United States Office of Air Quality
Environmental Protection Planning and Standards
Agency Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-450/4-91-003b
February 1991
Air
<>EPA National Air Quality and
Emissions Trends Report,
1989
-------
-------
EPA-450/4-91-003
National Air Quality and
Emissions Trends Report,
1989
Executive Summary
and
Chapter 4 - Excerpts
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Technical Support Division
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
February 1991
-------
DISCLAIMER
This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication.
Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
Note: Pages are numbered as they appear in the original report.
11
-------
PREFACE
This report contains Chapters 1 and 4 of the seventeenth annual report of air
pollution trends issued by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The report is
prepared by the Technical Support Division and is directed toward both the technical
air pollution audience and the interested general public. This report contains copies of
the nonattainment maps in Chapter 4 which were produced in color in the original
report. The Division solicits comments on this report and welcomes suggestions on
our trend techniques, interpretations, conclusions, and methods of presentation.
Please forward any response to Dr. Thomas C. Curran, (MD-14) U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Technical Support Division, Research Triangle Park North
Carolina 27711.
in
-------
-------
NATIONAL AIR QUALITY AND EMISSIONS TRENDS REPORT. 1989
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This is the seventeenth annual report1"16 documenting air pollution trends in the
United States for those pollutants that have National Ambient Air Quality Standards
(NAAQS). These standards have been promulgated by the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to protect public health and welfare. There are two types of
NAAQS, primary and secondary. Primary standards are designed to protect public
health, while secondary standards protect public welfare, including effects of air pollution
on vegetation, materials and visibility. This report focuses on comparisons with the
primary standards in effect in 1989 to examine changes in air pollution levels over time,
and to summarize current air pollution status. There are six pollutants that have
NAAQS: particulate matter (formerly as total suspended paniculate (TSP) and now as
PM10 which emphasizes the smaller particles), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide
(CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3) and lead (Pb). It is important to note that the
discussions of ozone in this report refer to ground level, or tropospheric, ozone and not
to stratospheric ozone. Ozone in the stratosphere, miles above the earth, is a beneficial
screen from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Ozone at ground level, in the air we breathe, is a
health and environmental concern.
The trends in ambient air quality that follow are
presented as boxplots, which display the 5th, 10th,
25th, 50th (median), 75th, 90th and 95th percentiles of
the data, as well as the composite average. The 5th,
10th and 25th percentiles depict the "cleaner" sites,
while the 75th, 90th and 95th depict the "higher" sites
and the median and average describe the "typical"
sites. For example, the 90th percentile means that 90
percent of the sites had concentrations less than or
equal to that value, and only 10 percent of the sites
had concentrations that were higher. Boxplots
simultaneously illustrate trends in the "cleaner",
"typical" and "higher" sites.
The ambient air quality trends presented in this report are based upon actual
direct measurements. These air quality trends are supplemented with trends for
nationwide emissions, which are based upon the best available engineering
calculations. Chapter 4 of this report includes a detailed listing of selected 1989 air
quality summary statistics for every metropolitan statistical area (MSA) in the nation and
maps highlighting the largest MSAs. Chapter 5 presents 1980-89 trends for 14 cities.
)
* 750, PERCENTILE
1-1
-------
1.2 MAJOR FINDINGS
PARTICULATE WAITER
AIR QUALITY
Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)
1982-89*: geometric mean: 1 percent decrease (1648 sites)
1988-89: geometric mean: 5 percent decrease (1014 sites)
* 8-year period (see comments)
1988-89: arithmetic mean: 3 percent decrease (357 sites)
EMISSIONS
1982-89: 1 percent increase (TSP)
(Note: 10-year 1980-89 change was 15 percent decrease)
1988-89: 4 percent decrease (TSP); 3 percent decrease (PM10)
COMMENTS
The 1980-81 TSP data were affected by a change in sampling filters, therefore,
these years are shaded to indicate the uncertainty in the TSP measurements.
The highest average and peak 24-hour PM10 concentrations are seen in Regions
IX and X. The 1988 TSP and PM10 air quality levels were affected by generally
drier conditions and higher than normal forest fire activity.
PM EFFECTS
Based on studies of human populations exposed to high concentrations of
particles (often in the presence of sulfur dioxide), and laboratory studies of
animals and humans, the major effects of concern for human health include
effects on breathing and respiratory symptoms, aggravation of existing respiratory
and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense systems against
foreign materials, damage to lung tissues, carcinogenesis, and premature
mortality. The major subgroups of the population that appear likely to be most
sensitive to the effects of particulate matter include individuals with chronic
obstructive pulmonary or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza,
asthmatics, the elderly, and children. Particulate matter causes material soiling
and is responsible for substantial visibility impairment in many parts of the U.S.
1-2
-------
110
TSP AIR QUALITY
CONCENTRATION UG/M3 ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN
100-
90-
80 -
70-
60 -
50 -
40-
30 -
20-
10
0
1648 SITES
WOffWA/OTWG
The PM10 NAAQS replaced EPA's earlier TSP standard in 1987. PM10
focuses on those particles with aerodynamic diameters smaller than 10
micrometers, which are likely to be responsible for adverse health effects
because of their ability to reach the lower regions of the respiratory tract.
PM10 appears to represent essentially all of the particulate emissions
from transportation sources and most of the emissions in the other
traditional categories. However, fugitive PM10 emissions are 8 times
more than the total of all traditional particulate matter sources categories.
1-3
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE (SOJ
AIR QUALITY
1980-89: arithmetic mean: 24 percent decrease (409 sites)
24-hour second high: 26 percent decrease (405 sites)
24-hour exceedances: 95 percent decrease (405 sites)
1988-89: arithmetic mean: 3 percent decrease (513 sites)
EMISSIONS fSOx)
1980-89: 10 percent decrease
1988-89: 1 percent increase
COMMENTS
The vast majority of SO2 monitoring sites do not show any exceedances of the
24-hour NAAQS and the exceedance trend is dominated by source oriented
sites. The decrease in sulfur oxides emissions from 1980 to 1989 reflects
reductions at coal-fired power plants. The increase in sulfur oxides emissions
between 1988 and 1989 is due to increased emissions from fuel combustion.
The difference between the air quality trends and the emission trends result
from the historical ambient monitoring networks being population-oriented while
the major emission sources tend to be in less populated areas.
SO3 EFFECTS
The major health effects of concern associated with high exposures to SO2
include effects on breathing, respiratory illness and symptoms, alterations in the
lung's defenses, aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease,
and mortality. The major subgroups of the population most sensitive to SO2
include asthmatics and individuals with chronic lung disease (such as bronchitis
or emphysema) or cardiovascular disease. Children and the elderly may also
be sensitive. Sulfur dioxide produces foliar damage on trees and agriculture
crops and acts as a precursor to acidic precipitation.
1-4
-------
SO2 AIR QUALITY
CONCENTRATION, PPM ANNUAL MEAN
MWH/V07WG
Almost all monitors in U.S. urban areas meet EPA's ambient SO2
standards, which apply to ground level concentrations. Most ambient
SO2 monitors are population oriented rather than source oriented.
Dispersion models are commonly used to assess ambient SO2 problems
around point sources because it is frequently impractical to operate
enough monitors to provide a complete air quality assessment. Current
concerns about sulfur dioxide focus on major emitters, total atmospheric
loadings, and the possible need for a shorter-term (i.e. 1-hour) standard.
Two-thirds of all national SOX emissions are generated by electric utilities
(93 percent of which come from coal fired power plants). The majority of
these emissions, however, are produced by a small number of facilities.
Fifty individual plants in 15 states account for one-half of all power plant
emissions.
1-5
-------
AIR QUALITY
1980-89: 8-hour second high: 25 percent decrease (280 sites)
8-hour exceedances: 80 percent decrease (280 sites)
1988-89: 8-hour second high: 1 percent decrease (355 sites)
EMISSIONS
1980-89: 23 percent decrease
1988-89: 6 percent decrease
COMMENTS
While there is general agreement between the air quality and emission changes
over this 10-year period, it should be recognized that the emission changes
reflect estimated national totals while the ambient CO monitors are frequently
located to identify problems. The mix of vehicles and the change in vehicle
miles of travel in an area around a typical CO monitoring site may differ from
the national averages.
CO EFFECTS
Carbon monoxide enters the bloodstream and disrupts the delivery of oxygen to
the body's organs and tissues. The health threat from carbon monoxide is
serious for those who suffer from cardiovascular disease, particularly those with
angina or peripheral vascular disease. Healthy individuals also are affected.
Exposure to elevated carbon monoxide levels is associated with impairment of
visual perception, manual dexterity, learning ability and performance of complex
tasks.
1-6
-------
CO AIR QUALITY
CONCENTRATION, PPM
SECOND HIGHEST 8-HOUR AVERAGE
WORTH NOTING
Transportation sources account for approximately two-thirds of the
nation's CO emissions. Emissions from highway vehicles decreased 33
percent during the 1980-89 period, despite a 39 percent increase in
vehicle miles of travel. Estimated nationwide CO emissions decreased 6
percent between 1988 and 1989, due mostly to decreased forest fire
activity in 1989. CO emissions from highway vehicles decreased 4
percent between 1988 and 1989.
The most recent assessment of the CO problem in the U.S. found 41
areas failing to meet the CO NAAQS in 1988-89. This is three fewer
areas than for the 1987-88 time period.
1-7
-------
AIR QUALITY
1980-89: annual mean: 5 percent decrease (148 sites)
1988-89: annual mean: 2 percent decrease (200 sites)
EMISSIONS fNOx)
1980-89: 5 percent decrease
1988-89: 1 percent decrease
COMMENTS
The national trend in annual mean NO2 concentrations in the late 1980's
continues to be flat. The two primary source categories of nitrogen oxide
emissions, and their contribution in 1989, are fuel combustion (56 percent) and
transportation (40 percent).
NO, EFFECTS
Nitrogen oxides can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory
infections such as influenza. The effects of short-term exposures are still under
study, but continued or frequent exposure to concentrations higher than those
normally found in the ambient air can cause pulmonary edema. Nitrogen
dioxide acts as a precursor to acidic precipitation and plays a key role in
nitrogen loading of forests and ecosystems.
1-8
-------
0.07
NO2 AIR QUALITY
CONCENTRATION, PPM ANNUAL MEAN
^^^
I
n
i
^w*
i
i
i
!
r
4
M-
1
148 SITES
.__ _._^.____ NAAQS
i n M n i
: : **« 5 si f{
: : : : } M si
: : s: s | sf
U, ill fj r~S J~», t*^ *-i.
n L U u u j =
1 ' ; i : : M 1 'I
f T V T f i T
Los Angeles, CA, which reported an annual mean of 0.057 ppm in 1989,
is the only urban area that has recorded violations of the annual NO2
NAAQS of 0.053 ppm during the past 10 years.
1-9
-------
OZONE
AIR QUALITY
1980-89: second highest daily max 1-hour: 14 percent decrease (431 sites)
exceedance days: 53 percent decrease
1988-89: second highest daily max 1-hour: 15 percent decrease (581 sites)
EMISSIONS (VOC)
1980-89: 19 percent decrease
1988-89: 5 percent decrease
COMMENTS
The volatile organic compound (VOC) emission estimates represent annual
totals. While these are the best national numbers now available, ozone is
predominantly a warm weather problem and seasonal emission trends would be
preferable. Previously, VOC emissions from highway vehicles were estimated
using nationwide annual temperatures and nationwide average Reid Vapor
Pressure (RVP). This year's estimates are based on statewide average
monthly temperatures and statewide RVP. NOX emissions, another factor in
ozone formation, decreased 5 percent between 1980 and 1989.
O, EFFECTS
The reactivity of ozone causes health problems because it tends to break down
biological tissues and cells. Recent scientific evidence indicates that high levels
of ozone not only affect people with impaired respiratory systems, such as
asthmatics, but healthy adults and children, as well. Exposure to ozone for only
several hours at relatively low concentrations has been found to significantly
reduce lung function in normal, healthy people during periods of exercise. This
decrease in lung function generally is accompanied by symptoms including chest
pain, coughing, sneezing and pulmonary congestion. Though less well
established in humans, animal studies have demonstrated that repeated
exposure to ozone for months to years can produce permanent structural
damage in the lungs and accelerate the rate of lung function loss. Ozone is
responsible each year for agricultural crop yield loss in the U.S. of several billion
dollars and causes noticeable foliar damage in many crops and species of trees.
Forest and ecosystem damage may result from high ambient ozone levels.
1-10
-------
OZONE AIR QUALITY
CONCENTRATION, PPM
SECOND HIGH DAILY MAX 1-HOUR
WORTH NOTING
The relatively high ozone concentrations in both 1983 and 1988 are likely
attributed in part to hot, dry, stagnant conditions in some areas of the
country that were more conducive to ozone formation than other years.
Meteorological conditions in the summer of 1989 were less conducive to
ozone formation than 1983 and 1988. Between 1980 and 1989, VOC
emissions from highway vehicles are estimated to have decreased 34
percent, despite a 39 percent increase in vehicle miles of travel during
this time period. Nationwide VOC emissions decreased 5 percent
between 1988 and 1989 due to the ongoing Federal Motor Vehicle
Control Program (FMVCP) and new measures to lower Reid Vapor
Pressure (RVP) in gasoline. Preliminary 1990 data indicate that ozone
levels are likely to be slightly lower than those in 1989.
l-ll
-------
LEAD(Pb)
AIR QUALITY
1980-89: maximum quarterly average: 87 percent decrease (189 sites)
1988-89: maximum quarterly average: 14 percent decrease (245 sites)
EMISSIONS
1980-89: 90 percent decrease in total lead emissions
(96 percent decrease in lead emissions from transportation sources)
1988-89: 5 percent decrease in total lead emissions
(15 percent decrease in lead emissions from transportation sources)
COMMENTS
The ambient lead trends presented here primarily represent general urban
conditions predominantly reflecting automotive sources. Ambient trends are
also presented for a small number of lead monitoring sites (19) in the vicinity of
point sources of lead such as primary and secondary lead smelters.
LEAD EFFECTS
Exposure to lead can occur through multiple pathways, including air, diet and
ingestion of lead in soil and dust. Lead accumulates in the body in blood, bone,
and soft tissue. Because it is not readily excreted, lead also affects the
kidneys, nervous system, and blood-forming organs. Excessive exposure to
lead may cause neurological impairments such as seizures, mental retardation,
and/or behavioral disorders. Even at low doses, lead exposure is associated
with changes in fundamental enzymatic, energy transfer and homeostatic
mechanisms in the body. Infants and children are especially susceptible to low
doses of lead, often suffering central nervous system damage. Recent studies
have also shown that lead may be a factor in high blood pressure and
subsequent heart disease.
1-12
-------
LEAD AIR QUALITY
CONCENTRATION UG/M3 MAXIMUM QUARTERLY AVERAGE
WORTH NOTING
Ambient lead (Pb) concentrations in urban areas throughout the country
have shown major improvements. In 1989, unleaded gasoline sales
accounted for 89 percent of the total gasoline market - up from 82
percent in 1988. The drop in Pb consumption and subsequent Pb
emissions since 1980 was brought about by the increased use of
unleaded gasoline in catalyst-equipped cars and the reduced Pb content
in leaded gasoline. The largest single year drop in average lead
concentrations, 42 percent, occurs as expected between 1985 and 1986,
because of the shift of the lead content in leaded gasoline in those
years.
1-13
-------
1.3 SOME PERSPECTIVE
A 10-year time period is convenient for considering ambient air pollution trends
because monitoring networks underwent many changes around 1980. However, it is
important not to overlook some of the earlier control efforts in the air pollution field.
Emission estimates are useful in examining longer term trends. Between 1970 and
1989, lead clearly shows the most impressive decrease (-96 percent) but
improvements are also seen for total suspended particulate (-61 percent), sulfur
oxides (-26 percent), carbon monoxide (-40 percent), and volatile organic compounds
(-31 percent). Only nitrogen oxides did not show improvement with emissions
estimated to have increased 8 percent, due primarily to increased fuel combustion by
stationary sources and motor vehicles. It is also important to realize that many of
these reductions occurred even in the face of growth of emissions sources. More
detailed information is contained in a companion report.17
COMPARISON OF 1970 AND 1989 EMISSIONS
MILLION METRIC TONS/YEAR
120
100 h
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
THOUSAND
METRIC TONS/YEAR
250
TSP
SOx
NOx
1970 1989
voc
LEAD
1-14
-------
While it is important to recognize that progress has been made, it is also
important not to lose sight of the magnitude of the air pollution problem that still
remains. About 84 million people in the U.S. reside in counties which did not meet at
least one air quality standard during 1989. The 67 million people living in counties
that exceeded the ozone standard in 1989 is 45 million fewer than in 1988.
Meteorological conditions in 1988 were more conducive to ozone formation than
conditions in 1989. Also, beginning in summer 1989, gasoline evaporative emissions
were reduced as a result of fuel volatility regulations which lowered the Reid vapor
pressure in gasoline. These statistics, and associated qualifiers and limitations, are
discussed in Chapter 4.
People in counties with measured 1989 air quality above
primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards
pollutant
Any NAAQS
0 20
Note: Based on 1987 county population data and only 1989 air quality data.
40 60
millions of people
80
100
Finally, it should be recognized that this report focuses on those pollutants that
have National Ambient Air Quality Standards. With the passage of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990, additional control programs are being put in place to solve the
remaining nonattainment problems for these pollutants.
1-15
-------
1.4 REFERENCES
1. The National Air Monitoring Program: Air Quality and Emissions Trends -
Annual Report. EPA-450/1 -73-001 a and b, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, July
1973.
2. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report. 1972. EPA-450/1-73-004, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, December 1973.
3. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report. 1973. EPA-450/1-74-007, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, October 1974.
4. Monitoring and Air Quality Trends Report. 1974. EPA-450/1-76-001, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, February 1976.
5. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1975. EPA-450/1-76-002,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, November 1976.
6. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1976.
EPA-450/1-77-002, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, December 1977.
7. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1977.
EPA-450/2-78-052, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, December 1978.
8. 1980 Ambient Assessment - Air Portion. EPA-450/4-81-014,
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, February 1981.
9. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1981.
EPA-450/4-83-011, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, April 1983.
10. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1982.
EPA-450/4-84-002, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, March 1984.
1-16
-------
11- National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1983.
EPA-450/4-84-029, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, April 1985.
12. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1984.
EPA-450/4-86-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, April 1986.
13. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1985.
EPA-450/4-87-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, February 1987.
14. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1986.
EPA-450/4-88-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, February 1988.
15. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1987.
EPA-450/4-89-001, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, March 1989.
16. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report. 1988.
EPA-450/4-90-002, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, March 1990.
17. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates. 1940-1989.
EPA-450/4-91-004, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, February 1991.
1-17
-------
-------
TABLE 2-1. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) in Effect in 1989.
POLLUTANT PRIMARY (HEALTH RELATED) SECONDARY (WELFARE RELATED)
PM,
Averaging Time
Standard Level Standard Level
Concentration* Averaging Time Concentration
Annual
Arithmetic
Mean"
24-hourb
50
150 jig/m3
Same as Primary
Same as Primary
SO,
Annual
Arithmetic
Mean
(0.03 ppm)
80 ng/m3
S-hour*
1300 u,g/m3
(0.50 ppm)
24-hour0
(0.14 ppm)
365 u.g/m3
CO
8-hour0
9 ppm
(10 mg/m3}
No Secondary Standard
1-hour0
35 ppm
(40 mg/m3)
No Secondary Standard
NO,
Annual
Arithmetic
Mean
0.053 ppm
(100 u.g/m3)
Same as Primary
Maximum Daily
1-hour
Averaged
0.12 ppm
(235 u.g/m3)
Same as Primary
Pb
Maximum
Quarterly
Average
1.5 u.g/m3
Same as Primary
Parenthetical value is an approximately equivalent concentration.
TSP was the indicator pollutant for the original particulate matter (PM) standards. This
standard has been replaced with the new PM10 standard and it is no longer in effect. New PM
standards were promulgated in 1987, using PM10 (particles less than 10u in diameter) as the
new indicator pollutant. The annual standard is attained when the expected annual arithmetic
mean concentration is less than or equal to 50 u,g/m3; the 24-hour standard is attained when
the expected number of days per calendar year above 150 u.g/m3 is equal to or less than 1; as
determined in accordance with Appendix K of the PM NAAQS.
Not to be exceeded more than once per year.
The standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum
hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is equal to or less than 1, as determined in
accordance with Appendix H of the Ozone NAAQS.
2-2
-------
-------
4. AIR QUALITY STATUS OF METROPOLITAN AREAS, 1989
This chapter provides general information on the current air quality status of
metropolitan areas1 within the United States. Four different summaries are presented in
the following sections. First, maps depicting the areas failing to meet the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone, carbon monoxide and particulate
matter are presented. Next, an estimate is provided of the number of people living in
counties which did not meet the NAAQS based on 1989 air quality data. Third, pollutant-
specific maps are presented to provide the reader with a geographical view of how peak
1989 air quality levels varied throughout the 90 largest Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSAs) in the continental United States. Finally, the peak pollutant-specific statistics are
listed for each MSA with 1989 air quality monitoring data.
4.1 Areas Not Meeting Ozone, Carbon Monoxide and Particulate Matter NAAQS
On August 16, 1990 the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency listed2 those
metropolitan areas which failed to meet the
ozone and carbon monoxide NAAQS based on
ambient monitoring data for 1987 through 1989.
The areas include Consolidated Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (CMSA), which are composed of
groups of MSAs, and individual MSAs and non-
metropolitan counties.
Attainment of the ozone standard is
determined using the three most recent years of
air quality monitoring data. These data showed
that 96 areas, mostly major metropolitan areas,
failed to meet the ozone standard for the years
1987-89, a decrease of 5 areas as compared to
the 1986-88 period. Figure 4-1, "Areas Failing to
Meet the Ozone NAAQS Based on 1987-89
Data," displays the 96 areas failing to meet the
ozone standard based on 1987-89 monitoring
data. The areas on the map are shaded
according to the area classifications in the Clean
Air Act Amendments of 1990. These area
classes are based on the ozone design value for
that area. The ozone design value serves as an
indicator of the magnitude of the problem in
terms of peak concentrations. Typically, the
ozone design value would be the fourth highest
daily maximum value during the three year
period.
For carbon monoxide, attainment of the
standard is determined using the two most recent
years of monitoring data. The area
classifications are based on the CO design value
which is evaluated by computing the second
maximum 8-hour concentration for each year and
then using the higher of these two values.
Figure 4-2, "Areas Failing to Meet the Carbon
Monoxide NAAQS Based on 1988-89 Data,"
shows the 41 areas that failed to meet the
carbon monoxide standard for the years 1988-89.
Seven areas from last year's list now meet the
carbon monoxide NAAQS, while four new areas
failed to meet the standard in 1989.
With passage of the 1990 Amendments to
the Clean Air Act, 73 areas failed to meet the
NAAQS for particulate matter. Sixty of these
areas were previously classified as "Group I,"
meaning that the area had a high probability of
not attaining the NAAQS and that State
Implementation Plans were required to attain the
NAAQS. An additional 13 areas with measured
violations of the PM10 NAAQS through calendar
year 1988 have been identified, as specified by
the act. Figure 4-3 displays the counties within
the contiguous U.S. that contain these 73 areas.
The map displays counties which are completely
non-attainment or counties only parts of which
are non-attainment. A total of 81 separate
counties are involved for PM10.
4-1
-------
O
O
cr-
oo
oo
QQ
-------
CO
o
-<
-------
CO
O
oo
oo
ro
CQ
O
-------
4-2 Population Estimates For Counties Not Meeting NAAQS, 1989
Figure 4-4 provides an estimate of the number of
people living in counties in which the levels of the
pollutant-specific primary health NAAQS were not
met by measured air quality in 1989. These
estimates use a single-year interpretation of the
NAAQS to indicate the current extent of the problem
for each pollutant. Table 4-1 lists the selected air
quality statistics and their associated NAAQS.
Figure 4-4 clearly demonstrates that O3 was the
most pervasive air pollution problem in 1989 for the
United States with an estimated 66.7 million people
living in counties which did not meet the O3
standard. However, this estimate is substantially
lower than last year's 1988 estimate of 112 million
people. This large decrease is likely due in part to
meteorological conditions in 1989 being less
conducive to ozone formation than 1988 (recall the
hot, dry summer in the eastern U.S.), and to new
and ongoing emission control programs. Between
1988 and 1989, implementation of gasoline volatility
regulations lowered the average Reid Vapor
Pressure (RVP) of regular unleaded gasoline from
10.0 to 8.9 pounds per square inch (psi). Carbon
monoxide follows, with 33.6 million people; PM10 with
27.4 million people; NO2 with 8.5 millfon people; Pb
with 1.6 million people and SO2 with 0.9 million
people. A total of 84 million persons resided in
counties not meeting at least one air quality standard
during 1989 (out of a total 1987 population of 243
million). In contrast to the last annual report which
used 1986 county population data, these estimates
are based on more current 1987 estimates. Thus,
the 1 percent growth in total U.S. population since
1986 is reflected in these estimates. Also, the
estimate for PM10 is considered a lower bound
estimate, because the PM10 monitoring network is
still evolving.
These population estimates are intended to
provide a relative measure of the extent of the
problem for each pollutant. The limitations of this
indicator should be recognized. An individual living
in a county that violates an air quality standard may
not actually be exposed to unhealthy air. For
example, if CO violations were confined to a traffic-
congested center city location during evening rush
hours in the winter, it is possible that an individual
may never be in that area, or may be there only at
other times of the day or during other seasons.
However, it is worth noting that ozone, which
appears to be the most pervasive pollution problem
by this measure, is also the pollutant most likely to
have fairly uniform concentrations throughout an
area.
40 60
millions of people
Note: Based on 1987 count/ population data and only 1989 air quality data.
80
100
Figure 4-4. Number of persons living in counties with air quality
levels above the primary national ambient air quality standards in
1989 (based on 1987 population data).
4-5
-------
Table 4-1. Selected Air Quality Summary Statistics and Their Associated National
Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)*
POLLUTANT
Paniculate Matter (PM10)
Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
Ozone (O3)
Lead (Pb)
STATISTIC
annual arithmetic mean
annual arithmetic mean
second highest 24-hour
average
second highest
nonoverlapping
8-hour average
annual arithmetic mean
second highest daily
maximum 1 -hour average
maximum quarterly
average
PRIMARY NAAQS
50 M.g/m3
0.03 ppm
0.14 ppm
9 ppm
0.053 ppm
0.12 ppm
1 .5 ^ig/m3
Hg/m3 = micrograms per cubic meter ppm = parts per million
'Single year interpretation. For a detailed listing of the NAAQS see Table 2-1.
4-6
-------
4L3 Air Quality Levels in Metropolitan Statistical Areas
This section provides information for general air
pollution audiences on 1989 air quality levels in
each Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the
United States. For those large MSAs with
populations greater than 500,000, the 1989 annual
air quality statistics are also displayed
geographically on three-dimensional maps.
The general concept of a metropolitan area is
one of a large population center, with adjacent
communities which have a high degree of
economic and social integration with the urban
center. Metropolitan Statistical Areas contain a
central county(ies), and any adjacent counties with
at least 50 percent of their population in the
urbanized area.1 Although MSAs compose only 16
percent of the land area in the U.S., they account
for 77 percent of the population. Table 4-2
displays the population distribution of the 340
MSAs, based on 1987 population estimates.1 The
New York, NY MSA is the nation's largest
metropolitan area with a 1987 population in excess
of 8 million. The smallest MSA is Enid, OK with a
population of 60,000.
4.3.1 Metropolitan Statistical Area Air
Quality Maps, 1989
Figures 4-4 through 4-10 introduce air quality
maps of the United States that show at a glance
how air quality varies among the largest MSAs
within the contiguous United States. To enable the
reader to distinguish individual urban areas, only
the 90 MSAs within the continental U.S. having
populations greater than 500,000 are shown. Two
large MSAs, Honolulu, HI and San Juan, PR are
not shown. However, neither area has exceeded
any of the NAAQS during 1989. In each map, a
spike is plotted at the city location on the map
surface. This represents the highest pollutant
concentration recorded in 1989, corresponding to
the appropriate air quality standard. Each spike is
projected onto a back-drop for comparison with the
level of the standard. The backdrop also provides
an east-west profile of concentration variability
throughout the country.
TABLE 4-2. Population Distribution of Metropolitan Statistical Areas Based on 1987
Population Estimates
POPULATION RANGE
< 100,000
100,000 < population < 250,000
250,000 < population <_ 500,000
500,000 < population < 1 ,000,000
1,000,000 < population ^ 2,000,000
population > 2,000,000
NUMBER OF
MSA'S
27
148
73
48
26
18
TOTAL POPULATION
2,274,000
23,513,000
25,218,000
34,367,000
38,685,000
65,747,000
TOTAL 340 189,804,000
4-7
-------
PM10
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
Figure 4-5. United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean PM10
concentration by MSA, 1989.
The map for PM10 shows the 1989 maximum annual arithmetic means in
metropolitan areas greater than 500,000 population. Concentrations above the
level of the annual mean PM10 standard of 50 ug/m3 are found in 13 of these
metropolitan areas.
4-8
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
Figure 4-6. United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean sulfur
dioxide concentration by MSA, 1989.
The map for sulfur dioxide shows maximum annual mean concentrations in
1989. Among these large metropolitan areas, the higher concentrations are
found in the heavily populated Midwest and Northeast and near point sources
in the west. All these large urban areas have ambient air quality concentrations
lower than the current annual standard of 80 ug/m3 (0.03 ppm). Because this
map only represents areas with population greater than one half million, it
does not reflect air quality in the vicinity of smelters or large power plants in
rural areas.
4-9
-------
SULFUR DIOXIDE
2ND MAX 24-HR AVG
Figure 4-7. United States map of the highest second maximum 24-hour
average sulfur dioxide concentration by MSA, 1989.
The map for sulfur dioxide shows the highest second highest 24-hour average
sulfur dioxide concentration by MSA in 1989. All of these large urban areas
have ambient concentrations below the 24-hour NAAQS of 365 ug/m3 (0.14
ppm).
4-10
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE
2ND MAX 8-HR AVG
Figure 4-8. United States map of the highest second maximum
nonoverlapping 8-hour average carbon monoxide concentration
by MSA, 1989.
The map for carbon monoxide shows the highest second highest 8-hour value
recorded in 1989. Twenty of these urban areas in all geographic regions have
air quality exceeding the 9 ppm level of the standard. The highest
concentration recorded in 1989 is found in Los Angeles, CA.
4-11
-------
«0
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN
Figure 4-9. United States map of the highest annual arithmetic mean
nitrogen dioxide concentration by MSA, 1989.
The map for nitrogen dioxide displays the maximum annual mean measured
in the nation's largest metropolitan areas during 1989. Los Angeles, California,
with an annual NO2 mean of 0.057 ppm is the only area in the country
exceeding the NO2 air quality standard of 0.053 ppm.
4-12
-------
OZONE
2ND DAILY MAX 1-HR AVG
Figure 4-10. United States map of the highest second daily maximum 1-hour
average ozone concentration by MSA, 1989.
The ozone map shows the second highest daily maximum 1-hour concentration
in the 90 largest metropolitan areas in the Continental U.S. As shown, 38 of
these areas did not meet the 0.12 ppm standard in 1989. The highest
concentrations are observed in Southern California, but high levels also persist
in the Texas Gulf Coast, Northeast Corridor, and other heavily populated
regions.
4-13
-------
LEAD
MAX QUARTERLY MEAN
Figure 4-11. United States map of the highest maximum quarterly average
lead concentration by MSA, 1989.
The map for Pb displays maximum quarterly average concentrations in the
nation's largest metropolitan areas. Exceedances of the Pb NAAQS are found
in four areas in the vicinity of nonferrous smelters or other point sources of
lead. The two highest concentrations are found at a site near a primary lead
smelter in Herculaneum, MO (St. Louis MSA) and at a site in Leeds, AL
(Birmingham MSA). Because of the switch to unleaded gasoline, areas
primarily affected by automotive lead emissions show levels below the current
standard of 1.5 ug/m:>.
4-14
-------
4.3.2 Metropolitan Statistical Area Air Quality Summary, 1989
Table 4-3 presents a summary of 1989 air quality
for each Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) in the
United States. The air quality levels reported for
each metropolitan area are the highest levels
measured from all available sites within the MSA.
The MSAs are listed alphabetically, with the 1987
population estimate and air quality statistics for each
pollutant. Concentrations above the level of the
respective NAAQS are shown in bold type.
In the case of O3, the problem is pervasive,
and the high values associated with the pollutant can
reflect a large part of the MSA.. However in many
cases, peak ozone concentrations occur downwind
of major urban areas, e.g., peak ozone levels
attributed to the Chicago metropolitan area are
recorded in and near Racine, Wisconsin. In
contrast, high CO values generally are highly
localized and reflect areas with heavy traffic. The
scale of measurement for the pollutants - PM10, SO:2
and NO2 - falls somewhere in between. Finally,
while Pb measurements generally reflect Pb
concentrations near roadways in the MSA, if a
monitor is located near a point source of lead
emissions it can produce readings substantially
higher. Such is the case in several MSAs. Pb
monitors located near a point source are footnoted
accordingly in Table 4-3.
The pollutant-specific statistics reported in this
Section are summarized in Table 4-1, with their
associated primary NAAQS concentrations for a
single year of data. For example, if an MSA has
three ozone monitors in 1989 with second highest
daily hourly maxima of 0.15ppm, 0.14 ppm and 0.12
ppm, the highest of these, 0.15 ppm, would be
reported for that MSA for 1989.
The same annual data completeness criteria
used in the air quality trends data base for
continuous data was used here for the calculation of
annual means, (i.e., 50 percent of the required
samples for SO2 and NO2). If some data have been
collected at one or more sites, but none of these
sites meet the annual data completeness criteria,
then the reader will be advised that there are
insufficient data to calculate the annual mean. With
respect to the summary statistics; on air quality levels
with averaging times less than or equal to 24-hours,
all sites are included, even if they do not meet the
annual data completeness requirement.
For PM10 and Pb, the arithmetic mean statistics
are based on 24-hour measurements, which are
typically obtained from a systematic sampling
schedule. In contrast to the trends analyses in
Section 3 which used a more relaxed indicator, only
maximum quarterly average Pb concentrations and
weighted PM10 annual means meeting the AIRS
validity criteria are displayed in Table 4-3.
This summary provides the reader with
information on how air quality varied among the
nation's metropolitan areas in 1989. The highest air
quality levels measured in each MSA are
summarized for each pollutant monitored in 1989.
Individual MSAs are listed to provide more extensive
spatial coverage for large metropolitan complexes.
The reader is cautioned that this
summary Is not adequate In Itself to
numerically rank MSAs according to their
air quality. To rank properly the air
pollution severity among different MSAs,
data on population characteristics; dally
population mobility, transportation
patterns, industrial composition,
emission inventories, meteorological
factors and, most important, the spatial
representativeness of the monitoring
sites would also be needed.
4.4 REFERENCES
1. Statistical Abstract of the United States.
1989. U. S. Department of Commerce, U. S.
Bureau of the Census, Appendix II.
2. "EPA Lists Places Failing To Meet
Ozone or Carbon Monoxide Standards", Press
Release, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, D.C., August 16, 1990.
4-15
-------
CX
CJ S I * OO OO
Z Q SI QQiHQrHt-HQ.-lt-H
O cul Z Z Z Z
N Q CM| o oo oo
o z *-H
CM
O O O 00 CM CM O i-H i-H V> CH
O O O O OOOOOOO
«O IO O in CM 00 CM
Z Z Z Z
O O O O O O O
tt
o
o
CO
EH
o
<
fx,
>H
EH <
I-H CO
i-^S
<
r> >H
om
a; co
n EH
<§
En
< rj
co ,-q
S ^
o
CM
<
W Q
cc w
< EH
CJ
t-P U
< t-q
CJ CJ
M CO
EH
CO PS
l-H O
E~* DM
-------
vo oo r~ <3< CM «TTCO
QQOOQQQQOQQQOOQOQQQClQOOOQQQ
ZZ -ZZZZ -ZZZZ -Z -ZZZZZ -ZZZ
oo o oo ooo
CM o CTI o fl «-H
OOO OO O OOOOOOO
C^ VO ^* C^ «-H
QQQCOQQQQCMQQQQCMQ«-QQ
ZZZOZZZZOZZZZOZOZZZZZZOMZZZ
o o o o o
QQinl^Jr-QQ^DinQQQQinQsrQmQrOQVCrOCOQQQ
ZZ ZZ ZZZZ ZZZZ ZZZ
co i-t co r-H I-H co m in vo
O O Q ID Q Q O O IT) Q Q Q O VD Q OO O ^ O f"~ CM ^* r~ O O O O
ZZZOZZZZOZZZZOZOZOZOOOOZZZZ
o o ooooooo
*3« tr *3< r- CM cy> in m m
QQQr^QQQQt-HQQQO^HQOQrHQOOOrHQQQQ
ZZZOZZZZOZZZZOZOZOZOOOOZZZZ
o o ooooooo
OQZVDZQQQ^OoOQZQCTiQZQr"~Q^^rMcoo)r-^r-covDrH^ocMr^c^vo^f-o^gCMror--
.-H i-H CO^CM ^
CM *""*
O
CO
1
O
Z
».
* 1 [ ~]
I-H |-3
HH
xx re
EH EH ^3
J EH - - O O
I-H CJ Z Z EH O
O WO Z OS
O - O I-H < 1 <
,-3 QZEH OS EHn3EH
*. i co CT. ^^ rs 5^ *^ I c5 ^5 oi '^ *~^ ** ^~*
oo>^<:o - H -EHUS"3zz"zos:sxS?zz?cociS
EHEHEH2t-3Z -ZOS -i-3^1 OOOiOSCXiZOOCJWO -
OOI-H io ^j £) (J (J *.*.*. f>^ | | (/} CO EH EH t^t *s*,
I-H I-H ZWZOSoSWOEHCO 1 (-3ZZCOZOS ~
f-H 1 "-> -H E
^^ x) E ^^
m^ E O fO CXCO C7>
E (X O CXO P
\ a, OT -H itf
cji -H ( co << m
j3 ro CX'n Z
o co cxo .-H
0 O < 4>
LO O < ~^ O r-H W)
U 2 O
z z re o z CD o
o o i z o £
O O T O O I-H 2
CM Z X S
Z Z Z < £
^ ^C £ £ *£ £ ^H
dj W O O W X
2 £ 2 2 2 >H <
i-t M >-3 2
O O X X O n
I-H i i H
EH EH 2 £ EH Q n3
W W W OS
£ £ Q 0 £ Q W
re re z z re z EH
H EH O O EH O OS
I-H I-H O (J H O <
OS OS W W OS W O
<: < co co o
II II
£ £
o a.
p-^ f* t
u
t-H
EH
CO
t-H
H
<;
EH
CO
>H
OS
f£
2
2
0
co
CJ
EH
^
O
t-3
Z
< CJ
i i
H CJ
O I-H
Z C*i
d-i
< D
EH CO
< Z
a n
CO CO
CJ CJ
EH EH
^ ^
O CJ
I 1 H
Q Q
Z Z
1* 1 *
II II
co
E
CP
a
o
CM
o
w
H
J
<;
^
E
|2
Cn
c
H
e
M
H
CQ
C
""*
0)
4-1
H
to
4J
w
(U
x:
en
H
re
rH
CJUOOUC_)OUCJC_)
2 O
cu co
O O ro CQ
U Z O CU
Q Z
^^ * '
-------
X SJ u>
CQ < Ol .-i
^ o H o
oo oooo oo
oooooooooo
oo
DM
>H
EH <
M CO
^2
O >H
OCQ
05 CO
_ ~J TVO O -5T
CM X SI 00 «-H CO Q m
O rtj CUl O O O 55 O
25 oJ . . . .
1 000 O
o o o
0 000 00 00000
000 00 0 00 0
0 0 00
EH
< O
S hH
o
0,
W Q
05 W
< EH
(_)
I-H tO
< p-q
u w
l-l CO
EH
CO 05
O <0.
CO O,
0 000 00 00000
00 0 00 0 0 0
EH CO
CO CJ
II
Z EH
< CO
EH n
H EH
t-H" <
O EH
Oj CO
O
EH <
U Cd
S Oi
w
CQ
EH
r- EH
w
05
0
EH
co
z
H H Z H CO
W ^ 05 CJ 05 Z
S CO 0 0
EH >
pz
-------
in
Q Q Q 0 Q
ZZZ Z
o
CT> CM O
Z Z
ooo
f~\ £-v f-^ f^ f~\
z z z z z
Q O CO P- O
Z Z Z
o
0 Z Z Z Z
0
>j3
0 Q O Q Q
0 Z Z Z Z
O
Q Q Z f> Q
^ Z I-H CM Z
O O O O O
o o o o o
O 0 O O O
VD r- o co in
ro .-H co vo en
rH ^CM
i-H
Cd
CQ
o
z
<
CM
2
o
CM
|
Q i-l
O DM
O
5 >
>H t-J
I-H- <
HH1 OS
O O
X CJ
O 1
CJ Cd Cd
t-3 CM
J O co Q CJ
~<
z z o ^ 2
[^ ^ ^H fn fn
O O OS OS OS
i 1 i 1 O O O
CL, Cu U-, DM PL,
^r r-
Q Q Q Q 0 0 Q
Z Z Z Z Z
O 0
CN CO IO
zzz z
ooo
t i ro CN
f^ (~^ f"*E | | jy\ ^x
Z Z Z o o O Z
...
ooo
O Q Q VO vo CM O
ZZZ tH Z
vo r~ oo
Q Q Q £»g Q ( | Q
Z Z Z 0 0 0 Z
ooo
m «-H T
Q Q Q 0 0 0 Q
Z Z Z 0 0 0 Z
OOO
C^ 5s f") cr^ m ^o i i
5s t^ p^ CM. CM ^^ co
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
o o o o o o o
m CD m M> en r- ro
.-H r- T VO VD Z
a, co 3 3 3 O Cd
£_, fn £LH £_( £_, y} to
os fyj oS ns PS ro o
O O O O O oS *T T1
Z O i-H 0 Q O
t-H O 0 O Z O
ooo o
Q Z r~ Q Z I
Z * 1 ^T1 Z *"H CM
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
m t-n T CM o r~
o -< o <-< r- m
CM
X
EH
fc
>H
EH
I-H
U
^s t~^
H^ CO M >H Q S
DM < Z Z
X ^
«. Pd Q --CO
Cd EH Z CO CO Q
HH* Z 2 I-H* OS CM
i t O § f£ O ^
> EH >H Z Z Z
I-H t-H1 OS Cd <1 o O t( tt ^*
O O O 0 OOO
VD CM O
f~\ C^ C^ «~* C^ C^ C^ CM CM (~)
ZZZOZZZOOZ
. . .
O O 0
00 I""* Q O O Q Q VD O\ Q
ZH Z Z Z Z
o ^" ^j* vo r~ VD
O O d CM «< O ^T d *T Q
ZZOOOZOOOZ
ooo ooo
CO P- rH O\ rH
QQOOZQ--HOrHQ
ZZOOHZOOOZ
o o ooo
OOZrOZQZ«-HOQ
CMCOI innz'-HCMf'OZ
oooooooooo
oooooooooo
oooooooooo
COinCOVDCMVDVDTCOCn
r-nCOrHr-I^Hr-CO'TrH
^
EH
z
o
CM CJ
t-3CJ "OCdZ2O Z
, ] >H OS t-^1 3 1 OS **
COEHCOOOS
En fin r*t *~i
>-M W >-M *«* ^^
^^ CX co -H f£
CP -H .-H ro CXo ^H
o O< -0)
m o <; o < ( to
(J 2 O
z z a: o z 3 cj
O O 1 Z O 2
0 CJ T O O HH S
CM Z X O
Z Z Z O U4 X
S 21 S S S >< <
H~t 1 ( (-^ ^
U 0 X X U t-H
*-H t 1 (^ ^ KH rf) >-»
EH EH 2 2 EH Q hJ
Cd Cd Cd PS
2 2 Q Q 2 Q Cd
n: rc z z K z EH
EH EH O O EH O DS
l-H l-l O CJ I-H CJ <
OS OS Cd Cd OS Cd O
H
OS
<;
2?
2
3
co
Cd
E-H
^
CJ
^
Z
i< Cd
h- 1
EH U
O I-H
z r* i
DM
4J
-H
W
4J
I/)
0)
f.
CT'
-H
pr;
X
EH
..
>,
4_)
C
P
O
u
c
-H
^
o
o
C
-H
0)
u
l-l
D
O
-------
H
X SI
PQ < Ol
a, S r>|
Oi-H
**) «n r-t a\ o\ in vc m
ggSogsggggsggsssggggssgggggggggsgggsgggg
00 O O 000 00 r^
EH <
M CO
^ S
OCQ
OS CO
H EH
o «s|
o ac cu
coS|
o oo o
O 0000 000 O O o' O* O* o' O* O*
W Q
05 Cd
ss| iiisM
^ ° °° °
00 0 00 00
o to
M CO
EH
co ct;
EH CO
CO CJ
(1
Z EH
< CO
C~* t~H
HH EH
HH1 <
O EH
04 CO
O
OS 5*3
EH i<
to w
S CU
CT\
to
CQ
EH
r^ EH
oo
-------
OO Q Q i-H O OOOOO O OOO O O «H Q O ro Q O O O
ZZ -ZZZZZ -ZZZ -Z -Z -ZZ
O O O CD O o O O o I-H
r-HOU)CT\O(NlfOi-l OO (TiOCM CMCHr^ IOO
>t tIOO«(<t0«-HQQQQr-lrHQQQO«-Hr-(QiIrHrnQrH-I
z z z z -zzz -z -z
oooooooo oo ooo ooo oo
^HQQOQQlOZQQQQQCMQQQQQCNQr-tCNJQQCNO
OZZOZZOI-HZZ2ZZOZZZZZOZOOZZOO
VDQCOQQQOOr^tnQQQinr-QQQCMQOQcnLnOQVDrH
Z ZZZrH ZZZ Z Z Z H Z rH Z ZZ rH
TOOOLOi-HO V0 O 00 i~- CMCN
OOZOZOOOZZZZOCDZZZZZOZZOZZOO
000000 OO O O 00
oo H
CJ
EH
EH
CJ
>H
H CJ
t-H1 1-3
CJ CJ
1 O
z
H- 1
1
>H
i*s re
z
- i
CJ OS
X CJ I-H
EH -Z 3
CJ OS
*. OS 3 Z
!U
z re
o
^
iX >-
1 J Q
H i-q
CO CJ
MISSION, TX
i
CJ
OS
^)
CQ
OS Z
CL, i f
Q
-CJ
c*o 1
PJ Z
1-3
u<
co
3
EH
1 1
OS EH
O 1
CJ
- z
O OS
CO
2
1
as
<£
1
z
H
«.
CO
1-1
Pu,
^
i;
<
CJ
Jcji-HZZ>1-3ocQ i oui-HrapJoSDi-HQ i wwz
Z -O>-H1>!-H«H<:Q^20S
cji-Hi-Hi-HOOOOOr3>H COiT"
I-H , 1 ^-^ -rH f~
^ -- XI E \
^ E o (U ato CP
E Ou O O,O P
\aw-H <
CP -H »H n < EH
' i i O ' Z
EH n: cj
< 1 CJ
OS oo Z Z
EH O O
z z z cj z cj i i
O O CJ Z O EH
i i i i cj I-H I-H as O 2 O
z z n: o z r> u
O O 1 Z O 2
CJ CJ T O O »-H 2
CM Z X 3
Z Z Z < 2
< < 2 2 < 2 HH
CJ CJ 3 0 CJ X
2 2 2 2 2 ^H ^
, , , , -i * »
i i r i t 4 *^i
CJ CJ X X CJ I-H
HH t 1 1 H
EH EH 2 2 EH Q ^
CJ CJ CJ OS
2 2 0 Q 2 Q CJ
nc nc z z a: z EH
EH EH O O EH O OS
I-H I-H O O I-H CJ ~t
OS
<;
2
^r
^3
CO
CJ
EH
Z
< CJ
I-H
EH CJ
O n
py fjtj
U-(
< D
EH CO
< Z
Q I-H
co co
CJ CJ
EH H
-------
xsl
< O Q
2 D a
oH
n nooro oo H
0
a,
PO Q
OS PO
2
0
r- EH
00 <
CTI ,-q
rH O
O-i
o
Cu
rt*
M
OS
ft,
r-5
U
rH
EH
CO
II
EH
H
to
2
<
EH
rH
rH
O
o
o
OS
EH
U
2
ZH zzzzz00'7""^
IoozZZZZZOrHOZ
o o ooo
100 rH 00 rO CN
OOQQQQQQOrHrHQ
oozzzzzzoooz
O O OOO
r- H
Z Z
-3
Z i-^ NS 2
<^ <;cQ
i irj02oSEHO^cS&-HliXlir!to
CQQ2222tooJcototoS
OOOOOOHD^i^
o <:
rr W
2O >H ilS >H
W rH Z < O Z
(J>HOSi-q «-Z -
OS O CO rH >-l >H >H
-LOZ->H i-^O EH -j r r -i *-x * i
EH[X]QPJJ»S 1 -"pc, <-ZO-.OS
OS < O DC O J^o^ J J z -(=£o<: ^cjom
CQ;T;I_ 5O>HOSicCO'c^^iH | ^ S
r i i /v" ^n r- ^-«
> o o n> PO r4
DS 2 S rf D ^£
rf* (tf* V^ fi PH CA
5" 5" r? f/i 5 ^
$ ^ ^r* *-r ^ ri
O o, o, o, o o,
tH tH Z
o o o z
OOO
O rH 0 Q
o o o z
OOO
SZ2Z
OOOO
OOOO
OOOO
P"> VD V£) (T\
CO 00 ^^ f4
S ^ o
-to x i-q
S ^ 7
rr* S !\
*£? *~\ ~
^ , , ^ ^
0,0,0,0,
-------
O LOrHVTrH rH OO COf-OOf")
rHQQOrHOQCMQQQQQrOQQQQOQQOOOOQQ
zz -z -zzzzz -zzzz -zz -zz
O OOOO O O OOOO
f)CT> flCTlrHOOnrH ^rH rHCTlO
.Z Z'-Z-'-Z-'-Z-'-ZZZ
oo oooooo oo ooo ooo ooo
co CM ro
oo ooo ooo oo
iHZ
ZZrHZZrHZfHZ
VD roCT>cMr~ m LnncMoocno
rHZZOOOOOZZZZZOZZZOOOOOZOOOO
O OOOOO O OOOOO OOOO
^r or~-oocTiLn o j'^riov^X) vococMfO
CMQQrHOOOrHQQQQQrHQQQrHOOOrHQOOOO
OZZOOOOOZZZZZOZZZOOOOOZOOOO
OOOOO
OOOOO
OOOO
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
ooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
CMCMrHCMCMU3CMrHrHU>
< <
a, s
i
ac
z
os"
DO
EH
CO
CJ
re
o
o
OS O
1 Z
OS >H
HH H SO
I o - as o rH
< Q
p, ^ pi
1 O <
x: os z
o o os
n PQ CJ
S co co
DO as
Z CJ Z
- - SOIHH^^ OS - <
OrH'QS ^ -EHO,OCJOSQEH
OSCJD-iQQ^CJZOS IrH ^
n>rH ZZODOCJO - -n:oo
a,i>^- o
^
M E
-H a,
a,
CO
O CM
E < <-<
a<
CXZ 0
^
i i ^_^ » p
, , Q f£ ^^
rT" E o m cxco en
E CX O (XO 3
\ CX W -H Z
0 CO CXO rH
0 O<
rH OS rH
0) <1> CXH (!) XI
i ( CX Z ' I TO
XI X) o s o
Z Z X O Z O O
O O 1 Z O S
O CJ T O O rH S
CM Z X ID
Z Z Z < S
DO X
2 2 S 2 2 >H H
H EH 2 2 EH Q ,-}
DO CJ DO OS
2 S Q Q 2 Q CJ
ac re z z n: z EH
H EH O O EH O OS
rH rH O O rH CJ <
os os cj cj os cj n>
< < co co < co o
H EH EH H H EH H
LO LO CO CO CO CO CO
DO CJ CJ DO DO DO DO
rr: ac re n: re n: x
o o o o o o u
H rH rH rH rH rH rH
x ac ac rc i rc rc
II II II II II II
o
rH CM CM
SO O O ro C«
DJ co o z o n<
OGRAMS PER CUBIC METER
S PER MILLION
OS EH
O OS
rH <
S a.
u u
os as
< <
CO CO
EH £H
rH rH
Z Z
HD !D
II II
s s
u a.
O PL,
CJ
KH
EH
co
rH
EH
H
os
O
^
Z
< CJ
rH
EH 0
O rH
Z PM
U,
r;
W
TO
Z
C
-H
0)
4J
-H
(fl
4-)
W
JZ
Cn
-H
3S
Z
EH
V
>^
4J
C
3
0
O
C
0
0)
E
TO
H
rH
rH
-H
S
C
-H
0)
U
r-l
3
O
(/)
rH
TO
-H
M
4J
(/)
3
T)
C
-H
C
TO
E
0
r-t
UH
4J
O
TO
a
G
i
*
DO
Z
V
TO
rC
TO
E
O
C
-H
a>
u
M
3
O
V)
rH
TO
-H
M
4-)
H
Z
V
>,
4-J
C
3
O
O
0)
cn
C
TO
H
O
C
-H
0)
U
M
3
O
(0
rH
TO
-H
M
4J
(/)
3
T5
C
-H
C
TO
E
O
M
UH
4-1
U
TO
CX
G
1
cu
-------
o o o o o o
X
o
o
CQ
EH
cj
OCQ
a co
t-i EH
< 2:
000 oooooo
0 o 0000 0000
cj a
OS CJ
< EH
CJ
.-J CJ
< ^
CJ CJ
i-H CO
EH
co a:
>~t O
EH tu,
jj
«-H O
a,
O
a,
co
EH
EH
CO
2
<
EH
n
^q
O
ex,
O
a;
t-
uj
s:
O 000 00 000
OOOOOO o 0
0000 0 00
lliilliiillllilioSoSogo
o
o
04
o
ct;
o
-------
cooo^oo o O^D r
z z z z z z z z z z z z
OOOO O O O '
rH ^ O CM Cn rH Cn O f) IO <*) «H .
T VD
2j ^r ' *2 x^ p'- "^ r^ py
O O O
HCTl COf) O OrHO
« .r^ . .r^ ,^:^ . . .
O OOO OOOOOO O OOO OO O OOO
no en iHrH men *r u> CM
QQQCMCMQQQrHQQQCNQmQQQrHrHQQQmQCMQCNJQQ
ZZZOOZZZOZZSZOZOZZZOOZZZOZOZOZZ
OO O OO OO OOO
LO r^
Z
o
0 Z
o
00
O Q
0 Z
o
z z
hH I 1
0 O
o o
O 0
rH CM
rH U>
*vD rH
~C ^
O IxS
^ fc
O <
Q X
to to
Hq DJ
O O
LO i~~ r
O CO CO
000
000
en CM r-
o o o
OOO
OOO
O 04 U?
m in m
OOO
OOO
OOO
r^cn m
CM rH m
m VD r~-
(.
Z ^3
^ o
z
o z «
EH O <
Z co co
to cj 1-3
Q Q
Z Z
f^ f^
z z
Q Q
Z Z
Z Q
i . ^
o o
o o
o o
T m
«sr LO
i-H t-H
,-3
v
f~>i 1 1 £\ ^* ^5
Z o o z o o
o o o o
CM 00
Q o z a o z
Z O rH Z 0 rH
O 0
Q CN Q Q Q I**
z m z z z ^0
OOOOOO
OOOOOO
OOOOOO
cr "3< U> LO OO CM
rH o rH r~ m en
m ^* CM < t CN
r-.
z <:
o
z -
< O CO
O EH i-3
CO t-3
^ C) rH
< Q >
CM n PS
< PS CO
Z CQ EH
1 1 OS
Q tO O
t-3 i-3 CX
CO rH 1
>H HH > CO
Z tij < i-3 Pi
PS 3 X r-3 <
to rH Z > > > >
Q O> O
z z
VD ^r
/-> ^« v^
ZOO
o o
^T rH
Q rH rH
ZOO
o o
Q n m
z ^T* m
OOO
OOO
Q O ^^
z z
^r CO
CD r~~ ^D
Zoo
0 0
O CO
Q rH 0
ZOO
O 0
Q O Z
Z Z ' '
OOO
OOO
OOOOOO
en u> m
00 T1 rH
. I VD (NJ
m
<
>
1
Q
s
1
o
Q EH
CJ
Z
o >-<
X EH Oi
EH O H3
Z CQ
~ tH Dd
o n: w
CJ co E^
^ <^ <£
s s s
CTl rH O
VT rH CTl
to
CQ
;>-,
U3 r-
r- r- CM rH
X
re d-<
0
1 co >
> n3 H
*i < 0
^ tu CX,
(j ^ co
Z :
>: >: cj >^ H
,-q ,-n ni X
n t H O
LO Q O
Z Z
LO rH
CO ^* Ci
0 O Z
o o
r- o
0 I-H Q
o o z
0 0
rH LO 2
CO CO rH
OOO
OOO
OOO
TJ- m u>
O O rH
re
O
^
jz;
CO
DS
PS
< <
1
Z -
3; ><
rn
1 >. >H ><
CX
CX
en
(n Hi
-H CX
CX
CO
^~ O CM
E < -H
O-i *^C
CXZ 0
"T -H rH m
LO o < o i co
< X) -H
co co z co to
-H -H -H U CO
0) -HO
co co > i z co i f£
OOX) O O CX<
CJ TJ S2 **H
O U Z U O rH
-H -H O -H rH CX
^H rH O rH EH CX
ex a cx< <
CX CXZ PS CXPS
< CJ S O
z z re o z o u
00 1 Z O 2
U CJ ^r O CJ rH S
CM Z X n
Z Z Z < 2
< < 51 S < 2 rH
to to o rn> co x
S 2 S 2 S >H <
rH rH n3 5:
CJ O X X CJ rH
HH rH l< H
EH EH S 2 EH Q _3
CO CO CO OS
2 2 Q Q 2 Q CO
re re z z re z EH
EH EH O O EH O Oi
H HH CJ U tH O <
os os to to os to o
u z O a.
R CUBIC METER
LION
ARE MICROGRAMS PE1
ARE PARTS PER MIL:
co co
EH EH
1 1 hH
z z
0 0
n n
2 2
O CM
3 CM
rH
CO
) 1
H
<^
EH
CO
>H
PS
z
< CO
1 1
EH CJ
O rH
z u,
tM
< 0
EH CO
< Z
Q rH
co co
til CO
EH EH
H
II II
O X
X tH
m
E
m
CM
0
CO
-H
o
2£
^
CO
-H
O
i_]
JJ
co
C
-H
0)
4-J
-H
CO
Jj
(0
(U
x:
cr>
-H
re
o
2
v
E
CD
c
(fl
^H
p
U
M
0)
re
c
-H
IH
cu
4J
rH
(U
E
CO
T5
tXS
CU
.H
13
E
O
V-l
UH
4_)
U
m
CX
E
rH
1
*
-------
1. REPORT NO.
EPA 450/4-91-003B
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Executive Summary and Chapter 4 Excerpts from the
National Air Quality and Emissions Trends
1989
T. Curran, R. Faoro, T. Fitz-Simons, N. Frank,
W. Freas, B. Beard, W. Frietsche, and W. F. Hunt, Jr.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air and Radiation
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
5. REPORT DATE
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
Y NOTES
H Hintnn
The computer graphics were prepared by W. Freas and the typing by
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents national and regional trends in air quality from 1980 through
1989 for total suspended paniculate, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide,
ozone and lead. Air quality trends are also presented for 14 metropolitan areas. Both
national and regional trends in each of these pollutants are examined. National air quality
trends are also presented for both the National Air Monitoring Sites (NAMS) and other site
categories. In addition to ambient air quality, trends are also presented for annual
nationwide emissions. These emissions are estimated using the best available
engineering calculations; the ambient levels presented are averages of direct
measurements.
This report also includes a section, Air Quality Levels in Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(MSAs). Its purpose is to provide interested members of the air pollution control
community, the private sector and the general public with greatly simplified air pollution
information. Air quality statistics are presented for each of the pollutants for all MSAs with
data in 1989.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
Air Pollution Trends Air Pollution
Emission Trends Metropolitan
Carbon Monoxide
Nitrogen Dioxide
Ozone
Sulfur Dioxide
Total Suspended Particulates
Lead
Statistical Area (MSA)
Air Quality Standards
National Air Monitoring
Stations (NAMS)
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (This Report)
Release Unlimited
20. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
21. NO. OF PAGES
.48
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
-------
-------
-------
-------
------- |