EPA-450/4-82-018
Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project
Description of the 1980
Urban Field Studies
Norman C. Possier
Warren P. Freas
On assignment from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Air Management Technology Branch
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
October 1982
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This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, EPA, and approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended
to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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Table of Contents
— - - Page
1.0 Background ............................. '
2.0 Introduction ............................ 3
3.0 Surface Air Quality and Meteorological Measurements ........ 3
4.0 Aircraft Monitoring ........................ ^
5.0 Upper Air Meteorological Measurements ............... 16
5.1 Rawinsonde Sounding Operations ................ 20
5.2 Sodar Operations ....................... 20
5.3 Pilot Balloon Observations .................. 22
6.0 Hydrocarbon Species Measurement Program .............. 22
7.0 Quality Assurance Program ..................... 24
7.1 QA - Surface Monitoring .................... 25
7.1.1 Systems Audits ..................... 25
7.1.2 Interlaboratory Calibration Verification ........ 28
7.1.3 Instrument Calibrations and Zero/Span
Precision Checks .................... 29
7.1.4 Instrument Audits ................... 30
7.1.5 Reduction of Surface Data ............... 30
7.2 QA - Aircraft Monitoring ................... 32
7.2.1 Aircraft Instrument Calibrations ............ 32
7.2.2 Aircraft Audits .................... 32
7.2.3 Instrument Altitude Response .............. 37
7.2.4 Data Reduction ...................... 37
7.3 QA - Upper Air Meteorological Measurements .......... 38
7.4 QA - Hydrocarbon Species Measurement Program ......... 39
8.0 Availability of NECRMP Data Base .................. 39
dn
9.0 References ............................. HU
Appendix A. Air Quality/Meteorological Monitoring Sites ........ A-l
Appendix B. Special Measurement Dates ................. B-1
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List of Figures
Figure Ti tle Page
1 NECRMP Regional/Urban Modeling Domain 2
2 Locations of NECRMP Ozone Sites 5
3 Locations of NECRMP NMOC Sites 6
4 Locations of NECRMP NOX Sites 7
5 Locations of NECRMP Surface Wind Sites 8
6 Locations of NECRMP Surface Temperature and
Solar Radiation Sites 9
7 Conceptual Plan for Urban Corridor
Monitoring Flights 14
8 Locations of Urban Corridor Upper Air
Meteorological Measurement Sites 19
iv
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List of Tables
Table Title Page
1 Participants in the Aircraft Measurement Program 11
2 NECRMP Aircraft Measurements 12
3 Rawinsonde, Pibal, and Sodar Site Locations 17
4 Rawinsonde Sounding Schedule 21
5 Fixed Hydrocarbon Species Sampling Locations 23
6 Systems Audit Evaluation Items 26
7 Air Quality Control Tests Applied to NECRMP
Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Data 31
8 Procedures and Calibration Systems Used for
Aircraft Instruments 33
9 Frequency of Calibrations and Zero/Span
Checks for Aircraft Systems 35
10 Audit Summary for Aircraft Instrumentation 36
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Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project
Description of the 1980 Urban Field Studies
1.0 Background
The Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project (NECRMP) is being
conducted to support the development of effective and equitable control
strategies necessary to reduce ozone concentrations in the Northeast. It
has been recognized that high ozone concentrations are pervasive throughout
the Northeast and that significant interurban pollutant transport can occur
between Corridor cities. In this regard, the project was designed as a
joint venture between EPA, State/local agencies, and Metropolitan Planning
Organizations in the Northeast to take an uniform approach to the control
of ozone within this Region. The focus of this approach is the development
of various control strategies through combined application of Regional and
urban scale photochemical models. The Regional Oxidant Model1 to be used
in NECRMP is being developed by the EPA Environmental Sciences Research
Laboratory (ESRL). The Airshed2 and/or the OZIPP/EKMA Model3 will be
applied as the urban model for the large Corridor cities. The structure of
the NECRMP and the models selected for strategy development have been
described, in detail, elsewhere.'4'5
The development, evaluation and application of the selected models
requires a rather extensive data base to describe the air quality, meteoro-
logy and pertinent emissions within the NECRMP modeling domain. The NECRMP
Regional domain (large grids) and urban domain (small grids) are shown in
Figure 1. Several large field monitoring programs were conducted during 1980
to gather the data base required for modeling this region. One portion of
the NECRMP monitoring effort, the Northeast Regional Oxidant Study (NEROS),
was conducted to principally support the development and application of the
Regional model. As part of the NEROS, various large scale monitoring experi-
ments were conducted across the Regional domain, together with urban plume
experiments in Columbus, OH and Baltimore, MD. The specific field programs
which comprise the NEROS are described in reports by Clarke, et a!. ,6 Vaughan,
et a!.,7 and Possiel, et al.^ The focus of this report is the NECRMP Urban
Field Studies conducted to obtain the ambient data base necessary
for application of the urban model(s) to the major Corridor cities. The
report describes, in detail, the design and procedures of these studies.
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2.0 Introduction
The urban studies were conducted from June through mid-September
1980 to gather the ambient data base necessary for application of the Airshed
model to Washington, DC, Baltimore, New York, and Boston. [Philadelphia,
which is also included in the modeling program, was subject to an intensive
data collection effort in 1979.] The data base, although collected to run
Airshed, is more than sufficient for applying less complex models, such as
OZIPP/EKMA.
In general, the ambient data requirements for applying Airshed include
specifying pollutant concentrations at the boundary of the modeling domain,
and initial concentrations in each grid cell. Also, meteorological
measurements are needed to define the horizontal and vertical flux of the
pollutant species. Verification of the model against ambient data requires
specification of pollutant concentration fields for each predictive time
step. These broad data requirements led to the development of a four-part
monitoring program designed to collect the required data base. The four
monitoring tasks included continuous surface air quality and meteorological
measurements, air quality measurements aloft (via aircraft), upper air
meteorological measurements, and hydrocarbon species measurements. The
following sections describe each of the monitoring tasks and the associated
quality assurance program.
3.0 Surface Air Quality and Meteorological Measurements
The urban air quality monitoring networks were designed to obtain
measurements of ozone (03), nitrogen oxides (NO/N02/NOX), nonmethane organic
compounds (continuous NMOC, and species) and carbon monoxide (CO) at
locations upwind, within and downwind of the urbanized portion of each city.
In the strictest sense, this would have required a series of monitoring
rings around each city, beginning in the core area and extending outward up
to perhaps 100 km in order to ensure that the pollutant concentrations were
measured under various wind regimes. However, since the highest ozone
concentrations in the Corridor are typically associated with the prevailing
summer season wind flow (from south through west), the monitoring networks
were oriented along a general southwest to northeast axis. A few measure-
ment sites were also located in crosswind directions to provide for some
variation in wind flow from the prevailing sector. To supplement the urban
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area monitoring and to provide measurements in more remote portions of the
Corridor, four remote, rural sites were established and included in the
network.
In designing the network for each urban area, existing State/local
sites were used to the extent possible. In some cases, new instruments were
added to existing sites, and new sites were established to fill in gaps
between existing sites. For each city, 03, NO/N02/NOX and NMOC monitoring
sites were situated to the south and west of the city center at a distance
of from 30 to 45 km in order to measure pollutants being transported into
the urban area at the ground level upwind boundary of the city. Within the
urban core, measurements were made principally for NO/N02/NOX and NMOC in
order to specify initial concentrations of ozone precursors.
Measurements of NO/N02/NOX and 03 were also made in suburban areas on
the fringe of each city to assess the spatial distribution of NOX and to
measure peak 03 concentrations during near stagnation conditions or recircu-
lation wind flows. To the north and east of each city, 03 was measured
at numerous locations to record concentrations downwind within the urban
plume, and thus provide verification data for model estimates of peak 03
concentrations.
Surface meteorological measurements of wind speed and wind direction
were made throughout the network to help determine surface pollutant
transport and to indicate the occurrence of mesoscale surface wind regimes
which affect pollutant concentrations. Temperature and solar radiation
(direct plus diffuse) measurements were made at a few locations to determine
photochemical rate constants needed by the model. These meteorological
measurements, obtained at State/local agency and contractor sites, were
collected to supplement data from National Weather Service and auxiliary
observation stations within the Corridor.
The sites at which measurements were made for 03 are shown in Figure 2,
NMOC in Figure 3, and NO/N02/NOX in Figure 4. Sites at which wind speed
and wind direction were measured are in Figure 5, and temperature and solar
radiation in Figure 6. A list of the specific air quality and meteorological
measurements at each of the NECRMP monitoring sites is given in Appendix A.
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4.0 Aircraft Monitoring
Air quality and meteorological measurements aloft were obtained from
instrumented aircraft operated in the vicinity of each of the four cities
during a five week period from July 14 through August 15. The intent of
the monitoring flights was to describe the horizontal and vertical distri-
bution of 03, NO/NQX, and NMOC on high 03 days which might be potentially
suitable for modeling. The EPA groups and contractors participating in
this program are listed in Table 1, along with the location of each field
office. The aircraft programs in Washington, DC, New York, and Boston
were part of the Urban Corridor Studies, whereas the program in Baltimore
was part of the NEROS. The air quality and meteorological variables
measured from each aircraft and the type of aircraft used in each city
are listed in Table 2.
In all four cities, monitoring flights were conducted on days when
photochemical activity and subsequent widespread high ozone concentrations
would be likely. Three types of meteorological scenarios were sought for
flight days: (1) southwest wind flows favorable for interurban transport
(when pollutants from one or several cities impact upon another Corridor
city); (2) wind flows from directions not conducive to interurban transport
(when the impact of emissions from individual cities can be more easily
reconciled); and (3) near stagnation or recirculation flows (when a city's
pollutant effluents tend to remain in the vicinity of the urban area).
The conceptual plan of daily flight emissions for all cities, except
Baltimore, is shown in Figure 7. The plan includes three flights per day,
with vertical spirals and horizontal transects designed to map the pollu-
tant concentration fields aloft. Transects were flown at approximately
750 m, with spirals from ^ 150 m to ^ 2100 m over rural areas and ^ 300 m
to ^ 2100 m over urban areas. In Baltimore, aircraft monitoring flights
were conducted to investigate the interaction of the Washington, DC -
Baltimore urban plumes and the blending of the urban plume(s) into the
regional ozone burden. F:or this, aircraft measurements were made at
preselected distances upwind and downwind, similar to flights in the
other Corridor cities and, in addition, an attempt was made to measure
temporal changes in pollutant concentrations within specific air parcels
that had crossed the Baltimore urban area at specific times during the day.
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Table 1. Participants in the Aircraft Measurement Progra
m
Participant
Area of Operations
Field Station
EPA Environmental Monitoring
Systems Laboratory - Las Vegas
Washington, DC
Manassas, VA Airport
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Washington State University
Baltimore
Middle River, MD
Glenn Martin Airport
Battelle Pacific Northwest
Laboratories
New York City
Morristown, NJ Airport
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
Boston
Beverly, MA Airport
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Table 2. NECRMP Aircraft Measurements
Washington, DC - EMSL/Las Vegas
Aircraft: UH/IH Bell Huey Helicopter
Measurements/Instruments:
Ozone
NO/NOx
S02
Bscat
Temperature
Dew-Point Temperature
Baltimore - Brookhaven
Aircraft: Britten Norman Islander
Measurements/Instruments:
Ozone
NO/NOx
S02
Bscat
Temperature
Relative Humidity
Solar Radiation Total
Solar Radiation UV
Turbulence
Bendix 8002
Monitor Labs 8440
TECO 43
MRI 1550B Integrating Nephelometer
Rosemont Platinum - Type Total Temperature
General Eastern Model 1011 Hygrometer
AID 560
TECO 14B
Meloy 160-2
MRI 1550
Yellow Springs 705
Weather Measures Model HM 111
Eppley Pyranometer Model 8-48
Eppley UV Radiometer Model 14168
MRI Model 1120
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Table 2. Continued
Baltimore - Washington State Univ.
Aircraft: Cessna 402
Measurements/Instruments:
Ozone
NO/NOx
Bscat
Temperature
Dew Point Temperature
Condensation Nuclei
CSI 2000
Monitor Labs 8440 HP
MRI 1550
Metrodata M-8 (bead thermister)
Metrodata M-8 (carbon strip)
Environment One-Rich 100
New York - Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs.
Aircraft: Cessna 320 F
Measurements/Instruments :
Ozone
NO/NOx
Bscat
Temperature
Dew Point Temperature
Bendix 8000
Monitor Labs 8440 HP
MRI 1550 Integrating Nephelometer
Rosemont Model 102U2U
EG & G Cambridge Model 137-C
Boston - Battelle Columbus Labs
Aircraft: Cessna 411
Measurements/Instruments :
Ozone
NO/NOx
Bscat
Temperature
Dew Point Temperature
Winds
Bendix 8000
Monitor Labs 8440 HP
MRI 1550 Integrating Nephelometer
Rosemont 102U2U
EG & G Cambridge Model 137-C
Global VLF System
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Vertical
Spiral
Horizontal
Transect
EARLY
MORNING
MID-MORNING
AFTERNOON
Figure 7. Conceptual Plan for Urban Corridor Monitoring Flights,
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The early morning flights in Washington, DC, New York and Boston
were used to measure the 03 and precursor burden aloft prior to the break-
up of the surface stable layer in order to define pollutant levels either
transported into or remaining over the city from the previous day. These
flights were concentrated on the upwind side of the city and included
vertical spirals to indicate the presence of vertical gradients in 03
aloft. Mid-morning flights included spirals on the upwind and downwind
fringe and over the urban core to define the vertical distribution of
pollutants during the period of rapid change in atmospheric mixing and
possible fumigation from elevated plumes. Afternoon flights consisted of
cross-wind traverse patterns and spirals downwind of each city to map the
dimensions of the urban plume, and thus provide verification data for
model predictions in areas between surface sites. Vertical spirals were
made over several points downwind, including the area of estimated peak
ozone concentration. In Washington, DC and Boston, afternoon flights
extended 60-100 km downwind. In New York, measurements were obtained
downwind to 100-130 km.
The conceptual flight plan just described was modified, depending
upon the configuration of the city, its position in the Corridor, and
the meteorological conditions on the flight day. In addition, three major
alterations to the plan were: (1) after the first few flight days, the
mid-morning flight in New York was discontinued because of flight restric-
tions and the need to conserve pilot hours for extended afternoon flights;
(2) the afternoon flight in Boston included an upwind transect and spiral
on days with southwest winds to note any daytime transport from upwind
urban areas; and (3) toward the end of the program, the two morning flights
in Washington, DC were consolidated in order to conserve flying time.
In order to provide meteorological information to support the flight
programs, a temporary weather forecast center was established at Martin
State Airport near Baltimore. The center was manned by Brookhaven
National Laboratories (BNL) and equipped to receive National Weather
Service observations, and forecasts and computer products from the
National Meteorological Center in Washington, DC. Forecasts of 12-hour
and 18-hour boundary layer winds, cloud cover and precipitation for the
study cities were prepared daily and transmitted to the field offices by
1600 EST. The forecasts were used in deciding whether or not to plan a
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flight for the following day. Updated forecasts were provided at 0400 EST
on flight days. In addition to information received from the forecast
center, real-time boundary layer winds were obtained by the field personnel
from pilot balloon observations (pibals) made at sites in the vicinity of
each city. These measurements were used to fine-tune the direction and
distance of flight tracks during the day.
Flight days in New York and Boston were selected independently of each
other, since meteorological conditions often differed between the two areas.
However, flight days and flight patterns in Washington, DC and Baltimore
were closely coordinated in order to maximize use of the aircraft assigned
to both cities. At the end of each flight day, flight crews were debriefed
by EPA field personnel on the magnitude and distribution of ozone
concentrations observed aloft. This information was used in planning
subsequent flights.
5.0 Upper Air Meteoro1^gjcaj_jjte£sujr^ments-
A program of upper air meteorological measurements was conducted as
part of NECRMP to obtain wind, temperature and mixing height information
necessary for the model to estimate pollutant transport and vertical
dispersion. Three types of measurement, procedures were used: (1) rawin-
sonde soundings for temperature and wind profiles; (2) pilot balloon
observations for wind profiles; and (3) sodars for low level mixing heights
(data on the vertical distribution of temperature are also available from
aircraft flights). The upper air meteorological measurements began on
July 18 and continued through September 12, 1980, except for the pibals
which began July 14 and were terminated at the end of the aircraft measure-
ment program. The days with upper air measurements are listed in Appendix B.
Rawinsonde soundings were conducted by Beukers Laboratories at six
locations in the Corridor, sodars were operated by AeroVironment at four
locations, and pibal observations were taken at six locations by those
responsible for the aircraft flights. A list of pertinent information on
each measurement site is given in Table 3, and the locations of the sites
are shown in Figure 8. These locations were selected in order to characterize
both the extent of vertical mixing and mesoscale wind regimes in the vicinity
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Table 3 Rawinsonde, Pibal, and Sodar Site Locations
Rawlnsonde Soundings
Site
Number
11
12
13
14
15
16
Site
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sitei
Type
S
U
S
U
R
U
Sitei
Type
R
S
S
S
S
R
Site
Name
Baltimore
Boston
Derby, CT
Newark
Marlboro, NJ
Washington, DC
Pilot
Site
Name
Bel Aire, MD
Beverly, MA
Glen Cove, NY
Medfield, MA
Morristown, NJ
Manassas, VA
Location
Johns Hopkins
University
Mass. Inst. of
Technology
Derby High School
Rutgers University
Municipal Complex
National Airport
Balloon Observations
Location
NECRMP Monitoring
site
Municipal Airport
Lattington Beach
State Hospital
Municipal Airport
Municipal Airport
Lat./Long.
39°19'48"N
76°37I22"W
42021'41"N
71005'33"W
41°19'26"N
73°05'26"W
40°39'23"N
74°13'18"W
40°19'00"N
74°15'00"W
38°50'36"N
77°02'irw
Lat./Long.
39°37'37"N
76°19'46"W
42°35'10"N
70°55I20"W
40°53'30"N
73°35I55"W
42°12'44"N
71°20'08"W
40°47'50"N
74025'20"W
38°43I00"N
77°31 '00"W
Elevation
(m MSL)
73
35
78
5
55
3
Elevation
(m MSL)
10
33
24
84
57
57
1 U: urban
S: suburban
R: rural
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Table 3. Continued
Site
Number
7
8
15
9
Site1
Type
R
S
R
R
Site
Name
Camp Upshur,
VA
Sodar Operations
Location
US Marine Base,
Quantico
Goucher College
Municipal Complex
Great Meadows
National Wildlife
Reserve
Lat./Long.
38°37'25"N
77°37'15"W
39°24'46"N
76°35'30"W
40°19'00"N
74°15'00"W
42°23'05"N
71°23'19"W
Elevation
(m MSL)
61
113
55
37
U: urban
S: suburban
R: rural
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RAWINSONDE SITES
• PILOT BALLOON SITES
• SODAR SITES
ARAWINSQIMDE AND
SODAR SITE
Figure 8. Locations of Urban Corridor Upper Air Meteorological
Measurement Sites.
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of the Corridor cities. In addition, upper air soundings were obtained
at six-hour intervals from National Weather Service stations (except
New York City) within the Regional domain, as part of the NEROS.
5.1 Rawinsonde Sounding^ Op erations
The NECRMP rawinsonde soundings were obtained five days per week,
typically Monday through Friday, although the schedule was adjusted to
obtain soundings on weekend days when aircraft flights were planned.
The daily schedule of soundings at each site is provided in Table 4.
Basically, soundings were conducted during (1) the early morning to
provide an estimate of low level atmospheric stability at urban and rural
locations prior to sunrise; (2) the mid-morning period of rapid mixing
height rise; and (3) the early afternoon when the vertical extent of
mixing reaches a maximum. Slow rise balloons were used for soundings
to obtain a more detailed temperature structure within the boundary layer
than is available from routine National Weather Service soundings. An
average ascent rate of 400 ft./min. was achieved, and data were recorded
between ground level and 700 mb (^ 3500 m) only.
Temperature/dew point temperature and height values for "mandatory"
and "significant" levels (pressure altitudes) were determined using
standard National Weather Service data reduction procedures,8 except
that a criteria of + 1/2°C was used rather than + i°c for selecting
"significant" temperature points. Wind speed and wind direction values
were determined at 30-second intervals for the entire sounding. Standard
National Weather Service radiosondes were used for the temperature and
humidity measurements.
5.2 Sodar Operations
The AeroVironment model 300 monostatic acoustic radar (sodar) was
used to provide a near continuous record of the thermal structure of the
lower atmosphere from 30 m to 1000 m AGL (the respective lower and upper
detectable limits of the instrument). Data from the sodar were reduced
into 30-minute average mixing height values determined as the height of
the base of the lowest stable layer detected by the instrument.
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Table 4. Rawinsonde Sounding Schedule
Sounding Site
Washington, DC
Site 16
Baltimore
Site 11
Marlboro
Site 15
Newark
Site 14
Derby
Site 13
Start/End Date
July 24 - September 12
July 16 - September 12
July 17 - August 29
July 19 - September 12
July 16 - September 12
Launch Time (EST)
0500
0900
1300
0700
0900
lOOOa
1200?
1300
1400a
1500a
1600a
0500
0700
0900
1300
0500
0900
llOOb
1300c
Boston
Site 12
July 18 - September 12
a... soundings on July 16 and 31, and August 1, 5, 6, 7 and 14 only,
b. sounding effective September 3.
c. sounding discontinued September 2,
d. winds only, no temperature measurements.
0500
0700d
0900
llOOd
1300
1500d
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5 . 3 Pilot Balloon Observations
Pilot balloon observations of wind speed and direction aloft were
made almost daily during the period July 14 through August 15, 1980.
Thirty-gram balloons were released hourly from 0400 EST through 1700 EST
and tracked with a single theodolite. Readings of azimuth and elevation
were recorded every 30 seconds for a total of 20 minutes. A constant
rise rate was assumed for reducing the raw data into wind speed and
direction values. The reduced wind data began at 110 m AGL and continued
at approximately 90 m intervals up to 3690 m AGL.
6 . 0 Hydrocarbon Species
Hydrocarbon species concentrations were obtained at various locations
in the vicinity of the study cities in order to define the mix of non-
methane hydrocarbons needed as input to the model. Species concentrations
were identified by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of both grab samples
and one-hour integrated samples of ambient air. The collection of these
samples began on July 14 and continued through August 29.
Integrated ground level samples were collected between the hours of
0500-0600 and 0700-0800 EST at two sites in the urbanized portion of each
city. As time permitted, grab samples were collected from a "roving van"
at various locations downwind of Washington, DC and Baltimore. The fixed
sampling sites are listed in Table 5. Integrated samples were collected
in Teflon or Tedlar bags using an automated timer-pump system. The
roving van grab samples were collected in stainless steel canisters.
Ambient grab samples were also collected aloft in six-liter stainless
steel canisters during aircraft flights. In Washington, DC, New York
and Boston, grab samples were obtained within and above the surface stable
layer during vertical spirals on early morning flights. In Washington, DC
and Boston, two samples were also collected (at different altitudes) over
the urban center during the mid-morning flights. In New York, grab samples
were collected during the afternoon within the mixed layer over southern
Connecticut (these samples were intended to measure the composition of
hydrocarbons remaining in the New York plume after the peak in photo-
chemical activity). In Baltimore, four grab samples were collected on
each flight throughout the day. These samples were used to characterize
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Table 5. Fixed Hydrocarbon Species Sampling Locations
Urban Area
Washington, DC
Sampling Sites
West End Library
NECRMP site 9
University of Maryland Campus
non NECRMP site
Takoma Park
NECRMP site 10
Baltimore
Read Street
NECRMP site 13
Essex, MD
NECRMP site 20
New York City
Newark, NJ
New Jersey Inst0 of Technology
NECRMP site 46
Linden, NJ
NECRMP site 43
Boston
East Boston, MA
NECRMP site 27
Watertown, MA
NECRMP site 37
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hydrocarbons upwind, within and on either side of the Baltimore urban
plume. Not all collected samples were analyzed because of time limita-
tions on the gas chromatographs. However, those samples which were
selected for GC analysis were analyzed within 48 hours of collection.
Laboratories for GC analysis were established at Martin Airport
near Baltimore and at the New Jersey Institute of Technology at Newark
by Washington State University (WSU). In the Boston area, a GC
laboratory was operated at Beverly Airport by Battelle Columbus
Laboratories (BCL). The specific chromatographs and peripheral data
systems are given in references 9 and 10 for WSU and BCL, respectively.
A description of the species data are included in reference 11.
7.0 Quality Assurance Program
A comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) program accompanied the
various NECRMP ambient measurement programs. The objectives of the QA
program were as follows:
(a) to obtain a data base of measurements as precise and accurate
as possible within the limitations of available manpower and funds;
(b) to obtain a high percentage (>_ 90%) recovery of data during
the measurement program;
(c) to ensure that surface measurements are representative of the
desired spatial and temporal scales; and
(d) to ensure that all air quality measurements are traceable to
a single source (National Bureau of Standards [NBS]) in order to provide
internal consistency and comparability among measurements made by the
various study participants.
Assistance in designing and implementing the QA program was provided
by the Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory (EMSL) at Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina. All of the air quality analyzers (except
for those measuring NMOC) were operated using EPA designated reference
or equivalent methods. The NMOC analyzers (MSA model 11-2) were selected
by EMSL-RTP for use in this study, based upon the results of their evalu-
ation of several state-of-the-art instruments. The specific QA activities
are described below for each NECRMP measurement program.
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7.1 QA - Surface Monitoring
The QA activities conducted during the surface monitoring program
were developed from requirements for National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS),
as specified in 40 CFR Part 58, Federal Register, May 10, 1979.12 Guidance
for implementing the QA plan is contained in Volume II of the "Quality
Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems."13 The specific
QA elements of the NECRMP surface measurement program included:
(a) systems audits of monitoring sites;
(b) verification of calibration procedures;
(c) instrument calibrations and zero/span and precision checks; and
(d) instrument performance audits.
7.1.1 Systems Audits
Systems audits were conducted by Research Triangle Institute (RTI),
under contract to EMSL-RTP. As part of this effort, 24 of the designated
NECRMP sites were evaluated during the period May 22 through June 11, 1980.
These sites were selected to represent monitoring operations by each of the
agencies and contractors participating in the surface monitoring portion of
the study. The general items checked at each site included the following:
(a) suitability of the location and exposure for 03 and NO/N02/NOX
monitoring;
(b) the sample inlet system leading into the site, including the
placement and height of the probe:
(c) the analyzer set up (e.g., gas connections, power connections);
(d) the calibration systems (including zero air and standards); and
(e) the record keeping and documentation of site operations.
Other more specific items checked by RTI are listed in Table 6.
Meteorological systems were also checked to ensure that the instrument had
an unobstructed exposure and that the systems were operating normally.
The results of the systems audits are documented in a report by
25
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Table 6. Systems Audit Evaluation Items
A- Ambient Air Analyzer Checks
Ozone -
Equivalency designated analyzer
Calibration system (ozone source, dilution source, UV photometer,
or transfer standard)
Ethylene purity
Flowmeter range and accuracy; flowmeter calibration
Repair parts available
Proper electrical and pneumatic installation
Oxides of Nitrogen -
Equivalency designated analyzer
Suitable calibration system
NBS-traceable NO in nitrogen cylinder and/or NBS-traceable
N02 permeation tube
Suitable flowmeters; flowmeter calibration
Proper electrical and pneumatic installation
B. Pollutant Standards Delivery System
Availability and adequacy of dilution and/or gas phase titration equipment
Proper grade and traceability of pollutant standards
Stability of ozone generator; proper plumbing
Calibration and precision checks accomplished by delivering pollutant
to analyzer while it is in its normal ambient sampling configuration
C. Site Location
Unobstructed airflow
Sited according to current EPA criteria
Security
Distant from sources of oxides or nitrogen or hydrocarbons
26
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Table 6. (continued)
D. Site Facilities
Cleanliness
Sufficient workspace
Safety
Temperature control
Adequate voltage
Inlet probes, manifolds, blowers; their cleanliness and integrity
E. Site Operation
Calibration procedures, schedule
Zero and span check procedures, schedule
Precision check procedures, schedule
Data transmittal and reduction to concentration units
Audit procedures, schedule
Documentation control charts, operating and reporting procedures
Corrective action procedures
Strip chart annotation, data forms
Routine maintenance procedures, schedule
27
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Recommendations were made by EPA to the site operators for correcting any
deficiencies found by the audits. All serious problems were resolved by
the agencies as soon as possible.
7.1.2 Inter!aboratory Calibration Verification (ICV)
An audit system verification center was established to verify the
accuracy of the 03 and NO/N02/NOX audit systems used by audit teams during
the summer field program. The center was operated from April 23 through
May 1, 1980, by RTI, at the EPA Region II laboratory. Participating in the
ICV were representatives from the following agencies:
EPA Region I,
EPA Region II,
Massachusetts Department of Environmental Quality Engineering,
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection,
New York Department of Environmental Conservation, and
New Jersey Bureau of Air Pollution Control.
The center was equipped with the following analyzers:
Bendix Ozone Analyzer, Model 8002A,
Monitor Labs Ozone Analyzer, Model 8410,
Bendix Total Oxides of Nitrogen Analyzer, Model 8440, and
Bendix Carbon Monoxide Analyzer, Model 3501C5A.
The following approach was taken to maintain a chain of traceability
in the NECRMP audit program. Prior to establishing the ICV, RTI's cali-
bration systems were taken to EMSL-RTP for verification against NBS
certified standards. RTI then set up and calibrated the above analyzers
at the ICV center in Region II. The verification of the participants was
accomplished by having each team generate concentrations from their audit
systems. These were compared to the predicted concentrations, as calculated
from the instrument response and calibration equation established by RTI.
The slope (m) and intercept (b) of the linear regression of the two sets of
concentrations were used to evaluate the performance of each team for each
pollutant. The following criteria were used to judge the performance of
the participants:
28
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Excellent Performance Levels
. Slope: 0.95 < m _< 1.05; and
Intercept: -1% FS < b _< +1% FS (FS = full scale range of analyzer).
Satisfactory Performance Levels
Slope: 0.90 _< m < 0.95 or 1.05 > m _< 1.10; and
Intercept: -2% FS _< b < -1% FS or 1% > b _< 2% FS.
Unsatisfactory Performance Levels
Slope: m < 0.90 or m > 1.10; and
Intercept: b < -2% FS or b > +2% FS.
For those systems which gave an unsatisfactory response, the
operating procedures and analyzers were checked by RTI and the operator
in order to identify the source of the discrepancies. Appropriate cor-
rections/adjustments were subsequently made by the operator. The results
of the ICV are documented in a report by RTI.15
7.1.3 Instrument Callbrations and Zero/Span and Precision Checks
The 03 analyzers operated at the surface monitoring sites were
calibrated by UV photometry or Gas Phase Titration (GPT), according to
requirements in Appendix A of reference 11. The NO/N02/NOX analyzers
were calibrated by GPT, according to requirements in Appendix A of this
reference. The zero/span and precision checks were conducted for 03 and
NO/N02/NOX analyzers, according to guidelines in reference 13. The
specific, routine QA procedures used by Battelle Columbus at their sites
in New York and New Jersey, and by Engineering Science in Maryland, are
documented in references 16 and 17, respectively. The NMOC analyzers
were calibrated by PEDCo, using EPA certified methane and propane cali-
bration gases, according to procedures described in reference 18. The
procedures used for zero/span and precision checks for the NMOC analyzers
are also described in that report.
The following schedule was prescribed by EMSL for calibrations and
for zero/span and precision checks at surface sites:
29
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Calibrations Zero/Span Checks Precision Checks
OS and monthly twice per week twice per week
NO/N02/NOX
NMOC once every daily three times
two weeks per week
The above frequency of zero/span checks was recommended to detect
drift in instrument response and thereby permit the correction of a problem
before data would have to be invalidated. The relatively frequent precision
checks were recommended because of the short term nature of the study and
the need to provide sufficient data to evaluate statistically the performance
of each analyzer during the three month study. This schedule was followed by
most of the monitoring agencies and contractors. However, a somewhat less
stringent schedule was adopted by a few agencies at particular sites, due to
limited personnel and/or calibrators.
7.1.4 Instrument Audits
Audits of the 03, NO/N02/NOX, and NMOC analyzers operated at the
designated NECRMP monitoring sites were performed twice during the field
program. The agencies participating in the ICV, together with RTI, shared
the responsibility for auditing these sites. Instruments found to give an
unsatisfactory response to the audit ( >_ 15% difference between audit output
and instrument response) were recalibrated by the operating agency or
contractor. The results of the two audits conducted during the field
program are summarized in reference 19.
7.1.5 Reduction of Surface Data
The continuous measurements made at surface monitoring sites were
reduced into hourly arithmetic averages, except for wind measurements at
sites in New York State which were reduced as vector averages. The precision
and audit data collected for each air quality analyzer were used in validating
measured values. Each agency/contractor was responsible for judging the
precision of its own instruments. However, EMSL-RTP provided an evaluation
of precision data for the NMOC analyzers.
The 03 and N0£ data were assembled and submitted to the appropriate
EPA Regional Office, where they were run through the automated Quality
Control (QC) screening tests listed in Table 7.20 These screening tests
30
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Table 7. Air Quality Control Tests Applied to NECRMP
Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide Data
Tests Flag Values (pom)
1. Maximum Value Test:
flags unexpectedly high values. > 0.50 (1000-1700)
> 0.38 (1800-0900) > 0.64
2. Adjacent Value Test:
flags an unexpected fluctuation +0.15 (day)
in concentration between two +0.10 (night) ±0.27
consecutive hours. ~
3. Spike Test:
flags the middle vaiue of three +_ 0.10 (day)
consecutive hourly values if it; +0.05 (night) - -11
is much higher or lower than the ~ or or
two adjacent hours. +_ 300% + 30o%
4. Consecutive Four Hour Test:
flags short term clusters of > 0.25 > 0 53
unexpectedly high values.
5. Gap Test:
flags unexpectedly high values
by checking for gaps in the
frequency distribution.
31
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flagged potentially invalid data points. Agencies and contractors were
notified of any flagged values identified at their sites. These data were
then verified as valid, or deleted if determined to be invalid. No auto-
mated screening tests were run for the NO, NOx, NMOC, or surface meteoro-
logical data; only manual spot checks were made of these data. However,
all of the surface air quality and meteorological data will be run through
additional screening checks prior to the creation of the modeling data
base in 1983.
7.2 QA - Aircraft Monitoring
Quality Assurance activities associated with the aircraft monitoring
program included calibrations, zero/span checks and audits of the monitoring
systems. The types of monitors operated on board each aircraft are listed
in Table 2.
7.2.1 Aircraft Instrument Calibrations
The systems and procedures used to calibrate the air quality
instruments operated on board the five aircraft are described in Table 8.
For all aircraft systems, the calibration equipment was assayed against
NBS-SRM certified equipment prior to the start of the measurement program.
Meteorological equipment were also calibrated at that time. The general
schedules of calibrations and zero/span checks adopted by each aircraft
operator are listed in Table 9. The specific QA procedures followed are
in references 21, 22, 23, 24, and 25 for the aircraft in Washington, DC,
Baltimore (BNL), Baltimore (WSU), New York and Boston, respectively.
7.2.2 Aircraft Audits
Audits of the air quality instruments were conducted by RTI for
each aircraft system during the initial days of the program. Instruments
found to give an unsatisfactory response were recalibrated following any
necessary instrument repairs or modifications to operating procedures. A
summary of the audit results is provided in Table 10. Details of the
audits are available in reference 19 for aircraft in Washington, DC,
New York and Boston, and in reference 26 for the two aircraft in Baltimore.
32
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Table 8. Procedures and Calibration Systems Used for Aircraft Instruments
Urban Area:
Washington, DC
Aircraft Operator: EMSL-Las Vegas
Ozone:
NO/N02/NOX:
S02:
Calibrations were performed using a TECO 101 dilution
system equipped with an ozone generator, the output of
which was monitored with a Dasibi 03 monitor referenced
to a long-path UV photometer.
Calibrations were performed using a cylinder of NO in
nitrogen (Np) tertiary standard. The span calibration
was performed by dilution, using a Bendix Dynamic
calibration system with zero air from an Aadco pure
air generator. The pure air generator also provided
for the zero air calibration.
Calibrations were performed using a cylinder of S02
(secondary standard) certified by comparison to an NBS
permeation tube. The span calibration was performed
using a direct span gas bottle and zeroed using the
Aadco pure air generator.
Urban Area:
Baltimore, MD
Aircraft Operator: Brookhaven National Laboratory
Ozone:
NO/N02/NOX:
S02:
Calibrations were performed using an AID ozone generator,
the output of which was verified by Gas Phase Titration
with an NBS standard cylinder of NO in N2.
Calibrations were performed using a Monitor Labs 8500
calibrator equipped with an NO dilution system and a
46 ppm NBS NO in a N2 cylinder.
Calibrations were performed using a Monitor Labs 74447
calibrator and NBS traceable S02 permeation tube.
Urban Area:
Aircraft Operator:
Ozone:
NO/N02/NOX:
Baltimore, MD
Washington State University
Calibrations were performed using a MEC 1000 ozone
generator, the output of which was verified by UV
(Dasibi 1008-PC).
Calibrations were performed using a Meloy Model CN 020
calibrator with an NBS cylinder of 52 ppm NO in N2.
Span checks were made with a 0.93 ppm NO in N2 cylinder,
the concentration of which was verified by GPT prior to'
the study.
33
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Table 8. (continued)
Urban Area: New York City, NY and Boston, MA
Aircraft Operator: Battelle Northwest and Battelle Columbus
Ozone: Calibrations were performed using a CSI 1700 Gas Phase
Titration calibration system referenced to an NBS
certified UV photometer.
NO/NQ2/NOx: Calibrations were performed using the CSI 1700 with an
NBS cylinder of NO in N2.
34
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Table 9. Fr^guenc^_o^ajj^r_at_1ons and Zero/Span Checks for Aircraft Systems
Washington, JK
o Multipoint calibrations were conducted prior to and following the study.
o Zero/span checks were conducted prior to and following each flight day.
o Zero air calibrations were conducted in flight.
Baltimore (BNL)
o Multipoint calibrations were conducted three times on the N0/N02/N0x analyzer,
two times on the 03 analyzer, and once on the S02 analyzer.
o In-flight zero air calibrations ^or SO? were conducted at each flight altitude
o In-flight zero air calibrations were conducted for 03 and NO/N02/NOX.
o Span checks were performed twice on the 03 analyzer and once each on the
NO/N02/NOX and S02 analyzers during the program.
Baltimore (WSU)
o Multipoint calibrations were conducted four times on the 03 analyzer and
once, prior to the study, on the NO/N02/NOX analyzer.
o Zero/span checks were conducted on the NO/N02/NOX analyzer four times during
the study.
New York City
o Multipoint calibrations were conducted weekly.
o Zero/span checks were conducted daily between morning and afternoon flights.
Boston
o Multipoint calibrations were conducted weekly.
o Zero/span checks were conducted daily between early morning and mid-morninq
flights.
35
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Table 10. Audit Summary for Aircraft
Washington, DC
03
NO/NOx
S02
Bscat
Baltimore (WSU)
03
NO/NOx
S02
Bscat
Baltimore (BNL)
03
NO/NOx
S02
Bscat
Ratings1
S
S/E
S
within + 10%
S
S/E
S
within + 10%
S
E/E
S
+ 19.4%
New York City
03
NO/NOX
Bscat
E
S/S
within + 10%
Boston
03
NO/NOX
Bscat
E
E/E
within + 10%
1 E = Excellent
S = Satisfactory
U = Unsatisfactory
36
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7.2.3 instj^uiront^
Corrections to measured data for variations in instrument response
with altitude were made for 03 measurements obtained in Boston. For these
data, Battelle used relationships described by White.27 According to
these relationships, not adjusting the 03 data for variations in response
due to altitude could result in concentrations too low by 15-25% at 2,000 m,
which was about the highest altitude of the aircraft spirals during NECRMP.
This is on the order of 0.02 ppm, considering typical values observed at
this altitude during the program. In Baltimore, altitude response relation-
ships were developed by BNL and WSU for the particular ozone analyzers
operated aboard their aircraft, however, the data have not been adjusted.
No altitude corrections were deemed necessary for the other analyzers.
In general, there were no major difficulties with the operation of
the on board instrumentation. However, BNL did have some problems main-
taining their NOX analyzer in calibration, due to high cabin temperatures
h 35°C) at the ground and aloft. As a result, multi-point calibrations
were performed on this instrument on several occasions during the study.
Also, problems with the NOX zero were encountered by BNW in the New York
area. This occasionally resulted in slightly negative NO/NOX values at a
few points on vertical spirals. In addition, apparent imprecision in the
humidity instrument operated by BNW resulted in the dew-point temperature
slightly exceeding the ambient air temperature when high humidity was
encountered.
7.2.4 Data Reduction
The continuous measurements recorded on magnetic tape from the on
board analyzers were reduced from raw voltages into scientific units, using
the calibration equations and zero/span data, according to procedures
described in the reports prepared by each aircraft operator.21,22,23,2^,25
Quality Control checks conducted by the aircraft operators were accomplished
by visually screening time versus concentration plots of the reduced data or
the original strip chart trace as recorded in flight. Unusual fluctuations
in air quality or meteorological parameters were checked for physical
consistency. The data were also checked against flight logs to note any
37
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instrument problems, zero checks, times when the aircraft passed through
plumes, and the height of inversion layers. Data determined to be invalid
were deleted from the data base. In addition, the aircraft data will be
subject to more intensive screening prior to the creation of the modeling
data base in 1983.
7.3 QA - Upper Air Meteorological Measurements
The instrument systems used by Beukers Laboratories for tracking
and recording data from the radiosondes were calibrated prior to the start
of the field program, as were the acoustic radar units deployed by
AeroVironment. These systems have been found to be fairly stable during
routine field operations and require recalibrations only after major
repair. All of the radiosondes used during the study were purchased from
VIZ and subject to QC by the manufacturer.
Most of the QA activities in the program were conducted during the
data compilation and reduction phase. Quality Control checks of the upper
air sounding data consisted of (1) a point-by-point review of each sounding
in the field; (2) a check of each sounding while the data were being
processed on the computer; and (3) a review of the temperature and wind
sounding data for meteorological reasonableness and spatial and temporal
continuity. Any soundings or individual data points which appeared suspect
of being invalid were reprocessed, verified, and corrected or deleted, as
appropriate.
The QC procedures for the sodar-derived mixing height data began
in the field, when the measured values were reduced from the strip chart
records. This enabled the technician to spot any readings indicative of
possible instrument malfunctions. The strip charts were reevaluated and
reviewed by AeroVironment at their Pasadena, CA facility, prior to being
entered onto magnetic tape. In addition 10% of the values were spot checked
by supervisory personnel.
No rigorous QC procedures have as yet been applied to the pilot
balloon wind observations. However, the data were spot checked against
the original data records, and all winds were reviewed for meteorological
reasonableness and consistency, both between successive pibal observations
and against rawinsonde wind data. No suspect data were identified.
38
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In addition to the above QC checks, the upper air data will be
further screened prior to the creation of the modeling data base in 1983.
7•4 QA - Hydrocarbon Species Measurement Program
Quality Assurance procedures during the collection and analysis of
hydrocarbon species measurements included:
(1) analysis of all samples within 48 hours of collection;
(2) checking chromatograms for evidence of container contamination
of samples;
(3) calibration of chromatographic columns with known standards;
(4) precision checks with artificial hydrocarbon mixtures; and
(5) a "round robin" analysis of specific samples by each laboratory.
A report describing the results of the "round robin" analyses is
being prepared by the EPA Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory (ESRL).
In addition, ESRL will be screening the species data to identify possible
invalid data prior to the creation of the modeling data base in 1983.
8.0 Availability of NECRMP Urban Corridor Data Base
The data described in the preceding sections have been assembled into
a data base available on magnetic tape. The surface air quality and meteoro-
logical data are recorded in SAROAD hourly data card image format. These data
have been converted to a standard set of reporting units for each pollutant
and meteorological parameter and to local standard time (LST). The special
NECRMP rawinsonde and pilot balloon wind speed and direction data have been
merged into a single data set. The rawinsonde temperature sounding data
comprise another separate data set. The mixing height data obtained with the
monostatic acoustic radar (sodar) were also place in SAROAD hourly data card
image format. Since these mixing heights represent 30 minute values, there
are four, rather than two, cards for each day. The aircraft data obtained in
Washington, DC, New York, and Boston complete the Urban Corridor data base.
A description of the NECRMP Urban Corridor data base, including data formats,
reporting units, and tape specifications is contained in the report entitled:
"Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project - Urban Corridor Data Base
Description."28 The entire NECRMP data base, including Urban Corridor data,
Baltimore aircraft data, and other data sets obtained as part of the NEROS
will be available from ESRL in 11983.
39
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9.0 References
1. R. G. Lamb, "A Regional Scale (1000 km) Model of Photochemical Air
Pollution, Part 1: Theoretical Formulation," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Technical Report, in press.
2. S D Reynolds and L. E. Reid, "An Introduction to the SAI Airshed Model
and Its Usage,1 Systems Applications, Inc., Report EF 78-53R, May 1978.
3. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Uses, Limitations and Technical
Basis of Procedures for Quantifying Relationships Between Photochemical
Oxidants and Precursors," EPA-450/2-77-021a, Research Triangle Park
North Carolina, November 1977.
4. N. C. Possiel, J. F. Clarke, T. L. Clark, J. K. S. Ching, and
E. L. Martinez, "Recent EPA Urban and Regional Scale Oxidant Field
Programs in the Northeastern U.S.," Preprint, 75th Annual Meeting
of the Air Pollution Control Association, New Orleans, Louisiana
June 20-25, 1982.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Northeast Corridor Regional
Modeling Project - Study Protocol," Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, September 1980.
6. J. F. Clarke, J. K. S. Ching, R. M. Brown, H. Westberg, and
J. H. White, "Regional Transport of Ozone," Preprint Volume, Third
Joint Conference on Application of Air Pollution Meteorology
San Antonio, Texas, January 15-21, 1982.
7. W. M. Vaughan, M. Chan, B. Cantrell, and F. Pooler, "A Study of
Persistent Elevated Pollution Episodes in the Northeastern United
States," Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 63 (3)-
258-266, March 1982. V ''
8. Federal Meteorological Handbook No. 3, "Radiosonde Observations "
Circular P, U.S. Department of Commerce, January 1 , 1969.
9" i'Son1?,^ Assurance Report, Detailed Hydrocarbon Analysis - NEROS/NECRMP
an ^0^°^ Kepa!:ed by Washin9ton State University for EPA Grant No.
oU-oooo, July ^7, 1981.
10. "The Collection and Analysis of Ground Level and Aircraft Samples for
Hydrocarbons in the Boston Area," Report prepared by Battelle Columbus
Laboratories for EPA Grant No. 80-6683, November 21, 1980.
11. H. G. Richter, "Analysis of Organic Compound Data Gathered During 1980
in Northeast Corridor Cities," EPA Report in press.
12. Federal Mister , Volume 44, No. 92, Pages 27558-27604, May 10, 1979.
13. "Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems "
Volume II, EPA-600/4-77-027a, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
May 1977.
40
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14. W. C. Eaton and R. S. Wright, "Site Evaluations of Air Monitoring
Stations of the 1980 Summer Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling
Project," Report prepared by Research Triangle Park Institute for
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3222, TD-75, November 1980.
15. R. W. Murdoch and F. K. Arey, "Region II Northeast Corridor Regional
Modeling Project Side-by-Side Verification," Report prepared by
Research Triangle Institute for the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, May 1980.
16. J. E. Howes, Jr., "Air Quality and Meteorological Measurements for
the New York Metropolitan Area," Report prepared by Battelle Columbus
Laboratories for EPA Contract No. 68-02-3529, October 10, 1980.
17. "Report for Ambient Monitoring near the Town of Rising Sun,
Cecil County, Maryland, and the town of Hickory, Hartford County,
Maryland," Report prepared by Engineering-Science for EPA Contract
No. 68-02-2537, November 1980.
18. "Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project Continuous Nonmethane
Organic Compound Data Collection," EPA-450/4-80-034, November 1980,
Report prepared by PEDCo for EPA Contract No. 68-02-3519.
19. W. C. Eaton, F. K. Arey, and R. W. Murdoch, "Summary Report for
Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project Performance Audits,"
Report orepared by Research Triangle Institute for EPA Contract
No. 68-02-3431, TD-11, November 1980.
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Aeros Software Documentation -
NAE67F, NAE67G," Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, National
Aerometric Data Branch, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
June 1, 1979.
21. J. Wengert and R. Rutherford, "1980 Aircraft Monitoring in Washington, DC,"
Report prepared by Northrop Services for EPA Contract No. 68-03-2591,
April 1981.
22. J. Tichler, R. Brown, P. Daum, and D. Leahy, "Data Collected Aboard
the BNL Aircraft and Van During NEROS 1980," Report prepared by
Brookhaven National Laboratory for EPA Contract No. 79-DX-0533,
August 1981.
23. "Quality Assurance Document, Baltimore - Washington, DC Plume Study,
NEROS-1980," Report prepared by Washington State University for
Grant No. 80-6683, November 20, 1981.
24. A. Alkezweeny, K. M. Busness, R. C. Easter, and J. S. Wetzel,
"Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project, Aircraft Measurements -
New York and Vicinity," EPA-450/4-81-012, March 1981, Report prepared
by Battelle Northwest Laboratories for EPA Contract No. 68-03-2958.
25. C. W. Spicer, G. M. Sverdrup, P. R. Sticksel, J. R. Koetz, and
G. F. Ward, "Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project, Aircraft
Measurements - Boston and Vicinity," EPA-450/4-81-013, March 1981,
Report prepared by Battelle Northwest Laboratories for EPA Contract
NO. 68-03-2958.
41
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26. F. K. Arey, R. C. Schores, and R. W. Murdoch, "Performance Audits of
the NEROS/PEPE Sites," Report prepared by Research Triangle Institute
for EPA Contract No. 68-02-3222, TD-98, March 1981.
27. J. H. White, R. Strong, and J. B. Tommerdahl, "Altitude Characteristics
of Selected Air Quality Analyzers," Report prepared by Research Triangle
Institute for NASA (NASA - CR - 159165), November 1979.
28. W. P. Freas, "Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project - Data Base
Description," Report being prepared by U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
42
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APPENDIX A
AIR QUALITY / METEOROLOGICAL
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A-3
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
SPECIAL MEASUREMENT DATES
B-l
-------
Washington, DC
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
Date
July
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aircraft Pibals
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
Rawinsondes Sodar
W T
-
-
-
-
- x
- x
- x
- x
- x
- x
X
XX
- x
- x
XX X
- x
X
XX X
Species
A Y_ K,
x
X X
X X
X
X
X
— —
X X
X X
X
X
X X
_ _
_ _
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
-
_
X
X
X
X
X
_
_
_
-
-
_
_u
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
-
_
_
_
X
X
X
X
B-2
-------
Washington, D.C.
Date
August
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aircraft Pibals
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rav/insondes
W T
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
Sodar
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Species
A 1 K U.
X X
X
- X
- X
- X
X X
X X
X
- X
- X
X X
- X
- X
-
- -
- X
- X
- X
- X
- X
-
- X
- X
- X
-
- X
_
_ _
- X
- -
-
- X
- -
- X
- X
- X
- '-
- X
- X
- X
- X
- X
_
- X
- X
- X
- X
- X
-
- X
- X
- X
- X
- X
-
_ _
B-3
-------
Washington, DC
Date
September
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Aircraft
Pibals
Rawinsondes
W T
Sodar
Species
A Y K U
W: Winds
T: Temperature
A: Aircraft
Y: West End Library
K: Takoma Park
U: Univeristy of Maryland
B-4
-------
Baltimore
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
Date
July
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Ai
S_
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
rcraft
IB
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
X
Pibal
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Rawinsondes
W
_
-
X
X
X
-
X
-
-.
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
T
_
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
Sodar
A
— —
X
X
-
X
X X
X
X X
-
-
X
X
X
X
_
X
- X
X X
Species
R
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B-5
-------
Baltimore
Date Aircraft
Sn
D
August
1 x
2 xx
3 xx
4 xx
5 xx
6 xx
7 xx
8 -
9
10
11
12 xx
13 xx
14 x x
15
16 -
17
18
19 -
20
21
22
23
24 -
25 - -
26 -
27 -
28 -
29 -
30 -
31 -
Pibal
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Rawinsondes
W T
x
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
Sodar
x
x
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X •
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Species
A R. I
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
_
B-6
-------
Baltimore
Date
September
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Aircraft
S B
Pibal
Rawinsondes
Sodar
Species
ARE
9
10
11
12
13
S: Washington State University
B: Brookhaven National Laboratory
W: Winds
T: Temperature
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
""
A: Aircraft
R: Read St.
E: Essex
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B-7
-------
New York City
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
Date
July
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aircraft
X
-
X
-
-
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
Pibals Rawinsondes
GO W I
D N^ M D N_ M
X Y
X
/\
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
X
X
X
X x - X X - -
X x - X X - -
X X X X X X X
x x x x x x x
XXX XXX
x x x x x x x
X X X X X X X
V _ _ _ _
x - x x - x x
X X X X X X X
X X X X X X X
X— _
X X X X X X X
Sodar
_
-
-
-
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-
-
X
Species
A L. N_
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
X X
X X
X
_ _
X X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
B-8
-------
New York City
Date
August
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aircraft Pibals Rawinsondes Sod
£ 0 W T
ID
x xxx
x xxx
x xxx
X XXX
x xxx
x xxx
x xxx
X
X XX
*» s\ /\
X x
- x
X
X
X
X
X
- - x
X
X
X
X
- - x
X
-
N
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
p.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
N.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Species
A L N
-xx
xxx
XXX
xxx
xxx
xxx
xxx
-XX
-XX
-XX
-XX
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
- X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
B-9
-------
New York City
Date
Aircraft
September
Pibals
G 0
Rawinsondes
W T
D N M D N" M
Sodar
Species
A L N
1
2
3
4
5
6
7_
8
9
10
11
12
13
XXX XXX
XXX XX-
XXX XX-
- x x - x -
- x x - x -
X - - - - -
- x x - x -
- x x - x -
-XX - X X
- x x - x x
XXX XX-
X
X
X
X
/\
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
W: Winds
T: Temperature
G: Glen Cove
0: Morristown
D: Derby
N: Newark
M: Marlboro'
A: Aircraft
L: Linden
N: Newark
B-10
-------
Boston
Date Aircraft Pibals
E M
M
T
W
T
F
S
S
July
14 x
15 x
16 x
17 x
18
19 x
20
21 -
22
23
24 x
25 x
26
27
28 x
29
30
31 x
August
1 x
2
3
4
5 x
6 x
7
8 x
9 x
10
x
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
-
X
-
X
X
-
X
X
-
-
X
-
-
X
X
X
-
X
X
X
X
X
-
Rawinsondes
_W T
..
-
-
-
X X
X X
x x
x x
X
-
x x
x x
_
_
x x
-
-
x x
x x
x x
™ •"
x x
x x
X X
x x
x x
X X
-
Sodar Species
A E: R
XX
XX
XX
XX
- X
XX
- X
_
X - -
x - x
X XX
X XX
x - x
x - x
X - -
X -
- X
X X
.
XX
- X
- X
- X
XX
- x
- X
x xx
x xx
x - x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B-ll
-------
Date
August
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Aircraft Pibals Rawinsondes Sodar Species
B M W I - - -
X - X X
- - XX X - X X
- - XX X - X X
x _-xx x - x x
--xx - -xx
-XX
x - x x
- - x x x - x x
- - xx x - x x
- - xx x - x x
- - xx x - x x
- - X X X '-XX
X - X X
X -XX
- - xx x -xx
- - xx x -xx
- - x x x -xx
- - xx x -xx
xx x - - -
x x x - - -
x x x - - -
September
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
__.
9
10
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B-12
-------
Boston
Date Aircraft Pibals Rawinsondes Sodar Species
September B. M W T_ A L R
11 - --xx x _ _ .
12 - --xx x - . .
13 - -__- x ...
14_ - .... x _ . .
15 - - - - - x - - -
16 .....
W: Winds B: Beverly Airport
T: Temperature M: Medfield
A: Aircraft E: East Boston
R: Watertown
B-13
-------
|1 REPORT NO.
EPA-450/4-82-018
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing}
1 . — — • ' I 5"c7
2.
|4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Northeast Corridor Regional Modeling Project
Description Of The 1980 Urban Field Studies
7. AUTHOR(S)
Norman C. Possiel and Warren P. Freas
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Monitoring and Data Analysis Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Air, Noise and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protectionj\gency
Il2. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
REPORT DATE
October B82
. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
»p .
(A data base for modeling Philadelphia was acquired in 1979. The IVBurie a
tudies incLded continuous surface measurements of ozone nxtrogen oxides,
18 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
COSATI Field/Group
66
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREV.OUS ED.T.ON .s OBSOLETE
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