Volume I (Includes June 1988 updates).
EPA 450/4-88-002a, U.S. EPA Off ice of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 1987.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. VAX Cluster
Ready Reference. In: Guide to NCC Services. U.S. EPA
Office of Administration and Resources
Management/National Data Processing Division,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, 1989.
References
6-1
-------
-------
NOTE:
This list has been
updatedfor
Version 15. File
names may vary
for subsequent
versions.
APPENDIX A
HEM-II DISK FILE
DIRECTORIES
DIRECTORY NAME CONTENTS FILES
User Inputs Study Data HEMSTUDY_ir.DAT
User Outputs HEM-II Results
Files
USR Exe Programs HEM.EXE
HEM Supervisor Exe Programs HEM SYS COORD.EXE
SRCGRP_MAIN.EXE
POP Exe Programs HEM_POP_COORD.EXE
BAG Exe Programs AREAMOD INPGEN.EXE
AREA MODEL.EXE
HEM ISCLT.EXE
ISCLT_SETUP.EXE
EXP Exe Programs HEM_EXP COORD.EXE
HEM_RPT_COORD.EXE
GAT Exe Programs GAT.EXE
Supervisor Data 1 Permanent FILE P32.DAT
Data FILE P32 41. DAT
FILE P32 121 .DAT
FILE_P32_122.DAT
Supervisor Data 2 Study Data HEMSTUDY I02.DAT
HEMSTUDY_I03.DAT
POP Data 1 Permanent POLYGON NAMES.DAT
Data BGED80.DAT
POP Data 2 Study Data HEMSTUDY I04.DAT
HEMSTUDY I14.DAT
HEMSTUDY I18.DAT
HEMSTUDY I111A.DAT
HEMSTUDY I111P.DAT
HEMSTUDY I113.DAT
HEMSTUDY I115.DAT
HEMSTUDY I116.DAT
spendix A
A-1
-------
DIRECTORY NAME CONTENTS
BAG Data 1
Permanent
Data
FILES
STAR####.DAT
AUGAUX####.DAT
ISCLT DEFAULTS.DAT
BAG Data 2
Study Data
HEMSTUDY_I26.DAT
HEMSTUDY_I29.DAT
HEMSTUDY_I211.DAT
HEMSTUDY_I212.DAT
HEMSTUDY I215.DAT
EXP Data 2*
Output
Reports and
Study Data
HEMSTUDY_RPT1 .DAT
HEMSTUDY_RPT2.DAT
HEMSTUDY_RPT3.DAT
HEMSTUDY RPT4.DAT
The "Data 1" designation is reserved for permanent data files.
Currently, there are no permanent EXP data files.
A-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
APPENDIX B
HEM-II VERSION 1.3
SPECIFICATIONS
POLLUTANT PROCESSING
Point Sources:
Maximum Number of Standard Point Sources 100
Maximum Number of Emission Points per Source 20
Maximum Polar Grid Receptor Rings , 15
Maximum Number of Source Groups 100
Area Sources:
Maximum Number of Area Sources 100
Maximum Number of Cells in Area Source Grid 10,000
Maximum Number of Exclusion Cells per Area Source 25
Maximum Number of Cells in a Master Grid 10,000
Prototype Sources:
Maximum Number of Prototype Point Sources 0
Other:
Maximum Number of Pollutants 10
Maximum Number of Wind Directions •, 16
POPULATION PROCESSING
Maximum Number of BGEDs per Source Group or
Single-Source Area 10,000
Maximum Number of Population Cohorts
(Total Population) 1
Maximum Number of Growth Areas 10
Maximum Number of Race Groups 10
Maximum Number of States (USA) 52
Maximum Number of Counties (USA) ; 3,224
Maximum Number of Counties (State) i 260
Maximum Number of Microenvironments 10
Maximum Number of Microenvironment Growth Areas 10
~>pendix B
B-1
-------
-------
APPENDIX C
HEM-II POINT
SOURCE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
The Point Source Module of HEM-II (Version 1.3)
produces estimates of ambient air pollutant
concentrations based upon user-specified emission
source characteristics and meteorological data.
Ground-level concentrations predicted by this
module are based on point, area, or line sources
that may exist within a given industrial or
commercial facility. Ambient concentrations are
determined internally by a single air quality
dispersion model. This model is the-Industrial
Source Complex Long-Term (ISCLT) model.1 Cited
in the EPA Guideline on Air Quality Models
(Revised), it is an air quality model that has been
approved by the EPA for regulatory application.2 It
is a steady-state, Gaussian plume model commonly
used for modeling single or multiple sources in flat
or rolling terrain.
Such EPA-approved models are part of the User's
Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution
(UNAMAP). UNAMAP models are changed
periodically, and the version number identifies the
latest version recommended for use. The version of
ISCLT that is used within HEM-II is the version
dated 86324. This version reflects the changes
made to the model as described in UNAMAP
Version 6, Change Letter 2, dated December 2,
1986. Furthermore, the version used in HEM-II has
been modified to default to a 10-kilometer mixing
height for atmospheric stability classes E and F
when operated in the urban mode. This change is
consistent with versions of the model that have been
issued since version 86324 was installed within
HEM-II. The ISCLT version used in HEM-II differs
from the 89319 version that is currently available
through EPA in the following:
\ppendix C
C-1
-------
• Above-ground (flagpole) receptors are not
incorporated, and
Direction-specific building downwash with a
linear decay adjustment to plume height
(according to the method of Schulman and
Scire) is not incorporated.1
The building wake effect algorithm used by ISCLT
within HEM-II is the wake effect algorithm of Huber
and Snyder.1
The user is referred to the Guideline on Air Quality
Models (Revised)2 and the ISC Dispersion Model
User's Guide1 for guidance in developing the source
characteristics to be input to the Point Source
Module.
METEOROLOGICAL DATA
The ISCLT uses National Weather Service (NWS)
meteorological data in the form of STAR (STability
ARray) summaries. STAR data sets are statistical
tabulations of the joint frequency of occurrence of
wind speed and wind direction categories classified
according to Pasquill stability categories. The user
may specify a STAR site to be used in ISCLT. If no
STAR site is selected by the user, the Point Source
Module defaults to the STAR site closest to the
source from among the 392 STAR sites listed in
Appendix G. The module checks each source to
ensure that the STAR site closest to the source is
used.
If the user selects a specific STAR site, that STAR
site will be assigned to all sources of the particular
study in question. User selection of a STAR site
allows utilization of meteorological data from a more
distant NWS station that may be more
climatologically representative of the source location.
C-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
MODEL OPTIONS
Certain ISCLT model options are held fixed in
HEM-II. These options are listed below.
• Polar coordinate receptor grid,
No terrain elevations,
• Annual average concentrations,
Concentrations from all sources combined,
• Rural or Urban Mode 3,
° Final plume rise,
Briggs stack-tip downwash correction,
Buoyancy-induced dispersion,
Regulatory default mode, and
No pollutant decay.
As described in Appendix F, output from dispersion
models other than ISCLT may be used within
HEM-II.
The user may find the source identification
nomenclature within HEM-II to be different from that
which is commonly associated with independent use
of ISCLT. An example illustrating the source
hierarchy within HEM-II is illustrated in Figure C-1.
Only two source groups are shown in Ithis figure.
However, a study could have a single source group
or as many as 100 source groups.
(Appendix C
C-3
-------
| HEM
Study
I Source Group A
1
Source A, 1 1 Source A2
- Emission R - Emission Ft
(Stack) (Stack)
- Emission R - Emission R
(Area) (Stack)
*- Emission R - Emission R
(Volume) (Stack)
1- Emission R
(Area)
1 Source Group B
1 Source B,
- Emission R
(Stack)
- Emission R
(Area)
- Emission R
(Area)
*— Emission R
(Volume)
Source A3
- Emission R
(Stack)
- Emission R
(Volume)
- Emission R
(Volume)
1 Source Bz I
*- Emission R
(Stack)
Figure C-1. Example Schematic of Source Hierarchy
within HEM-II (1.3).
Each time a user runs HEM-II, a "HEM Study" is
defined. The exposure and risk estimates
associated with the HEM Study reflect the exposure
and risk estimates determined for each source
group of the study. As illustrated, source groups
within HEM-II are composed of one or more
sources. Specifically, a source group is made up of
sources whose impact areas overlap. The
maximum source impact area is generally
50 kilometers. Any given source is composed of
one or more emission points. These emission
points are what are generally referred to as sources
within ISCLT and may be point (stack), area, or
volume sources.
C-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDEl
-------
REFERENCES
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Industrial
Source Complex (ISC) Dispersion Model User's
Guide - Second Edition (Revised) Volume I
(Includes June 1988 updates). EPA
450/4-88-002a, U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina, 1987.
2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guideline
On Air Quality Models (Revised) (Includes
Supplement A, July 1987). EPA 4J50/2-78-027R,
U.S. EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina, 1986.
Appendix C
C-5
-------
-------
APPENDIX D
HEM-II AREA
SOURCE MODULE
The Area Module is appropriate for sources that are
widely dispersed over a region and that can be
modeled as a function of population. F:or example,
automobile emissions can be modeled as area
sources.
Pollutant concentrations in urban areas often have
been estimated through the use of box models. The
common box model evaluation is based on three
simplifying assumptions: steady-state conditions (no
change in concentration or mixed-layer height with
time), constant wind speed with height, and a
uniform distribution of pollutant concentration in the
vertical and horizontal dimensions.
HEM-II is equipped with two box models:
Hanna-Gifford and TOXBOX. Concentrations within
the Hanna-Gifford model1 are calculated as:
„ CQo
U
where
X
Qo
C
U
air pollutant concentration,
pollutant emission rate per unil: area,
a dimensionless parameter dependent on city
size and atmospheric diffusion conditions,
set equal to a constant value in HEM-II, and
wind speed.
A mean value for C of 225, based on estimates of
air pollution for 44 U.S. cities, is used in the HEM-II
Hanna-Gifford area source model. This limits the
use of Hanna-Gifford for HEM-II implementation to
urban areas.
Appendix D
D-1
-------
The version of TOXBOX used in HEM-II was
adapted from the TOXBOX area source model
implemented by EPA's Office of Toxic Substances
(OTS). TOXBOX calculates air pollutant
concentrations as:
X =
Qo
1+(Ax/U)[Vd/(v/5i/2 az)] + [Ax/U(A)J + [Ax/U(1/Tc)]
where
Qo = pollutant emission rate per unit area,
Ax = width of the grid cell,
Vd = deposition velocity (m/s),
A = precipitation scavenging (s"1),
Tc = time constant (s), and
U = wind speed.
This equation essentially expands the Hanna-Gifford
equation, incorporating the removal processes of
dry deposition, precipitation scavenging, and
chemical decay. Note that in this version of HEM-II,
the time constant (Tc) is set equal to zero, indicating
no chemical decay of the pollutant. Here the
coefficient C is replaced by the term
Ax/(CTzv/5c/2)
that represents the height adjustment of the box,
according to the size of the source area and the
vertical diffusion depth, orz.
Both Hanna-Gifford and TOXBOX require that the
emission rate be expressed on a per area basis.
Because the emission rate is input as grams per
second per person, the area associated with each
BGED is needed in order to convert the emission
rate to grams per second per square kilometer. This
information is not available, so HEM-II must
estimate the area per BGED.
The estimation procedure is based on the
user-defined Cartesian grid that overlies the
modeling area. Each BGED is assigned to the cell
D-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
whose centroid is closest to the latitude and
longitude of the BGED. More than one BGED may
be assigned to any given cell. The model then
associates empty cells with the closest BGED (or
group of BGEDs). The first BGED number assigned
to any cell (whether it has one BGED or many) is
designated as the "initial" BGED for that cell. The
program proceeds to assign a BGED number to
empty cells based on the latitude and longitude
coordinates of these initial BGEDs.
Figure D-1 shows an example 10 x 10 grid for
Morgan County, CO; each cell is 25 kitr. The
shaded cells have BGEDs actually located within
their boundaries (the numbers in the shaded cells
represent the 31 BGEDs found in the modeled
region). The numbers in the unshaded cells show
the BGED with which that cell has been grouped;
when more than one BGED has been assigned to a
Figure D-1. 10x10 Grid Encompassing Most of
Morgan County, CO.
Appendix D
D-3
-------
cell, only one BGED number (the initial one
assigned to the group) is shown.
The area per initial BGED is then calculated as a
function of the number of BGEDs co-occurring with
that initial BGED and of the number of cells
assigned to it. The area of BGED 31 is calculated
as follows:
(25 cells) (25 km2/cell)
1 BGED + 1
_3125km
~ d ' "
Where 25 cells is the number of cells associated
with this initial BGED, 25 km2 is the physical area
per cell, and 1 BGED is the number of BGEDs
associated with this initial BGED. Similarly, the area
of BGED 6 is calculated as follows:
(2 cells) (25 km2) km2/RrjFn
18 BGEDs + 1 -2-6km/BGED
Each cell within the modeling grid is then assigned
the weighted area calculated for the initial BGED
with which it is associated.
The user needs to be aware of how the BGED area
is calculated in HEM-II because it can affect model
results significantly. A grid should be defined as
precisely as possible; ideally, grid resolution should
be fine enough that only one BGED is located in any
given cell. In practice, this is often difficult. Also,
because the model will assign all cells to a BGED,
the user needs to be careful when defining the
modeling region. Areas such as lakes or
uninhabited land regions should be excluded (either
by using the EXCLUDE CELLS feature or by
carefully setting region boundaries). If these
precautions are not used, the concentrations may
be underestimated.
D-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
The user should experiment with the Area Module,
changing cell sizes and excluding cells to determine
how the results are affected. The Area. Module
should not be employed unless the user has a good
understanding of the region to be modeled and the
module's limitations.
REFERENCE
1. Gifford, F.A., and S.R. Hanna. Modeling Urban
Air Pollution. Atmos. Environ. 7:131-136,1973.
Appendix D
D-5
-------
-------
APPENDIX E
CALCULATION OF
EXPOSURE AND RISK
INTRODUCTION
The HEM-II produces estimates of maximum
individual and aggregate exposure and risk. These
risk estimates are provided at the source, source
group, and study levels of analysis. Certain
simplifying assumptions are incorporated into the
current version of the model as a result of data
limitations and to facilitate its general use. Some of
these assumptions are listed below:
» Exposure is assumed to occur at population-
weighted centers (centroids) of Block Group/
Enumeration Districts (BGEDs), because actual
residence location information does not exist in
available data bases. HEM-ll relies on 1980
population data from the U.S. Bureau of the
Census.
« People are assumed to reside at these centroid
locations for their entire lifetimes (assumed to be
70 years in the calculation of cancer risk).
« Pollutants are assumed to be emitted at a
constant emission rate for 70 years.
• The only source of exposure is assumed to be
the ambient air.
• Pollutant concentrations are predicted assuming
a homogeneous, flat terrain over the study area.
Subsequent sections discuss how model output is
generated for a HEM-II study involving only point
sources, output for only studywide area sources,
and results for both point and studywide area
sources combined.
Appendix E
E-1
-------
POINT SOURCES
Source Grid
For a HEM-ll study involving only point sources and
a source-specific grid, values for each pollutant of
maximum exposure and risk and of total maximum
exposure and risk are derived as follows:
• Annual pollutant concentrations are predicted for
each receptor of the user-specified polar grid.
• Pollutant concentrations are then interpolated for
each BGED centroid location. Concentrations
are interpolated linearly between direction radials
and exponentially along them (see Figure E-1).
wi:
,jy * y Loops
H ft 1
In
So
C1-
Loops over Source Groups
i over Point Sources
Loops over Point Soui
within Source Group
Loops over Pollutants
Loops over Studywlde Area
Sources within Source Group
Loops over Pollutants
Figure E-1. Interpolation of Pollutant Concentrations.
The highest of all BGED concentrations is
determined. This concentration defines the
maximum exposure and provides the basis for
calculating all maximum individual exposure and
risk estimates.
With the highest BGED concentration, HEM-ll
also reports the highest predicted concentration
within the receptor grid.
E-2
HEM-ll USER'S GUIDE
-------
Master Grid
The master grid is a rectangular array of grid cells
that represents a geographic region. Processing
exposure and risk estimates under the master grid
option involves the following steps:
• BGED populations are allocated to the particular
grid cell in which they reside.
• Each master grid cell becomes a pseudo-BGED,
with coordinates the same as the center of the
grid cell and with a population that is the total of
all BGEDs located within the grid cell.
• Master grid cell boundaries (min_xcell and
min_ycell; max_xcell and max_ycell) are then
determined for each source. Each cell within
these boundaries is marked as a BGED within
the source impact area.
• Annual pollutant concentrations are predicted for
each receptor of the user-specified polar grid and
calculations proceed as for the source-specific
grid.
STUDYWIDE AREA SOURCES
Source Grid
As described in Appendix D, studywide area source
concentrations are calculated using a box model
approach. Initially, concentrations (in units of
micrograms per cubic meter per person) are
determined for each cell in the user-specified, area
source domain. BGEDs located within this domain
are indexed according to the grid cell in which they
reside. Concentrations at individual BGEDs are
then determined as:
BGED
concentration
Concentration associated
with grid cell in which x
the BGED is located
BGE-D population
Appendix E
E-3
-------
Estimates of exposure and risk are then calculated
as described for point sources above.
Master Grid
Estimates of exposure and risk, in the case of a
studywide area source with a master grid, follow the
same general procedures identified above for area
sources with a source-specific grid. Processing
area sources with the master grid option follows the
same logic as for point sources.
• BGED populations are allocated to the particular
grid cell in which they reside.
• Each master grid cell becomes a pseudo-BGED,
with coordinates the same as the center of the
grid cell and with a population that is the total of
all BGEDs located within the grid cell.
• Master grid cell boundaries (min_xcell and
min_ycell; max_xcell and max_ycell) are then
determined for each source. Each cell within
these boundaries is marked as a BGED within
the source impact area. If the domain of the
studywide area source extends beyond the limits
of the master grid, then the area source domain
is modified to encompass only those BGEDs
within the master grid.
POINT SOURCES AND STUDYWIDE
AREA SOURCES COMBINED
HEM-II processes estimates of exposure and risk
from point and studywide area sources by using the
same procedures outlined above. The processing
logic is illustrated in Figure E-1.
At the source group level, a total concentration for
each BGED is determined by summing the
interpolated concentrations at each BGED over all
sources. The highest of all the total BGED
concentrations is determined, and it is this
E-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
concentration that defines the maximum exposure
concentration in the Source Group Exposure/Risk
Report 3 discussed in Section 5. At the! study level,
the maximum individual risk and exposure estimates
are the highest of those reported at the source
group level.
I Append ixE
E-5
-------
-------
APPENDIX F
USER-SUPPLIED
POINT SOURCE
CONCENTRATION
DATA FROM
EXTERNAL
DISPERSION MODELS
Although HEM-II provides internal modeling
capabilities (see Appendices D and E), users of
HEM-II may want to use alternative air (dispersion
models or climatological data. To address these
needs, HEM-II allows the option of using Externally
Modeled Point Sources. This feature is provided for
use by experienced dispersion modelers who have
the programming expertise to create a standardized
format data file that may be used by the HEM-II as a
source of Breathing Air Component (BAG) data.
Figure F-1 shows the format used for HEM-II
external model data. This file has three!
components: x-coordinates, y-coordineites, and
concentration data.
The first and second components must be identical
to the example format for use in the current version
of HEM-II. They describe the HEM-II default polar
receptor grid for modeling point sources. This
default corresponds to the standard polar grid used
at the EPA Pollutant Assessment Branch (PAB).
The first line of the file contains the x-coordinates;
these are the radii of the 10 concentric polar rings,
ranging from 200 meters to 50 kilometers. The next
two lines contain the y-coordinates, the 16 wind
direction angles in degrees from 0 to 337.5 degrees.
These components are required for internal software
verification during execution of the model.
(Appendix F
F-1
-------
The remainder of the file contains a listing of 16
rows of concentration data, corresponding to the 16
wind directions. Each row contains ten
concentration values, one for each of the ten radii.
The FORTRAN code that is used in HEM-II to write
concentration data in this format is shown in
Figure F-2. A call to this subroutine is inserted at
the very end of the ISCLT dispersion model
immediately before the FORTRAN STOP statement.
At this point, ISCLT has completed a dispersion
model run, and the receptor grid dimension and
concentration data array reside in memory in the
CORE array of ISCLT.
F-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
go
CM O
O O
O O
88
CM O
+ Q O O O O P
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CM
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LU LU LLJ LU LLJ
CM CO i— CO Is*- CO
CM co CM rt- in o
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CM »- CO i- CM CM
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LLJ LU LU
en T-
in co
CM
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CM -si- TJ- co en in o
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CO Is-; CO
CM CO -i^
o
UJ
8
CO
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LU
ff
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co
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to
Q
-------
***********************************************
CONTRACTOR : Radian Corporation
SYSTEM
PROGRAM
FUNCTION
: HEM
: APPEND CORE DATA
SUB-SYSTEM : BAG
PROGRAMMER : GF Laniak
: Appends receptor locations and concentration array from
ISCLT CORE array to HEM Point source output file
include 'hen&cotmontdirpaths.blk/list1
COMMON CORE«0000)
character*80 message, filename
character*20 i26_filename, routfne_name/ 'APPEHD_CORE_DATA' /
! Make filespec, including directory path, for file to be opened
filename = BACdata2
CALL CONCATCfilename. i26_filename)
CALL OPEH_WR_APPEND(lun, filename, ios)
if(ios .ne. 0) then
write(message,10> i26_filenarae
CALL IO_ERR(ios, routine_narae, message)
STOP 'Program Terminated*
end if
) Compute total number of data points to be extracted from
I CORE array .
numjDts = nx + ny + (nx*ny) • 1
I write x point location data to output
wri tc
-------
200
300
10
20
30
40
50
j = nx + 1
k » nx + ny
write(lun,20,iost«t=ios,err«200) (cored ).i=i,k)
ifd'os. ne. 0) then
write(roessa
RETURN
-FORMAT STATEMENTS-
formatC error opening point source output file :")
format(10(1x,1pe10.4))
formate error appending x location data to point source output1)
formate error appending y location data to point source output')
formate error appending cone data to point source output1)
END
Figure F-2. (continued).
\ppendix F
F-5
-------
-------
NOTE:
This list is current
as of the date of
publication.
Additional STAR
sites may be
available in the
future.
APPENDIX G
HEM-II PERMANENT
SUPPORT DATA FILES
HEM-II uses two permanent data files containing
meteorological data and population data. The data
in both files were obtained from the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency.
The population data are in the form of B.lock Group/
Enumeration Districts (BGEDs) from 1980 and 1983
U.S. census data. The latitude, longitude, and
population size of each BGED are stored in this file.
The 1980 data used in HEM-II are a subset of a
census data base created internally at iEPA's
Pollutant Assessment Branch. The 1983 data are in
a proprietary data base.
The meteorological data are from STAR (STability
ARray) sites in the United States; a list of the STAR
sites included follows in this section. Two indexed
FORTRAN files hold all of the STAR site data.
HEMII_STAR.DAT contains wind speed frequencies
for each STAR site. STAR_AUGAUX.DAT contains
other meteorological data including average
temperature, maximum and minimum temperatures,
mixing heights, and stability categories. The STAR
data in HEM-II come from the Graphical Exposure
Modeling System (GEMS) at EPA's Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS). A list of STAR sites follows.
0001 ASHEVILLE NC 0057
0003 MACON/LEWISBWILGA 0062
0005 CORBIN KY 0064
0009 AUGUSTA/BUSH GA 0065
0013 SAVANNAH/TRAVIS GA 0068
0017 FT RUCKER/CAIRNES AL 0074
0018 PENSACOUA/FORSTSFL 0075
0033 BELMAR/EVANS LAB NJ 0082
0035 BRADFORD/REGIONAL PA 0084
0042 TAMPA/MACDILL FL 0085
0056 LAREDO TX 0104
NEW ORLIEANS/MOISA LA
HOUSTON/HOBBY 129 TX
SAN ANTONIO TX
GALVESTON/SCHOLES TX
CORPUS CHRISTITX
GOLDSBORO/SEYMOUR NC
FT BRAG05/POPE/FAY NC
RALEIGWRALEIGH-D NC
GREENSEtORO/GSO-HI NC
NORFOLK REG VA
WILMINGTON/NEW HA NC
Appendix G
G-1
-------
0106 CHERRY POINT NC 0284
0109 FTCAMPBELL/CAMPBKY 0289
0110 FTKNOX/GODMANKY 0290
0111 ALBANY GA 0291
0113 PANAMA CITY/TYNDAFL 0292
0114 SELMA/CRAIG AL 0293
0115 MERIDIAN/KEY MS 0294
0117 PARKERSBURG WV 0295
0118 ANNISTON/CALHOUN AL 0300
0120 ATLANTA GA 0301
0127 BRISTOL/TRICITYTN 0302
0129 CHARLESTON SC 0308
0132 CHARLOTTE/DOUGLAS NC 0309
0134 CHATTANOOGA/LOVELTN 0311
0143 MEMPHIS TN 0314
0149 NASHVILLE/MET TN 0315
0152 OKLAHOMA CITY/TIN OK 0316
0153 GREENVILLE MS 0317
0154 JACKSON MS 0320
0161 DALLAS/LOVE TX 0321
0166 BATON ROUGE/RYAN LA 0322
0170 COLUMBIA 03945 MO 0324
0178 SPRINGFIELD MO 0327
0179 CARIBOU ME 0329
0180 BRUNSWICK ME 0330
0181 BEDFORD/LGHANSCMA 0331
0182 CHICOPEE FALL/WES MA 0333
0185 NEWBURGH/STEWARTNY 0335
0189 NEWYORK/LAGUARDINY 0336
0195 NEWARK NJ 0337
0207 ALTOONA/BLAIR CO/ PA 0355
0217 POUGHKEEPSIE/DUTC NY 0357
0218 PHILIPSBURG/MID-S PA 0360
0220 PORTLAND ME 0363
0240 CLEVELAND/HOPKINS OH 0364
0243 COLUMBUS/PORT COL OH 0365
0244 FINDLAYOH 0370
0251 MUSKEGON CO Ml 0371
0254 SAGINAW/TRI CITY Ml 0372
0257 SOUTH BEND/ST JOE IN 0376
0260 YOUNGSTOWN OH 0378
0263 DULUTH MN 0380
0266 LACROSSEWI 0392
0269 MOLINE/QUADCITYIL 0398
0270 BURLINGTON IA 0402
0273 HILOA.YMAN HI 0403
0276 MAUI HI 0404
0278 MIDLAND/SLOAN TX 0408
0280 SANANGELO/MATHISTX 0410
FARMINGTON NM
VICTORVILLE/GEORG CA
BURBANK/HOLLYWOOD Cf
ELY/YELLAND NV
BAKERSFIELD/MEADO CA
BLYTHE/RIVERSIDE CA
BRYCE CANYON UT
TUCSON AZ
DAGGETT/SAN BERNA CA
DELTA UT
HANKSVILLE UT
NEEDLES CA
PHOENIX/SKY HARBO AZ
PRESCOTTAZ
WINSLOWAZ
YUMAAZ
FAIRFIELD/TRAVIS CA
SAN RAFAEL/HAMILT CA
SACRAMENTO/EXECUT CAJ
SAN FRANCISCO CA
ALAMEDACA
BISMARK ND
PIERRE SD
ROCKSPRINGS WY
SHERIDAN CO WY
BILLINGS/LOGAN MT
MILES CITY MT
CASPER WY
RAPID CITY SD
OGDEN/HILL UT
SALT LAKE CITY UT
BUTTE/SILVERBOWMT
SPOKANE WA
PORT ANGELES WA
PORTLAND OR
SEATTLE/TACOMA WA
BIG DELTA/ALLEN 2 AK
GULKANA/INTERM AK
ANCHORAGE AK
DOUGLAS/BISBEE-DG AZ
ZUNI/INTERMEDIATE NM
SAN DIEGO/NORTH I CA
CAPE HATTERAS NC
WASHINGTON DC/DUL VA
BOWLING GREEN/CIT KY
COVINGTON/GTR CIN KY
DAYTON/JM COX DAY OH
HUNTINGTON/CHESAP WV |
LOUISVILLE/STANDI KY
G-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
0415 SPRINGFIELD/CAPITIL 0543
0417 BRUNSWICK/GLYNCO GA 0544
0421 ANDERSON/COUNTY SC 0546
0422 QUINCY/BALDWIN IL 0547
0423 ASTORIA/CLATSOP C OR 0554
0424 KI.AMATH FALLS/KIN OR 0558
0428 TETERBORO NJ 0561
0429 WHITE PL/WESTCHES NY 0563
0435 NEW YORK/FT TOTTE NY 0573
0438 ROCKFORD/GRTR ROC IL 0584
0452 CHICAGO/OHARE IL 0585
0469 LUFKIN/ANGELINACTX 0586
0470 EUGENEMIAHLON SWE OR 0587
0471 SALEM/MCNARY OR 0590
0474 RANTOUL/CHANUTE IL 0598
0476 GRAND JUNCTION/WACO 0599
0479 PADUCAH/BARKLEY KY 0600
0484 YAKIMAWA 0604
0485 WALLA WALLA/CY-COWA 0609
0486 MOSES LAKE/G RANT WA 0610
0487 HOQU1AM/BOWERMAN WA 0611
0488 TOLEDO/WINLOCK WA 0616
0489 EL PASO TX 0617
0491 MILTON/WHITING FL 0618
0494 GREENVILLE-SPARTA SC 0621
0507 HAVRE CITY-COUNTY MT 0630
0508 LEWISTOWN MT 0641
0509 DICKINSON ND 0642
0510 MINOT ND 0653
0511 WILLISTON/SLOULIN ND 0654
0516 LITTLE ROCK/ADAMS AR 0658
0518 ELLENSBURG 94239 WA 0659
0519 SEATTLE/BOEING WA 0667
0520 OLYMPIAWA 0670
0521 EPHRATAWA 0672
0522 MISSOULA/JOHNSON MT 0673
0523 ALBANY/CO NY 0674
0524 ABILENE TX 0683
0525 BINGHAMTON/BROOME NY 0684
0526 ROANOKE VA 0685
0527 SIOUX FALLS/FOSS SD 0687
0530 SPARTANBURG MEM SC 0699
0531 WINSTON SALEM/S R NC 0700
0534 TOPEKA/BILLARD KS ' 0704
0536 FAIRBANKS/EIELSONAK 0705
0537 FAIRBANKS AK 0706
0541 DAYTONA BEACH FL 0709
0542 WASHINGTON DC/AND DC 0710
KALISPELL/GLACIER MT
HUNTSVILUE/HSV-MA AL
EVANSVILLE;/DRESS IN
ELDORADO/GOODWIN AR
MINNEAPOLIS/ST PAMN
BRIDGEPORT CT
FT LEAVENWORTH/SH KS
ST LOUIS/LAMBERT MO
COLO SPRINGS/PETE CO
GLENVIEW ]L
PENDLETON/PENDLET OR
REDMON/ROBERTS OR
LOS ANGELES CA
SALISBURY/WICOMIC MD
ROCHESTER/MONROE NY
SCOTTSBLUFF NB
FLORENCE/GILBERT SC
WICHITA KS
BUFFALO/GRTR BUFF NY
ERIE/PORT ERIE PA
PROVIDENCE/FRANCl RI
CUTBANK MT
CHEYENNE WY
DENVER/STAPLETON CO
AMARILLO/ENGLISH TX
CHICAGO/MIDWAY IL
TALLAHASSEE FL
FALMOUTH/OTIS MA
BOISE ID
MOUNTAIN HOME ID
LAS VEGAS/N ELLIS NV
RENO/STEAD NV
AKRON/WASHINGTON CO
COLUMBUS MS
DETROIT CITY 1485 Ml
LANSING/CAPITAL C Ml
DETROIT/WILLOW RU Ml
CONCORD NH
MONROE/SELMAN LA
DOVER DE
WALLOPS IS VA
COTULLATX
BEEVILLE/CHASETX
OXNARD CA
POINT MUGUCA
RICHMOND/BYRD VA
WRIGHTSTOWN/MCGUI NJ
BARBERS POINT HI
\ppendix G
G-3
-------
0715 EAU CLAIRE Wl 0898
0729 WATERLOO IA 0901
0742 AKRON/AKRON CANTO OH 0905
0744 FT MYERS/PAGE FL 0906
0750 SANTA MARIA CA 0907
0755 LAFAYETTE LA 0908
0760 GOODLAND/RENNER KS 0909
0761 NORTH PLATTE/LEE NB 0910
0763 ATHENS/BEN EPPS GA 0912
0770 SAVANNAH/HUNTER GA 0915
0771 ALMA/BACON CO GA 0917
0773 MADISON/TRUAX Wl 0921
0774 MILWAUKEE/MITCHELWI 0922
0775 PEORIA/GREATER PE IL 0925
0776 GREEN BAY/AUSTIN Wl 0926
0789 ROME/GRIFFISS NY 0930
0790 WATERTOWN NY 0931
0795 AUGUSTA/STATE ME 0970
0796 LAKE CHARLES LA 0974
0797 MORGANTOWN WV 0975
0798 PUEBLO/MEMORIAL CO 0979
0806 HELENA MT 0988
0807 GWINN/K I SAWYER Ml 0990
0809 OLDTOWN/DEWITT1 ME 0992
0818 GARDEN CITY KS 0995
0824 GORDONSVILLE VA 0996
0825 DANVILLE VA 0999
0826 BELLEVILLE/SCOTT IL 1003
0830 MCCOMB/PIKE CO MS 1008
0831 WINNEMUCCANV 1011
0832 LOVELOCK/DERBY NV 1012
0833 ELKONV 1027
0838 ORLANDO/JETPORT FL 1037
0839 ROCHESTER MN 1042
0852 EDWARDS CA 1043
0862 WACOTX 1047
0867 BURLINGTON VT 1049
0869 AUSTIN/MUELLER TX 1050
0871 ANCHORAGE/ELMENDOAK 1053
0873 LONG BEACH CA 1054
0874 VANDENBERG/SURF CA 1055
0875 KENAIAK 1056
0878 SYRACUSE/C E HANC NY 1057
0880 PITTSBURG/GRT PI PA 1058
0883 HARRISBURG/STATE PA 1059
0888 PONCACITYOK 1067
0891 OKLAHOMA CITY/WIL OK 1078
0895 ALLENTOWNPA 1079
WILKES-BARRE-SCRA PA
WILLIAMSPORT/LYCO PA
NIAGARA FALLS/MIS NY
ELMIRA/CHEMUNG CO NY
GLENS FALLS/WARRE NY
UTICA/ONEIDACONY
MALAD CITY ID
IDAHO FALLS/FANNI ID
POCATELLO ID
TAMPA FL
ALEXANDRIA/ESLER LA
SAN DIEGO/LINDBER CA
TYLER/POUNDS TX
WHIDBEY IS WA
OMAHA/OFFUTT NB
RIVERSIDE/MARCH CA
OMAHA/EPPLEY NB
LUBBOCK/WEST AIR TX
GLASGOW MT [
EL CENTRO CA
MIAMI FL
BILOXI/KEESLER MS
TOLEDO OH
WEST PALM BEACH FL
ST CLOUD/WHITNEY MN
INTERNATIONAL FALMN
FALLON NV
WORCESTER MA
SHREVEPORT LA
DUNKIRK NY
PLATTSBURG NY
MYRTLE BEACH SC :
JACKSONVILLE FL
FARGO/HECTOR ND
TEXARKANA/WEBBAR
WASHINGTON DC/NAT DC !
MASON CITY IA
SIOUX CITY IA
LOS ALAMITOS CA
OAKLAND CA
SANTA BARBARA CA
SUNNYVALE/MOFFETT CA
HARTFORD/BRAINARD CT
WILMINGTON/GREATE DE
BALTIMORE/FRIENDS MD
MARTINSBURG WV
FTSMITHAR
TULSAOK
G-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
1080 INDIANAPOLIS/WEIR IN 1328
1081 KIRKSVILLE/CANNON MO 1344
1083 TUSCALOOSA/VAN DE AL 1364
1086 FTWAYNE/BAERIN 1371
1092 MANSFIELD/LAHM OH 1374
1100 LANDER/HUNT WY 1379
1117 PULASKI/NEW RIVER VA 1410
1123 BOSTON/LOGAN MA 1412
1139 ATLANTIC CITY/NAF NJ 1413
1141 MOBILE/BATES AL 1414
1142 LINCOLN NB 1417
1144 SOUTH WEYMOUTH MA 1425
1147 SANTA MARIA/PUBLICA 1443
1163 MEDFORD/JACKSON C OR 1448
1169 JACKSON/THOMPSON MS 1454
1173 CAPE CANAVERAL FL 1456
1180 RENONV 1460
1182 VICTORIA/FOSTER TX 1462
1183 LAS CRUCES/WHITE NM 1464
1184 SANTA FENM 1465
1199 HOBBS/LEACONM 1466
1200 KANSAS CITY 13988 MO 1467
1207 FT MEADE/TIPTON MD 1470
1213 FRESNO SIR TERM/H CA 1474
1215 FLINT/BISHOP Ml 1478
1217 FT WORTH/REGIONAL TX 1479
1240 JACKSON/MCKELLARTN 1480
1241 TERREHAUTE/HULMAIN 1497
,1261 RAWLINSWY 1503
1262 HARTFORD/BRADLEY CT 1506
1263 PHILADELPHIA PA 1508
1291 ROSWELLNM 1510
1311 FTBRIDGERWY 1524
1319 PATUXENT RIVER MD 1583
1320 MONTGOMERY/DANNELAL 1683
1322 GREAT FALLS MT 1689
1323 KANSAS CITY 03947 MO 1702
1325 HOUSTON/INTCONT1 TX 1703
1326 FT SILL/POST OK 1707
1327 LEXINGTON/BLUE GR KY 1709
KNOXVILLE TN
SAN BERNARDINO/NO CA
BAKER OR
COLUMBIAN/I ETSC
NORFOLK VA
NEW ORLEANS/CALLE LA
HOUSTON/ELLINGTON TX
HAMPTON/LANGLEY VA
ALPEN/PHELPS
SHERMAN TX
HONOLULU/JOHN ROG HI
MT CLEMENS/SELFRI Ml
ARCATACA
MULLAN PASS ID
LARAMIE/GE;N BREES WY
MONTEREY CA
BATTLE CRE-EK/KELLMI
ALAMOSACO
RED BLUFF CA
STOCKTON/MET CA
UKIAH CA
SANTA ANA CA
KINGSVILLETX
ALBUQUERQUE/SUNPT NM
SUMMIT AK
NENANAAK
ROSWELL/WALKER/IN NM
ELKINS/RANDOLPH C WV
BELLINGHAM WA
EVERETT/PAINE WA
CORPUS CHRISTI/CLTX
BIRMINGHAM AL
MASSENA/RICHARDS NY
HOMER AK
TRUTH OR CONSEQUE NM
BANGOR/DOWME-
PRT ARTHUR/JEFFER TX
SALINAS CA
COLUMBIA REG/FRM MO
HUNTINGTON/TRI ST WV
Ippendix G
G-5
-------
-------
APPENDIX H
STUDY DEFINITION
REPORTS
HEH Study Definition D*t» : Fit* U01
Study Name : hendero
Study Date : 01/05/90
Study Time : 16:02:39
Model Hath Mode :
Kodel Risk Mode :
Model Grid Hoda 1 SRC SPEC Model Tim Hod* t
Model Micro Mode t EXCLUDE
HEH Study Master Grid Definition i Fit* U01i
Master Grid NAM : HEK-ll Deno #2 using Nastir Grid
DOKKSS DOMHSS
Crfd Ctr Latitude : 413650 Grid Ctr Longltudt : 67*100
Hiwber for Ea«t-w«st Grid Cell* ; «
Nuifcer for North-South Grid Cell* I «
EufUwt Cttl $U« '.
Hortti-South C.I I Size :
10.0000
10.0000
HEX Study Kiero«nvironnenU : file UOIb
Hicroenvl foment Definition t HOODEF
Study HicrowwJromentS ;
indoor
Office Btdg
POP MicrcEnvirornent Optfons : File U10
>»an
STUDY IDENIIFICATlOtJ
Study Name : hemtemo
Stud/ Date :
study Time :
STUDY PROCESSING OPTION
Option Selected
Population Cohort Specification : TOT_FOP
Population Hicroenvironnent Hode : STOCHAS
Population Growth : 1HCLUDE
-------
POP Growth Data : Ml* U1J
STUDY 1DENTIFICAT10H
Study Vox : HEHOEHO
Study Date : 01/05/90
Study Time : 16:02:39
Snot PROCESSING OPTION
Xjrfcer of Study Cohorts : 1
Cohort IDs : TOTAL POP
K(> Crouth Option 1 : EXCLUDE
Biu T«ir for Populitlon Growth : 1980
End T«ar for Population Growth : 0
POP Growth Option 2 :
POP MIcroEnvlronsenc Diti : rite UK
K» «»««»« *xxxx*M**m**mx*mx*M**mmmr*nwm**x*TmwTmmm**>
STUDY 1CCUTIFIUTIOU
Study ««w : HDCEHO
Study Date : 01/05/90
Study TiM : 16:02:29
STUDY PROCESSING OPT10H
Model Micro Hod* :
Huntxr of Study Cohorts : 0
Cohort IDs :
timber of Study HicroenvirorMents: 0
Hicroenv Hvnet :
HicroEnvironoent Trcitnent :
HicroEnviromtnt Occupancy lUtts :
cohort Micro Id Occ ««t«
(Hodtl HicrotnvironKnt Antlyifi Enabled)
(Cohorts subdivided by Hicro Occ Katrn)
H-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
BAG Options/Pollutant Data : File U20
Study None rHEMOEHO
Study Date :01/05/50
Study linn : 16:02:39
Internal models Included are:
Area Sources
Standard Point Sources
Hicroenvirormentc ar« iwxtelad deterwinUttcally.
Total Nurber of Pollutants : 3
Pollutant
Decay rote :
chloroform
benzene
styrene
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
SAC Area-Source Data : File 1122
Total Number of Area Sources :
Total Number of Pollutant! :
Pollutant Name List :
chloroform
benzene
styrene
Appendix H
H-3
-------
uc StMXiird l**fnt-Source Citi t Frit UZ3
T««l sundird Paint uurctft i
Taut Nuriwr *t P*llutKiU :
OaOROFDW
BEIUENC
CTVtENE
*oure« Id
latitude
Cm Cliu
M* !•!• Pt
HO Kins'
Klrv RMtll
PCM Patnl Sourc* it
4U121 lengltufc
UMJUI
873349
PatM- Grid : DEFAULT
MM Radlu. I SQ.OOOO
6,2000
•.5tX»
1,0000
2.00M
5.0000
10.0000
20.0000
30.0000
49.0000
59.0090
talu ft Id
X ttcitlon
£«fs» Pt Type
[•Ilk P[ Mat
STACK Int dtMter
STACK tvaptrature
STACK vct«clty
STMX fatdg hat
STACK trtk* Hug
K«tn Icekest
e.oooo
SIAOC
35.0000
1.3400
400.0000
0.1120
0.0000
0
Y Loc.ttan
0.0000
0.0000
SIAOC bldg wid : 0.0000
Report U23 continued.
chlorofora
benzene
•tyrcne
source Id
Lacttude
Ceo CUcc
No E»tt rts
Hi Itingi
King »dil
EJiiitlon Rate
1.2000
2.3000
3.4000
KEK Dcro Plant n
Longitude
UKiAU
2
10
0.1000
0.2500
0.5000
1.000D
2.0300
5.0000
10.0000
20.0000
30.0000
40.0000
875451
Polar Grid : USEBSPEC
Kax Kadtua : 40.0000
Efilat Pt Id
X Location
Enlif Pt Type
£•!«» Pt Hgt
STACK Int dianeter
STACK te^erature
STACK velocity
STACK bldg hat
STACK uike ftas
: lla Stack
: -100.0000
STACK
600.0000
1.4900
383.0000
0.4100
0.0000
0
Y Location
Cround Kgt
STACK bldg Hid
•100.0000
0.0000
H-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
Report U23 continued.
Pol latent
chlorofom
benzene
styrene
Eaiis Pt Id
X Location
Emiss Pt Type
Ernies pt Hgt :
STACK Int diameter:
STACK tenperature :
STACK velocity :
STACK bldg hgt
Emission Rate
0.0000
5.0000
6.0000
: Little Stack
: 50.0000
: STACK
: 25.0000
0.5000
397.5000
0.1500
0.0000
STACK uake flag : 0
Ground Hgt
STACK bldg Hid
50.0000
0.0000
chloroform
benzene
styrene
Emission Rate
7.EOOO
0.0000
0.0000
BAG HfcroEnvfronnent Date : File U26
STUDY IDENTIFICATION
Study Warns : HEH3EHO
Study Date : 01/05/90
Study Time : 16:02:39
STUDY PROCESSING OPTION
(Model Hicroenvtronment Analysis Enabled)
Hodel Micro Mode :
Nunfcer of Pollutants : 0
Poll IDs •:
lluiber of Study Hicroenvironments: 0
Hicroenv Names :
HicroEnviroment Treatment : CMicroenvironnent Option selected)
Hicroenvtronment Correlation Coefficients :
Pollutant Micro Id Coef
\ppendix H
H-5
-------
RISC Data : File IKO
¥!!•• I II II II ••!••••••••••••
SHOT IDENTIFICATION
Stud/ Name : hemdero
Study Date :
Stud/ TiM :
Hunber of Pollutants
Pollutant ID Pollutant IMF
chtoroforn
benzene
styrene
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
H-6
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
APPENDIX I
ISCLT MODEL
DEFAULTS REPORTS
Card Group 1 : TITLE -- No Defaults
Card Group 2 : ISC Option Switches
122003223000000001010D11
Card Group 3 : General Source/Met Data
NSOURC Ho Default
NGROUP 0
NXPNTS No Default
NYPNTS 16
NXWYPT 0
NSEASN 1
NSPEED 6
NSTBLE NO Default
NSCTOR 16
NOFILE 0
Card Group 4 : Mo Defaults
Card Group 5 : Concentration/Emission Rate Units
MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
Card Group 6 : X-pt Receptor Grid -- Ho Default
Card Group 7 : Y-pt Receptor Grid
0.00 22.50
Card Group 8 : Terrain Elevations -- Not Used
Card Group 9 : Freq_of_0ecurence Data Format
(7X,6F7.5)
Card Group 10 : Ambient Air Temp -- No Defaults
Card Group 11 : Hi«ing Layer Hts -- No Defaults
Card Group 12 : Vert Grad of Potential Temp
Stability Class 1 (All Wind Speed Cat)
Stability Class 2 (All Wind Speed Cat)
Stability Class 3 (All Wind Speed Cat)
Stability Class 4 (All Wind Speed Cat)
Stability Class 5 (All Wind Speed Cat)
Stability Class 6 (All Wind Speed Cat)
GRAMS PER SECOND
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.020
0.035
(Appendix I
1-1
-------
Cird Croup 1 : TITLE ~ No Defaults
Card Group 2 : ISC Option Switches
1220032Z300000000101001 1
Card Group 3 : General Source/Met Data
KSOURC : No Default
NGRCUP : 0
NXPHTS : No Default
NYPNTS : 16
UXWPT : 0
NSEASN : 1
NSPEED : 6
NSTBLE : Ho Default
NSCTOR : 16
NCFILE : 0
Card Group 4 : Mo Defaulte
Card Group 5 : Concentration/Eiiissfon Rate Units
MICROGMMS PER CUe 1C METER GRAMS PER SECOND
Card Group 6 : X-pt Receptor Grid •• No Default
Card Group 7 : Y-pt Receptor Grid
0.00 22.50
Card Group 8 i Terrain Elevations •- Not Used
Card Group 9 ; Freq_of_0ccurence Data Fomat
(7X,&F7.5)
Card Group 10 : Anbient Air Tap •- No Defaults
Card Group 11 : Mixing layer Hts — No Defaults
Card Group 12 : Vert Grad of Potential Temp
Stability Class 1 (All Wind Speed Cat) : 0.000
Stability Class 2 (All Wind Speed Cat) : 0.000
Stability Class 3 (All Wind Speed Cat) : 0.000
Stability Class 4 (All Wind Speed Cat) : 0.000
Stability Class 5 (All Uind Speed Cat) : 0.020
Stability Class 6 (All Wind Speed Cat) : 0.035
1-2
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
APPENDIX J
MICROENVIRONMIENTS
Microenvironments are defined as locations (either
indoor or outdoor) where pollutant concentrations
cannot be assumed to be equal to those existing in
the ambient air. The ability to estimate pollutant
concentration for a variety of microenvironrnents
eliminates the assumption that indoor
concentrations are equal to outdoor concentrations.
The technique uses a correlation relationship for
particular pollutant and microenvironment types
(e.g., building types such as office buildings,
schools, and residences). The technique is
mechanistically applicable to both long- and
short-term averages, but most of the research
supporting these correlation relationships has
provided data more representative of long-term
averages.
Recent research has shown that representing
concentrations to which people are exposed by
using the ambient concentration can produce results
that are substantially different from actual measured
exposures. Microenvironment pollutant
concentrations are a function of three factors:
exchange rates between indoor and outdoor air,
indoor sources of the pollutant, and indoor sinks for
the pollutant. The relative importance of these
factors varies from pollutant to pollutant. Yocum1
has grouped pollutants according to the location of
the predominant source of the pollutant:
predominantly outdoor, indoor and outdoor, and
predominantly indoor.
Estimating microenvironmental pollutant
concentrations based on indoor/outdoor correlation
factors is currently the preferred approach. In the
past 15 years, researchers2'3 have collected data
using both fixed-site and personal exposure
monitors. Studies have focused on quantifying
personal exposure to pollutants. The majority of
monitoring data collected has focused on criteria
pollutants, those for which National Ambient Air
apendix J
J-1
-------
Quality Standards (NAAQS) have been established
under the Clean Air Act. Indoor/outdoor pollutant
concentration relationships, however, have also
been established for a number of trace metal and
organic compounds.
The NAAQS Exposure Model (NEM)4 contains a
methodology for calculating microenvironmental
concentrations based on indoor/outdoor
concentration ratios. The microenvironmental
concentration at time, t, is expressed as:
Xm.t = am>t + bmXt
where
Xm.t = microenvironment concentration; m is the
specific microenvironment and t is a specific)
time interval,
am.t = pollutant concentration generated by an
indoor source,
bm = indoor/outdoor concentration ratio for
microenvironment m, and
xt = ambient air concentration estimate (from
outdoor fixed site monitor) for time interval t.|
The indoor/outdoor concentration ratio at time, t, is
based on independent experimental data fit to the
following expression:
(Xm.t - am.t)
m = - - -
xa,t
where
J-2
bm = average indoor/outdoor concentration
ratio for microenvironment m,
xm,t = microenvironmental concentration for
microenvironment m during time period t,
am,t = average pollutant concentration generated
by a source contained in microenvironment
m during time period t, and
xa,t * = ambient pollutant concentrations during
time period t.
The above equations introduce an important
concept to estimating microenvironmental
HEM-II USER'S GUIDl
-------
concentrations: time dependence. Oultdoor
ambient air concentrations and indoor source
pollutant levels are not static. Indoor pollutant
"sinks" are a subject of current research and
information has not yet been developed for use in
operational models. Another time-related concern is
that these relationships are generally not valid for
short-term intervals because there may be a
substantial lag between outdoor concentration
values and consequent indoor concentrations.
yicroenvironment pollutant concentrations
generated from sources within that
microenvironment have been estimated using
compartmental models. Outdoor air quality, indoor
generation of pollutants, pollutant removal
mechanisms, meteorological factors, and structural
permeability and ventilation rates are incorporated
into the theoretical framework of the model. Both
single- and multicompartment models have been
developed and tested for a few pollutants.
However, compartmental models are in the
developmental stage. They have not yet been
applied to a broad range of pollutants and are not
considered to be operational for use in exposure/risk
modeling.
HEM-II does not currently calculate pollutant
concentrations generated by microenvironment
(e.g., indoor sources). Therefore, the expression for
calculating long-term microenvironment
concentrations reduces to:
Xm =
The overall individual exposure is expressed as
follows:
= Z[(bmxj)cm]
where
X = total exposure for an individual,
bm = indoor/outdoor concentration rate for
yicroenvironment m,
xj = ambient air concentration at location of the
individual, and
\ppendix J
J-3
-------
Cm = fraction of time individual spends in
microenvironment m.
The term bm is described in the HEM-II User
Interface as the Pollutant Correlation Coefficient.
The mechanism of specifying these coefficients is
described in Section 4, BAG
MICROENVIRONMENTS POLLUTION
COEFFICIENTS MENU. The user will supply a
single value for each of the microenvironments
named in the 'HEM Study Scenario.'
The term cm is described in the HEM-II User
Interface as the Microenvironment Occupancy Rate.
The details for specifying these values are also
described in Section 4 of this User's Guide, under
the POP MICROENVIRONMENTS MENU. The
user will supply a single value for each of the
microenvironments included in the study definition.
HEM-II uses these values in the above expression
by evaluating the ambient air concentration at the
location of the individual, normally a population
BGED, and then evaluating all microenvironments
present at that location. The contributing
microenvironment concentrations are then
integrated to provide the overall concentration to
which an individual at that location is exposed.
REFERENCES
1. Yocum.J. E. Indoor-Outdoor Air Quality
Relationships, A Critical Review. J. Air Pollut.
Control Assoc., 32(5):500-520,1982.
2. Freed, J. R., S. N. Nacht, L. Thompson, W. N.
Christie, and C. E. Carpenter. Methods for
Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances,
Volume 2 (Draft). U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1985.
3. Spengler, J. D., and M. L. Soczek. Evidence for
Improved Ambient Air Quality and the Need for
Personal Exposure Research. Environ. Sci.
Technol. 18(9):268A-280A, 1984.
J-4
HEM-II USER'S GUIDE
-------
4. Johnson, T., and R. A. Paul. NAAQS (National
Ambient Air Quality Standards) Bqposure Model
(NEM) Applied to Carbon Monoxide, EPA
Publication No. EPA-450/5-83-003. U. S. EPA
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC, 1983.
5. National Research Council. Indoor Pollutants.
EPA-600/6-82-001, U.S. EPA Office of Research
and Development, Washington, DC, 1982.
\ppendix J
J-5
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