United States
Environmental
Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA-450/4-90-007D
JUNE 1990
AIR
SEPA
USER'S GUIDE FOR THE
URBAN AIRSHED MODEL
Volume IV: User's Manual for the
Emissions Preprocessor System
-------
-------
EPA-450/4-90-007D
USER'S GUIDE FOR THE
URBAN AIRSHED MODEL
Volume IV: User's Manual for the
Emissions Preprocessor System
By
Marianne C Causley
Systems Applications, Inc.
101 Lucas Valley Road
San Rafael, CA 94903
EPA Project Officer
Richard D. Scheffe
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
JUNE 1990
-------
-------
Notice
This material has been funded wholly or in part by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency under contracts 68-02-4352 and 68D90066 to Systems Applica-
tions, Inc. It has been subject to the agency's review, and it has been approved for
publication as an EPA document. Mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
90008 31
-------
-------
Preface
This user's guide for the Urban Airshed Model (UAM) is divided into five volumes as
follows:
Volume I—User's Manual for UAM(CB-IV)
Volume II— User's Manual for the UAM(CB-IV) Modeling System (Preprocessors)
Volume III—User's Manual for the Diagnostic Wind Model
Volume IV—User's Manual for the Emissions Preprocessor System
..Volume V—Description and Operation of the ROM-UAM Interface Program
System
Volume I provides historical background on the model and describes in general the
scientific basis for the model. It describes the structure of the required unformatted
(binary) files that are used directly as input to UAM. This volume also presents the
formats of the output files and information on how to run an actual UAM
simulation. For those user's that already possess a UAM modeling data base or have
prepared inputs without the use of the standard UAM preprocessors, this volume
should serve as a self-sufficient guide to running the model.
Volume II describes the file formats and software for each of the standard UAM
preprocessors that are part of the UAM modeling system. The preprocessor input
files are ASCII files that are generated from raw input data (meteorological, air
quality, emissions). The preprocessor input files are then read by individual
preprocessor programs to create the unformatted (binary) files that are read directly
by the UAM. Included in this volume is an example problem that illustrates how
inputs were created from measurement data for an application of the UAM in
Atlanta. The preprocessers available for generating wind fields and emission
inventories for the UAM are described separately in Volumes III and IV, respectively.
Volume III is the user's manual for the Diagnostic Wind Model (DWM). This model is
a stand-alone interpolative wind model that uses surface- and upper-level wind
observations at selected sites within the modeling domain of interest to provide
hourly, gridded, three-dimensional estimates of winds using objective techniques. It
provides one means of formulating wind field inputs to the UAM.
Volume IV describes in detail the Emission Preprocessor System (EPS). This software
package is used to process anthropogenic area and point source emissions for UAM
from countywide average total hydrocarbon, NOX, and carbon monoxide emissions
90008 31
-------
available from national emission inventories, such as the National Emissions Data
System or the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program. An appendix to this
volume describes the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS), which can be used
to generate gridded, speciated biogenic emissions. Software for merging the
anthropogenic area, mobile, and biogenic emission files into UAM input format is
also described in this volume.
Volume V describes the ROM-UAM interface program system, a softare package that
can be used to generate UAM input files from inputs and outputs provided by the
EPA Regional Oxidant Model (ROM).
90006 31
ii
-------
Acknowledgements
Since its initial conception in the early 1970s, many individuals have-contributed to
the development of the Urban Airshed Model. This document reflects the latest.
methodology and software development and provides a guide for new user's of the
model. Based on the past efforts of the orginal developers of the UAM and the
authors of the original 1978 user's manual, the first four volumes were written by the
following individuals from Systems Applications, Inc.:
Volume I Ralph E. Morris, Thomas C. Myers, Jay L. Haney
Volume II Ralph E. Morris, Thomas C. Myers, Edward L. Carr, Marianne C.
Causley, Sharon G. Douglas, Jay L. Haney
Volume III Sharon G. Douglas, Robert C. Kessler, Edward L. Carr
Volume IV Marianne C. Causley, Julie L. Fieber, Michele Jimenez, LuAnn
Gardner
Volume V, containing the ROM-UAM Interface Program Guide, as well as Appendix D
in Volume IV (Biogenics Emission Inventory System) were written by the following
individuals of Computer Sciences Corporation and EPA's Atmospheric Science
Modeling Division:
Volume V Ruen-Tai Tang, Susan C. Gerry, Joseph S. Newsom, Allan R. Van
Meter, and Richard A. Wayland (CSC); James M. Godowitch and
KenSchere (EPA)
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency provided support for the preparation of
this document. We also acknowledge the support of the South Coast Air Quality
Management District for the initial documentation of the UAM (CB-IV). Richard D.
Scheffe, Ned Meyer, Dennis Doll, and Ellen Baldridge of the U.S. EPA's Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards contributed to this document with their insightful
technical reviews. Henry Hogo and Tom Chico of the South Coast Air Quality
Management District also reviewed the documents and provided their comments.
Others at Systems Applications that have contributed to the continued development
of the UAM in the last few years include Dr. Gary Whitten and Mr. Gary Moore. The
technical editing of this manual was performed by Mr. Howard Beckman. We would
like to acknowledge him for his excellent work in reviewing, editing, and clarifying
the text of this manual for easier readability. Finally, we would like to acknowledge
Rita Seacock, Jo Ann Moennighoff, and Cristi-Ann Griggs for their work in producing
the document.
iii
-------
-------
Contents
Preface ' m
Acknowledgements v
List of Figures ix
List of Tables xi
List of Exhibits xiii
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 OVERVIEW OF THE EMISSIONS PREPROCESSOR SYSTEM 3
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE EMISSIONS PREPROCESSOR SYSTEM 9
Procedures for Creating Emissions Files for UAM Applications 9
Description of PREPNT 13
Description of PREGRD 39
Description of GRDEMS 57
Description of CENTEMS 79
Description of POSTEMS 121
Description of MRGEMS 167
4 CONSIDERATIONS IN PREPARING EMISSIONS INVENTORIES FOR
USE IN THE URBAN AIRSHED MODEL 171
Treatment of Mobile Sources 172
Geographic Allocation of Emissions 175
Temporal Adjustments Used in Gridding 178
Chemical Speciation Profiles 181
Projecting Future-Year Inventories 182
Control Scenario Implementation fc 183
Tabulation of Emission Totals
90008 31
-------
Acronyms j g *
Glossary
References
Appendix A: Codes for Emission Categories 195
Appendix B: Surrogates for Area Source Categories 219
Appendix C: Definition of Diurnal and Weekday Variation Codes ,... 227
Appendix D: The Biogenic Emission Inventory System 233
90006 31
-------
Figures
2-1 Overview of the UAM emissions preprocessor system
2-2 Input and output flow through the UAM emissions preprocessor
system 6
3-1 Input and output files used by PREPNT 16
3-2 Input and output files used by PREGRD 41
3-3 Input and output files used by GRDEMS 60
3-4 Input and output files used by CENTEMS 82
3-5 Input and output files used by utility program MKGLOS 87
3-6 Input and output files used by POSTEMS 123
3-7 Input and output files used by MRGEMS 168
90008 31
vii
-------
-------
Tables
3-1 User input file used by the PREPNT program ........................ 17
3-2 Growth factors file used by the PREPNT and PREGRD programs ...... 20
3-3 Region definition file used by the PREPNT, PREGRD, and GRDEMS
programs [[[ 24
3-4 Point source emissions inventory file used by the
PREPNT program ............................................... 26
•*
3-5 User input file used by the PREGRD program ....................... 42
3-6 Area and mobile emission data used by the PREGRD program ......... 44
3-7 Motor vehicle adjustment factors file used by the
PREGRD program . ....................... ....................... 46
3-8 User input file used by the GRDEMS program ....................... 61
3-9 Cross reference tables used by the GRDEMS program ................ 63
3-10 Gridded surrogate data file used by the GRDEMS program ............ 70
3-11 Link definition data used by the GRDEMS program ................... 72
3-12 Ungridded model emission record format (merf) used by the
GRDEMS program ............................................... 74
3-13 User input file used by the CENTEMS program ...................... 83
3-14 Elevated stacks file used by the CENTEMS program .................. 85
3-15 Category glossary file used by the MKGLOS program ................. 88
-------
3-17 Hydrocarbon speciation profile file used by the
CENTEMS program 97
3-18 Diurnal variation factors file used by the CENTEMS program 99
3-19 Weekday variation factors file used by the CENTEMS program 101
3-20 Emissions input .file (merf) used by the CENTEMS program 103
3-21 User input file used by the POSTEMS program 124
3-22 Activity code glossary file used by the POSTEMS program 127
3-23 Process code glossary file used by the POSTEMS program 130
3-2* Source category code glossary file used by the
POSTEMS program [32
3-25 Control code glossary file used by the POSTEMS program 135
3-26 Profile code glossary file used by the POSTEMS program 140
3-27 Chemical species data file used by the POSTEMS program 142
3-28 Binary emissions file(s) used by the POSTEMS program 145
3-29 Binary categorized total report f ile(s) used by the
POSTEMS program
90008 31
-------
Exhibits
All exhibits in the guide are examples of program input or output files from an
application of the UAM to Atlanta.
3-1 User input file to PREPNT ....................................... 19
3-2 Growth factors input file to PREPNT and PREGRD .................. 21
3-3 Region definition input file to PREPNT, PREGRD, and
GRDEMS [[[ 25
3-4 Point source emissions file input to PREPNT ........................ 27
3-5 Point source merf file (output from PREPNT, input
to CENTEMS) [[[ 28
3-6 Stack report output file from PREPNT ....................... ...... 29
3-7 Elevated stack file output from PREPNT _____ ....................... 33
3-8 Control file for elevated stacks (output from PREPNT,
input to CENTEMS) ............................... '.
3-9 Message file ouput from PREPNT ................................. 37
3-10 User input file to PREGRD ....................................... 43
3-1 1 Area and motor vehicle emissions file input to PREGRD .............. 45
3-12 Motor vehicle adjustment factors file input to PREGRD ' .............. 50
3-13 Ungridded skeleton area merf file (output from PREGRD,
input to GRDEMS) ....................... . .......... ............. 53
3-14 Ungridded skeleton mobile merf file (output from PREGRD,
input to GRDEMS)
-------
3-16 User input file to GRDEMS 62
3-17 Cross reference tables input to GRDEMS 64
3-18 Gridded surrogate file input to GRDEMS 71
3-19 Links definition file input to GRDEMS 73
3-20 Area message file output from GRDEMS 75
3-21 Gridded merf file (output from GRDEMS, input to CENTEMS) 77
3-22 User input files to CENTEMS 34
3-23 Category glossary file input to MKGLOS 89
3-24 Speciation factors file input to CENTEMS 91
3-25 Hydrocarbon speciation profiles input to CENTEMS 93
3-26 Diurnal variation factors file input to CENTEMS IQO
3-27 Weekday variation factors file input to CENTEMS 102
3-28 Message file output from CENTEMS 104
3-29 Point source file (output from CENTEMS, input to PTSRCE) 117
3-30 User input file to POSTEMS ttt 126
3-31 Activity codes file input to POSTEMS 123
3-32 Process codes file input to POSTEMS 131
3-33 Source category codes file input to POSTEMS 133
3-34 Control codes file input to POSTEMS 136
3-35 Profile codes file input to POSTEMS 141
3-36 Chemical species data file input to POSTEMS
3-37 Message file output from POSTEMS
3-38 Category report tables output from POSTEMS 150
3-39 Message file output from MRGEMS 169
90008 31
------- An error occurred while trying to OCR this image.
-------
Chapter 2 provides an overview of the emission preprocessor system (EPS). The
relationships between the programs are described and the procedures for creating
emissions files for the UAM are summarized.
Chapter 3 describes the input requirements for each of the EPS routines. Example
input and output files are provided. This chapter is of value to those interested in
installing the EPS on their computer system and also to those who prepare the input
files.
Chapter
-------
2 OVERVIEW OF THE EMISSIONS PREPROCESSOR SYSTEM
The Emissions Preprocessor System (EPS)'for the Urban Airshed Model (UAM)
consists of six FORTRAN programs which are executed sequentially to prepare the
emissions files required by the UAM. The EPS processes county-wide total emissions
contained in national emission data bases into a UAM-compatible inventory. The
EPS is currently configured to process data from National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) files. Although, other emission data bases, such as
the National Emission Data System (NEDS), the Flexible Regional Emissions Data
System (FREDS), or the SIP Air Management System (SAMS), can be used by EPS,
files using data that are not in the NAPAP format will have to be reformatted.
The EPS processes seasonal or annual average emissions, and is able to adjust the
longer-term average emission values to create episode-specific estimates based on
ambient conditions (e.g., temperature effects). It also can be used to create future-
year inventories for UAM simulations that evaluate alternative control strategies.
Default input files for information that may be missing from a particular emission
data set are provided along with the EPS software. Sample inputs and outputs are
included with the descriptions of the EPS programs. The six routines are:
PREPNT: Reformats a point source emissions inventory and prepares it for
hydrocarbon speciation by CENTEMS.
PREGRD: Reformats an area source emissions inventory and prepares it for
gridding by GRDEMS.
GRDEMS: Allocates the area source emissions prepared by PREGRD to the
modeling region cells.
CENTEMS: Allocates emissions for each cell in the modeling region across time
and splits THC and NOX organic compounds into the species
recognized by the Carbon-Bond Mechanism (CB-4).
90008 31
-------
POSTEMS: Merges ground-level emission files to create one input file for the
UAM. Provides summary printouts describing emission totals by
source categories.
MRGEMS: Merges a biogenic emissions file with the anthropogenic emissions
file created by POSTEMS.
Figure 2-1 shows an overview of the EPS. All routines except MRGEMS are used to
prepare anthropogenic emission files; MRGEMS is used only when biogenic emissions
are included. Note that the UAM preprocessor PTSOURCE is used to process the
UAM elevated point source input file created by CENTEMS. The low-level emission
files created by CENTEMS may be used directly as-input to the UAM. The input and
output files associated with each routine are shown in Figure 2-2.
The following steps must be performed before the EPS routines can be executed.
(1) Define the modeling region of interest. Identify grid origins (UTM
coordinates), resolution of the grid, cell size, number of cells in the x
and y directions, and the dates to be simulated. Discuss with the air
quality modeler the number of vertical layers to be modeled, the number
of vertical layers below and above the mixing height, and the minimum
layer thicknesses.
(2) Prepare an emissions inventory. The emissions inventory should be
prepared based on the EPA's requirements for emissions inventory
development. As a start, the 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory can be
used to prepare a more general set of emissions files. (Chapter 4
includes guidelines on preparing the emissions inventory.)
(3) Determine the elevated plume height cutoff for use in PREPNT.
(*) Run the EPA program MOBILE 4 to estimate mobile source emission
factors based on vehicle fleet mix for the specific area to be modeled.
(5) Develop relationships between roadway links and grid cell coordinates.
This step is optional.
90008 31
-------
PREPNT
PREGRD
Gridded
Biogenics
GRDEMS
CENTEMS
MRGEMS
UAM
Preprocessor
PTSRCE
1 1..
T
POSTPMQ
\
f
i:
r i i
»
UAM
FIGURE 2-1. Overview of the UAM emissions preprocessor system.
EEE 89077
-------
-------
-------
(6) Develop surrogate data for allocating area sources to grid cells (see
Section <0.
(7) Prepare inventory of biogenic emissions if they are to be included in the
model.
The EPS programs are executed in the following order:
(1) PREP NT, to prepare files of point source emissions for CENTEMS.
(2) PREGRD, to prepare files of area and mobile emissions for GRDEMS.
(3) GRDEMS, to prepare files of stationary and mobile source emissions for
CENTEMS.
(4) CENTEMS, to prepare the file of elevated point source emissions for the
UAM preprocessor PTSRCE and to prepare the UAM low-level emissions
files for input to the UAM.
(5) POSTEMS (optional), to merge separate files of low-level emissions
(area, motor vehicle, and low-level point sources) and prepare
tabulations of total emissions by categories.
(6) MRGEMS, to include biogenic emissions.
The EPS produces two input files for the UAM: EMISSIONS (low-level emissions) and
PTSOURCE (elevated emissions).
Note: The UAM preprocessor program PTSRCE generates the UAM elevated point
source emissions file. This preprocessor is run after preparing the meteorological
input files REGIONTOP, DIFFBREAK, TEMPERATURE, METSCALARS, and
WINDS. The PTSRCE program must be rerun if any of the five meteorological files
are revised. (See Volume II of the user's guide.)
90008 31
-------
3 DESCRIPTION OF THE EMISSIONS PREPROCESSOR ROUTINES
This chapter describes the six routines of EPS. The description of each routine is
followed by tables describing the formats of the input files for the routines as well as
examples of both input and output files. All examples are from files prepared for an
application of the UAM to the Atlanta region for an ozone episode on 3 June 1984
using a 1985 emissions inventory. Some examples show only parts of a file; ellipses
indicate where a file has been truncated. In each of the tables that describe the
input files, column numbers are given for formatted lines and an asterisk (*)
indicates free format.
PROCEDURES FOR CREATING EMISSION FILES FOR UAM APPLICATIONS
To illustrate the general procedures for creating the emission files used by the UAM,
an example data set has been created. These data are consistent with the June 3-4,
1984 example used to illustrate the creation of meteorological and air quality files
described in volumes 2 and 3.
Prior to executing the EPS programs for the example inventory included in this
chapter, the following steps were completed.
(1) The region of interest was determined. The region definition file
contains this information (see Exhibit 3-3). For the Atlanta region the
origin is located at (660., 3665.) UTM coordinates, in zone 16. Each grid
cell is 4 x 4 kilometers. The region is 40 x 40 cells. There are five
vertical layers, two below and three above the break. The lower layers
cannot be less than 50 meters thick, while the upper layers cannot be
less than 150 meters thick. The vertical layer information is contained
in the PREPNT user input file (see Exhibit 3-1).
90008 3 1
-------
(2) The NAPAP 1985 emissions inventory was used for emission inputs.
(3) The cutoff height for plumes from point sources was determined to be
25 meters.
•
(4) The EPA program MOBILE* was run to estimate emission factors for
mobile sources. This information is contained in the motor vehicle
adjustment file input to PREGRD (see Exhibit 3-12).
(5) Atlanta region roadway links were digitized and converted to UTM
coordinates. Airports were also included.
(6) Surrogates were developed to allocate area sources.
(7) A biogenic emissions inventory was prepared.
Following the above steps, the EPS programs were executed in the following order:
(1) PREPNT, to prepare the point source emissions inventory for speciation
of hydrocarbons.
(2) PREGRD, to prepare files of area and motor vehicle emissions for
GRDEMS.
(3) GRDEMS, to grid area emissions in preparation for hydrocarbon
speciation.
(4) GRDEMS, to grid motor vehicle emissions in preparation for
hydrocarbon speciation.
(5) CENTEMS, to speciate area emissions and prepare a file of low-level
area emissions (in UAM format) for POSTEMS.
90008 3 I
10
-------
(6) CENTEMS, to speciate motor vehicle emissions and prepare a file of
motor vehicle emissions (in UAM format) for POSTEMS.
(7) CENTEMS, to speciate point source emissions and to prepare a file of
low-level point source emissions (in UAM format) for POSTEMS and a
file of elevated point source emissions for the PTSRCE preprocessor.
(8) POSTEMS, to merge the file of area, motor vehicle, and low-level point
source emissions from CENTEMS and to calculate totals.
(9) MRGEMS, to merge the UAM-formatted files of area, motor vehicle,
and low-level point source emissions produced by POSTEMS with a
UAM-formatted biogenic emissions file.
90008 3 1
11
-------
-------
PREPNT
DESCRIPTION OF PREPNT
The program PREPNT prepares a point source inventory for hydrocarbon speciation
by CENTEMS. Latitudinal and longitudinal coordinates for each point source or
facility are converted to Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinates, which in
turn are converted to modeling region grid cell locations. An identification code is
assigned to each stack within a facility and the emissions are allocated to each
stack. Temporal profile codes are assigned based on the operation data for the point
source or facility. Optionally, control factors can be applied to each pollutant by
Source Industrial Classification (SIC) code. Emissions reported in units of tons per
year are converted to kilograms per day and projected to future levels based on
projected industrial growth. The emissions information is written to a file for input
to the CENTEMS program.
PREPNT calculates a plume rise for each point source, based on several stack
parameters, to determine if the source should be treated as an elevated point
source. For those sources that do not have sufficient plume rise or for which there is
no stack information, the emissions are treated as ground-level emissions. A file
containing a list of the point sources to be treated as elevated sources and their
relevant stack parameters is created and input to the CENTEMS program.
PREPNT requires four input files (Figure 3-1). The formats for the four input files
are presented in Tables 3-1 to 3-4. Examples of each file, Exhibits 3-1 to 3-4,
immediately follow each table.
The first file, the user input file, contains information on plume height cutoff,
default stack parameters, optional emission controls by Source Industrial
Classification (SIC) code, a title for the emissions file, the start time and date, the
end time and date, and the plume mixing height (Table 3-1 and Exhibit 3-D.
The second input file is the growth factors file (Table 3-2 and Exhibit 3-2). This file
is also input to the PREGRD program. The first two lines are used by PREPNT to
assign growth factors by SIC codes. Notice that in the Exhibit 3-2 all growth factors
90008 3 I
13
-------
are 1.0; that is, there is no growth. For a future-year episode these factors are
adjusted to reflect demographic changes (see Chapter *, section on Projecting Future
Year Inventories).
The third input file defines the modeling region by specifying the UTM origin, UTM
zone, number of counties, number of grid cells in the east-west and north-south
direction, grid cell size, and the angle of rotation. This file also includes lists of
county codes, both FIPS and AEROS, and control codes for each county in the
modeling region (Table 3-3 and Exhibit 3-3).
The fourth input file, the point source emissions inventory, is based on the NAPAP
enussions inventory format (Table 3-* and Exhibit 3-*). The emissions inventory is
allocated to counties or statistical metropolitan areas. Emissions information of
total hydrocarbon compounds (THC), nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO),
sulfur oxides (SOX), and particulate matter (TSP) are contained in this file for each
source by facility. The source location, stack parameters, and seasonal operation
factors are also part of this file. The variable PTSCOMST indicates the number of
processes that share a common emission stack.
PREPNT creates six output files (Figure 3-1):
(1) A file listing point source emissions in model emissions record format
(merf). The model emissions record format is a standard ASCII format
used by programs downstream from PREPNT and PREGRD. Each line
contains a Source Industrial Classification (SIC) code, a Source
Classification Code (SCO, temporal profile, cell iocation, and emissions
of the five pollutants TOC, NOX, CO, SOX, and PM. This file is input to
CENTEMS (Exhibit 3-5).
(2) A file of the parameters for all stacks in the region. This report also
shows which stacks will be treated as elevated sources and where default
values have been substituted for missing data (Exhibit 3-6).
(3) A file listing all elevated stacks, i.e., those with calculated plume rise
greater than the cutoff height spec.fied in the user input file (Exhibit
90008 31
14
-------
PREPNT
(4) A control file containing parameters for the elevated stacks. This file is
input to CENTEMS (Exhibit 3-8).
(5) A message file describing the region definition, emission controls by
Source Industrial Classification (SIC) code, the number of elevated
stacks, and emissions totals before and after application of growth
factors (Exhibit 3-9).
(6) A file listing point sources for which location information is missing.
This file is in the same format as the NAPAP input file and will generally
be empty. Any point sources listed in this file must be examined by the
user to determine their location. If locations can be determined, the
corresponding records should be corrected in the NAPAP input file and
the PREPNT program should be rerun.
90008 3 1
15
-------
ZSE 89077
Region /(13)
Definition
16) ^ /Point Sources
without
Coordinates
by PRHW- (Numbersin
16
-------
PREPNT
TABLE 3-1. User input file (unit 10) used by the PREPNT program.
(See Exhibit 3-D
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12+
13
14
Variable
HEADER
HSW
HEADER
DFEAST
DFNRTH
DFHT
DFDIAM
DFVEL
DFTEMP
DFFLOW
HEADER
ISIC
CTL(1)
CTL(2)
CTL(3)
CTL(4)
CTL(5)
HEADER
TITLE
Columns
1-80
»
1-80
»
*
»
*
*
*
»
1-80
1-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
1-80
1-80
Type
A
R
A
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
A
A
R
R
R
R
R
A
A
Description
Heading for plume rise cutoff section
Plume height cutoff (m)
Heading for default stack parameters
section
Default easting (UTM)
Default northing- (UTM)
Default stack height (m)
Default stack diameter (m)
Default gas velocity (m/s)
Default stack temperature (K)
Default gas volumetric flow rate (m^
Heading for control .factors by SIC
section
SIC code (-999 = end of section)
/s)
Remaining CO fraction (1.0 - CO control
factor)
Remaining NOX fraction
Remaining SOX fraction
Remaining THC fraction
Remaining TSP fraction
Heading for stack control data section
Run title
continued
90008 3 2
17
-------
16
17
18
JDAY1
ITIM1
JDAY.2
ITIM2
NBELOW
NABOVE
DIFFHT(1)
DIFFHT(2)
DIFFHT(3)
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
R
Beginning Julian date
Beginning time
Ending Julian date
Ending time
Number of z levels below mixing height
Number of z levels above mixing height
Ground level (must be 0.0 m)
Minimum mixing height (m)
Maximum mixing height (m)
90008 32
18
-------
PREPNT
Wl .. ~* O !
-»i_t at v j
B— ovicw
> at
o >
r- O c
OlOt
o n j
c •— on e o
u
• ao» —w
I
m
03
M
U
19
-------
TABLE 3-2. Growth factors file used by the PREPNT and PREGRD programs
used by PREPNT; lines 3 and»are
^I^^^H
Line Variable Columns Type
1 HEADER 1-80 A
SIC2
4-5
GROFAC
HEADER
NSC
GFNSC
6-15
1-80
1-5
9-18
R
A
I
R
• Heading for Source Industrial
Classification (SIC) and growth factor
section
First two digits of SIC code (-9 = end
of section)
0 = population growth
MV = SIC 371 (motor vehicles and
equipment)
PP = SIC 517 (petroleum and petroleum
products)
NG = no growth
Growth factor for two-digit Source
Industrial Classification (SIC) code
Heading for NAPAP Source Category
(NSC) and growth factor section
NAPAP Source Category (NSC) code (-99 =
end of section)
Growth factor for NSC
90008 32
20
-------
PREPNT
0.
'S
03
I
•H
14-1
o
2222 oooooe
(N
I
CQ
M
21
-------
'OOOOOOOOOO
22225°ooS5
ooooooooo
>oooo55555
ooooooooo
oooooo55o5
222290000
ooooooo
00000555555
22
-------
PREPNT
oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
oooooo
1
n
CQ
23
-------
TABLE 3-3. Region definition file used by the PREPNT, PREGRD, and
GRDEMS programs. (See Exhibit 3-3)
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7*
-^^— ^«^™
Variable
DESCRP
XORG
YORG
I ZONE
NCD
NX
NY
DX
DY
THETA
CSTR
I NFC
I NSC
INIM
INS2
— — — — — __ _ _ .
Columns
16-45
16-25
26-35
16-20
21-25
16-20
21-25
16-25
26-35
36-45
1-5
7-12
13-14
15-16
•' ii^—^^.
Type
A
R
R
I
I
I
I
R
R
R
-
I
I
I
I
••M^— nn^«^^_
Description
Region description (not used, skipped)
Region easting coordinate (km)
Region northing coordinate (km)
UTM zone
Number of counties in region
Number of cells along x-axis
Number of cells along y-axis
Cell size in x direction (km)
Cell size in y direction (km)
Region rotation (degrees counter-
clockwise from north)
Skipped
FIPS state/county code (-9 = end of
section)
AEROS state/county code (-9 = end of
section)
I/M control code
0 = none
1 = base year control
2 = base year and future year control
Stage II control code
0 - none
1 = base year control
2 = base year and future year control
90008 32
24
-------
ox
• >..
o—
PREPNT
cu
3
0)
4J
I
•H
I
4-1
•8
c
.2
cr>
<4-l
O
a
I
ro
EH
M
CQ
25
-------
TABLE 3-4. Point source emissions inventory file (unit 14), by county,
used by the PREPNT program. (See Exhibit 3-4)
Line Variable
U STATE
COUNTY
PLANTID
sec
POINTID
S02
TSP
NOX
VOC
THC
CO
SIC
LAT
LOW
FLOW
PLUMEHT
STACKDI
STACKHT
STACKTP
WINTHRU
SPRTHRU
SUMTHRU
FALTHRU
HOURS
DAYS
WEEKS
PTSCOMST
NAMEADD
Columns
1-2
3-6
7-10
11-18
19-20
21-24
25-32
33-40
41-48
49-56
57-64
65-72
73-76
77-84
85-93
94-100
101-104
105-108
109-112
113-116
117-119
120-122
123-125
126-128
129-130
131-131
132-133
134-137
138-177
Type
I
I
A
I
A
-
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
Description
AEROS state code
AEROS county code
Plant identification code
SCC code
Point identification code
(Not used, skipped)
S02 emissions (ton/year)
Particulate emissions (ton/year)
Oxides of nitrogen (ton/year)
Volatile organics (not used, skipped)
Total hydrocarbon (ton/year)
Carbon monoxide (ton/year)
SIC code
Fractional latitude (degrees)
Fractional longitude (degrees)
Exhaust gas flow rate (ft3/min)
Plume height (not used, skipped)
Stack diameter (feet)
Stack height (feet)
Stack temperature (deg F)
Winter throughput (percent)
Spring throughput (percent)
Summer throughput (percent)
Fall throughput (percent)
Hours per day in operation
Days per week in operation
Weeks per year in operation
Range of points sharing common stack
Plant name and address (not used by
EPS, skipped)
90008 32
26
-------
PREPNT
££££ii3333333*KK*SR3223ss
sssslSSssssSssssssslIfllf
JjJjJ[J{JJ{ 2222^*^^ HI m Hi m |y m
fill iiiiiiiiiil{|g§f|
5555 2222
SxSi.,
»Wfcaa»||
ISlilfI
8888888
mmimmmmmm
Illfllfflfflflffffflffpl
§§§§!
§§§§;
!§SS§§§ilIIPP«r$;?i?J?
i§3§§§§§l||||I«s;
'iii^ili§§ss§issi
0S™Sooooooooo°oj»
2v 2S55222222**°-;"°^^C!^8ss«»»oIomiII8
""
bdooooooooo-o-o-^^o-55o-5d22222
oooooooooooooo^^r««^^^
°2**"*C!***C!°°e!*:**"°^*:'<oooooooooooo
0 ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o e o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
»»»»«::::::«»;:::::
=Z=?5S:=2222222l2l222222°
|||§8§g§§ss§sisiIIIIisaii5
•H
U-l
I
•H
0)
!
4J
i
M-l
o
E-
M
CQ
I—I
5
w
27
-------
£oooooe~~ do'dd ddod
liJiSJfllfl^'WWSSSS
»««-»—_;_•** • • • • • . . . ^T ** *
> O 00 O Ol
liisii
iss's
iiliiilii
sx-------.^^^aa3a«SSS8
fiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
liiiil
S
88SS8S3:
_• X —_•_•• • •••... **. ~ "00 O O O O i
iiiliiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiii
ooooooooooodoooooooodo-o'S
Sg^rwrwSS.gXSSSS;
ssssssssssili
sisi
:?^8.3~~8JS8S£5S8S3BSSJC3«S!!88;Sa
**°***""imi*^Mm
S!!!!!8-8-8.8.^"=ss*s***8s**«
| ^^sr-o-'sss^go
!l!!!!!!!!!!!f!?s§§ssiiisii
?2SJ
issi
iiliii
joo'i
ill!
iliiilliiiiii
iiiiii'iiliiiL.
liliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
°° •==««o-=<»=o"l"j55S
^r*""^**""**—•>•«•——•—^^mm
ililllsllllllliiiiill
oo
ss;
a,
I
I
U-l
JJ
3
s-
s
•H
M-l
•u
•H
a
U-l
O
in
l
ca
M
28
-------
PREPNT
.ClIrt*^fsJf^'^®aJ^^o'n®'^'*»»OOfcO«««fnminrtm*n*'
****"*^Ofcrt^«*»^t«*A^w.-»OfcO«Nfc-._-fc-k(-.-r—C"_* *»^_.* ••••••••••
S*"0:^ **-2*- «SgS^S00SS52500«°o®<
"" *»*****» i mvoxnn
CV.CS1 tt
oov
l^^^^^v^wSSSSSSSSgSSSSJSSSSSSSSS f
^-flOOOCOCOCOvO*O^\o*fl^O*O»O*O*Otflta»^ «%«**»**«—» — ^
— OOOOO — — — — — — _._.± .SZ.S« 2S22 ™° 0>"vr"'>''"'>OOOOOO'
^^> ;§Sg22°°2222222«»»2?»«°s§§§§^
sss§sssss§ssssssssisiiliiilll§isl9oooo======
22222000<=o<='=>ot
cu
§
a.
U-l
O
-U
1
M-l
o
E-"
M
03
29
-------
- I OOOOOOOOOOO^OCDt
>m^o<->motoooOlOIOlGDeDOD0QDOIOIW«rwc
^OlOlOkOl AOtOOOOOO^^^e
3>0>0>o«««rs,cs.«v{r«0«v
"^^^^^^^*^ rv «»<% to vO flQ €D ^ a
J » 0> W o» 010« <~i n n m CM c>4 S r
^ r«
»coot o •••
»eoo6o5555S5oe5S§S§§§§Ig§2gg2?§|g|§
I
•H
4J
I
EH
IH
H
-------
PREPNT
—™ i ........ . . . . ,™—I0'*t'*o'l'*®**»«'>»o»e0»«oono«oi«»o«
5»*S5SooSSSSSSSSS^gSSSSSSSSS^
—ooooooooo——
>—ooeoo—'
SS2==2SS5SS
o> I __.
000000000000000000
31
-------
"~*®7?T^~^~~®®T^~*T~*^T~~*7?*T'':'>''0''''0**' |
"**** . 22 " *""nr*r*0>m%n 2
*..... » , •^••^•^'^-w -^ r"^*^wwvQIO»O>*l^%O9*B* V«
Oi ot ^^ffl*^^^^^ * * ^^ *_.* ***•"••«•••••••.
2! 2 ^^«*»o '^•^<—<^O^*CN*«s**/>e^ cs* wo ^ru^* •«—•<-» ^ <-»*-*•..-
COCD*^^* it | ,7 ^"•^*"*»»>*»^^»*B*O^OO^*C
l*^"^*-^oooooooooo—oo——oo^^
at tn CM «n «•» <« \et «M «
—ooooooooo———-
1 * ***** ° " *N""' ^ w * •** **• "
csi m CM «M n OB in-• n r«i i«I in isi
f
8
VD
M
ca
H
• ;X >SX>< ><>-><• •<•>•<»<>*;
Soo5o5555o5SS§§S§g22§§§§§
ooooooooooooo
32
-------
PREPNT
f*JCN4«\4tOtfnaDQC
fMCMrsirx'iM.fs.r
^w^ntmnmf
riA—ciovoo—eo
- io«nm w>is>r-> w
''woiooaDininco
?»»«•-0.0001
imnwcvtweM
1^222° °°oooafcWWW
rSk>^»» «-»«-^^
^««?5««?;^?;^P;J;J;p;p;^^
s:S==II!iI;SHisS
2oSSSSSSSS^2«*««2:
F**r** **• *^» *^ *v r*. r«* vo to 10 ta tA tA tn
*vOU>tOtOvOvO*O
;2222°°ooo
«»SSSSSSS222°ooooo
SSSSS222S^»s?»»SSS2
•H
^
!
CO
3
I
<4-l
o
5555555§55§§§55!
soooooooo5o<
»SS3S§§ggggg§5SSS
E-
M
CQ
33
-------
I
rH
I
oooooooo!
oooooooo<
>oSSSSS§°§°oooooooS|||c
-------
PREPNT
S-l
14-1
4->
o o o o o
OD OD OB OO OB
f* m m m r»
00000
3
(0
o 910000000000000
m CM ao CM OD nc7m
!««•• —^ — »—in—in
»• » » » »
s s s s s
O.OOO—t
o oooon o o
ooo
oo
00
••» C\» CM «M CM
o o o e o
ooooo
00000
•0000000000 O
cncMooo VOCMO v •»
CM CO CM >p CM V CM CM CM »>
**> w m *n m
<* O» Ol Ol
0000
"I in CM CM
o
^H
•H
14-1
§
14-1
o
o o — _
— ooo
» oo
00 X 00
O — —
•aiooo—o
-------
o o
O o
O o
ooooo m
w o
;£ "» oooooo
» £ « °JS5J^0
< S ^"""SS
;-"=>oooo
I
8
03
I
H
m
w
•eceeoeaeae
22333
OOOOO
-OQQtQO—_l
36
-------
PREPNT
—
o
o
m
S <•>
O
o
oo
OTO >•
o • c
0 •» 0
• o —
to o»
vO Ok
o
MO e
— 0 —
e >i -o
o • o
MX •
X •• e
..^Z?I °
CIS 01 X 0» Ul
o c.o~—
— « *> >*
— •o «i e A
e u> k — o M>
— X 01 v> u —
••-I- o
•o—o— o •*
01 C
c e k u k o
O— Ol 01 u
— 0.0 -0.0
e>- e— e o
«4
•o
01
Q»
w
o
^
0>
e
3
X
O.O
eo
o
Ol
Ol
V
""*
LJ O
>— .
o
—
^^
Ol
-^. xtn
>»v> •
5 ^
B» U*
•K Ol
0>
to —
z .
cv m
< O
X CM
1J
C
— om
OIUCM
k V
0 01
8 09
o in
k v
£ _
o o
h- t—
—
•"
••
k
O
o ••
e o
— k
•C Ol
u
*» o
• X
0 M
'***'O
» k
o
M U
•0 01
k k
o
U k
oi o
t Wl
o o>
k OOI u
0» UCM f-
Ekl— 2
3— C
o-oooooooooo— oooo>omr->a>ooovoa
*O ~* Q<"*^cp~.o— — ninooo^.— voo'noc
^ • "" «•» S3 *"*"" >ei'*c>' "*
c SC^A *"**o lOiOOi M
o «- —
• 0»
o>
oioooSSSSoSSgiSg^S^S*^^^^*^'^*^^'^^^
^»o«oo w woo*n cscMO'^o^viOOOmeDOOOiOO
— OOOOOOOOOOmO»-OiOOVODOOe »-oi CM
O » CB«*>
M
C
OOOOOOOOC3C3C9lOf*Jo v A v *An»A ""*••"
^ CD Ol Ol CICM ~CO —
"*""'"""
J:
^P22222ooooocx'o'^oooepoo
0<-10 000000000 »0»0^
tin o^o
— JU"^
ooooo o oisooooooio v
0000000000000000*^
OOOOO OOOOvOOO^Orfl
p^
V
^
_
• ••••••••••••I*.
O C^ Oi
CM
«n
**»
OOOOOOOOOfsjOOOOOO^
OOOOOOOOOt/>OOO«/^OvO
D O O O O O O O O Ol O O O ^c3
^
cu
E
o
S-l
VM
.4J
3
4J
3*
0
(U
,_)
4-1
0)
en
(0
en
C
iw
O
Q)
^i
i4
CO
W
m
i— )
CO
M
5
u
37
-------
• ^°**°*°o*o*ZO~oZO~,a»o~ociowooo*oooooo^£^^oJ2
j, « - ~ ^ JJ- 52;-,.
» M»
~ =§S§§§2§§§§S§2gSS-S-o2-So2ooooooo«ooo-:oooSSSj.:
- ooooooooooeso^.o--ou>«oof^—>ooinooooo<
^^ ^~ *"" ^ ^ *** r*>w* vou^c^ i/%
rf, c •"> o« >«<« m «o
CM >^-.
01 a
00 CO
«
i. e
00 O—
oo o<
• H- CU
00 O
§ S? - 2 2 ** S5 = S - »S
o -u S 5
10 «= xa.«5
I
•-4
1
CTi
ro
•
M
S
w
38
-------
PREGRD
DESCRIPTION OF PREGRD
The PREGRD program reformats area sources, both stationary and mobile, into a
format required by the gridding routine GRDEMS. Figure 3-2 shows the file
structure of the PREGRD program. PREGRD requires five input files.
The first input file, the user input file, contains fractions of vehicle miles traveled
(VMT) from the EPA's computer program MOBILES, which are used in calculating
refueling emissions, a flag indicating a weekday or weekend episode, a flag indicating
the version of the NAPAP emissions, and an optional list of additional controls for
pollutants by NAPAP Source Category codes (Table 3-5 and Exhibit 3-10).
The second input file defines the modeling region and is the same region definition
file used in PREPNT (Table 3-3 and Exhibit 3-3).
The third input file contains growth factor information to project the base year
emissions to a future scenario and is the same growth factor file used in PREPNT
(Table 3-2 and Exhibit 3-2). Lines 3 and 4 are used by PREGRD.
The fourth input file is the area and motor vehicle emissions file (Table 3-6 and
Exhibit 3-11). This file contains emissions of SOX, TSP, NOX, THC, and CO by
NAPAP Source Category code for each county in the modeling region. Emissions are
converted from tons per year to kilograms per day. Data on emissions from on-road
motor vehicles in this file are separated into tailpipe exhaust and evaporative
emissions based on vehicle type, road class, and implementation of any
inspection/maintenance program or Stage II refueling controls.
The fifth input file contains motor vehicle adjustment factors calculated from the
MOBILES program (Table 3-7 and Exhibit 3-12). These factors are further discussed
in Chapter 4 in the section 'Treatment of Mobile Sources".
Three output files are created from the PREGRD program: area and mobile
emissions files in model emission record format (merf) and a message file (Figure
3-2). The merf files generated by PREGRD contain incomplete, or skeleton, records
90008 3 1
39
-------
with grid cell indexes and other fields left blank. These fields will be completed
after the merf files are processed by GRDEMS. The area emissions merf file
contains data for all stationary area sources within the modeling region (Exhibit 3-
13). The second output file, the mobile emissions file, breaks down total motor
vehicle emissions into tailpipe exhaust, hot soak evaporatives, refueling, and running
evaporative emissions (Exhibit 3-14). These files are input to the GRDEMS
program. Temporal allocation factors for on-road motor vehicle emissions based on
a weekday or weekend episode, are assigned by PREGRD. Temporal allocation
factors for area emissions from stationary sources are assigned by GRDEMS.
The third output file contains messages from the PREGRD program (Exhibit 3-15). It
indicates the number of counties in the region, emission control factors by NAPAP
Source Category, the number of records without matching growth factors, area
emission totals before and after application of growth factors, and motor vehicle
emission totals before and after adjustments.
90008 3 1
-------
PREGRD
Region
Definition
'NAPAPArea
and Mobile /(14)
Emissions
Inventory
Motor
Vehicle
Factor
(16)
(17)
Skeleton
Area Emissior
(merf)
Skeleton
Mobile
Emissions
(merf)
Messages
EEE 89077
FIGURE 3-2. Input and output files used by PREGRD.
41
-------
TABLE 3-5. User input file (unit 10) used by the PREGRD program
(See Exhibit 3-10)
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
1 XVMT(1)
XVMT(2)
XVMT(3)
2 IWKFLG
NPVERS
VMT fraction for LDGV from MOBILE4
VMT fraction for LDGT from MOBILE4
VMT- fraction for HDGV from MOBILE4
Day of week flag
1 = weekday
2 = weekend
1985 NAPAP version flag
1 = version without running losses
2 = version with running losses
3+ I NSC *
CNTRL( 1 ) »
CNTRL(2) *
CNTRL(3) »
CNTRL(4) »
CNTRL(5) »
I
R
R
R
R
R
NAPAP source category code for
additional controls (-999 = end of
section)
Remaining CO fraction (1.0 - CO control
factor) (-999 = end of section)
Remaining NOX fraction (-999 = end of
section)
Remaining SOX fraction (-999 = end of
section)
Remaining THC fraction (-999 = end of
section)
Remaining TSP fraction (-999 r end of
section)
LDGV = light-duty gas vehicle
LDGT = light-duty gas truck
HDGV = heavy-duty gas vehicle
90008 32
-------
PREGRD
43
-------
n
the PREGRD program.
m°bile e^33100 data
(See Exhibit 3-11)
14), by county, used by
7
1-2
3-6
7-14
15-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55-64
65-74
AEROS state code
AEROS county code
NSC source category code
Sulfur dioxide emissions (ton/year)
Particulate emissions (ton/year)
Oxides of nitrogen emissions (ton/year)
Volatile organics (not used, skipped)
Total hydrocarbon emissions (ton/year)
Carbon monoxide emissions (ton/year)
90008 32
44
-------
PREGRD
>oo—oooooooooooo»o
•»•-«>« m
OOOOOO
U-J
o
w
E-i
M
CQ
45
-------
Line Variable Columns Type
HEADER
1-10
2 HEADER
3+ NSC
RVP(1)
RVP(2)
RVP(3)
RVP(4)
RVP(5)
RVP(6)
RVP(7)
RVP(8)
RVP(9)
RVP(IO)
RVP(11)
RVP(12)
RVP(13)
RVP(14)
RVP(15)
RVP(16)
RVP(17)
RVP(18)
1-10
1-6
7-14
15-22
23-30
31-38
39-46
47-54
55-62
63-70
71-78
79-86
87-94
95-103
104-111
112-119
120-127
128-135
136-143
144-151
A
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
HEADER
1-10
5
6*
HEADER
NSC
CMP(1)
CMP(2)
CMP(3)
CMP(4)
CMP(5)
CMP(6)
CMP(7)
1-10
1-6
7-14
15-22
23-30
31-38
39-46
47-54
55-62
A
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Heading for .Reid Vapor Pressure and
fleet turnover (not used, skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
Exhaust factor when INIM = 0
Evaporative factor when INIM r o
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 0
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 0
Exhaust factor when INIM = 1
Evaporative factor when INIM = 1
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 1
Oxides of nitrogen factor wh'en INIM = 1
Exhaust factor when INIM = 2
Evaporative factor when INIM = 2
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 2
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 2
Running loss factor when INIM = 0
Running loss factor when INIM = 1
Running loss factor when INIM = 2
Refueling loss factor when INIM = 0
Refueling loss factor when INIM = 1
Refueling loss factor when INIM = 2
Heading for fuel composition section
(not used, skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
Exhaust factor when INIM = 0
Evaporative factor when INIM = 0
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 0
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 0
Exhaust factor when INIM = 1
Evaporative factor when INIM = 1
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 1
" .
continued
90008 32
46
-------
PREGRD
TABLE 3-7. Continued.
Line Variable
CMP(8)
CMP(9)
CMP(10)
CMP( 1 1 )
CMP(12)
CMPO3)
CMP(14)
CMP(15)
CMP(16)
CMP(17)
CMP(18)
7 HEADER
8 HEADER
9+ NSC
SEP(1)
SEP(2)
SEP(3)
10 HEADER
1 1 HEADER
12+ NSC
CTL( 1 )
CTL(2)
CTL(3)
13 HEADER
Columns
63-70
71-78
79-86
87-94
95-103
104-111
112-119
120-127
128-135
136-143
144-151
1-10
1-10
1-6
7-14
15-22
23-30
1-10
1-10
1-6
7-14
15-22
23-30
1-10
Type
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
• A
A
I
R
R
R
A
A
I
R
R
R
A
Description
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 1
Exhaust factor when INIM = 2
Evaporative factor when INIM = 2
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 2
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 2
Running loss factor when INIM = 0
Running loss factor when INIM = 1
Running loss factor when INIM = 2
Refueling loss factor when INIM = 0
Refueling loss factor when INIM = 1
Refueling loss factor when INIM r 2
Heading for separate exhaust and
evaporative emissions section (not used,
skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
Exhaust factor when INIM = 0
Exhaust factor when INIM = 1
Exhaust factor when INIM = 2
Heading for Stage II controls section
(not used, skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 =
end of section)
Refueling loss factor when INS2 = 0
Refueling loss factor when INS2 = 1
Refueling loss factor when INS2 = 2
Heading for episode day and temperature
section (not used, skipped)
continued
90008 32
47
-------
TABLE 3-7. Continued.
Line
•^•i^BMHM
14
15*
16
17
18*
19
20
21 +
Variable
— — — __ __ __
HEADER
NSC
EPS(1)
EPS(2)
EPS(3)
EPS(4)
EPS(5)
EPS(6)
EPS(7)
EPS(8)
EPS(9)
EPS(10)
EPS( 1 1 )
EPS(12)
HEADER
HEADER
NSC
RUN(1)
RUN(2)
RUN(3)
HEADER
HEADER
NSC
ALD
^^— ^^^— «^™»
Columns
~^— ^— i^— —
1-10
1-6
7-14
15-22
23-30
31-38
39-46
47-54
55-62
63-70
71-78
79-86
87-94
95-103
1-10
1-10
1-6
7-14
15-22
23-30
1-10
1-10
1-6
7-14
Type
A
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
Description
— _ _
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
Exhaust factor when INIM = 0
Evaporative factor when INIM = 0
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 0
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 0
Exhaust factor when INIM = 1
Evaporative factor when INIM = 1
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 1
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM r 1
Exhaust factor when INIM = 2
Evaporative factor when INIM = 2
Carbon monoxide factor when INIM = 2
Oxides of nitrogen factor when INIM = 2
Heading for running loss emissions
section (not used, skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
for INIM = 0
for INIM = 1
for INIM = 2
Heading for unmeasured aldehydes section
(not used, skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
Exhaust adjust factor
™—^M_
continued
90008 3 2
-------
PREGRD
TABLE 3-7. Concluded.
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
22 HEADER 1-10
23 HEADER
24+ NSC
VMT
1-10
1-6
7-14
Heading for vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
growth section (not used, skipped)
Column headings (not used, skipped)
NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
Growth factor
90008 32
49
-------
il »iiiii
-a,
ill
_t IM
m 4
. JM
SS tf £999'
*a«*3s8J
ss:
-"""•"•^"••••••^•"••-ooo'o' ^5-^- — ------^^'^^^^
-i---------------- «l§------------^^^—
^ •» "" ~~ """ ^^ """ "^ •• •• ••• •• •
ai-"-------*;--;o'ooo =5-----^^^^^^^^^^ip: 3
| ^----^^-^^^^^^v^ | ^^^J^^^^^^^^^^^.. > |
" ooo v """""^^^^'""""'"^"'•""•^^ 3>|oo'oooooooo
o' o' o o o 2 i
• 5s
3
0)
rH
•H
3
o
O
•H
PL)
(N
iH
I
EH
M
CQ
w
50
-------
iiiiiiiiiiilii
oooo
23|8 J5SI
c
a
3
•H
I
w.
51
-------
I—I
J
CM
•H
I
m
EH
M
a
-------
oo~oo*»inogoo«>omo«0fo«!ooooinooooooooooo
:=8~S^28385858S8S8S8fc388888
iSlSSja0"0"50'"***^***^^0'*""0'
PREGRD
I
•H
8
M-l
•H
U-l
I
I
ro
EH
M
CQ
H
W
53
-------
o e o ec
sfsS;
;» * « inu
222""*1
-^^^aaaaaaa^g^^^ 3-3»333333333333333333333333
-aaaaaaaaaaaa^ssfes^fcft . . •325253553335555S353533552sssa
o.
I
U-l
4J
I-
§
U-l
S-l
I
0)
"8
TJ
73
•H
U-f
o
I
ro
CQ
54
-------
PREGRD
>>"~' OO«nocon»oooicvjin<
O —
** M
U M
i..
*— OOmomWoV— rslm
ou n vo, mcyjoe
00*^0000000
oo..ooooe
ooooo;
- -S
I
(U
1—I
•H
W
m
r-l
I
03
55
-------
1
I
in
rH
I
a
w
56
-------
GRDEMS
DESCRIPTION OF GRDEMS
GRDEMS allocates county emission totals for area and motor vehicle sources to the
grid cells of the modeling region. The county emissions are apportioned according to
the spatial distribution of surrogate data for the source category specified in the
emissions record.
GRDEMS can be run twice, once with the area emissions merf file and once with the
mobile emissions merf file, or it can be run once using a merged data file. The
preferred method is to run GRDEMS twice, since this allows better quality control.
Figure 3-3 shows the structure of file GRDEMS. The inputs include user input,
region definition, a cross-reference table, gridded surrogate data, link data, and an
ungridded merf file of emissions for all counties in the study region. Outputs include
a message file, the merf data file, and a file containing any unprocessed input
records.
The first input file contains a description of the run, the year of emissions, a unit
conversion factor, and pairings of surrogates and NAPAP source categories by county
(Table 3-8 and Exhibit 3-16). The year of emissions, if not zero, must-correspond to
the year of the meteorological data in the UAM. The unit conversion factor for merf
files produced by PREGRD is 1.0, if no conversion is needed; otherwise it will be the
factor needed to convert the input emissions to kg/day, annually averaged. The
surrogate/NSC (NAPAP source category) pairs included in the user input file allow
the user to designate exceptions, by county, to the standard pairing of NSC and
surrogate in the cross-reference table. For further discussion see "Geographic
Allocation of Emissions" in Chapter 4.
The second input file is the region definition file and is the same file used by
PREPNT and PREGRD (Table 3-3 and Exhibit 3-3). This file includes the region
definition in UTM coordinates, county codes, both FIPS and AEROS, and I/M and
Stage II control codes.
90008 31
57
-------
The third input fUe contains cross-reference tables that allow the user to tailor the
distribution of emissions for a particular region (Table 3-9 and Exhibit 3-17) The
cross-reference table contains three sections that assign surrogate distribution and
temporal profile codes to each NSC. The surrogate distributions are used to
distribute the county emission totals into the appropriate model grid cells. The
temporal profile codes assigned to each record are used by the program CENTEMS to
generate hourly emissions. Source category codes in the cross-reference table must
be consistent with those in the input merf data. The codes for diurnal and weekday
variation in the input merf file are passed directly to the output record. These codes
are optional in the cross-reference tables. If the fields for these codes have not been
input «, the merf file, GRDEMS will search for the temporal variation codes and
monthly factors in the cross-reference tables (by source category) and insert them in
merf records. If the cross-reference tables do not contain temporal variation codes,
the program will assign the flag --9". The flag will be output in the appropriate field
on the merf record. If the program cannot find a particular source category in the
cross-reference tables (because the source category code in the merf record is in
error), the input record is not processed and is written to the "erred" record file
Note that if either the diurnal or weekday variation codes, or both, are omitted from
the cross-reference tables, the header text and end-of-section flag record must still
be included in the file.
The gridded surrogate data file can be created using the most appropriate data
availabie (Table 3-10 and Exhibit 3-13). The assignment of surrogates in the cross-
reference tables provides the user flexibility in distributing emissions for a specific
area. For example, if only area and population data are available, the
surrogate/source pairings would include only these two surrogates. The 15 surrogate
fields that indicate the fraction of county area by cell for each surrogate must be
filled, padded with zeros where necessary. The surrogates listed in Table 3-10 can be
changed by the user. This file must be sorted by FIPS state/county code.
The links data file is an optional input file used to assign motor vehicle, railroad,
airport, and seaport emissions to specific cells in the region that may contain each
imk type (Table 3-11 and Exhibit 3-.9X Links must have a length greater than zero.
They can be entirely contained within a single cell, such as in the case of small
airports, or they may span several cells. If a county emission source category is to
90008 31
58
-------
GRDEMS
be allocated by a link type and the links data file does not contain data on the link
type, the emission record will not be processed. The links data file must be sorted by
FIPS code. Links data are optional; if data are unavailable, the file can be empty.
However, the file name must be specified when running GRDEMS.
The gridded merf data (Table 3-12 and Exhibit 3-13 and 3-14) are a skeletal
(incomplete) version of the gridded merf data created by GRDEMS. I and j cell
indexes are not included in the skeleton merf file. Temporal codes and monthly
factors may or may not be present. The input records must have a source category
code, county AEROS code, and county emissions for CO, NOX, SOX, THC, and TSP.
If the total of all input emissions is zero, the record is skipped. Diurnal and weekday
cycle codes and monthly factors may be present or blank as discussed above.
Three output files are created by GRDEMS: a message file, the gridded merf file,
and the erred merf record file. The message file contains information on the files
opened, number of records processed, a summary of links data, and emission totals
before and after gridding (Exhibit 3-20). The merf file is output in the same format
as the input merf file, with all necessary fields completed for input to the program
CENTEMS (Exhibit 3-21). The erred merf file contains all records that could not be
processed because of an error. This file is provided so that errors can be evaluated
and corrected. The skipped skeletal records can be reprocessed separately without
having to reprocess the entire merf input data file generated by PREGRD.
90008 31
59
-------
Region (ll)
Definition
Skeleton
Nongridded
Emissions
(merf)
FIGURE 3-3. Input and output files used by GRDEMS.
2SI 99077
60
-------
GRDEMS
TABLE 3-8. User input file (unit 10) used by the GRDEMS program.
(See Exhibit 3-16)
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
DESC
IYEAR
CFAC
CSTR
IEXC(1)
IEXC(2)
1-80
1-2'
3-12
1-80
2-6
8-15
IEXC(3) 17-22
A Descriptive text for GRDEMS run
I Year of emissions, e.g., 85 for 1985
R Factor for converting emissions to
kg/day
A Heading for surrogate exception section
I Surrogate code (-9 = end of section)
I NAPAP Source Category code
I AEROS county code
90008 3 2
61
-------
SB
-H
>4-l
4-1
I
•H
0)
0)
4-1
0
w
$
I
EH
M
CQ
62
-------
GRDEMS
TABLE 3-9. Cross-reference tables used by the GRDEMS program. (See
Exkibit 3-17)
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
CSTR
ICSRG(1)
ICSRG(2)
LABEL
CSTR
1-80
2-6
8-1S
17-96
1-80
IDIURN(1) 1-5
IDIURN(2) 6-10
ZFIN 13-108
CSTR
1-80
6* IWEEK(I) 1-5
IWEEK(2) 6-10
A Heading for pairings of surrogates and
source categories (header)
I Surrogate code (-999 = end of section)
I WAPAP Source Category code
A Category label
A Heading for pairings of diurnal
variation patterns and source categories
I NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
I Diurnal variation code
R Monthly factor
A Heading for pairings of weekday
variation patterns and source categories
I NAPAP Source Category code (-999 = end
of section)
I Weekly variation code
90008 32
63
-------
W
c c wo —
—— O.CO.
ocTa o>-3 -o e s e e e e «— c
uitu — a>ai«ii>a>«aiat«i«< _
^=2 — Z= 0>0>0>0>0»0l0l«. w OFIX
-<0£ •»'0'900*iB9»«. c
a. o . • .cccccccu.0 — «
- * " * " °* *-
1OOO 3
CO
0)
M-l
o.
s
C8
X
-
-------
GRDEMS
1
c
•-o
w •
oo
I
en
H
i— i
CQ
Ed
< <9
VI O
> 0> a «. oi «> . oi «o>«o>«._.
IOWIO#U«AO^> <<joa:T3u-3oCT3— o-ooe-OiKvniyivooo
i 10 o< •« ^ a)——_< u<
«/tWVtO**'.^WtOlAaiOWIO«A <<< O*^*.
«««««
>^> o
r = e c o o
O O O COD
V. a e e -o ^
w = e e = —
-O— —
o— o —
• o— •—
o— o —
65
-------
""•"•>cooir'>f-i«"i»-»»"ioi»'">i"»c»«"»m<->w'H»af\»ivj«S4fsji\4»» w w w w v r*>
^----'''''^—^—^^oooooSgsssgsgsggsgsssglsiiiiiiiiliiiii
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooodddddo-dddddddddddo'eldddddddde-
odddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
s.s.s.s.°s.s.s.s.s.°ssssssgs222222iiiiiiiiiiiiEiiiiiiiii»«g«§ssss2
ooooooooooooooooooooooddddddo'dddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd^
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddoddddddddd^
doooooooSoooooooooooSooSsssIilliilliiEIIiiiiiiiiiggl^
oodddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddodddddddddddd^
dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd^^
*™»»«»»eooomOIO,O)0(OIO>CTlo>_l ^
ddddddoddooddddddddddddddddddododdddddddddddd^^
aaoooaococoeoaoeooaoaocee
^i^O
sooooooooooo'ddo'o'dooooooooooooooodddooooo
-------
GRDEMS
og£SS££SSS£££££££S£££gg2£g££g£ggggg£gSSSS£S£2S£gg££
oo^o^oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooggg
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooodddddddo'dddoodoo'ddoddodo
»o oooooooooooo ooooooooooooooddo'dddo'do'dddoo'ddddddod
_ ______ »«*<*»**>'*»O^*n*n
2Zg2§SSSSSSSS5SS52SSS22SS2S52S22222S2SSSS52SSSSiIsi.
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo'ddooododdo'dddoddoo
^^oooSJSJS°'OBeoosoBeo»oB«o«B'll»ooeDooooo»«BocoeBOeDOooooopocococDcocDOOBopaBOBOo«eB
o^o—ooooooooooooooooo——oo—oo—o—————o—ooooo—oooo——oo
ooooo ooooooooooooooooooooooodo'o'd
•8
ooo—oooo——oo
OOOOOOOOOOOO.OOOO
> —o —oooo-:
— oo — o— —— -. — o — ooooo— oooo—— oo
oooooooooooooooooooosoooooooocodoooooo'oooooocsoooooo
Sr§=2§S2SSSSSgSoSSSgg222g2S22S22222S2iiiiii
ooooooo oooooo oo ooooooodo* o'ddodddoo'dddo'do'do'do'ddo'o'ddo'o'
ooooooooooooooo ooooooooooooo'o'dddddo'o'o'o'do'o'do'o'do'ddddo'
ooooooooo'o'oodooooocsdddoodo'ddddo'o'ddddddddo'o'do'do'o'ddo'o'
ooooooooooooooooooooooooo'ooooooo'o'o'o'o'ddddo'o'd«'dddo'o'do'
en
H
M
CO
M
H
ta
9OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
oooooooooooooooooo
ooo oooooooooooo ooooodo'do'do'o'o'dddddo'ddddo'ddo'o'o'ddddo'dd
ooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooo'o'o'do'ddo'dddo'o'o'o'do'o'do'do'o'o'o'
» CVJ fM C\i ^-— CM r
67
-------
•o
-------
GRDEMS
^O^ODOVO—cvjmrrui^
OtA^OtOtOtOiOtO
T3
0)
•o
i-H
O
o
r-»
—«
I
A
69
-------
me (unit
Line Variable Columns Type
INFIP
ICELL
JCELL
SRGIN
(1-15)
1-5
6-10
11-15
16-165
I
I
I
R
FIPS county code
X axis cell index
Y axis cell index
Fractions of county totals
(1) County area
(2) Population
(3) Households
(4) Urban
(5) Agriculture
(6) Range
(7) Deciduous forest
(8) Coniferous forest
(9) Mixed forest
(10) Water
(11) Barren
(12) Nonforested wetlands
(13) Mixed agriculture/range
(14) Rocky with lichens
(15) Rural
90008 32
70
-------
GRDEMS
[ililililillilii
iiilfiifiilfflfffplfpit
4J
I
•H
1
I
n
E-"
M
CQ
I—I
S
Cd
71
-------
(Unlt ""
GRDEMS prog™.
Line Variable Columns Type
ICIN
LTYPE
UX1
UY1
UX2
UY2
1-5
6-10
11-22
23-34
35-46
47-58
FIPS state/county code
Link type
(101) Limited access roadways
(102) Railroad
(103) Airports
(104) Ports
Beginning easting UTM (km)
Beginning northing UTM (km)
Ending easting UTM (km)
Ending northing UTM (km)
90008 3 2
72
-------
GRDEMS
i~_OOBsomc
I
•H
0)
•H
•H
§
•H
4J
•H
•H
tw
*
•H
73
-------
TABLE 3-12. Ungridded model emission record format (merf) (unit 15) used
by the GRDEMS program. (See Exhibits 3-13 and 3-14)
Line Variable
U IGS
INFIP
INSIC
INNSC
I CELL
JCELL
IYIN
CINDC
CINWC
IDF AC
IDSTK
INCTY
FACM
CO
ZNOX
SOX
THC
TSP
DESC
Columns
1-3
4-8
9-12
13-20
21-23
24-26
27-28
29-30
31-32
33-41
42-46
47-52
53-56
57-116
117-126
127-136
137-146
147-156
157-166
167-168
169-176
Type
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
I
-
R
R
R
R
R
R
A
Description
Gridding surrogate (blank)
FIPS state/county code (blank)
Either Source Industrial Category code
or NAPAP Source Category
Either Standard Classification Code
or NAPAP Source Category code, right
Justified
X-cell index (blank)
Y-cell index (blank)
Year (e.g., 85 for year 1985)
Diurnal variation code
Weekday variation code
Facility ID (zero or blank for area
sources)
Stack ID (zero or blank for area sources)
AEROS state/county code
(Not used, skipped)
12 monthly factors of annual activity
levels
Carbon monoxide, annually averaged
(kg/day)
Oxides of nitrogen, annually averaged
(kg/day)
Oxides of sulfur, annually averaged
(kg/day)
Total organic, annually averaged (kg/day)
Particulates, annually averaged (kg/day)
(Not used, skipped)
Scenario label
90008 3 2
-------
GRDEMS
— o a a a e a
c c o
a o ess c
c ooo o
o oom
— CO
«o —
*! *
01 IB
U 4t
— ij *
• 41 U
i*. c 01
0> — e
9* ^^O
— 0 C
•0 C — Irt
— 10— CD
"~ ** -v... — =»>»BJ>
* — — T*S o'~2ii?2o
«>3 o.« — 7Jau °'° c-c
U o "x^"" • — 4* Cst u u ••»•» •— •« - j
r?^r sj^^l £o o o ol o
oV~..i9\z "i^1"1!-™^"
8 ^J" [JJ~ ..^J" "OOOOOO
— **- 1, o, I/ — fc 4, ^« -^,~ t*\r*'-'^.r**
•••— — — — S — O o x ""
s, czc "'°~ >- «
Sli1? ^JIit'SEi HI = = =
B— uxm— .— w 9* C7» C7»
Q.Q.o.Q.a.a.Q.a.a.IooSoo'ooo o .
ooooooooo — — — oooooo
— • -^— . -^
tsi Sc\I n o 91 t^T
*** "" **
***™*^*^ ***^^^ i**o u1* t/^tfi u\ «k uT * *
000° o~"" o" o CO*S« —
222X 2^DC 2X 2 22 2 2X 2X "!'~*''' "
>> >. XCx Xf-tcv, >,«-> x xx ». -^Z* " "^
Ills So*<<: =» = 11 1 !«• !« = •= =
-o-o-c^m °°°Z_*33 2^ S S2 S S" S" 3*2 2
« ut u> »CVICN' «,'*"*' W(r1 ^ «•- — e>o
• Ol&tOlflvo**11**1* 01 *oi *"^» ^Q«^^ — ^0 ^~GD ^ *•
1 I X 9 • X _l "*«Se^"~IS^ — ^ «M —^ v? '*^ 41 0>
oooooo ^ uti*JCtS« tn t* u w *^*— °J>" 2ou^T£
r>fvinco9>— "" SSS^SS0*!! 2** 2J5 °° 0«ScJ 0>o" 0~.*0000
f*g CM CNJ Csl CS, rn o ^"<^ «^M« M >^f«> <«r«> f^ ^ ^ _
nmf*i»w,r^<*> 41 .. ., — - _ — : -,,-,_ _ _
~ xxxSss^osls^l''' IsFIPx'Ss!'"0"^^'^
cccc = = • *™"<0~ ""^ ~- °° °0 0> 00 0 «\T 10 — u-T.oVj>o<-« ~-"«r 0
OOOOOO « - j-i^- -IB-II ,r- _» — — • _^ ^^ ^. T _ _ |
uuuuuw* W«« « ^ ^*~ ^^ — '^ — — ~*~ —— ^. »» ^.
9'Ot9»O»9t9» ^ ^ ^( *
•ooooo-o IiZIJ 3 n "~ ~ — •- - •- —
OOO"OOO "^ — ' -J — 1 « J _, -J _, _1
EO
g
0
S-l
14-1
Jj
3
-9*
8
r-l
U-l
(D
Ql
S
i
•s
0)
1— f
c
I
^
CM
|
M
CQ
M
W
75
-------
*>tOOO
OCDon
xtvitO 01
OCDO
!
1
o
>»»< :
• ** *- •* ** «
: c c c = c
'3333;
— O O O O 3 C
• C C C c C c
= 33333
O O O O O O
O Q.-3
' Oiwl 0»
76
-------
GRDEMS
oooo o'o* ooooo o* oo o'o' oooo* ooo
5555555S55555S555S5S55555 55S55555S555553355S55555555
SSSS8SS88888888S8SS8S8888
000000000000000000 0000000
SS8SS88SS8888SS8SSS888S88
o o o o o o o o o d o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o'
iiSsiiSlIsissIsIsiiisiilo
= ;
ssii:
:gg;
J33!.
OOOOOOOOOi
2K2H'*la"9ai
S83888383;
fllifiif |i
.OQooooooi
gggg'ggogSi
SO '
KO I
iss;
!222;
!3S3!
is§§§§§§i§|§i§|
22222
SSSS3
liilllli
22222222;
3S3S88SS!
gggggg'g'g'g!
388333833:
g'ggggggg!
S33S83SS:
ooooo
ssHa^
§8888
fssssissi
igggggggg;
I8833S838;
tooocfoooc
2gi-ip»>mSS5
!38883,38i
99S353
o e o o o o
g'g'g'ggg!
883883!
§OOOOO4
.§§§11;
o o o p o <
Q r* *t W in t
S SS 59•
o o o o o <
iisisiiliissiiiis
ooooooooeoo
555555555555555555555555555
55555555555555555S5S55SS555
2s;
83!
{ggoooooooo'i
isisssisiii:
o e
Sa
a
o
>O O
JgM
2S9
5 o o
5222!
?sss:
o q o o o <
232221
83388:
22222;
38888!
9 g!
O O I
?222
?§§§
I222;
|S§S;
sss:
iilil:
issag;
issss;
liiiiiiliiiliiiiiiiii
?gggggggj
;888888S!
SSS9ooooo*pooooooa
8§i8i§3§S8S8§§§§§
OOOOOO«a^e»^«««««^HM«^^J_r_'^*'*'* •
ggggggggggggig
gooooooooooSoo
•H
14-1
I
•H
&
M-l
O
w
(N
I
CQ
M
§
w
77
-------
-------
CENTEMS
DESCRIPTION OF CENTEMS
CENTEMS, the central program of the EPS, creates three files:
A gridded binary emissions file for input to the UAM
A file of total emissions by activity, process, control, old inventory category
(QIC) code, and hydrocarbon speciation profile used for tabulating categorized
emission totals (see Exhibit 3-3S)
An elevated point source input file for the UAM preprocessor PTSRCE
Figure 3-4 shows the file structure of CENTEMS. The input files include the user
input file, the control file for elevated stacks (produced by PREPNT), five files that
provide information to categorize, speciate, and apply temporal variation factors to
the emissions inputs, and the gridded merf file produced by GRDEMS.
CENTEMS is generally run three times, each time with a different merf file. The
merf file is either the area or motor vehicle emissions file produced by PREGRD or
the point source emissions file produced by PREPNT. These files can also be merged
and the program executed once.
The first input file, the user input file , contains information on type of sources, time
and day flags, modeling region information, and control factors (Table 3-13 and
Exhibit 3-22). The date on the future-year inventory files must correspond to the
date specified in the UAM meteorological files. At a minimum, the region covered
by the emission inventory must be the same as the modeling region; however, it may
be larger. The modeling region origin (lower left) can also be different from the ori-
gin of the emissions-inventory grid. IDEL and JDEL define this difference. It is also
possible to have the UAM modeling grid coarser than the emissions inventory grid.
IGSCL and JGSCL define this difference; these factors must be an integer because
the UAM grid cannot be finer than the emissions inventory grid.
90008 31
79
-------
The second input file, created by PREPNT, contains parameters for elevated stacks
(Table 3-1* and Exhibit 3-8). It requires no modification for use as CENTEMS
input. The heading in this file generates the header record for the low-level emission
file and provides the template for the elevated point source preprocessor file. Note
that CENTEMS arrays have a maximum of 1000 elevated point sources.
The glossary file is a direct access file and matches either a paired Standard Indus-
trial Classification (SIC) and Source Classification Code (SCO or the NAPAP Source
Category (NSC) with a set of activity, process, control, and source category codes
(QIC). The direct access file is generated by the utility program MKGLOS (Figure
3-5). MKGLOS need only be run for the initial set up of the glossary file or when
additions or changes to the glossary file are necessary. The glossary file modifica-
tions are made to the sequential access file (Table 3-15 and Exhibit 3-23) and
MKGLOS is again run. The SIC/SCC pair or NSC code is taken from the merf input
file. The current glossary was developed from work by the California Air Resources
Board. The codes are explained in Appendix A. The glossary is used by CENTEMS to
assign activity, process, control, and source category codes (QIC) and to prepare
emission totals by code category for POSTEMS. It has no bearing on the calculation
of emissions.
The speciation factors file matches a hydrocarbon speciation profile code with a set
of factors that split the NOX and THC emission rates read from the merf input file
into em.ss.ons for the CB-* species NO, NO2, OLE, PAR, TOL, XYL, FORM, ALD2
ETH, MEOH, ETOH, and ISOP (Table 3-16 and Exhibit 3-2*). The current factors '
were derived from the EPA's Air Emission Species M.n.,.1 <19MX The units of the
factors are moles per gram. CENTEMS converts emissions from kg/day to g/day. By
multiplying by the appropriate speciation factors, the emissions will be in moles, the
unit recjuired by the UAM.
The speciauon profile file matches an SCC or NSC code with a hydrocarbon specia-
tion profile code (Table 3-17 and Exhibit 3-25). The SCC or NSC code is taken from
the merf input file. The hydrocarbon speciation profile code is then used to deter-
tmne the speciation factors to apply. The current speciation profiles were obtained
from the Air Emission Species Manual.
90008 31
80
-------
CENTEMS
The diurnal variation factors file contains diurnal profiles (hourly variation) for the
emissions data (Table 3-18 and Exhibit 3-26). A code on each merf record deter-
mines which set of diurnal variation factors will be used. The 24 hourly factors are
used to split the daily emission rates into the hourly emission rates needed for the
UAM. The 24 activity factors are normalized by dividing by the daily total
(TDYFAC). The daily emission rates are multiplied by the normalized activity
factors to obtain hourly emission rates.
The weekday file includes the appropriate weekday variation factors for the weekday
code specified on the merf file (Table 3-19 and Exhibit 3-27). This code specifies the
seven daily activity factors used to allocate emissions. These factors are normalized
by dividing by the total weekly activity (TWKFAC), and the emission rates are multi-
plied by the normalized daily activity factors to obtain emission rates for a particu-
lar day of the week.
The final input file is the gridded emissions file in merf format (Table 3-20 and
Exhibit 3-5 and 3-21). This file contains emission rates information, codes that
define the speciation, temporal variation profile codes, source identity, and location
of the emission source.
CENTEMS produces four output files. The message file contains tables of emission
totals by activity, process, control, and source category (QIC), as well as maps of
daily emission totals by species (Exhibit 3-28). The file of gridded hourly low-level
emissions is a binary file in UAM format and is input to POSTEMS. The ASCII
elevated point source file is input to the UAM preprocessor PTSRCE (Exhibit 3-29).
This file is empty if only area or motor vehicle emissions are being processed. The
file of categorized totals is a binary file of daily total emissions by category and is
input to POSTEMS.
90008 3 1
81
-------
User
inputs
Control
file for
stacks
'Direct access
Category
glossary
Specification
factors
glossary
Speciation
profile
Diurnal
factors
Weekly
factors
Gridded
Messages,
emission
total tables
UAM
low-level
emissions
(binary)
PTSRCE
input file
(ASCII)
Binary
categorized
totals
:H:H: 99077
FIGURE 3-4. Input and output files used by CENTEMS.
82
-------
CENTEMS
TABLE 3-13. User input file (unit 10) used by the CENTEMS program
(See Exhibit 3-22) ' H K
Line Variable Columns
1 MFILID 1-60
2 IEMIS »
IPDT »
I DBG «
KSEAS »
KWKND *
KDAY »
ITODAY »
3 IDEL »
JDEL »
IGSCL »
JGSCL »
4+ KNTRL *
/^T**O/N M.
CFCO *
CFNOX »
CFSOX »
CFTHC »
CFPM »
Type Description
A UAM EMISSIONS file identification text
I Source type
0 = no elevated points included
1 = elevated points included but
omitted from categorized totals
2 = elevated points included in
categorized totals
I Daylight time flag, 0 = emission in LST
1 = emission in LOT
I Debug option, prints volumes of messages
(default = 0)
I Season flag (not used, skipped)
I Weekend flag
1 = weekday
2 = weekend
I Day of week (1 = Monday, ..., 7 = Sunday
I Episode date (YYMMDD format)
I Modeling region origin offset from
emission inventory grid in x direction
(number of cells)
I Modeling region origin offset from
emission inventory grid in y direction
(number of cells)
I Number of input x-cells per UAM grid
cell
I Number of input y-cells per UAM grid
cell
I Control code (-999 = end of section)
R CO control factor (-999 = end of
section)
R NOX control factor (-999 = end of
section)
R SOX control factor (-999 = end of
section)
R Total hydrocarbon compounds (THC) factor
(-999 = end of section)
R Particulate matter (PM) factor
(-999 = end of section)
90008 3 2
83
-------
* 00
ao
OvO
«/»O
— 00
•—f*
O -OO
Q*»
"OM
CQ
-------
CENTEMS
TABLE 3-14. Control file for elevated stacks (unit 11) created by PREPNT
and used by the CENTEMS program. (See Exhibit 3-8)
Line
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
.8
9*
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Variable
IDUM
IDUM
IDUM
NSPECS
NPTS
IDUM
IDUM
IDUM
IDUM
IDUM
JTDAY1
IFSTRT
JTDAY2
IFEND
IDUM
MTEMP
UTMX
UTMY
IUTMZN
ORGX
ORGY
DELTAX
DELTAY
NXCELL
NYCELL
NZCELL
Columns
1-10
21-30
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
1-60
1-10
11-20
21-30
1-10
11-20
1-10
11-20
1-10
11-20
21-30
Type
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
R
R
I
R
R
R
R
I
I
I
Description
Not used, skipped
Not used, skipped
Not used, skipped
Number of species
Number of point sources
Not used, skipped
Not used, skipped
Not used, skipped
Not used, skipped
Not used, NSPECS records skipped
Beginning Julian date
Beginning time
Ending Julian date
Ending time
Not used, skipped
Begin region defintion section
Region origin, easting coordinate
Region origin, northing coordinate
UTM zone
Modeling region easting offset from
UTMX
Modeling region northing offset from
UTMY
X direction cell size
Y direction cell size
Number of cells in x direction
Number of cells in y direction
Number of vertical cells
continued
90008 32
85
-------
TABLE 3-14. Concluded.
——^————_^—_____„___
Line Variable Columns
Type
Description
17
18
19
20/
21+
NZLOWR
NZUPPR
HTSUR
HTLOW
HTUPP
MTEMP
TEXT
BFACIL
BSTK
BCNTY
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
1-60
1-80
42-50
56-60
61-70
I
I
R
R
R
A
A
A
A
I
22
MTEMP
1-80
For each hourly interval:
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33*
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
TEXT
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1-80
1r80
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Number of vertical cell layers in lower
layer
Number of vertical cell layers in upper
layer
Height of the surface layer
Height of the lower layer
Height of the upper layer
End region defintion section
Begin point sources section
Point source facility identification
Stack identification
AEROS state/county code
Second record not used, skipped
End point sources section
Time interval header
Date and time interval
Method header
Method infomation
End method section
Vertical methods header
Veritcal method informtion
End vertical methods section
Emissions header 1
Emissions header 2
Flowrate for NPTS point sources
90008 3 2
86
-------
CENTEMS
Sequential
access category
glossary
Direct
access category)
glossary
Message
output
FIGURE 3-5. Input and output files used by utility program MKGLOS.
£££89077
87
-------
TABLE 3-15. Glossary file used by the MKGLOS utility program.
Exhibit 3-23)
(See
Line Variable
1+ ACT(1)
ACT (2-3)
ACT(4)
ACT(5)
ACT(6)
ACT(7)
Columns
5-9
13-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
Type
A
A
A
A
A
A
Description
Either Source Industrial Classification
code or NAPAP Source Category code for
area and mobile sources
Either Standard Classification Code or
NAPAP Source Category code
Activity code
Process code
Control code
Old industrial category code
90008 3 2
88
-------
CENTEMS
ip— *»O%M
ooooooowoooSoSSwo
WO«oinoo*ooo«v.
-------
TABLE 3-16. Speciation factors file (unit 13) used by the CENTEMS
program. (See Exhibit 3-24)
Line Variable Columns Type
IPRF
SPLTAB
(3-12)
SPLTAB
(1-2)
SPLTAB
(19)
1-5
9-138
152-177 R
178-190 R
Hydrocarbon speciation profile code
Factors to calculate emissions from
total hydrocarbon compounds, in order:
OLE, PAR, TOL, XYL, FORM, ALD2, ETH,
MEOH, ETOH, ISOP
Factors to calculate emissions from NO
in order: NO, N02 J
Factor to convert THC from actual
mass to emissions as methane
90008 32
90
-------
CENTEMS
iiiiiliiiiilliliiiiiliiillllliliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii
o eeoo
0000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000
?ffff?f???f?88S58S88888
88888888888S
oSSfgfff 88 88888858888888888888888888888888888888888888888
4J
I
•H
•H
M-l
IflJSffSfffSffSfSfffff
I
CN
I
n
CQ
91
-------
f???fff??fS8SS88S8SSS
4* W u» iu IM ui tu iu u* i^ .71 .T. .* * *******
S§S8SS§88
fffffffffsflfif
:sss
•H
4J
3OOOOOOOOOOC
^KBSisIIS*JSeJ55Si8niSinif2S!!!f!f2??????f???????5S59s888
O ~
O
8:
S!-»---o-555525252222S5S25fS53^555?88»3!ijSagM ,
•000000000000000066
!22222222222222222222222°^S°S°
CN
ro
H
CQ
M
s
92
-------
CENTEMS
dddddddddddddedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddedddd
;8SSS53853ffSS33SSSS5S5358SSSSSSSSS3SSS
mmmimmmmmmmm
>ooooooooeo'o'ddddddddddedddeddddddddddde
•ddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddi
>dedddddeddddddddddddddddddddddeddddded(
fSSS&S9S59Q.£'^99?f9QQOQf*i!9QQQoooooooooo4
oooeooooooooooooooooooeoooooooooooSi
ieedddd.ddddedddddddddddddddddeeddddeddd«
399999^99999*
aooeeooooSSec
» fy in
I -Oi«
i do
Jeo
ooeoeooedddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddo'
o o o d o o o o d o d e d d d e e d d e d e e d d d d d d d d d d e e e d e d e d o* e d d d e d d e e e d e e a d d o d
oooooodddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd
1
c
CN
I
n
DQ
93
-------
ooooooooooooooooooo ad a 00000* ooeooooddo'ee
oooooooooooooooaooooode'oooooooooeoooo'ee'eie'
^ 00000eeoooeoooooo'»«»oodc;ddd«9ddo'«Bdeo'd«id
oooooooooooooooooooooo cJcicio'cJddo'o'o'o'd
I
*)
I
-------
CENTEMS
oeoo«oododddddddddddddddddddd2Ii^!^X^3'''~~*:~~*~-~~~~*T":':-- — — *•= 2 2 2g
«w«.o«.«»oooooooooooooeoooodo*'do'odo'o'
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo««S^^^^^^^^^^^l^l'5l^l^*^*AlAlrtir*^tf%*
wwwoOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO«loa«W^*£^
;s
I W
iS
>d
!«^^«^y|i|||S|||||||||||||||||||||||^
oeoooooooooooodo'de'dcfddo'o'ddedddddd
fff?fffffff?ffffff§ffff8888888S?888|8888S888SS8S888888888888
SSff
s*ȣ
:a
» ^ <
I
CN
I
E*
M
§
u
o o o o o
= § = §§§§§!§ = |§§ 5SSS£S»S51 III a3|isi
95
-------
>0???°???oo
Ifffffflfff
iilllllllgg
88888888838
18888888888
OQOOQOOOOOO
Sf S3 88 S 8
88888888888
53S88SS3833
ooooooooooo
§§§§§388888
IIIfIffff83
o o o o o e o o o o o
ffoSS888888
Mrj no -o ~
ff8Sf||8853
"8
"3
•H
I
I
m
E"
H
CQ
M
w
96
-------
CENTEMS
TABLE 3-17. Hydrocarbon speciation profiles file (unit 14) used by
the CENTEMS program. (See Exhibit 3-25)
Line Variable Columns Type Description
1+ KA(1-2) 1-8 I Either Source Classification Code (SCC)
or NAPAP Source Category code
KA(3) 9-12 I Hydrocarbon speciation profile code
900083?
' 97
-------
— O'- — O — O — — — OOO — OOOOOOOOOOO — —
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO — IMOOO — Ofl
98
-------
CENTEMS
TABLE 3-18. Diurnal variation factors file (unit 15) used by the
CENTEMS program. (See Exhibit 3-26)
Line Variable Columns Type Description
1* INDY 1-5 I Diurnal code
DAYFAC 7-54' R Array of 24 hourly activity factors
TDYFAC 55-58 R Total daily activity, used to normalize
DAYFAC
9000832
99
-------
CO
s
w
H
25
w
o
o
4J
4J
0.
c
oooooooooooo——————————
oooooooooooo ——— — — — — ——
oooooooooooo————————__
oooooooooooo—— ————————
oooooooooooo——————————
oooooooooooo — — — — — — ——__
oooooooooooo —
oooooooooooo——————_—_—
:>000~00 — ooooo
o-o-oo-ooo—o
o-oo-oo -- o
22°2ma>0000v0'N"'000~
2'no>0000'n'*'s00*r0'"
tM —
CM —
»— en«/»o«oo
tr^OD
— 0«M
ooooooooooooooooooo———.
ooooooooooooooooooo———.
ooooooooooooooooooo —— —-
ooooooooooooooooooo———-
ooooooooooooooooooo———-
ooooooooooooooooooo———.
ooooooooooooooooooo———-
ooooooooooooooooooo———-
_ ————————-OOOOO
-«V40— "l>0 vD —vOO 00000000
-1MO— — OGCn*rr* — o — O — — — — — OOOOOOOOOO
-*-ir^r
03
100
-------
CENTEMS
TABLE 3-19. Weekday variation factors file (unit 16) used by the
CENTEMS program. (See Exhibit 3-27)
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
1+ INWEK 1-5 I
WEKFAC 7-20 R
TWKFAC
21-22
Weekday code
Array of 7 weekday activity factors
(ordered Monday through Sunday)
Total weekday activity, used to
normalize WEKFAC
90008 32
101
-------
O — OOOO — <-)
-------
CENTEMS
TABLE 3-20. Emissions input file (merf) (unit 17) created by PREPNT or
GRDEMS and used by the CENTEMS program. (See Exhibits 3-5 and 3-21)
Line Variable
U ISRG
IFIP
SIC
PS
ICL
JCL
IYR
IDYCOD
IWKCOD
FID
FST
FCNTY
VMNTH
CO
CNO
SOX
THC
PM
SLBL
Columns
1-3
4-8
9-12
13-20
21-23
24-26
27-28
29-30
31-32
33-41
42-46
47-52
53-56
57-116
117-126
127-136
137-146
147-156
157-166
167-168
169-175
Type
I
I
R
A
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
I
-
R
R
R
R
R
R
-
A
Description
Gridded surrogate code (not used,
skipped)
FIPS state/county code (not used,
skipped)
Either Source Industrial Classification
or NAPAP Source Category code
Either Standard Classification Code or
NAPAP Source Category code
I coordinate of grid cell
J coordinate of grid cell
Year, two digits (e.g., 89 for 1989)
Diurnal variation code
Weekday variation code
Facility ID
Stack ID
AEROS state/county code
(Not used, skipped)
Array of 12 monthly factors
CO annually averaged emissions
NOX annually averaged emissions
SOX annually averaged emissions
TOC annually averaged emissions
PM annually averaged emissions
(Not used, skipped)
Scenario label (not used, skipped)
90008 3 2
103
-------
? = 3 I
104
-------
CENTEMS
0)
g
•H
O
U
3-28
-• s
C O O O O 3
- y, £ s: 3 £
— — — •« — oooo
S- 85
— "» — — OOO
OOOOO
2 ooooooooo
105
-------
liillli
o o o o o o d
??fl???fSg33S
IiIOI!I"|!!|!!!!!!!!!?!!!
= ° ^ d o o o o e 2 2 o 2 o 2 d o ? !! * * 2 1 f ? 2
!!!!????§????fff?sssosgg8s
o S * S a * * * a * * * s. * « i i i i * • » » .• • »
o = o o o o d o d d d o- o o d d d s -::; s 5 s :•
Jlllll-2'ii^ii?!!?^????!???
?M?a«2S58iiII!SsI|||||**|
--*-«---•»• ~ - ^ - ^ ^ _•„• 0- _• ^ ^
Illllimmi!!!!!!!!!?!!?
o5SSSSS§g = ggg|§o|SgSS
o o o o o o o o d d d d d d o'
§ — ru o
_ O O S _,
TJ
-------
CENTEMS
O^^"»ft*.f>*^"-^A*f>JOQf^*«*»»"««- p*»
xooooooeoooooooooo o
I 8 8 8 8 S 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 S 3
$ 8 o o o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 8 3 8 5 8
| 8 o 8 8 8 8 3 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 8 8 S 3
oooooooooooooooooo o
«oooooooooooSoSooo o
5 a'u*iIiiIi*l**^lL******'** *
O "" *M*1 — f\ •+ f*. & f+. ~ + ~
>• u************??®?*? ?
. **OOOOO« — OOOOrw^9^aru rC
^ |?388S8o88888e88fo S
<; =00000000000000000 5
— o»— ooooo—-ooooo/>j^^*-o »N»
y| X OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O
§
"8
3
03
CN<
I
CO
H
M
CQ
w
107
-------
5?????°??°?fS3355S 3
MJU^jjsaasssasii *
§f 8 8 | 8 8 f 8 8 § S 8 f 8 8 8 8 3 3
~*«»*a|s*a{»*»s»iai»3< *
o o o d d d d d d d d o' d d d d -o «
5 f 5 5 S 8 § 8 S | f 8 8 8 8 8 8 S 3
- a? aj 3 * s * 8 £ £ £ 3 £ a * s 5 at M
| 8 5 f 8 8 8 f f f S 8 8 8 8 8 8 3 8
z 8 s * K 8 s * a * » K a s a * » £ »
sff??lfff§-| 8885855 3
» a K » as a * » 5 » » £ K x s * » a
3i5S§ffS8§fSf|5885 5
•"s^ssssi.is^sasg^igi- ^
§?o5858S3fS888S38S 5
- K s y « ^ g s » » i » 8 $ a « a » i
;§o5|5§o|35SS§i855 3
s s at sj » s s i « -g « a; £ i i « ^ i
o«««o:«o:o'«i^^^«^d«iX «
o3§§ofo3S3fS3SS§55 3
UjUjl^Uj^^^^^*^^***'' •
":~°:'s;~""^"''>'omr-SSs;::g; 3;
2?0???°??°°8Soo3oo 3
* »! *j « jj * « » « i * 5 » * $ « » a
sfff?foSiS8o-5§5o8S 3
sjssais««s^s^is»ii i
Orasw^ra^ora — ^f^o:^,.;^^ _•
35§§§§§§§§8§§5S§3S 3
acii§ii^iiiiiiisi 2
«nooood«j«-ddo'd^oi^i»;B' ^
oo|iS|§88S8S833853 S
sisgi^iiiii^iii i
— OOOOOW — e>Oobr>» — »««i —
§?fff885f.8888SS88S 3
s|5oo3o|poaooooo5o o
*ff???8?f???S?8SS8 3
•a
ai
a
oo
CM
I
n
ooooj.aoo'dd'^
108
-------
CENTEMS
|888888888888888888f8888o8f8888 5
§|8S8888o858888888888888888888
W88K883*888888888888888*88888*
S8£8***8£88*******»8*****8***
woo0oo*^**o»^ooooooooooooooooooe«v
£383588338388888S888o88oS3g333g
K**3****8*88888*888K88VV£***3£
..*"!**8«S|8!»8*!r»*>KJ8'8!!rS|*3|J8 "***!•**!•!• ' !»
§fggoggo5333883838888888gg5gf3g 3
=f??f?f?f?S83333383oo83S3Sgg833 3
ogg|o333go3833333S3S55353333f53 3
5333333333333333383353353333333 8
5?f??f????Sog55538355555333o3o3 3
"3«33«>''0'i'"'*"^i*H»i. .0.^0. «*»<•«*»<* oosssn^388888rSe«S«»s *
a " ° " ° ° o o o' d o' o o o' o o' «i ~ d o o' o d d -'«-« j - K.' ^
I S!ff1?fff?ffffffs°IS88883353358 3
~ ° ° "* ° ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o o' d d — -^ o' d d d o' o •- «J « o> «« «X »>.' ».'
c' f?f?? = |???S3S3S3353S33S83S3S333 8
- >"^~«"~S3<^!S^S;u'S™'*11''^1''>''i4iiiiiii »«^">*I^K%»»>^/»X^^^»^Qt .^
co
CM
I
CO
109
-------
S?f??3|?||3S333S3||33333333 S
|lf If If If 888888888885888883 5
If I ?lff??fff88 ff 88888888
"88*******
|8888888338833888|838f33383 3
Elf|??ff3888335888853533335 3
2Sf?f???'??S5335353883883335 3
^ly^|..j.|(..(..***'**'» * * * * * * * * * *
^OOOOOA|(>tAiJPl">ijriBM%)uXiKWW'gtfu'UftM(M ttl
l?f I If ?ff 888353388883885338 3
^tWIUWUIUliiitMIUtMUJlUUftului^LMi * * * * * * * * *
>>K.A^XW!tf!tf!tfu*!A'^M' u*
S38888833385358333853883335 3
'•• • • • .*^f>I..'/^***'^^^^O<*^*^OO'O'w»/\^ ^j
ooc*p"*A**o*"*^*'«J^-»n«-o^»^oo^*^t— *^ —
^f5f?ff???55335S33353S83335 3
VM o o nj n — rsi •*
f|f5333333S3333333333o33S33
SS5???f88S8888888S88S3S3S35
^^^^•••l.....^..^..
°: ^ ~ ~ ~ °*«*oS8Ss888SIjSS23SS5
— f« K. ^ »i o o o o e o o o o e e o o o — • « — «' <' —
°|?||f8S888fS888S88fSSSoS3f
-------
CENTEMS
j
0
o
X
1
J
'i
33 II
i. * * o e
3 ° a ~
£ S ~
i ,. fc ^
o o o *" *• °
— — w • • g
2 £ J 3 3 S =
s s I 1 -! - "
» 5 3 t 5 S J
• o o 2 a 2 ^
5 I I ? J J !
! 2 I = £ S c
I III I I i
1 ! I | 1 i 1 !
| Jj «• 8 !? i 1 j
J — * — "• *^ —
•o
0)
jj
e
o
o
co
1
en
H
CO
I— I
w
111
-------
U
ooo5
C
o
u
CO
CJ
I
03
.- »--- ^-j^^-j^^^^^S^
5 §
112
-------
CENTEMS
5 ~
o o
ui ^
o g
— IM IM >n »
'^^N^^<^Nni^^«*^^OO^^«BO^^^^«>«i»^^p»^^^«»^^«u«w^
oooooSoooooooSSooofoooooeoooooooffSSo
5oooooooo35o3o55SS8oS8o5SoooSooo5oo883So
T)
U
4J
C
O
o
00
I
H
M
P3
M
W
113
-------
- <~^
114
13
(U
C
2 2:3255555!
C
o
o
co
w
-------
CENTER/IS
?°?ffSfi§f§§iff§fg§§SS§SS§§SSS§i3S§§SiIi
**^*MMs82
f?f??f???ff??5???9f'fff858f585883S833SS§3
!!!!!*!g§:^-^^^MMMMMMM^sii?5
§333
GO
CM
H
115
-------
1111! I!! 11!!!!!!!!! f ? f f f ? ? i ? § ? i ? ? § i § § § 5 s
«
D
fH
U
O
O
CO
CN
I
H
I—I
O
116
-------
CENTEMS
U
&
cn
H
0-
Q.
tj
H
3
a.
o — o o o o
«*> O O O O O
— o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
o o o o o
O OtOOOODOGDOCDO
^oooooooooo
o»«^ooo^>o*SiO^r
O
a
a.ooo — M
o oooo<->
ooo
00
OO
o> o o o o
o o — — —
o* o» w o*
>o o -a -a
o o o o o
o — — — —
o
a —
O1OOO —OtMO"lO
as
csi
I
CO
117
-------
•3
d)
3
0000000000000000000
eonaoDaaooBotasoaaBCDoaaeDaoo
^m*^mfn'ltomr^mr-irii|mmmr«t
2220000000000000000
OOOOOOOOO
CM
I
m
00000000000000000
w O • • • • •
V* OOOOOO
— OVOOCMO
ac • v to *r *« *\j
O<*>OO»OO —
00 O OO
of _ ac at I x ac _i
Q—«<«->« %o *o *». oo CD o* o* *••» ae
0000000=— u
— COO i_» —
118
-------
CENTEMS
T3
oooooZ
OOOOOO9OCOOOOOOOOOO nrir-i vv V V v V
••• ^ ~-~-™ «•* — ~~ — •• CD CD CO CO CO CD CO CD CO ^"1 U"» */l **1 *•» <•! **> f*"l CSi
<~"— ™~ ~~ ^ •"• ™~ —•—— o O O OO OO OO CS|C^CV< o O OO OO
oooooooooocoooooooo ooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooooo ooooooooo
o o
o o
•3 O
o o
un •—
o
3
r\j
o
o
^> i/> oo'o'o'oo o'o'oo'oSSIo2 2" »S»>oSo* —mcCS— oo (^noS^IoSan
I = * — ss"*'"'- ^»| --"" ^""S iE S^
-^ a. _*" ^
o
0
a i-i aectefecat eeaeacatac
-1 X-; -J-00000 00000 CMl-Ot-.-Jo'M 2 (MtvS MtX-J* ->->->-'-' -J-J->-l_IOO_i<0>- -100>-.0001-00<00 <0™"oSoS!_
« ij;« »< ZZW^< ZZa.»— u. Q.1—< «Jl« vO« «
J, * —evjfnmn . . -cr>o — cs>r-i — — — __«____(Vl(vl(v.r>jronmr^m . . .^,0^^^000,5;,;;
— -J Z 2_~Z!H OOOOOOOO —
«• < o — — — — —— ___
000 W — >-'
o — x
r >- *s> —
i—OOOCOO—_l "—
i*J»— «*^^-ZX_i OO
C
o
o
CO
c-g
119
-------
-------
POSTEMS
DESCRIPTION OF POSTEMS
POSTEMS merges the emission files created by CENTEMS and calculates emission
totals for the final merged file of low-level emissions for input to the UAM. It also
produces tables of emission totals summarized by activity, process, source, control,
and hydrocarbon speciation code for quality control tracking and use in analysis.
POSTEMS uses nine input files (Figure 3-6).
The user input file specifies the Julian date for the final merged UAM emission file,
the number of paired files of input hourly emissions and total emissions by category
created by CENTEMS, user-selected options, and UAM header information. Each run
of CENTEMS creates a pair of files; the maximum number of pairs input to
POSTEMS is six (Table 3-21 and Exhibit 3-30). The file pairs corresponding to a
CENTEMS run are matched so that the emissions generated for the categorized
emission tables are reflected in the UAM file. Typically, three pairs of files are
produced: one pair each for area, motor vehicle, and point source emissions.
For all user options in this file a value of 0 (zero) rejects the option and a value of 1
(one) selects the option. The totals for the merged UAM emissions file can be
printed (IOPTCH), and the totals by category can be merged and printed (IOPTBL).
If no merged UAM emissions file is wanted, IOPTEM is set to zero. In addition,
individual tables of each input file of categorized emission totals can be output. The
options IOPTBL and IOPSEP are independent, i.e., if a run has only one pair of input
files and IOPTBL and IOPSEP are both set to 1, two sets of identical tables will be
generated. The final option (IOPCHK) allows the user to verify the emission
checksum with the checksum on the paired file of categorized totals. If a mismatch
is detected, the run will stop.
The UAM header information variables (e.g., file name and region specification) are
discussed in Volume II (Section 4.2.2). POSTEMS verifies that the variables in the
header information input by the user match those in the input UAM emissions
file(s). These variables include the number of segments, easting and northing UTM
coordinates, UTM zone, x and y dimensions of cells, number of cells in the x and y
directions, and the segment offset. If a mismatch is detected, the run will stop.
90008 3 1
121
-------
Line 8 of the user input file identifies the types of emissions in the input files. This
flag « followed by factors for each chemical species in the emission file. These
adjustment factors are used for across-the-board changes to the inventory and will
usually be set to 1.0 for base case inventories.
The next five input files define the codes contained in the file of emission totals by
category. There is one file each for activity, process, source category, control, and
profile codes (Table 3-22 to 3-26 and Exhibit 3-31 to 3-35). The codes are explained
in Appendix A.
The chemical species data file contains information about the molecular organic
compounds in the emissions inventory (Table 3-27 and Exhibit 3-36). The information
in this file was obtained from the EPA's Air Emission Specie M.n.,.1 (1988).
The next two input files, an emissions file and a categorized total file, have a binary
format. Tables 3-2S and 3-29 indicate the file record structure. Both files are
produced by CENTEMS. The emissions file indicates the ground-level emissions (in
g-mol/h) for each species for each hour. The file of emission totals by category
contains totals for each CB-4 species by activity, process, source type, emission
control, and hydrocarbon speciation profile.
PC-STEMS produces three output files: a message file, a merged low-level emissions
file (binary) for input to the UAM, and a file of emission totals by category. The
message file indicates which program files were accessed, the number of records
processed, the beginning and ending episode date and time, region description, and
the hours extracted for each input file and the final merged output file (Exhibit
3-37). The categorized emissions tables include the total emissions of each chemical
species by activity, process, source type, emission control, and hydrocarbon
speciation profile (Exhibit 3-38) as supplied by the binary file of emission totals by
category produced by CENTEMS.
90008 31 122
-------
POSTEMS
Merged UAM
Emissions
(binary)
Emission
Totals by
Categoiy
(binary)
FIGURE 3-6. Input and output files used by POSTEMS.
TES 89077
123
-------
Line Variable Columns Type
JDAYIN
NFILIN
IOPTCH »
IOPTBL »
IOPTEM »
IOPSEP »
IOPCHK »
MEMIS 1-10
MFILID 11-70
NSEG »
NSPECS »
JBEG »
TBEG »
JEND *
TEND *
UTMX *
UTMY »
IUTMZN »
ORGX »
ORGY *
DELTAX »
DELTAY *
NXCELL »
NYCELL *
NZCELL *
NZLOWR »
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
I
I
I
R
I
R
R
R
I
R
R
R
R
I
I
I
I
Julian date of output emission file
Number of input file pairs (hourly
and categorized emissions)
Print emission totals (0 = no, 1 = yes)
Print categorized table for merged files
Create UAM binary emission file
Print categorized table for individual
files
Verify checksum
Title "EMISSIONS" (not used, skipped)
Description of file contents
Segment number (always = 1)
Number of chemical species in file
Beginning Julian date (not used,
skipped)
Beginning hour (not used, skipped)
Ending Julian date (not used, skipped)
Ending hour (not used, skipped)
Easting origin (m)
Northing origin (m)
UTM zone
Easting origin offset (m)
Northing origin offset (m)
x-direction cell width (m)
y-direction cell width (m)
Number of east/west cells
Number of north/south cells
Number of vertical cells
Number of cells below mixing height
"^I—•VM^M
continued
90008 32
124
-------
POSTEMS
TABLE 3-21. Concluded.
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
NZUPPR
HTSUR
HTLOW
HTUPP
. IXY
JXY
NXDUM
NYDUM
INTYP
FCTR
MTITLE
1-60
I Number of cells above mixing height
R Height of surface layer (m)
R Height of the lower layer (m)
R Height of the upper layer (m)
I Segment offset (always set at 0)
I Segment offset (always set at 0)
I Number of east/west cells (same as
NXCELL)
I Number of north/south cells (same as
NYCELL)
I Type of emissions in input file
(1) area
(2) motor vehicle
(3) low-level point sources
(4) biogenic
(5) seeps
(6) point sources without UTM
coordinates
R One factor for increasing or
decreasing each species in emissions
file
A Title
90008 32
125
-------
oooooo—
oooooo c
oooooo—
—o — o—o* a
oooooo
oooooo >
oooooo o
oooooo—
o oooooo ••
o • oooooo
>"0 OOOOOO >
oooooo «
oooooo •>
OOOOOO U
OOOOOO
«M OOOOOO
126
-------
POSTEMS
TABLE 3-22. File of activity codes (unit 14) used by the POSTEMS program
(See Exhibit 3-31) '
Line Variable Columns Type Description
U IACOD 1-3 I Activity code
IAGLO 8-63 A Code definition
90008 32
127
-------
'OQ
H
128
-------
POSTEMS
I
rH
I
E-"
M
CQ
w
OOCvt w
>0 CC _^*oi« _, 0^5-
-------
TABLE 3-23. File of process codes (unit 15) used by the POSTEMS program
(See Exhibit 3-32) '
Line Variable Columns Type Description
U IPCOD 1-3 I Process code
IPGLO 8-63 . A Code definition
90008 32
130
-------
POSTEMS
i
•H
V
rH
•H
CQ
M
§
w
131
-------
TABLE 3-24. File of QIC source codes (unit 16) used by the POSTEMS
program. (See Exhibit 3-33)
Line Variable Columns Type Description
1+ IOCOD 1-3 i Source category code
IOGLO 8-63 A Code definition
90008 32
132
-------
POSTEMS
•.COODCDCDCDCOCDaDODCD
00
ro
EH
M
OQ
W
133
-------
ou.
ro
I
ro
E-t
M
CQ
134
-------
POSTEMS
TABLE 3-25. File of emission control codes (unit 17) used by the POSTEMS
program. (See Exhibit 3-34)
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
1+ ICCOD 1-4 I Emission control code
ICGLO 8-63 A Code definition
90008 32
135
-------
Ot^~*Njf*>*(rirtr*.c
4J
I
•H
0)
•H
•H
s
§
I
ro
CQ
136
-------
POSTEMS
C
•H
4J
§
en
H.
w
QOOOQOQO«QOOOO
-J-1-1 _J _< _l _1 _10 LJ _1 _1 _1 _) _|
137
-------
— >-Ot-l—
aaaaa
^•-^ —O
•_l 19 _l—_)
WOCZ h- — (—
zzuh.x - XX
> » »
ooooooooo
xxxxxxxxx
nnnrn^ ww
< >•
X A
ox o • a
U4VL.< 111 IO OCZU
— OCXO — U.OOOO — QC —
^
xxxxxxxxxxxxx
0 c
^ 4O* t*4 «•• 1*4
— t— — ~^ u* K- j
oaui gotfc,i9Q acaew M^wizai
ww XIAOC^OOOO— « — Si-t-i-aoc
>- OC>- — UI-UXXXOUI-OOOO — —
222<»°"2 2 i i i i i i ,<->:c:czo>-
xoooe — _i3
•— >-ac
oo—
XXt—
ooo
c<«
100O
^nn^
accax unacach- —
(/» «/» - 1— o
aczu wtmiyt
^•h-H-3»-OOOO
UXXX
«*«SiS2222
i i i i > > i i i i
oooooooooo
xxxxxxxxxx
r^^'v^>tnt/^tn
TD
§
•H
JJ
I
I
CO
a
CO
138
-------
Cu.i/>t-_Ui.-o«jt««_.< S u
ca «««rta>rtv>z«a>-o<2 o«^ _j
POSTEMS
1
r-t
I
n
I
E-«
M
CQ
M
5
w
ae&«ow<
139
-------
TABLE 3-26. File of hydrocarbon speciation profile codes (unit 18) used
by the POSTEMS program. (See Exhibit 3-35)
Line Variable Columns Type
Description
1* IFCOD 1-5 I
IFGLO 7-55 A
Hydrocarbon speciation profile code
Code definition
90008 3 2
140
-------
POSTEMS
> — i- « o i
« iSu??!100" «"»«<£""St°»
? I||Fi^;«-;;T<±:
•5XKH><>f^ •' •<>«>(><
•a ui ^ .
— on/> a*
O 41 «
— 01 _!
ocazcco — uiuco
0> -3 C
• • • • i C —O -O
w> o u o o o
<«ec 4»
o j<
O> «-• uj«j«— o~ —
a a «uuji
* '->-•-'—»-*-'-•->— i— ^t- o o o a c c
O O O O "9 19
• O «— O. W O. 1^ ^_ ta. U. <^.
>- i. o oo oooooo oo'S
' "fl T *« *» uv a
__ X«»OOOO«>
> ^ Z * > S>rtww^^^^u-;::;i'-;::^^-^^i ^
>" c 2^ c S £ « S S 5^" = ="c^^'= c"S"
s u-- ii^ S i2.ZZ±* 5 * " •" •"« *>"> n m ,
IT)
ro
I
E-"
M
OQ
141
-------
TABLE 3-27. Chemical species data file (unit 19) used by the POSTEMS
program. (See Exhibit 3-36)
Line
1 +
2+
3
4+
Variable
ICHRAC(I)
WTMOL
ICHRAC(2)
NAME
I CAT
BNDFRC
IDUM
NCAT
PRF
I CODE
WTPCNT
Columns
1-5
6-13
14-15
20-49
1-5
36-77
1-4
10-12
1-5
6-10
11-20
Type
I
R
I
A
I
R
A
I
I
I
R
Description
SAROAD chemical species code
Molecular weight of species
Carbon number of species
Species name
SAROAD chemical species code
Nine carbon bond fractions (OLE, PAR,
TOL, XYL, FORM, ALD2, ETH, ISOP, NRX)
Dummy variable
Number of categories
Hydrocarbon speciation profile code
SAROAD chemical species code
Weight percent
90008 32
142
-------
POSTEMS
3
fr
•H
ooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooo—o
• - .^mtn o*
OOOO»n-
ooooooooooooooo
OOOOOOOrnOvOO
.u.u.<«a.—
OOO»-t->-^- i i CD
ooo ——— — zzi—x;
oooooooooo
•^1 W1 V> VI Vrt trt Irt w^ \n «/« »^ CD
•g
<4-l
o
ooooooooooooooo
"* O >OiA
ooooo——————____
vo
ro
ro
E-»
M
CQ
143
-------
ooo ooooo
ooo oooe
ooooo o
ooooo o
ooooo—o
ooooo o
o——oo o
—oooo o
ooooooo S5oo§o5§§SS
00000000000000
«2S2Sg§'2S5SS2S§
0100000 — — — —-!.S._™2
•no(->r->ni^>nmn(n>ni^i«i<->
11111
>>—
no—OOO—OOOOO
oooooooooo'o'o'
lA^fMnwnoiMmvi/to
ooooooo
i/» tn m »n m
i CS* CXJ C\* CW f^
ooooooo
O —Orto
roooo —
144
-------
POSTEMS
TABLE 3-28.
program.
Binary file(s) of emissions (units 30-35) used by the POSTEMS
MDUM
MDUM
NSG2
NSPEC2
JTODY1
BEGTIM
JTODY2
ENDTIM
MSPC2
A
A
I
I
I
R
I
R
R
R
I
R
R
R
R
I
I
I
I
R
R
R
Not used
Not used
Number of segments (= 1)
Number of chemical species
Beginning date of the file (Julian)
Beginning time of the file (hours)
Ending date of the file (Julian)
Ending time of the file (hours)
X coordinate (UTM units)
Y coordinate (UTM units)
UTM zone
Not used
Not used
Grid cell size, x direction
Grid cell size, y direction
Number of grid cells, x direction
Number of grid cells, y direction
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not used
Not used
X location of segment origin with respect to
modeling region origin (grid units)
Y location of segment origin with respect to
modeling region origin (grid units)
Number of grid cells in segment, x direction
Number of grid cells in segment, y direction
Species name
continued
90008 32
145
-------
TABLE 3-28. Concluded.
Record Variable Type
Description
For each time interval:
JTODAY
BTIM
. JNEXT
ETIM
For each segment, for each species:
MSG2
MSPC2
EMISIN
Segment number
Species name
Ground-level emissions (g-mol/h)
90008 32
146
-------
POSTEMS
TABLE 3-29. Binary file(s) of emission totals by category (units 36-41)
used by the POSTEMS program.
Record
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Variable
NACT
NIDX
INKSUM
CAT*
NPRC
NIDX
INKSUM
CAT*
NOLD
NIDX
INKSUM
CAT*
NCON
NIDX
INKSUM
CAT*
NPRF
NIDX
INKSUM
CAT*
Type
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
R
Description
Number of activity codes
Number of species
Checksum for input emission file verification
Array containing NACT*NIDX activity totals
Number of process codes
Number of species
Checksum for input emission file verification
Array containing NPRC*NIDX process totals
Number of source category codes
Number of species
Checksum for input emission file verification
Array containing NOLD*NIDX source category
totals
Number of control codes
Number of species
Checksum for input emission file verification
Array containing NCON*NIDX control totals
Number of profile codes
Number of species
Checksum for input emission file verification
Array containing NPRF*NIDX profile totals
90008 32
147
-------
•- a, > .«, „,
•» «. e > Q.—
• o . e • Q.
e o
Q •
O
> o
• o
• >o
0> n
5-4
y-i
Jj
D
£
3
O
4-4
I
W
CO
••• «• no
:2?r?r?r-^:= -
;--o-o-ox» o «
f--r»rwrs^'s-i
•*e^=a.ctt u»— ,!._„
I a— U- u^ u^ ac-*"=-
«!l|KlSsls«L5lK=
i •• ••wwtn^ro
u ••«
•• «• c o
>>•>«•• «>
«--o-o —
o o Oxut
0»U U
-------
c —
— e
o a
POSTEMS
•8
"3
•H
g
8
i
ro
E-t
H
CQ
149
-------
oooooeooooooooooooMiooeoooodd^-oeoVoeooooo
£2222«o<».*no^««
=°^°=.c;°°°o=«;o-=ooa,£o55o5SSSS§S5g^2^S§22§SS^£S^S22
»»»«««««ooo2o.oooooo-o-02d«-«-«^o'o-,s:o-::o-o-ciooo-o--;o--;^J-^a-d
a
H
en
o
cu
E
O
Q.
O
Q.
(U
150
-------
POSTEMS
-oodoooooooo^: o
"" m (^.
S2ggg§2gggggggS--2oSooooooo5oogo; .
OOO VOO> V
3
•H
JJ
c
o
o
oo
en
i
O.*«__;J;L o <5
^oot3oeQe -w zS vax^^i
o.x uo.
•x^viats)
v-Il_>— JC
VX-IOH- 3
O —
jojoooocn «-
151
-------
»oooooooooo"oooooooeo'oooeo
:°o°o°oooo5oooX55o5SS§gSggggSggggS5gggg0°e-°~~-»<'Ooo
:oooooooooooooooooooooo-:oooooooe,-«=:«««^«-^-:_^^^!!'"-"*0-*
5 -! ^^2gf^SJ^f««»«8W««a«s8as3sa«
O * °—000r*0000«>OOOOOOOOOeMO«M—oVoo<
—
OOOOO — nv(Mrs.^>c
X u^ .. 00«0<
>oooooooooooooo<
oooooooo
0)
c
•H
u
c
o
u
00
n
H
M
CQ
w
>*™
-------
POSTEMS
ooooooooooooo
is.o«ooooooooo-5ooo7 w
otMoooooooooooooooooe >n
vOOCDOOOOO«t*«.OOOOOCDO>«<
<->OOCDOOOO — — OOOOtOO>*> — <
r->o«DOOOOOOOOOOO —OOO<
aoooooooorxoooon M
JOOOOOOOOOOOOO^ vO
9OOOOOOOOOOOOO-- V
•noiooooooooooooooooooo'oooooeooo'ooV »
"* «N«
00000000000-3000OOOO — OCO
OOOOOOOOOOOO—
•o
(U
3
c
c
o
o
C5
H
H-l
ca
O n OOO — (M»-1O — IM<-l«r^lv
100000 O
153
-------
2: o§2§22g2S222222222S2S222222ggggo
Jgoooooooooooeo
>oooooooooooooo<
£ - 030 3000000 o'o'o'o'o'o'c
.. ^^^•'••^'-Twoo^ooOOOO
oooooo oooooo'o'o'o'ooooo
jomoooooooo
oooooooooooo
0000—OOOOOOOOOOtJo'o'o'i
13
0)
e
o
o
' oooooooooooo'e
>OOOOOOOOOOO{
I
en
83
»>O^OO— O — cs.r-1.
-iN.fv
-------
POSTEMS
5: S3SSS.SS3SSSSSSS2ZSSSSSS3SSSS SSSSS S
• ®oooooooooooooooo"o"oo"o'oo'oooo'o'do*oo.« M
Ss S
rt o i
•o • i^ i
•ogggggggggggggggggggggggggggooog;
. oooooooooo'o'o'oo'oo'ooo'o'o'oo'o'o'oo'o'o'o'o'o'o'
iOOOOOOOOOO
c
O
CJ
000 = 0 =00000o'o'o*000o'o'o'o'o"o"o'o'oo'oo'o'o'o'— rf.'
^«
CO
en
en
H
M
pa
M
§
a
voc coco a> oo o> «—
155
-------
>OOOOOOOWt
>ooooooooooooooooooo«v«o—ooo
OOOOOOOOO**
^voooooooooooooooooooooc
^^o?^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^"^^"22^3"'^'^
3oo = ooooooooo^ooooo^'»^2«200^oc^;05--ooe'»»>«<=ooo'o*o'o'o'»
c
o
CJ
CO
en
CO
H
M
PQ
156
-------
POSTEMS
oooooooooooeo
oooooooddddddddddddd*..—dddddde»d~dddd«-»o»
so^
"
oooooooooowoo-ooooooooooooo'o'dddo'do'e'do'o'o'o'dde'^o'o'o'e'^o'
0)
3
C
O
u
C3
CO
157
-------
ojoooooooo-To
...... . . .^°®®°«°«>oooo
=—ooooooo'do'o'o'do'o'o'o'
o«ooooo
oooooooooo
oooooooooe
ooooooooeoo
c'
cS
03
I
en
H
M
CQ
a
150
-------
POSTEMS
oJ<->oo<=o<->,-^X,-^-T_^ .^®°°oooo*'ooo°ooooooooo
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooodoeooooooo
^2Sgg«g2goO::Oo^Oogoggo
ooo-oooooooooo-ooo'o'o'cJo'o'o'o'o'e'do'o'o'o'o'cio'e'o^^o'o'o'o'o'e'ddo'o'dd
CO
n
o> —
•j *» •» .
C '_ Si M
O K
— =
— O
— M 3) 0,
3 u C
£ a- < o
• •O O I CU
-— W K
:w K — o>
&««
u. «i o o o —« —
CO
X
tJ
•-—••«•»«••
i - , „ „
159
-------
oeooocooooooooo
oooooooooooooot
OOOOOOOOOOOO9OO
ooooooooooooooo
-3
(U
3
c
00
I
H
i—i
03
*** °* ^ *"* ^ *"* ^ *<* *O '•N. a* n o ^* ru jo » _. ^ .
M..2 ^ *™ ^ ^ ^* *™ ~* *** ^ "™ ***'^ *** ^* *^* ^ r^ f\i fa c>4 fu jn m?? j*i j^l^*^^^^^*^^*^*f^^****n*^'^P^O1"^
160
-------
POSTEMS
•':*#
ooooooc
osooooo-sr^sotvoo—«»«•*.—o co
O O O 3 O O O C O C O i"l >a O — O •- it O O —
OOOOOOOOOOOOO =OOOOOO<">
00
I
H
M
CO
t wni/wi «/> t/i
161
-------
CO
BQ
1-4
><
* £°=????°=?Sooo2ooooSGS3SSS
nooooo ———————..«______
a>o.o — <^
-------
POSTEMS
00
m
I
en
H
i—i
n
E-4
163
-------
CO
en
ooooo -.—____ ___,0fooooooooooooooo
[f?=2iii?°ooSSSoSSslH
•o b —
<-^
w — <0
« cr >,
0< ie
I- T3
o u
-------
POSTEMS
•o
0)
•o
3.
iH
y
c
o
CJ
00
M
M
as
x
w
— — _
"OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
o^^^jLid^^^j..^^^^ *o
— 000< 0> T V 30«NioScvJrj«»kL
165
-------
-------
DESCRIPTION OF MRGEMS
The MRGEMS program merges two low-level emissions files formatted for input to
the UAM. In general, MRGEMS is used to merge the anthropogenic emissions file
created with the EPS (for area, motor vehicle, and point sources) with a biogenic
emissions file generated by another program. Figure 3-7 shows the file structure of
MRGEMS.
MRGEMS output includes a merged low-level emission file (binary) for input to UAM
and a message output file indicating total emissions from the antropogenic and
biogenic files for each species (moles), and a total for each species (Exhibit 3-39).
9000831 167..
-------
UAM
'Anthropogenic
Emissions
UAM
Emissions
(Biogenic)
MRGEMS
Merged
UAM
Emissions
(binary)
Message
Output
EEE 39077
FIGURE 3-7. Input and output files used by MRGEMS.
168
-------
MRGEMS
ZS?!£ «**•»'•»'•»••»••»«*—»i«i,ov
oooooooooo<
ooooooooooooooo
000,00000000—000
OO«s*«~OOOOOOO—"OOO
ooooooooooooooo
—o
o
o
O <- l_
— o neeeeeececBceecc
^ooooooooooooooo
— CO l« ««J» Wl^» MMMUtM^tvlvtwItA
0 e e e^ e^ e^°e°e e'e'e'e e
CO
Ed
4-1
a.
4J
3
o
00
CO
CO
CO
CD
e
a.
e
CO
X
w
i
en
H
t-l
CQ
169
-------
ggjgoooooooi
00°ooooooo
ooo
OOQ
OOO
'-'-'-'•'-'-'•uuu.i.uui.u.
jJJJJJJIIJIIJIIf
= 0
•a
(!)
•o
CO
I
H
M
CQ
00000000000000*0
' C C C •»•••• — — — — -
000000000000
^^.2^1 IIJ J| JIJ j J j g I JlU I| 111| I g c =
-5 S £ Sj» S S SSSSSSSSS "S-SSSSSSS •*"•*'••«
o-».a,a,4,«,1,5S2S5S£2
oaooooooo
170
-------
* CONSIDERATIONS IN PREPARING EMISSIONS INVENTORIES
FOR USE IN THE URBAN AIRSHED MODEL
The emissions files used in the UAM are different from those used with source/
receptor modeling techniques. The UAM calculates spatial and temporal distribu-
tions of ozone and precursor concentrations. This chapter describes some of the
considerations in preparing emissions inventories for use in the UAM. Also discussed
in this chapter are issues to be considered in preparing some of the inputs required by
.the emissions preprocessor system (EPS).
The emissions inventory used in photochemical simulations are more detailed than is
generally necessary for inventories used in other techniques.
1. Emission estimates must be provided for each grid cell in the modeling
region.
2. Hourly instead of annual emission estimates must be provided.
3. The total hydrocarbon compound (THC) estimates must be chemically
speciated for each type of emission source.
The basic procedure for generating such an inventory is outlined below. In summary,
three major groups of emission sources must be spatially and temporally resolved:
on-road motor vehicles, area-wide sources, and point sources, which are further
divided into elevated and low-level point sources. The latest U.S. EPA guidance
should be followed when developing an emissions inventory that is resolved to the
county or Statistical Metropolitan Area level.
90008 39
171
-------
TREATMENT OF MOBILE SOURCES
Inventories of mobile source emissions for photochemical modeling have several
reqmremems. They must be spatially and temporally resolved to the level of the
other modeling inputs, this generally involves a resolution of * to 25 km2 for hourly
enmsion estimates. They must reflect meteorological conditions, e.g., ambient
temperature, characteristic of the pollutant episode being simulated. Motor vehicle
memories must also reflect the fleet makeup, technology, fuel characteristics, and
vetucle emission control measures appropriate for the scenario being modeled.
Differences in chemical speciation, temporal resolution, and other qualities require
that motor vehicle emissions be disaggregated into different components, such as
exhaust and evaporative. Also, individual vehicle classes (e.g., automobiles, trucks)
must be treated separately in the inventory.
The NAPAP inventory includes annual averages of criteria pollutants for each county
» the U.S. It provides emission estimates for four vehicle classes and four road
type^ as well as for gasoline marketing. Inventories developed by the states for post-
1M7 SIPs may be expected to resemble the NAPAP inventories, with the exception
that they would represent emission estimates for a particular day or season rather
than annual averages. In addition, the inventories prepared by the states are more
ikely to mcorporate region-specific characteristics of the motor vehicle fleet. The
level of sophistication required of an inventory of motor vehicle emissions for
Photochemical modeling requires a significant amount of manipulation of either the
NAPAP or post-1987 SIP inventories. Software incorporated into the EPS to
facilitate this process is described next.
One of the files input to the PREGRD program of the EPS is a file of motor vehicle
adjustment factor, (see Table 3-7 and Exhibit 3-12). These factors are used to
PAps, *«— ^ve into either
NAPAP or SIP motor veh.cle emission inventories. Eight groups of factors (see
below) are each divided into three cases representing different combinations of
mspection and maintenance (I/M) or anti-tampering programs (ATP). The first case
a the situate in which no i/M or ATP program exists in either the base or scenario
e
in effect in the scenario year only. These three cases are coded by the PREGRo"
variable INIM (0, 1, or 2, respectively).
90008 39
172
-------
The adjustment factors are based on the mobile source emission rates (exhaust and
evaporative) used by the contributing agency in calculating the total mobile emis-
sions m the unmodified inventory and the scenario-specific mobile emission rates.
The purpose and derivation of the eight groups of factors are summarized below.
1. Factors to account for changes in Reid vapor pressure (RVP) and fleet
composition between the base and scenario years. These are calculated by
dividing the episode-specific emission rates for the scenario year by epi-
sode-specific rates for the base year. The exhaust and evaporative factors
for base-year scenarios are unity (the base year being to the year for
which the unmodified inventory was developed). Running loss and refuel-
ing factors for base-year scenarios are unity only when NAPAP-85 Version
1 is used.
2. Factors to account for changes in fuel composition. These are used for
alternative fuel scenarios and modify the appropriate emission category by
the fractional amount entered into the table. These factors are 1 for
standard fuel composition.
3.
Factors to disaggregate exhaust and evaporative emissions from the
mobile source emissions category supplied by NAPAP. They represent the
fraction of total mobile emissions that is exhaust, for each vehicle class
and road type, based upon the emission factors used to create the
unmodified inventory.
Adjustment factors to implement stage U controls for refueling emis-
sions. The NAPAP .inventory provides an estimate of gasoline marketing
emissions, which PREGRD disaggregates into vehicle refueling and other
gasoline marketing emissions. The adjustment factor is the ratio of the
emission factor for refueling with stage II controls to the emission factor
for refueling without stage II controls. This factor is applied to the
disaggregated vehicle refueling emissions.
90008 39
173
-------
5. Factors to adjust inventory to an episode-specific basis, calculated by
dividing the episode-specific mobile emission rates for the base year by
the mobile emission rates used to create the unmodified inventory.
Mobile emission rates, both episode-specific and those used to create the
unmodified inventory, are calculated by the EPA model MOBILE*. Epi-
sode-specific rates incorporate temperature, control measures, and fuel
volatility information specific to the scenario being modeled, while annual
average temperatures and fuel volatilities are used to calculate emission
factors for creation of the unmodified inventory.
6. Factors to estimate running loss emissions from NAPAP-85 Version 1 or
disaggregate the running loss emissions from NAPAP-85 Version 2. This
factor is calculated either as the ratio between episode-specific running
loss emission rates and exhaust rates (when running losses have not been
included in the inventory) or as the fraction of running losses in the total
mobile emissions in the unmodified inventory.
7. Factors to adjust the exhaust portion of the mobile inventory for alde-
hydes, which are missing in the 1985 NAPAP inventory. Adjustment
factors for the aldehydes are supplied by the EPA Office of Mobile
Sources.
8. Vehicle miles traveled (VMT) growth factors, expressing a fractional
change in VMT by vehicle type from the base year to the scenario year.
Depending upon the scenario to be modeled and the method of derivation of the
ongmal mobile emissions estimates, some of these factor* may be set to one, indi-
cating no effect upon vehicle emissions.
Temporal profile codes are assigned to mobile source emissions in the PREGRD
program of the EPS. The codes used are the diurna, and weekday factors (Appendix
C, Tables C-l and C-2, respectively). Spatial distribution of mobile emissions is
handled by the program GRDEMS, which distributes mobile emissions throughout the
90008 39
174
-------
modeling region based on surrogate activity data. Appendix B explains the surro-
gates used for each class of mobile emissions.
When using an inventory of mobile-source emissions with considerably more temporal
and spatial detail than that found in NAPAP or state SIP inventories, such as an
inventory prepared for the California Air Resources Board, one can generally bypass
PREGRD and GRDEMS and reformat the mobile emissions so that they are compat-
ible with the input format specified for CENTEMS. Motor vehicle emissions can be
adjusted by providing inputs to CENTEMS that apply fractional changes, by species,
for appropriate control categories. This is accomplished by providing factors
specified in the user input file (Table 3-13, line *+) to CENTEMS. The exact steps
needed to prepare such an inventory for CENTEMS will differ from case to case.
The 1985 NAPAP emissions inventory is the standard input in the UAM emissions
preprocessing programs. If other emissions inventories are used, they must follow
the formats for PREPNT and PREGRD as described in Chapter 3. The NAPAP -
emissions inventory contains emissions data for major point and area sources, includ-
ing mobile sources. Point source records in the NAPAP inventory contain informa-
tion on source locations that can easily be translated into grid cell coordinates for
input into UAM. Since area emissions, including mobile sources, are reported on a
county-wide basis, the allocation of these emissions is necessarily more complex.
The most straightforward approach to apportioning county-wide emissions to indivi-
dual grid cells is to distribute county total emissions evenly over all grid cells within
the entire county. Although this is the simplest approach, the resulting smoothing of
the emissions data defeats the benefits of a sophisticated grid model such as the
UAM. A more ideal approach is to match each area source category with a para-
meter whose spatial distribution is known for the county. For example, county total
emissions related to residential fuel combustion could be paired with the number of
houses or population distribution, easily determined from demographic data. The
demographic data used to apportion county-wide area emissions are referred to as
90008 39
175
-------
surrogate 2 as indicated in Exhibit 3-17. To illustrate this procedure, suppose that
for the example UAM application to Atlanta there had been gridded information on
dry cleaning establishments for Fulton County (AEROS = 112260, FIP s 13121). To
inform GRDEMS of the exception, a line would be added after line 3 in the user input
file (see Table 3-8). This new line would assign surrogate code 14 to source category
79 for county 12121 (see Exhibit
Emissions from on-road motor vehicles and other mobile source categories are best
allocated by using digitized link data for roadways, railroads, airports, and marine
terminals. A link is defined as a line connecting two end points or nodes. A link may
be entirely contained in a single cell or span several cells. Each link must begin and
terminate in the same county and all links for each type within a county must be
included whether or not the link is within the modeling domain. Emissions associated
to a link type are allocated to each cell transversed by the specified link type.
Failure to digitize link lengths beyond the modeling domain for any county wiil cause
EPS to allocate the total county emissions for the link type to only those cells along
the digitized link, resulting in an overestimation of the emission for the affected
cells. If digitized data for links are not available, other gridded surrogates, such as
population, urban land use, or rural land use, may be used.
Emissions from point sources are allocated to grid cells based on the UTM coordi-
nates of each source. Emissions from point sources with missing or incomplete
location data can be treated as low-level emissions and allocated throughout the
county using an appropriate surrogate, such as "urban land use".
TEMPORAL ADJUSTMENTS USED-IN GR1DDING
Pollutant emission rates are usually reported as annual totals and must be converted
to hourly rates for use in the UAM. In general, the equation used to convert annual
average emissions in ton/yr to kg/h is
90008 39
178
-------
I
3
i
Qu
8
179
-------
hourly emissions = annual emisssions * monthly throughput » weekday factor » 907.18474
* total hours
where
annual emissions = the pollutant emissions rate (ton/yr)
monthly throughput = emissions for the Source Classification Code (SCO or
NAPAP Source Category (NSC)
weekday factor = a factor incorporating the number of days per week for the
SCC or NSC
907.184 = factor for converting tons to kg
4.345 = average number of weeks per month [(365/7)/12)]
total hours = the number of hours in the. day that emissions are produced.
In the EPS annual emission rates are adjusted to hourly emissions by applying month-
of-year, day-of-week, and diurnal factors with the program CENTEMS. Day-of-week
and diurnal profile codes are provided as inputs to CENTEMS and specified in the
merf record. The monthly factors are specified in the merf record. Monthly factors
for point source emissions are calculated from the monthly throughput data provided
by the NAPAP input; monthly factors for area and mobile emissions are assigned by
GRDEMS. The second section of the cross-reference table contains the monthly
factors and diurnal profile code for each NSC (see Table 3-9). The NSC/day-of-week
profile codes are specified in the third section of the cross-reference file. Tables C-
1 and C-2 in Appendix C lists the diurnal and weekday variation profiles and codes.
Day-specific emissions require special handling by the user. This data will need to
be put in the merf format for input to CENTEMS. The monthly factor field (VMNTH)
(see Table 3-20) changes; each record contains 12 hours of diurnal factors rather than
the monthly factors. The diurnal code (IDYCOD) is set to -1 to represent the hours 1
- 12 and -2 to represent the hours 13-24. The weekday code variable (IWKCOD) is
set to zero. This process allows the user to incorporate day-specific information
reflecting the actual diurnal operation of the stationary source.
90008 39
180
-------
CHEMICAL SPECIATION PROFILES
Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions must be spiit into the
Carbon-Bond Mechanism chemical species. NOX is spiit into the species NO and
NO^ The split for THC depends on which version of the Carbon-Bond Mechanism is
installed in the UAM. For CB-IV, THC is split into OLE, PAR, ETH, TOL, XYL,
FORM, ALD2, MEOH, ETOH, ISOP and nonreactive. The task fe performed by
CENTEMS from the information in the hydrocarbon speciation profile file (see Table
3-16 and Exhibit 3-24). Note that this profile file also contains the spiit factors for
NOX. The default spiit factors are based on the speciation profiles established in
EPA|S Air Emissions Species Manual (1988). These profiles are assigned by SCC (or
NSC) code in the speciation profile input file (Table 3-16 and Exhibit 3-24).
The split factors defined in the hydrocarbon speciation profile file are calculated
outside EPS and have units of moles of species per gram of emissions. There are four
steps to creating split factors for a profile:
(1) Obtain a chemical profile for each source type (SCC), which lists all
chemicals by weight, and normalize to 1;
(2) Assuming 1 gram of emissions, calculate the number of moles for each
compound in the profile;
(3) Spiit each compound into CB-IV chemical species (moles) based on the
compound's characteristics (Hogo and Gery, 1988); and
(4) For ail compounds in the profile, determine the total for each CB-IV
species.
To replace any default profile, first follow the above four steps. Then identify the
profile code assigned to the SCC in the hydrocarbon speciation profile file (Table
3-17) and substitute the new factors in the appropriate record of the speciation
factors file (Table 3-16), including the NOX split factors. The profile code file (Table
3-26) used as input to POSTEMS contains a description of the profile, which can be
modified to reflect the special application. However, the file is not necessary for
calculating emissions.
90008 39
181
-------
PROJECTING FUTURE-YEAR INVENTORIES
Preparation of future-year emission inventories requires adjustment of estimates of
current emissions based on estimated changes in activity levels. Activities can
include projected economic growth, population, or vehicle miles traveled. This
adjustment reflects expected changes in emissions due to changes in activity levels
only, and does not incorporate the effects of proposed control measures not included
in the base year inventory.
Mobile Sources. In addition to the effects of fleet turnover (which are calculated by
the EPA program MOBILE*), emissions from on-road motor vehicles are adjusted to
reflect projected changes in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Projected VMT is dis-
aggregated into five vehicle classes: light duty vehicles (both gasoline- and diesel-
fueled), light duty gas trucks, light duty diesel trucks, heavy duty gas trucks, and
heavy duty diesel trucks. Most projections are developed on the national level
Consequently, the VMT growth factor (which is the ratio of future year to base year
VMT) for a given vehicle class is identical for each state. Although this does not
accurately reflect changes in a state's share of the national VMT due to changing
economic and demographic patterns, more highly resolved data are not readily avail-
able.
Stationary Sources. Growth factors for stationary sources may be based on projected
levels of economic activity and population provided by the U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). The BEA Regional Projections
include estimated population as well as per capita income by industry and employ-
ment by industry. These projections incorporate the following:
Population projections, including estimated effects of immigration, mortality,
and fertility rates, from the U.S. Bureau of the Census;
Gross National Product projections from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS);
90008 39
182
-------
Components of personal income;
Civilian employment estimates, accounting for estimated unemployment rates,
from BLS; and
Estimates of distributions of employment and earnings by industry from BLS.
For emission inventory projections, the most applicable activity indicator from the
data provided by BEA is a combination of projected population growth and projected
employment by industry. In the NAPAP emissions inventory emissions records for
major point sources include the SIC code for each facility. Accordingly, growth
factors for these sources can be developed from ratios of future-year to base-year
employment levels by industry using the SIC.
Emissions from minor stationary sources and other activities (such as agricultural
field burning, vessels, and construction activities) are reported by NAPAP source
category. Some NAPAP source categories can be directly matched with a major SIC
group, in which case the projected growth for that SIC is used to adjust the emis-
sions. For other source categories, no direct pairing with an industrial category can
be made, because the category is either non-industrial or a composite of emission
sources from many industrial categories. For these sources, the most applicable
adjustment is either projected population growth (for such categories as residential
fuel use) or no growth (for categories such as forest wild fires or managed burning).
Biogenic Emissions. Biogenic emissions (naturally occurring emissions from vegeta-
tive sources) are assumed to remain constant between base and future year inven-
tories.
CONTROL SCENARIO IMPLEMENTATION
Control scenarios examine the potential reduction of emissions for selected source
categories or SCCs (the control codes for the EPS are listed in Appendix A, Table
A-3). Each NSC or SCC is assigned a specific control code in the category glossary
90008 39
183
-------
file (Table 3-15 and Exhibit 3-23). Implementation of a control strategy is
accomplished through the user input file to CENTEMS. For each control the user
must add a line at line number 4 (see Table 3-13). The inputs required are the
appropriate control code and the amount of emissions remaining after the control,
i.e., a 6% reduction will be reflected as ».9
-------
Acronyms
ADT
AEROS
AIRS
BEIS
CBM
CMSA
DWM
EKMA
EPA
EPS
FIP
FIPS
FREDS
FTP
HDGV
I/M
JCL
LDGV
LDGT
MSA
Average daily traffic
Aerometric and Emissions Reporting System
Air Information Retrieval System
Biogenics Emissions Inventory System
Carbon-Bond Mechanism (chemical kinetics mechanism)
Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area
Diagnostic Wind Model
Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach
Environmental Protection Agency
Emissions Preprocessing System
Federal Implementation Plan
Federal Information Processing Standards
Flexible Regional Emissions Data System
Federal Test Procedure
Heavy-duty gas vehicle
Inspection and maintenance
Job Control Language
Light-duty gas vehicle
Light-duty gas truck
Metropolitan Statistical Area
90008 1*1*
185
-------
merf
NAPAP
NAAQS
NEDS
NSC
QIC
RHC
ROG
ROM
RVP
SAMS
SAROAD
SCC
SIC '
SIP
SMSA
THC
TOG
TSP
UAM
uses
UTM
VMT
VOC
model emission record format
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
National Ambient Air Quality Standard
National Emission Data System
National Source Category
Old Inventory Category
Reactive hydrocarbons
Reactive organic gas
Regional Oxidant Model
Reid vapor pressure
SIP Air Management System
Storage and Retrieval Air Quality Data
Source Classification Code
Standard Industrial Classification
State Implementation Plan
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
Total hydrocarbons
Total Organic Gases
Total suspended particulates
Urban Airshed Model
United States Geological Survey
Universal Transverse Mercator
Vehicle miles traveled
Volatile organic compound
90008
186
-------
Glossary
Activity level - Any variable parameter associated with the operation of a source of
emissions which is proportional to the quantity of pollutant emitted.
Biogenic (see "Emissions")
Carbon bond mechanism - A chemical kinetics mechanism in which various hydro-
carbons are grouped according to bond type (e.g., carbon single bonds, carbon
double bonds, or carbonyl bonds). This lumping technique categorizes the reac-
tions of similar carbon bonds, whereas the molecular lumping approach groups
the reactions of entire molecules.
Cold start - Motor vehicles, emissions occurring when an engine is started while at
ambient temperature. Also called Bag 1. For catalyst-equipped vehicles,
startup of an engine which has not been operated during the previous hour. For
other vehicles, startup of an engine which has not been operated during the
previous 4 hours.
Concentration background - The concentration of a pollutant in the ambient air of a
region as measured by monitors unaffected by sources within the region (i e
by "upwind" monitors). "'
Controls, emission (stage I and stage II) - Methods of decreasing emissions can be
either behavioral (e.g., carpooiing) or technology based. Stage I and II refer to
different levels of technological reduction of vehicle refueling emissions.
Stage I is controls on gasoline delivery; Stage II is controls on gasoline sales at
the pump using vapor recovery system.
Deterioration rate - Estimated linear rate at which motor vehicle emission levels
change (increase) as the vehicle ages.
Effective stack height - The sum of the actual stack height plus the plume rise. It is
defined as the height at which a plume becomes passive and subsequently fol-
lows ambient air motion.
Emission factor - A factor usually expressed as mass pollutant/throughput or activity
level, used to estimate emissions for a given activity.
90008 W5
187
-------
Emission inventory - A list of the amount of pollutants from all sources entering the
air in a given time period. Often .includes associated parameters such as pro-
cess.
Emissions, anthropogenic - Emissions from man-made sources which can be sub-
divided into area, mobile, and point emissions.
Emissions, area - Emissions from residential, commercial, off-road vehicles, and
small industrial sources of which allocation will be assigned according to the
"land use" file.
Emissions, biogenic - Emissions from naturally occurring sources such as vegetation.
Emissions, evaporative - Emissions resulting from the volatilization of gasoline and
solvents due to rising ambient temperatures or engine heat after vehicle shut-
down.
Emissions, exhaust - Emissions resulting from the combustion processes associated
with motor vehicles.
Emissions, mobile - Emissions from on-road motor vehicles. General category which
includes emission from different operational modes, cold start, hot stabilized,
hot start, hot soak, running loses, diurnal.
Emissions, point - Emissions from large industrial sources of which location and stack
parameters (if any) are known.
Evaporative losses (see "Emissions")
Grid cell - The three-dimensional box-like cell of a grid system.
Grid layer - The horizontal layer of grid cells. The grid model domain may consist of
a number of grid layers in the vertical.
Grid model - An air quality simulation model that provides estimates of pollutant
concentrations for a gridded network of receptors, using assumptions regarding
the exchange of air between hypothetical box-like cells in the atmosphere
above an emission grid system. Mathematically, this is known as an "Eulerian"
model (cf. Trajectory model").
Hot start - Condition of motor vehicle engine that has been restarted after being
turned off, but not cooled to ambient temperature.
90008
-------
Julian date - A date reference method where days are numbered consecutively from
the arbitrarily selected point. The form of the date is YYDDD where YY is the
year and DDD is the day of year from January 1, e.g., May 3, 1990 = 90123.
Land use - A description of the major natural or man-made features contained in an
area of land or a description of the way the land area is being used. Examples
of land use include forest, desert, cropland, uran, grassland, or wetland areas.
Link - A surrogate generated to model limited access roads, airports, ports, and rail-
roads for the allocation of specific mobile and area emissions. It takes the
form of a line, or a group of lines, and allocation is performed on the basis of
link length per grid cell.
Loss, evaporative (see "Emissions")
Lumping - In chemical mechanisms, the stratagem of representing certain com-
ponents by surrogate or hypothetical species in order to reduce the assumed
number of elementary reactions to a manageable number.
Nitrogen oxides In air pollution usage nitrogen oxides (NOX) comprises nitric oxide
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).
Plume rise - The height above a stack at which exit gases rise as a result of the
buoyancy effects of the emissions (due either to higher temperature or to the
momentum of the emissions as they leave the stack).
Profile - The particular mix of hydrocarbon species in the emissions from a particu-
lar activity, such as natural gas combustion in a boiler. (See "Speciation".)
Reactivity - Measure of the tendency of a chemical to react with other species.
Receptor - A hypothetical sensor or monitoring instrument, usually a unit of a hypo-
thetical network overlaid on the map of an area being modeled. In Eulenan
"grid" models one receptor is usually assumed at the center of each grid square.
Resolution, spatial - Allocation of emissions to grid cells based on other facility
locations or spatial distribution of some surrogate indicator. (1) The process of
determining or estimating what emissions may be associated with individual
grid cells or other subcounty areas, given totals for a larger area such as a
county. (2) The degree to which a source can be pinpointed geographically in
an emission inventory.
90008,5
-------
Resolution, temporal - Disaggregation of annual or daily emissions into hourly emis-
sions. (1) The process of determining or estimating what emissions may be
associated with various seasons of the year, days of the week or hours of the
day, given annual totals or averages. (2) A measure of the smallest time inter-
val with which emissions can be associated in an inventory.
Resolution, vertical - Allocation of emissions to vertical layers based on plume cal-
culations. In regard to meteorological parameters and concentrations of pollu-
tants in ambient air, the provision (in a model) of means for taking into account
various values at different heights above ground.
Seasonal adjustment - Adjustment of emissions from annual to seasonal level,
generally based on seasonal variations in activity or temperature.
Source (see "Emissions")
Source/receptor relationship - A model that predicts ambient pollutant concentra-
tions based on precursor emission strengths. Photochemical simulation models
are one type of source/receptor relationship for ozone.
Speciation - Disaggregation of total hydrocarbons into the chemical species or
classes specific to a chemical mechanism, such as the Carbon-Bond Mechanism,
employed in a photochemical model.
SpUt factor - The factor by which total VOC emissions in a given category must be
multiplied to give VOC emissions belonging to a certain class of compounds, as
required for use in a photochemical simulation model. Also, the factor by
which NOX emissions must be multiplied to determine NO or NO2 emissions.
Stack parameters - Parameters characteristic of a stack and its associated plume, as
required for input to some models. Typically, these are stack height, inner
diameter, volume flow rate, temperature of gas (needed to calculate plume
rise).
Stage I (Stage H) (see "Controls")
Surrogate - (1) For spatial resolution, a quantity whose areal distribution is known or
has been estimated and may be assumed to be similar to that of the emissions
from some source category whose areal distribution is unknown. (2) For
growth, a quantity for which official growth projections are available and
whose growth may be assumed to be similar to that of activity in some source
category for which projections are needed.
Throughput - A measure of activity in a facility, indicating how much of a substance
is handled over a specified time period.
90008 »* 5
190
-------
Trajectory - The path (over the map of a region) described by a hypothetical parcel
of air moved by winds. The air parcel is identified as being at a given location
at a given time, and the trajectory connects its hypothetical locations at
earlier and later times of day.
Trajectory model - An air quality simulation model that provides estimates of pollu-
tant concentrations at selected points and times on the trajectories of hypo-
thetical air parcels that move over an emission grid system. Mathematically,
this is known as a "Lagrangian" model (cf. "Grid model").
Volatile organic compounds - Any hydrocarbon or other carbon compound present in
the gas phase in the atmosphere, with the exception of carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, carbonic acid, carbonates, and metallic carbides.
90008 * 5
191
-------
-------
References
DOC. 1983. "Census of Population and Housing, 1980: Master Area Reference File
(MARF) 2 Technical Documentation." U.S. Department of Commerce and
Bureau of the Census.
EPA. 1979. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for Volatile
Organic Compounds, Volume lit Emission Inventory Requirements for
Photochemical Air Quality Simulation Models. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA-450/4-79-018).
Hogo, H., and M. W. Gery. 1988. Guidelines for Using OZIPM-4 with CBM-IV or
Optional Mechanisms, Volume 1: Description of the Ozone Isopleth Plotting
Package Version 4. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-600/8-
88/073A).
Kerster, S. L. 1988. Procedures for the Preparation of Emission Inventories for
Precursors of Ozone, Volume 1 (3d edition). U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA-450/4-88-021).
Misenheimer, D. C. 1988. Emission Inventory Requirements for Post-1987 Ozone
State Implementation Plans. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-
450/4-88-019).
Shareef, G. S., W. A. Butler, L. A. Bravo, M. B. Stockton. 1988. Air Emissions
Species Manual, Volume 1: Volatile Organic Compound Species Profiles. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA-450/2-88-003a).
90008 33
19:
-------
-------
Appendix A
CODES FOR EMISSION CATEGORIES
Table A-1: Activity Codes
Table A-2: Process Codes
Table A-3: Control Codes
Table A-4: Source Category Codes
Table A-5: Hydrocarbon Speciation Profile Codes
90008 28
195
-------
-------
TABLE A-1. Activity codes used in the emissions preprocessor system.
Code
Description
100
110
111
112
113
120
130
131
132
133
134
140
141
200
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
220
230
231
240
241
242
243
244
245
260
261
262
263
270
271
280
Resource Development & Agriculture
Agricultural Production
Agricultural Crops
Agricultural Livestock
Agricultural Services
Forestry
Mining
Metal Mining
Coal Mining
Stone & Clay (Mining)
Chemicals & Fertilizer Mineral
Oil 6 Gas Extraction
Liquid Gas Production
Manufacturing & Industrial
Food & Kindred Products
Fruit'Vegetable Preservation
Grain Mill Products
Bakery Products
Vegetable Oil
Sugar Mfg./Refining
Malt Beverages
Wines 4 Brandy
Lumber & Wood Products
Paper & Allied
Pulp & Paper Mills
Chemical & Allied
Rubber & Plastics Manufacturing
Drugs
Cleaning/Toilet Preparations
Paint Manufacturing
Agricultural Chemicals
Petroleum Refining/Related
Petroleum Refining
Paving & Roofing Materials
Petroleum Coke/Briquette
Mineral Products
Glass/Glass Products
Metallurgical
90008 28
continued
197
-------
TABLE A-1.
Code
281
282
283
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
300
310
320
321
322
323
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
400
410
420
430
440
500
510
520
600
610
611
612
620
630
Continued.
Description
Iron/Steel Production
Iron/Steel Foundry
Nonferrous Metals
Misc. Manufacturing
Textiles & Apparel
Furniture & Fixtures
Fabricated Metal
Machinery
Transportation Equipment
Rubber & Plastics Fabrication
Tobacco Manufacturing
Instruments
Services & Commerce
Electric Utilities
Petroleum & Gas Marketing
Bulk Plants
Service Stations
Pipe Lines
Misc. Services
Steam Supply
Printing & Publishing
Laundry & Drycleaners
Sanitary & Water
Health Services
Educational Services
Transportation
On-road Travel
Rail Transport
Water Borne
Air Transportation
Domestic
Residential
Recreational
Misc. Activities
Construction
Building Construction
Road Construction
Natural Sources
Government
continued
90008 28
198
-------
TABLE A-1. Concluded.
Code Description
631 National Security
801 Seeps/Biogenic
802 Channel Shipping
8°3 OCS And Related Sources
8Q1* Tideland Platforms
90° Unspecified Activities
90008 28
199
-------
TABLE A-2. Process codes used in the emissions preprocessor system,
Description
Fuel Combustion
Boilers & Heaters
Boilers
Space Heaters
Orchard Heaters
Process Heaters
In-process Fuel
Stationary I.e. Engines
Turbine - Combustion Gases
Equipment
Utility Equipment
Mobi e Equipment
Waste Burning
Incineration
Conical Burner
Open Burning
Agricultural Debris
Range Improvement
Forest Management
Solvent Use
Dry Cleaning
Degreasing
Surface Coating
Asphalt Paving
350 Printing
1100 Liquid Storage & Transfer
'HO Tanks
**20 Tank Cars & Trucks
430 Marine Vessels
440 Vehicle Refueling
500 Industrial Processes
510 Chemical Processes
520 Food & Agricultural
530 • Petroleum & Related
540 Mineral Processes
550 Metal Processes
551 Primary Metal
552 Secondary Metal
553 Metal Fabrication
continued
90008 28
200
-------
TABLE A-2.
Code
560
570
600
610
620
621
630
640
650
651
652
660
661
662
700
710
720
540
550
551
552
553
560
570
600
730
740
750
801
802
803
804
900
Concluded.
Description
Wood & Paper Processes
Rubber & Plastics
Misc. Processes
Pesticide Application
Solid Waste Land Fill
Waste Disposal
Farming Operations
Construction & Demolition
Roar" Travel
nn paved Road
j w*»c Road
r'np. armed Fires
Wi'-i Fires
Structural Fires
Vehicular Sources
On- road Motor Vehicles
Off-road Motor Vehicles
Mineral Processes
Metal Processes
Primary Metal
Secondary Metal
Metal Fabrication
Wood & Paper Processes
Rubber & Plastics
Misc . Processes
Trains
Ships
Aircraft
Seeps/Biogenic
Channel Shipping
DCS And Related Sources
Tideland Platforms.
Unspecified Processes
90008 28
201
-------
TABLE A-3. Control codes used in the emissions preprocessor system,
Abbreviations are defined at the end of the table.
Code Description
99 Unspecified
101 Utility Boilers - Liquid Fuels
1°2 . Utility Boilers - Gaseous Fuels
1Q3 Refinery Boilers & Heaters - Liquid Fuel
1°4 Residential Space Heaters - Natural Gas
105 Residential Water Heaters - Natural Gas
1°7 Non-utility I.C. Engines - Gaseous
108 Utility Reciprocal - Liquids
109 Industrial Boilers
110 Cement Kilns
111 Glass Melting Furnace
H2 Marine Diesel Engines
113 Non-farm Equipment (Diesel)
114 Sulfur in Fuel
116 Utility Turbines - Liquids
11? Refinery Boilers & Heaters - Gas. Fuel
118 Steam Generators - Liquids
121 Pipeline Heaters
122 Marine Vessels - Combustion
12^ Utility Turbines - Gaseous
125 Cogeneration
126 TEOR Steam Generators - Gaseous
127 Non-utility I.C. Engines - Liquid
128 Resource Recovery
129 Boilers-Space Heaters - Liquid Fuel
130 Boilers-Space Heaters - Gas Fuel
131 Utility Reciprocal - Gaseous
201 Flares
• 301 Architectural Coatings - Oil Based
3°2 Architectural Coatings - Water Based
3°3 Architectural Coatings - Solvents
3°4 Auto Assembly Line - Surface Coating
3°5 Auto Assembly Line - Solvent Use
3°6 Can & Coil - Surface Coating
3°7 Can & Coil - Solvent Use
3°8 Metal Parts & Products - Surface Coating
309 Metal Parts & Products - Solvent Use
31° Paper - Surface Coating
311 Paper - Solvent Use
continued
90008 28
202
-------
TABLE A-3
^M^BM^MM
Code
Continued.
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
323
325
326
327
328
331
332
333
334
398
399
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
410
411
412
413
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
Fabric - Surface Coating
Fabric - Solvent Use
Degreasing - nonsynthetic & misc. (Industrial)
Degreasing - nonsynthetic & misc. (Commercial)
Cutback Asphalt Paving Materials
Dry Cleaning - nonsynthetic
Dry Cleaning - synthetic & misc.
Graphic Arts - Except Litho/Letterpress
Wood Furniture - Surface Coatings
Wood Furniture - Solvent Use
Auto Refinishing - Surface Coatings
Ships - Surface Coating
Ships - Solvent Use
Aerospace - Surface Coating
Aerospace - Solvent Use
Degreasing - Synthetic (Industrial)
Degreasing - Synthetic (Commercial)
Flatwood Products
Graphic Arts - Litho/Letterpress
Other Industrial Surface Coating
Unspecified Industrial Solvent Use
Gasoline Working Loss - Bulk Storage
Gasoline Working Loss - Tank Trucks
Gasoline Working Losses - Underground Tank
Gasoline Working Losses - Vehicle Tank
Fixed Roof Tanks at Refineries
Floating Roof Tanks at Refineries
Marine Vessel Operation - Evaporative
Oil Production Fields Storage Tanks
Marine Lightering
Gasoline Breathing Loss - Underground
Gasoline Breathing Loss - Aboveground
Refinery Valves, Flanges, & Seals
Petroleum Coke Calcining
Sulfur Recovery Units
Sulfuric Acid Plants
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units
Gas-Oil Production - Valves, Flanges, Connectors
Small Relief Valves
90008 28
continued
203
-------
TABLE A-3.
Code
508
510
511
512
513
514
515
518
519
520
522
523
524
526
530
531
532
533
534
535
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
620
f A -
621
622
623
651
711
712
Continued.
Description
Non-refinery Valves
Vegetable Oil Processing
Paint Manufacturing
Rubber Products Fabrication
Chemical Manufacturing
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Rubber- Products Manufacturing
Oil Production Steam Drive Well
Winer ies
Carbon Black Manufacturing
Pumps & Compressors
Refinery Sewers 4 Drains
Refinery Pumps & Compressors
Refinery Vacuum System
Oil Production - Pump and Compressors
Oil Production - Heavy Oil Test Station
Oil Production - Cyclic Well Vents
Oil Production - Pseudo-cyclic Well
Oil Production - Sumps and Pits
Natural Gas Plant Fugitives
Construction & Demolition
Waste Solvent Disposal
Pesticides - Synthetic
Roofing Tar Pots
Pesticides - Nonsynthetic
Aerosol Propellant - Synthetic
Aerosol Propellant - Nonsynthetic
Waste Disposal Landfill
Domestic Solvent Use
Aerosol Consum Prod Propellant
Aerosol Consum Prod Solvent
Non-aerosol Consum Prod Solvent
Agricultural Pesticide - Synthetic
Agricultural Pesticide - Nonsynthetic
Other Pesticide - Synthetic
Other Pesticide - Nonsynthetic
Unpaved City /County Road Dust
LDA - Exhaust
LDA - Hot Start
continued
90008 28
204
-------
TABLE A-3. Continued.
Code Description
713 LDA - Hot Stabilized
714 LDA - Evaporative
715 LDA - Running Losses
716 LDA - Crankcase Blowby
717 LDA - Tire Wear
718 LD - Refueling
•719 Off-road Gasoline Exhaust
720 Off-road Gasoline Evaporative
721 LOT - Cold Start
722 LOT - Hot Start
723 LOT - Hot Stabilized
724 LOT - Hot Soak Evaporative
725 LOT - Diurnal Evaporative
726 LOT - Crankcase Blowby
727 LOT - Tire Wear
731 MDT - Exhaust
732 MDT - Hot Start
_ __
733 MDT - Hot Stabilized
734 MDT - Evaporative
735 MDT - Running Losses
736 MDT - Crankcase Blowby
737 MDT - Tire Wear
738 MDT - Refueling
741 HD - Exhaust
742 HD - Evaporative
743 HDG - Hot Stabilized
744 HDG - Evaporative
745 HDG - Running Losses
746 HDG - Crankcase Blowby
747 HDG - Tire Wear
748 HDG - Refueling
751 ODD - Exhaust
753 HDD - Hot Stabilized
757 HDD - Tire Wear :
759 Off-road Diesel
761 MCY - Cold Start
762 MCY - Hot Start
763 MCY - Hot Stabilized
764 MCY - Hot Soak Evaporative
765 MCY - Diurnal Evaporative
766 MCY - Crankcase Blowby
767 MCY - Tire Wear
continued
205
-------
TABLE A-3.
Code
801
802
803
O A !•
804
805
806
807
808
809
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
821
822
823
824
825
827
831
832
833
837
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
851
852
853
854
855
857
861
862
863
Continued.
Description
Non-farm Equipment (Gasoline)
Farm
Lawn
Equipment (Diesel)
4 Garden Equip (Utility)
Off-road Motorcycles
Pleasure Craft (Boats)
Railroad Line Haul Operations
Commercial/Civil Piston Aircraft
Commercial Jet Aircraft
Farm
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
LDA -
Equipment (gasoline)
Neat - Cold Start
Neat - Hot Start
Neat - Hot Stabilized
Neat - Hot Soak
Neat - Diurnal
Neat - Crankcase
Neat - Tirewear
Cat - Cold Start
Cat - Hot Start
Cat - Hot Stabilized
Cat - Hot Soak
Cat - Diurnal
Cat - Tirewear
Dsl - Cold Start
Dsl - Hot Start
Dsl - Hot Stabilized
Dsl - Tirewear
LMDT - Neat - Cold Start
LMDT - Neat - Hot Start
LMDT - Neat - Hot Stabilized
LMDT - Neat - Hot Soak
LMDT - Neat - Diurnal
LMDT - Neat - Crankcase
LMDT - Neat - Tirewear'
LMDT - Cat - Cold Start
LMDT -
LMDT -
LMDT -
LMDT -
LMDT -
LMDT -
LMDT -
LMDT -
Cat - Hot Start
Cat - Hot Stabilized
Cat - Hot Soak
Cat - Diurnal
Cat - Tirewear
Dsl - Cold Start
Dsl - Hot Start
Dsl - Hot Stabilized
continued
206
-------
TABLE A-3. Concluded.
Code
Description
867 LMDT . Dsl - Tirewear
f73 HDT - Neat - Hot Stabilized
874 HDT - Neat - Hot Soak
875 HDT - Neat - Diurnal
876 HDT - Neat - Crankcase
877 HDT - Neat - Tirewear
883 HDT - Cat - Hot Stabilized
884 HDT - Cat - Hot Soak
885 HDT - <%,t - Diurnal
887 HDT - Lat - Tirewear
891 S*«ps/Bioger.ic
892 Chan'-i Shipping
893 OCC- ai.j Related Sources
894 Fideland Platforms
901 Forest Management Control Burning
902 Wild Fires Control Burning
9°3 Livestock Waste
999 Misc. Control Tactics
Cat = catalytic
Neat = noncatalytic
Dsl - diesel
LDA = light-duty auto
LOT = light-duty truck
LMDT = light-medium-duty truck
MDT = medium-duty truck
HDG = heavy-duty gas
HDD = heavy-duty diesel
MCY = motorcycle
207
-------
TABLE A-4. Source category codes used in the emissions
preprocessor system.
Description
100 Fuel Combustion
110 Agricultural
120 Oil and Gas Production
130 Petroleum Refining
14° Other Manufacturing/Industrial
150 Electric Utilities
160 Other Services and Commerce
17° Residential
199 Other
2°0 Waste Burning
210 Agricultural Debris
220 Range Management
230 Forest Management
2^0 Incineration
299 Other
300 Solvent Use
310 Dry Cleaning
320 Degreasing
330 Architectural Coating
3^0 other Surface Coating
350 Asphalt Paving
360 Printing
370 Domestic
380 Industrial Solvent Use
399 other
400 Petroleum Process, Storage & Transfer
410 Oil and Gas Extraction
420 Petroleum Refining
^30 Petroleum Marketing
499 other
500 Industrial Processes
510 Chemical
520 Food and Agricultural
56° Mineral Processes
570 Metal Processes
580 Wood and Paper
599 other
6°° Misc Processes
continued
90008 28
208
-------
TABLE A-4.
Code
610
620
630
640
650
660
680
685
699
700
710
720
730.
740
750
799
800
810
820
830
850
860
870
880
891
892
893
894
900
Concluded.
Description
Pesticide Application
Farming Operations
Construction and Demolition
Entrained Road Dust - Paved
Entrained Road Dust --Unpaved
Unplanned Fires
Waste Disposal
Natural Sources
Other
On Road Vehicles
Light Duty Passenger
Light and Medium Duty Trucks
Heavy Duty Gas Trucks
Heavy Duty Diesel Trucks
Motorcycles
Other
Other Mobile
Off Road Vehicles
Trains
Ships
Aircraft - Government
Aircraft - Other
Mobile Equipment
Utility Equipment
Seeps/Biogenic
Channel Shipping
OCS and Related Sources
Tideland Platforms
Unspecified Sources
90008 28
-------
TABLE A-5. Hydrocarbon speciation profile codes used in the emissions
preprocessor system. (Based on EPA, 1988)
Code Description
0000 Overall Average
0001 External Combustion Boiler - Residual Oil
0002 External Combustion Boiler - Distillate Oil
0003 External Combustion Boiler - Natural Gas
0004 External Combustion Boiler - Refinery Gas
0005 External Combustion Boiler - Coke Oven Gas
0007 Natural Gas Turbine
0008 Reciprocating Diesel Fuel Engine
0009 Reciprocating Distillate Oil Engine
0011 By-Product Coke Oven Stack Gas
0012 Blast Furnace Ore Charging and Agglomerate
0013 Iron Sintering
0014 Open Hearth Furnace with Oxygen Lance
0016 Basic Oxygen Furnace
0023 Asphalt Roofing - Spraying
0024 Asphalt Roofing - Tar Kettle
0025 Asphaltic Concrete - Natural Gas Rotary Dryer
0026 Asphaltic Concrete - In Place Road Asphalt
0029 Refinery Fluid Catalytic Cracker
0031 Refinery Fugitive Emissions-Covered Drainage/Separation Pits
0035 Refinery Fugitive Emissions - Cooling Towers
0039 Refinery Fugitive Emissions - Compressor Seals Refinery Gas
0047 Refinery Fugitive Emissions - Relief Valves, Liquified Petroleum Gas
0051 Natural Gas
0066 Varnish Manufacturing - Bodying Oil
0068 Manufacturing - Plastics - Polypropylene
0072 Printing Ink Cooking
0076 General Pesticides
0078 Ethylene Dichloride - Direct Chlorination
0079 Chemical Manufacturing - Flares
0085 Perchloroethylene - Drycleaning
0087 Degreasing - 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
0088 Degreasing - Trichlorofluoromethane (Freon 11)
0089 Degreasing - 1,1,2-Trichloroethane
0090 Degreasing - Toluene
0100 Fixed Roof Tank - Commercial Jet Fuel (Jet-A)
0121 Open Burning Dump - Landscape/Pruning
0122 Bar Screen Waste Incinerator
0127 Surface Coating - Varnish/Shellac
continued
90008 28
210
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Code Description
0166 Printing Press - Letterpress Inking Process
0182 Printing Press - Gravure General Solvent
0183 Printing Press - Gravure Printing Solvent
0195 Residential Fuel - Natural Gas
0197 Solvent Use - Domestic Solvents
0202 Solid Waste Landfill Site - Class II
0203 Solid Waste - Animal Waste Decomposition
0217 Coke Oven Blast Furnace Gas
0219 Surface Coating Paint Solvent - Acetone
0220 Paint Solvent - Ethyl Acetate
0221 Paint Solvent - Methyl Ethyl Ketone
0222 Surface Coating - Enamel - Cellosolve Acetate
0223 Surface Coating - Varnish/Shellac Solvent - Xylene
0225 Surface Coating - Primer- Mineral Spirits
0226 Surface^Coating Solvent - Ethyl Alcohol
0227 Surface Coating Solvent - Isopropyl Alcohol
0228 Surface Coating Solvent - Isopropyl Acetate
0229 Surface Coating Solvent - Lactol Spirits
0230 Fixed Roof Tank - Hexane
0271 Degreasing - Trichloroethylene
0272 Automotive Tires - Tuber Adhesive
0273 Automotive Tires - Tuber Adhesive White Sidewall
0274 Automotive Tire Production
0275 Degreasing - Dichloromethane
0277 Degreasing - Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon 113)
0282 Surface Coating Primer - Naphtha
0288 Surface Coating Solvent - Butyl Acetate
0289 Surface Coating Solvent - Butyl Alcohol
0290 Surface Coating Solvent - Cellosolve
0291 Surface Coating Solvent. - Methyl Alcohol
0292 Surface Coating Solvent - Dimethylformamide
0296 Fixed Roof Tank - Crude Oil. Production
0297 Fixed Roof Tank - Crude Oil Refinery
0299 Fixed Roof Tank - Cyclohexane
0301 Fixed Roof Tank - Heptane
0304 Printing Press - Flexographic, n-Propyl Alcohol
0305 Fixed Roof Tank - Crude Oil Marine Terminal
0307 Miscellaneous Burning - Forest Fires
0316 Pipe/Valve Flanges
continued
9oon« •> A
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Description
0321 Pump Seals - Composite
0332 Printing Press - Lithography Inking and Drying
0333 . Lithography - Inking and Drying-Direct Fired Dryer
1001 Internal Combustion Engine- - Natural Gas
1002 Chemical Menufacturing - Carbon Black Production
1003 Surface Coating Operations - Coating Application - Solvent-base Paint
1004 Plastics Production - Polystyrene
1005 Plastics Production - Polyester Resins
1006 Phthalic Anhydride - o-Xylene Oxidation - Main Process Stream
1007 Mineral Products - Asphaltic Concrete
1008 Rubber and Misc. Plastics Products - Styrene/Butadiene
1009 Plastics Production - Acrylonitrile - Butadiene - Styrene Resin
1010 Oil and Gas Production - Fugitives - Unclassified
1011 . Oil and Gas Production - Fugitives - Valves and Fittings - Liquid
Service
1012 Oil and Gas Production - Fugitives - Valves and Fittings - Gas
service
1013 Surface Coating Operations - Coating Application - Water-base Paint
1014 Gasoline - Summer Blend
1015 Gasoline - Winter Blend
1016 Surface Coating Operations - Thinning Solvents - Composite
1017 Surface Coating Operations - Coating Application - Lacquer
1018 Surface Coating Operations - Coating Application - Enamel
1019 Surface Coating Operations - Coating Application - Primer
1020 Surface Coating Operations - Coating Application - Adhesives
1021 Degreasing - Open Top - Chlorosolve
1022 Printing/Publishing - Ink Thinning Solvents - Methyl Isobutyl Ketone
OPU T6^^!!"0 Acid/Dimethy1 Terephthalate - Crystal-, Separat-, Drying Vat
024 Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate - Distillation and Recovery Vent
025 Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate - Product Transfer Vent
026 Surface Coating Operations - Thinning Solvent - Hexylene Glycol
1027 Ketone Production - Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK)
1028 Acetone - Light Ends Distillation Vent
1029 Acetone - Acetone Finishing Column
1030 Aldehydes Production - Formaldehyde - Absorber Vent
1031 Surface Coating Operations - Thinning Solvent - Ethylene Oxide
10J2 Aldehydes Production - Acrolein - Distillation System
1033 Aldehydes Production - Acrolein - Reactor Blowoff Gas
1034 Chloroprene - Butadiene Dryer
continued
90008 28 212
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Code Description
1035 Chloroprene - Chloroprene Stripper and Brine Stripper
1036 Secondary Aluminum - Pouring and Casting
1037 Organohalogens - Ethylene Dichloride - Direct Chlorination -
Distillation Ven ' .
1038 Organohalogens Production - Ethylene Dichloride - Via Oxychlorination
1039 Organohalogens Production - Ethylene Dichloride - Caustic Scrubber
1040 Fluorocarbons/Chlorofluorocarbons - General
1041 Fluorocarbons/Chlorofluorocarbons - Distillation Column
1042 Fluorocarbons/Chlo'-ofUorocarbons - Fugitive Emissions - General
1043 Acrylic Acid - Quench Absorber
1044 Organic Acids Production - Formic Acid
1045 Organic Acids Production - Acetic Anhydride - Distillation Column Vent
1046 Esters Production - Acrylates - Ethyl Acrylate
1047 Esters Production - Butyl Acrylate
1.048 Cumene Production - Cumene Distillation System Vent
1049 Cyclohexane - General
1050 Cyclohexanone/Cyclohexanol - Phenol Hydrogenation Process -
Distillation Vent
1051 Vinyl Acetate - Inert Gas Purge Vent
1052 Vinyl Acetate - C02 Purge Vent
1053 Vinyl Acetate - Inhibitor Mix Tank Discharge
1054 Vinyl Acetate - Refining Column Vent
1055 Organic Chemical Storage - Methylamyl Ketone
1056 Ethylene Oxide - Oxygen Oxidation Process Reactor - C02 Purge Vent
1057 Ethylene Oxide - Oxygen Oxidation Process Reactor - Argon Purge Vent
1058 Ethylene Oxide - Stripper Purge Vent
1059 Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) - Hydrolysis Reactor, Light Ends,
Distillation Unit
1060 Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) - Acid Distillation and MMA Purification
1061 Nitrobenzene - Reactor and Separator Vent - Washer and Neutralizer Vent
1062 Benzene
1064 Olefins Production - Ethylene - Compressor Lube Oil Vent
1065 Propylene Oxide - Chlorohydronation Process - General
1066 Styrene - General
1067 Styrene - Benzene Recycle
1068 Styrene - Styrene Purification
1069 Organic Chemical Storage - N-PropyL Acetate
1070 Alcohols Production - Methanol - Purge Gas Vent
1071 Alcohols Production - Methanol - Distillation Vent
continued
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Description
1072 Chlorobenzene - Tail Gas Scrubber
1073 Chlorobenzene - Benzene Drying Distillation
1074 Monochlorobenzene
1075 Chlorobenzene - Vacuum System Vent
1076 Chlorobenzene - DiChlorobenzene Crystallization
1077 Chlorobenzene - DiChlorobenzene Crystal Handling/Loading
1078 Railcar Cleaning - Low Vapor Press., High Viscosity Cargo (Ethylene
Glycol)
1079 Railcar Cleaning - Low Vapor Press., Medium Viscosity Cargo
(o-Dichlorobenzene)
1080 Railcar Cleaning - Low Vapor Pressure, High Viscosity Cargo
(Creosote)
1081 Tank Truck Cleaning - Med. Vapor Press., Med. Vise. Cargo (Methyl
Methacrylate)
1082 Tank Truck Cleaning - Low Vapor Pressure, Low Viscosity Cargo (Phenol)
1083 Tank Truck Cleaning - Low Vapor Press., High Vise.Cargo (Propylene
Glycol)
1084 Residential Wood Combustion (C1-C6)
1085 External Combustion Boiler - -Coal-Slurry Fired
1086 Printing/Flexographic
1087 Organic Chemical Storage/i-Butyl i-Butyrate
1088 Surface Coating Operations - Adhesive Application
1089 Secondary Metal Production - Gray Iron Foundries - Pouring/Casting
1090 Fluorocarbon Manufacturing - CF 12/11
1091 Plastics Production - Polyvinyl Chlorides and Copolymers
!nn. Synthetic Organic Fiber Production - Nylon Batch Production Process
1093 Fluorocarbon Manufacturing - CF 23/22
1094 Paint Manufacture - Blending Kettle
1095 Textile Products - General Fabric Operations - Dyeing and Curing
1096 Textile Products - General Fabric Operations - Tenter Frame
1097 Aircraft Landing/Takeoff (LTO) - Military
1098 Aircraft Landing/Takeoff (LTO) - Commercial
1099 Aircraft Landing/Takeoff (LTO) - General Aviation
1100 Gasoline Refueling
1101 Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles
1103 1-Pentene
1104 Acetaldehyde
1105 Acetic Acid
1106 Acetic Anhydride
1107 Acrolein
continued
90008 28
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Code Description
1108 Acrylic Acid
1109 Acrylonitrile
1110 Adipic Acid
1111 Aniline
1112 Benzyl Chloride
1114 Butyl Aery late-
1115 Butyl Carbitol
1116 Butyl Cellosolve
1118 Carbitol
1119 Carbon Tetrachloride
1120 Acetylene
1121 Chloroform
1122 Cresol
1123 Cumene
1124 Cyclohexanol
1125 Cyclohexanone
1126 Cyclopentene
1127 Diethylene Glycol
1128 Diisopropyl Benzene
1129 Dipropylene Glycol
1130 Dodecene
1131 Epichlorohydrin
1132 Ethanolamines
1134 Ethyl Aerylate
1135 Ethyl Benzene
1136 Ethyl Ether
1137 Ethyl Mercaptan
1138 Ethyl Dibromide
1139 Ethyleneamines
1140 Formaldehyde
1141 Formic Acid
1142 Furfural
1144 Heptenes
1145 Isobutyraldehyde
1146 Isobutyl Acrylate
1147 Isobutyl Alcohol
1148 Isoprene
1149 Methanol
1150 Methyl Acetate
continued
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Code Description
1151 Methyl Aerylate
1152 Methyl Carbitol
1153 Methyl Cellosolve
1154 Methyl Styrene
1155 Methylallene
1158 Methyl t-Butyl Ether
1159 m-Xylene
1160 Nitrobenzene
1162 N-Butyraldehyde
1163 N-Decane
1164 N-Dodecane
1165 o-Xylene
1166 Pentadecane
1167 Residential Wood Combustion
1168 Piperylene
1171 Propionaldehyde
1172 Propionic Acid
1173 Propylene Oxide
1174 p-Xylene
1175 Tert-Butyl Alcohol
1176 Toluene Diisocyanate
1178 Coal-Fired Boiler - Electric Generation
1185 Coal-Fired Boiler - Industrial
1186 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Trucks
1187 Citrus Coating
1188 Fermentation Processes
1189 Pulp and Paper Industry - Plywood Veneer Dryer
1190 Gasoline Marketed
1191 Graphic Arts - Printing
1192 Degreasing
1193 Drycleaning
1194 Auto Body Repair
1195 Degreasing Composite
1196 Drycleaning Composite
1197 Isooctane
1198 Pentane
1199 Isopentane
1200 Cyclopentane
1201 Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles
continued
90008 28 216
-------
TABLE A-5. Continued.
Code Description
1202 Primary Aluminum Production
1203 Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles - Exhaust Emissions
1204 Light-Duty Gasoline Vehicles - Evaporative Emissions
9001 External Combustion Boilers - Industrial - Average
9002 Internal Combustion - Average
9003 Industrial Processes - Average
9004 Chemical Manufacturing - Average
9005 Plastics Production - Average
9006 Synthetic Organic Fiber Production - Average
9007 Alcohols Production - Average
9008 Food and Agriculture - Average
9009 Primary Metal Production - Average
9010 Secondary Metal Production - Average
-9011 Mineral Products - Average
9012 Petroleum Industry - Average
9013 Pulp and Paper Industry - Average
9014 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products - Average
9015 Oil and Gas Production - Average
9016 Textile Products - Average
9017 Drycleaning/Degreasing - Average
9021 Surface Coating Operations - Average
9022 Solid Waste Disposal - Average
9023 Thinning Solvents - Average
9024 Petroleum Product Storage - Average
9025 Bulk Terminals - Petroleum Storage Tanks - Average
9026 Printing/Publishing - Average
9027 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products - Average
9028 Organic Chemical Storage - Average
9029 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Alcohols - Average
9030 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Alkanes - Average
9031 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Alkenes - Average
9032 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Amines - Average
9033 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Aromatics - Average
9034 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Carboxylic Acids -
Average
9035 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Esters - Average
9036 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Glycol Ethers - Average
9037 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Glycols - Average
continued
90008 28
-------
TABLE A-5. Concluded.
Description
9038 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Halogenated Organics -
Average
9039 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Isocyanates - Average
9040 Organic Chemical Storage - Fixed Roof Tanks - Ketones - Average
9041 Organic Chemical Storage - Floating Roof Tanks - Aldehydes - Average
9042 Organic Chemical Storage - Floating Roof Tanks - Alkanes - Average
9043 Organic Chemical Storage - Floating Roof Tanks - Ethers - Average
9044 Organic Chemical Storage - Floating Roof Tanks - Halogenated
Organics - Average
Organic Chemica. Storage - Pressure Tanks - Alkenes - Average
Organic Solvent Evaporation - Miscellaneous - Average
90008 23
-------
Appendix B
SURROGATES FOR AREA SOURCE CATEGORIES
90008 29
219
-------
-------
Allocation of on-road motor vehicle emissions and other mobile source
categories are best spatially distributed by using digitized roadway,
railroad, airports, and marine terminal data. Scaled road maps provided
from transportation departments provide the best means of digitizing the
roadways. However, if such digitized data are not available, other
gridded surrogates may be appropriate, such, as different types of land use
or population. The first 109 categories are the standard ones used in
current NAPAP inventories. Subsequent categories have been devised by SAI
by subdividing some of the NAPAP categories. For example, the "LDGV
Limited Access Road" category must be subdivided into evaporative and
exhaust emissions for speciation purposes. These are put into SAI
categories with code numbers greater than 109. All of these SAI
categories are labeled "SAI NSC" in the table.
Code
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Surrogate
Name
Population
Population
Population
Population
Population
Population
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Area Source Category*
Name
Residential Fuel - Anthracite Coal
Residential Fuel - Bituminous Coal
Residential Fuel - Distillate Oil
Residential Fuel - Residual Oil
Residential Fuel - Natural Gas
Residential Fuel - Wood
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Anthracite Coal
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Bituminous Coal
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Distillate Oil
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Residual Oil
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Natural Gas
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Wood
Industrial Fuel - Anthracite Coal
Industrial Fuel - Bituminous Coal
Industrial Fuel - Coke
Industrial Fuel - Distillate Oil
Industrial Fuel - Residual Oil
Industrial Fuel - Natural Gas
Industrial Fuel - Wood
Industrial Fuel - Process Gas
* Abbreviations are explained at the end of the table,
90008 29
-------
2
4
4
2
4
4
101
15
2
4
101
.15
2
4
101
15
2
4
Population 21
Urban 22
Urban 23
Population 24
Urban 25
Urban 26
Limited 27
Access Roads
Rural 28
Population 29
Urban 30
Limited 31
Access Roads
Rural 32
Population 33
Urban 34
Limited 35
Access Roads
Rural 36
Population 37
Urban 38
15 Rural
39
101 Limited 40
Access Roads
15 Rural 41
2 Population 42
4 Urban 43
15 Rural 44
4 Urban 45
1 County Area 46
1 County Area 47
103 Airports 48
10 Water 49
10 Water 50
10 Water 51
10 Water 52
On-Site Incineration - Residential
On-Site Incineration - Industrial
On-site Incineration - Commercial/Institutional
Open Burning - Residential
Open Burning - Industrial
Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional
LDGV - Limited Access Roads
LDGV - Rural Roads
LDGV - Suburban Roads
LDGV - Urban Roads
MDGV - Limited Access Roads
MDGV - Rural Roads
MDGV - Suburban Roads
MDGV - Urban Roads
HDGV Limited Access Roads
HDGV - Rural Roads
HDGV - Suburban Roads
HDGV - Urban Roads
Off Highway Gasoline Vehicles
HDDV - Limited Access Roads
HDDV - Rural Roads
HDDV - Suburban Roads
HDDV - Urban Roads
Off Highway Diesel Vehicles
Railroad Locomotives
Aircraft LTOs - Military
Aircraft LTOs - Civil
Aircraft LTOs - Commercial
Vessels - Coal
Vessels - Diesel Oil
Vessels - Residual Oil
Vessels - Gasoline
-------
4
2
15
1
15
15
5
5
2
2
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
2
4
4
2
4
4
4
4
4
.'4
4
4
4
10
4
1
4
Urban
Population
Rural
County Area
Rural
Rural
Agriculture
Agriculture
Population
Population
Population
Population
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture
Urban
Population
Urban
Urban
Population
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Water
Urban
County Area
Urban
53
54
55
56
60
61
62
63
64
66
67
63
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
Solvents Purchased
Gasoline Marketed
Unpaved Road Travel
Unpaved Airstrip LTOs
Forest Wild Fires
Managed Burning - Prescribed
Agricultural Field Burning
Frost control - Orchard Heaters
Structural Fires
Ammonia Emissions - LDGV
Ammonia Emissions - HDGV
Ammonia Emissions - HODV
Livestock Waste Management -
Livestock Waste Management -
Livestock Waste Management -
Livestock Waste Management -
Livestock Waste Management -
Livestock Waste Management -
Livestock Waste Management -
Anhydrous Ammonia Fertilizer
Beef Cattle Feed Lots
Degreasing
Dry Cleaning
Graphic Arts/Printing
Turkeys
Sheep
Beef Cattle
Dairy Cattle
Swine
Broilers
Other Chickens
Application
Rubber and Plastics Manufacture
Architectural Coatings
Auto Body Repair
Motor Vehicle Manufacture
Paper Coating
Fabricated Metals
Machinery Manufacture
Furniture Manufacture
Flatwood Products •
Other Transportation Equipment Manufacture
Electrical Equipment Manufacture
Shipbuilding and Repairing
Miscellaneous Industrial Manufacture
Miscellaneous Solvent Use
Miscellaneous Solvent Use
90008 29
-------
4
4
4
4
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
4
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Population
Population
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Urban
Range
Urban
96 Minor points - Coal boilers
97 Minor points - Oil boilers
98 Minor points - Gas boilers
99 Minor points - Other
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTWs)
Cutback Asphalt Paving Operation
Fugitive from Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacture
Bulk Terminal and Bulk Plants
Fugitive from Petroleum Refinery Operations
Process Emissions from Bakeries
Process Emissions from Pharamaceutical Manufacture
Process Emissions from Synthetic Fibers
Manufacture
Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production Fields
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal
The following categories are for evaporative emissions
101 Limited -227
Access Roads
15 Rural 228
2 Population 229
4 Urban 230
LDGV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
LDGV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
LDGV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
LDGV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
101 Limited 231 MDGV
Access Roads
15 Rural 232 MDGV
2 Population 233 MDGV
4 Urban 234 MDGV
101 Limited 235 HDGV
Access Roads
15 Rural 236 HDGV
2 Population 237 HDGV
4 Urban 238 HDGV
- Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
- Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
- Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
- Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
- Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
- Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
- Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
- Urban Roads.(SAI NSC)
15 Rural
101 Limited 240
Access Roads
15 Rural 241
2 Population
4 Urban
239 Off Highway Gasoline Vehicles (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
242
243
HDDV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
90008 29
224
-------
15 Rural 244 Off Highway Diesel Vehicles (SAI NSC)
2 Population 266 Ammonia Emissions - LDGV (SAI NSC)"
2 Population 267 Ammonia Emissions - HDGV (SAI NSC)
2 Population 268 Ammonia Emissions - HDDV (SAI NSC)
The following categories are for refueling emissions
101 Limited 327 LDGV - Limited Access Roads.(SAI NSC)
Access Roads
15 Rural 328 LDGV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
2 Population 329 LDGV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
4 Urban 330 LDGV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
101 Limited 331 MDGV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
Access Roads
15 Rural 332 MDGV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
2 Population 333 MDGV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
4 Urban 334 MDGV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
101 Limited 335 HDGV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
Access Roads
15 Rural 336 HDGV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
2 Population 337 HDGV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
4 Urban 338 HDGV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
15 Rural 339 Off Highway Gasoline Vehicles (SAI NSC)
101 Limited 340 HDDV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
Access Roads
15 Rural 341 HDDV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
2 Population 342 HDDV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
4 Urban 343 HDDV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
15 Rural 344 Off Highway Diesel Vehicles (SAI NSC)
2 Population 366 Ammonia Emissions - LDGV (SAI NSC)
2 Population 367 Ammonia Emissions - HDGV (SAI NSC)
2 Population 368 Ammonia Emissions - HDDV (SAI NSC)
The following categories are for running loss emissions
101 Limited 427 LDGV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
Access Roads
15 Rural 428 LDGV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
2 Population 429 LDGV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
4 Urban 1130 LDGV .
-------
101 Limited 431 MDGV
Access Roads
15 Rural 432 MDGV
2 Population 433 MDGV
4 Urban 434 MDGV
101 Limited 435 HDGV
Access Roads
15 Rural 436 HDGV
2 Population 437 HDGV
4 Urban 438 HDGV
15 Rural
439
15 Rural 444
2 Population 466
2 Population 467
2 Population 468
- Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
- Rural Roads (SAI"NSC)
- Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
- Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
- Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
- Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
- Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
- Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
Off Highway Gasoline Vehicles (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Limited Access Roads (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Rural Roads (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Suburban Roads (SAI NSC)
HDDV - Urban Roads (SAI NSC)
Off Highway Diesel Vehicles (SAI NSC)
Ammonia Emissions - LDGV (SAI NSC)
Ammonia Emissions - HDGV (SAI NSC)
Ammonia Emissions - HDDV (SAI NSC)
LDGV = light-duty gas vehicles
MDGV = medium-duty gas vehicles
HDGV = heavy-duty gas vehicles
HDDV = heavy-duty diesel vehicles
90008 29
-------
Appendix C
DEFINITION OF DIURNAL AND WEEKDAY VARIATION CODES
90008 30
-------
-------
TABLE C-1. Diurnal variation codes used in the emissions
preprocessor system.
Code
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
Emissions Contribution by Hour (0-23)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.1
1
1
1
1
2
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001 1 11 1 1 1 100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111100000
001111111111111
001111111111111
001111111111111
001111111111111
001111111111111
001111111111111
001111111111111
111111111111111
111111111111111
111111111111111
111111111111111
111111111111111
1555555555 510101010
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
21010 665555555 510101010
810101010 000000000000
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1-
3
2
0
1 8 8101010101010101010101010101010
Daily
8
8
8
8
3
3
8
8
8
8
8
8
16
16
16
16
.16
16
16
24
24
24
24
24
116
128
72
182
continued
30008 30
-------
TABLE C-1. Concluded.
Code
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1411
8
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Emissions Contribution by Hour (0-23)
0
0
0
0
0
3
2
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1 3 6 91010101010101010 963
2 6 6 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 1 1 310 8
344444433221100
0185923 00000000000
000000000 0283735 0 0
1
7
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
41927 050788894999399 3 3 3987050443314
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4 1 236485470727 1 68757684786556423525
1 610 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 610 8 6 4
011111100000000
1 61010101010 63333440
002222201000000
111111111111111
111111111111111
111111111111111
1 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
111111111111111
011111111111100
0 1 T 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
001111111111000
001111111111100
001111111111111
000111111111000
000111111111111
000111111111111
000111111111111
000011111110000
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Daily
118
63
41
100
100
999
999
96
6
83
11
22
23
21
19
20
12
18
10
11
17
9
13
14
15
7
joooa 30
230
-------
TABLE C-2. Weekday variation codes used in
the emissions preprocessor system.
Emissions contribution Total
Code by (Mon-Sun) • Days
1 1111100 5
2 0000011 2
3 1111100 5
4 1111100 5
5 1111100 5
6 1111110 6
7 1111111 7
1111122 9
1010101010 74 61
5555544 33
90003 30
-------
-------
Appendix D
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS INVENTORY SYSTEM (BEIS)
Prepared by
R. T. Wang
S. C. Gerry
J. S. Newson
A. R. Van Meter
R. A. Wayland
Computer Sciences Corp.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
J. M. Godowitch
Ken Schere
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Atmospheric Science Modeling Division
-------
-------
Appendix D
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS INVENTORY SYSTEM (BEIS)
The Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) is a stand-aione processor that pre-
pares biogenic emissions data for use in the UAM. BEIS first merges county-level
land area data and biomass density data (fiie CNTYBIO, provided by EPA) to calcu-
late biomass information, and grids these data based on a county-to-grid allocation
file (file CNTYALO, provided by the user). The program next adjusts the biomass
values using correction factors computed with meteorology data supplied by (1) the
user (file RAWMET), (2) UAM meteorology preprocessors (files TPBIN and WDBIN),
and (3) EPA (file FLUX). BEIS then calculates emission rates for four chemical
species (monoterpenes, a-pinenes, isoprenes, and unknowns) and groups them into
emission rates for five Carbon Bond Mechanism IV (CBM-IV)1 species: olefins,
paraffins, isoprenes, aldehydes, and nonreactives.2 BEIS also calculates emission
rates for nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). The BEIS output file (BIBIN)
can be used directly by the UAM, or it can be merged with the UAM area-source
emissions file (using the program MRGEMS) before being input to the UAM. The
BEIS flow of information is shown in Figure D-l.
M.W. Gery, G. Z. Whitten, J. P. Killus, and M. C. Dodge. 1989. A photochemical
kinetics mechanism for urban and regional scale computer modeling. Journal of
Geophysical Research, 94; 12.925-12.956.
2
Although the current version of BEIS calculates emission rates for nonreactives. it does
not ouiput this information because ;he UAM does not use this species.
-------
UAM PREPROCESSOR
DATA
USER -SUPPUED DATA
METEOROLOGY COUNTY ALLOCATION
RAWMET ) (CNTYALO)
DATA SUPPUED
TO THE USER
BY EPA
FIGURE D-l. UAM stand-alone biogenics processor.
-------
INPUT AND OUTPUT FILES
WDBIN is produced by the UAM winds preprocessor and contains hourly, gridded sur-
face wind speed data. This file is read using the READ and FORMAT statements
listed below; the READ loop for the u-component and v-component wind speeds
[WWX(I,J) and WWY(I,J)] also includes a conversion from meters per hour to meters
per second, and a calculation of the true wind speed from the two components. The
variables included in WDBIN are listed in Table 1 (tables appear at the end of the
appendix). Three variables that appear below control the reading of records 6 and 7
"in Table 1: NZLY is the number of layers in the domain, CCOLS is the number of
columns in the domain, and CROWS is the number of rows in the domain.
READ (18) IFILE, NOTE, NSEG, NSPECS, JOATE, BEGTIM, IDATE, ENOTIM
READ (18) ORGX, ORGY, IZONE, UTMX, UTMY, DELTAX, DELTAY,
& NX, NY, NZ, NZLOWR, NZUPPR, HTSUR, HTLOW, HTUPP
READ (18) IX, IY, NXCLL, NYCLL
READ (18,END=999) WDATE, TOATA, JDATE, TNEXT
READ (18) ISEG, REF, XMX, YMX, WEST, EAST, SOUTH, NORTH
0090K = 1, NZLY
READ (18) ISEG, WINDX, ((WWX(I, J), 1=1, CCOLS),J = 1, CROWS)
READ (18) JSEG, WINDY, ((WWY(I, J), 1=1, CCOLS),J = 1, CROWS)
TPBIN
TPBIN is produced by the UAM temperature preprocessor and contains hourly, grid-
ded temperature data. This file is read using the READ and FORMAT statements
listed below; as in the WDBIN READ statements, CCOLS is the number of columns in
the domain and CROWS is the number of rows in the domain. The variables included
in TPBIN are listed in Table 2.
-------
READ(17) IFILET, NOTET, NSEGT, NSPECST, IDATET, BEGTIMT.
& JDATET, ENDTIMT
REAO(17) ORGXT, ORGYT, IZONET, UTMXT, UTMYT, DELTAXT, DELTAYT,
& NXT, NYT, NZT, NZLOWRT, NZUPPRT, HTSURT, HTLOWT, HTUPPT
READ(17) IXT, IYT, NXCLLT, NYCLLT
READ (17,END=999) IBGDAT, BEGTIME, IENOAT, ENDTIM
READ (17) ISEG, (MNAME(M), M-1,10), ((TSFC(I, J),
& I-l.CCOLS), J-l,CROWS)
RAWMET
RAWMET contains surface meteorology information on relative humidity, cloud
coverage, and cloud height. The file addresses only one station within the particular
UAM domain. Thistle is read using the READ and FORMAT statements listed
below and contains the variables listed in Table 3.
READ (16, 1001, END=600, IOSTAT=IOST9) STATID, YR, IM ID
& MTHOUR, LAT, LONG
1001 FORMAT (IX, 15.5, 412, F6.2, F7.2)
READ (16, 1021, END=75 , ERR=80 )
& RELHUM, COVER, DESCRI,
& PERCNT(1),HGT(1),PERCNT(2),
& HGT(2),PERCNT(3),HGT(3)
1021 FORMAT (IX, F5.4, F5.0, 13, IX, 3(1X, F4.0, F6.0))
CNTYBIO
CNTYBIO contains the following data, at a county level, for the contiguous United
States: (1) hectare values for canopy, noncanopy, and urban tree areas; and (2)
canopy biomass density (kg/ha) for oak species, other deciduous species, and conifer-
ous species, by month. Biomass density (kg/ha) for noncanopy species are not
included in CNTYBIO but instead are contained within the BEIS main program. For
each county, CNTYBIO also contains 12 on/off flags for the noncanopy biomass
density (one flag for each month), and each flag has a value of 0 or 1. For each
month, the flag's value is multiplied by the noncanopy biomass density value (kg/ha)
-------
contained within BEIS; thus, if the flag is set to zero (as it might be for the winter
months), there is no noncanopy biomass density for that month and therefore no non-
canopy biogenic emissions. CNTYBIO contains the variables listed in Tables 4a and
FLUX
FLUX contains actinic (spherically integrated) flux data. The file's gridded columns
represent ten zenith angles: 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60° , 70°, 78°, and 86°. The
52 rows in the grid represent different wavelengths of the solar spectrum, from 290
nm (ultraviolet) to 800 nm (near infrared); the wavelengths are in increments of 10
nm. This file is read using the READ and FORMAT statements listed below and con-
tains the variables listed in Table 5.
DO 5 1=1,52
READ(15,100) (XJ(I.J), J-1,10)
100 FORMAT(10F10.7)
5 CONTINUE
CNTYALO
CNTYALO contains the county allocation for each grid cell; in other words, each
record in the file contains the percent of a given county that is in a given grid cell.
To speed processing, the file should be ordered by FIPS county code. CNTYALO is
read using the READ and FORMAT statements listed below and contains the
variables listed in Table 6.
REAO(19, 1051, IOSTAT = IOST1) CTYALLO, ALLCOL, ALLROW, ALLPER
1051 FORMAT(1X, 15, IX, 13, IX, 13, F7.3)
-------
BIBIN contains hourly gridded biogenic emission rates for olefins, paraffins,
isoprenes, aidehydes, NO, and NO2. This file is written using the WRITE and
FORMAT statements listed below and contains the variables listed in Table 7. Two
variables that appear in the set of WRITE statements but that are not contained in
BIBIN are defined as follows: NCOLS1 is the number of columns in the domain and
NROWS1 is the number of rows in the domain (values for these variables are input
using the DCL file).
WRITE (9) AFILE,ANOTE,NSEG,NSPECS4fJDATE,BEGTIM,IDATE,ENDTIM
WRITE (9) ORGX,ORGY,IZONE,UTMX,UTMY,DELTAX,DELTAY,NX,NY,
& NZ,NZLOWR,NZUPPR,HTSUR,HTLOW,HTUPP
WRITE (9) IX.IY.NXCLL.NYCLL
WRITE (9) ((MSPECB(I,J),I=1,10),J=1,NSPECS4)
WRITE (9) JYYDOO, RHOUR, JYYDOO, NEXTHR
00 895 K= 1, NSPECS4
WRITE (9) ISEG,(MSPECB(M,K),M=1,10),((FINEMIS(I,J,K),
& 1 = 1, NCOLS1),J = 1,NROWS1)
895 CONTINUE
EQUATIONS USED
For a scientific overview of the calculations performed by BEIS, refer to the
attached paper, "Development of a Biogenic Emissions Inventory System for
Regional-Scale Air Pollution Models" (paper 90-94.3), presented at the 83rd Air and
Waste Management Association Annual Meeting (June 24-29, 1990, Pittsburgh, PA).
-------
CONTROL CARDS
The control cards shown below are used to input control data; on the first one, the
entries must be separated by commas, as shown. The variables are defined in Table
8. To indicate the end of the list of FIPS county codes, a value of -9999 must be
input. A control card example is contained in the JCL file shown on pages 242-243.
SDATE,SHOUR,EDATE,EHOUR,MONTH,NCOLS1,NROWS1,GMT
NUMCNTY
COUNTY(I)
RESOURCE SUMMARY FOR A 40-COLUMN, 40-ROW,
24-HOUR SCENARIO ON AN IBM 3090 V
Memory Requirements
FORTRAN source file: 99,840 bytes
Object file: 58,380 bytes
Executable file: 47,104 bytes
Execution Time Requirements (Representative Values for a 24-Hour Scenario)
Charged CPU time (hh:mm:ss) 00:00:43
Virtual address space: 12,796
Space Requirements: Log and Print Files
BEIS.LOG: 104,448 bytes
Print files: None
-------
Space Requirements: Input and Output Files
Table 9 shows the input file and output file space requirements.
Space Requirements: Tape Files
None
JCL FILE FOR A TYPICAL RUN ON AN IBM 3090 VI
//UIDXXX JOB (ACCOUNT,BIN!),' J. USER1 ,MSGCLASS=F,
// PRTY»2,TIME-(0,45),NOTIFY=VMQ
//*
/*ROUTE PRINT HOLD
//STEP1 EXEC PGM=8EIS
//STEPLIB DO DSN=DUMMY.UAM.LOAD,DISP=SHR
//*THIS IS THE INPUT FILE
//DATA1 DO DSN=DUMMY.CNTYBIO,DISP=SHR,
// DCB=(DSORG=DA,RECFM=U,LRECL=724)
//FT19F001 DO DSN=OUMMY.UAM.ATL.CNTYALO,DISP=SHR
//FT16F001 DO OSN=OUMMY.UAM.ATL.RAWMET,DISP*SHR
//FT14F001 DO DSN=OUMMY.UAM.FLUX,DISP=SHR
//FT18F001 DO OSN=OUMMY.UAMW.PREOUT.B.J4.WIND(ATL),DISP=SHR
//* SPACE=(TRK,(100,10)),UNIT=SYSDA,
//* OCB=(OSORG«OA,RECFM=U,LRECL=724)
//FT17F001 DO DSN=OUMMY.UAMW.PREOUT.B.J34.TMPR(ATL),DISP=SHR
//* SPACE=(TRK,(100,10)),UNIT=SYSOA,
//* DCB=(DSORG=OA,RECFM=U,LRECL=724)
//* THIS IS THE OUTPUT FILE
//FT09F001 DO DSN=UIDACCT.UAM.ATL.JUN4.BIBIN,
// DISP=(NEW,CATLG,CATLG),
// SPACE=(CYL,(100,10),RLSE),UNIT=SYSDA,
// DCB=(RECFM=UVB,LRECL=6444,BLKSIZE=6448)
//FT05F001 DO *
84156,00,84156,24,06,40,40,05
45
1017
1111
13011
13013
-------
13015
13035
13045
13055
13057
13063
13067
13077
13085
13089
13097
13113
13115
13117
13121
13129
13135
13137
13139
13143
13149
13151
13157
13159
13169
13171
13187
13199
13207
13211
13217
13219
13223
13227
13231
13233
13247
[PB113255
13285
13297
13311
-9999
/*
//*THIS IS END OF DATA
-------
MAIN PROGRAM, SUBROUTINES, AND FUNCTIONS REQUIRED
Main Program
BEIS -
Subroutines and Functions
BIOMASS
CLDATN
CORRECT
FLXEIN
IBLKR
IOCL
JULIAN
RDREC
SOLENG
SOLRAN
90008
-------
- TABLE 1. WDBIN variables.
Record
Number
1
2
3
Variable
Number
1
2
3
4
5
• 6
7
3
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 -
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Variable
Name
IFILE
NOTE
NSEG
- NSPECS
JDATE
BEGTIM
IDATE
ENDTIM
ORGX
ORGY
IZONE
UTMX
UTMY
DELTAX
DELTAY
NX
NY
N2
NZLOWR
NZUPPR
HTSUR
HTLOW
HTUPP
IX
IY
Data
Unit Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real*4
Integer*4
Real»4
m - Real*4
m Real»4
Integer*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
m Real»4
m Real*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
m Real»4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Description
File name
File identifier
Number of segments
Number of species
Beginning date of the file
(Julian)
Beginning hour of the file
Ending date of the file
(Julian)
Ending hour of the file
x coordinate (UTM unit)
y coordinate (UTM unit)
UTM zone
x location
y location
Cell size in x direction
Cell size in y direction
Number of cells in x direction
Number of cells in y direction
Number of cells in z direction
Number of cells between
surface layer and diffusion
break
Number of cells between
diffusion break and top of
region
Height of surface layer
Minimum height of cell between
surface layer and diffusion
break
Minimum height of cell between
diffusion break and top of
region
x location of segment origin
with respect to origin of
modeling region
y location of segment origin
with respect to origin of
modeling region
continued
-------
TABLE 1. concluded
Record
Number
4
5
Variable
Number
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
The following two
6
7
40
41
42
43
44
45
Variable
Name
NXCLL
NYCLL
WDATE
TDATA
JDATE
TNEXT
ISEG
REF
XMX
YMX
WEST
EAST
SOUTH
NORTH
records are
ISEG.
WINDX
WWX(I,J)»
JSEG
WINDY
WWY(I,J)»
Data
Unit Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real»4
Integer*4
Real*4
Integer*4
m Real»4
m/h Real»4
m/h Real*4
m/h Real*4
m/h Real*4
m/h Real*4
m/h Real*4
repeated for each layer
Integer*4
Real»4
m/h Real*4
Integer*4
Real»4
m/h Real*4
Description
Number of cells in x direction
Number of cells in y direction
Beginning date -for each time
interval (Julian)
Beginning hour for each
time interval
Ending date for each time
interval (Julian)
Ending hour for each time
interval
Segment number
Anemometer height
Maximum absolute value of
u-component data
Maximum absolute value of
v-component data
Average wind speed at
west boundary
Average wind speed at
east boundary
Average wind speed at
south boundary
Average wind speed at
north boundary
in the domain:
Segment number
Variable name
u-component wind speed
Segment number
Variable name
v-component wind speed
* The indices i and j. (variables 42 and 45) refer to the grid column
number and row number, in that order.
-------
TABLE 2. TPBIN variables.
Record Variable
Number Number
1 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2 9-
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
3** i.
24
Variable
Name
IFILET
NOTET
NSEGT
NSPECST
IDATET
BEGTIMT
JDATET
ENDTIMT
ORGXT
ORGYT
IZONET
UTMXT
UTMYT
DELTAXT
DELTAYT •
NXT
NYT
MZT
NZLOWRT
NZUPPRT
HTSURT
HTLOWT
HTUPPT
I XT
Data
Unit Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real»4
Integer*4
Real*4
m Real»4
m Real*4 .
Integer*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
Integer*4
Description
File name
File identifier
Number of segments
Number of species
Beginning date of the
file (Julian)
Beginning hour of the
file
Ending date of the file
(Julian)
Ending hour of the file
x coordinate (UTM unit)
y coordinate (UTM unit)
UTM zone
x location
y location
Cell size in x direction
Cell size in y direction
Number of cells in x
direction
Number of cells in y
direction
Number of cells in z
direction
Number of cells between
surface layer and diffusion
break
Number of cells between
diffusion break and top of
region
Height of surface layer
Minimum height of cell between
surface layer and diffusion
break
Minimum height of cell
between diffusion break
and top of region
x location of segment origin
with respect to origin of
modeling region
concinued
-------
TABLE 2. concluded
Record Variable Variable
Number Number Name
Unit
Data
Type
Description
4
5
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
IYT
NXCLLT
NYCLLT
IBGDAT
BEGTIME
I END AT
ENDTIM
ISEG
MNAME(M)*
TSFC(I,J)»
Integer*4
Integer***
Integer*4*
Integer*!*
Real»4
Integer*1*
Real*4
Integer*1*
Real*4
K Real*4
y location of segment origin
with respect to origin of
modeling region
Number of cells in x direction
Number of cells in y direction
Beginning date for each
time interval (Julian)
Beginning hour for each
time interval
Ending date for each time
interval (Julian)
Ending hour for each time
interval
Segment number
Variable name
Surface temperature
* The index m (variable 33) refers to a letter in the name of the temperature
variable. The indices i and j (variable 34) refer to the grid column number
and row number, in that order.
90008
-------
TABLE 3. RAWMET variables.
Record
Number
1
2
Variable
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15'
16
Variable
Name
STATID
YR
IM
ID
MTHOUR
LAT
LONG
RELHUM
COVER
DESCRI
PERCNT( 1 )
HGT( 1 )
PERCNT(2)
HGT(2)
PERCNT(3)
HGT(3)
Data
Unit Type
Integer*^
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
°N Real*4
°W Real*4
Real*4
% Real»4
Integer*4
% Real*4
m Real*4
% Real»4
m Real*4
% Real*4
m Real»4
Description
Station ID number
Scenario year
Scenario month
Scenario day
Scenario hour
Latitude
Longitude
Relative humidity
(decimal fraction)
Total opaque sky cover
Total sky coverage
(National Weather Service
coded form) :
0 = clear
1 = partial obscuration
2 = thin scattered
3 = thin broken
4 = thin overcast
5 = scattered
6 = broken
7 = overcast
8 = obscured
-99 = indeterminate
Coverage, lowest cloud layer
Lowest cloud layer base height
Coverage, second-lowest
cloud layer
Second-lowest cloud layer
base height
Coverage, third- lowest
cloud layer
Third-lowest cloud layer
base height
-------
TABLE 4a. CNTYBIO header variables.
Record Variable Variable Data
Number Number Name Type
1 1
2
Description
FCOUNT Integer»4 Number of FIPS counties
FIPS(I) Integer*4 Listing of FIPS county codes
TABLE 4b. CNTYBIO record variables.
Record Var .
Number No .
2+ 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Array
Number
AREC( 1 )
AREC(2)
AREC(3)
AREC(4)
AREC(5)
AREC(6)
AREC(7)
AREC(8)
AREC(9)
AREC(10)
AREC(11)
AREC(12)
AREC(13)
AREC(14)
AREC(15)
Logical
Name Unit
AFLAG( 1 )
AFLAG(2)
AFLAG(3)
AFLAG(4)
AFLAG(5)
AFLAG(6)
AFLAG(7)
AFLAG(8)
AFLAG(9)
AFLAG(10)
AFLAG(H)
AFLAG(12)
ROAK ha
RDECID ha
RCONIF ha
Data
Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
. Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real*4
Real*4 '
Real*4
Description
January noncanopy biomass
density flag
February noncanopy biomass
density flag
March noncanopy biomass
density flag
April noncanopy biomass
density flag
May noncanopy biomass
density flag
June noncanopy biomass
density flag
July noncanopy biomass
density flag
August noncanopy
biomass density flag
September noncanopy
biomass density flag
October noncanopy
biomass density flag
November noncanopy
biomass density flag
December noncanopy
biomass density flag
Oak forest area
Deciduous forest area
Coniferous forest area
continued
90008
-------
TABLE 4b. continued
Record Var.
Number No.
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41 '
42
43
44
45
Array
Number
AREC(16)
AREC(17)
AREC(18)
AREC(19)
AREC(20)
AREC(21)
AREC(22)
AREC(23)
AREC(24)
ARECC25)
AREC(26)
AREC(27)
AREC(28)
AREC(29)
AREC(30)
AREC(3D
AREC(32)
AREC(33)
AREC(34)
AREC(35)
AREC(36)
AREC(37)
AREC(38)
AREC(39)
AREC(40)
AREC(41)
AREC(42)
AREC(43)
AREC(44)
AREC(45)
Logical
Name
UOAK
UDECID
UCONIF
AUSE(1)
AUSE(2)
AUSE(3)
AUSE(4)
AUSE(5)
AUSE(6)
AUSE(7)
AUSE(8)
AUSE(9)
AUSE(10)
AUSE( 1 1 )
AUSE(12)
AUSEO3)
AUSE(14)
AUSE(15)
AUSE(16)
AUSE(17)
AUSE(18)
AUSE(19)
BIODEN(1,1)»
BIODEN(1,2)
BIODEN(1,3)
BIODEN(1,4)
BIODEN(1,5)
BIODEN(1,6)
BIODEN(1,7)
BIODEN(1,8)
Unit
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha
Data
Type
Real*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real»4
Real»4
Real*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real»4
Real*4
Real»4
Real*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real»4
Real»4
Real»4
Real»4
Real*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real»4
Real»4
Real*4
Real»4
Real»4
Real»4
Real*4
Description
Urban oak forest area
Urban deciduous forest
area
Urban coniferous forest
area
Alfalfa area
Sorghum area
Hay area
Soybean area
Corn area
Potato area
Tobacco area
Wheat area
Cotton area
Rye area
Rice area
Peanut area
Barley area
Oats area
Scrub area
Grass area
Urban grass area
Miscellaneous crops area
Water area
January biomass density for
Oak — high isoprene
Oak — low isoprene
Oak — no isoprene
Coniferous biomass density in
oak forest
Deciduous — high isoprene
Deciduous — low isoprene
Deciduous — no isoprene
Coniferous biomass density in
deciduous forest
continued
(I,J), I = month, J r species
90003
-------
TABLE 4b. concluded.
Record
Number
Var.
No.
46
47
48
49
Array
Number
AREC(46)
AREC(47)
AREC(48)
AREC(49)
Logical
Name
BIODEN( 1
BIODEN( 1
BIODEN( 1
BIODEN( 1
,9)
JO)
,11)
,12)
Unit
kg/ha
kg/ha
kg/ha-
kg/ha
Data
Type
Real»4
Real»4
Real*4
' Real»4
Description
Coniferous — high isoprene
Coniferous — low isoprene
Coniferous — no isoprene
Coniferous biomass density
coniferous forest
in
50 AREC(50) BIODEN(2,1) kg/ha Real»4
51 ARECC5D BIODEN(2,2) kg/ha Real*4
February biomass density for
Oak—high isoprene
Oak—low isoprene
61 AREC(61) BIODEN(2,12) kg/ha Real»4
Coniferous biomass density in
coniferous forest
March biomass density for
December biomass density for
181 AREC(181) BIODEN(12,12)kg/ha Real*4
Coniferous biomass density in
coniferous forest
record per county identified by FIPS county code.
-------
TABLE 5. FLUX variables.
Record Variable Variable
Number Number Name
Unit
Data
Type
Description
XJ(1,2)
XJ(1,3)
Actinic flux at
photons/cnr/s Real*U Wavelength = 290 nm,
zenith angle = 10
photons/cnr/s Real*U Wavelength = 290 nm,
zenith angle = 20
photons/cm2/s Real*4 Wavelength = 290 nra,
zenith angle = 30
52
520
XJ(52,10) photons/cm2/s Real*4 Wavelength = 800 nm,
zenith angle = 86
TABLE 6. CNTYALO variables.
Record
Number
1
Variable
Number
1
2
Variable
Name Unit
CTYALLO
ALLCOL
Data
Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Description
FIPS county code
Column number of a grid cell that
ALLROW
ALLPER
lies within (or partially within)
the county read in
Integer*4 Row number of a grid cell that lies
within (or partially within) the
county read in
Real*4 Percentage of the county that lies
in the grid cell defined by the
values in ALLCOL and ALLROW
(Number of columns times number of rows)
-------
TABLE 7. BIBIN variables.
Record Variable
Number Number
1 . 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2 9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Variable
Name
AFILE
ANOTE
NSEG
NSPECS4
JDATE
BEGTIM
I DATE
ENDTIM
ORGX
ORGY
I ZONE
UTMX
UTMY
DELTAX
DELTAY
NX
NY
NZ
NZLOWR
NZUPPR
HTSUR
HTLOW
HTUPP
Data
Unit Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real»4
Integer*4
Real»4
m Real*4
m Real»4
Integer*4
m Real*4
m Real*4
m Real»4
m Real*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
m Real*4
m Real»4
m Real»4
Description
File name
File identifier
Number of segments
Number of species
Beginning date of the file
(Julian)
Beginning hour of the file
Ending date of the file
(Julian)
Ending hour of the file
x coordinate (UTM unit)
y coordinate (UTM unit)
UTM zone
x location
y location
Cell size in x direction
Cell size in y direction
Number of cells in x
direction
Number of cells in y
direction
Number of cells in z
direction
Number of cells between
surface layer and diffusion
break
Number of cells between
diffusion break and top
of region
Height of surface layer
Minimum height of cell
between surface layer
and diffusion break
Minimum height of cell
between diffusion break and
top of region
continued
-------
TABLE 7. concluded
Record
Number
3
4
5
Variable
Number
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Variable
Name Unit
IX
IY
NXCLL
NYCLL
MSPECB(I,J)
JYYDDD
RHOUR
JYYDDD
NEXTHR
The following record is repeated for each
6
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
ISEG
MSPECB(M,K)
FINEMIS(I,J,1) mol/h
FINEMIS(I,J,2) mol/h
FINEMIS(I,J,3) mol/h
FINEMIS(I,J,4) mol/h
FINEMIS(I,J,5) mol/h
FINEMIS(I,J,6) mol/h
Data
Type
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real»4
Integer*4
Real*4
species:
Integer*4
Integer*4
Real*4
Real*4
Real»4
Real*4
Real»4
Real»4
Description
x location of segment origin with
respect to origin of modeling
region
y location of segment origin with
respect to origin of modeling
region
Number of cells in x direction
Number of cells in y direction
Species in the header
Beginning date for each
time interval (Julian)
Beginning hour for each
time interval
Ending date for each
time interval (Julian)
Ending hour for each
time interval
Segment number
Variable name
Nitric oxide emission rate
Nitrogen dioxide emission
rate
Paraffins emission rate
Olefins emission rate
Aldehydes emission rate
Isoprenes emission rate
Note: The indices i and J (variable 28) refer to the species-name letter and the
species number for which the letters are being read in, respectively; the indices m and
k (variable 34) are defined the same way. The indices i, J, and k (variables 35-40)
refer to the grid column number, grid row number, and species numbe,r, in that order.
-------
TABLE 8. Control card variables.
Record
Number
1
2
Variable
Name
SDATE
SHOUR
EDATE
EHOUR
MONTH
NCOLS1
NROWS1
GMT
NUMCNTY
Description
Scenario starting date (Julian)
Scenario starting hour
Scenario ending date (Julian)
Scenario ending hour
Month of scenario
Number of columns
Number of rows
Number of hours from GMT
Number of counties to be processed
COUNTY(I) FIPS codes of counties to
be processed
TABLE 9. I/O file space requirements.
File File Storage Scenario
Group Name (in bytes) Data Span
TPBIN
RAWMET
CNTYBIO
FLUX
CNTYALO
153,088
58,880
2,265,600
5,120
1,8432
4,017,664
48 h
48 h
1 y
Output BIBIN
6,722,560
48 h
90008 >*2
256
-------
90-94-. 3
Development of a Biogenic Emissions Inventory System for
Regional Scale Air Pollution Models
by
Thomas E. Pierce
Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
Brian K. Lamb
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Washington State University
Pullman, WA 99164-2910
Allan R. Van Meter
Computer Sciences Corporation
PO Box 12767
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
On assignment from the National Oceanic and
. Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce
Paper No. 90-94.3
The 83rd Air and Waste Management Association Annual Meeting
June 24-29, 1990
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
-------
90-94.3
INTRODUCTION
The abundance of naturally-occurring hydrocarbons in the atmosphere has
been recognized for at least ZO^ears . It was not until recently,
however, that modeling studies ' suggested the need to consider biogenic
hydrocarbon emissions for estimating the production of photochemical oxidant
smog. Even before the publication of these studies, EPA in 1986 reported on
the development of a computer algorithm for estimating biogenic emissions6.
This system, called the Biogenic Emissions Software System (BESS), was
designed to produce hourly gridded hydrocarbon emissions for an early version
of the Regional Oxidant Model (ROM). More or less parallel to the efforts at
the EPA, researchers at Washington State University7 devised a method for
estimating seasonal, county-wide hydrocarbon emissions across the United
States. These estimates were used for early parts of the National Acid
Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). In preparing for the 1985 NAPAP
emissions inventory and while testing later versions of the ROM8, researchers
at Washington State University and EPA collaborated on combining features of
their two biogenic emission systems. An outcome of this collaboration was
the development of a generalized scheme that could estimate hourly gridded
biogenic hydrocarbon emissions for use with either the ROM or the Regional
Acid Deposition Model (RADM).
This paper discusses the formulation of this new system, called the
Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS), and presents some estimates
provided by BEIS. This paper also serves as a companion paper to Roselle and
Schere who report on a sensitivity study of ROM to changes in biogenic
emissions. .
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION
Calculations with the Biogenic Emissions Inventory System (BEIS) require
consideration of biomass, emission, and environmental factors. The basic
equation for these calculations can be expressed as follows:
ER1 - Z (BFj EF^ F(S,T)]
where ER is the emission rate (in g/sec per model grid cell), i is the
BFe^Cti/?!!reK/SUCh aS isop';ene or -onoterpene). J is the vegetation type,
Mn« ^ , i??S? faCt°r Un g/m }' *" is the c»ission factor (ng/g-i
radial S ^ ^V l> " envircnjnel*al fac^ which accounts forlolar
radiation S and leaf temperature T.
Biomass Factors
bi°"a" for <"orested areas and acreages for non-forested areas are
^ ,"*!, ^ *** °* ***** Nati°nal Laboratory » Geoecology
earv TO's ?nn V"? T ?' ^ °f " ^^^^ely dating back to the
early 1970 s. consist of county-level .acreages for forest types, agricultural
crops, and other areas such as urban, 'grassland, and water
-------
90-94.3
In the Geoecology Data Base, forested areas are classified by one of
about 100 forest types. Lacking detailed information on forest biomass and
emission factors, each forest type is simply grouped into either oak, other
deciduous, or coniferous. Relationships suggested by Lamb are used to
partition the leaf biomass for each forest group into four emission
categories: (1) high isoprene deciduous, (2) low isoprene deciduous, (3) no
isoprene deciduous, and (4) coniferous. These biomass factors are listed in
Table I.
TABLE I.
coniferous groups.
Emission category
Forest
group
Oak
High isoprene
deciduous
185
Other deciduous 60
Coniferous
39
Low isoprene
deciduous
60
185
26
Non-isoprene
deciduous
60
90
26
Non-isoprene
coniferous
70
135
559
Biomass factors are not used for non-forested areas since the emission
factors are expressed in terms of g/m2. Non-forest vegetation types are
assigned to one of twenty categories. Agricultural crops not having an
explicit emission factor are categorized as a miscellaneous crop. Based on a
limited review of satellite data, urban areas are assumed to contain 2QY.
forests and 20% grassland. Forested regions in urban areas are divided
equally among oak, other deciduous, and coniferous groups.
Seasonal adjustments of biomass are based on frost dates for each
county. A simple step function is used in BEIS. For each month, deciduous
vegetation (any non-coniferous vegetation class) within a county is assumed
to have either full biomass or no biomass. For oxldant modeling, this is not
a critical assumption because most high ozone episodes occur during the
summer months.
Emission Factors
The emission factors in BEIS are largely based on Zimmerman's Tampa Bay
Study11, primarily because of the lack of standardized measurements from
other biogenic emissions field programs. Emission factors for the three
forest groups are listed in Table II. By multiplying these emission factors
by.the corresponding biomass- factors in Table I, emission fluxes in terms of
pg/m /h can be compared for all land use types as shown in Table III.
-------
90-94.3
TABLE II. Forest emission factors (jig/g/h) for each biomass emission
category, standardized for full sunlight and 30°C.
Emission category
Chemical
species
Isoprene
a-pinene
Monoterpene
Unidentified
High isoprene
deciduous
14.69
0.13
0.11
3.24
Low isoprene
deciduous
6.60
0.05
0.05
1.76
Non-isoprene
deciduous
0.0
0.07
0.07
1.91
Non-isoprene
coniferous
0.0
1.13
1.29
1.38
Emission fluxes in Table III are expressed in terms of total
non-methane hydrocarbons and are broken down by isoprene, monoterpene,
alpha-pinene. and unidentified. In most instances, the emission fluxes
from forested areas are significantly higher than the fluxes for
agricultural areas. An exception is corn which has an overall
hydrocarbon emission flux of 3542 fig/m2/h. Most of the emissions flux
from corn is assigned to the unidentified category because the gas
chromatography analysis did not identify specific hydrocarbon compounds.
Rather than ignore the unidentified portion of the flux estimate, it is
tentatively assumed that unidentified hydrocarbons can be treated as 50%
terpene, 45% paraffin, and 5% nonreactive.
Sources of naturally-emitted nitrogen oxides include biomass burning,
lightning, microbial activity in soils, and ammonia oxidation. Although
these natural sources are reportedly much smaller than anthropogenic
sources , concerns about air quality in rural areas—where anthropogenic
emissions tend to be small—suggest the need to consider natural nitrogen
oxide emissions. Lacking sufficiently detailed emission factors for other
sources, only nitrogen oxide emissions from grasslands are considered in this
version of BEIS. The equation used is noted by the following13:
Q.« 0.74 exp(0.079 T )
•
where Q is the nitrogen flux (in ng of N m'V1), and T is the soil
temperature (in °C) which is estimated from T * 0.70 T + 3.6 where T
is the ambient air temperature (°C). It is assumed that the nitrogen*
emitted into the air from grasslands is emitted in the form of NO.
-------
90-94.3 -
Table III. Emission fluxes for vegetation types used in BEIS. Fluxes are
given for total non-methane hydrocarbons and percent contribution from
individual chemical species, standardized to 30 C and full sunlight.
Vegetation NMHC flux
2
type (pg/m /h)
Oak
Corn
Other decid.
Coniferous
Peanuts/Rice
Tobacco
Grass/Pasture
Hay/Scrub/Range
Potato
Sorghum
Alfalfa
4258
3542
3353
3106
510
294
281
189
48
39
38
isoprene
73
0
63
24
20
0
20
20
• o
20
50
Percent contribution
ot-pinene monoterpene
3
10
5
21
25
10
25
25
25
25
10
3
10
6
23
25
10
25
25
25
25
10
unidentified
21
80
26
32
30
80 ,
30
30
50
30
30
Barley/Corn/Oats
Rye/Mi sc.
Wheat
Soybeans
Water
38
30
22
0
20
50
100
0
25
10
0
0
25
10
0
0
30
30
0
0
Environmental Factors
Laboratory studies have shown that biogenic emissions from most plant -
species react strongly to changes in temperature and isoprene emissions are
sunlight dependent " . BEIS includes adjustments to temperature and
sunlight using relationships derived by Tingey. It also attempts to simulate
the vertical variation of leaf temperature and sunlight within a forest
canopy.
In BEIS, we have incorporated Tingey's adjustment factor for
isoprene emissions that is given by the following:
r • d i
I 1 * exp(-b(T-c)) J
F(S.T) = (10L * ' ~F™™< j )/c
where a, b, c, d, and e are empirical coefficients which vary as a
-------
90-94.3
function of solar intensity (S) as noted in Table IV. The leaf
temperature T is expressed in C. The above relationship is quite
sensitive to temperature and sunlight. For example, only a 2 C change
of temperature during conditions of bright sunlight and. 30 °C can result
in a 50% change in the isoprene emission rate. At night, isoprene is
usually not emitted and is assumed to be zero in BEIS.
TABLE IV. Empirical coefficients used in the environmental factor for
adjusting the isoprene emission rate.
Light intensity
(ME m'V1)
800
400
200
100
a
1.200
0.916
0.615
0.437
Empirical coefficients
bed
0.400
0.239
0.696
0.312
28.30
29.93
32.79
31.75
0.796
0.462
0.077
0.160
e
1.00
1.95
4.75
10.73
Existing laboratory data for non-isoprene emitting plants14'16 have thus
far identified only temperature as an important variable. The environmental
adjustment factor used in BEIS is given by
F(T) *-exp( a [T - 30])
where values for a are given in Table V.
TABLE V. Empirical coefficients used for adjusting the emission rate for
non-isoprene compounds.
Empirical coefficient
Compound
Mlpha-pinene
Monoterpene
Unidentified
0.067
0. 0739
0. 0739
A major refinement for BEIS was to include a canopy model for estimating
profiles of leaf temperature and sunlight within forest canopies. The model
was adapteo^from research Initially performed at Washington State
University . Sunlight is assumed to decrease exponentially through
hypothetical forest canopies with the rate of attenuation depending on the
assumed biomass distribution. Both visible and total radiation are
calculated for eight levels in the canopy. The visible portion of the solar
spectrum is assumed to decrease more quickly than the total spectrum, because
-------
90-94.3
leaves are more effective at absorbing visible light than other portions of
the spectrum18. The calculated total solar radiation is used to compute the
leaf temperature at each level using a radiational balance equation described
by Gates and Papian19. The estimated leaf temperatures and visible radiation
values are then used with the Tlngey adjustment factors which were discussed
above.
Adjustments .for temperature are also important for estimates of nitrogen
oxides emission rates from grasslands. The adjustment factor for nitrogen
oxides is noted explicitly in the emission factor equation.
Computer Aspects
Early versions of BEIS were written in SAS20. Because of the large
computational requirements of the canopy model, most of the code was
translated into FORTRAN. The basic flow of the system is illustrated in
Figure 1. Land use data and frost dates are provided in the formQof SAS data
sets from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Geoecology Data Base . A SAS
procedure converts the county land use data into the appropriate model grids.
Frost dates are likewise converted and are stored as monthly gridded flags
which serve as an on/off switch for deciduous vegetation. Biomass factors
are stored as SAS data sets and are used to compute full-growth biomass in
each grid cell. These calculations are only performed once and are stored
for subsequent regional model executions.
Typically, a regional air pollution model application Involves a
simulation for about a two week period. To provide biogenic emissions,
BEIS first computes the biomass for the corresponding period using the
monthly adjustment flags. A SAS procedure outputs ASCII data files of
gridded canopy and non-canopy biomass which are subsequently read by
FORTRAN routines. The next step is to compute standardized emission
fluxes at each grid cell. Standardized means that emission fluxes are
computed for 30 °C and full sunlight conditions. This calculation is
performed once per model simulation. The computer intensive portion of
BEIS involves hourly corrections for sunlight and temperature. For
non-canopy vegetation, Tingey adjustment factors are computed using
surface temperature and solar radiation provided by either ROM or RADM.
For canopy vegetation, surface temperature, wind speed, relative
humidity, and solar radiation are fed into the canopy model which
computes profiles of leaf temperature and sunlight. These profiles are
used to compute Tlngey adjustment factors as a function of height using
the assumed biomass distribution. The adjustment factors are then
multiplied by the standardized emission fluxes, and the non-canopy and
canopy emission rates are merged. Emission rates are finally converted
into the appropriate chemical species. For example, the ROM uses the
following conversions :
• 1 mol isoprene is treated as 1 mol ISOP
• 1 mol monoterpene or alpha-pinene is treated as 0.5 mol OLE, 6
mol PAR. and 1.5 mol ALD2
-------
90-94.3
• 1 mol unidentified (or unknown) is treated as 0.5 mol OLE, 8.5
mol PAR, and 0.5 mol NONR
where ISOP, OLE, PAR, ALD2, and NONR are surrogate species used in the Carbon
Bond 4 mechanism and refer respectively to isoprene, olefin, paraffin, higher
aldehydes, and nonreactives.
Estimates of nitrogen oxide emissions require the grassland area in a
grid cell (available from the Geoecology Data Base) and the surface
temperature (provided by the meteorological processor of the regional air
pollution model). Emissions are generated for each grid cell in units of
moles of NO.
Differences Between BESS and BEIS
BEIS is similar in many ways to the system it replaces, BESS. However
several factors prompted the development of BEIS: (1) In BESS, emission rates
were computed for individual tree species, meaning that broad assumptions
were retired for tree species not having an emission factor. Because of the
large variability in existing factors and until more complete emission
factors become available, we decided to use factors in BEIS that could be
generalized for broad categories of forest vegetation. (2) In BESS, forest
leaf biomass was computed from measurements of diameter-breast-height
(d.b.h. ) compiled by the U.S. Forest Service. Measurements of d.b.h. simply
do not exist for many forested areas of the U.S., particularly for
non-productive timberland. Therefore, the more general biomass conversion
shown in Table I is used in BEIS. (3) The methodology for BESS was developed
specifically for regional oxidant modeling, and a similar methodology was
developed for acid precipitation assessment. To achieve consistency between
r! t^°deling efforts* Matures of both methodologies have been qombined
into BEIS. Major differences between BESS and BEIS are summarized in
Table VI.
•
RESULTS
Biogenic and anthropogenic emissions in the Northeastern United States'
^nn C!^mat^ f°r July 12~18' 198°- ^ ^ling domain consists of
(60 x 42) grid cells, each having a horizontal resolution of about 19 km
on a side.
Table VII compares these estimates for the entire domain. Nitrogen
oxide emissions from grasslands are three orders of magnitude smaller than
anthropogenic emissions. However, biogenic and anthropogenic estimates of
non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions are of the same order of magnitude
^iSL 40'4 t0 48'2 mllllon m°l" carbon per hour. Emissions from BEIS
?5£n S!pApr? Sli8htl22highe'- than the anthropogenic estimates taken "from the
thfn R^f ?T!K 7 w*1* estimates frora BESS ^e slightly higher (11%)
than BEIS. Although the total amount of NMHC is similar for all three
estimates, the species composition varies somewhat. About 507. of the NMHC
for each estimate is assumed to be emitted as paraffins (PAR). For the
-------
90-94.3
anthropogenic estimates, the remainder-of the NMHC emissions is distributed
fairly evenly among the carbon bond surrogate species ETH, OLE, FORM, ALD2,
TOL, XYL. AND NONR. For BESS and BEIS, approximately 25% of the emissions
are attributed to isoprene (ISOP). BEIS splits the remainder of NMHC into
olefins (OLE), higher aldehydes (ALD2), and non-reactives (NONR). For BESS,
the remainder (6.4 x 106 moles C/h) is assigned as olefins. Differences in
speciation between BEIS and BESS can be attributed partly to different
versions of the Carbon Bond chemical mechanism (4.0 vs 4.2) and partly to how
the unidentified compounds are speciated.
TABLE VI. Major differences between BESS and BEIS.
Category
BESS
BEIS
Tree leaf
biomass
Forest emission
factors
Canopy effects
Urban vegetation
Chemical species
Unidentified
speciation
NO emissions
U.S. Forest Service
tree count data
Individual tree
species
None
30% grass
9 broad classes
25% monoterpene,
75% nonreactive
None
Geoecology Database
forest area
Three broad groups
Canopy model
20% grass, 20% trees
Isoprene, cc-pinene,
monoterpene, and
unidentified
50% terpene,
45% paraffin,
5% nonreactive
Grasslands
Hourly variations of NMHC emissions are shown in Figures 2-4 for
anthropogenic, BEIS, and BESS, respectively. The diurnal variation in
emissions is clearly evident in all figures. Anthropogenic emissions tend to
peak during the early morning, and biogenic emissions peak in the early
afternoon. The large diurnal changes in biogenic emissions are due solely to
changes in temperature and sunlight. Daily peak biogenic emissions also vary
considerably, differing by as much as 50% during this six day simulation.
Day-to-day variations in anthropogenic emissions are due mainly to
weekend/weekday differences, and it should be noted that the first two days
of the simulation occur on a. weekend. There are some notable differences
between BEIS and BESS. Primarily because of the attentuation of sunlight by
the canopy model, BEIS tends to have a more pronounced peak in the afternoon
than BESS. Isoprene is a significant component for both processors,
consisting of as much as 50% of the biogenic portion as seen for hour 13 of
Julian day 80198 (July 16, 1980).
-------
90-94. 3
Spatial patterns of NMHC emissions for this hour are shown in Figures
5-7. Anthropogenic emissions in Figure 5 are highly concentrated near the
major urban areas but are low in the rural areas. The high emissions along
the Northeast Corridor are clearly evident, and it should be noted that the
emissions flux for a grid cell near New York City is seven times higher than
any other biogenic emissions flux. Biogenic emissions for BEIS and BESS in
Figures 6 and 7 are fairly well distributed and show much less variability
than the anthropogenic emissions. Emission fluxes for both processors are
highest in the forested areas near the Appalachian Mountains. The pattern in
BESS is "noisier" than BEIS, and this can be attributed to BESS* s use of
emission rates for individual tree species and U.S. Forest Service tree
measurement data. Biogenic emission fluxes in urban areas are higher with
BEIS than BESS, since BEIS assumes more vegetation in urban areas. Overall,
the NMHC emission patterns of BEIS and BESS compare quite closely.
TABLE VII. Hourly average emission rates estimated for July 12-18, 1980
over the NEROS modeling domainand are broken out according to the carbon bond
species (e.g., PAR. ISOP, etc.). NMHC emission rates are expressed in terms
of moles C. Anthropogenic emissions are based on the 1980 NAPAP inventory.
Chemical
species
N0x
NMHC
PAR
ISOP
OLE
ALD2
NONR
TOL
ETH
XYL
FORM
3
Emission rate (10 moles/hour)
Anthropogenic BEIS BESS
12,708
40, 405
25,698
-
1,358
2,052
2,262
3,871
2, 247
2,227
690
15
43, 420
22,266
14,661
2,876
2,615
1,002
-
-
-
-
-
48, 199
28, 996
12,753
6,450
-
-
-
-
-
-
SUMMARY
A methodology for estimating gridded hourly hydrocarbon emissions from
biogenic sources has been developed for regional-scale air pollution models.
By considering nitrogen oxide emissions from grasslands, we have also taken a
first step towards including nitrogen oxides into a natural emissions
inventory. A comparison of biogenic and anthropogenic NMHC emissions
demonstrates that biogenic emissions are significant, exceeding 50% of the
-------
90-94.3
total carbon mass. Estimates using two different methodologies. BESS and
BEIS, compare closely for overall carbon mass but differ somewhat for
chemical speclatlon, diurnal variations, and spatial distribution.
Although natural nitrogen oxide emissions from grasslands are small when
compared to anthropogenic estimates, additional sources (such as lightning,
agricultural lands, and blomass burning) need to be considered. Reliable
emission factors for these sources, however, were not available for this
version of BEIS.
Because the magnitude of biogenic NMHC emissions is quite large and
the uncertainty In estimating these emissions is about a factor of
three , we strongly .recommend that additional research be undertaken.
Areas needing improvement include the development of additional emission
.factors with the speclation of unidentified hydrocarbon compounds, a
better understanding of environmental influences, and an update of land
use patterns.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are grateful to Ms. Beverly Goodrich of the Computer
Sciences Corporation for her contributions, especially during earlier stages
of the project.
DISCLAIMER
Although the research described in this article has been supported by
the United States Environmental Protection Agency, it has not been subjected
to Agency review and therefore does not necessarily reflect the views of the
Agency and no official endorsement should be inferred. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or
recommendation for use.
REFERENCES
1. R. Arnts and S. Meeks, "Biogenic Hydrocarbon Contribution to the Ambient
Air in Selected Areas," Atmos. Environ. (15) 9: 1643 (1981).
2. E. Peterson and D. Tlngey, "An Estimate of the Possible Contributions of
Biogenic Sources to Airborne Hydrocarbon Concentrations," Atmos. Environ.
(14) 1: 79 (1980).
3. R. Rasmussen, "What do the Hydrocarbons from Trees Contribute to Air
Pollution?", Journal Air Pollution Control Association (22) 7: 537
(1972).
4. W. Chameides, R. Lindsay, J. Richardson et al., "The Role of Biogenic
Hydrocarbons in Urban Photochemical Smog: Atlanta as a Case Study,"
Science (241): 1473 (1988).
5. M. Trainer, E. William, D. Parrish et al., "Models and Observations of
the Impact of Natural Hydrocarbons on Rural Ozone," Nature (329): 705
(1987).
-------
90-94.3
6. J. Novak and J. Reagan, "A Comparison of Natural and Man-made Hydrocarbon
Emission Inventories Necessary for Regional Acid Deposition and Oxidant
Modeling." In Proceedings of the 79th Air Pollution Control Association
Annual Meeting. Minneapolis, MN, 1986, 16 p.
7. B. Lamb, A. Guenther, D. Gay et al., "A National Inventory of Biogenic
Hydrocarbon Emissions," Atmos. Environ. (21) 8: 1695 (1987).
8. J. Young. M. Aissa, T. Boehm et al., Development of the Regional Oxidant
Model Version 2.J., EPA-600/3-89-044, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1989, 55 p.
9. S. Roselle and K. Schere, "Sensitivity of the EPA Regional Oxidant Model
to Biogenic Hydrocarbon Emissions," in Proceedings of the 83rd Air Waste
Management Association Annual Meeting, Pittsburgh, PA, 1990, 20 p.
10. R. Olson, C. Emerson, and M. Nunsgesser, GEOECOLOGY; A County-Level
Environmental Data Base for the Conterminous United States. ORNL/TM-7351
Oak.Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1980, 54 p.
11. P. Zimmerman, Determination of Emission Rates of Hydrocarbons from
Indigenous Species of Vegetation .in the Tampa Bay/Petersburg. Florida
Area. EPA-904/9-77-028, U.S. Enviromental Protection Agency, Atlanta, GA
1979, 173 p.
12. J. Logan, "Nitrogen Oxides in the Troposphere: Global and Regional
Budgets." Journal of Geophysical Research (88): 10,785 (1983).
13. F. Fehsenfeld, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder
CO, personal communication, 1990.
14. D. Tingey, Atmospheric Biogenic Hydrocarbons. J. Bufalini and R. Arnts,
eds., Ann Arbor Science Publications, Ann Arbor, MI, 1981, pp. 53-79.
15. D. Tingey, R. Evans, and M. Gumpertz, "Effects of Environmental
Conditions on Isoprene Emissions from Live Oak," Planta (152): 565
(1981).
16. D. Tingey, M. Manning, L. Grothaus et al., "Influence of Light and
Temperature on Monoterpene Emission Rates from Slash Pine," Plant
Phvsiol. (65): 797 (1980).
17. D. Gay, A National Inventory of -Biogenic Hydrocarbon Emissions Based
Upon a Simple Forest Canopy Model. M.S. Thesis, Washington State
University, 1987, 73 p.
18. D. Baldocchi, D. Matt, B. Hutchinson et al., "Solar Radiation within an
Oak-Hickory Forest: An Evaluation of the Extinction Coefficients for
Several Radiation Components during Fully-Leafed and Leafless Periods,"
Agricultural and Forest Meteorology (32): 307 (1984).
19. D. Gates and L. Papian. Atlas of Energy Budgets on Plant Leaves. Academic
Press. New York, 1971, pp. 1-16.
20. SAS Institute Inc., SAS User's Guide: Basics. Version 5 Edition SAS
Institute Inc., Cary, NC, 1985. "
21. M. Gery. G. Whitten, and J. Klllus, Development and Testing of the CBM-4
for Urban and Regional Modeling. EPA-600/3-88-012, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Reserach Triangle Park, NC, 1988.
22. J. Wagner. R. Walters, L. Maiocco et al.. Development of the 1980 NAPAP
Emissions Inventory. EPA-600/7-86-057a, U.S. Environmental "
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1986.
-------
90-94.3
COMMUTE TEMPBU1UW
ANOSUNUOMT
AOJUSTUCNT FACTOftS
FIGURE 1. Flow chart for the Blogenic Emissions Inventory System.
-------
90-94.3
120
1 1O
I s
ta oo 13 oo ia
13 OO 12
13 OO 13
FIGURE 2. Hourly NMHC emissions from the NAPAP 1980 inventory.
130
1 1O
<~> 100
TO
*0
»0
*°
30
20
10
'3 00 12 00 12 00 12 00 13 00 12 00 12
•*.*. ••«•• M,M ••••* ••••• ••«•• Mao*
FIGURE 3. Hourly NMHC emissions from BEIS.
12O
110
§'S
i ~
t fto
M 30
" ao
10
13 OO
oo 12 oo ia oo
MOOM
ia oo 12 oo 13
FIGURE 4. Hourly NMHC emissions from BESS.
-------
90-94.3
U July 1)19 . 1310 1ST (noleJ C/hr)
FIGURE 5. Anthropogenic emissions of NMHC estimated for 16 July 1980
(1300 EST).
14 July Hit. 1300 1ST (noles C/hr)
FIGURE 6. Biogenic emissions of NMHC estimated from BEIS for
July 16, 1980 (1300 EST).
-------
90-94.3
li lily 1MB. 13(0 1ST (notes C/br)
FIGURE 7. Biogenic emissions of NMHC estimated from BESS for
July 16. 1980 (1300 EST).
-------
/Pf TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(fleate read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
S. REPORT DATE
June 1990
6, PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO
II. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYP6 OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA-450/4-90-007D
I. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
USER'S GUIDE FOR THE URBAN AIRSHED MODEL
Volume IV: User's Manual for the Emissions
•
Marion C. Causley
>. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Systems Applications, Inc.
101 Lucas Valley Road
San Rafael, CA 94903
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, N. C. 277711
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
Th)lnc?CT:nJ serves as a manual for the Emissions Preprocessing
nthrnninnn^ ^ ^0(iu^s !™-level grldded, speciated and time variable
anthropogenic and natural emission inputs for the Urban Airshed Model The EPS
also produces inputs to the point source preprocessor
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
O.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Ozone
Urban Airshed Model
Photochemistry
Emissions Preprocessor System
EPA Form 2220-1 (R.». 4-77) PREVIOUS Eotr.OM .
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
S OBSOLETE
22. PRICE
-------
------- |