United States
        Environmental Protection
        Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC
           EPA/452-R-93-013
           June 1993
&EPA  Simultaneous Control of
        PM-10 and Hazardous Air
        Pollutants:
        Rationale for Selection of
        Hazardous Air Pollutants as
        Potential Particulate Matter or
        Associated with Particulate Matter
        At Source Conditions
        FINAL REPORT
                                Recycled/Recyclable
                                Printed on paper that contains
                                at least 50% recycled fiber

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DCN:  93-298-017-90-01
EPA:  68-DO-0125
Work Assignment 90
                SIMULTANEOUS CONTROL OF PM-10 AND
               HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS:  RATIONALE
                  FOR SELECTION OF HAZARDOUS AIR
               POLLUTANTS AS POTENTIAL PARTICULATE
                    MATTER OR ASSOCIATED  WITH
                  PARTICULATE MATTER AT SOURCE
                            CONDITIONS
                           Final Report
                          Prepared for:

                          Gary S. Blais
               U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
          Research Triangle Park, North Carolina  27711

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                            DISCLAIMER

     This report has been reviewed by the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
and has been approved for publication as received from the
contractor.  The contents reflect the views and policies of the
Agency, but any mention of trade names or commercial products
does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
                                11

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                        TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section                                                      Page


1.0  INTRODUCTION	1-1

2.0  PHYSICAL CONSTANT DATA	2-1

     2.1  Melting Point and Boiling Point Data	2-1
     2.2  Vapor Pressure Data	2-17
     2.3  HAP Compound Groups	2-17

3.0  HAP-PM/C CLASSIFICATIONS 	 3-1

     3.1  HAP's with Very Low Vapor Pressure	3-10

          3.1.1     2-Acetylaminofluorene 	  3-10
          3.1.2     Arsenic Compounds 	  3-11
          3.1.3     Asbestos and Mineral Fibers   	  3-11
          3.1.4     Antimony Compounds  	  3-12
          3.1.5     Beryllium Compounds 	  3-12
          3.1.6     Cadmium, Chromium, and Cobalt Compounds  3-13
          3.1.7     Cyanide Compounds 	  3-13
          3.1.8     Lead Compounds	3-14
          3.1.9     Manganese Compounds	3-14
          3.1.10    Nickel Compounds  ..... 	  3-15
          3.1.11    Radionuclides	3-15

     3.2  HAP's Classified According to Vapor Pressure  .   .  3-16^

          3.2.1     Polycyclic Organic Matter (POM)  ....  3-17
          3.2.2     Coke Oven Emissions	  3-17
          3.2.3     2,4-D Salts and Esters	3-18

     3.3  HAP's Classified According to a Simplified
          Physical Adsorption Model 	 . 	  3-19


4.0  SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS	4-1

5.0  REFERENCES	5-1

     APPENDIX A:    BOILING POINT CALCULATION 	 A-l
     APPENDIX B:    VAPOR PRESSURE CALCULATION  	 B-l
     APPENDIX C:    SIMPLIFIED PHYSICAL ADSORPTION MODEL   .  . C-l
     APPENDIX D:    FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE CLASSIFICATION
                    PROCEDURES	D-l
     APPENDIX E:    PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF
                    THE 189 HAP'S	E-l
                               111

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                          LIST OF TABLES


Table                                                         Page

2-1  PHYSICAL CONSTANT  DATA FOR THE 189 HAP' S	2-2

2-2  ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR REFERENCES IN TABLE 2-1 ....  2-14

2-3  HIGH AND LOW BOILING POINT COMPOUNDS FOR HAP COMPOUND
     GROUPS  (ALPHABETICAL)   	  2-16

3-1  CLASSIFICATION  OF  HAP' S AS- PM, C, OR VAPOR	3-3
3-2  CONDITIONS WHERE HAP'S  WERE PREDICTED TO BE PM BY THE
     SIMPLIFIED PHYSICAL ADSORPTION MODEL 	
3-3  CONDITIONS WHERE  DIBENZOFURANS AND POLYCHLORINATED
     BIPHENYLS WERE  PREDICTED TO BE PM BY THE SIMPLIFIED
     PHYSICAL ADSORPTION  MODEL  	 . . . .
3-22
3-24
4-1  LIST OF HAP'S CLASSIFIED AS PARTICULATE MATTER OR
     CONDENSIBLE  (ALPHABETICAL)  	 4-3
A-l  JOBACK GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE NORMAL BOILING
     POINT	

B-l  KF FACTORS FOR ALIPHATIC AND ALICYCLIC ORGANIC
     COMPOUNDS   	

B-2  VALUES OF KF FOR AROMATIC HYDROGEN-BONDED  SYSTEMS  .  .

C-l  FRACTION OF HAP'S  PREDICTED TO BE PM BY THE SIMPLIFIED
     PHYSICAL ADSORPTION  MODEL   	
 A-2


 B-6

 B-8


 C-4
C-2  FRACTION OF DIBENZOFURANS  AND POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS
     PREDICTED TO BE  PM  BY  THE  SIMPLIFIED PHYSICAL
     ADSORPTION MODEL 	 C-8

D-l  FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE HAP CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES   . D-2

E-l  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE 189 HAP'S .  . E-2
                                IV

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                        1.0    INTRODUCTION

     The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) set forth a list
of 189 hazardous air pollutants (HAP's) and required the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to promulgate control
standards for the principal sources of these emissions.  The
purpose of this report is to identify HAP's that may be
particulate matter (PM), associated with PM, or condensible (C)
emissions at source conditions and, therefore, could potentially
be controlled at the source using particulate control technology.

     Several areas of the country will be designated
nonattainment for PM as defined by the CAAA, and some areas will
not attain the limits set for PM with an aerodynamic diameter
less than or equal to 10 micrometers (PM-10).  Therefore, some
areas will be controlling PM for the first time and other areas
will be controlling PM to a greater degree than before.  The
Sulfur Dioxide, Particulate Matter Programs Branch of the Air
Quality Management Division of the EPA plans to present the
potential multiple benefits of PM control to the States and
Regions as part of an implementation strategy.  This report
presents technical information in support of that goal.

     This document describes an analysis of the 189 HAP's that
was performed to estimate which of the HAP's0 may be emitted as
PM, associated with PM, or as condensible matter  (henceforth
known as HAP-PM/C's) at source conditions.  The source conditions
used in this analysis ranged  from ambient temperature  (25°C) and
low particulate loadings  (5 jig/m3)  to high temperature (200°C)
      "Many of the HAP's are groups of compounds, some of which
 can be correctly classified as PM and some as vapor.   The
 analysis presented  here  classified the HAP compound group
 according to its least volatile member.
                                1-1

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 combinations of three temperatures  and four  particulate  loadings.
 The temperature and particle loadings  were designed  to represent
 the range of conditions  possible  at sources  of  air pollution.13
 This analysis does  not encompass  atmospheric conditions  beyond
 the fence line of the source.   Consequently,  the physical  states
 of  the HAP's in the atmosphere  will not generally be the same as
 those described here for source conditions.

      As  a prerequisite to the analysis, the  physical constants of
 melting  point,  boiling point, and vapor pressure were acquired or
 derived  for  the 189 HAP's.   These values are discussed in
 Section  2.0.   Based on the physical constant data and, in  some
 cases, other parameters,  the physical  state  of  each  of the
 189  HAP's as PM, C,  or vapor, was decided.   Section  3.0  discusses
 the  classification  of the HAP's and the methods that were  used to
 achieve  this classification.  A summary of the  results of  the
 project  is presented in  Section 4.0.

      Appendices A and B  describe  the boiling point and vapor
 pressure calculation methods, respectively.   Appendix C describes
 the  simplified  physical  adsorption  model that was used to
 classify some of the HAP's.  Appendix  D describes the frequency
 of use of the different  procedures  used to classify  the  189 HAP's
 as PM/C  or vapor.   Appendix  E compares the previous
 classification  of the 189 HAP's to  the results from  the current,
more  rigorous approach.

     As  a result of  this  analysis,  the potential for simultaneous
control  of PM and HAP's  can be  explored for sources  of HAP
emissions.   It  is not known, however, to what extent PM controls
will actually simultaneously control HAP's.   Although the extent
      These source conditions are not limited to stack
conditions, but also include source conditions such as the
loading and unloading of raw materials and products, and other
non-stack process points.
                               1-2

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of control may be estimated as a range, the true control
efficiency can only be determined by a rigorous testing program.
Impediments in the path of a successful test program to identify
the simultaneous control of HAP's and PM are the problems
associated with measuring the semivolatile HAP's (the HAP's
associated with PM) using the traditional air sampling devices
(e.g., filtration samplers or samplers with filters combined with
vapor traps).   These problems will need to be resolved before a
successful test program can be performed.
                               1-3

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                   2.0  PHYSICAL CONSTANT DATA

     The physical constant data of boiling point, melting point,
and vapor pressure acquired for each of the 189 HAP's are shown
in Table 2-1.  Sections 2.1 and 2.2 below describe how the data
were acquired.

     The following is a description of the information in
Table 2-1.  Column 1 is the Chemical Abstract Services (CAS)
number for each compound, as available.  In column 2 is the HAP
name as found in the CAAA.  In columns 3, 5, and 7 are the
melting point, boiling point, and vapor pressure data,
respectively, as available.  Columns 4, 6, and 8 include
references to the sources where the data for melting point,
boiling point, and vapor pressure, respectively, were found.

     Abbreviations and complete citations for the references used
in Table 2-1 are shown in Table 2-2.  For the HAP's that
represent groups of compounds, two compounds were chosen to
represent the range of data for the group, from high to low
boiling points.  The representative compounds used for each group
are shown in Table 2-3.
2.1
Melting Point and Boiling Point Data
     The starting point for the physical data collection was data
that had been accumulated under EPA's Hazardous Organic NESHAP
(HON) project for a number of HAP's.  Additional data were
researched in the cases where the HON project had no data or
where HON data were questionable.  In many cases on the HON
project, default values were used when data were not readily
available.  The default values chosen for the HON project were
the worst case scenarios for the purposes of the HON project, but
were not worst case for the HAP-PM/C project.  Therefore,
alternative resources were used to identify the true values.
                               2-1

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-------
   TABLE 2-2.  ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR REFERENCES IN TABLE 2-1.
Agro. Chem. Handbook
Aldrich
CALC
CRC
Estimate
ES&T
Handbook Tox. Haz. Chem
HEDOC
HEFED
The Agrochemicals Handbook, 2nd Edition.
The Royal Society of Chemistry, the
University of Nottingham, Nottingham,
England.  1988

Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.  Aldrich
Catalog Handbook of Fine Chemicals.
Milwaukee, WI.  1992.

Lyman, W. J., W. F. Reehl, and D, H.
Rosenblatt.  Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods.
Environmental Behavior of Organic
Compounds.  McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, NY.  1991.

Weast, R.C.  CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics, 64th Edition.  The Chemical
Rubber Publishing Company, Boca Raton,
FL.  1983.

Estimate based on experience with air
sampling.  No other information
available.

Eitzer, B.D. and R.A. Kites.
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and
Dibenzofurans in the Ambient Atmosphere
of Bloomington, Indiana.  Environmental
Science and Technology.  Volume 23(11).
American Chemical Society, Washington,
DC.  1989.

Sittig, M.  Handbook of Toxic  and
Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens,
Second Edition.  Noyes Publications,
Park Ridge, NJ.  1985.

Verschueren, K.  Handbook of
Environmental Data on Organic  Chemicals.
Van Nostrand Reinhold.  New York, NY
1983.

Handbook of Environmental Fate and
Exposure Data for Organic Compounds.
Volume III: Pesticides.  P.H.  Howard,
Ed.  Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
1991.
                               2-14

-------
   TABLE 2-2.
ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR REFERENCES IN TABLE 2-1.
 (CONTINUED)
HON
J. of Chem. Eng. Data
Lange
Lewis
Merck
NIOSH
Pest.
Reid
          Hazardous Organic NESHAP project,
          Emission Standards Division, Office of
          Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
          Environmental Protection Agency,
          Research Triangle Park, NC.  1990.

          Hinckley, D.A., T.F. Bidleman, W.T.
          Foreman, and J.R. Tuschall.
          Determination of Vapor Pressures for
          Nonpolar and Semipolar Organic Compounds
          from Gas Chromatographic Retention Data.
          Journal of Chemical Engineering Data
          1990.  Volume 35.  March 1990.

          Dean, J.A.  Lange's Handbook of
          Chemistry.  McGraw-Hill Book Company,
          New York, NY.  1987.

          Lewis, R.G.  Advanced Methodologies for
          Sampling and Analysis of Toxic Organic
          Chemicals in Ambient Outdoor, Indoor,
          and Personal Respiratory Air.  Journal
          of the Chinese Chemical Society, Taipei,
          Taiwan, Republic of China.  Volume 36
          (4).  1989.

          Merck and Co., Inc.  The Merck Index,
          llth Edition, S. Budavari, Ed.  Rahway,
          NJ.  1989.

          U.S. Department of Health and Human
          Services, Public Health Service, Centers
          for Disease Control, National Institute
          for Occupational Safety and Health.
          NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
          U.S. Government Printing Office,
          Washington, D.C.  June 1990.

          The Pesticide Manual.  C.R. Worthing,
          Ed.  The British Crop Protection
          Council, Thornton Heath, United Kingdom.
          1987.

          Reid, R. C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E.
          Poling.  The Properties of Gases and
          Liquids.  Fourth Edition.  McGraw-Hill
          Book Company, New York, NY.  1987.
                               2-15

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 Eight  literature reference sources were used to augment melting
 point  and boiling point data for the 189 HAP's.1"8

     For  some HAP's,  where boiling point data were not available
 in  the literature,  the boiling point was calculated0 on the
 basis  of  the  physical structure of the molecule.5  The method
 used to calculate boiling point is described in detail in
 Appendix  A.   The boiling points were especially important for  the
 HAP's  without vapor pressure data,  since in  these  cases  the
 boiling points were used to calculate vapor  pressure.   Boiling
 point  data were  not sought in the case where the boiling point
 data were not generally available,  but the vapor pressure was
 known,  since  the vapor pressure data were the more useful
 information.
2.2
Vapor Pressure Data
     The starting point for the vapor pressure data, as with  the
melting and boiling point data, was the data accumulated under
EPA's Hazardous Organic NESHAP  (HON) project.  Eleven additional
reference sources were used to provide vapor pressure data for
the 189 HAP's.2'3'4'8"14

     For some HAP's, the vapor pressure was calculated from the
boiling point.15  The method used to calculate vapor pressure  is
explained in Appendix B.  For a few HAP's, an estimate of the
vapor pressure was made from experience with air sampling.
2.3
HAP Compound Groups
     Many of the HAP's are actually groups of compounds.  The
information presented in Table 2-1 includes high and low values
      Thermal  decomposition was not considered when these boiling
points were calculated.
                               2-17

-------
for the range of physical data for the compounds in the group.
The compounds used to define the high and low ends of the range
for each group of compounds are shown in Table 2-3.
                               2-18

-------
                   3.0  HAP-PM/C  CLASSIFICATIONS

     The Air Quality Management  Division of EPA plans to present
the benefits of PM control to the States and Regions.  One
benefit that may not have been previously considered is the
simultaneous control of PM and HAP's.  To be able to predict
which HAP's have the potential to be simultaneously controlled
with PM, classification of each  HAP as PM and/or C, or vapor was
necessary.

     For the purposes of this discussion, the classification as
"PM" was used for material that  was expected to exist as a solid
or associated with (condensed and adsorbed to) particulate
matter, within the range of conditions at sources of HAP
emissions.  The classification as "condensible" (C) was used for
material that was expected to be self-condensing,  i.e.,  material
that can exist as a liquid aerosol.

     The 189 HAP's were classified as PM or vapor using at least
one of the following three decision processes:

     •    The HAP's with low or unmeasurable vapor pressures were
          classified as PM;

     •    The HAP's with vapor pressures lower than 1.0  x
          10"
mm Hg (at 25°C) were classified as PM, and the
          HAP's with vapor pressures greater than or equal to 1.o
          x 10   mm Hg (at 25 °C) were classified as vapor; and

          The HAP's whose vapor pressures fell near or between
          the range of 10"8 to lo"z mm Hg  (at 25 °C) were
          classified as  PM or vapor according to  a simplified
          physical adsorption model used at 12 different source
          conditions.
                               3-1

-------
     Materials were classified as condensible according to the
following two criteria:

     •    If the HAP was classified as PM by any one of the three
          decision processes, above; and

     •    The HAP had a melting point below 300°C.      i

     If these two conditions were met, then the HAP was
classified as having the potential to exist as PM or C. t The
rationale for this classification process was that at
temperatures below 300°C,  the HAP could exist as a liquid aerosol
at some source condition.  The condensed HAP can be controlled
along with PM by many particulate control devices.

     Table 3-1 shows the 189 HAP's and their classifications as
PM, C, or vapor, and the decision process that was used to
classify each of the HAP's.  Table 3-1 shows that 55 HAP's were
classified as PM and/or C and 134 HAP's were classified as vapor.

     For the HAP's that are  groups of compounds  (see Table 2-3),
if any member of the group was classified as PM, then the entire
group was classified as PM.  It  is important to  note that when
dealing with individual compounds in these HAP compound groups,
an entirely different  assessment of the state of the HAP may be
made for the individual compounds than that  for  the group as a
whole.
             For some control devices that operate at high
 temperatures (significantly above the  boiling point  of  the HAP-
 PM/C) ,  a low-boiling point HAP-PM/C has  the  potential to pass
 through the control device uncollected only  to  condense at a
 later point when the exhaust gas cools.   This situation will
 depend  on the mechanics of collection  of the control device and
 source  conditions.
                                3-2

-------
TABLE 3-1.  CLASSIFICATION OF HAP'S AS PM,  C,  OR VAPOR.
CAS #


1332214


156627









119904


60117
94757
117817
119937
92933
114261
133062
53963
101144
101779
132649
100027
63252
Compound/chemi cal
antimony compounds
arsenic compounds
asbestos
beryllium compounds
cadmi urn compounds
calcium cyanamide
chromi urn compounds
cobalt compounds
cyanide compounds
lead compounds
manganese compounds
mercury compounds
mineral fibers
nickel compounds
radionucl ides
3 ,3 '-dimethoxybenzi di ne
polycylic organic matter
coke oven emissions
di methyl ami noazobenzene
[2,4-D] salts and esters0
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
3,3' -di methyl benzi di ne
4-nitrobiphenyl
propoxur
captan
2-acetyl ami nof 1 uorene
4,4' -methyl ene b i s ( 2-chl oroan i line)
4,4'-methylenedianrl ine
dibenzofurans
4-nitrophenol
carbaryl
State
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
Decision Method3
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
                          3-3

-------
TABLE 3-1.   CLASSIFICATION OF  HAP'S AS PM, C, OR  VAPOR. (CONTINUED)
CAS 1
72435
510156
1746016
133904
123319
56382
57749
92875
51285
8001352
3547044
91941
95807
84742
108316
58899
92671
1336363
534521
1582098
87865

85449
76448
106503
92524
118741
101688
105602
88062
822060
Compound/chemi cal
methoxychlor
chlorobenzilate
2.3.7 , 8-tetrachl orodi benzo-p-di oxi n
chloramben
hydroqui none
parathion
chlordane
benzidine
2.4-dinitrophenol
toxaphene
DOE
3.3' -di chl orobenzi di ne
2.4-toluene diaraine
di butyl phthalate
maleic anhydride
1 i ndane
4-aminobiphenyl
polychlorinated biphenyls
[4.6-dinitro-o-cresol] and salts0
trifluralin
pentachl orophenol
selenium compounds
phthalic anhydride
heptachlor
p-phenyl enedi ami ne
biphenyl
hexachl orobenzene
methyl ene dlphenyl diisocyanate
caprolactam
2,4.6-trichl orophenol
hexamethyl ene-1 , 6-di i socyanate
State
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C '
VAPOR
PM or C
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
Decision Method3
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
; c
C
; c
                                  3-4

-------
TABLE 3-1.   CLASSIFICATION OF  MAP'S AS PM, C, OR VAPOR.  (CONTINUED)
CAS #
82688
121142
96457
684935

131113
111422
584849.
106514
532274
95954
7723140
77474
106445
108394
91203
107211
62737
60355
98077
122667
680319
91255
90040
95534
98953
120821
108952
120809
95487
7550450
Compound/chemi cal
pentachloroni trobenzene
2 , 4-di ni trotol uene
ethyl ene thiourea
N-ni troso-N-methyl urea
glycol ethers
dimethyl phthalate
diethanolamine
2,4-toluene diisocyanate
quinone
2-chl oroacetophenone
2,4, 5-tri chl orophenol
phosphorus
hexachl orocyl opentadi ene
p-cresol
m-cresol
naphthalene
ethyl ene glycol
dichlorvos
acetami de
benzotrl chloride
1 , 2-di phenyl hydraz 1 ne
hexamethyl phosphorami de
quinol ine
o-anisidine
o-toluidine
nitrobenzene
1,2, 4-tr1 chl orobenzene
phenol
catechol
o-cresol
titanium tetrachloride
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
Decision Method3
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
                                  3-5

-------
TABLE 3-1.   CLASSIFICATION OF  HAP'S AS PM, C, OR VAPOR.  (CONTINUED)
CAS t
1319773
64675
96093
59892
78591
67721
87683
121697
79061
51796
106467
62533
79118
111444
961 28
77781
100447
98862
1120714
106990
68122
79107
98828
S7578
62759
79447
95476
79345
75252
108383
108101
Compound/chemi cal
cresylic acid
di ethyl sulfate
styrene oxide
N-ni trosomorphol 1 ne
1 sophorone
hexachl oroethane
hexachl orobutadi ene
N.N-dimethyl aniline
acryl ami de
ethyl carbaroate
1 ,4-di chl orobenzene(p)
aniline
chloroacetic acid
dichloroethyl ether
1 , 2-d1 bromo-3-chl oropropane
dimethyl sulfate
benzyl chloride
acetophenone
1.3-propane sultone
1.3-butadiene
dimethyl formamide
acrylic acid
cumene
beta-propi ol actone
N-ni trosodimethyl ami ne
dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
o-xyl ene
1.1.2, 2-tetrachl oroethane
bromoform
ra-xyl ene
methyl isobutyl ketone
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
Decision Method3
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
: B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
6
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
                                  3-6

-------
TABLE 3-1.   CLASSIFICATION OF HAP'S AS PM, C, OR VAPOR.  (CONTINUED)
CAS #
106423
100425
1330207
100414
108907
79469
106934
106898
127184
302012
79005
79016
108883
7647010
542756
80626
,140885
542881
123911
540841
78875
60344
121448
107062
75058
71432
78933
108054
56235
67561
107131
Compound/chemi cal
p-xylene
styrene
xylenes (isomers and mixture)
ethyl benzene
chlorobenzene
2-nitropropane
ethyl ene di bromide
epichlorohydrin
tetrachl oroethyl ene
hydrazine
1,1, 2-tri chl oroethane
trichl oroethyl ene
toluene
hydrogen chloride
1 , 3-di chl oropropene
methyl methacrylate
ethyl acrylate
bisfchloromethyl )ether
1 ,4-dioxane
2,2, 4-trimethyl pentane
propylene dichloride
methyl hydrazine
tri ethyl ami ne
ethylene dichloride
acetonitrile
benzene
methyl ethyl ketone
vinyl acetate
carbon tetrachl or ide
methanol
acrylonitrile
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
Decision Method3
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
8
B
B
. B
B
B
8
B
B
B
B
B
                                 3-7

-------
TABLE 3-1.  CLASSIFICATION OF HAP'S AS PM, C, OR VAPOR.  (CONTINUED)
CAS 1
71555
75558
110543
57147
151564
67653
106887
107028
107302
126998
75343
123386
1634044
75150
107051
624839
75092
74884
75569
75354
75014
75070
7664393
75003
593602
75218
75445
74839
7803512
50000
334883
Compound/chemi cal
methyl chloroform
1 . 2-propyl enimi ne
hexane
1 . 1-di methyl hydrazi ne
ethyl ene imine
chloroform
1 ,2-epoxybutane
acrolein
chloromethyl methyl ether
chloroprene
ethyl 1 dene di chloride
propi onal dehyde
methyl tert butyl ether
carbon disulfide
ally! chloride
methyl i socyanate
methyl ene chloride
methyl iodide
propylene oxide
vinylidene chloride
vinyl chloride
acetal dehyde
hydrogen fluoride
ethyl chloride
vinyl bromide
ethyl ene oxide
phosgene
methyl bromide
phosphine
formaldehyde 	
diazomethane
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
Decision Method3
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
': B
                                 3-8

-------
TABLE 3-1.  CLASSIFICATION OF HAP'S AS PM, C, OR VAPOR.  (CONTINUED)
CAS #
463581
74873
7782505
Compound/chemi cal
carbonyl sulfide
methyl chloride
chlorine
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
Decision Method3
B
B

 A =  Low or immeasurable vapor pressure  (See  Section  3.1).

 B =  10 8 mm Hg <  vapor pressure  <  10"1 mm Hg (See Section 3.2).

 C =  Physical  Adsorption model (See Section 3.3).

 For these groups  of compounds, the classification as  PM was made if
 any one compound  in the group was classified  as PM.   When dealing
 with individual members of the group, an entirely different
 assessment of  the state of the HAP may be made than that for the
 group that is  reported here.

 Physical data  for parent compound only.
                               3-9

-------
     Sections 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3 below describe each of the three
HAP classifications procedures.  Appendix D contains a summary of
the number of HAP's classified by each procedure.
3.1
HAP's with Very Low Vapor Pressure
     For 15 of the HAP's, the vapor pressures were either not .
reported in the literature, or were reported as zero or very low.
When vapor pressure is not reported, it generally signifies that
the compounds have a very high boiling point and a vapor pressure
that is so low as to be unmeasurable.  The HAP's with zero, low,
or unreported vapor pressures were designated as PM  (and for
HAP's with melting points below 300°C as condensible, too).

     For the HAP's that are groups of compounds, although many of
the possible compounds that comprise the group have  low or
unmeasurable vapor pressures, there are also compounds in the
group that are volatile.  It is important to note that the PM
classification given here for the group may not apply to some 3of
the individual compounds that comprise the group.

     The following sections describe supplementary information
for each compound or group of compounds that supports the
classification as PM.
3.1.1
2-Acetylaminofluorene
     This compound was  intended to be used as a pesticide but was
never marketed because  of  its  carcinogenicity.11   It  is  a
grayish-white crystalline  powder.4'11  Due to the  lack of vapor
pressure data, high melting  point  (194°C), and information
describing  2-acetylaminofluorene as  a solid, this compound was
classified  PM.  The calculated boiling point and vapor  pressure
confirm this decision.
                               3-10

-------
3.1.2
Arsenic Compounds
     Some inorganic compounds of arsenic, such as the salts,
oxides, and sulfides of arsenic, and gallium arsenide, have high
melting points  (>200°C) and are assumed to be predominantly PM
under all source conditions.  Inorganic compounds of arsenic that
are of the form AsX3 or AsX5, where X is a halogen such as F, Cl,
Br, or I, are gases, liquids, or near liquids (i.e., very low-
melting solids) at ambient temperature, and are expected to be
volatile.  These inorganic arsenic compounds would not be PM or
c.2

     Arsenic compounds also may be organic.  The organic
compounds, or arsines, are almost all gases at ambient
temperatures.  Therefore, most organic arsenic compounds would
not be included as PM or C.
3.1.3
Asbestos and Mineral Fibers
     Asbestos and mineral fibers have no known vapor pressure at
ambient temperature. '    Asbestos has  been  used as  a  fire
retardant insulator because of its high boiling point, in excess
of 1000°C.  Asbestos is, therefore, expected to exist as PM or C
at sources with temperatures under 1000°C,  regardless of the
existence of either other particulate material or moisture at the
source.

     The chemical composition of mineral fibers may vary,  but the
basic chemical properties are very similar to asbestos in most
cases.  In fact, most analytical techniques are unable to
distinguish between mineral fibers and asbestos.   Therefore,
mineral fibers also were classified as PM.
                               3-11

-------
3.1.4
Antimony Compounds
     The inorganic salts of antimony cover a range of
volatilities, ranging from compounds that would definitely be PM
under all or most source conditions, to compounds that are
volatile under most source conditions.  The solid form of
antimony trioxide is stable up to 570°C.  The trisulfide,and
pentasulfide of antimony are even less volatile than their oxygen
analogs (boiling point, 1150°C and above).17

     The tendency for antimony to form volatile compounds is much
less than arsenic and phosphorus, but more than bismuth.18
Antimony hydride is gaseous, is very unstable thermally, and
decomposes readily.  Stibine (SbH3)  is very unstable and readily
decomposes thermally to metallic antimony.  Antimony trihalides
are rather volatile and exist as gaseous molecules;  the
pentahalides are likewise quite volatile.  Alkyl and aryl organic
compounds of antimony are considerably more volatile than the
inorganic compounds; however, organic antimony compounds are
relatively uncommon in the environment.
3.1.5
Beryllium Compounds
     Inorganic beryllium compounds are extremely stable, with
high melting points.  They are PM at almost all conditions.  The
oxide of beryllium, for example, does not decompose even at
temperatures as high as 3000°C.  The halides of beryllium also
are non-volatile, high-melting point solids.  Beryllium sulfate
does not decompose below 580°C.  Beryllium oxide is a light
amorphous powder which melts at 2530°C.  Beryllium hydride is
stable to approximately 240°C; beryllium nitride (melting point,
approximately 2200°C) is a white crystalline powder.  The
inorganic salts of beryllium would, therefore, be PM in the
                               3-12

-------
atmosphere since there is no measurable vapor pressure at ambient
and source temperatures.
                        16,17
     Organo-beryIlium compounds are mostly liquids or low-melting
point solids of high reactivity, being spontaneously inflammable
in air and violently hydrolyzed by water.  Dimethylberyllium
vaporizes readily and would be a vapor at most conditions.  The
organic beryllium compounds are volatile and would be vapors
under most source conditions.
3.1.6
Cadmium, Chromium, and Cobalt Compounds
     Cadmium, chromium, and cobalt are metals and form salts such
as chlorides, oxides, and sulfides.  These inorganic salts have
high melting points  (>200°C)2 and can be assumed to be
predominantly PM under all source conditions.  Therefore,
compounds of these metals were classified as PM.

     Organic metallic compounds formed from metals are
significantly more volatile than the inorganic salts and,
therefore, most of the organic metallic compounds of these metals
would be vapors.
3.1.7
Cyanide Compounds
     There are numerous cyanide salts of metals such as sodium
 (boiling point, 1496°C), potassium  (decomposes at melting point,
 635°C), calcium (decomposes at melting point, 350°C), silver
 (decomposes at melting point, 350°C), and lead (II) (no known
 melting or boiling point).  The cyanide metal salts, therefore,
 exist as PM at temperatures from ambient to the boiling or
 decomposition point.  Cyanide complexes are formed by the
 transition metals such as zinc  (melting point, 800°C; no known
 boiling point), cadmium  (decomposes  above 200°C), and mercury
                               3-13

-------
(decomposes when heated)
found in the atmosphere.
                  These  cyanide  compounds  are PM if
     Compounds such as cyanogen (ethane dinitrile), cyanogen
azide, cyanogen bromide, cyanogen chloride, and cyanogen iodide
are generally volatile, if not actually gaseous, and therefore
will be vapors under almost any source condition and
temperature.3'17'18  Hydrogen cyanide exists  as a  colorless gas.
3.1.8
Lead Compounds
     The inorganic lead salts have no measurable vapor pressure
under most conditions, and therefore exist as PM at most source
conditions and temperatures.  Some representative inorganic lead
compounds include lead oxide  (boiling point, 1472°C), lead
bromide  (boiling point, 914°C), lead chloride  (boiling point,
954°C), lead sulfide  (melting point, 1114°C; no known boiling
point), lead sulfate  (melting point, 1087°C; no known boiling
point.  Some inorganic lead salts decompose at temperatures of
approximately 200°C or higher.2

     Organic lead compounds such as tetramethyl lead  (boiling
point, 106 °C) and tetraethyl lead  (boiling point, 83°C) are far
more volatile, however, and are vapors under most source  ?
conditions.2
3.1.9
Manganese Compounds
      Most  inorganic  salts  of manganese  have  boiling  points
greater than 900°C  or decompose  at  temperatures  above the:melting
point.  Thus,  the inorganic salts of  manganese are  PM under  most
conditions  of source  loading and temperature
                                   17
                                       Organic
manganese  compounds  are not known to  exist in the environment.
                                                               18
                               3-14

-------
3.1.10
Nickel Compounds
     Nickel forms oxides, hydroxides, sulfides, halides,
cyanides, thiocyanates, nitrides, and binary compounds with
various nonmetals such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony,
selenium, tellurium, carbon, and boron.  These inorganic  salts
are non-volatile, and PM under all source conditions and
             1 ft 1 Q
temperatures. '
     Nickel coordination complexes, coordinating with such groups
as H2O,  NO3/ NH3/ ClO^,  are  less stable and could be vapors under
some source conditions.  Nickel forms complex coordinate
complexes with polydentate ligands that can be vapors under some
conditions.  Nickel also forms tetrahedral and planar complexes,
some of which could be volatile and some of which would be
nonvolatile.
            17,18
     Organic nickel compounds may be octahedral complexes,
combinations of monomers and polymers, and combinations of square
and tetrahedral structures.  Organic nickel compounds exhibit a
broad range of volatilities and range from compounds with
relatively high melting points to compounds that are stable from
decomposition only at temperatures below 200°C.
                                               17,18
                                          Nickel
carbonyl is an organic nickel compound that has a boiling point
and exists as a gas under ambient conditions.
3.1.11
Radionuclides
     Radionuclides are airborne radioisotopes that may include
the following compounds:  astatine, bismuth, lead, neptunium,
polonium, radium, radon, thallium, thorium, and uranium.
Radionuclides cover a range of volatilities that includes both PM
and vapor states.  One end of the range is established by
uranium, which has a boiling point of 3838°C and a vapor pressure
                               3-15

-------
that is essentially zero/  Radium and thorium are other!
radionuclides with high boiling points and low vapor pressure.
Therefore, radionuclides were classified as PM.

     Some radionuclides are vapors and represent the high end of
volatility.  One example is radon, that has a boiling point of
62°C.4   Because of the mixture of radionuclides as PM and vapor,
source sampling strategies include both particulate and gaseous
methods.19
3.2
HAP's Classified According to Vapor Pressure
     Research concerning the sampling methodology for compounds
in indoor and ambient environments has produced the following
chemical classifications from vapor pressure data:10
          Nonvolatile compounds have vapor pressures <1.0 x
          10  mm Hg and are entirely particle-associated in the
          atmosphere; and                               :

     •    Volatile compounds have vapor pressures >1.0 x 10
          mm Hg and are predominantly present as vapors.

     Consequently, 20 HAP's were classified as PM because their
vapor pressure was <1.0 x 10"8 mm Hg and 104 HAP's were
classified as vapor because their vapor pressure was >1.0 x
10"1 mm Hg.  Three of the five HAP's that were classified as PM
because of low vapor pressure are actually groups of compounds.
These groups are polycyclic organic matter, coke oven emissions,
and 2,4-D salts and esters.  Because all the members in the
groups do not have the same physical characteristics, these three
groups of compounds are discussed further, below.
                               3-16

-------
 3.2.1
Polycyclic Organic Matter  (POM)
     Polycyclic  organic  matter (POM)  comprises a wide range of
compounds  from very  volatile  to extremely non-volatile,  with
vapor pressures  ranging  from  Id'1 to 10"1Z mm Hg.   In general, all
POM with more than five  rings (i.e.,  benzopyrenes,  coronene, soot
carbon) can be assumed to  be  predominantly PM under most source
conditions, except when  source conditions are >100°C and the
particulate loading  at the source is  low (i.e.,  at  ambient levels
in the range of  1-10 nq/m3) .  In this case, the five and six ring
compounds  could  potentially be present  as 50  percent vapor or
more.20'21'22
3.2.2
Coke Oven Emissions
     Coke oven emissions consist of a wide range  of  compounds,
mostly polycyclic organic matter (POM) and other  hydrocarbons,
with the exact composition of the mixture determined by the
individual source.

     Compounds representative of the low end of the  range of
volatility include chrysene  (vapor pressure 10"8 mm Hg  at  25°C),
benzo(a)pyrene (vapor pressure lo"9 mm Hg at 25°C),
benzo(ghi)perylene (vapor pressure 10"10 mm Hg at 25°C)  , and
coronene (vapor pressure 10"1A mm Hg at 25°C) .   These compounds
would be considered nonvolatile, and would exist as  particulate
matter under virtually any conditions where they would exist as
intact molecules. '  '    Therefore,  coke oven emissions were
classified as PM.

     A typical compound to consider for the volatile end of coke
oven emissions is naphthalene, with a vapor pressure of
0.351 mm Hg at 25°C.   An organic compound with a vapor pressure
in this range is considered volatile.
                               3-17

-------
     The middle group of compounds that are components of coke
oven emissions are considered semivolatile.  They would be
condensible under conditions of low temperature and high total
particulate loading but volatile at higher temperatures with low
total particulate loading.

     The following is a list of compounds that are thought to be
part of coke oven emissions:
acebenzofluoranthene
acechrysenes or dinaphthyl
benzacridine
benzo(ghi)fluoranthene
benzocarbazole
benzocyclopenteno[def]phenanthrene
benzofluoranthenes
benzophenanthro[def]thiophene
b en z ophena z ine
benzo[a]pyrene
benzo[e]pyrene
benz[a]anthracene
chrysene
dibenzofluorenes
dihydromethylchrysenes
dimethylchrysenes
                           dinaphthofuran
                           methylbenzocarbazoles
                           methylbenzofluoranthenes
                           methylchrysenes
                           methyldinaphthofuran
                           methy1dinaphthy1
                           methylnaphthobenzothiophene
                           naphthacene
                           naphthobenzothiophene
                           naphthofluorenes
                           perylene
                           pyrenopyrroles
                           tribenzofuran or
                           benzanthraquinone '•
                           triphenylene
3.2.3
2,4-D Salts and Esters
     This group of compounds includes a wide range of compounds,
with the salts of 2,4-D at the very low end of the vapor pressure
range and the esters at higher vapor pressures.  The salts would
be expected to have no measurable vapor pressure.  An example is
2,4-D dimethylamine.  The esters are more volatile and are listed
below in order of highest vapor pressure to lowest:
                               3-18

-------
3.3
     2,4-D isopropyl ester
     2,4-D butyl ester
     2,4-D isooctyl ester
     2,4-D butoxyethyl ester

HAP's Classified According to a Simplified Physical
Adsorption Model
     A number of the HAP's had vapor pressures in the range of
10 8 to 10~2 mm Hg,  and  were  considered  to  be  semivolatile.10
Although these HAP's are not expected to be PM in the pure state,
the existence of particulates at the source may cause the HAP to
condense and adsorb onto particulates in exhaust streams and be
emitted as PM,  depending on the temperature of the exhaust.  The
existence of any of these HAP's as PM,  therefore, depends on the
particle loading and temperature at the source conditions.

     A simplified physical adsorption model23 was used to
estimate the state of the HAP's that were in the vapor pressure
region of 10  and  10   mm Hg.  The physical adsorption model
examines the equilibrium between the vapor and the liquid state
of the HAP,  at specified temperatures and particle loadings.   The
thermodynamics of condensation and adsorption are considered in
the model to predict the fraction of HAP that is associated with
PM.  The theory and equations used in the simplified physical
adsorption model are discussed in more detail in Appendix C.   As
a check of the model, a few HAP's that had already been
classified as PM or vapor,  on both ends of the vapor pressure
range, were also included in the physical adsorption model
analysis.  The state of these HAP's was correctly predicted by
the model.
                              3-19

-------
     The following three temperatures and  four particle  loadings
were considered in the physical adsorption model  to  evaluate the
HAP's, for a total of 12 source conditions:

     1)   25 °C and 5 Mg/™3 PM
     2)   25 °C and 500 fJ.g/m3 PM
     3)   25°C and 5,000 nq/Tn3 PM
     4)   25°C and 50,000
     5)   100 °C and 5
     6)   100 °C and 500
     7)   100°C and 5,000
     8)   100°C and 50,000  fJ-g/m3 PM
     9)   200 °C and 5 M
5,000 /xg/m3,  and 50,000 jug/m3,  was  chosen to present  particle
loadings that may exist at  ambient  conditions  (low loadings) and
process conditions  (high loadings) .  As a point  of reference,
particulate controls are usually required at particle loadings of
23,000 /Ltg/m3 (0.01 grains / f t3 ). The exhaust of a blast furnace
at a secondary  lead smelting facility can be as  high as
17,500,000 Mg/ra3/ " although this exhaust is seldom  emitted
directly into the ambient atmosphere without some particulate
control .

     A HAP was  considered to be predominantly  associated with  PM
at one of the source conditions if  the  physical  adsorption model
                               3-20

-------
predicted that the fraction of HAP in the particulate state was
greater than or equal to 75 percent.  A HAP was classified as PM
if the physical adsorption model predicted that the HAP was
predominantly associated with PM at two or more source
conditions.

     Table 3-2 shows the conditions at which the HAP's were
considered predominantly associated with PM by the physical
adsorption model, at each of the three temperatures and four
particle loadings.  Table 3-2 also shows the total number of
conditions under which each HAP was considered to be
predominantly associated with PM and the classification of the
HAP as PM or vapor.  The exact fractions of HAP's predicted to be
associated with PM by the physical adsorption model are shown in
Appendix C.

     For two of the HAP's, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's)  and
dibenzofurans, which are groups of compounds, a separate analysis
was performed to analyze the members of the groups.  Table 3-3
shows the results of using the physical adsorption model with
seven different PCB's and five different dibenzofuran compounds.
These compounds were chosen to represent the range of compounds
that can be expected at sources of HAP emissions.  For both
groups, at least one of the compounds in the group was classified
as vapor, although overall the group was classified PM.   The
compound chosen to represent the group in Table 2-1 was the
compound with the highest vapor pressure that was classified as
PM in the physical adsorption model.  For PCB's this compound was
tetrachlorobiphenyl; for dibenzofurans this compound was
tetrachlorodibenzofuran.  It is important to note that for these
two groups of HAP's, PCB's and dibenzofurans, although the group
as a whole was classified as PM, at least one of the individual
compounds that comprise the group is volatile and would not be
classified as PM.
                               3-21

-------

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-------
                   4.0   SUMMARY AND  CONCLUSIONS

     The Sulfur Dioxide, Particulate Matter Programs Branch of
the Air Quality Management Division of EPA plans to present the
multiple benefits of PM control to the States and Regions as part
of a CAAA implementation strategy.  The 189 HAP's from the CAAA
were examined to determine which HAP's may exist predominantly as
PM and/or C, and, therefore, have the potential to be controlled
along with PM.

     The analysis of the HAP's required the accumulation of
physical constant data for melting point, boiling point, and
vapor pressure, prior to the classification process.  A number of
references were utilized to acquire as much data as possible.  In
some cases, where no data were available in the literature, the
data were calculated from other available physical data.

     The classification of the 189 HAP's, as PM or vapor, was
made by at least one of the following three decision processes:

     •    The HAP's with low or unmeasurable vapor pressures were
          classified as PM;

     •    The HAP's with vapor pressures lower than 1.0 x
          10 8 mm Hg  (at 25°C)  were  classified as PM, and the
          HAP's with vapor pressures greater than or equal to
          1.0 x  10"1 mm Hg  (at  25°C) were classified as vapor;
          and
          The HAP's whose vapor pressures fell near or between
                         _Q      _O
          the range of  10   to  10   mm Hg (at 25°C)  were
          classified as PM  or  vapor  according to a simplified
          physical adsorption  model  used with 12 different source
          conditions.
                               4-1

-------
     For those HAP's classified as PM by the above processes that
have melting points below 300°C, the HAP was also classified as
condensible (i.e., PM or C).

     For the HAP's that are groups of compounds, the group was
classified as PM if any member of the group was classified PM.
Consequently, on an individual basis, there will be individual
compounds in the group that are likely to be vapors at source
conditions.                                              j

     Using the decision processes, 55 HAP's were classified as PM
and/or C, and 134 as vapor.  Table 4-1 alphabetically lists the
55 HAP's classified as PM and/or C.  Using this analysis, the
potential of HAP control along with PM at various emission
sources can be explored.                                 I
                               4-2

-------
TABLE 4-1.  LIST OF HAP' S CLASSIFIED AS PARTICULATE
            MATTER OR CONDENSIBLE (ALPHABETICAL).
CAS #
53963
92671


1332214
92875

117817

156627
133062
63252
133904
57749
510156




94757
3547044
132649
84742
91941
60117
119904
119937
534521
51285
123319

58899
Compound/ Chemical
2 -acetylaminof luorene
4 -aminobipheny 1
antimony compounds3
arsenic compounds3
asbestos
benzidine
beryllium compounds3
bis ( 2-ethylhexy 1 ) phthalate
cadmium compounds3
calcium cyanamide
captan
carbaryl
chloramben
chlordane3
chlorobenz ilate
chromium compounds"
cobalt compounds"
coke oven emissions3
cyanide compounds3
2,4-D salts and esters"
DDE
dibenzofurans3
dibutyl phthalate
3,3' -dichlorobenzidine
dimethylaminoazobenzene
3,3' -dimethoxybenzidine
3,3' -dimethylbenzidine
4 , 6-dinitro-o-cresol and salts3
2 , 4-dinitrophenol
hydrocruinone
lead compounds3
lindane
State
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
                       4-3

-------
   TABLE 4-1.
LIST OF HAP'S CLASSIFIED AS PARTICULATE MATTER
OR CONDENSIBLE (ALPHABETICAL).   (CONTINUED)
CAS #
108316


72435
101144
101779


92933
100027
56382
87865
85449
1336363

114261
106503


1746016
95807
8001352
1582098
Compound / Chemica 1
maleic anhydride
manganese compounds3
mercury compounds8
methoxychlor
4,4' -methylene bis (2-chloroaniline)
4,4' -methylenedianiline
mineral fibers
nickel compounds8
4-nitrobiphenyl
4-nitrophenol
parathion
pentachlorophenol
phthalic anhydride
polychlorinated biphenyls8
polycylic organic matter8
propoxur
p-phenylenediamine
radionuclides3
selenium compounds1
2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
2,4-toluene diamine
toxaphene"
trifluralin
State
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
8 These HAP's are groups of compounds that may include
  compounds that are likely to be vapors.  The decisions shown
  here were based on the compounds in the group that were
  predicted to be PM.
                               4-4

-------
                          5.0   REFERENCES
 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11,
12,
 Aldrich Chemical Company,  Inc.   Aldrich Catalog Handbook of
 Fine Chemicals.   Milwaukee,  WI.   1992.

 CRC Handbook of  chemistry  and Physics,  64th Edition.   Weast,
 R.  C.,  M.  J.  Astle,  W.  H.  Beyer,  editors.   The Chemical
 Rubber  Publishing Company,  Boca  Raton,  FL.   1983.

 Merck and  Co., Inc.   The Merck Index,  llth  Edition.   S.
 Budavari,  Ed.  Rahway,  NJ.   1989.

 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.  U.  S.  Department of
 Health  and Human Services,  Public Health Service,  Centers
 for Disease Control,  National Institute for Occupational
 Safety  and Health.   U.  S.  Government Printing Office,
 Washington,  D.C.   June  1990.

 Reid, R. C.,  J.  M. Prausnitz,  and B. E.  Poling.  The
 Properties of Gases  and Liquids.   Fourth Edition.  McGraw-
 Hill Book  Company, New  York,  New  York.   1987.

 Verschueren,  K.   Handbook  of  Environmental  Data  on Organic
 Chemicals.   Van  Nostrand Reinhold, New  York,  NY. 1983.

 The Pesticide Manual.   C.  R.  Worthing,  Ed.   The  British Crop
 Protection Council,  Thornton  Heath,  United Kingdom.   1987.

 Handbook of  Environmental  Fate and Exposure  Data for Organic
 Compounds.  Volume III:  Pesticides.  P.  H. Howard, Ed.
 Lewis Publishers,  Chelsea, Michigan. 1991.

 The Agro-chemicals Handbook, 2nd Edition.  The Royal Society
 of  Chemistry, the University  of Nottingham,  Nottingham,
 England.   1988.

 Lewis, R.  G.  Advanced  Methodologies for Sampling  and
 Analysis of Toxic Organic Chemicals  in Ambient Outdoor,
 Indoor,  and Personal Respiratory Air.  Journal of  the
 Chinese Chemical Society.  Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of
 China.  Volume 36(4).   1989.  pp. 261-277.

 M.  Sittig.  Handbook of  Toxic and Hazardous  Chemicals and
 Carcinogens,  Second Edition.  Noyes Publications,  Park
 Ridge, New Jersey.  1985.

 Hinkley, D. A., T. F. Bidleman, and W.  T. Foreman.
 Determination of Vapor Pressures for Nonpolar and  Semipolar
 Organic Compounds from Gas Chromatographic Retention Data.
 Journal of Chemical Engineering Data of  1990.  Volume 35.
March 1990.  pp.  232-237.
                               5-1

-------
13
14,
15,
16.
17,
18,
19,
20,
 21.
 22,
Dean, J.A.  Langes'  Handbook of Chemistry.  McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York, NY.  1987.                       ;

Eitzer, B.D. and R.A. Kites.  Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-
dioxins and Dibenzofurans in the Ambient Atmosphere of
Bloomington, Indiana.  Environmental Science and Technology.
Volume 23(11).  American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.
1989.  pp. 1389-1395.

Lyman, W. J., W. F.  Reehl, and D. H. Rosenblatt.  Handbook
of Chemical Property Estimation Methods.  Environmental
Behavior of Organic Compounds.  McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, New York.   1991.

Koustas, R. N.  Control of Incidental Asbestos Exposure at
Hazardous Waste Sites.  Journal of the Air and Waste
Management Association.  Volume 41  (7).  The Air and Waste
Management Association, Pittsburgh, PA.  July 1991.
pp. 1004-1009.

W. M. Latimer and J. H. Hildebrand.  Reference Book !of
Inorganic Chemistry.  The Macmillan Company, New York, NY.
1966.

F. A. Cotton and G. Wilkinson.  Advanced Inorganic  ;
Chemistry: A Comprehensive Text.  Interscience Publishers,
New York, New York.  1966.

Guide to Sampling Airborne Radioactive Materials in Nuclear
Facilities.  Document Number N13.1.  American National
Standards Institute, Washington, D.C.  1982.

Baker,  J. E. and Eisenreich, S. J.  Concentration and Fluxes
of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated
Biphenyls Across the Air-Water Interface of Lake Superior.
Environmental Science and Technology.  Volume 24  (3).  The
American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.  March 1990.
pp.  342-352.                                        !

Benner, B.  A.,  Jr,  Gordon, G. E. and Wise, S. A.  Mobile
Sources of  Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons:  A
Roadway Tunnel  Study.  Environmental  Science and Technology.
Volume 23  (10).   The  American Chemical Society, Washington,
D.C.   October  1989.   pp.  1269-1278.

Yamasaki, H., Kuwata, K., and Miyamoto, H.  Effects  of
Temperature on  Aspects of Airborne  Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons.   Environmental Science  and  Technology.  Volume
18  (4).  The American Chemical Society, Washington,'D.C.
April 1982.   pp.  189-194.
                                5-2

-------
23
24,
Pankow, J.F.  Review and Comparative Analysis of the
Theories on Partitioning Between the Gas and Aerosol
Particulate Phases in the Atmosphere.  Atmospheric
Environment.  Volume 21 (11).  Pergamon Journals, Ltd.
Great Britain.  1987.  pp. 2275-2283.

Emissions and Emission Controls at a Secondary Lead Smelter,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Cincinnati, Ohio.  July 1981.
                              5-3

-------

-------
                            APPENDIX A

                    BOILING POINT CALCULATION


     The following method1 was used to estimate boiling point

     from chemical structure.  The equation below was used:
                      198 + S
A-l
where Tjj (°K) and AT^ are functional group contributions to

boiling point, as shown in Table A-l.  The group contribution
increments were developed by Joback2,  and were tested on

438 diverse organic compounds.  The average absolute error found
was 12.9°K,  and the standard deviation of the error was 17.9°K.

The average of the absolute percent errors was 3.6%.  Although
these errors are not small, the estimation technique is useful
for obtaining approximate values of Tfc where no experimental
value is available.
REFERENCES
     Reid, R.C., J. M. Prausnitz, and B. E. Poling.  The
     Properties of Gases and Liquids.  Fourth Edition.  McGraw-
     Hill Book Company,  New York, New York.  1987.

     Joback, K. G.  Masters Thesis in Chemical Engineering.
     Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,
     Massachusetts.  June, 1984.
                               A-l

-------
TABLE A-l.  JOBACK GROUP CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE NORMAL BOILING POINT.
Values for ATj,
Non-Rina Increments
-CH3
>CH2
>CH-
>C<
=CH2
=C<
__/*!__
=CH-
Rincy Increments
-CH2-
>CH-
>C<
=CH-
=C<
Haloaen Increments
-F
-Cl
-Br
,nT






23.58
22.88
21.74
18.25
18.18
24.14
26.15
27.38

27.15
21.78
21.32
26.73
31.01

-0.03
38.13
66.86
93.84





Nitrogen Increments
-NH2
>NH (nonring)
>NH (ring)
>N- (nonring)
-N= (nonring)
-N= (ring)
-CN
-N02
Sulfur Increments
-SH
-S- (nonring)
-S- (ring)


Oxvaen Increments
-OH (alcohol)
-OH (phenol)
-O- (nonring)
-O- (ring)
>C=O (nonring)
>C=O (ring)
0=CH- (aldehyde)
-COOH (acid)
-COO- (ester)

73.23
50.17
52.82
11.74
74.60
57.55
125.66
152.54

63.56
68.78
52.10



92.88
76.34
22.42
31.22
76.75
: 94.97
72.24
169.09
81.10
=O (except as above) -10.50
                                A-2

-------
                            APPENDIX  B
                    VAPOR PRESSURE  CALCULATION

      Numerous  equations  and correlations for estimating vapor
pressure  are presented in the  literature;  the method used to
estimate  vapor pressure  in  Section  3.2  was presented by Lyman.1
In general, estimation methods require  information on at least
three of  the following four properties:

      •    The  critical temperature, Tc;
      •    The  critical pressure, Pc;
      •    The  heat of  vaporization, AHV; and
      •    The  vapor pressure (Pvp)  at some reference temperature,
     Equations that relate vapor pressure to temperature  are
commonly derived by integration of the Clausius-Clapeyron
equation:
               d  (In Pvp/dT)  =  AHV/AZ RT2
                                       B-l
where:
     Pvp = vapor pressure  (atm)
     AHV = heat of vaporization  (cal/mole)
     R   = gas constant  (cal/mol • K)
     T   = temperature in  (°K)
     AZ  = compressibility factor.

     The compressibility factor is determined by the following
equation:
               AZ =
AV/RT
                                                               B-2
where Pvp and T are as above for Equation B-l and AV is the
volume difference between vapor and liquid.  In Equation B-2,
                               B-l

-------
R has the units  (atm-cm3/mole  • K), so AZ is dimensionless and
has the value of 1 for an ideal gas.                     '

     The temperature dependence of AHV can be expressed using a
modification of the Watson2 correlation:
          AHV  =  AHvb [(l-T/Tc)/(l-Tb/Tc)]m
                                                   B-3
where
     m
     AHvb
     T
constant                                     •,
heat of vaporization at the boiling point (cal/mole)
critical temperature (°K)
boiling point (°K)                           ;
temperature of interest  (°K)
If an approximation of Tc, at 3Tb/2, is used, then Equation B-3
may be expressed as:
where
          AHV =   AHvb  (3 -
          Trb = T/Tb
                                                               B-4
     For most organic materials, the ratio Tc/Tb varies from 1.3
to 1.7.  However, at temperatures below the boiling point, the
maximum deviation in AHV using Equation B-4 (instead of Equation
B-3) was -5%, whereas Equation B-3 had a maximum deviation of
+2%.  Therefore only about 3% deviation was lost using the
approximation in Equation B-4.
                                                         i

     When Equation B-4 is substituted into Equation B-l and the
result is integrated twice, by parts, the result is:
                               B-2

-------
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    .Q
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-------
The integration may be carried out to as many terms as desired.
However, sufficient accuracy is obtained by setting the  integral
in Equation B-5 equal to zero.  The final result is then:
        In
                 AH,
                   •VB
_ 2m(3-2Trb).-i In T
                                                  rb
                                                        B-6
     The value of m  in  Equation  B-6 depends upon  the physical
state of the compound at  the  temperature  of interest.   For all
liquids, m = 0.19.   For solids,  the following values are
recommended:
           Trb >  °'6'
           0.6 >  Trb > 0.5,
           Trb <  0.5,
                         m = 0.36
                         m = 0.8
                         m = 1.19
      The following six steps are used to estimate vapor pressure
 at the temperature of interest:                          i
 1)
 2)
Obtain the normal boiling point, Tb (°K), from the
literature.  If the boiling point is unavailable, an
estimation technique may be used (see Appendix A).  Note
that Trb = T/Tb in Equation B-6.

Set m = 0.19 for liquids.  For solids evaluate m  as; follows:
           Trb > 0.6,
           0.6 > Trb > 0.5,
           Trb < 0.5,
                         m = 0.36
                         m = 0.8
                         m = 1.19
 3)   Calculate AHvb/Tb from the following expression:
           AHvb/Tb  =  KF (8.75 + R In Tb)
                                                               B-7
                                B-4


-------
     where KF is derived from a consideration of the dipole

     moments of polar and nonpolar molecules.  Table B-l  lists
     values of KF for aliphatic and alicyclic compounds.

     Table B-2 lists KF factors for aromatic compounds.
4)



5)
Assume
           = 0.97.
Insert values obtained above into Equation B-6 and calculate

In Pv.
6)   Take the antilog and multiply by 760 to obtain the vapor
     pressure in mm Hg.
REFERENCES
1.   Lyman, W.J. and D.H. Rosenblatt.  Handbook of Chemical
     Property Estimation Methods.  Environmental Behavior of
     Organic Compounds.  McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, New
     York.  1982.

2.   Watson, K. M.  Thermodynamics of the Liquid State -
     Generalized Prediction of Properties.  Industrial
     Engineering Chemistry.  Volume 35.  1943.

3.   Fishtine, S.H.  Reliable Latent Heats of Vaporization.
     Industrial Engineering Chemistry.  Volume 55.  American
     Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.  June 1963.
                               B-5

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-------
TABLE B-2.  VALUES OF KF FOR AROMATIC HYDROGEN-BONDED SYSTEMS.'
                 Compound Type
     Phenols  (single  -OH)
     Phenols  (more  than  one  -OH)
     Anilines  (single -NH2)
     Anilines  (more than one -NH2)
     N-substituted  anilines
     Naphthols  (single -OH)
     Naphthylamines (single  -NH2)
     N-substituted  naphthylamines
1.15
1.23
1.09
1.14
1.06
1.09
1.06
1.03
     *For mixed systems, KF for the OH group takes
      precedence.  For example, KF for aminophenol is
      1.15.
                             B-8

-------
                            APPENDIX C
               SIMPLIFIED PHYSICAL ADSORPTION MODEL

     A simplified physical adsorption  (P/A) model was used  to
calculate the fraction of HAP's  in the particulate  state  at
12 conditions where temperature  and particulate  loadings  are the
variables.  The P/A model was based on a non-competitive
Langmuirian gas/particle distribution and  is described  in more
detail in the literature.   The following equations were used to
calculate the fraction of HAP in the particulate state  at the
various source conditions.

     The overall equation used to predict  the fraction  of HAP  (
-------
          R2
          ATSP
          gas constant (atm .  cm3/mole °K),  82.06

          gas constant (Kcal/mole °K), 0.00199

          specific surface area of an aerosol (cm2//ig)

          difference between the enthalpies of vapor-
          ization between the liquid (Qv)  and the desorp-
          tion (Qi)  from the particle surface (Real/mole)

          number of moles of sorption sites per cm2 of
          the HAP in the particulate state.   A sorption
          site is the portion of the surface area of the
          particulate matter that can accommodate one
          molecule of the HAP.                  ;
The equation used to calculate Ns was:
                                        12/3
                             MWx  (NV)1/2
                                                              C-4
where:
          d   = density  of  the  HAP  (g/mL)
          MW  = HAP molecular weight
          NAV = Avogadro's  number,  6.02  x 1023


     In Equation  C-3,  ATSP was assumed to be 0.1 cm
representing the  high  end of specific surface area.   Also, Qi~Qv
was assumed to be 3 kcal, representing the situation where vapor
molecules are more likely to adhere to sorbents rather than
bounce off.  In Equation C-4, the density of each HAP was assumed
to be  1.2 g/cm3 at 25°C, 1.1 g/cm3  at 100°C, and 1.0 g/cm3 at

200°C.


     The  following equation2 (discussed  in Appendix  B)  was used

to estimate  the HAP vapor pressure at 100°C and 200°C:
In P«
        AZ0RT0
                                     - 2m(3-2Tpo)m-1 • In
                                                              C-5
                               '•po
                                C-2

-------
where:
           T0   = HAP normal boiling point (°K)
           pvp  = vapor pressure (atm)
           AZ0  = compressibility factor at normal boiling point
           Tp0  = T/T0
           m    = constant

     In Equation C-5,  AZO  is  assumed  to be 0.97 and m is
evaluated  as below:
     For liquids:
     For solids:
m = 0.19
Tpo < 0.5,
0.5 < Tpo < 0.6,
    > 0.6,
m = 1.9
m = 0.80
m = 0.36
              AHVO  .      .
     The term —_•—  is estimated  from  the known  vapor pressure
                o
 (pvpo) at 25°C according  to the  following rearrangement of
Equation C-5:
                               AZ0(R)lnPvp
                        (3 -2 T
                           PO
                                  - 2m(3-2Tpo)»-1 • In
                     C-6
     The physical adsorption model was used to estimate the
fraction of HAP associated with PM at three temperatures  (25°C,
100°C, 200°C) and four particle loadings  (5 /*g/m3,  50 jig/m3,
5,000 /xg/m3, 50,000 /ig/m3) .  For PM fractions greater than or
equal to 0.75, the HAP was considered PM.  Overall, a HAP was
considered PM if it was predominantly associated with PM at two
or more source conditions.

     Table C-l shows the fraction of each HAP estimated to be
associated with PM at the three temperatures and four particulate
loadings; and the evaluation of the HAP as PM or vapor.
                               C-3

-------


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-------
     Table C-2 shows the fraction of each HAP estimated to be

associated with PM for seven representative compounds in the

polychlorinated biphenyl group and five representative compounds
in the dibenzofuran group, and the evaluation as PM or vapor for
each compound in the group.  It is important to note that some
compounds in the group were predicted to be vapor, although the

group as a whole was classified as PM.


REFERENCES


1.   Pankow, J.F.  Review and Comparative Analysis of the
     Theories on Partitioning Between the Gas and Aerosol
     Particulate Phases in the Atmosphere.  Atmospheric
     Environment.  Volume 21  (11).  Pergamon Journals, Ltd.,
     Great Britain.  1987.  pp. 2275-2283.

2.   Lyman, W.J., W.F. Reehl, and D.H. Rosenblatt.  Handbook of
     Chemical Property Estimation Methods.  Environmental
     Behavior of Organic Compounds.  McGraw-Hill Book Company,
     New York, New York. 1991.
                                C-7

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                            APPENDIX D
        FREQUENCY OF USE OF THE CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES

    Three criteria were used to predict whether a HAP was PM or
vapor:  1) low or immeasurable vapor pressure, 2)  very low or
very high vapor pressure, or 3) as predicted by a simplified
physical adsorption model.  The frequency of use for the three
criteria to predict the state of the 189 HAP's is shown in
Table D-l.
                               D-l

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TABLE D-l.  FREQUENCY  OF USE OF THE HAP CLASSIFICATION PROCEDURES.
Classification Method
Unquantifiable (low) Vapor
Pressure
Low Vapor Pressure"
Physical Adsorption Model
High Vapor Pressure13
Total
HAP
Classification
PM VAPOR
15 0
5 0
35 30
0 104
55 134
Total
:HAP's
! 15
5
65
I 104
189
  * Vapor pressure < 10"  mm Hg.
  w                    _p
    Vapor pressure > 10   mm Hg,
                                D-2

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                            APPENDIX E
       PREVIOUS  AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE 189  HAP'S

    The 189 HAP's were previously classified according to  a less
rigorous and less conservative procedure than is described in
this report.  In the previous effort, 82 HAP's were identified as
PM and/or C.  Table E-l shows the list of 189 HAP's with the
previous identification numbers in Column 1.  Identification
numbers from 1 to 82 correspond to HAP's that were previously
classified as PM and/or C.  Identification numbers from 83 to 189
correspond to HAP's that were previously classified as vapors.
Columns 2 and 3 contain the CAS number and HAP name,
respectively.  Column 4 shows the current classification as PM,
C, or vapor; the methods used to classify the HAP's in this
document are shown in Column 5.

    A comparison of the earlier analysis to the  current, more
rigorous approach shows that four of the 55 HAP's were previously
classified as vapors but are now considered to be PM  (chlordane,
2,4-dinitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and toxaphene); the other
51 HAP's were classified as PM in both analyses.  As expected, a
number of HAP's (31) that were previously classified as PM are
now classified as vapors.
                               E-l

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TABLE E-l.   PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE 189 MAP'S.
Previous
ID f
22
23
24
26
29
30
26
37
39
57
60
61
64
66
80
11
76
19
22
7
28
12
17
77
32
9
13
CAS #


1332214


156627









119904


60117
94757
117817
119937
92933
114261
133062
53963
101144
Compound/chemical
antimony compounds '
arsenic compounds
asbestos
beryllium compounds
cadmium compounds
calcium cyanamide
chromium compounds
cobalt compounds
cyanide compounds
lead compounds
manganese compounds
mercury compounds
mineral fibers
nickel compounds
radionuclides
3,3' -dimethoxybenz idine
polycylic organic matter
coke oven emissions
dimethylaminoazobenzene
[2,4-D] salts and esters
bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
3,3' -dimethy Ibenz idine
4-nitrobiphenyl
propoxur
captan
2-acetylaminofluorene
4 t 4 ' -methylene bis(2-chloroaniline)
State
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
                                  E-2

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TABLE E-l.  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE 189 HAP'S.
                                 (CONTINUED)
Previous
ID #
14
41
99
33
62
35
4
34
56
69
116
25
94
182
40
10
8
42
59
58
16
75
15
82
71
81
CAS #
101779
132649
100027
63252
72435
510156
1746016
133904
123319
56382
57749
92875
51285
8001352
3547044
91941
95807
84742
108316
58899
92671
1336363
534521
1582098
87865

Compound/ chemical
4,4' -methylenedianiline
dibenzofurans
4-nitrophenol
carbaryl
methoxychlor
chlorobenzilate
2,3,7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
chloramben
hydr oqu i none
parathion
chlordane
benzidine
2 , 4-dinitrophenol
toxaphene
DDE
3,3' -dichlorobenzidene
2,4-toluene diamine
dibutyl phthalate
maleic anhydride
lindane
4 -aminobipheny 1
polychlorinated biphenyls
[4,6-dinitro-o-cresol] and salts0
trifluralin
pentachlorophenol
selenium compounds
State
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
PM or C
                                E-3

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TABLE E-l.  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT ^SS^CATION OF THE 189 MAP'S.
                              Compound/chemical
                      ihtha 1 ic anhydride
                     heptachlor
                      -ohenvlenediamine
                     biphenyl
                     hexachlorobenzene
                     methvlene diphenyl diisocyanate
                     caprolactam
31
6
54

105602
88062
822060

     70
     95
49
68
50
46
96457
	 - — —'
684935

131113
2 f 4,6-trichlorophenol	
hexamethylene-1f 6-diisocyanate
 aentachloronitrobenzene
 L^^
                     2.4-dinitrotoluene
                     ethylene thiourea
                     N-nitroso-N-methylurea
                      rlvcol  ethers
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
                                                            VAPOR
                                       VAPOR
                     dimethyl phthalate
                      diethanolamine
                      2.4-toluene diisocyanate
                      2-chloroacetophenone
                      2.4.5-trichlorophenol
                      phosphorus
                      hexachlorocylopentadiene
                      p-cresol
                      naphthalene
                          leneglycol
                                  E-4

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TABLE E-l.  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT  CLASSIFICATION OF THE 189 HAP'S.
                                 (CONTINUED)
Previous
ID #
44
18
107
1
55
176
165
167
163
86
72
115
166
180
123
127
178
164
147
53
141
162
21
48
91
105
CAS #
62737
60355
98077
122667
680319
91255
90040
95534
98953
120821
108952
120809
95487
7550450
1319773
64675
96093
59892
78591
67721
87683
121697
79061
51796
106467
62533
Compound/ chemical
dichlorvos
acetamide
benzotrichloride
1 , 2-diphenylhydrazine
hexamethylphosphoramide
quinoline
o-anisidine
o-toluidine
nitrobenzene
1,2, 4-trichlorobenzene
phenol
cat echo 1
o-cresol
titanium tetrachloride
cresylic acid
diethyl sulfate
styrene oxide
N-n i tr osomorpho line
isophorone
hexach 1 or oe thane
hexachlorobutadiene
N, N-dimethylaniline
acrylamide
ethyl carbamate
1 , 4-dichlorobenzene
aniline
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
                                E-5

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TABLE E-l.  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF  THE  189  HAP'S.
                                 (CONTINUED)
Previous
ID #
118
43
87
129
108
19
3
89
128
102
124
109
67
45
168
83
111
161
155
175
177
189
133
119
98
134
CAS #
79118
111444
96128
77781
100447
98862
1120714
106990
68122
79107
98828
57578
62759
79447
95476
79345
75252
108383
108101
106423
100425
1330207
100414
108907
79469
106934
!
Compound/ chemical
chloroacetic acid
dichloroethyl ether
1 , 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane
dimethyl sulfate
benzyl chloride
acetophenone
1,3 -propane sultone
1,3 -butadiene
dimethyl formamide
acrylic acid
cumene
beta-propiolactone
N-nitrosodimethylamine
dimethyl carbamoyl chloride
o-xylene
1,1,2,2 -tetr achlor oethane
bromoform
m-xylene
methyl isobutyl ketone
p-xylene
styrene
xylenes (isomers and mixture)
ethylbenzene
chlor obenz ene
2 -nitr opr opane
ethylene dibromide
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
                                E-6

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TABLE E-l.  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF  THE 189  HAP'S.
                                 (CONTINUED)
Previous
ID #
130
179
144
84
183
181
145
90
157
131
110
92
93
172
153
184
135
101
106
152
185
113
148
103
151
2
CAS #
106898
127184
302012
79005
79016
108883
7647010
542756
80626
140885
542881
123911
540841
78875
60344
121448
107062
75058
71432
78933
108054
56235
67561
107131
71556
75558
Compound/chemical
epichlorohydrin
tetrachloroethylene
hydrazine
1,1, 2-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
toluene
hydrogen chloride
1 , 3-dichloropropene
methyl methacrylate
ethyl acrylate
bis (chloromethyl) ether
1, 4-dioxane
2,2, 4-trimethylpentane
propylene dichloride
methyl hydrazine
triethylamine
ethylene dichloride
acetonitrile
benzene
methyl ethyl ketone
vinyl acetate
carbon tetrachloride
methanol
acrylonitrile
methyl chloroform
1 , 2-propylenimine
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
                                E-7

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TABLE E-l.  PREVIOUS AND CURRENT  CLASSIFICATION OF THE 189 MAP'S.
                                 (CONTINUED)
Previous
ID #
143
85
137
120
88
20
121
122
139
171
158
112
104
156
159
154
173
188
187
100
146
132
186
138
169
149
CAS f
110543
57147
151564
67663
106887
107028
107302
126998
75343
123386
1634044
75150
107051
624839
75092
74884
75569
75354
75014
75070
7664393
75003
593602
75218
75445
74839
Compound /chemical
hexane
1 , 1-dimethy Ihydraz ine i
ethylene imine
chloroform
1 , 2 -epoxy butane
acrolein
chloromethyl methyl ether
chloroprene
ethyl idene dichloride
propionaldehyde
methyl tert butyl ether
carbon disulf ide
allyl chloride
methyl isocyanate
methylene chloride
methyl iodide
propylene oxide
vinylidene chloride
vinyl chloride
acet aldehyde
hydrogen fluoride
ethyl chloride
vinyl bromide
ethylene oxide
phosgene
methyl bromide
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
                                E-8

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TABLE E-l,
PREVIOUS AND CURRENT CLASSIFICATION OF THE  189  HAP'S,
                     (CONTINUED)
Previous
ID #
170
140
125
114
150
117
CAS #
7803512
50000
334883
463581
74873
7782505
Compound/ chemical
phosphine
formaldehyde
diazomethane
carbonyl sulfide
methyl chloride
chlorine
State
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
VAPOR
                                E-9

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