United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Air
Office Of Air Quality
Planning And Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
EPA-452/R-03-006
February 2003
Economic Impact Analysis for the
Brick and Structural Clay Products
Manufacturing NESHAP: Final Rule
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Economic Impact Analysis for the
Brick and Structural Clay Products
Manufacturing NESHAP: Final Rule
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Innovative Strategies and Economics Group, MD-C339-01
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
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February 2003
This report has been reviewed by the Emission Standards Division of the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and approved for
publication. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement
or recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available through the Library Services (MD-35),
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, or from the National
Technical Information Services 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
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Acronyms
BSCP Brick and Structural Clay Products
CAA Clean Air Act
DIFF Dry Injection Fabric Filter
EIA Economic Impact Analysis
EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
HAPs Hazardous Air Pollutants
HC1 Hydrogen Chloride (also known as Hydrochloric Acid)
HF Hydrogen Fluoride
ISEG Innovative Strategies and Economics Group
MACT Maximum Achievable Control Technology
MRR Monitoring, Recordkeeping, and Recording
NAICSNorth American Industry Classification System
NESHAP National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
OAQPS Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
O&M Operating and Maintenance
RFA Regulatory Flexibility Act
SEE Standard Brick Equivalent
SBREFA Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
SIC Standard Industrial Classification
TAC Total Annual Costs
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VOS Value of Shipments
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ECONOMIC IMPACT ANALYSIS:
BRICK AND STRUCTURAL CLAY PRODUCTS
1 INTRODUCTION
Pursuant to Section 112 of the Clean Air Act, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA
or the Agency) is developing National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) to
control emissions released from the domestic production of bricks and structural clay products (BSCP).
Production of BSCP entails the firing of shaped clay minerals in kilns, a process that results in emissions1
of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). The NESHAP which this economic impact analysis (El A) addresses
is scheduled to be proposed in mid-2001. The Innovative Strategies and Economics Group (ISEG) of
the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS) has developed this analysis in support of the
evaluation of impacts associated with the BSCP manufacturing NESHAP.
1.1 Scope and Purpose
This report evaluates the economic impacts of pollution control requirements on BSCP
operations. The Clean Air Act (CAA) was designed to protect and enhance the quality of the nation's ai
resources and Section 112 of the CAA establishes the authority to control HAP emissions. A large
percentage of the HAP compounds released from BSCP facilities are hydrogen fluoride (HF) and
hydrochloric acid (HCI). To reduce emissions of these HAPs and other HAP metals, the Agency
establishes maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards. The term "MACT floor5 refer
to the minimum control technology on which MACT standards can be based. The MACT floor is set by
the average emissions limitation achieved by the best performing 12 percent of sources in a category or
subcategory when that category or subcategory contains at least 30 sources. The estimated costs for
individual BSCP facilities to comply with these standards are inputs to the economic impact analysis
presented in this report.
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1.2 Organization of the Report
The economic impact analysis is organized into four sections. Section 2 provides a profile of the
industry which includes a description of the producers and consumers of BSCP. This section also
presents available market data and trends in the industry, including domestic production, foreign trade,
and apparent U.S. consumption. Section 3 describes the facility-level costs of complying with this
NESHAP and Section 4 provides facility-, market-, and society-level impacts of complying with this
rule. Small business considerations are made in Section 5 as required by the Regulatory Flexibility Act
(RFA) which was modified by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996
(SBREFA).
2 INDUSTRY PROFILE
The industry profile is organized as follows: Section 2.1 describes the processes and costs of
producing BSCP, as well as the types of emissions released during production. Section 2.2 explains the
various uses, consumers, and substitute products available for BSCP. Section 2.3 provides a summary
profile of the BSCP industry, including a description of the manufacturing facilities and the companies
that own them.
Bricks and structural clay products are among the most commonly used materials in the
construction of homes and buildings. These products are durable, weather-resistant, and fireproof,
thereby making them suitable for use in construction (Brick Industry Association, 1999). Bricks are
cemented together to erect the walls of buildings while other structural clay products are used in various
building applications. For example, clay pipe, structural clay tile, and drain, sewer, and roofing tile, are
used in plumbing systems and roofing applications.
BSCP manufacturing falls under the following Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes:
SIC 3251, Brick and Structural Clay Tile; and
SIC 3259, Structural Clay Products, not elsewhere classified (n.e.c).
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These correspond to the following North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes:
NAICS 327121, Brick and Structural Clay Tile Manufacturing; and
NAICS 327123, Other Structural Clay Products Manufacturing.
Production of bricks and structural clay products follows a similar process. Regardless of the
structural clay product being produced, the production process results in HAP emissions. The primary
HAPs emitted are hydrogen fluoride (HF) and hydrogen chloride (HC1) and the major source of these
emissions are kilns used to fire BSCP.
2.1. Production Overview
This section provides a description of the production of BSCP. Section 2.1.1 provides an
overview of the stages of production, while Section 2.1.2 briefly describes the emissions released as
BSCP are produced. Section 2.1.3 addresses the costs of producing BSCP and last, Section 2.1.4
provides average values of the types of clay minerals used in the production of BSCP.
2. /. 1 Stages of Production
As shown in Figure 2-1, there are several steps involved in the production of BSCP. Clay
minerals, the primary raw materials used in BSCP manufacturing, must first be mined. The mined
materials are then:
• prepared through crushing, grinding, and screening;
shaped into BSCP through forming and cutting;
• dried in dryers;
* fired in tunnel or periodic kilns; and then
* cooled prior to packaging and shipping1.
*Of these stages of production, only the firing stage is impacted by the NESHAP.
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Production Process
Mining or Quarrying
Product
Raw clay minerals
PrimaryTCrushing
Crushed clay minerals
Grinding and Screening
Forming and Cutting
I
Ground clay minerals
Unfired bricks
Drying
Dried unfired bricks
Firing, Flashing, and Cooling
Finished bricks
Storing and Shipping
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Figure 2-1. Brick and Structural Clay Products Manufacturing Process
Source- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1997. Emission Factor Documentation for
AP-42,
Section 77 J, "Brick and Structural Clay Products Manufacturing: Final Report.''
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A detailed discussion of the production process below focuses on brick manufacturing, as
structural clay products typically are produced in a similar manner. The primary difference in
the production processes of bricks and structural clay products is how the prepared clay
minerals are shaped and sized. Information in this section was taken from EPA's Emission
Factor Documentation on Brick and Structural Clay Products Manufacturing (1997).
Production of brick begins with the mining of raw material, such as common clay
and shale. This is the most common type of clay used in the production of BSCP. Producers
of BSCP acquire their raw material either by mining it themselves or by purchasing it from
local mineral processing plants. Often, a company owns a mining pit as well as facilities at
which BSCP are produced. After the material is mined or purchased, it is fed into a crusher
for initial size reduction. The material next passes through grinders to produce a finely
ground material. This product is then screened for size and oversized material is returned to
the grinders. The finely ground material is next conveyed to the mill room where it is formed
into bricks.
The following processes exist to shape bricks:
stiff mud extrusion,
• soft mud press process, and
dry press process.
Most brick is formed through the stiff mud extrusion process. This process begins with the
use of a pug mill. In the mill, finely ground clay minerals are mixed with water and are then
transferred into a vacuum chamber. Producers at this point can introduce additives, such as
barium carbonate, to prevent sulfates present in the clay minerals from rising to the surface of
the bricks. Next, air is removed from the material in the chamber, and the material is
extruded through dies. Surface treatments can be introduced at this point to add specific
color or texture to the product. Some of these surface treatments include manganese dioxide,
iron oxide, and iron chromite. The extruded column of material is then cut into individual
bricks using a wire-cutting machine. The bricks are set onto kiln cars and proceed to the
dryers, which are typically heated to 204 degrees Celsius.
The soft mud process is used to produce bricks when clay is too wet for extrusion. In
this process, finely ground clay minerals are blended with water and then formed into bricks
using molds. The bricks are dried before proceeding to the kilns. In the dry press process,
clay is mixed with a small amount of water and steel molds are used to shape the individual
bricks. Pressure of 500 to 1,500 pounds per square inch is then applied to the molds to bond
the material into bricks. These bricks then proceed to the dryers.
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From the dryer, the bricks enter the kiln for firing. There are several steps to firing
the bricks in the kiln. These steps are the evaporation of free water, dehydration, oxidization,
vitrification, and flashing. Flashing refers to the process of introducing uncombusted fuel
into the kiln atmosphere in order to add color to the surface of the bricks. Most kilns are fired
with natural gas, although coal, sawdust, fuel oil, and landfill gas are also used. Once the
bricks have been fired, they are then cooled to ambient temperatures before they leave the
kiln. This completes the process of brick manufacturing.
2.1.2 Emissions from the Brick and Structural Clay Product Facilities
Production of BSCP requires a number of steps that result in the emissions of HAPs
and other pollutants. These pollutants include particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2),
nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic
compounds (VOCs), and HAPs including HC1, HF, and HAP metals. The grinding and
screening operations and kilns emit PM emissions. Kiln fuel combustion and some dryer
combustion also result in emissions of SOX, NOX, CO, and C02. However, the primary source
of SO2 emissions from the kilns is the raw material, which contains sulfur compounds.
These sulfur compounds form SO2 when the raw material is fired. Similarly, the kilns release
HF and HC1 due to the presence of fluoride and chloride compounds in the raw material.
2.1.3 Costs of Production
This section discusses the costs of producing BSCP. There are several types of
production costs such as:
• capital expenditures, including the costs of equipment and its
installation;
energy costs, which are the costs of electricity and fuels used in the
production of BSCP;
labor costs, including the costs associated with employees wages and
benefits; and
the cost of materials, which are the costs of tangible inputs such as
clay minerals, parts, and additives.
Tables 2-1 and 2-2 show the historical production cost data for the brick and structural clay
tile industry (SIC 3251) and the other structural clay product industry (SIC 3259) that were
gathered from the U.S. Census Bureau.
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Table 2-1. Production Costs for the Brick and Structural Clay Tile Industry (SIC 3251)
($106)
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Avg.
Labor
Costs
$213.9
$229.3
$233.9
$235.2
$246.7
$262.2
$236.9
Material
Costs
$229.5
$280.0
$312.2
$300.8
$304.0
$282.0
$288.0
Energy
Costs
$142.7
$157.3
$151.2
$139.8
$160.3
$175.6
$154.5
Capital
Expenditures
$42.9
$56.1
$63.8
$77.1
$132.9
$72.1
$74.2
Value of
Shipments
$1,116.0
$1,199.1
$1,319.1
$1,283.3
$1,421.9
$1,452.2
$1,298.6
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1999. 1997 Economic Census,
Manufacturing Industry Series, "Brick and Structural Clay Tile Manufacturing."
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1998. 1996 Annual Survey of Manufactures,
M96(AS)-1 Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1996. 1994 Annual Survey of Manufactures,
M94(AS)-1 Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1995. 1993 Annual Survey of Manufactures,
M93(AS)-1 Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries.
Similar trends can be seen in the production costs across both SIC codes. For both
the brick and structural clay tile industry (SIC 3251) and the other structural clay products
industry (SIC 3259), the cost of materials accounts for the largest share of the value of
shipments (VOS). For SIC 3251, cost of materials were equal to about $288 million on
average, or 22 percent of the brick and structural clay tile industry's (SIC 3251) VOS. For
SIC 3259, material costs on average were almost $38 million, or 27 percent of the industry's
(SIC 3259) VOS. Labor costs represent the next largest share of the VOS for both markets,
approximately 20 percent, and energy costs are approximately 11 percent of their VOS.
Capital expenditures represent the smallest share of VOS for both SIC 3251 and SIC 3259.
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Table 2-2. Production Costs for the Other Structural Clay Products Industry
(SIC 3259) ($106)
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Labor
Costs
$23.5
$25.2
$28.7
$29.7
$37.6
$22.9
$28.0
Material
Costs
$34.3
$30.6
$41.5
$43.2
$52.3
$25.9
$38.0
Energy
Costs
$15.0
$17.0
$15.5
$16.3
$21.7
$8.9
$15.7
Capital
Expenditures
$5.4
$6.8
$4.0
$4.4
$4.2
$4.9
$5.0
Value of
Shipments
$125.8
$118.3
$142.1
$150.4
$177.5
$118.3
$138.7
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1999. 1997 Economic Census,
Manufacturing Industry Series, "Other Structural Clay Product Manufacturing."
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1996 Annual Survey of Manufactures,
M96(AS)-1 Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1994 Annual Survey of Manufactures,
M94(AS)-1 Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1993 Annual Survey of Manufactures,
M93(AS)-1 Statistics for Industry Groups and Industries.
Upon examination of both tables, the data clearly show that the size of the brick and
structural clay tile industry is much larger than the other structural clay products industry. In
fact, the value of shipments for the brick and structural tile industry (SIC 3251) is almost ten
tunes greater than the value of shipments for the other structural clay products industry (SIC
3259).
2.1.4 Value of Clay Minerals
The most common raw materials used to produce BSCP are common clay and shale.
Fire clay, kaolin, and other materials are also used, but to a lesser degree. The average value
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per metric ton of common clay and shale over the years 1993 to 1997 was $5.64. For fire
clay, the average value over the same time period was $21.64 and for kaolin, it was $114.42.
Based on the differences in the average values across these clay types, it is clear why
common clay and shale would be used as an input since it is suitable for BSCP. It is a
relatively cheaper input that possesses the necessary attributes to produce BSCP.
Table 2-3 shows the difference in values of common clay and shale, fire clay, and
kaolin produced and sold in the U.S. for the years 1993 through 1997. The production-
weighted average price for clay minerals used in BSCP is also derived. Since the weighted
average prices are relatively low, it is clear that common clay and shale is more heavily relied
upon relative to fire clay and kaolin for production of BSCP. In fact, on average over this
time period, 98 percent of the clay minerals used in BSCP were common clay and shale
(Virta, 1999).
Table 2-3. Price Value of Clay Minerals Used in BSCP: 1993 - 1997 ($/metric
ton)
Clay Minerals 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Avg.
Common Clay & Shale $5.42 $5.31 $5.90 $5.50 $6.08 $5.64
FireClay $25.05 $25.44 $21.96 $21.19 $14.56 $21.64
Kaolin $108.38 $116.31 $117.09 $119.83 $110.52 $114.42
Weighted Average3 $7.23 $6.97 $7.82 $7.34 $6.47b $6.97
Notes: aWeighted average reflects the production-weighted prices for clay minerals used to produce BSCP.
Production-weighted average price for the year 1997 does not include fire clay because quantity of
this clay mineral used in BSCP was not available for this year.
Source: Virta, Robert. 1999. "Clays," In: Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals 1997: Volume 1.
U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Virta, Robert. 1998. "Clays," In: Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals 1996: Volume 1.
U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Virta, Robert. 1997. "Clays," In: Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals 1995: Volume 1,
U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Virta, Robert. 1996. "Clays," In: Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals 1994: Volume 1.
U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office.
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The value of common clay and shale remained relatively constant, although it did
reach a peak price of $6.08 per metric ton in 1997. Contrary to the behavior of the value of
common clay and shale, both fire clay and kaolin sharply dropped in value in 1997. In fact,
fire clay shows a general declining trend over the years 1993 to 1997 while kaolin steadily
increased in value until it reached a peak of $119.83 in 1996. It then sharply fell in value in
1997.
2.2 Uses, Consumers, and Substitutes
Clay minerals are the main input used to produce BSCP. These products are then
used by the construction industry to build several different types of structures, including
homes, buildings, and office facilities. The following section describes the uses, consumers,
and substitutes of BSCP. In Section 2.2.1, the various uses for BSCP are described. Section
2.2.2 identifies the intermediate and final consumers of bricks and structural clay products.
Last, the different products that can act as substitutes for bricks and structural products are
described in Section 2.2.3.
2.2.1 Uses of Brick and Structural Clay Products
Bricks and structural clay products are used as inputs to the production of buildings,
homes, and structures. Building, face, and common bricks are used to erect the walls of
structures, while glazed bricks are used for flooring. Other structural clay products, such as
clay pipe, structural clay tile, chimney pipe, flue linings, and drain, sewer, and roof tile are
used in the installation of plumbing systems, fireplaces, and roofs. Brick and structural clay
products have a variety of characteristics desirable in building materials. They are durable,
resistant to fire, weather, and pests, and require little maintenance. Use of bricks enhances
the resale value of homes and is considered energy efficient since they absorb heat and slow
down heat transfer. In the summer a brick exterior retards the absorption of heat and in the
winter, the exterior retains heat indoors (Brick Industry Association, 1999).
Census Data provide the 1997 values of select BSCP produced by SICs 3251 and
3259. As Figure 2-2 shows, the value of common, building, and face brick represents 95
percent ($1.34 billion) of the value of shipments for selected products in the brick, structural
clay tile, and structural clay products industries. The rest of the end uses represented here,
facing tile, glazed and unglazed brick, structural clay tile, and vitrified clay sewer pipe and
fittings, together comprise only 5 percent of the value of shipments. This distribution is
perhaps explained by the fact that there are a number of less expensive
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Structural clay tile
1%
Facing tile and glazed
and unglazed brick
1%
Vitrified clay sewer pipe
and fittings
3%
Building, common, and
face brick
95%
1997 Value of Shipments = $1.41 Billion
Figure 2-2. Distribution of BSCP Shipments by End Use: 1997
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1998. Current Industrial
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Reports for Clay Construction Products - Summary 1997.
products that compete with structural clay products, such as concrete and PVC pipes and
asphalt roofing materials. Structural clay products are, for the most part, specialty items in
many parts of the country. It is important to note that the above pie chart represents selected
BSCP in both SICs 3251 and 3259. The value of shipments of these products, $1.41 billion,
is therefore less than the sum of the value of shipments for the entire BSCP industry ($1.57
billion).
2.2,2 Consumers of Brick and Structural Clay Products
The immediate purchasers of these products are construction companies who use
them as inputs to the production of homes, buildings, and structures. Construction
companies or contractors may also buy these products to specifically install plumbing
systems, fireplaces, and new roofs and floors to existing structures. Consumers then
purchase the homes, structures, and buildings produced by construction companies, or they
hire contractors to make improvements to existing structures using structural clay products.
These consumers therefore have an indirect demand for BSCP. However, if they build homes
or make improvements themselves, then consumers directly demand these products.
2.2.3 Substitutes for Brick and Structural Clay Products
Aside from brick, there are a number of alternative building materials that can be used
for the exterior walls of buildings, homes, and structures. Common alternatives are stucco,
wood, hardboard, and aluminum and vinyl siding. There are certain advantages and
disadvantages to using these materials instead of brick.
Stucco is made from sand, Portland cement, and water and is extremely durable. It is
applied in three coats with pigment mixed in so that painting is not necessary. While stucco
can create an extremely strong and long-lasting exterior, it can be difficult to apply and is
subject to cracking if applied incorrectly. Wood is the oldest siding material used to build
exterior walls for homes and buildings. It comes in a variety of forms including shingles,
panels, and natural logs. When used for exterior walls, wood can be left as is, or can be
painted over therefore offering flexibility in its appearance. It is organic which makes it an
attractive option, however exposure to severe weather can result in wood rot and decay. In
addition, wood is vulnerable to pests, such as termites, that can damage the structure of
homes. Hardboard is a wood composite made by mixing wood fiber and a natural or
chemical binder and pressing the mixture into panels or lap siding. Hardboard siding is
coated with a water resistant primer and is painted. Aluminum and vinyl siding are simple
exterior materials to care for, as they are nailed to the exterior of structures. These sidings do
not need to be painted and can be easily cleaned by washing with water (Better Business
Bureau, 2000).
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There are also alternatives to roofing tiles and glazed brick for roofing and flooring
applications. Roofing tile is one option for roofing, however wood shingles, asphalt, and
metal can also be used. One of the characteristics common to roofing tile, asphalt, and metal
is that they are all fireproof. Wood shingles are not as common as they once were because
they do not possess this quality. Alternatives to clay tiles for flooring are wood, marble,
vinyl, and linoleum. These options vary by price, quality, and appearance. Marble, clay tile,
and hardwood floors are relatively sturdy, and therefore more expensive than vinyl and
linoleum.
2.3 Industry Organization
This report addresses the economic impacts of pollution control requirements on
facilities that produce bricks and structural clay products. Because there are costs associated
with the control of HAPs, it is important to determine how the industry may be affected. This
section provides a description of the industry's organization at both the facility-level and
company-level. Section 2.3.1 first provides an overview of the market structure of the BSCP
manufacturing industry. Section 2.3.2 characterizes the manufacturing facilities in this
industry, while the parent companies of these facilities are described in Section 2.3.3. Last,
Section 2.3.4 provides data on domestic production, foreign trade, and apparent consumption
of bricks and structural clay products.
2.3.1 Market Structure
Market structure is of interest because it determines the behavior of producers and
consumers in the industry. In perfectly competitive industries, no producer or consumer is
able to influence the price of the product sold. In addition, producers are unable to affect the
price of inputs purchased for use in production. This condition is most likely to hold if the
industry has a large number of buyers and sellers, the products sold and inputs used in
production are homogeneous, and entry and exit of firms is unrestricted. Entry and exit of
firms are unrestricted for most industries, except in cases where the government regulates
who is able to produce output, where one firm holds a patent on a product, where one firm
owns the entire stock of a critical input, or where a single firm is able to supply the entire
market. In industries that are not perfectly competitive, producer and/or consumer behavior
can have an effect on price.
Concentration ratios (CRs) and the Herfmdahl-Hirschman index (HHIs) can provide
some insight into the competitiveness of an industry. The U.S. Department of Commerce
reports these ratios and indices for the four-digit SIC code level for 1992, the most recent
year available. Table 2-4 provides the four- and eight-firm concentration ratios (CR4 and
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CR8, respectively), and the Herfmdahl-Hirschman index for both the brick and structural clay
tile industry (SIC 3251) and for the other structural clay products industry (SIC 3259). For
SIC 3251, the CR4 was 34 percent, and the CR8 was 52 percent. For SIC 3259, the CR4 was
35 percent and the CR8 was 60 percent.
The criteria for evaluating the HHIs are based on the 1992 Department of Justice's
Horizontal Merger Guidelines. According to these criteria, industries with HHIs below 1,000
are considered unconcentrated (i.e., more competitive), those with HHIs between 1,000 and
1,800 are considered moderately concentrated (i.e., moderately competitive), and those with
HHIs above 1,800 are considered highly concentrated (i.e., less competitive). In general,
firms in less concentrated industries are more likely to be price takers, while those in more
concentrated industries have more ability to influence market prices. Based on these criteria,
both the brick and structural clay tile industry and the other structural clay products industry
can be modeled as perfectly competitive for the purpose of this EIA.
Table 2-4. Market Concentration Measures for the Brick and Structural Clay Tile
Industry (SIC 3251) and the Other Structural Clay Products Industry (SIC 3259)
Value of Shipments
SIC Code (S106) CR4 CR8 HHI
• 3251
3259
$1,452.19
$118.35
34%
35%
52%
60%
433
560
Note: CR4 and CR8 are the concentration ratios of the top 4 and 8 firms in the industry (by sales),
respectively. HHI refers to the Herfmdahl-Hirschman Index which is the sum of squared market
shares for each company in a given industry.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 1999. 1992 Concentration Ratios in
Manufacturing. .
2.3.2 Manufacturing Facilities
As of 1996, there were 189 facilities producing bricks and structural clay products in
the United States. Of these facilities, 164 were brick producers, 19 were structural clay
product producers, and 6 produce both product types. Regardless of the type of product the
facility produces, it can be classified as either one of two types of producers: a non-integrated
producer or an integrated producer. Non-integrated BSCP producers purchase clay mineral
inputs to use in production and then complete the manufacture of the final products.
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Integrated producers of BSCP are vertically integrated, which means they mine their own
clay mineral inputs to use in the production of their final products.
The size of facilities depends on whether they are non-integrated or integrated
producers. Plants that perform their own mining operations tend to be larger in size than
those that purchase their inputs from a minerals processing plant. Even if facilities are non-
integrated producers, it is likely that they are located near sources of clay minerals so that the
transportation cost of this essential input remains low. Thus the locations of the 189 facilities
are determined by the location of common clay and shale deposits. These facilities are
located across 39 states with the highest concentrations in Ohio, with 22 facilities, North
Carolina with 20 facilities, Texas with 18 facilities, and Alabama with 11 facilities (see
Figure 2-3).
2.3.3 Firm Characteristics
The Agency identified 90 ultimate parent companies that owned and operated the 189
potentially affected facilities within this source category during 1996. Sales and employment
data were obtained for these owning entities from either their survey response or one of the
following secondary sources:
• American Business Directory (American Business Information, 1999),
• Dun & Bradstreet Market Identifiers (Dun & Bradstreet, 1999),
• Gale Group Company Intelligence (Gale Group, 1999),
• Hoover's Online (Hoover's, 2001),
• The Handbook of Texas Online (1999), or
• Standard & Poor's Register-Corporate (Standard & Poor's Corp., 1998)
Appendix A provides a listing of the companies identified by the Agency that own the
potentially affected facilities within this source category.
Annual sales and employment data were available for 86 of the 90 companies (96
percent). The average (median) sales of companies reporting data were $124.5 million ($8.0
million). This includes revenue from operations other than BSCP manufacturing. The
average (median) employment for these companies was 987 (92) workers. As of 1998, the
top four companies in annual sales are:
Hanson, PLC - $3.0 billion with 27,000 employees,
Certainteed Corporation - $1.6 billion with 6,950 employees,
Wienerberger Baustoffmdustrie AG - $ 1.5 billion with 10,370
employees, and
2-15
-------
Texas Industries, Incorporated - $1.2 billion with 4,100 employees.
2-16
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4.5 Energy Impacts
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-452/R-03-006
3. RECIPIENTS ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
Economic Impact Analysis for the Brick and Structural Clay
Products Manufacturing NESHAP: Final Rule
5. REPORT DATE
February 2003
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORf S)
Virgis Brown, Innovative Strategies and Economics Group
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
J.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Air Quality Strategies and Standards Division
Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
II. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Air Quality Strategies and Standards Division
Office of Air and Radiation
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
This report presents a technical analysis of the economic impacts associated with the National Emissions
Standard for Hazardous Air Pollutants to control emissions of air toxic pollutants from the Brick and
Structural Clay Products Manufacturing industry. The analysis evaluates adjustments in the brick and
structural clay products manufacturing markets (through price and production changes), social cost, and the
resulting affects on employment, international trade, and small businesses.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. ' DESCRIPTORS
Economic Impact Analysis (ELA)
Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (RFA)
] 8. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Air Pollution control
economic analysis
small business analysis
19. SECURITY CLASS (Report)
Unclassified
20. SECURITY CLASS (Page)
Unclassified
c.COSATI Field/Group
21. NO. OF PAGES
22. PRICE
•A Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION IS OBSOLETE
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