United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air
and Radiation
(ANR-443)
450-K-92-001
September, 1992
Air
4>EPA
The Clean Air Act Amendments
of 1990
A Guide for Small Businesses
Recycled/Recyclable
Printed on paper thai contains
at least 50% recycled fiber
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CONTENTS
PART I: THE NEW CLEAN AIR ACT AND SMALL BUSINESS
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Overview
2. Immediate Help and Information for Small Businesses
-State Air Pollution Control Agencies
-EPA Small Business Ombudsman
-EPA Technical Support Center and Hotlines
B. AIR POLLUTION IN BRIEF
1. Federal and State Responsibilities
2. Types of Air Pollutants
-Primary Urban Pollutants
-Toxic Air Pollutants
Routine Emissions
- Accidental Releases
-Ozone Depleters
C. KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE NEW CLEAN AIR ACT
1. Broaden State Government Oversight and Management
2. Utilize Market Forces and Principles
3. Encourage New Technologies and Pollution Prevention
4. Strengthen Enforcement Provisions
5. Provide Assistance to Small Businesses
D. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
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PART II: CLEAN AIR PROGRAMS AFFECTING SMALL BUSINESS
A. GROUND LEVEL OZONE (SMOG)
1. Problems of Ground Level Ozone (Smog) Pollution
2. Key Effects on Small Businesses
3. Consumer Products Controls
4. Five Classifications of Nonattainment for Ground Level Ozone (Smog)
5. Controls on Major Existing Stationary Sources of Ozone (Smog)
Causing Pollutants
6. Controlling New Sources of Pollution that Form Ozone (Smog)
7. Ground Level Ozone: Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
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B. MOTOR VEHICLE CONTROLS
1. The Growth of Motor Vehicle Travel
2. Key Effects on Small Businesses
3. Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs
4. Gasoline Vapor Recovery (Stage II Controls)
5. Clean Fuels Program
6. Controls on Fleet Vehicle Owners and Operators
7. Motor Vehicle Controls: Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
C. TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
1. Health Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants
2. Performance Standards for Toxic Air Pollutants
-Toxic Air Pollutants and Affected Industries
-Tight Controls and Flexible Options
3. Key Effects on Small Businesses
4. Major Sources
5. Lesser Quantity Major Sources
6. MACT Controls
7. Incentives for Early Reduction of Air Toxics
8. Area Sources
9. Toxic Air Pollutants: Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
D. PREVENTING THE ACCIDENTAL RELEASE
OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
1. Accidental Release Provisions
2. List of Specific Chemicals
3. Risk Management Plans
4. OSHA Workplace Chemical Process Safety Management Standard
5. Key Effects on Small Businesses
6. Accidental Releases: Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
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E. UPPER OZONE LAYER PROTECTION
1. The Challenge of Global Ozone Depletion
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3.
Classes of Chemicals
-Class I Substances
-Class II Substances
Key Effects on Small Businesses
-Recycling and Emissions Reductions
-Motor Vehicle Air Conditioner Certification
-Nonessential Products Controls
-Warning Labels
4. Ozone Layer Protection: Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
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F. FEDERAL OPERATING PERMITS PROGRAM
1. Precedents for Permitting Small Air Pollution Sources
2. Benefits of a Permit Program
Key Effects on Small Businesses
Procedures for Operational Flexibility and Prompt Modifications
Review Procedures for Significant Changes
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6. Federal Permits Program: Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
PART III: STATE SMALL BUSINESS ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
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A. OVERVIEW
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3.
4.
Small Business Special Needs
State Lead for Providing Small Business Assistance
The Act's Definition of a Small Business
Federal Oversight and Support
-Federal Guidelines
-Oversight and Monitoring
-Technical Assistance and Research
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B. COMPONENTS OF AN OVERALL STATE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 26
1. State Ombudsman
2. Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP)
3. State Compliance Advisory Panel
4. Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses
Appendix A: Types of Businesses Subject to Air Pollution Controls
Appendix B: State and Territorial Air Pollution Control Agencies
Appendix C: EPA Technical Support Centers and Hotlines
Appendix D: Ozone Nonattainment Areas
Appendix E: Listed Air Toxics
Appendix F: List of Regulated Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants
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Part One
THE NEW CLEAN AIR ACT
AND SMALL BUSINESS
A. INTRODUCTION
1. Overview: On November 15, 1990, President Bush signed into law the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. Among other provisions, the Act places new federal controls on small
sources of air pollution that ultimately may affect hundreds of thousands of small American
businesses. The specific requirements affecting small business owners and operators will most
often depend on how badly their local air is polluted, and the kinds and quantities of pollutants
their business puts into the air.
The decision by the U.S. Congress to extend federal clean air controls to small businesses
evolved from numerous studies. These studies concluded that several of the nation's most serious
air quality problems could not be solved without setting additional controls on motor vehicles and
large industrial sources, and establishing new federal controls on smaller sources that pollute the
air. The smaller sources of air pollution are often small businesses. (Appendix A lists the kinds
of businesses that are likely to be affected by one or more provisions of this new Act.)
Section 507 of the Clean Air Act Amendments is especially important to small business.
This requires all state governments to establish Small Business Technical and Environmental
Compliance Assistance Programs to help small businesses contend with several new air
pollution control responsibilities.
Although specific regulations are still evolving, this Guide is designed to provide small
businesses, small business associations, and other interested persons with a broad overview
of the Act's major requirements, and the effects these are likely to have on the small business
community.
Part I includes general material on air pollution, and five of the Act's major objectives
that will affect small businesses.
Part II details six major provisions of the Act that most directly affect the small business
community.
Part III highlights the various state assistance programs that will be developed to help
small businesses comply with the Act.
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2. Immediate Help and Information for Small Businesses: Small businesses and the
associations that represent them can get additional information about the new Act from state and
federal authorities.
*State and Territorial Air Pollution Agencies: Appendix B lists the mailing
address and telephone number of each State or territorial air pollution control agency. These
agencies will be able to provide more specific information about the requirements of the Act for
small businesses under their jurisdiction.
*EPA Small Business Ombudsman: EPA's Office of Small and Disadvantaged
Business Utilization has a team of professionals who have had years of experience representing
the interests and concerns of the small business community within the Agency. They will provide
details of emerging federal programs and regulations under the Act that are especially important
to small businesses.
Writing Address
Small Business Ombudsman
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street SW (A-149C)
Washington, D.C. 20460
Telephone Numbers
National Hotline: (1-800-368-5888)
Washington, D.C. and Virginia:
(703) 305-5938
FAX Number: (703)305-6462
*EPA Technical Support Centers and Hotlines: Small businesses affected by
new federal clean air requirements will also be able to obtain specific information and assistance
from EPA's Technical Support Centers and from certain telephone "hotlines" that the Agency
maintains. Appendix C describes the services these Centers and Hotlines provide.
B. AIR POLLUTION IN BRIEF
1. Federal and State Responsibilities: Air pollution is one of the nation's principal health
and environmental concerns. Most air pollution comes either from stationary sources such as
factories, power plants and smelters, or from mobile sources that include cars, buses, planes,
trucks, and fains. Air pollution had already reached dangerous levels in many areas when the first
major federal Clean Air Act became law in 1970. Major amendments to strengthen the Act were
added in 1977, and again in 1990.
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The Clean Air Act gives EPA authority to set national ambient air quality standards for
protecting public health and the environment from pollutants in the outside air. Primary
standards set limits to protect public health, including the health of people particularly
sensitive to air pollution such as young children, the elderly, and those with asthma.
Secondary standards set limits to protect plants, wildlife, building materials, and cultural
monuments.
While EPA sets standards and national regulations for controlling air pollution, it is state
governments that manage most of the specific programs for achieving these standards. State
implementation plans (SIPs) are legally enforceable documents that state governments develop
to identify their sources of air pollution, and to determine what reductions they must make to
meet the federal air quality standards. Based on these determinations, measures are developed
to achieve the necessary reductions.
2. Types of Air Pollutants: Under the new Clean Air Act, small businesses will be
affected by controls on three types of air pollution.
-Primary Urban Pollutants: EPA already has set standards for six primary
(so-called "criteria" ) pollutants which are generally discharged in large quantities by a wide
variety of sources in urban and other areas of the country. The six pollutants are: ground level
ozone or "smog," * carbon monoxide, particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide,
and lead. None are thought to be carcinogenic, but exposure to high and even moderate
levels for varying periods of time contributes to respiratory diseases, heart ailments, and
blood or circulatory problems. Exposure can be particularly harmful to people with existing
lung and heart disease, the elderly, and the very young. Control measures for ground level
ozone (smog) will have particularly significant effects on many small businesses.
-Toxic Air Pollutants: Toxic air pollutants include chemicals that are known to
cause, or that are suspected of causing, cancer and other serious health effects such as birth
defects and gene mutations. The new Act distinguishes between toxic air pollutants that enter
the air from routine emissions, and hazardous substances; that are especially dangerous when
accidentally released into the air.
* Ground level ozone (smog) is a different problem than stratospheric ozone depletion. For
a description of the latter, see page 4.
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Routine Emissions: EPA is responsible for regulating the routine (generally daily)
emissions of toxic air pollutants under the National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants (NESHAP) program. About half of all air toxics emissions come from cars and other
mobile sources while the other half is emitted by large and small stationary sources. The new Act
regulates both of these broad sources, but it is the stationary source controls that are of most direct
concern to small businesses. The Act requires EPA to set toxic air pollution standards for specific
industry activities. EPA has identified several of these including dry cleaning, sterilization,
solvent degreasing, and many other industries such as chemical manufacturing, storage, and
transport industries. (For a complete list, see Appendix P.)
Accidental Releases: EPA is required to establish a list of 100 or more hazardous
substances that are particularly hazardous to human health and the environment when inadvertently
released into the air by an unanticipated or uncontrolled event. Facilities that use these substances
over established quantities will be required to prepare risk management plans and comply with
additional prevention regulations.
-Ozone Depleters: A third type of air pollutant regulated by the Act includes the
emissions of substances that deplete the upper (stratospheric) ozone layer. This depletion
exposes life on earth to very harmful ultraviolet radiation. Facilities that repair and maintain air
conditioning equipment are a major source for these emissions.
C. KEY OBJECTIVES OF THE NEW CLEAN AIR ACT
Significant reductions of many forms of air pollution have been achieved since the first
major Clean Air Act became law in 1970. Despite such progress, serious unresolved health and
environmental problems from air pollution remain in many areas of the country. Although the
Clean Air Act requires significant additional controls from large businesses (including chemical
manufacturers, oil companies, automobile manufacturers, and utilities), reductions from smaller
businesses are required as well.
Congress recognized that the new Act would affect small businesses in several ways, but
also acknowledged that the overwhelming majority of business owners would want to comply
with the new requirements if they knew how. Several objectives in the Act particularly affect
the nation's small business community.
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1. Broaden State Government Oversight and Management: State governments will
oversee, manage, and enforce most of the clean air programs required by the new Act once EPA
approves their plans. When EPA approves a state program under the Act, almost all of the
subsequent interaction between small businesses and government on that measure will be with
state or municipal agencies.
2. Utilize Market Forces and Principles: The Act also will harness "market forces"
in the work of cleaning up the nation's air, and encourage the use of several other flexible
options to help business comply fully with all regulations while minimizing costs. Where
possible, EPA will encourage the use of innovative economic incentives. These include
alternative control measures such as allowing companies or facilities to "trade" emissions,
or to set up a so-called "bubble" where a company or a facility has discretion to vary
emissions reductions from sources within the bubble to achieve a certain overall reduction.
In many cases, too, EPA will not dictate the specific kinds of controls that companies
must apply, but will set performance standards and let industry find the most efficient and
cost-effective ways of meeting them. This should encourage industry to develop new
technologies and products that are tailored to meet specific business and industrial
circumstances.
3. Encourage New Technologies and Pollution Prevention: New emission
standards will encourage many companies to go one step beyond controlling pollutants after
they are produced to eliminating or sharply reducing their production altogether. Pollution
prevention technologies are being applied successfully by the business community to solve
hazardous waste and water pollution problems, and it should be useful for dealing with air
pollution as well. Many companies have found that costs for installing and operating new
technologies are frequently offset by reduced costs for chemicals or other substances used in
production, and by lower monthly charges for water, energy, and waste disposal.
"New technologies" often do not just involve equipment or machinery. Many of the most
successful ones are process changes that substitute non-toxic materials for toxic ones, or which
reduce pollution by curtailing certain steps in the production process. Pollution prevention
can be sound in an economic sense and good for the environment as well.
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4. Strengthen Enforcement Provisions: The new Amendments include strong
enforcement provisions with both civil and criminal sanctions for companies that violate the law.
Citizens can sue companies that are in violation of the law, and they can sue EPA or state
governments if they fail to enforce the new Act's provisions. The criminal sanctions will apply
only to companies that knowingly violate the law. Also, criminal violations have been upgraded
from misdemeanors to felonies.
5. Provide Assistance to Small Businesses: A fifth major objective of the Act that is
of particular concern to small businesses is contained in Section 507 of the amended Act which
requires state governments to develop specified assistance programs to help small companies
comply with the Act's relevant provisions. As part of this commitment, state governments can
help small businesses identify the most appropriate and cost-effective technologies to use in
complying with the Act's requirements through the Small Business Technical and Environmental
Compliance Assistance Programs. These assistance programs are described in Part III.
D. BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES
Recently, a study was conducted for the EPA by ICF Resources Inc. and the Wall Street
investment firm of Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Company Inc. to examine the business
opportunities that will be created by the 1990 Clean Air Act. While there will be offsetting costs
in other industries, this report clearly illustrates that dollars spent by American industry to clean
the air will stimulate sectors of the American economy by generating significant new revenues,
creating tens of thousands of jobs, and enhancing profitability.
For example, revenues in the air pollution control industry are projected to jump dramatically,
by an average of $4 to $6 billion annually in the next three years, and $7 to $9 billion annually in
the five years following that. This represents a $50-$70 billion cumulative increase in revenues
by the year 2000.
In addition, by the year 2000, it is projected that an increase in labor demand wiU create the
equivalent of 20,000 - 40,000 new jobs in the design, engineering, manufacture, and construction
of stationary source equipment alone.
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The report highlights a number of case studies illustrating how domestic industry is already
responding to the business opportunities in the new Act. For example, a small Rhode Island
firm has developed marketable technology to convert diesel buses and trucks to compressed natural
gas (CNG), and has contracted with Providence, RI to convert 35 of that city's buses from diesel
to GNG.
Increased business opportunities such as this will be available to traditional air pollution control
markets. These include the control equipment manufacturing industry (e.g., scrubbers and
incinerators), the air pollution monitoring industry, architectural and engineering firms, and the
construction industry.
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Part Two
CLEAN AIR PROGRAMS
AFFECTING SMALL BUSINESSES
The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 contain several new requirements that are of particular
concern to small businesses. These include measures to:
Lower emissions from small industrial and service companies that contribute to ground
level ozone pollution (smog);
Reduce automotive emissions by establishing tailpipe inspection and maintenance programs
for motor vehicles, and by expediting the development of clean automotive fuels and new
motor vehicles that emit very little pollution;
Sharply curb emissions of 189 toxic air pollutants from hundreds of industries;
Prevent or minimize the risks from the accidental release of 100 or more very hazardous
chemicals into the air;
Recycle and phase out the production and use of products and substances that deplete
the Earth's upper ozone layer; and
Require many sources affected by the Act to document their air pollution control
obligations in a 5 year operating permit.
A. GROUND LEVEL OZONE (SMOG)
1. Problems of Ground Level Ozone Pollution: Ground level ozone, commonly
referred to as "smog," is the single most serious air quality challenge for most urban areas. When
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 were passed, six out of every ten Americans were living
in an area of the country where, to varying degrees, ozone levels exceeded EPA's air quality
standards. This far exceeds the number in problem areas for any other primary urban pollutant.
Ground level ozone is a complex problem that is difficult to control in part because it is not
emitted directly by specific sources. It forms in the air when there are chemical reactions between
two other pollutants nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) -- in the
presence of heat and sunlight. Hotter temperatures can accelerate the formation of ozone. **
** Ozone at ground level is a major health and environmental problem, but is a beneficial
substance in the stratosphere (6 to 30 miles above the Earth) where it shields the earth from the
sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Several of the Act's programs will reduce ground level ozone,
while others will help to preserve ozone in the stratosphere where it is being depleted by certain
man-made chemicals. Section E describes measures in the new Act to protect upper layer ozone.
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2. Key Effects on Small Businesses: A primary way to reduce ozone (smog) levels below
current levels is to control the extent to which smal sources emit volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) or nitrogen oxides (NOx). Many are small businesses such as auto body painting and
repair companies, print shops, bakeries, various painting, surface coating or degreasing
operations, and gasoline service stations that release vapors from refueling automobiles.
3. Consumer Product Controls: The Act also calls on EPA to regulate emissions from
consumer products that contribute to the formation of ground level ozone. This may affect small
businesses that use those products to produce goods or services. EPA must conduct a study
before it controls these items, but affected products could include household items such as cleaners
and disinfectants, spray paints, garden chemicals, hairsprays, and architectural coatings.
4. Five Classifications of Nonattainment for Ozone (Smog): The new Act's
requirements place more than 90 urban areas with ozone problems into one of five classifications.
(See Table A on next page.) These classifications range from the least polluted (marginal) and
progress upward through moderate, serious, and severe, to the most seriously polluted (extreme).
(See Appendix D for a list of the cities and counties in each classification.) The more heavily
polluted an area is, the more stringent the controls that are required under the Act.***
5. Controls on Existing Major Stationary Sources of Ozone (Smog) Causing
Pollutants: Under the Act, certain emission limits may apply to a business defined as a "major
source." As seen in Table A. a "major source" will vary from 10 tons a year in the most heavily
polluted areas to 100 tons a year in less polluted areas which still are not meeting standards for
ozone pollution. The more serious the ozone problem, the more likely it is that small businesses
will be required to install pollution control equipment or take other steps to reduce their emissions.
6. Controlling New Sources of Pollution that Form Ozone (Smog): To counter the
effects of growth on air quality, the new Act sets even more stringent requirements for a new
source of ozone pollution in nonattainment areas than it does for existing sources. A "New Source
Review " permit may be required for the construction of certain "major sources," including
constructing a new facility, expanding an existing one, or adding new machinery that increases
emissions of ozone forming substances.
***There ^ many ^^^ jn ^ United States where levels of other pollutants, particularly carbon
monoxide and paniculate matter, exceed EPA's air quality standards. There will also be some
instances where controls for these and other primary pollutants affect small sources of air pollution
(e.g., residential woodstoves). It is anticipated that, on the whole, relatively few small businesses
should be directly affected by control measures for these air pollutants.
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Among other things, the affected company must limit emissions of the new source to the
Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) that is technically possible for that type of source. It
must also reduce or "offset" a certain amount of emissions from existing stationary sources of
ozone in the area by more than the amount that will be generated by the new source. These offsets
can be obtained from sources owned by the company or from other businesses. The offset amount
increases with the severity of the ozone problem in the nonattainment area. (See Table A. right-
hand column.) For example, if a new source locating in a "serious" nonattainment area (where the
new source offset ratio is 1.30 to 1) is going to emit 100 tons per year of volatile organic
compounds, it must reduce emissions from other existing sources in the area by 130 tons. New
sources cannot allow for any increase of pollutants that cause ozone in badly polluted areas; the
approval process must, in fact, guarantee that there will be a net reduction as a result of the offset
provision.
TABLE A
CLASSIFICATIONS FOR OZONE (SMOG) IN NONATTAINMENT AREAS
Classification Major Source
Volatile Organic Compounds
and Nitrogen Dioxide
Marginal
Moderate
Serious
Severe
Extreme
100 tons/year
100 tons/year
50 tons/year
25 tons/year
10 tons/year
Attainment Deadline
1993
1996
1999
2005-2007
2010
New Source
Offset
l.lOtol
1.15 to 1
1.30 to 1
1.30 to 1
1.50 to 1
- The "major source" tonnage sizes in this table applies only to emissions of ground level ozone
precursors. Much smaller sources (in terms of tonnage emitted) can be defined as "major sources"
for toxic air pollutants. (See Section C.)
- There are exceptions to the classifications noted above. The Act requires that all sources emitting
50 tons or more of ozone forming pollutants a year be treated as "major sources" in an area of the
country known as the Ozone Transport Region. This includes all parts of Connecticut, Delaware,
Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania,
Rhode Island, Vermont, and the D.C. Metropolitan Area which covers the District of Columbia
and Northern Virginia. Many states require controls for smaller sources of ozone-causing
pollutants than provided for in the new Act.
****For a list of specific areas, see Appendix D.
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7. Ground Level Ozone -- Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses: These
dates vary depending on the nonattainment classification of the area in which a source is located
(A list of nonattainment areas is included in Appendix D.)
B. MOTOR VEHICLE CONTROLS
1. The Growth of Motor Vehicle Travel: A second provision of the new Act affecting
small businesses involves several of the programs to reduce motor vehicle emissions. The United
States has established the most stringent controls on motor vehicles of any nation, but nearly half
of the pollutants that go into the air come from cars, trucks, buses, and other forms of motorized
transportation. The growth of motor vehicle travel in recent decades is the primary reason for this
continuing air pollution problem. Travel more than doubled between 1970 and 1990, and is
projected to double again by the end of the century.
2. Key Effects on Small Businesses: Most motor vehicle controls will fall on the
petroleum industry or the manufacturers of motor vehicles. Private service stations, however, may
be affected by three major provisions. They are: (1) vehicle emission inspection/maintenance (I/M)
programs; (2) so-called "Stage II" controls to reduce gasoline vapors during refueling; and (3)
new requirements affecting the availability and sale of reformulated gasoline, and other cleaner
burning fuels. In addition to these controls, small businesses that own or operate fleet vehicles
may be required to purchase vehicles that emit lower levels of pollutants than those used by the
general public. Section E describes controls on emissions of chlorofluorocarbons from motor
vehicle air conditioning systems that adversely affect the upper ozone layer.
3. Vehicle Emission Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs: Emission
inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs test the tailpipe emissions of most registered vehicles
and require repairs for those that do not meet established emissions standards. Some changes are
in the offing for most private garages that currently conduct I/M programs, and for those that will
be operating new programs in the future.
So-called "Basic" I/M programs will be established in moderate ozone nonattainment areas,
while more stringent "Enhanced" I/M programs will be required in serious, severe, and extreme
ozone nonattainment areas. (See Appendix D for the list of the cities and counties in each ozone
nonattainment classification.) Enhanced I/M programs also must be established in metropolitan
areas having a population greater than 100,000 in those northeastern states that comprise the Ozone
Transport Region.
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states needing a basic I/M program may choose to license private garages to do the emissions
testing. These garages will then assume the costs for purchasing emissions testing equipment, and
for training people to operate and manage their programs. Private garage operators who are
already licensed to perform basic I/M programs may face an even greater challenge if their area
needs an enhanced program. These garages will likely have to upgrade their testing equipment
and improve their administrative procedures and maintenance skills in order to repair vehicles that
fail the more rigorous standards of an enhanced program.
4. Gasoline Vapor Recovery (Stage II Controls): Gasoline service stations in extreme,
severe, serious, and moderate ozone nonattainment areas (see Appendix Q will also be required to
install special equipment and nozzles on fuel pumps to prevent the release of vapors of volatile
organic compounds into the air. These control measures (or programs obtaining equivalent
emissions reductions) are also required in all areas of those states in the northeastern United States
included in the Ozone Transport Region. (See footnote 2 of Table A on page 9.)
These so called Stage II controls will be required for facilities that sell more than 10,000
gallons of gasoline each month, and for small business marketers that sell 50,000 gallons or more.
New facilities must install Stage n controls within six months after a state adopts rules for the
program, while existing facilities which pump an average of a 100,000 gallons or more each month
must install them within one year. All other affected facilities must comply within two years.
5. Clean Fuels Programs: Private service stations that are retailers for gasoline and other
motor fuels will also be affected by the Act's New Fuels Program. The sale of low polluting
"reformulated gasoline" will be required in areas with the worst air pollution problems.
Enforcement controls will be at the retail level, as well as at the distributor and refinery levels.
Compliance and enforcement programs will affect small businesses in the same way that current
fuel programs do.
6. Controls on Fleet Vehicle Owners and Operators: A percentage of new vehicles
purchased for centrally fueled fleets of 10 or more vehicles in heavily polluted urban areas must
meet tough new emission standards near the end of this century. This is required under the Act as
part of a broader program to speed the development of clean burning fuels, or state-of-the-art cars
and trucks. Small businesses own or operate many of these fleet vehicles, particularly taxis, vans,
and delivery or service trucks.
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7. Motor Vehicle Controls -- Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses:
EPA will issue regulations for states to use in establishing basic and enhanced
emission inspection/maintenance (I/M) programs by December. 1992.
EPA issued technical guidance on Stage II vapor recovery programs in December.
1991. States must develop Stage II rules by November. 1992. New facilities have six months
after state rules are announced to install equipment while sources pumping 100,000 gallons or
more a month must do so 1 year after the state rules are established. All other affected facilities
must install equipment within 2 years of the date the state program is enacted.
Fleet vehicle controls for 22 designated urban areas will start to take effect in 1998.
C. TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
1. Health Effects of Toxic Air Pollutants: Toxic air pollutants are chemicals that are
known to or suspected of causing cancer or other serious health effects, including damage to the
respiratory or nervous systems, birth defects, and reproductive effects. Some can cause death
or serious injury if accidentally released in large amounts. Air toxics include metals, other
particles, and certain vapors from fuels and other sources.
2. Performance Standards for Toxic Air Pollutants: The Act directs EPA to set
standards requiring companies to sharply reduce "routine " emissions of toxic air pollutants.
EPA will do so by setting performance standards based on the best demonstrated controls and
practices for each regulated industry.
Toxic Air Pollutants and Affected Industries: The Act lists 189 toxic air
pollutants that must be controlled. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific
performance standards for all of the industries that emit one or more of these pollutants in
significant quantities. (See Appendix E for a list of the~189 regulated air toxic pollutants, and
Appendix F for a an initial list of 174 specific industrial sources that will be regulated.)
Tight Controls and Flexible Options: In most cases, EPA will establish performance
standards (e.g., pounds per hour) for emissions of toxic air pollutants. Performance standards
will allow the affected industries the needed flexibility to devise the most cost-effective means of
reducing air toxic emissions and still meet the goals of the Act.
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3. Key Effects on Small Businesses: The Act requires EPA to establish emissions
standards for "categories" of affected sources. The standards apply for all "major sources" and,
in some cases, for smaller so-called "area sources." A small business can be either a "major
source," an "area source," or be completely unaffected by the air toxic requirements. The
distinction relates only to how much of one or more toxic pollutants a business emits into the air.
The actual size of a company, the volume of goods and services it produces, and the number of
people it employs do not necessarily con-elate with how much ah- pollution it generates.
Small businesses that may be affected by the toxic air provisions include dry cleaners,
gasoline stations, printers, auto body repair shops, metal finishers, surface coating and painting
operations, and certain small manufacturers. Others are solvent degreasing operations and firms
that manufacture, store, and transport various chemicals. Tens of thousands of these and other
kinds of businesses will be controlled either as "major sources" or smaller "area sources."
4. Major Sources: Any source (i.e., a contiguous area under common control) of toxic air
pollution that emits 10 tons per year of any of the listed air toxics, or a combination of 25 tons or
more, will be regulated as a major source of toxic air pollution. Over the next 10 years, all of
these sources will be required to install the best proven air pollution control technologies for their
particular industry.
5. Lesser Quantity Major Sources: The Act also gives EPA the discretion to regulate
certain other sources as "major sources" even though they emit less than the 10/25 ton limit figure.
Lesser quantities (meaning less than the 10 or 25 ton per year definitions in the Act), can be set for
pollutants which are highly toxic to human health or the environment. If EPA sets a lesser quantity
limit for a particular industrial group, all sources within that group that emit more than the
established limit, will be classified as major sources.
6. MACT Controls: EPA will establish and phase in performance standards for each industry
(source category) based on what is termed Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT).
All "major sources" will be subject to these MACT controls which are designed to significantly
reduce emissions from air toxics over the next decade. In most cases, meeting the MACT standard
will be sufficient, but in cases where the remaining risks to public health and the environment are
high, additional controls may be required. Any additional risk based controls will not affect
businesses for at least 10 to 20 years since the Act provides for an eight year period between the
time a source meets the MACT standard and the time additional controls would be imposed.
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7. Incentives for Early Reductions of Air Toxics: The Act allows any source
(including a small business) to obtain a six-year extension from full compliance with MACT
if it reduces air toxic emissions by 90-95 percent before an applicable MACT standard is
proposed. This may be a strong inducement to small businesses because it is often easier and
cheaper to reduce the bulk of a source's excess emissions than it is that last fraction needed to
achieve a specific limitation. For small companies that need to reduce any of the listed
pollutants, early reduction could avoid hours of paperwork and other administrative work.
8. Area Sources: Many small businesses will also be affected by controls on "area
sources" of toxic air pollutants. These smaller sources emit less than 10 tons per year of
a single air toxic, or less than 25 tons per year of a combination of air toxics. Congress
has given EPA discretion over whether to regulate categories of these sources; it is likely that
several will eventually be subject to controls. Most area source emissions are small, but the
collective volume can be hazardous in densely developed areas where large numbers of such
facilities are packed tightly into urban neighborhoods and industrial areas. The Act requires
EPA to determine within 5 years which area sources pose the greatest health risk. Once these
particular sources have been identified, they must be regulated.
Controls for these smaller sources may be as stringent as the MACT type controls for major
sources but more flexible measures called Generally Available Control Technologies (GACT)
will be used in some cases.
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
TABLE B
SOURCE CATEGORY SIZES AND CHARACTERISTICS
FOR TOXIC AIR POLLUTANTS
Source Title
MAJOR SOURCES
Requirements
MACT required
AREA SOURCES
MACT or GACT
required
General Source Description
Sources emitting 10 tons or more of
a listed pollutant, 25 tons or more of
a combination of listed pollutants; or
any combination of lesser quantity
major sources defined by EPA.
Less than 10 tons of most listed
pollutants or 25 tons of any
combination.
MACT= Maximum Achievable Control Technology
GACT = Generally Available Control Technology
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9. Toxic Air Pollutants -- Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses: Over the
next 10 years, EPA will publish "MACT" standards for all the categories of sources on a phased
Congressionally mandated schedule. Drycleaners (in late 1992) and synthetic organic
chemical manufacturers (in 1993) will be among the first industries for which standards will
be set.
EPA proposed regulations for the early reduction program in June. 1991 and will
issue final regulations in September. 1992.
In July. 1992. EPA published an initial list of 174 source categories that will be
subject to major controls for toxic air pollutants. During 1993. EPA will publish a schedule
indicating when these categories will be regulated.
An EPA study to identify and control those area sources posing the greatest health risk
must be developed and published by November. 1995.
D. PREVENTING THE ACCIDENTAL RELEASE OF
HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS
1. Accidental Release Provisions: In addition to regulating the routine emissions of air
toxics, the Act also requires companies to develop procedures for preventing the inadvertent
release of hazardous substances into the air through fire, explosion, or other kind of accident.
Provisions in the new Act require all companies that use hazardous substances in any way to
identify such hazards, to design and maintain a safe plant, and to minimize the consequences of
an accidental chemical release.
EPA studies have shown that smaller businesses are usually less aware of good accident
prevention practices for hazardous chemicals than are large companies. Regulations in the Act will
help ensure that businesses of all sizes reduce the number and severity of chemical accidents. EPA
will provide assistance to help them do so. For several years, EPA has been providing
information and support to businesses on methods of preventing accidental releases and on related
procedures for safe operations. The Agency will provide similar kinds of support relevant to the
new Act's requirements.
2. List of Specific Chemicals: During 1992, EPA will publish a list of at least 100
hazardous substances for which the accidental prevention regulations will apply. When
accidentally released, these chemicals are known to cause (or are reasonably thought to cause)
death, injury,, and serious adverse human health or environmental effects. Threshold quantities
will be established for each of these hazardous substances based on a set of criteria determined
by EPA. The Act specifically preselected 16 chemicals for EPA to include.
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++++-
TABLE C
16 PRESELECTED HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Chrlorine
Ethylene Oxide
Hydrogen cyanide
Toluene Diisocyanate
Anhydrous hydrogen
chloride
Anhydrous Ammonia
Vinyl Chloride
Ammonia
Phosgene
Hydrogen fluoride
Sulfur Trioxide
Methyl Chloride
Methyl Isocyanate
Hydrogen sulfide
Bromine
Anhydrous sulfur
dioxide
This prospective list should not be confused with the 189 toxic air pollutants described in
Section C that are specifically listed in the new Act. Some chemicals will ultimately be included
on both listings, but these are distinct lists that serve different purposes. Not all hazardous
substances that are particularly vulnerable to accidental release are highly toxic, and not all highly
toxic air pollutants are as likely to be involved in a dangerous accidental release as some less toxic
substances could be.
3. Risk Management Plans: The Act requires companies that use any of these chemicals
above specified threshold quantities to prepare a risk management plan. EPA will detail these
requirements as the regulations develop, but the Act requires that each company's plan include a
hazard assessment, a prevention program, and an emergency response program. The
information will complement much of what business and industry have already given to state and
local governments, and to other groups under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act, (Tide HI of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986). That
information includes the identity of chemicals, the location and quantity stored, and annual
routine emissions. Companies must register thek plans with EPA and their state government,
submit them to state and local emergency planning agencies, and make them available for public
review.
4. OSHA Workplace Chemical Process Safety Management Standard: Closely
related to the accidental release provisions is the Act's requirement for the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA) to publish a standard covering chemical process safety management
for "highly hazardous chemicals" in the workplace.
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This OSHA standard, which was published in February, 1992, includes requirements for
safety information on chemicals and processes, workplace hazard assessments, periodic audits,
standard operating procedures, training maintenance systems, pre-startup safety reviews, accident
investigations, and emergency response programs.
5. Key Effects on Small Businesses: The kinds and quantities of specific hazardous
substances that a company uses rather than its size will dictate what measures it must take to
comply with the provisions for preventing accidental chemical releases. As part of a risk
management program, small businesses will have to identify these hazards, assess the likelihood
of accidental releases, and evaluate the consequences of such releases. Prevention programs,
including training and maintenance, also will have to be established, and emergency response plans
developed. Systems must be established by each facility to investigate accidents and near
accidents, and to develop an emergency response plan should an accidental release occur.
6. Accidental Releases -- Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses: OSHA
issued the chemical process safety management standard on February 24. 1992. Before
the end of 1992, EPA plans to publish proposed regulations on the list and threshold levels of
hazardous substances, as well as the requirements for the risk management plans. The final
rule for the list and thresholds will be published by EPA no later than November. 1992. while
that for the risk management plans must be published by November. 1993.
E. UPPER OZONE LAYER PROTECTION
1. The Challenge of Global Ozone Depletion: The Act requires the phase-out of
chemicals that deplete the upper (stratospheric) ozone layer which protects the earth from harmful
ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation. Scientific studies have concluded that chlorofiuorocarbons (CFCs)
and other chemicals are causing depletion of the ozone layer, allowing increased levels of UV-B to
reach the Earth's surface. These chemicals generally do not break down in the lower atmosphere,
but rise to the upper atmosphere, where some are persistent there for a century or more. It is now
recognized that unchecked depletion of the ozone layer would be a devastating blow to public
health and the environment
Increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation can be associated with potential increases in skin
cancer, increased cataract cases, suppresion of the human immune response system, and
environmental damage. Depletion also could disrupt world food supplies by reducing crop yields.
A depleted ozone layer is a threat to all forms of life on the planet.
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More than 70 nations already have agreed to phase out production and importation of ozone-
depleting substances over the next several decades. The Act translates this nation's commitment to
those international accords into federal law, and goes further to limit the uses and emissions of
ozone-depleting substances.
The specific controls will restrict production of ozone-depleting chemicals, and regulate their
use, emissions, and disposal. The Act requires EPA to decide what chemicals companies must
stop making and to review all proposed substitute chemicals for their effects on ozone depletion.
EPA will undertake a major research and development program with other agencies and the
private sector to find safe and acceptable substitutes for these chemicals.
2. Classes of Chemicals: The Act has divided all known ozone depleting substances into two
classes.
-Class I substances:: These chemicals do the most damage to the ozone layer. They
include 15 kinds of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as well as halons, carbon'tetrachloride, and
methyl chloroform. Almost all Class I substances will be controlled, recycled, and otherwise
regulated through the 1990's, and phased out completely by the year 2000. The one exception is
methyl chloroform which is scheduled for phase out by the year 2002. In February, 1992,
President Bush called for the acceleration of the phase-out schedule for the production of these
substances to December 31,1995. The Agency is considering exemptions for servicing of existing
equipment and essential uses.
-Class II substances:: These are known collectively as hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs), and do less damage to the ozone layer. Several are the only known substitutes for
Class I substances once these are phased out by the year 2000. HCFCs will be phased out by
2030.
3. Key Effects on Small Businesses: The effects will fall most heavily on those
companies that use these substances to produce or repair a product. Secondary effects will be felt
by those that purchase goods or machinery which contain or are manufactured with these
substances. Scores of producers and thousands of service companies use these substances to
manufacture, overhaul, and repair air conditioners, refrigerators, and several other products.
Auto repair shops are subject to the earliest and most stringent controls because car air
conditioners are the single largest source of CFC emissions. Small businesses will be affected by
several interim measures during the early to mid-1990's requiring them to recycle and to
otherwise reduce emissions of these substances.
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-Recycling and Emission Reductions: These will require that all ozone depleting
emissions from all kinds of refrigeration be reduced to the lowest level possible through recycling,
recovery, and other controls by mid-1992. These requirements will be extended to all other uses
of Class I and Class II substances by November, 1995.
-Motor Vehicle Air Conditioner Certification: This is a major initiative requiring
all firms that sell or repair car air conditioners to purchase certified equipment for recycling CFC
emissions by January, 1992. Technicians who use this recycling equipment must be certified.
Certification programs are available through several trade associations and non-profit
organizations.
-Nonessential Products: The Act requires that EPA identify and ban entirely the use
of Class I substances in nonessential products by late 1992, and that the ban be extended to Class
II substances beginning in 1994.
-Warning Labels: By mid-1992, small businesses, along with other affected industries,
must place warning labels on all containers of Class I substances, and all products containing or
manufactured with Class I substances. Labels will also eventually be required on products that
contain or are manufactured with Class H substances.
4. Ozone Layer Protection -- Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses:
Several interim measures for reducing Class I and Class II substances will occur in the early
1990's prior to phase-out after the turn of the century.
Regulations for motor vehicle air conditioner recycling took effect on August 13.
1992. while the provision that prohibits the venting of refrigerants in other sectors took
effect on July 1. 1992.
Regulations for warning labels on Class I substances take effect on May 15. 1993
while provisions banning the nonessential use of CFCs and other Class I substances begin
on November 15.1992.
Complete phase-out of production of CFCs, methyl chloroform, and most
other Class I substances will take effect bv the end of 1995 under the accelerated schedule.
Currently, rules have been promulgated which phase out the production and importation of CFCs,
halpns, and carbon tetrachloride by the year 2000 (2002 for methyl chloroform). The Agency is
reviewing the need to control some HCFCs with relatively high ozone depletion potential.
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F. FEDERAL OPERATING PERMITS PROGRAM
1. Precedents for Permitting Small Air Pollution Sources: The Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 establish a comprehensive federal operating permit program for certain
businesses and other facilities (referred to here as "sources") that emit air pollution. The purpose
of an operating permit is to include in one document all of the requirements concerning air
emissions that apply to a plant that is subject to the program.
The Act requires EPA to issue rules which set forth the minimum requirements for state permit
programs. More than 40 states currently administer and enforce some form of operating permit
program, and most of these already issue permits to smaller sources of air pollution. In
preparing the federal program, EPA drew upon the experience gained from many existing state
and local permit programs, and sought to build on these programs in order to minimize
disruption.
2. Benefits of a Permit Program: EPA issued regulations for state operating permit
programs on June 25,1992. In doing so, the Agency took into account the need for businesses
to have flexibility to respond to changing market conditions. The permit program should be
beneficial in several respects. It will provide regulated sources with greater certainty about their
obligations under the Act. It will help state and local agencies as well as EPA to enforce the Act,
track compliance, and evaluate progress in meeting air quality goals. The program will also raise
money for state agencies. States are required to charge fees to support state permit programs,
including aspects of the small business assistance program. States are given the flexibility to adjust
fees to take into account the limited resources of small businesses.
3. Key Effects on Small Businesses: EPA's operating permit rule includes a variety of
features to minimize the impact of the program on small businesses. Generally, any "major
source" of air pollution, and any smaller source that is subject to a federal air regulation under
the Act, will have to obtain an air permit from a state agency in coming years as a condition for
continued operation. All of a source's obligations under the Act will be placed into one permit
document that has a maximum term of five years. The owners of all permitted sources will be
required to file periodic reports identifyingthe extent to which they have complied with all
obligations under the Act.
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The EPA rule specifically addresses three major permit related concerns of small business by:
(1) Permanently exempting from all permit requirements two classes of sources that
involve asbestos demolition/renovation operations, and woodstoves.
(2) Deferring permit requirements for certain smaller sources (those not defined as
major) until EPA issues a rule determining how to structure the program for such sources. EPA
intends to issue this rule in the late 1990's. *****
(3) Providing for the use of so-called" general permits" for certain types of similar
(usually very small) sources of air pollution. Sources that qualify for such permits may meet
the requirements by firing a simplified application or letter, a process that would ease
considerably the administrative burden on small businesses and governments alike.
4. Procedures for Operational Flexibility and Prompt Modifications: EPA's
rules for state permit programs include provisions allowing companies to make certain operating
changes without an extensive and time consuming administrative process. For example,
businesses can include in their permit applications a request that the permit take into
consideration different operating scenarios that they anticipate they may need to meet future
market demands. Once these scenarios are approved in the permit, a business has the flexibility
to make changes and to increase emissions consistent with the approved permit terms, without
notifying the permitting authority. The business needs only to keep a record of the changes.
In addition, the rule establishes a process by which a business can make so-called "minor"
changes to its permit for certain limited increases in emissions not allowed for in the permit. In
these cases, the business must notify the state permitting authority which, in turn, notifies EPA and
any neighboring state affected by the change. EPA will have 45 days to review and, if necessary,
object to the permit modification. The State must act on the modification within 90 days of
receiving the notice. The affected business can make the change before EPA or the State have
reviewed the request, although it would do so at its own risk, pending the outcome of the review
process.
***** Please refer to Table A on page 9 for a size description of "major sources" of volatile
organic compounds and nitrogen dioxide, and to page 13 for the description of" major sources"
of toxic air pollution. For specific details, affected small businesses should contact their state air
pollution control agency which is listed in Appendix B. or their State Small Business Technical
and Environmental Compliance Assistance Program which is described in Part III.
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5. Review Procedures for Significant Changes: Certain so-called "significant" permit
modifications will be subject to a more extensive permit review process by the State, EPA,
neighboring states, and by the public. These modifications include significant changes to any
monitoring requirement a source might have or to certain large increases in pollution. Most
existing state operating permit or new source review programs already require such a review
process for permit modifications.
6. Federal Operating Permits Program
Businesses:
- Key Dates or Deadlines for Small
EPA regulations for the State Operating Permit programs were signed on June 25.
1992. and were published in the Federal Register on July 21. 1992.
« Each State must submit a state permit program to EPA by November 15. 1993:
EPA must approve or disapprove all of these state programs within 12 months. If disapproved,
the State has an additional 180 days to amend its program.
All sources subject to the permit program must submit a complete permit application
to the State within 12 months of the effective date that EPA approved the relevant state program.
The State may set an earlier date if necessary.
Each State must issue the first round of permits for existing "major sources"
within three years after EPA approval of the state permitting authority.
Those, businesses defined as "nonmajor sources" will not be required to obtain a permit
under the federal program until the late 1990's.
#####
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Part Three
STATE SMALL BUSINESS
ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS
A. OVERVIEW
The first two parts of this Guide describe the nature and challenges of air pollution, and
detail six major provisions of the new Act that will most directly affect the small business
community. The range of businesses affected by them is so diverse, however, that it is
impractical to tailor this Guide to individual industries, or to anticipate all the difficulties that
companies may face when trying to comply with the Act's requirements.
1. Small Business Special Needs: Congress recognized the particular problems that many
small businesses would have in dealing with the Act's complex requirements. A typical small
business employs fewer than 50 people, and is the only business operated by the owner. It is the
corner drycleaner, the "mom and pop" bakery, the auto body repair shop, gasoline service station,
the machine, tool and dye company, or one of a host of other local business establishments. Many
have been in the same family and neighborhood for generations. (See Appendix A for a list of
businesses typically affected by air pollution control measures.)
Air pollution control regulation may seem very complex to many small businesses. Many may
not be able to afford to hire lawyers or environmental specialists to interpret and comply with all
the requirements they may be responsible for in the new Act. Most may be hard pressed to inform
themselves about the most basic requirements and deadlines of the control programs that will affect
them, let alone the more complicated issuesthey are going to have to address to control air
emissions, such as:
The types of pollutants their company emits that are subject to the Act's requirements;
The methods they can use to estimate emissions for a permit application;
The types of control technologies that are best and least costly for controlling a specific
production process or chemical substance they use to make goods and services; and
Process or substance substitutes they can use to prevent or reduce emissions.
2. State Lead for Providing Small Business Assistance: The Act gives each state
government the lead in developing and implementing a Small Business Technical and
Environmental Compliance Assistance Program as part of legally enforceable state implementation
plans.
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"'' -25- '"
3. The Act's Definition of a Small Business: The Act establishes certain criteria that a
company must meet to qualify for assistance as a small business. It must be a small business as
defined in the Small Business Act which generally means that it is an independently owned and
operated concern that is not dominant in its field. The business must be owned by a person who
employs 100 or fewer individuals, and it cannot be a major stationary source of either a primary
urban (so-called "criteria") pollutant or toxic air pollutant as described in Part ft It cannot, in fact,
emit 50 tons or more of a single pollutant a year, or more than 75 tons of all regulated pollutants.
State governments can modify some of these requirements provided that the particular source does
not emit more than 100 tons a year of all regulated pollutants.
4. Federal Oversight and Support: EPA will be providing several forms of guidance and
assistance to these state assistance programs for the full duration of the Act.
-Federal Guidelines: EPA published final guidelines for states to draw upon to develop
their assistance programs. The Agency must approve each state compliance and assistance
program to ensure that it meets the Act's requirements.
-Oversight and Monitoring: The EPA Ombudsman in the Office of Small and
Disadvantaged Business Utilization will oversee and monitor all state assistance programs and
make periodic reports to Congress on each state's progress. Among other things, the EPA
Ombudsman will determine how well the state programs are working and make sure that the
information and assistance the states provide is understandable to the layman.
-Technical Assistance and Research: EPA will share information and research that it
has developed nationally with each state assistance and compliance program. States will be able to
receive technical assistance through several EPA Centers and Hotlines. These Centers and
Hotlines will provide a broad range of assistance including information concerning the Clean Air
Act requirements, control technology data, pollution prevention methods and alternatives, emission
measurement methods, air pollution monitoring devices, and prevention of accidental releases of
toxic chemicals into the environment. A listing of these Centers and Hotlines (including then-
areas of expertise and telephone numbers), is included in Appendix C.
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B. COMPONENTS OF AN OVERALL STATE ASSISTANCE PROGRAM
By November, 1992, each state must develop a plan for implementing a Small Business
Stationary Source Technical and Environmental Compliance Assistance Program. Congress
envisioned that these programs would be in place before small businesses begin to feel the direct
effects or deadlines of the Act.
Each state program is expected to include three components: (1) appointment of a state small
business ombudsman; (2) establishment of a comprehensive small business assistance program;
and (3) appointment of a seven-member state compliance advisory panel.
1. State Ombudsman: The first component is the State Ombudsman who will act as the small
business community's representative in matters that affect it under the Act. Other responsibilities
of the State Ombudsman could be to:
Review and provide comments and recommendations to EPA and state/local air
pollution control authorities regarding the development and implement of regulations
that impact small businesses;
Help disseminate information about upcoming air regulations, control requirements, and
other pertinent matters to small businesses;
Refer small businesses to the appropriate specialists in state government and elsewhere
for help with particular needs (e.g., available control technologies and operating permit
requirements); and
Conduct studies to evaluate the effects of the Act on state and local economies, and
on small businesses generally.
2. Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP): The second component of the overall
state program is the Small Business Assistance Program (SBAP) which will be a technical and
administrative support component within the state government. The SBAP staff should have
access to air quality experts, technically proficient engineers, scientists and managers, and
environmental specialists who will provide support and technical assistance needed by small
businesses to comply with the Act's requirements. Related responsibilities include:
Informing businesses of all requkements in the Act that apply to them, and the
dates these requirements will apply;
Helping small businesses deal with specific technical, administrative and compliance
problems;
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Disseminating up-to-date information about the Act to the small business community,
including easy to understand public information materials; and
Referring small businesses to environmental auditors who can evaluate how effective
a company's work practices, monitoring procedures, and record keeping are for
complying with applicable clean air requirements.
3. State Compliance Advisory Panel: The third component of the overall state assistance
program will consist of a seven member state compliance advisory panel in each state for
determining the overall effectiveness of the state SB AP. Four of these members must be small
business owners or representatives selected by the state legislature; the governor of each state will
select two other members to represent the "general public." The seventh member will be chosen
by the head of the state agency responsible for issuing operating permits.
The state compliance advisory panels will review and render advisory opinions on the
effectiveness of the state SBAP, and make periodic progress reports to EPA's Small Business
Ombudsman concerning compliance of the small business program with other permitnent federal
regulations. The compliance advisory panels must also make certain that information affecting
small business is written in a style that is clear and understandable.
4. Key Dates or Deadlines for Small Businesses:
By November 15.1992 all states must submit to EPA plans for establishing a Small
Business Assistance Program. EPA guidelines recommend that each State establish its
Ombudsman and Compliance Advisory Panel so they can assist in establishing the Small
Business Assistance Program.
11 n n a it
11 II II it It
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APPENDIX A
TYPES OF BUSINESSES
SUBJECT TO AIR POLLUTION CONTROLS
nr r * If?*1 ^f °* ^ typi^ ldnds °f SmallQT type businesses that will be affected by one
or more of the air pollution control programs under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments All
small businesses should consult their state pollution control agency (see Appendix B^ for more
specific details about the controls that will be required in their area -
Agricultural Chemical Applicators
Asphalt Manufacturers
Asphalt Applicators
Auto Body Shops
Bakeries
Distilleries
Dry Cleaners
Founderies
FurnitureManufacturers
Furniture Repairs
Gasoline Service Stations
General Contractors
Hospitals
Laboratories
Lawnmower Repair Shops
Lumber Mills
Metal Finishers
Newspapers
Pest Control Operators
Photo Finishing Laboratories
Printing Shops
Refrigerator/Air Conditioning Service and Repair
Tar Paving Applicators
Textile Mills
Wood Finishers
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Appendix B
Pagel
APPENDIX B
STATE AND TERRITORIAL
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES
Alabama Dept. of Environmental Management
Air Division
1751 Cong. Dickenson Drive
Montgomery AL 36130
(205)271-7861
Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation
Air Quality Management Section
P.O BoxO
Juneau AK 99811-1800
(907)465-5100
American Samoa
Environmental Quality Commission
Governor's Office
Pago Pago Am. Samoa 96799
011-(684) 633-4116
Arizona Dept. of Enviornmental Quality
Office of Air Quality
P.O. Box 600
Phoeniz AZ 85001-0600
(602.) 257-2308
Arkansas Dept. of Pollution Control and Ecology
Air Division
8001 National Drive, P.O. Box 9583
Little Rock AR 72209
(501) 562-7444
Secretary of Environmental Affairs
California Air Resources Board
P.O. Box 2815
Sacramento CA 95812
(916) 445-4383
Colorado Dept. of Health
Air Pollution Control Division
4210 El 1th Avenue
Denver CO 80220
(303) 331-8500
Connecticut Dept. of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Air Management
165 Capitol Avenue
Hartford CT 06106
(203) 566-2506
Dept. of Nat. Resources and Envrnmntl. Control
Division of Ah- and Waste Management
89 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 1401
Dover DE 19903
(302) 739-4791
Dist. of Columbia Dept. Cons, and Reg. Affairs
Air Quality Control and Monitoring Branch
2100 Martin Luther King Ave, SE
Washington DC 20020
(202)404-1120
Florida Dept. of Environmental Regulation
Air Resources Management
2600 Blair Stone Road
Tallahassee FL 32399-2400
(904) 488-1344
Georgia Dept. of Natural Resources
Air Resources Branch
205 Butler Street, SE
Atlanta GA 30344
(404) 656-6900
Guam Environmental Protection Agency
Complex Unit D-107
130 Rojas Street
Harmon Guam 96911
011-(671)646-8863
Hawaii State Dept. of Health
Laboratories Div. Air Surveillance-Analysis Branch
1270 Queen Emma St, Suite 900
Honolulu HI 96813
(808) 586-4019
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Appendix B
Page 2
Idaho Division of Environmental Quality
Air Quality Bureau
1410 North Hilton
Boise ID 83706
(208) 334-5898
Illinois Environmental Protection Agency
Division of Air Pollution Control
2200 Churchill Road, P.O. Box 19276
Springfield IL 62794-9276
(217) 782-7326
Indiana Dept of Environmental Management
Office of Air Management
105 S. Meridian Street, P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis IN 46206-6015
(317) 232-8384
Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources
Air Quality Section
Henry A. Wallace Building, 900 E. Grand St
DesMoines IA 50319
(515) 281-8852
Kansas Dept of Health and Environment
Bureau of Air and Waste Management
Forbes Field, Building 740
Topeka KS 66620
(913) 296-1593
Kentucky Dept. for Environmental Protection
Division for Air Quality
316St.ClairMall
Frankfort KY 40601
(502) 564-3382
Louisiana Dept. of Environmental Quality
Office of Air Quality and Radiation Protection
Air Quality Division, P.O. Box 82135
Baton Rouge LA 70884-2135
(504)765-0110
Maine Dept. of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Air Quality Control
State House, Station 17
Augusta ME 04333
(207) 289-2437
Maryland Dept of the Environment
Air Management Administration
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore MD 21224
(301) 631-3255
Massachusetts Dept. of Environmental Protection
Division of Air Quality Control
One Winter Street, 8th Floor
Boston MA 02108
(617) 292-5593
Michigan Dept. of Natural Resources
Air Quality Division
P.O. Box 30028
Lansing MI 48909
(517) 373-7023
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
Air Quality Division
520 Lafayette Road
Saint Paul MN 55155
(612) 296-7331
Mississippi Dept. of Environmental Quality
Air Division, Office of Pollution Control
P.O. Box 10385
Jackson MS 39289
(601)961-5171
Missouri Dept. of Natural Resources
Division of Env. Quality, Air Pollution Control
P.O. Box 176
Jefferson City MO 65102
(314)751-4817
Montana Dept of Health and Envirnmtl. Science
Air Quality Bureau
Cogswell Building, Room A116
Helena MT 59620
(406) 444-3454
Nebraska Dept. of Environmental Control
Air Quality Division
P.O. Box 98922
Lincoln NE 68509-8922
(402)471-2189
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Appendix B
PageS
Nevada Division of Environmental Protection
Bureau of Air Quality
123 West Nye Lane
Carson City NV 89710
(702) 687-5065
New Hampshire Air Resources Division
Air Resources Division
64 N. Main Street, Box 2033
Concord NH 03301
(603)271-1370
New Jersey Dept. of Environmental Protection
Div. of Environmental Quality, Air Program
401 East State Street
Trenton NJ 08625
(609) 292-6710
New Mexico Environmental Department
Air Quality Division, Env. Prot. Div.
P.O. Box 26110
Santa Fe NM 87502
(505) 827-0070
New York Dept. of Environmental Conservation
Division of Air Resources
50 Wolf Road
Albany NY 12223-3250
(518) 457-7230
North Carolina Dept. of Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources, Air Quality Section
P.O.Box 27687
Raleigh NC 27611-7687
(919) 733-3340
North Dakota State Dept. of Health
Division of Environmental Engineering
1200 Missouri Avenue
Bismarck ND 58502-5520
(701) 221-5188
Ohio Enviornmental Protection Agency
Division of Air Pollution Control
1800 WaterMark Drive
Columbus OH 43266-0149
(614) 644-2270
Oklahoma State Dept. of Health
Air Quality Service
1000 Northeast 10th Street, P.O. Box 53551
Oklahoma City OK 73152
(405)271-5220
Oregon Dept. of Environmental Quality
Air Quality Control Division
811 SW 6th Avenue, 11th Fl.
Portland OR 97204
(503) 229-5287
Pennsylvania Dept. of Environmental Resources
Bureau of Air Quality Control
101 South Second St. P.O. Box 2357
Harrisburg PA 17105-2357
(717)7879702
Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board
Edifiicio Banco National Plaza
431 Ave. Ponce DeLeon
Hato Rey PR 00917
(809) 767-8071
Rhode Island Dept. of Envrnmntl. Mgmt.
Division of Air and Hazardous Materials
291 Promenade St.
Providence RI 02908-5767
(401) 277-2808
South Carolina Dept. of Health and Env. Control
Bureau of Air Quality Control
2600 Bull Street
Columbia SC 29201
(803) 734-4750
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Appendix B
Page 4
South Dakota Dept. of Environment and
Nat. Resources, Point Source Program
523 East Capitol Avenue
Pierre SD 57501
(605)773-3153
Tennessee Dept. of Environment and Conservation
Division of Air Pollution Control
701 Broadway
Nashville TN 37243-1531
(615) 741-3931
State of Texas
Texas Air Control Board
12124 Park 35 Circle
Austin TX 78753
(512) 908-1000
Utah Dept. of Environmental Quality
Division of Air Quality
1950 West North Temple
Salt Lake City UT 84114-4820
(801) 536-4000
Vermont Agency of Natural Resources
Air Pollution Control Division
103 S. Main Street, Building 3 South
Waterbury VT 05676
(802) 244-8731
Virgin Islands Dept. Planning/Nat. Resources
Div. of Environmental Protection
Watergut Homes 1118 Christiansted
St. Croix VI 00820-5065
(809) 773-0565
State of Virginia
Department of Air Pollution Control
P.O. Box 10089
Richmond VA 23240
(804) 786-2378
Washington State
Department of Ecology
P.O. Box 47600
Olympia WA 98504-7600
(206) 459-6632
State of West Virginia
Air Pollution Control Commission
1558 Washington St. East
Charleston WV 25311
(304) 348-2275
Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources
Bureau of Air Management
Box 7921
Madison WI 53707
(608)-266-7718
Wyoming DepL of Environmental Quality
Air Quality Division
122 W. 25th Street
Cheyenne WY 82002
(307) 777-7391
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APPENDIX C
EPA TECHNICAL SUPPORT CENTERS
AND HOTLINES
EPA's technical support centers and telephone "hotlines" (listed below) are expanding their
services to provide support to state and local air pollution control agencies as they develop and
carry out the small business assistance programs described in Part IE of this Guide Small
businesses may also contact any of these centers for specific information and for technical
assistance on those Clean Air Act requirements that will affect them. These evolving information
and assistance programs will help small businesses understand and comply with the requirements
°f± Actln^as that include: (1) control technology data; (2) pouution prevention methods and
alternatives; (3) emission measurement methods; (4) air'poUution monitoring devices- and (5)
the accidental releases of toxic chemicals into the envkonment.
SERVICE CENTER - HOTLINE
SUBJECTS AND SERVICES
-EPA Control Technology Center
(919) 541-0800
General assistance and information
on the Clean Air Act
Federal air pollution standards
Air pollution control technologies
-Emission Measurement Technical
Information Center
(919) 541-1060
Air emissions testing methods
Emission monitoring guidance
Federal testing and monitoring requirements
--Emergency Planning and Community
Right-to-Know Information Hotline
(1-800) 535-0202
Accidental chemical release prevention
Hazardous chemical emergency planning
Toxic Release Inventory Assistance
-Office of Pollution Prevention
(1) Technical Assistance
(703) 821-4800
(2) RCRA Superfund Hotline
(800) 424-9346
Pollution Prevention methods
Summaries of state programs, case
studies, waste minimization
assessments
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Appendix C
Page 2
Stratospheric Ozone
Information Hotline
(1-800)296-1996
General information on stratospheric
ozone depletion and its protection
Consultation on ozone protecton
regulations and requirements under the
1990 Amendments, including
- Production phase-out and controls;
- Servicing of motor vehicle air conditioners;
- Recycling and emissions reduction;
- Technician and equipment certification;
- Ban of non-essential uses; and
product labelling.
Technology Transfer Network (Clean
Air Act Computer Bulletin Board)
919-541-5742
Recent EPA rules, EPA guidance
documents and updates of EPA
activities.
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APPENDIX D
OZONE NONATTAINMENT AREAS
This is an alphabetical list of areas in each of the five nonattainment classifications for ozone
Most include large to mid-sized metropolitan areas that are denoted here in bold-faced type by the
major city in the area. Small businesses should contact their State Air Pollution Control Agency (see
Appendix B) to determine the specific geographic boundaries of the area in whinh rh am wȣvi
,_, , .- f,-^,^.^, ^w^uf/iuv L>uiuiucu.it>a \ji uic cuccij.ii wiiicn uiey are located.
EXTREME
1 Area
Attainment Deadline
November 2010
Los Angeles- South
Coast Basin, CA
SEVERE
9 Areas
Attainment Deadline
November 2007
Chicago-Gary-Lake
County, IL-IN
Houston-Galveston-
Brazoria, TX
Milwaukee-Racine,
WI
New York, Nor. N.J.-
Long Is, NY, NJ, CT
Southeast Desert
Modified AQMA,
Attainment Deadl
November 2005
Baltimore,
Philadelphia-Wilm.-
Trent, PA-NJ-DE-
San Diego, CA
Ventura Co, CA
SERIOUS
12 Areas
Attainment Deadline
November 1999
Atlanta, GA
Baton Rouge, LA
Beaumont-Port
Arthur, TX
Boston-Lawr.-Worc.-
(E. Mass.), MA-NH
El Paso, TX
Greater Connecticut
Portsmouth-Dover-
Rochester, N.H.
Providence (includes
all of Rhode Island), RI
Sacramento, CA
San Joaquin VaL, CA
Springfield (Western
Massachusetts), MA
Washington, D.C.
DC-MD-VA
MODERATE
33 Areas
Attainment Deadline
November 1996
Atlantic City, NJ
Charleston, WV
Charlotte-Gastonia, NC
Cincinnati-Hamilton,
OH-KY
Cleveland-Akron-
Lorain, OH
Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX
Dayton-Springfield, OH
Detroit-Ann Arbor, MI
Grand Rapids, MI
Greensboro-Winston
Salem-H. Point, NC
Huntington-Ashland,
WV-KY
Kewaunee Co, WI
Knox-Lincoln Co, ME
Lewiston-Auburn, ME
Louisville, KY-IN
Manitowoc Co, WI
Miami-Fort Lauderdale-
West Palm Beach, FL
Monterey Bay, CA
Muskegon, MI.
Nashville, TN
Parkersburg, WV
Phoenix, AZ
Pittsburgh-Beaver
Valley, PA
Portland, ME
Raleigh-Durham, NC
Reading, PA
Richmond-Petersbg., V^
Salt Lake City, UT
San Francisco-Bay
Area, CA
Santa Barbara-
Santa Mar-Lompoc, CA
Saint Louis, MO-IL
Sheboygan, WI
Toledo, OH
MARGINAL
41 Areas
Attainment Deadline
November 1993
Albany, Schenectady-
Troy, NY
Allentown-Easton-
Bethlehem, PA -NJ
Altoona, PA
Birmingham, AL
Buffalo-Niagara
Falls, NY
Canton, OH
Cherokee Co, SC
Columbus, OH
Door Co, WI
Edmonson Co, KY
Erie, PA
Essex Co (Whiteface
Mtn), NY
Evansville, IN
Greenbrier Co, WV
Hancock & Waldo
Cos, ME
Harrisburg-Lebanon-
Carlisle, PA
Indianapolis, IN
Jefferson Co, NY
Jersey Co, JJL
Johnstown, PA
Kent & Queen
Anne's Cos, MD
Knoxville, TN
Lake Charles, LA
Lancaster, PA
Lexington-
Fayette, KY
Manchester, NH
Memphis, TN
Norfolk- Vir. Beach-
Newport News, VA
Owensboro, KY
Paducah, KY
Portland- Vancouver
AQMA.OR-WA
Poughkeepsie, NY
Reno, NV
Scranton-Wilkes
Barre, PA
Seattle-Tacoma, WA
Smyth Co, VA I
South Bend-Elk.,IN i
Sussex Co, DE I
Tampa, St. Pt, Clr, FL
Walworth Co, WI
York, PA
Youngstown- Warren-
Sharon, OH-PA
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APPENDIX E
LISTED AIR TOXICS
The routine emissions of the 189 toxic air pollutants described in Section C are listed below
along with their respective Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) number. The 189 chemicals or
chemical groups must be controlled under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and other
chemicals may be added to this list in the future.
AIR TOXIC and
CAS Number
Acetaldehyde, 75070
Acctamidc, 60355
Acetonitrile, 75058
Acetophenone, 98862
2-AcetyIaminoflourene, 53963
Acrolein, 107028
Acrylamide, 79061
Acrylic acid, 79107
Acrylonitrile, 107131
Allyl chloride, 107051
4-AminodiphenyI, 92671
Aniline, 62533
o-Anisidine 90040
Asbestos 1332214
Benzene (including gasoline), 71432
Benzidine, 92875
Benzotrichloride, 98077
Benzyl chloride, 100447
Biphenyl, 92524
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phtalate (DEHP), 117817
Bis (chlromethyl) ether, 542881
Bromoform, 75252
1,3-Butadiene, 106990
Calcium cyanamide, 156627
Caprolactam, 105602
Captan, 133062
Carbaryl, 63252
Carbon disulfide, 75150
Carbon tetrachloride, 56235
Carbonyl sulfide, 463581
Catechol, 120809
Chloramben, 133904
Chlordane, 57749
Chlorine, 7782505
Chloroacetic acid, 79118
2-Chloroacetophenone, 532274
Chlorobenzene, 108907
Chlorobenzilate, 510156
Chloroform, 67663
Chloromethyl methyl ether, 107302
Chloroprene, 126998
Cresols/cresylic acid(isomers/mixer) 1319773
o-Cresol, 95487
m-Cresol, 108394
p-Cresol, 106445
AIR TOXIC and
CAS Number
Cumeme, 98828
2,4-D, Salts & Esters, 94757
DDE, 3547044
Diazomethane, 334883
Dibenzofurans, 132649
1,2 Dibromo-3-chloropropane, 96128
Dibutylphthalate, 84742
1,4 Dichlorobenzene (p), 106467
3,3-Dkhlorobenzidene, 91941
Dichloroethyl-ether,
Bis (2-chloroethyl) ether, 111444
1,3-Dichlororopropene, 542756
Dichlorvos, 62737
Diethainolamine, 111422
N, N-Dietrhyl aniline, 121697
Diethyll sulfate, 64675
3,3-Dimethoxybenzidine, 119904
Dimethyl aminoazobenzene, 60117
3,3'-Dimethyl benzidine, 119937
Dimethyl Carbamoyl chloride, 79447
Dimethyl formamide, 68112
1,1-Dimethyl hydrazine, 57147
Dimethyhl phthalate, 131113
Dimethyhl sulfate, 77781
4,6-Dimitro-o-cresoI and Salts, 534521
2,4-Dinitrophenol, 51285
2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 121142
1,4 Dipxane (1,4 Diethyleneoxide) 123911
1,2 Diphenylhydrazine, 122667
Epichlorohydrin
(l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane), 106898
1,2-Epoxybutane, 106887
Ethyl acrylate, 140885
Ethyl benzene, 104414
Ethyl carbamate, (urethane), 51796
Ethyl chloride, (chloroethane), 75003
Ethyleme dibromide, (dibromoethane), 106934
Ethylenie dichloride, (1,2, dichloroethane), 107062
Ethyleme glycol, 107211
Ethylene imine, (Aziridine), 151564
Ethylene oxide, 75218
Ethylene thiorea, 96457
Ethylene dichloride, (1,1-Dichloroethane), 75343
Formaldehyde, 50000
Heptachlor, 76448
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Appendix E
Page 2
Hexachlorobenzene, 118741
Hexachlorobutadiene, 87683
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, 77474
Hexachloroethane, 67721
Hexamethylene-
1,6-diisocyanate, 822060
Hexamethylphosphoramide, 680319
Hexane, 100543
Hydrazine, 302012
Hydrochloric acid, 7647010
Hydrogen flouride
(Hydrofluoric Acid), 7664393
Hydroquinone, 123319
Lindane, (all isomers), 58899
Maleic anhydride, 108316
Methanol, 67561
Methoxychlor, 72435
Methyl bromide,
(Bromethane), 74839
Methyl chloride,
(Chloromethane), 74873
Methyl chloroform
(1,1,1-Trichloroethane), 71556
Methyl iodide
(lodomethane) 74884
Methyl isobutyl ketone
(Hexone), 108101
Methyl isocyanate, 624839
Methyl methacrylate, 80626
Methyl tert butyl ether, 1634044
4,4' Methylene bis
(2-chloroaniline), 101144
Methylene chloride
(Dichloromethane, 75092
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
(MDI), 101688
4,4'-MethyIenedianiline, 107779
Naphthalene, 91203
Nitrobenzene, 98953
4-NitrobiphenyI, 92933
4-Nitrophenol, 100027
2-Nitropropane, 79469
N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea, 684935
N-Nitrosodimethylamine, 62759
N-Nitrosomorpholine, 59892
Parathion, 56382
Pentachloronitrobenzene, 82688
Pentachlorophenol, 87865
Phenol, 108952
P-Phenylenediamine, 106503
Phosgene, 75445
Phosphine, 7803512
Phosphorus, 7723140
Phthalic anhydride, 85449
Polychlorinated biphenyls,
(Aloclors), 1336363
1,3-Propane sultone, 1120714
beta-Propiolactone, 57578
Propionaldehyde, 123386
Propoxur (Baygon), 114261
Prophylene dichloride,
(1,2 Dichloropropane), 78875
Propylene oxide, 75569
1,2-Propylenimine,
(2-Methyl aziridine), 75558
Quinoline, 91225
Quinone, 106514
Styrene, 100425
Styrene oxide, 96093
2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, 79345
Tetrachloroethylene,
(Perchloroethylene) ,127184
Titanium tetrachloride, 7550450
Toluene, 108883
2,4-Toluene diamine, 95807
2,4-Toluene diisocyanate, 584849
o-ToIuidine, 95534
Toxaphene, 8001352
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, 120821
1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 79005
Trichloroethylene, 79016
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol, 95954
2,4.6-Trichlorophenol, 88062
Triethylamine, 121448
Trifluralin, 1582098
2,2,4-Trimethylpentane, 540841
Vinyl acetate, 108054
Vinyl bromide, 593602
Vinyl chloride, 75014
Vinylidene chloride, 75354
Xylenes (isomers/mixture), 1330207
o-Xylenes, 95476
m-Xylenes, 108383
p-xylenes, 106423
Antimony Compounds
Arsenic Compounds
-Beryllium Compounds
Cadmium Compounds
-Chromium Compounds
Cobalt Compounds
--Coke Oven Emissions
Cyanide Compounds
-Glycol Ethers
Lead Compounds
Manganese Compounds
Mercury Compounds
Fine Mineral Fibers
Nickel Compounds
-Polycylic Organic Matter
-Radionuclides (including Radon
Selenium Compounds
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APPENDIX F
REGULATED SOURCES OF HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS
This is a list of 174 categories of industrial sources of hazardous air pollutants as identified by
EPA under the air toxics provisons of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Each source is
grouped under one of seventeen categories, denoted here in bold face capital letters. EPA must
regulate "major sources" within these categories according to a 10-year schedule which the Agency
will be issuing in 1993. ^
FUEL COMBUSTION
Engine Test Facilities
Industrial Boilers
Institutional Commercial Boilers
Process Heaters
Stationary Internal Combustion Engines
Stationary Turbines
NON-FERROUS METALS PROCESSING
Primary Aluminum Production
Secondary Aluminum Production
Primary Copper Smelting
Primary Lead Smelting
Secondary Lead Smelting
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing
Primary Magnesium Refining
FERROUS METALS PROCESSING
Coke By-Product Plants
Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, and Door Leaks
Coke Ovens: Pushing, Quenching, and Battery Stacks
Ferroalloys Production
Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing
Non-Stainless Steel Manufacturing-Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) Operation
Iron Foundries
Steel Foundries
Steel Pickling-HCl Process
MINERAL PRODUCTS PROCESSING
Alumina Processing
Asphalt/Coal Tar Applicaton-Metal Pipes
Asphalt Concrete Manufacturing
Asphalt Processing
Asphalt Roofing Manufacturing
Chromium Refractories Production
Clay Products Manufacturing
Lime Manufacturing
Mineral Wool Production
Portland Cement Manufacturing
Taconite Iron Ore Processing
Wool Fiberglass Manufacturing
-------
Appendix F Pa§e 2
PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND REFINING
Oil and Natural Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries-Catalytic Cracking (Fluid and other) Units, Catalytic Reforming Units,
and Sulfur Plant Units
Petroleum Refineries- Other Sources Not Distinctly Listed
LIQUIDS DISTRIBUTION
Gasoline Distribution
Organic Liquids Distribution (Non-Gasoline)
SURFACE COATING PROCESSES
Aerospace Industries
Auto and Light Duty Truck (Surface Coating)
Flat Wood Paneling (Surface Coating)
Large Appliance (Surface Coating)
Manufacture of Paints, Coatings, and Adhesives
Metal Can (Surface Coating)
Metal Coil (Surface Coating)
Metal Furniture (Surface Coating)
Miscellaneous Metal Parts and Products (Surface Coating)
Paper and Other Webs (Surface Coating)
Plastic Parts and Products (Surface Coating)
Printing, Coating, and Dyeing of Fabrics
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coating)
Wood Furniture (Surface Coating)
WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL
Hazardous Waste Incineration
Municipal Landfills
Sewage Sludge Incineration
Site Remediation
Solid Waste Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities
Publicly Owned Treatment Works Emissions
AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS PRODUCTION
2,4-D Salts and Esters Production
4-Chloro-2-Methylphenoxyacetic Acid Production
4,6-Dinitro-o-Cresol Production
Captafol Production
Captan Production
Chloroneb Production
Chlorothalonil Production
Dacthal (tm) Production
Sodium Pentachlorophenate Production
Tordon (tm) Acid Production
-------
Appendix F
FIBERS PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Acrylic Fibers/Modacrylic Fibers Production
Rayon Production
Spandex Production
POLYMERS AND RESINS PRODUCTION
Page 3
Acetal Resins Production
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Production
Alkyd Resins Production
Amino Resins Production
Boat Manufacturing
Butadiene-Furfural Cotrimer (R-l 1)
Butyl Rubber Production
Carboxymethylcellulose Production
Cellophane Production
Cellulose Ethers Production
Epichlorohydrin Elastomers Production
Epoxy Resins Production
Ethylene-Propylene Elastomers Production
Flexible Polyurethane Foam Production
Hypalon (tm) Production
« Maleic Anhydride Copolymers Production
Methylcellulose Production
Methyl Methacrylate-Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Production
Methyl Methacrylate-Butadiene-StyreneTerpolymers Production
Neoprene Production
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Production
Non-Nylon Polyamides Production
Nylon 6 Production
Phenolic Resins Production
Polybutadiene Rubber Production
Polycarbonates Production
« Polyester Resins Production
Polyethylene Terephthalate Production
« Polymerized Vinylidene Chloride Production
Polymethyl Methacrylate Resins Production
Polystyrene Production
Polysulfide Rubber Production
Polyvinyl Acetate Emulsions Production
Polyvinyl Alcohol Production
Polyvinyl Butyral Production
Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers Production
Reinforced Plastic Composites Production
Styrene-Acrylonitrile Production
Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Latex Production
PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
-------
Appendix F
PRODUCTION OF INORGANIC CHEMICALS
Ammonium Sulfate Production-Caprolactam By-Product Plants
Antimony Oxides Manufacturing
Chlorine Production
Chromium Chemicals Manufacturing
Cyanuric Chloride Production
Fume Silica Production
Hydrochloric Acid Production
Hydrogen Cyanide Production
Hydrogen Fluoride Production
Phosphate Fertilizers Production
Phosphoric Acid Manufacturing
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Production
Sodium Cyanide Production
Uranium Hexafluoride Production
MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES
Aerosol Can-Filling Faciliites
Benzyltrimethylammonium Chloride Production
Butadiene Dimers Production
Carbonyl Sulfide Production
delating Agents Production
Chlorinated Paraffins Production
Chromic Acid Anodizing
Commercial Dry Cleaning (Perchloroethylene)- Transfer Machines
Commercial Sterilization Facilities
Decorative Chromium Electroplating
Dodecahedioic Acid Production
Dry Cleaning (Petroleum Solvent)
Ethylidene Norbornene Production
Explosives Production
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Hard Chromium Electroplating
Hydrazine Production
Industrial Dry Cleaning (Perchloroethylene) - Transfer Machines
Industrial Dry Cleaning (Perchloroethylene) - Dry-to-Dry Machines
Industrial Process Cooling Towers
OBPA/l,3-Diisocyanate Production
Paint Stripper Users
Photograhic Chemicals Production
Phthalate Plasticizers Production
Ply wood/Particle Board Manufacturing
Polyether Polyols Production
Pulp and Paper Production
Rocket Engine Test Firing
Rubber Chemical Manufacturing
Semiconductor Manufacturing
Symmetrical Tetrachlorophyridine Production
Tire Production
* Wood Treatment
Page 4
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Appendix F
FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL PROCESSES
Baker's Yeast Manufacturing
Cellulose Food Casing Manufacturing
Vegetable Oil Production
PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES
Pharmaceuticals Production
Page5
CATEGORIES OF AREA SOURCES
» Asbestos Processing
Chromic Acid Anodizing
Commercial Dry Cleaning (Perchloroethylene)- Transfer Machines
Commercial Diy Cleaning (Perchloroethylene)- Ory-to-Dry-Machines
Commercial Sterilization Facilities
Decorative Chromium Electroplating
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Hard Chromium Electroplating
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