United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park NC 27711
EPA-454/R-92-013
October 1992
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION ESTIMATES,
1900 - 1991
Miscellaneous 19.9%
dusbrial processes 44.8%
199O National VOC Emissions
(Percentage by Category)
(18.7 Teragrams)
Printed on Recycled Paper
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EPA Publication No. EPA-454/R-92-013
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION ESTIMATES
1900 -1991
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
October 1992
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This report is published by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to report
information of general interest in the field of air pollution. Copies are available free of
charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations--
as supplies permit~from the Library Services Office (MD-35), U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711; or, for a fee, from the
National Technical Information Services, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.
Questions or comments on the report may be directed to:
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emission Factors (CHIEF) Hotline
(919) 541-5285
Written questions or comments may be sent to:
Mail Drop 14
Emission Inventory Branch
Technical Support Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
Publication No. EPA-454/R-92-013
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FOREWORD
This document presents the most recent estimates of national and regional
emissions of the criteria air pollutants. The emissions of each pollutant are estimated for
many different source categories, which collectively account for nearly all anthropogenic
emissions. The report presents the total emissions from all 48 contiguous States, Alaska
and Hawaii, and from ten different regions of the country. The emission trends are
updated annually.
This report represents the second of a series which will track the changes in
national emissions since the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The emission trends are
the net effect of many factors, including changes in the nation's economy and in industrial
activity, technology, consumption of fuels, traffic, and other activities which cause air
pollution. The trends also reflect changes in emissions as a result of air pollution
regulations and emission controls. These reports will serve as a measure of our nation's
progress in reducing air pollution emissions as a result of mandatory and voluntary
controls and of continuous changes in national activity.
This report also reflects recent improvements in the way national and regional
emissions are calculated. Improvement in estimation methods is an on-going effort, and it
is expected that future reports will reflect this effort. The emission trends presented in
this report are based on consistent methods applied to all years.
1U
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
CONTENTS v
TABLES viii
FIGURES xi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT . . .' xiii
1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1
1.1 WHAT'S NEW IN THIS REPORT 1
1.1.1 AIRS Facility Subsystem Top 60 Emitters by Pollutant 1
1.1.2 Inclusion of Biogenic Emissions 3
1.1.3 Inclusion of Historic Emission Trends 3
1.1.4 Improved Estimating Techniques 3
1.1.5 Combination of PM-10 Emissions 4
1.2 EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR 1991 4
1.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions in 1991 4
1.2.2 Lead Emissions in 1991 6
1.2.3 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in 1991 6
1.2.4 Particulate Matter Emissions in 1991 6
1.2.5 Sulfur Oxide Emissions in 1991 7
1.2.6 Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in 1991 7
2.0 NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 TO 1991 9
2.1 SUMMARY OF TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES, 1900 TO 1991 9
2.2 GRAPHICAL TREND IN TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900 TO 1991 . . 10
2.3 TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY DECADE AND BY SOURCE
CATEGORY 10
2.3.1 Emissions from Transportation Sources 10
2.3.2 Emissions from Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources 10
2.3.3 Emissions from Industrial Processes 10
2.3.4 Emissions from Fugitive Dust PM-10 Sources 24
2.4 TOP 50 OPERATING POINT SOURCE EMITTERS 24
3.0 REGIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1985 THROUGH 1991 41
4.0 EMISSION ESTIMATE METHODOLOGY 49
4.1 CALCULATION PROCEDURE 49
4.1.1 Transportation 50
4.1.1.1 Highway Vehicles 50
4.1.1.2 Aircraft 51
4.1.1.3 Railroads 51
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4.1.1.4 Vessels 52
4.1.1.6 Off-highway Vehicles 52
4.1.2 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 52
4.1.2.1 Electric Utility 52
4,1.2.2 Other , 52
4.1.3 Industrial Processes 53
4.1.4 Other 54
4.1,4.1 Solid Waste Disposal 54
4.1.4.2 Forest Fires 54
4,1.4.3 Agricultural Burning 54
4.1,4.4 Coal Refuse Burning , 54
4,1.4.5 Structure Fires 55
4.1.4.6 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use 55
4.1.5 Fugitive Dust PM-10 Sources 55
4.1.5.1 Unpaved Roads 55
4.1.5,2 Paved Road Resuspension 55
4.1.5.3 Wind Erosion 56
4.1.5.4 Agricultural Tilling 56
4.1.5.5 Construction Activities 56
4.1.5.6 Mining and Quarrying , 57
4.2 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR 1991 57
4.3 REGIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES . 57
5.0 ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1991 59
5.1 CARBON MONOXIDE , 59
5.1.1 1940 to 1970 59
5.1.2 1970 to 1991 60
5.2 LEAD 60
5.2.1 1970 to 1991 60
5.3 NITROGEN OXIDES 61
5.3.1 1940 to 1970 61
5.3.2 1970 to 1991 61
5.4 PARTICULATE 61
5.4.1 1940 to 1970 61
5.4.2 1970 to 1991 62
5.4.3 Comments on Particulate Emission Estimates ., 63
5.5 SULFUR OXIDES 63
5,5.1 1940 to 1970 63
5.5.2 1970 to 1991 63
5.5.3 Comments on SOX Emission Estimates 64
5.6 NONMETHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 64
5.6.1 1940 to 1970 64
5.6.2 1970 to 1991 64
5.6.3 Comments on Nonmethane VOC Emission Estimates 64
6.0 NATIONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS 67
6.1 FUTURE TRENDS IN CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS 67
6.2 FUTURE TRENDS IN NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS 69
vi
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6.3 FUTURE TRENDS IN SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS . . 71
6.4 FUTURE TRENDS IN NONMETHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS 73
7.0 SEASONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS 75
8.0 BIOGENICS 77
9.0 REFERENCES 79
APPENDIX A - TABLES FROM THE BODY OF THE REPORT, METRIC UNITS ... 83
APPENDIX B - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY, METRIC UNITS 101
APPENDS c - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SUBCATEGORY, METRIC UNITS ... 109
APPENDIX D - REGIONAL EMISSIONS, METRIC UNITS 131
APPENDDt E - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY, ENGLISH
UNITS , 135
APPENDIX F - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SUBCATEGORY, ENGLISH UNITS . . 143
APPENDIX Q - REGIONAL EMISSIONS, ENGLISH UNITS 166
vu
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TABLES
Number Page
1. Summary of Estimates of National Emissions 2
2. Percent Change in National Emission Estimates 3
3. Major Source Categories 5
4. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 to 1991 12
5. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 to 1991 15
6. Total National Emissions of Total Particulate Matter, 1940 to 1991 17
7. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Oxides, 1940 to 1991 20
8. Total National Emissions of Nonmetnane Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940
to 1991 22
9. The 60 Largest CO Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 26
10. The 50 Largest N02 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 30
11. The 50 Largest SO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 34
12. The 50 Largest VOC Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 37
13. Predominant Industry in the Top 50 39
14. Total National Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010 68
15. Total National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010 70
16. Total National Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010 72
17. Total National Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1980 to
2010 74
18. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average NOX Emissions 76
19. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average VOC Emissions 76
A-l. Summary of Estimates of National Emissions . 84
A-2. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 to 1991 85
A-3. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 to 1991 86
A-4. Total National Emissions of Total Particulate Matter, 1940 to 1991 87
A-5. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Oxides, 1940 to 1991 88
A-6. Total National Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940
to 1991 89
A-7. The 50 Largest CO Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 90
A-8. The 50 Largest NO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 92
A-9. The 50 Largest SO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS 94
A-10. The 50 Largest VOC Emission Sources in AIRS/FS %
A-ll. Total National Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010 98
A-12. Total National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010 98
A-13. Total National Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010 98
A-14. Total National Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions, 1980 to
2010 99
A-15. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average NOX Emissions 99
A-16. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and Annual Average VOC Emissions 99
B-l. National Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide (million metric tons) 102
B-2. National Emission Estimates of Lead (thousand metric tons) 103
B-3. National Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides (million metric tons) 104
.B-4. National Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter (million metric
tons) 105
B-5. National Emission Estimates of PM-10 (million metric tons) 106
VIll
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B-6. National Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides (million metric tons) 107
B-7. National Emission Estimates of Norunethane Volatile Organic Compounds
(million metric tons) 108
C-l. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Transportation Sources (million metric
tons) 110
C-2. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Transportation Sources (million metric
tons) Ill
C-3. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Transportation Sources (million
metric tons) 112
C-4. Emissions of PM-10 from Transportation Sources (million metric tons) 113
C-5. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Transportation Sources (million metric
tons) 114
C-6. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Transportation
Sources (million metric tons) 115
C-7. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Fuel Combustion Sources (million
metric tons) 116
C-8. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources (million metric
tons) '. 117
C-9. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons) 118
C-10, Emissions of PM-10 from Fuel Combustion Sources (million metric tons) .... 119
C-ll. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources (million metric
tons) 120
C-12. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Fuel
Combustion Sources (million metric tons) 121
C-13. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Industrial Processes (million metric
tons) 122
C-14. Emissions of Lead from Industrial Processes (thousand metric tons) ........ 123
C-15. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Industrial Processes (million metric
tons) 124
C-16. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Industrial Processes (million
metric tons) 125
C-17. Emissions of PM-10 from Industrial Processes (million metric tons) 126
C-18. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Industrial Processes (million metric tons) ... 127
C-19. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial
Processes (million metric tons) 128
C-20. National Summary of Fugitive Dust PM-10 Emissions, 1985 to 1991 (million
metric tons) 129
D-l. Regional Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide (million metric tons) 132
D-2. Regional Emission Estimates of Lead (thousand metric tons) 132
D-3. Regional Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides (million metric tons) 132
D-4. Regional Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter (million metric
tons) 133
D-5. Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10 from Point and Fugitive Process
Sources (million metric tons) 133
D-6. Regional Emission Estimates of Fugitive Dust PM-10 (million metric tons) .. 133
D-7. Regional Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides (million metric tons) 134
D-8. Regional Emission Estimates of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
(million metric tons) 134
IX
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E-l. National Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide (million short tons) 136
E-2. National Emission Estimates of Lead (thousand short tons) 137
E-3. National Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides (million short tons) 138
E-4. National Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter (million short tons) . 139
E-5. National Emission Estimates of PM-10 (million short tons) 140
E-6. National Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides (million short tons) 141
E-7. National Emission Estimates of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
(million short tons) 142
F-l, Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Transportation Sources (million short
tons) 144
F-2. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Transportation Sources (million short
tons) 145
F-3. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Transportation Sources (million
short tons) 146
F-4. Emissions of PM-10 from Transportation Sources (million short tons) . 147
F-5. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Transportation Sources (million short tons) . 148
'F-6. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Transportation
Sources (million short tons) 149
F-7. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Fuel Combustion Sources (million short
tons) 150
F-8. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources (million short
tons) 151
F-9. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons) 152
F-10. Emissions of PM-10 from Fuel Combustion Sources (million short tons) 153
F-ll. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources (million short
tons) 154
F-12. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Fuel
Combustion Sources (million short tons) 155
F-13. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Industrial Processes (million short
tons) 156
F-14. Emissions of Lead from Industrial Processes (thousand short tons) 157
F-15. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Industrial Processes (million short tons) .. 158
F-16. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Industrial Processes (million
short tons) 159
F-17. Emissions of PM-10 from Industrial Processes (million short tons) 160
F-18. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Industrial Processes (million short tons) .. . 161
F-19. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial
Processes (million short tons) 162
F-20. National Summary of Fugitive Dust PM-10 Emissions, 1985 to 1991 (million
short tons) 163
G-l. Regional Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide (million short tons) 166
G-2. Regional Emission Estimates of Lead (thousand short tons) 166
G-3. Regional Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides (million short tons) 166
G-4. Regional Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter (million short tons) . 167
G-5. Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10 from Point and Fugitive Process
Sources (million short tons) 167
G-6. Regional Emission Estimates of Fugitive Dust PM-10 (million short tons) . . . 167
G-7. Regional Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides (million short tons) 168
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G-8. Regional Emission Estimates of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
(million short tons) 168
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FIGURES
Number Page
1. Trend in Emission Estimates from 1900 to 1991 11
2. Trend in Carbon Monoxide Emission Estimates by Category, 1940 to 1991 .., , 13
3. Trend in Lead Emission Estimates by Category, 1970 to 1991 14
4. Trend in Nitrogen Oxides Emission Estimates by Category, 1900 to 1991 16
5. Trend in Total Particulate Matter Emission Estimates by Category, 1940 to
1991 18
6. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Category, 1985 to 1991 19
•7. Trend in Sulfur Oxides Emission Estimates by Category, 1900 to 1991 21
8. Trend in Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds Emission Estimates by
Category, 1900 to 1991 23
9. The 50 Largest Sources of Carbon Monoxide in AIRS/FS 25
10. States Reporting Lead Data in AIRS/FS 28
11. The 50 Largest Sources of Nitrogen Oxides in AIRS/FS 29
12. States Reporting PM-10 Data in AIRS/FS 32
13. The 50 Largest Sources of Sulfur Oxides in AIRS/FS 33
14. The 50 Largest Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in AIRS/FS 36
15. EPA Administrative Regions 42
16. Trend in Carbon Monoxide Emission Estimates by Region 43
17. Trend in Lead Emission Estimates by Region 44
18. Trend in Nitrogen Oxides Emission Estimates by Region 45
19. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Region 46
20. Trend in Sulfur Oxides Emission Estimates by Region 47
21. Trend in Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds Emission Estimates by
Region 48
22. Projected Trend in Carbon Monoxide Emissions 68
23. Projected Trend in Nitrogen Oxide Emissions 70
24. Projected Trend in Sulfur Oxide Emissions 72
25. Projected Trend in Nonmethane VOC Emissions, 1991 to 2010 74
26. Seasonal Contributions to Total National Biogenic VOC Emissions 77
27. Total Biogenic VOC Emission Estimates by State, Annual Total 78
Xll
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AIRS
AMS
CAAA
CO
DOE
DOI
DOT
EIA
EPA
ERCAM
FHWA
FMVCP
FS
•I/M
mst
MVMA
NAAQS
NADB
NAPAP
NCAR
NEDS
NOS
NSPS
QMS
PM-10
RVP
SIC
SOS
TP
tst
VMT
voc
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
Area and Mobile Sources
Clean Air Act Amendments
Carbon Monoxide
Department of Energy
Department of Interior
Department of Transportation
Energy Information Administration
Environmental Protection Agency
Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model
Federal Highway Administration
Federal Motor Vehicle Control Program
Facility Subsystem
Inspection and Maintenance
million short tons
Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Allowance Data Base
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
National Center for Atmospheric Research
National Emissions Data System
Nitrogen Oxides
New Source Performance Standards
Office of Mobile Sources
Particulate Matter less than ten microns
Reid Vapor Pressure
Standard Industrial Classification
Sulfur Oxides
Total Particulate
thousand short tons
Vehicle Miles Traveled
Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
Xlll
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report was prepared with the help of many people. The EPA wishes to
acknowledge the assistance of Laurel Schultz and David Mobley of the Emission
Inventory Branch, William Barnard, Kirstin Brust, Patricia Carlson, T. Allan Dean,
Michiel Doom, Gerhard Gschwandtner, Kathleen Manwaring, and Charles Monroe of E.H.
Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, and Dianne Crocker, Maureen
Mullen, Edward Pechan, Susan Rothschild, James Wilson, and Michael Wimberly of E.H.
Pechan & Associates, Inc., Springfield, Virginia in preparing the emission estimates and
producing this report. Appreciation is also extended to William W. Frietsche, Evelyn S.
Kimbrough, Charles O. Mann, and Mary Ann Stewart of EPA. Thanks to Scott Royston,
also of the EPA, for the report cover. The agency wishes to acknowledge data and
information provided by numerous people from other agencies of Government and private
institutions and organizations.
xiv
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SECTION 1.0
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report presents the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) latest
estimates of national and regional emissions for criteria air pollutants: carbon monoxide
(CO), lead, nitrogen oxides (NOX), fine particulate matter less than ten microns (PM-10),
sulfur oxides (SOX), total particulate matter (TP), and nonmethane volatile organic
compounds (VOC). Estimates are presented since 1900 with increasing detail in the later
years.
National emissions are estimated annually by the U.S. EPA based on statistical
information about each source category, emission factor, and control efficiency. The
estimates are made for over 450 individual source categories that include nearly all major
sources of anthropogenic emissions. The emission estimates for individual source
categories are aggregated to show the emission trends at the national and regional levels
and by major source category. These Trends estimates are for comparative purposes; the
use of Trends estimates as absolute values for any given year is inappropriate.
Table 1 summarizes the total national emissions of each pollutant from 1900 to
1991. The emissions are expressed in million short tons. Table 2 presents the percentage
change in total national emissions of each pollutant since 1940,1970,1981 and 1990.
Emissions of SOX are expressed as weight equivalent sulfur dioxide and emissions
of NOX are expressed as weight equivalent nitrogen dioxide. The VOC emissions referred
to in this report include nonmethane volatile organic compounds.
1.1 WHATS NEW IN THIS REPORT
This report contains information on the top 50 operating point sources for CO,
NO2, SO2, and VOC, biogenic emissions, historic emission trends since 1900, and
improved methodology for calculating emissions from highway vehicles, and electric
utilities. Also beginning with this report, the PM-10 point and fugitive process sources
are combined with the PM-10 fugitive dust emissions.
1.1.1 AIRS Facility Subsystem Top 50 Emitters by Pollutant
As a means of determining what plants emit the most pollutants, data from the
Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) Facility Subsystem (FS) detailing
emissions from the top 50 emitters for CO, NOX, SOX, and VOC pollutants are presented
in this report. This information is presented both graphically (as maps showing the
locations of the facilities) and in tabular form. Maps for particulate and lead emissions
only show the states containing data in the AIRS/FS (APS), since the completeness of the
data for these pollutants is not of the quality of the other criteria pollutants. As the data
quality improves in the future, maps detailing the actual locations of these facilities will
also be included.
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Table 1. Summary of Estimates of National Emissions*
(million short tons)
Year
1900tff
1905ftt
1810ttt
1915tft
1920ttt
1925ttf
1930ttr
1935tft
1940
1945t1t
1950
1955W
1960
1965W
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991tttt
NO,
2,61
asi
4.10
4.67
5.16
7.30
8.02
6.64
7.54
9.55
10.35
11.56
14.52
16.58
20.90
22.41
25.97
21.37
21.36
20.68
SOX
9.99
13.96
17.28
20.29
21.14
23.26
21.11
16.98
19.95
26.01
22.38
20.88
22.27
26.75
31.33
28.12
26.22
23.89
23.21
22.86
voc
7.76
8.12
8.40
9.05
9.29
13.36
18.32
16.20
17.10
17.48
20.84
22.18
24.80
27.73
30.20
24.83
23.97
21.83
19.38
18.61
CO
88.53
95.22
114.07
136.26
115.47
110.19
91.62
74.67
68.45
Tptt
25.18
27.35
24.98
20.93
12.08
9.99
8.65
8.16
8.16
Lead
(thousand
short tons)
219.42
158.54
74.96
20.12
5.65
5.48
PM-10n
50.87
50.76
57.13
Notes:
f Blank denotes not available. 1.1 million short tons equals 1 million metric torn.
n Fugitive dust emissions not included In total paniculate estimates, but included in PM-10.
ttt NAPAP historical emissions2-3
**** 1991 estimates are preliminary.
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Table 2. Percent Change in National Emission Estimates*
Pollutant 1940 to 1991 1970 to 1991 1981 to 1991 1990 to 1991
NOX
sox
voc
CO
TP
Lead
PM-10
174.15
14.56
8.83
-22.69
-67.57
-1.05
-27.05
-38.38
-49.77
-60.99
-97.50
-12.13
-7.90
-20.43
-36.67
-13.64
-90.69
-3.19
-1.54
-3.95
-8.33
0.03
-3.02
12.54
Notes: * Blank denotes not available,
1991 estimates are preliminary,
negative percent change indicates a decrease.
1.1.2 Inclusion ofBiogenic Emissions
State annual and seasonal national biogenic VOC emissions representative of 1985
are being presented in Figures 26 and 27. These emissions were obtained from reference
1.
1.1.3 Inclusion of Historic Emission Trends
The available historic emission estimates presented in Table 1 were developed by
the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). These emissions for SOX,
NOS, and VOC have been added to the EPA emission trends to provide a longer term
perspective of emission trends. Emission estimates for the other pollutants are not
available on the national level prior to 1940. The emissions for 1900 through 1935,1945,
1955, and 1965 presented in Table 1 are from NAPAP. The EPA emission estimates are
presented for 1940,1950,1960, and 1970 through 1991. The historic NAPAP estimates
are based on historic state and national fuel consumption, various activity indicators,
emission factors, and engineering judgement.218 The methodology for estimating the EPA
emissions is presented in section 4.0. Since the methodologies used to develop the data
for the historic NAPAP emissions is inconsistent with the methodology for the EPA
emissions, caution should be used when comparing the two inventories.
1.1.4 Improved Estimating Techniques
Included in this years Trends are methodology changes to some highway vehicle
and electric utility emission estimates.
During the spring of 1992, the highway vehicle emission estimates from 1940 to
present were modified by using MOBILE4.1 Oast Trends report used MOBILE4.0). This
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change in highway vehicle emission factor model only effects VOC, CO, and NO5
emissions. The emissions from lead, SOX, TP, and PM-10 are estimated using AP-42
emission factors.
For the years 1940 to 1979, only national, annual emission estimates were
calculated. Emission estimates for each State, for each month, were made for the years
1980 to present.
During 1992, the methodology to estimate stationary source fuel combustion for
CO, NOxj SOX> and VOC emissions from electric utility sources was modified4. With the
exception of anthracite coal and kerosene oil, the electric utility emissions of coal, fuel oil,
and natural gas were developed using Energy Information Administration (EIA) monthly
boiler-level data on Form EIA-7675 for years 1986 through 1990, monthly plant-level data
on EIA Form-7596 for 1991, and AP-42 emission factors. The 1985 electric utility
emissions presented in this report are NAPAP7, except SOX which 1985 emissions are
from National Allowance Data Base (NADB)8. The 1980 SOX electric utility emissions
presented are from the 1980 NAPAP9 emission inventory.
1.1.5 Combination of PM-10 Emissions
In this report the PM-10 emissions from all source categories have been combined.
The point and fugitive process source categories are the same as those estimated for TP
and listed in Table 3. The inclusion of fugitive dust emissions started with the last
emission Trends report. When developing the fugitive dust emissions methodology, it was
decided to only estimate the criteria pollutant which is currently PM-10. As can be seen
in Table 1, the fugitive dust source dominates the PM-10 emissions. The TP emissions
are maintained in Table 1 to give an historical perspective on particulate emissions.
1.2 EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR 1991
The 1991 emission estimates are preliminary numbers and will be revised in the
next report when final data are available. Using the methodology explained in section
4.2, it was estimated that coal consumption, a major source of SOX, decreased, while
overall vehicular traffic, a major source of CO, NOX, and VOC increased. Estimated
industrial activity varied; some source categories increased production while others did
not.
The following sections present a brief description of the changes in total national
emissions of each pollutant from 1990 to 1991.
1.2.1 Carbon Monoxide Emissions in 1991
In 1991, total national CO emissions are estimated to be 68.45 million short tons
(xnst) compared to 74.67 mst in 1990. From 1990 to 1991, the total emissions from
transportation sources decreased by 5.50 mst. This decrease is due in part to replacement
of older, less efficient automobiles with newer automobiles. CO emissions from residential
fuel combustion increased by 0.41 mst, while emissions from forest fires decreased by 1.58
mst. This
-------
Category
Table 3. Major Source Categories
Subcategory
Transportation
Stationary Source Fuel
Combustion
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Miscellaneous
Fugitive Dust PM-10 Sources
Highway Vehicles (Gasoline and Diesel-powered)
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Off-highway Vehicles and Machinery
Electric Utilities
Industrial Boilers
Commercial and Institutional Boilers and Furnaces
Residential Furnaces and Space Heaters
Chemical Manufacturing
Petroleum Refining
Primary and Secondary Metals
Iron and Steel Mills
Mineral Products
Food Production and Agriculture
Industrial Organic Solvent Use
Petroleum Product Production and Marketing
Incineration
Open Burning
Forest Fires
Other Burning (Agricultural Burning, Coal
Refuse Burning, and Structure Fires)
Miscellaneous Organic Solvents Evaporation
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
Agricultural Tilling
Construction Activity
Mining and Quarrying
Wind Erosion
NOTES: 1 Refer to section 4.0 for a description of source categories.
2 For the purposes of Ms report, forest fires are considered anthropogenic sources although some
fires may be caused by nature.
5
-------
decrease was largely due to the use of five year averaging instead of actual data on the
number of acres burned, which was not available at the time the estimates were
developed.
1.2,2 Lead Emissions in 1991
Total national lead emissions decreased from 5.65 thousand short tons (tst) in 1990
to 5.48 tst in 1991. On a historic basis, lead emissions have changed little in recent years.
The sharpest reductions occurred in the 1970s and early 1980s when leaded gasoline was
being replaced with unleaded gasoline.
Historically, the greatest decreases in lead emissions occurred prior to the 1980s
before the introduction of unleaded gasoline. For example, in 1970, lead emissions from
highway vehicles were 171.96 tst, compared to 62.19 tst in 1980. In contrast, the total
emissions of lead from highway vehicles in 1991 were only 1.58 tst.
1.2.3 Nitrogen Oxide Emissions in 1991
In 1991, the total national NOX emissions are estimated to be 20.68 mst, compared
to 21.36 mst in 1990. This change is due to a slight decrease in NOX emissions from
, highway vehicles as older, less efficient automobiles are replaced with newer automobiles.
Historically, for the past five years, national emissions of NOS have remained nearly
constant despite increased vehicular traffic. For example, in 1985, the total national
emissions were 21.37 mst.
1,2.4 Particulate Matter Emissions in 1991
The total national emissions for TP, excluding fugitive dust, are estimated to be
8.16 mst The total national emissions of PM-10 from point and fugitive process sources
are estimated to be 6.00 mst and from fugitive dust sources are estimated to be 51.13 mst.
Point and fugitive process sources include transportation, fuel combustion, industrial
processes, solid waste disposal, and miscellaneous. The major subcategories comprising
these sources are listed in Table 3.
Collectively, industrial processes appear to be the largest contributor to
anthropogenic emissions of TP. In 1990, industrial processes contributed 2.79 mst,
compared to 2.81 mst in 1991. The net effect of these changes was an increase in total
national emissions from point and fugitive process sources of approximately 2700 tons.
Total national PM-10 emissions from all point and fugitive process sources increased from
5.98 mst in 1990 to 6.00 mst in 1991.
In 1991, total national fugitive dust PM-10 emissions are estimated to be about 9
times greater than the total emissions from anthropogenic point and fugitive process
sources. The total PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust sources (agricultural tilling,
construction, mining and quarrying, paved roads and unpaved roads) is about the same in
1991 as for each of the six previous years. Increased wind erosion is largely responsible
for the increase in total fugitive dust PM-10 emissions (44,79 to 51.13 mst) from 1990 to
1991.
-------
Unlike other fugitive dust sources, wind erosion can be highly variable. For
example, the total national emissions from wind erosion in 1987 are estimated to be 1.46
mst, compared to 17.51 mst in 1988. The lack of precipitation in 1988 prior to spring crop
planting, especially in the central and western U.S., contributed to greater wind erosion
for that year.
. 1.2.5 Sulfur Oxide Emissions in 1991
The total national emissions of SOX in 1991 are estimated to be 22.86 mst
compared to 23,21 mst in 1990. ,The most significant changes in SOX emissions since 1990
appears to have occurred in the stationary source fuel combustion and industrial
processes categories. Decreased consumption of coal by electric utilities and industrial
boilers in 1991 accounts for the majority of the 0.48 mst decrease in total SOX emissions
from fuel combustion.
Since the 1991 emissions from industrial processes are based on extending the past
trend, the resulting emission estimate may noticeably affect the total.
1.2.6 Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions in 1991
In 1991, total VOC emissions were 18.61 mst compared to 19.38 mst in 1990.
Highway vehicles continue to be a major source of VOC. Vehicle miles traveled (VMT)
increased from 2,149 x 109 miles in 1990 to 2,169 x 109 miles traveled in 1991, or 1 about
percent. As a result of continued replacement of older automobiles, total VOC emissions
from gasoline-powered highway vehicles decreased by 11 percent from 1990 to 1991
according to the EPA calculations.
For 1980 to 1991, the EPA recently improved the method for calculating VOC
emissions from highway vehicles by including state and monthly ambient temperatures,
gasoline volatility values, and VMT. It is possible that further improvements, including
the use of inspection and maintenance (I/M) program and vehicle speed data, may result
in different estimates in the future.
VOC emissions from forest fires decreased from 1.20 mst in 1990 to 0.98 mst in
1991. Since actual acreage burned was not available when the emission estimates were
required, a five year average of the number of acres burned was used.
-------
-------
SECTION 2.0
NATIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1900 TO 1991
This section presents the estimated national emission trends both graphically and
numerically. Estimates for 1991 are preliminary as explained in section 4.2 and may
change as final information becomes available. Emission estimates for 1990, reported as
preliminary estimates in the previous report10, have been revised based on final
information.
The historic NAPAP emission estimates presented in Table 1 for the period 1900 to
1935, and for the years 1945,1955, and 1965 were taken from a report on historic U.S.
emissions of SOX and NOX2 and a report on VOC.3 These estimates are based on national
historic fuel consumption, industrial production rates, and various other indicators of
source category activity and emission factors. The SOX and NOX emission estimates have
been compared to other available estimates of historic emissions available at the time
including the EPA emission trends estimates of 198511 and differences have been
generally reconciled12. The national historic emissions of SOX, NOX and VOC are
presented in this report while state level information is available in the original reports.2"3
All other emission estimates were calculated by the EPA using a methodology that
has been refined and improved each year on an ongoing basis. Previous methodology has
been described in preceding reports of this series. When emission factors change or new
information becomes available previous calculations are revised and updated. The current
methodology includes the latest emission factors and control efficiencies in addition to
various other improvements as described in section 4.0. Small differences exist between
the historic emission estimates which have not been changed since their creation and the
EPA estimates which have been improved annually However, the differences are
negligible when viewing the long term trend in emissions.
2.1 SUMMARY OF TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES, 1900 TO 1991
Table 1 presents the total national emissions of each pollutant from 1900 to 1991.
The estimates are presented for every fifth year from 1900 to 1990. Since 1900, total
national NOX emissions have increased about 7 times, SOX emission have increased about
by 129 percent, and VOC emissions increased 140 percent. It should be noted that the
historic emission estimates may not be as reliable as the more recent estimates as a
result of increased uncertainty in early statistics and assumptions.
Table 2 shows the change in total national emissions of each pollutant since 1940.
The percent change is shown for four time periods; 1940 to 1991,1970 to 1991,1981 to
1991, and 1990 to 1991. Since 1970, emissions of lead have decreased the most on a
percentage basis (97.50 %), followed by TP excluding fugitive dust (60.99 %), CO (49.77
%), nonmethane VOC (38.38 %), and SOX (27.05 %). NOX emissions appear to have
decreased by only about 1.05 percent. Emissions of TP and SOX appear to have decreased
-------
the most in the 1970's while emissions of the other pollutants have decreased mostly in
the 1980*8.
Based on the preliminary emission estimates for 1991, TP and PM-10 emissions
have increased slightly from 1990, while the emissions of all other pollutants continue to
. decrease. It should be noted that the preliminary 1991 emission estimates are subject to
change as final information for the year becomes available.
2.2 GRAPHICAL TREND IN TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSIONS, 1900 TO 1991
Figure 1 shows the trend in the total national emissions of each pollutant except
lead expressed in units of mst per year. The trend in total national lead emissions is
expressed in units of tst per year.
2.3 TOTAL NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY DECADE AND BY SOURCE
CATEGORY
Figures 2 through 8 and Tables 4 through 8 present the total national emissions
for each pollutant except lead by major source category every tenth year from 1940 to
1990 and for 1991. The annual emissions of each pollutant are presented in Appendix B,
page 101, Tables B-l to B-7 (metric units) and Appendix E, page 135, Tables E-l to E-7
(English units) for 1970,1975, and each year from 1980 to 1991 by major source category.
2.3.1 Emissions from Transportation Sources
Tables D-l through D-6 in Appendix D (metric units), page 131, and Table E-l
through Table E-6 in Appendix E (English units), page 135, present the national emission
estimates in detail for the transportation source category for 1970,1975, and each year
from 1980 to 1991. Estimates are presented for each criteria pollutant except lead. Lead
emissions from transportation sources are addressed in Table B-2 (metric units) and Table
E-2 (English units) with other source categories. The estimates are presented for
different types of gasoline and diesel powered highway vehicles, aircraft, railroad
locomotives, vessels, various machines, and other off-highway vehicles.
2.3.2 Emissions from Stationary Fuel Combustion Sources
Tables C-7 through C-12 in Appendix C, page 109, (metric units) and Tables F-7
through F-12 in Appendix F, page 143, (English units) present the national emission
estimates in detail for stationary fuel combustion sources. Estimates are presented for
use of coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood, and other fuels.
2.3.3 Emissions from Industrial Processes
Tables C-13 through C-19 in Appendix C (metric units), page 109, and Tables F-13
through F-19 in Appendix F (English units), page 143, present the national emissions in
detail for industrial processes. The Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) is shown for
. each process subcategory. These estimates include only those SIC categories that are
listed.
10
-------
Figure 1. Trend in Emission Estimates from 1900 to 1991
I
150-r
0
190019101920 1930194019501960 197019801990 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990
t Fugitive dust emissions not Included In total paniculate estimates, but included in PM-10
-------
Table 4. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 to 1991
(million short tons)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal Smelting
Secondary Metals
Pulp Mills
Other Industrial
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
25-03 37.82
0.00 0.88
4.08 3.09
022 022
3.75 7.39
68.57
1.76
0.33
0.66
8.82
96.76
028
127
7.46
7720
1.09
0.30
1.52
5.19
4554 3951
1.19 1.16
021 0.18
150 1.89
4.60 4.90
33.08 49.39 80.15 106.76 85.30 53/44 47.94
0.00 0.11
0.44 055
0.11 0.11
14.78 1054
0.11 024
OJ66 0.77
0.00 0.06
625 3.57
0.32 0.35 0.34
0.71 0.72 0.73
0.06 0.05 0-05
6.17 352 4.03
15.33 11,32 7.02 4.64
726
4.74
5.16
4.19 534
022 2.65
1.65 121
0.00 0.11
1.10 154
0.11 022
0.00 0.01
3S7 3.40
3.09 220
1.43 1.79
0.33 0.65
1.10 120
0.33 0.61
0.01 0.02
2.15 2.08
1.76 0.36 044
1.06 0.75 0.80
0.84 0.73 0.74
0.34 0.15 0.17
0.80 1.02 1.03
0.03 0.02 0.02
728 1158 1026 937 659
220
1.43
2.76
158
2.76
237
258
4.08
125
1.05
5.11
052
055
5.17
058
129
3.64 4.74 5.62 7.05 2.30 137 227
25.13 14.11
458 4.08
739
354
5.62
2.31
7.62
0.72
858
052
750
051
2921 18.19 11.02 7.94 854 950 751
8853 9522 114.07 13626 110.19 74.67 68.45
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
12
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Figure 2. Trend in Carbon Monoxide Emission Estimates by Category 1940 to 1991
175
Uv>
150-
H#H Transportation
^1 Stationary Fuel Combustion
mm Industrial Processes
I i Other
125
I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I
1970 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
-------
Figure 3. Trend in Lead Emission Estimates by Category 1970 to 1991
Transportation
HI Stationary Fuel Combustion
OTTl Industrial Processes
I I Other
1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
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Table 5. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 to 1991
(million short tons)
Source Category
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Petroleum Refining
Chemicals
Iron and Steel Mills
Pulp Mills
Mineral Products
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
2X3
0.00 0.00
056 0.99
0.11 0.11
022 0X4
2.49 3.97
0.66 1.32
254 3.20
022 0.33
0.31 0.31
4.39
0.00
0.77
0.11
055
750
0.12
0.71
0.10
059
1155
0.13
033
0.17
1.06
6.48 533
0.15 0.14
0.59 051
024 0.26
1.17 1.17
9.32 13.73 8.63 8.00
2.54
4.08
0.33
0.43
4.89
4.31
0.35
0.48
7.02
357
0.31
0.43
7.47 7.40
3.66 3£7
024 0.23
0.34 037
3.73 5.16 7.38 10.04 11.13 11.72 11.67
0.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.11
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.11
022
0.11
0.11
0.00
0.11
024
026
0.08
0.02
0.17
026
022
0.07
0.02
0.18
024
0.14
005
0.03
0.18
025
0.15
0.05
0.03
0.18
022 0-33 055 0.77 0.75 0.65
OJOO
0.11
0.11
0.77
022
0.11
0.11
022
0.44
022
0.11
022
0.11
033
0.04
0.07
0.02
Off?
0.66
0.02
0.09
0.33 0.44 0.11 0X19 0.11
022
022
022
.0.11
023
0.02
027
0.01
022
0.01
0.99 0.66 0.44 0.33 025 028 024
754 10.35 1452 20.90 25.97 2156 20.68
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
15
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Figure 4. Trend in Nitrogen Oxide Emission Estimates by Category 1900 to 1991
30
Ov
I4444J Transportation
H Stationary Fuel Combustion
IIIHI Industrial Processes
II Other
I
——I——I———I
H—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—I—t-
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 197019701972197419761978198019821984198619881990
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Table 6. Total National Emissions of Total Particulate Matter, 1940 to 1991
(million short tons)
Source Category 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
022
0.00
2.65
0.11
0.00
0-33
0.00
1-87
0.11
0.00
0.66
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.08
1.16
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.11
1.41
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1/45
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.12
Transportation 2.98 251 0.77 1.30 1.44 1.70 1.73
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities 1.43 220 3.09 257 0.92 0/46 0.44
Industrial 3-87 333 237 2.39 1.49 1.07 1.10
Commercial-Institutional 0.44 055 0.11 0.11 0.08 0.04 0.03
Residential 224 153 039 051 0.85 050 056
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion 738 7.61 6.46 559 3.35 2X16 2.14
Industrial Processes
Iron and Steel Mills 331 3S6 137 131 034 0.16 0.17
Primary Metal Smelting 0.66 0.66 055 051 0.14 0.10 0.10
Secondary Metals 022 033 022 023 0.10 0.09 0.10
Mineral Products 220 320 4.19 320 0.75 051 052
Chemicals 033 0.44 033 024 0.15 0.11 0.12
Petroleum Refining 0.00 OjOO 0.11 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.02
Wood Products 055 038 0.99 0.77 023 020 021
Food and Agriculture 038 038 039 036 0.63 057 0.65
Mining Operations 1.43 3.75 452 433 126 052 033
Industrial Processes 959 14.00 13.78 11.62 3.65 2.79 231
Solid waste Disposal
Incineration 033 033 0.44 0.44 0.17 0.13 0.13
Open Burning 022 033 055 0.77 020 0.18 024
Solid Waste Total 055 0.66 059 121 036 030 037
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires 320 1.87 1.10 0.77 1.05 .120 1.01
Other Burning 038 038 038 0.44 0.13 0.11 0.11
Miscellaneous Total 4.08 2.76 158 121 1.19 131 1.12
Total of All Sources 25.18 2735 2338 20.93 959 8.16 8.16
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal tola! due to rounding.
17
-------
Figure 5. Trend in Total Particulate Matter Emission Estimates by Category 1940 to 1991
00
Transportation
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
I I Other
——I—I—I—I
I—I—i—I—I
19701970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
Fugitive dust sources not included in TP emission estimates.
-------
Figure 6. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Category 1985 to 1991
80
VO
Wind Erosion ^| Construction
Unpaved Roads lillii Agricultural Tilling
Paved Roads I I Other
Fugitive dust sources are included in PM-10 emission estimates.
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Table 7. National Emissions of Sulfur Oxides, 1940 to 1991
(million short tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
0.00
0.00
2.98
0.22
0.00
0.11
0.00
220
022
0.00
0.11
0.00
022
0.11
0.00
028
0.01
0.14
0.17
0.07
0.46
0.01
0.13
0.30
0.08
0.66
0.02
0.09
023
0.09
0.67
0.02
0.08
022
0.09
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Primary Metal Smelting
Pulp Mills
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel
Secondary Metals
Mineral Products
Natural Gas Processing
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
320
254
0.44
0.67
059
1.09
1.09
2.43 452 926
6.06 5.73 336
1.10 137 1.10
254 2.09 121
17.40
457
059
050
17.48
2.60
0.75
022
1533
230
0.41
0.18
1557
2.11
0.35
021
12.13
1422
15.43
23.46
21.05
18.72
1824
2.76 3.09 3.31
0.00 0.00 0.11
022 0.44 0.44
022 033 0.66
055 056 0.66
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.33 055 055
0.00 0.00 0.11
4.03
0.17
0.60
0.77
0.72
0.02
0.67
0.11
125
022
028
093
056
0.03
059
0.16
056
029
021
1.04
038
0.04
058
0.18
059
029
021
1.09
039
0.04
0.68
0.19
4.08
5.07
554
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
055 055 055
055 055 055
19.95 2238 2227
7.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.11
3133
4.12
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.01
2621
337
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
2321
3.49
0.02
0X13
0.01
0.00
0.01
2236
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
20
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Figure 7. Trend in Sulfur Oxides Emission Estimates by Category 1900 to 1991
Transportation
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Industrial Processes
Other
1900 1910 1920
1940 1950 1960 1970 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
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Table 8. Total National Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic
Compounds, 1940 to 1991
(million short tons)
Source Category 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
4,76
0.00
055
0.00
022
7.16
0.11
055
0.11
0.44
10.80
022
022
022
055
12.68
028
0.18
0.36
057
756
020
020
0.44
053 .
4.70
021
0.14
056
050
421
020
0.12
056
051
Transportation Total 553 838 12.01 14.07 8.93 6.11 5.60
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03
Industrial 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.15 0.14 0.15
Commercial-Institutional 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Residential 137 1.33 0.77 0.48 034 0.49 055
Fuel Combustion Total 1.98 1.44 058 0.67 1.05 0.68 0.74
Industrial Processes
Chemicals 038 1.32 121 1.71 159 2.12 2.12
Petroleum Refining 0.44 055 0.77 0.79 1.06 0.77 0.77
Iron and Steel Mills 0.33 QM 0.33 0.40 027 0.17 0.18
Mineral Products 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Food and Agriculture 0.11 0.11 022 021 0.19 0.17 0.17
Industrial Organic Solvent Use 1.10 231 2.65 439 424 339 3.14
Petroleum Product Production 0.77 121 1.76 235 231 222 228
and Marketing
Industrial Processes Total 3.64 5.95 654 934 10.07 834 8.66
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 0.44 QM 055 055 037 030 031
Open Burning 055 0.66 059 1.43 037 033 0.46
Solid Waste Total 033 1.10 154 158 0.74 0£4 0.76
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Use
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
3.42
0.66
038
4.96
17.10
137
036
1.43
357
2034
059
055
137
3.42
2430
0.77
033
254
354
3020
1.02
0.11
2X16
3.19
2357
120
0.09
132
3.11
1938
058
0.09
1.78
235
1851
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
22
-------
Figure 8. Trend in Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emission Estimates by Category 1900 to 1991
to
OJ
40
fttffl Transportation
H Stationary Fuel Combustion
Illlll Industrial Processes
i I Other
30
1970 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990
-------
2.3.4 Emissions from Fugitive Dust PM-10 Sources
Table C-20 (metric units) and Table F-20 (English units) present the estimated
national fugitive dust emissions of PM-10 from 1985 to 1991. These estimates include
emissions from paved and unpaved roadways, agricultural tilling, construction activity,
mining and quarrying, and wind erosion,
2.4 TOP 50 OPERATING POINT SOURCE EMITTERS
This report represents the first in a series which will track the changes in the top
emitting sources of CO, NO2, SO2, and VOC emissions. Since the only two source
categories which can be estimated at the plant level are electric utilities (sum of the boiler
emissions) and copper smelters, EPA elected to use AIRS/FS as an alternate source. By
using AIRS/FS, one can determine the type of plant that emits large quantities of criteria
pollutants. Figures 9, 11, 13, and 14, and Tables 9 through 12 show the plant-level
emissions of the 50 largest point source emitters of CO, NO2, SO2, and VOC. These
emissions were extracted from AIRS/FS using the "Plant Emissions Report, AFP634".
The only criteria was that the estimated emissions methodology field not indicate that the
plant was closed. In addition, some adjustments have been made for data that were
obviously in error. (The emission estimates were not QA/QC for this report and represent
the last year of update. When a state is updating its inventory, the emissions are not in
AIRS/FS. Therefore, depending on the day the data is extracted, the list of top emitters
may change. Because Tables 9 through 12 are based on several different extractions and
because some additional adjustments have been made, the data in these tables may not
correspond precisely to the data currently in AIRS/FS.) Figure 10 displays states in
AIRS/FS with large lead emissions and Figure 12 displays states in AIRS/FS with large
PM-10 emissions.
Table 13 lists the most common industries by pollutant contained in the list of top
50 emitting sources.
24
-------
Figure 9. The 50 Largest Sources of Carbon Monoxide in AIRS/FS
Legend
60Kto280KTPY
50Kto60K TPY
30Kto50K TPY
* 18Kto30K TPY
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Report (AFP634)--05/22/92, 08/02/92, and 09/18/92
-------
Table 9. The 50 Largest CO Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total CO Emissions in 1990:
Total from Top 50 in AFS:
74.67 *106 TRY
3.06 *106 TRY,
Source: Trends
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Ranking
Report (AFP634)--05/22/92,
08/02/92, and 09/18/92.
US
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
5
5
3
5
6
5
6
4
6
5
6
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
3
7
3
10
10
6
6
10
6
6
7
6
State
IN
IN
WV
OH
TX
OH
LA
AL
LA
IN
LA
LA
MN
IL
OH
TX
TX
LA
WV
MO
MD
WA
WA
TX
OK
WA
LA
TX
KS
AR
Plant Name
LTV STEEL COMPANY
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS
WEIRTON STEEL
WHEELING-PITTSBURGH
J M HUBER CORPORATION
COLUMBIA GAS TRANSM
CABOT CORP CANL PLT
GULF STATES STEEL
COLUMBIAN CHEMICAL
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION
CABOT CORP
DEGUSSA CARBON BLACK CO
ASHLAND PETROLEUM
ACME STEEL COMPANY
ORMET
SID RICHARDSON CARBON AND GASOLINE
PHILLIPS 66 COMPANY
ADDIS PLANT SID
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS
NORANDA ALUMINUM, INCORPORATED
BETHLEHEM STEEL
KAISER ALUM & CHEM
ALUM CO OF AMERICA
CABOT CORPORATION
WITCO CORP. CONCARB DIVISION
INTALCO ALUMINUM
EXXON CO USA REFINERY
CARBON BLACK DIVISION OF DEGUSSA COR
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS COMPANY
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS
Last
Year of Emissions
Record fTPY)
90
90
85
88
85
88
90
91
90
90
90
90
88
91
88
85
88
90
85
89
90
89
89
85
88
89
90
85
91
89
273,974
268,985
219,767
147,695
130,298
128,217
98,008
96,911
86,089
69,410
66,615
64,258
57,533
57,424
56,484
55,818
55,154
54,322
53,848
50,808
49,809
49,275
47,644
47,262
45,836
45,310
44,492
42,388
41,511
37,127
26
-------
Table 9. (continued)
US EPA
Rank Region
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
3
5
4
4
6
4
4
8
6
4
3
5
10
6
4
6
5
6
10
4
State
PA
IN
TN
GA
TX
GA
GA
WY
TX
AL
PA
OH
WA
TX
GA
AR
OH
LA
WA
KY
Plant Name
ARMCO STEEL CORP
INLAND STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS
E I DU PONT CORP
GREAT SOUTHERN PAPER WOODLANDS OPER
WITCO CORPORATION
UNION CAMP CORP
INLAND-ROME INC
AMOCO REFINERY
INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO
WITCO CHEMICAL
ALLEGHENY LLIDLUM STL
GM POWERTRAIN DIV
REYNOLDS METALS
J M HUBER CORPORATION
ITT RAYONIER INC
GEORGIA-PACIFIC PAPER
ARMCO STEEL COMPANY LP
MURPHY OIL CORP
VANALCO, INC
ARMCO STEEL CORP
Last
Year of Emissions
Record (TPY)
87
90
90
90
88
90
90
85
88
91
87
88
89
88
90
89
88
90
89
89
36,326
34,741
34,286
30,584
30,022
29,295
28,758
28,699
26,770
25,130
25,058
24,292
22,360
22,280
22,071
21,634
21,577
18,714
18,572
18,421
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
27
-------
Figure 10. States Reporting Lead Data in AIRS/FS
White states contain data on LEAD.
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Ranking Report (AFP634)--05/22/92
-------
Figure 11. The 50 Largest Sources of Nitrogen Oxides in AIRS/FS
ft 50Kto70K TPY
•ff 40Kto50K TPY
* 30Kto40K TPY
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Report (AFP634)-05/22/92, 08/02/92, and 09/18/92
-------
Table 10. The 50 Largest NO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total NOX Emissions in 1990:
Total from Top 50 in AFS:
21.36*106TPY
2.71 *106 TRY
Source: Trends
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Ranking Report
(AFP634)-05/22/92, 08/02/92, and
09/18/92.
US EPA
Rank Region State
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
6
5
4
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
3
5
4
6
4
5
3
5
5
7
4
7
6
3
4
3
5
4
4
4
TX
IL
KY
MN
OH
KS
IN
IL
IL
IN
WV
OH
TN
NM
GA
OH
PA
OH
OH
MO
FL
MO
TX
PA
NC
PA
IL
NC
FL
AL
Last
Year of Emissions
Plant Name Record (TPY)
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY
ILLINOIS POWER CO BALDWIN POWER PLANT
TVA- PARADISE A & B
NSPSHERCO UNITS 1,2
DAYTON P&L-JM STUART
KPL GAS SERVICE (JEC)
PSI - GIBSON
COM ED - POWERTON STATION
COM ED - KINCAID GENERATING STATION
INDIANA KENTUCKY ELECTRIC CORPORATION
APP POWER-JOHN AMOS
OHIO POWER-MUSKINGUM
TVA-CUMBERLAND
ARIZONA PUB. SERV./FOUR CORN. NPR-REGIST
GA POWER CO BOWEN STM ELEC GEN STATION
OHIO EDISON-SAMMIS
PENN POWER - MANSFIELD
OHIO POWER CO - GEN JAMES M GAVIN
OHIO VALLEY ELECTRIC
ASSOCIATED ELECTRIC
FL POWER-CRYSTAL RIVER
ASSOC. ELECTRIC CO.
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO - MARTIN LAKE
PEN ELEC - KEYSTONE
CP&L ROXBORO UNITS 1, 2, 3, & 4
PEN ELEC - HOMER CTY
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE
DUKE POWER BELEWS CRK
TAMPA ELEC-BIG BEND
AL POWER-GASTON
88
91
90
88
88
91
90
91
91
90
85
88
90
91
90
88
87
88
88
90
89
90
85
87
88
87
91
88
89
91
107,741
104,183
97,779
86,112
84,605
76,795
73,446
72,617
71,789
70,373
69,029
67,787
66,401
65,046
63,131
60,623
56,632
56,406
54,388
54,027
53,330
51,452
49,392
47,490
46,668
46,415
46,384
45,885
45,669
44,707
30
-------
Table 10. (continued)
Last
US EPA Year of Emissions
Rank Region State Plant Name Record (TPY)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
6
4
3
4
7
3
3
5
7
5
7
3
4
4
3
3
3
5
6
5
TX
FL
WV
GA
KS
PA
PA
IN
MO
IN
MO
PA
TN
GA
PA
WV
WV
IN
NM
IN
TEXAS UTILITIES GENERATING COMPANY
TAMPA ELEC-GANNON
MON POWER-HARRISON
GA POWER CO BRANCH STM ELEC GEN STA
KANSAS CITY POWER & LIGHT CO.
PP & L - BRUNNER IS
PEN ELEC - CONEMAUGH
PSI - GALLAGHER
KASTEN CLAY PRODUCTS
NIPSCO -SCHAFFER STATION
UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY
WEST PENN-HATFIELD
TVA-KINGSTON
GA POWER CO WANSLEY STM ELEC GEN STA
PP & L - MONTOUR
OHIO POWER - MITCHEL
OHIO POWER - KAMMER
INDIANA MICHIGAN POWER COMPANY
PNM/SAN JUAN GEN. STATION
COMMONWEALTH EDISON
88
89
85
90
91
87
87
90
87
90
90
87
90
90
87
85
85
90
85
90
44,391
44,070
43,578
43,258
42,541
40,995
40,279
39,689
39,243
38,480
38,323
37,666
37,071
36,925
36,761
36,137
35,139
34,387
34,233
34,082
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
31
-------
Figure 12. States Reporting PM-10 Data in AIRS/FS
CO
to
White states contain data on PM10.
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Ranking Report (AFP634)-08/18/92
-------
Figure 13. The 50 Largest Sources of Sulfur Oxides in AIRS/FS
Legend
240K10380KTPY
150K10240KTPY
120K10150KTPY
* 90K (B120KTPY
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Report (AFP634)--05/22/92, 08/02/92, and 09/18/92
-------
Table 11. The 50 Largest SO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total SOX Emissions in 1990: 23.21 * 106 TRY Source:
Total from Top 50 in AFS: 8.14 * 106 TRY Source:
Trends
AFS Plant Emissions Ranking Report
(AFP634)»05/22/92, 08/02/92, and
09/18/92.
US EPA
Rank Region State Plant Name
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
5 OH
4TN
4GA
SIN
5IL
5 IN
5 OH
7 MO
4GA
3WV
5 OH
5 OH
9 AZ
7 MO
SPA
BOH
SPA
4 AL
4FL
3WV
5 IN
5 OH
5 OH
4AL
4KY
5IL
3 PA
5 IN
4GA
SPA
OHIO POWER CO - GEN JAMES M GAVIN
TVA-CUMBERLAND
GA POWER CO BOWEN STM ELEC GEN STA
INDIANA KENTUCKY ELECTRIC CORPORATION
ILLINOIS POWER CO BALDWIN POWER PLANT
PSI - GIBSON
OHIO POWER-MUSKINGUM
UNION ELECTRIC CO
GA POWER CO WANSLEY STM ELEC GEN STA
MON POWER-HARRISON
OHIO VALLEY ELEC
OHIO EDISON-SAMMIS
MAGMA COPPER
ASSOCIATED ELECTRIC
PEN ELEC - CONEMAUGH
DAYTON P&L-JM STUART
WEST PENN-HATFIELD
AL POWER-GASTON
TAMPA ELEC-BIG BEND
OHIO POWER - KAMMER
UNIROYAL GOODRICH TIRE CO.
OHIO POWER-CARDINAL
COLUMBUS SOUTHRN PWR
TVA-COLBERT
TV A- PARADISE A & B
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE
PEN ELEC - HOMER CTY
ALCOA GENERATING CORP.
GA POWER CO YATES STM ELEC GEN STA
PEN ELEC - KEYSTONE
Last
Year of Emissions
Record CTPY)
88
90
90
90
91
90
88
90
90
85
88
88
85
90
87
88
87
91
89
85
90
88
88
91
90
91
87
90
90
87
356,550
346,171
305,302
280,104
277,526
272,950
262,087
252,528
248,651
234,693
222,723
211,286
191,427
176,535
172,768
168,584
160,886
159,288
157,364
157,034
153,227
143,457
138,286
137,517
137,432
136,405
135,301
134,537
129,844
128,764
34
-------
Table 11. (continued)
US EPA
Rank Region State Plant Name
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
4TN
5 OH
5 IL
SPA
4FL
4TN
6TX
5 IN
3 WV
SPA
7 MO
4GA
4KY
SIN
5 OH
4TN
3WV
5 IN
6TX
6NM
TVA-GALLATIN
CLEVELAND ELEC ILLUM
COM ED - KINCAID GENERATING STATION
PP & L - BRUNNER IS
GULF PWR CO-CRIST
TVA-KINGSTON
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO - MONTICELLO
PSI - CAYUGA
OHIO POWER - MITCHEL
PP & L - MONTOUR
ASSOC. ELECTRIC CO.
GA POWER CO BRANCH STM ELEC GEN STA
KY UTILITIES
IPALCO-PETERSBURG
CG&E-MIAMI FORT
TVA-JOHNSONVLE
APP POWER-JOHN AMOS
INLAND STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO - MARTIN LAKE
PHELPS DODGE/HIDALGO SMELTER
Last
Year of Emissions
Record (TPY)
90
88
91
87
89
90
88
90
85
87
90
90
90
90
88
90
85
90
85
85
128,724
128,711
125,405
119,550
117,930
117,387
112,882
109,973
103,330
102,373
101,434
101,222
101,124
100,696
99,742
98,164
96,143
95,047
94,228
93,831
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
35
-------
Figure 14. The 50 Largest Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds in AIRS/FS
Legend
13Kto27KTPY
10Kto13KTPY
7K tolOKTPY
* 5K toTK TPY
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Report (AFP634)--05/22/92, 08/02/92, and 09/18/92
-------
Table 12. The 50 Largest VOC Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total VOC Emissions in 1990: 19.38 * 106 TRY Source:
Total from Top 50 in AFS: 0.51 * 106 TRY Source:
Trends
AFS Plant Emissions Ranking Report
(AFP634)--05/22/92, 08/02/92, and
09/18/92.
US
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region State
2
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
2
6
6
6
4
5
3
4
6
5
6
4
5
4
5
8
5
6
NY
IN
OH
TN
AL
TX
TX
IN
TX
TX
OH
TX
NY
TX
TX
TX
AL
IN
PA
TN
TX
MN
TX
KY
Ml
NC
MN
WY
IL
TX
Last
Year of Emissions
Plant Name Record (TRY)
PRECISE PLASTICS PRODUCTS - AVON
INLAND STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS
COLUMBIA GAS TRANSM
TENN EASTMAN CO
AMOCO CHEMICALS CORP
AMOCO OIL COMPANY
TEXAS EASTMAN COMPANY
BFFHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION
EXXON COMPANY USA
SHELL OIL COMPANY
BP CHEMICALS INC
INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO
KODAK PARK DIV
NECHES BUTANE PRODUCTS CO
REXENE PRODUCTS COMPANY
E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY INC
COURTAULDS NO AMERICA
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS
FASSON DIV AVERY PRO
E I DUPONT
COASTAL REFINING AND MARKETING, INC.
3M HUTCH MAG MEDIA
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC.
WEYERHAEUSER CO
E I DUPONT DENEMOURS AND CO
3M BUSH IND SPECLTY
SINCLAIR OIL CORP
CL INDUSTRIES INC
UNION CARBIDE CHEM & PLASTICS (Galveston CO)
87
90
88
90
91
88
88
90
88
88
88
88
85
85
85
88
91
90
87
90
85
88
88
90
85
87
88
85
91
88
26,192
25,850
24,711
20,171
19,266
14,958
13,316
13,315
13,080
12,928
12,390
12,198
11,737
11,274
11,058
10,710
10,589
10,542
10,295
9,293
9,216
9,062
8,878
8,212
7,959
7,944
7,718
7,639
7,504
7,427
37
-------
Table 12. (continued)
us
Rank
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
EPA
Region
6
5
6
4
7
6
8
4
8
6
10
4
5
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
State
LA
OH
TX
TN
MO
TX
MT
NC
CO
TX
AK
AL
Ml
VA
PA
IL
TX
TX
TX
TX
Last
Year of Emissions
Plant Name Record (TRY)
EXXON CO USA REFINERY
IMPRESSION COATING, INC.
UNION CARBIDE CHEM & PLASTICS (Calhoun CO)
TENN EASTMAN CO
MOOINE MFG. CO.
STAR ENTERPRISE
CENEX
CAPE INDUSTRIES
CHEMICAL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY INC.
GOODYEAR TIRE AND RUBBER CO
TESORO REFINERY
REYNOLDS METAL-CANS
GM TRUCK & BUS - FLINT TRUCK
RADFORD ARMY AMMO
INTERROYAL CORP
SHELL OIL CO WOOD RIVER MFG COMPLEX
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
QUANTUM CHEMICAL CORP (Jefferson CO)
CHEVRON USA INC.
QUANTUM CHEMICAL CORP, USI Dl (Harris CO)
90
88
88
90
86
88
89
87
90
85
79
91
85
86
87
91
85
85
88
88
7,416
7,358
7,125
6,954
6,854
6,801
6,705
6,682
6,655
6,631
6,618
6,255
6,223
6,171
6,134
6,095
6,058
6,044
5,878
5,784
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
38
-------
Table 13. Predominant Industry in the Top 50
Pollutant Industry
CO Steel MiHs, Carbon Black Producers, Petroleum
Refineries, Aluminum Rants
NO2 Electric Utilities
SO2 Electric Utilities
VOC Industrial Organic and Inorganic Chemical Plants,
Petroleum Refineries
39
-------
-------
SECTION 3.0
REGIONAL EMISSION TRENDS, 1985 THROUGH 1991
This section presents the results of estimating the total emissions in each of the ten
EPA regions. A map of the ten EPA Administrative regions is presented in Figure 15.
When comparing emissions from different regions, it is important to consider the size of
the region, population, economic activity, predominant types of industry, soil type, and
other factors that affect air pollution. Total regional emissions are presented by pollutant
each year in Appendix F, page 143, Tables F-l through F-8 (English units) and Appendix
G, page 165, Tables G-l through G-8 (metric units). Figures 16-21 show the total
emissions of each pollutant by EPA region in 1991.
It should be noted that the regional emission estimates shown in the previous report10
have been replaced by new estimates. As described in section 4.3, regional emissions are
calculated as a fraction of the total national emissions of each source category.
The trends in regional emissions closely follow the trends in national emissions for
most source categories. This effect is largely due to the fact that each region has a
diversity of source categories which reflect the national diversity. Some source categories,
however, such as forest fires, prescribed burning, wind erosion and certain industrial
processes, have significant regional effects and do not necessarily follow national trends.
These source categories will generally account for large changes at the regional level from
one year to the next.
41
-------
Figure 15. EPA Administrative Regions
*>.
tS9
,_.x
-------
Figure 16. Trend in Carbon Monoxide Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons}
*»•
OS
1985 1986 1887 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
1985 1936 1987 1968 1989 1990 1981
REGION II
REGION VIH
1985 1986 1987 1088 19891990 1991
REGION Hi
REGION VII
1985 1968 1987 1
REGION IV
1985 1986
REGION VI
REGION IX
-------
Figure 17. Trend in Lead Emission Estimates by Region
(thousand short tons)
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
1989 1990 1991
1987 1968 1989 1990 1991
REGION II .
REGION VIII
1985 1986 1987 19881989 1990 1991
REGION III
REGION VII
1985 1986 1987 19
REGION IV
1985 1986
REGION VI
REGION IX
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Figure 18. Trend in Nitrogen Oxide Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
1985 1966 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION I
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
REGION VIII
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
REGION VII
1985 1986 1987 1
REGION IV
1985
REGION VI
REGION IX
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Figure 19. Trend in PM-10 Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION J
8 1989 1990 1991
1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
REGION VIII
1985 1986 1987 1986 1989 1990 1991
REGION III
REGION VII
1985 1986 1987 1
REGION !V
1985
REGION VI
REGION IX
Fugitive dust sources are included in PM-10 emission estimates.
-------
Figure 20. Trend in Sulfur Oxide Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION I
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
REGION Vill
1985 19861987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
REGION VII
1985 1986 1987 1
REGION IV
19851986
REGION VI
REGION IX
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Figure 21. Trend in Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emission Estimates by Region
(million short tons)
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION
REGION IX
1985 1966 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION I
19S5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
REGION III
1985 1986 1987 1
REGION IV
1991
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SECTION 4.0
EMISSION ESTIMATE METHODOLOGY
The estimation of national emissions by pollutant and by year involves many steps.
Ideally, national emission estimates should be the result of adding the emissions of each
individual source in the country. However, this is not possible, and therefore, reliable
emission estimates must be based on a "top-down" calculation approach.
The methods used to prepare the estimates presented in this report are as similar as
possible to those used for AIRS/FS data preparation.13 To develop the AIRS point source
file, a complex calculation procedure must be followed which includes source-by-source
and plant-by-plant emissions calculations. Individual point source estimates are summed
to the state level totals, and these are then summed to the national level figures.
To develop area source emissions,14 statistical information must be collected on each
type of area source. Area sources include many small sources (generally producing
emissions of less than 100 tons per year) that are too numerous to account for
individually. Residential fuel combustion and solid waste disposal are examples of area
sources. [The Area and Mobile Sources CAMS) subsystem of AIRS cannot presently
calculate national area source emissions.]
In addition, fugitive dust emissions (emissions from unconfined sources such as
storage piles, material loading, and wind erosion of land) must be estimated. These
estimates are based on large-scale data and various calculation procedures developed in
recent years. Fugitive dust may include particulate matter of various size, but for the
purposes of this report, is considered equivalent to PM-10.
4.1 CALCULATION PROCEDURE
Since it is impossible to measure the emissions of every source individually, a "top-
down" estimating procedure must be used. The emissions are calculated either for
individual sources or for many sources combined, using indicators of emissions.
Depending on the source category, these indicators may include fuel consumption or
deliveries, VMT, tons of refuse burned, raw material processed, etc. When indicators are
used, emission factors which relate the quantity of emissions to the activity indicator
must also be used.
Emission factors are not necessarily precise indicators of emissions. They are
quantitative estimates of the average rate of emissions from many sources combined.
These factors are most valid when applied to a large number of sources. If then-
limitations are recognized, emission factors are extremely useful tools for estimating
national emissions.
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The bade "top-down" calculation procedure for most source categories, excluding
highway vehicles and copper smelters, may be represented by the following equation:
FF v 1 - Stfi ®q. 1
tt n _ j% i i _ _ _ I
where, E = emissions
p = pollutant
s = source category
A = activity level
EF = emission factor
C - percent control efficiency
National activity data for individual source categories are obtained from many
different publications. Emission factors are generally obtained from the U.S. EPA's
Compilation Of Air Pollutant Emission Factors. AP-4215, and from the EPA's mobile
source emission factor model available at the time of calculation, MOBILE4.1.16
(MOBILE5.0 was not available at the time emissions were estimated, but will be used for
updating the emission trends next year.) The overall control efficiency of a source
category is currently derived from AIRS/FS data. In the past, it was derived from the
National Emissions Data System (NEDS),17 the predecessor of AIRS, and from the 1985
NAPAP emission inventory.7
Exceptions to this approach include electric power plants, copper smelters, and
highway vehicles. For power plants prior to 1986, SOS emissions are calculated on a
plant-by-plant basis. For SOX electric utility emissions starting with 1986 are calculated
at the boiler level. For copper smelters from. 1975 to 1991, SOX emissions are obtained
from the plants directly through the respective state air pollution agencies. For highway
vehicles, some emissions are calculated by state and month, using a method described in
section 4.1.1.1,
The following sections describe the methodology used for estimating the annual
emissions from 1940 to 1991 by major source category.
4.1.1 Transportation
This category includes gasoline and diesel-powered motor vehicles, aircraft, railroad,
vessels, and nonhigbway use of motor fuels.
4.1,1.1 Highway Vehicles
Emissions from gasoline and diesel-powered motor vehicles are based upon VMT and
emission factors. Eight vehicle categories are considered; gasoline-powered automobiles,
diesel-powered automobiles, light duty gasoline trucks (trucks less than 6,000 pounds in
50
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weight), light duty gasoline trucks 6,000 to 8,500 pounds in weight, light duty diesel
trucks, heavy duty gasoline trucks and buses, heavy duty diesel trucks and buses, and
motorcycles.
Emission factors for VOC, NOX and CO were obtained from the MOBILE4.1 model.16
This model was designed to be used as a tool for estimating exhaust and running loss
emissions from highway vehicles in nonattainment areas and in urban air sheds. The
model requires information on temperatures, vehicle speeds, gasoline volatility, and other
variables. For particulate and SOX, emission factors were obtained from AP-42. The
particulate emission factors account for tire wear, brake wear, and tailpipe exhaust
emissions.
For years prior to 1980, the emissions were calculated on the national level only, a
single average annual temperature, a single gasoline volatility, and a national distribution
of vehicle speed and vehicle type. For 1980 and subsequent years, VOC, CO, and NOX
emissions were calculated on the state and monthly level using a new method.18 Reid
Vapor Pressure (RVP) values obtained from Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association
(MVMA) Fuel Volatility Survey19 through EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (QMS)20, and
• average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in each state were utilized by
MOBILE4.1.
In both methods, average vehicle speed is based on the published distribution of
VMT.21 Published VMT data are divided into three road categories, corresponding to
assumed average speeds of 55 miles per hour for interstates and other primary highways,
45 miles per hour for other rural roads, and 19.6 miles per hour for urban streets. For
1940 and 1950, average speeds were assumed to be 45, 35, and 19.6 miles per hour for
these roadway classifications.
Lead emission estimates are based on gasoline consumption, gasoline lead content,
percent unleaded gasoline, and emission factors. The lead content of gasoline in 1970 was
obtained from the Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of Interior (DOD22, and for
subsequent years, from AP-42. The percent unleaded gasoline was obtained from the EIA,
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),23
4.1.1.2 Aircraft
Emissions from aircraft are based on the number of landings and take-offs reported
by the Federal Aviation Administration24 and on AP-42 emission factors for various types
of aircraft. Emissions occurring when aircraft are above 3,000 feet are not included in the
estimates. Average emission factors are calculated which take into account the national
mix of different types of aircraft used for general aviation, military, and commercial
purposes.
4.1.1.3 Railroads
Emissions from railroads are based on diesel and residual fuel oil consumption by
railroads as reported by the EIA.25 Coal consumption by steam locomotives has been
negligible since 1955. Average emission factors were used that are applicable to each type
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of fuel. In the case of SOX, the average sulfur content of each fuel was included in the
emission factor.
4.1.1.4 Vessels
The consumption of diesel fuel, residual oil, and coal by vessels operating inside the
U.S. boundaries was obtained from the U.S. DOE.23"25-26 Gasoline consumption is based
on national boat and motor registrations together with usage factors
(gallons/motor/year)23, and marine gasoline sales as reported by the U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT).21 The estimates of fuel consumption are multiplied by AP-42
emission factors. In the case of coal-fired vessels, an average emission factor for coal
combustion in boilers was used.
4.1.1.5 Off-highway Vehicles
This source category includes farm tractors, other form machinery, construction
equipment, industrial machinery, small general utility engines such as lawn mowers and
snowmobiles, and motorcycles. Fuel use is estimated for each subcategory from
equipment population data and an annual fuel use factor27 together with fuel deliveries of
diesel fuel reported by the U.S. DOE25 for gasoline sales reported by the U.S. DOT21 for
off-highway use.
4.1,2 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
This major category includes the combustion of bituminous coal, lignite and
anthracite coal, fuel oil, natural gas, wood, and other fuels.
4.1.2.1 Electric Utility
During 1992, the methodology to estimate stationary source fuel combustion for CO,
NOX, SOX, and VOC emissions from electric utility sources was modified4. With the
exception of anthracite coal and kerosene oil, the electric utility emissions of coal, fuel oil,
and natural gas were developed using EIA monthly boiler-level data on Form EIA-7675 for
years 1986 through 1990, and AP-42 emission factors. For 1991, the emissions were
estimated based on the change in consumption from the 1990 to 1991, reported on EIA
Form-7596. The 1986 electric utility emissions, with the exception of SOZ, are from the
1985 NAPAP7 emission inventory. Electric utility emissions of SOX presented in the
appendix of this report are from National Allowance Data Base (NADB)8. The 1980 SOX
electric utility emissions presented are from the 1980 NAPAP9 emission inventory.
For years prior to 1985, the emission estimates were determined in the same manner
as described in Section 4.1.2.2.
4.1.2.2 Other
This subcategory includes the methodology for estimating emissions from all
stationary source fuel combustion for all pollutants before 1985. From 1985 to present,
52
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this section discusses nonutility emissions plus electric utility anthracite coal and
kerosene oil emissions.
4.1.2.2.1 Coal - The consumption of bituminous, lignite, and anthracite coal
by various end users is reported by the U.S. DOE.28'28 Most coal is consumed by electric
utilities. The reported consumption by source category was multiplied by an average
emission factor representative of each category. In the case of sulfur oxide emissions, the
emission factor included an average sulfur content value for each type of coal consumed.29
In the case of electric utilities (prior to 1985), the sulfur dioxide emission factor was
. adjusted to account for the amount of sulfur controlled by flue gas desulfurization
systems, according to information reported by the U.S. DOE.29 In the case of particulate
matter, an overall control efficiency was obtained from AIRS/FS for all power plants
combined.
4.1.2.2.2 Fuel Oil» Residual oil, distillate oil, and kerosene are burned by
electric utilities, industrial boilers, commercial and institutional boilers, furnaces and
residential heaters. The consumption of each fuel type by end user is reported by the U.S.
DOE.26 Average emission factors and sulfur content values are calculated and applied to
the consumption data.
4.1.2.2.3 Natural Gas - Natural gas consumption is also reported by the
U.S. DOE for various end-user groups.30 AP-42 emission factors were used to calculate
the emissions.
4.1.2.2.4 Wood and Other fuels -- Consumption of wood has been
estimated by the U.S. DOE31'32'33 for wood stoves and residential fireplaces. Consumption
of bagasse is based on data reported in AIRS/FS. Sales of liquified petroleum gas are
reported by the U.S. DOE.23 Coke and coke-oven gas consumption is obtained from the
U.S. DOE. These consumption values were multiplied by appropriate emission factors
obtained either from AP-42 or AIRS/FS.
Lead emissions from the combustion of waste oil were based on information obtained
from the EPA Office of Solid Waste. The amount of waste oil burned is assumed to
remain constant, while the lead content of waste oil has been assumed to decrease as a
result of the general reduction in leaded oil and petroleum products.
4.1.3 Industrial Processes
Production data for industries that produce the majority of emissions were obtained
from available publications. Generally, the Minerals Yearbook22 and Current Industrial
Reports35, published by the Bureau of Census, provide most of the necessary data.
Average emission factors were applied to the various production data. Average
nationwide control efficiency values for various processes were obtained either from
published reports36, the 1985 NAPAP7 emission inventory, or AIRS/FS.
Petroleum product storage and petroleum marketing operations, including gasoline,
crude oil and distillate fuel oil storage and transfer, gasoline bulk terminals and bulk
53
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plants, and retail gasoline service stations, are included as industrial processes. Also
included are industrial surface coating and degreasing operations, graphic arts (printing
and publishing), and dry cleaners.
All of these processes involve the use of organic solvents. Emissions from the
consumption of organic solvents are estimated from information reported by the U.S.
EPA.37 It is assumed that all solvents consumed eventually evaporate, except in surface
coating operations where some of the organic solvent vapors are controlled. The control
efficiency of surface coating operations is derived from AIRS/FS.
Lead emissions from miscellaneous industrial processes include lead alkyl production
(a major source of lead) and other minor sources such as type metal production, can
soldering, cable covering, and miscellaneous sources. The lead alkyl production is based
on information reported by the U.S. International Trade Commission.38 Production
information for other minor sources is obtained from the U.S. DOI.22
4.1.4 Other
This source category includes solid waste, forest fires, agricultural burning, coal
refuse burning, and structure fires.
4.1.4.1 Solid Waste Disposal
The emissions from this category are based on an assumed solid waste generation
rate of 5.5 pounds per capita per day. This value was originally based on a study of solid
waste collection and disposal practices.39 This value is adjusted each year based on
information contained in AIRS/FS. Average AP-42 emission factors (updated since the
last report) are applied to the estimated quantities of solid waste disposal.
4.1.4.2 Forest Fires
The U.S. Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture40'41 and the U.S. DOI42
publish information on the number of forest fires, their location and the acreage burned
each year. The amount of forest biomass burned and controlled burning of forest areas
each year are estimated by the EPA per acre.43 Average emission factors were applied to
the estimated quantities of materials burned.
4.1.4.3 Agricultural Burning
A study was conducted by the U.S. EPA to obtain local agricultural and air pollution
control agency estimates of the number of acres and quantity of material burned per acre
in agricultural burning operations.43 These data have been updated and used to estimate
emissions based on average emission factors.
4.1.4.4 Coal Refuse Burning
Estimates of the number of burning coal-refuse piles existing in the U.S. are reported
by the Bureau of Mines.44 This publication presents a detailed discussion of the nature,
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origin, and extent of this source of pollution. Rough estimates of the quantity of
emissions were made using this information by applying average emission factors for coal
combustion. It should be noted that the number of coal-refuse piles had decreased to
' negligible by 1975.
4.1.4.5 Structure Fires
The U.S. Department of Commerce publishes information on the number and type of
structures damaged by fires each year.45 Emissions are estimated by applying average
emission factors for wood combustion to these statistics.
4.1.4.6 Nonindustrial Organic Solvent Use
This source category includes nonindustrial sales of surface coatings for architectural
coating, and solvent evaporation from consumer products such as aerosols, deodorants,
polishes, toiletries, etc. This category also includes the use of organic compounds such as
general cleaning solvents, paint removers, liquification of asphalt paving compounds, and
miscellaneous other. Total national organic solvent use is estimated from chemical
production reports together with estimates of the portion of total production of each
chemical for use as solvent.37'46 It is assumed that the quantity of all solvent produced is
equal to the quantity necessary to make up for solvent loss by evaporation.
4.1.5 Fugitive Dust PM-10 Sources
Estimates of fugitive dust PM-10 emissions were made for the following categories:
unpaved roads, paved roads, wind erosion, agricultural tilling, construction activities,
mining and quarrying. An EPA study47 showed that emissions estimates at both the
national and regional level for these source categories would require either modification of
existing PM-10 or TP emissions estimation methods or development of new
methodologies.48 As a result, new estimating methods were developed for each category to
predict the latest annual emissions. Predictive methods for some sources were necessary
because the necessary data were not available in time to estimate the 1991 emissions. A
brief description of the method for each source category follows.
4.1.5.1 Unpaved Roads
Regional emissions from unpaved roads were determined using the method developed
as part of an EPA study to determine the feasibility of developing regional emissions
estimates.47 The method utilized is similar to that developed by NAPAP.48 Three minor
modifications, relative to the NAPAP method, were made in determining the emissions
estimates for unpaved roads. First, the AP-42 emission factor for unpaved roads was
utilized for all unpaved road surface types. Secondly, a plume depletion factor was not
applied to the emissions estimates. These first two modifications were made to be
consistent with the approach used for other source categories. AP-42 emission factors are
applied throughout to produce the emissions estimates. Plume depletion factors are not
(and have not ever been) applied to particulate emissions from other particulate sources.
Thirdly, variable (not fixed) values of vehicle speeds, weights, and number of wheels were
used to develop the emission factor for unpaved roads.
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4.1,5.2 Paved Road Resuspension
Regional PM-10 emissions from paved road resuspension were estimated by summing
regional emission estimates. A "dry days" term was included in the AP-42 emission factor
equation for paved roads similar to the one used in the unpaved road emission factor, in
an attempt to account for the effect of precipitation.
An empirical model was used to express the relationship between traffic volume and
surface silt loading. Surface silt loading values were determined for various paved road
. function classes by EPA region. Average daily traffic volume was calculated by dividing
the total VMT for a particular functional class, year, and state and then dividing by the
number of days in the year.
For the years 1985 to 1990 the total VMT (by EPA region and functional class) was
obtained from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),21 VMT from paved roads
were calculated by subtracting the unpaved VMT from the total VMT. For 1991, the total
preliminary VMT were obtained by EPA region, and rural and urban VMT. The rural and
urban VMT were further subdivided into functional classes using the 1990 VMT
distribution.
4.1.5.3 Wind Erosion
Regional PM-10 wind erosion emission estimates for agricultural lands were made by
modifying the NAPAP method for estimating wind erosion emissions. The original
NAPAP method and the method used here both develop an expectation of the dust flux
based on the probability distribution of wind energy. The method developed for this
report uses the mean wind speed and information on threshold friction velocity and
information on precipitation to predict the wind erosion flux potential for soils.
It should be noted that the emissions estimates developed as part of the NAPAP effort
• utilized a 30 year wind record and thus represent a 30 year average emission estimate.
The wind erosion emission estimates developed for this report use state-level, year-specific
wind and activity data.
4.1.5.4 Agricultural Tilling
Regional PM-10 emissions from agricultural tilling were made using the AP-42
emission factor equation for agricultural tilling with year-specific and state-level emission
factor correction parameters and activity data.
4.1.5.5 Construction Activities
Regional PM-10 emissions were estimated using the AP-42 emission factor for
construction activity and the estimated acres of land under construction in the nation.
The average duration of construction was also estimated.
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4.1.5.6 Mining and Quarrying
Regional PM-10 emissions estimates for mining and quarrying operations include the
following sources: 1) overburden removal, 2) drilling and blasting, 3) loading and
unloading, and 4) overburden replacement. Transfer and conveyance operations, crushing
and screening operations, and storage and travel on haul roads are not included in the
estimates.
Metallic ore emissions were calculated by assuming that for the four operations listed
above, the PM-10 emission factors for copper ore processing operations apply to all
metallic ores. Nonmetallic ore and coal emissions were calculated by assuming that the
PM-10 emission factors for western surface coal mining apply to both nonmetallic ores
and coal.
4.2 NATIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES FOR 1991
The 1991 estimates are based on estimating the activity level for most source
categories. The weighted emission factors and control efficiencies are assumed to be
constant from 1990 to 1991.
During 1991, the 1990 preliminary estimates were made using one of two different
methods. The first method involved using weighted 20 years of specific source category
activity data. This method was applied to the year 1989. The difference between the
preliminary 1989 values and the actual 1989 values provided an indication of the
estimation error. For many source categories, the percent error was quite small, but for
other it was significant. Therefore, a second method using linear regression with
weighted seven years of activity data was developed during 1991. The percent error was
calculated and the results of both methods were compared. Method two was found to
yield better estimates for those source categories where the activity trend was
significantly different ten to 20 years ago compared to today.
These two methods were applied to the appropriate source category during 1992 to
yield the 1991 emission estimates. For forest fires, highway vehicles (except lead
emissions), copper smelters, electric utilities (except anthracite coal and kerosene oil),
industrial anthracite consumption, railroad coal consumption, aircraft (except other
facility general aviation), and a couple of industrial processes (iron ore mining, pulp and
paper, type metal production, and can soldering), the above method was not applied. The
1991 emission estimates for these source categories, except forest fires, were based on
preliminary or actual activity data obtained from other federal agencies. The number of
acres burned from forest fires was not available. Therefore, the default methodology of
averaging burned acreage data for the last five years was used.
4.3 REGIONAL EMISSION ESTIMATES
For each source category, except industrial processes, state-level activity data were
obtained for 1985 through 1988. In most cases, state-level data were obtained directly
from the same references from which national data were obtained. The state-level
activity data were aggregated to the EPA regional level and the regional totals were used
57
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to develop regional fractions of the national activity. These fractions were multiplied by
the national emissions to obtain regional emission estimates by source category. The
' regional emissions of all source categories were added to produce regional total emissions.
In the case of industrial process categories, except copper smelters, the regional
fractions were obtained from the 1985 NAFAP emission inventory. The same fraction was
used for each year from 1985 through 1991 because the changes in regional fractions for
nonindustrial source categories were found to be negligible from year to year.
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SECTION 5.0
ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL TRENDS, 1940 THROUGH 1991
National trends in air pollutant emissions are a function of a number of factors. Air
pollution control measures and economic conditions have the greatest impact on total
. emissions. National emission trends do not provide any insight into the distribution or
concentration of air pollution sources within the United States. For this reason, regional
emission trends were developed.
In this report (with the exception of emissions extracted from AIRS/FS), emissions of
SOX are reported as the equivalent weight of sulfur dioxide (SOg), which is the
predominant sulfur oxide species. Some emissions of sulfur trioxide (SO^ are also
included, but are also expressed as the equivalent weight of SO2. Emissions of NOX
include predominantly nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Other nitrogen
oxides are probably emitted in small amounts. In this report (with the exception of
emissions extracted from AIRS/FS), NOX emissions are expressed as the equivalent weight
of NO2. Estimates of oxidant emissions are not provided because most oxidant species are
secondary pollutants generated by photochemical reactions in the atmosphere.
Emission estimates of VOC, a major ingredient in oxidant-producing reactions, were
developed from current emission factors. No adjustments have been made to exclude
ethane and other photochemically negligibly reactive VOC's or to include
chlorofluorocarbons. If no data were available for a source category, the total nonmethane
hydrocarbon or the total hydrocarbon emission factor from AP-42 was used. Highway
vehicle emissions were estimated as nonmethane VOC's.
The following paragraphs of this section discuss the most important factors
influencing the emission trends of each pollutant. The analysis is divided into two parts;
1940 through 1970 when significant changes in technology, activity patterns, and fuel use
occurred, and 1970 through 1991 when emissions were being controlled.
In the 1950s and 1960s, particulate matter and smoke emissions were among the first
pollutants to be controlled by local air pollution abatement programs. A concerted effort
to control the emissions of other pollutants did not begin on the national level until the
Clean Air Act of 1970. Since then, considerable progress has been made in reducing
emissions of SOX, NOS, VOC, CO, lead, and fine particulate matter by installing emission
control devices on automobiles, electric power plants, industrial processes, and other
sources.
5.1 CARBON MONOXIDE
5.1.1 1940 to 1970
In 1940, highway vehicles contributed about 28 percent of CO emissions while
residential combustion of fuel, forest fires, and miscellaneous burning contributed about
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50 percent of the total CO emissions. From 1940 through 1970, emissions from all types
of highway vehicles nearly tripled.
By 1970, highway vehicles accounted for 71 percent of the total CO emissions.
Emissions from industrial processes increased from 1940 to 1970 by about 36 percent.
The largest increase occurred in the petroleum refining sector, primarily as a result of
increased refinery throughput to meet increased demand for gasoline and other distillate
products.
5.1.2 1970 to 1991
Since 1970, highway vehicles have been the largest single contributing source of CO
emissions. Table F-l in Appendix F, page 143, shows how the emissions from major
highway vehicle subcategories have changed. The implementation of the Federal Motor
Vehicle Control Program (FMVCP) has helped reduce CO emissions since the early 1970s.
From 1970 through 1980, total vehicle miles traveled increased 36 percent, but
because of controls on new vehicles, total CO emissions from highway vehicles actually
decreased over 20 percent. From 1980 through 1991 vehicle miles traveled increased
about 35 percent, but as a result of pollution controls and the disappearance of older
uncontrolled vehicles, CO emissions from highway vehicles actually decreased 48 percent
during this period. Without the implementation of vehicle emission controls, CO
emissions from highway vehicles would have increased more than threefold from 1970 to
1991.
CO emissions from stationary fuel combustion sources occur mainly in the residential
sector. These emissions decreased in the mid-1970s as residential consumers converted
from fuel oil to natural gas or electric heating. Part of this decrease has been offset by
the increased use of residential wood stoves and fireplaces. In 1991, residential wood
combustion accounted for about 6 percent of total national CO emissions.
CO emissions from other sources have also decreased. Emissions from solid waste
disposal have decreased as the result of regulating or prohibiting burning of solid waste in
many areas of the country. CO emissions from industrial processes have also declined
since 1970 as a result of the obsolescence of certain high-polluting processes such as the
. manufacture of carbon black by the channel process, and as a result of installing more
emission controls. Emissions from the burning of agricultural crop residues have also
decreased since 1970 as a result of less burning.
5.2 LEAD
5.2.1 1970 to 1991
Total national lead emissions have also decreased sharply as a result of FMVCP.
This program has resulted in the widespread use of catalytic converters on automobiles to
help reduce NOX, VOC, and CO emissions and the use of unleaded gasoline for vehicles
with these converters. From 1970 through 1975, gasoline consumption increased 16
percent, but because of the decrease in the lead content of gasoline, lead emissions from
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highway vehicles decreased 24.3 percent. From 1975 to 1991, the percent of unleaded
gasoline sales increased from 13 to 96.5 percent, and the lead emissions from highway
vehicles decreased about 99 percent (see Appendix E, page 135, Table E-2,).
A major recent reduction in lead emissions occurred when the U.S. EPA required
petroleum refiners to lower the lead content of leaded gasoline to 0.5 grams per gallon in
1985 and 0.1 grams per gallon in 1986. Previously, the lead content of leaded gasoline
had been 1.1 grams per gallon or more.
In 1991, lead emissions from highway vehicles account for 29 percent of the total
national lead emissions. Industrial processes account for 44 percent of the total. Solid
waste disposal accounts for an additional 14 percent and stationary source fuel
combustion accounts for the majority of the rest. These percentage contributions are
substantially different from the contribution in 1970 when highway vehicles accounted for
78 percent of the total.
5.3 NITROGEN OXIDES
5.3.1 1940 to 1970
NOX emissions are emitted mostly by stationary fuel combustion sources and by motor
vehicles. From 1940 through 1970, NOX emissions increased steadily as a result of
increased natural gas combustion and an increase in gasoline consumption.
5.31,2 1970 to 1991
For electric utilities, New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) have helped reduce
the growth in NOX emissions even though NOX emissions from electric utilities increased
by 51 percent from 1970 to 1991. For mobile sources, NOX emissions have been controlled
as a result of the FMVCP. Without this program, NOX emissions from highway vehicles
may have more than doubled. In reality, NOX emissions from highway vehicles decreased
21 percent from 1970 to 1991.
5.4 PARTICULATE
5.4.1 1940 to 1970
The estimated TP emissions for 1940,1950, and 1960 were 23 to 13 percent higher
than in 1970. Even though industrial production levels and the quantities of fuels
consumed were lower than the post-1970 period, emissions were generally uncontrolled
before 1970, resulting in greater emissions. In 1940 and 1950, TP emissions from coal
combustion by railroads and from forest wildfires were significant. In 1940, for example,
railroads contributed about one-tenth of the total national emissions and forest fires
contributed about the same (13 percent).
A large portion of the TP emissions from stationary source fuel combustion resulted
from the combustion of coal. In 1940, coal was consumed mostly by the industrial and
residential sectors. Since 1940, residential coal use has declined substantially, resulting
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in a corresponding reduction in emissions. Industrial coal use has also declined, but not
to the same extent. Emission controls used by industrial coal consumers have increased
over the years and by 1970 emissions had decreased to about half the 1940 level.
Coal combustion by electric utilities has increased from 51 million tons (46 teragrams)
in 1940 to 321 million tons (291 teragrams) in 1970. This increase in coal consumption
has resulted in an increase in electric utility emissions from 1.43 to 2.57 mst over the
• period 1940 to 1970. Since 1970, TP emissions from electric utilities have decreased,
despite continued increases in coal consumption, as a result of installing air pollution
control equipment.
TP emissions from industrial processes increased from 1940 through 1950, primarily
as a result of increased industrial production. From 1950 through 1970, industrial output
continued to grow, but installation of pollution control equipment more than offset the
increase in production.
5.4.2 1970 to 1991
Since 1970, TP emissions have decreased substantially as a result of air pollution
control efforts. TP emissions decreased about 61 percent from 1970 to 1991. Since 1970,
industrial processes have contributed most of the anthropogenic TP emissions followed by
stationary source fuel combustion, transportation sources, and other sources.
In 1970, industrial processes contributed 56 percent of the total and in 1991, only 34
percent indicating considerable progress in reducing emissions. TP emissions from
industrial processes have been reduced substantially due to installation of improved
control equipment mandated by air pollution control programs. Since 1970, emissions
from industrial processes declined by 76 percent. Appendix F, page 143, Tables F-16 (IP)
and F-17 (PM-10) show estimated emissions for specific processes.
Stationary source fuel combustion contributed 27 percent of the total in 1970, and 26
percent in 1991. In 1991, 68.7 percent of the TP emissions from stationary fuel
combustion sources originated from wood burning, compared to 21.3 percent in 1970.
Today, wood stoves, wood furnaces, and fireplaces in residential homes account for 35.4
percent of the TP emissions from wood burning.
Coal combustion by electric utilities has increased from 1970 to 1991 while TP
emissions from electric utilities have decreased. Installation of improved control
equipment is largely responsible for this reduction. New facilities constructed in the
1970s were required to meet NSPS.
The total national PM-10 emissions from point and fugitive process sources have
decreased by three percent from 1985 to 1991. This is smaller than the six percent
decrease in TP emissions. Over the last seven years, PM-10 emissions have gradually
increased their percentage of TP from 72 percent in 1985 to 74 percent in 1991.
The inclusion of fugitive dust emissions started with the last emission Trends report.
When developing the fugitive dust emissions methodology, it was decided to only estimate
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the criteria pollutant which is currently PM-10. The PM-10 emissions from fugitive dust
sources have increased by 14 percent from 1985 to 1991. During this time period, the
emissions have ranged from 42.04 mst in 1987 to 59.83 mst in 1988. Unlike the point and
fugitive process emission estimate methodologies, most fugitive dust emission estimate
methodologies utilize meteorological data (number of days with greater than 0.01 inches
of precipitation, amount of rain, and wind speed) which can vary significantly from year-
to-year.
5.4.3 Comments on Particulate Emission Estimates
Particulate emission controls have been mostly effective in reducing emissions of large
and intermediate size particles. The long-term trend in emissions of small particles is not
known because only a few years of data are presently available. It is unlikely, however,
that small particle emissions (PM-10) have been reduced to the same extent that TP
emissions have been reduced. It should be noted that some small particles may form in
the atmosphere through various chemical and physical processes. These particles are not
included in the TP emission estimates.
5.5 SULFUR OXIDES
5.5.1 1940 to 1970
From 1940 to 1970, SOX emissions increased 57 percent as a result of increased
consumption of fossil fuels. By 1970, coal combustion accounted for 82 percent of total
SOX emissions from all stationary fuel combustion sources. Emissions from industrial
processes also increased by 74 percent. SOX emissions from other major sources
decreased, primarily as a result of the obsolescence of coal-fired locomotives and less coal
refuse burning.
5.5.2 1970 to 1991
Since 1970, total SOX emissions have declined about 27 percent as a result of the use
of cleaner fuels with lower sulfur content, the use of flue gas desulfurization systems at
some power plants, and the increased use of emission control devices by industry. In
- particular, SOX emissions have been sharply reduced at nonferrous smelters. By-product
recovery of sulfuric acid at these smelters has increased since 1970 resulting in recovered
sulfuric acid not being emitted in the form of SOX. In addition, new sulfuric acid
manufacturing plants have been subject to NSPS since 1972. As new plants are built or
modified, they must achieve more stringent emission controls.
As shown in Figure 7, fuel combustion accounts for most of the total SOX emissions.
From 1970 to 1991, coal consumption by electric utilities more than doubled, but electric
utility coal emissions decreased slightly (5 percent) as a result of coal cleaning and
blending with lower sulfur coal. Flue gas desulfurization systems have been installed at
new plants since the late 1970s and have been retrofitted on many existing plants. These
systems have substantially reduced emissions. SOX emissions from other fuel combustion
sectors have also generally decreased, primarily due to less coal burning by industrial,
commercial, and residential consumers.
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5.5.3 Comments on SO^ Emission Estimates
X
SOS emissions have been identified as precursors of acidic precipitation and
deposition. To support federal research activities on this subject, more detailed historical
emissions estimates of SOS have been developed. Interested readers may wish to review
reference 2, which contains state-level estimates of SOS and NOX emissions from 1900
through 1980 and by source category together with historic fuel consumption data.
5.6 NONMETHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
5.6.1 1940 to 1970
From 1940 through 1970, VOC emissions increased about 77 percent. Major increases
in vehicular travel and industrial production were mostly responsible for this increase.
Total VOC emissions from transportation sources more than doubled from 1940 to 1970.
In 1940, residential fuel combustion and forest fires accounted for approximately 31
percent of total national VOC emissions, but by 1970 their contribution had decreased to 4
percent.
5.6.2 1970 to 1991
Since 1970, total national VOC emissions have decreased as a result of motor vehicle
emission controls and less open burning of solid waste. VOC emissions from gasoline and
diesel powered highway vehicles decreased 67 percent from 1970 to 1991. The FMVCP
initiatives have been responsible for this decrease in emissions despite increases in VMT.
Total national VOC emissions also have decreased since 1970 due to the substitution
of water-based emulsified asphalts for asphalts liquified with petroleum distillates. This
reduction is reflected in the decreased emissions reported for miscellaneous organic
solvent use. Some of this decrease has been partially offset by increases in industrial
process emissions.
In the early 1970s, VOC emissions from industrial processes would have increased, if
uncontrolled, due to higher production levels, particularly in petroleum refining, organic
chemical production, and industrial uses of organic solvents. Emission control devices and
process changes have helped limit the growth in emissions. Through the mid-1970s,
emissions from petroleum product storage and marketing operations actually increased as
a result of increased demand for petroleum products, especially motor gasoline. Since
1978, emissions from these sources have decreased as the result of more effective control
measures.
5.6.3 Comments on Nonmethane VOC Emission Estimates
VOC and NOX are principal components in atmospheric chemical and physical
reactions that form ozone and other photochemical oxidants. VOC species that contribute
mostly to the formation of ozone are included in the total VOC emission estimates.
Methane, a nonreactive compound, is not included. Emissions from biogenic sources of
organic compounds, such as trees and other vegetation, are presented in section 8.0. VOC
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emissions from natural sources approximately equals the amount of anthropogenic
emissions according to recent research, but the extent to which biogenic sources contribute
to oxidant formation has not been dearly established.
Historic emissions of VOC from anthropogenic sources have been estimated by state,
and by source category, from 1900 to 1985 in support of federal research activities under
NAPAP3.
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SECTION 6.0
NATIONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS
Emission projections are important for examining the potential combined effect of the
Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 and expected changes in the national
economy and resulting pollution generating activity. Projections have been made for the
years 2000 and 2010 using currently available information. The current emission
projections for CO, NOX, SOX, and VOC are described below together with basic
assumptions.
The projections for each pollutant show a decrease in total national emissions from
1990 to 2000. The decreases are a result of the expected effect of the CAAA which
imposes mandatory emission reductions on a broad range of source categories. These
mandatory reductions are expected to more than offset increases due to assumed economic
growth. Implementation by States of discretionary measures needed to meet ambient
standards or progress requirements for VOC are accounted for.
In order to project emission trends, it is necessary to predict economic growth,
industrial activity, fuel consumption, and other factors. Therefore future trends are
speculative and there may be a significant level of uncertainty associated with them.
Projected emission estimates will be updated periodically using the most recent
information on actual activity by each source category. As new information becomes
available, emission trends will be updated and emission projections will be recalculated.
6.1 FUTURE TRENDS EM CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
Table 14 presents the current estimates of future total national CO emissions and CO
emissions from highway vehicles. The expected emission trends are shown in Figure 22.
These estimates are also based on Emission Reduction and Cost Analysis Model (ERCAM)
for CO. The projections show a 59 percent decrease by the year 2000 in total CO
, emissions from highway vehicles as a result of continued fleet turnover and new measures
such as enhanced automobile inspection and maintenance programs, and the expected use
of oxygenated fuels in CO nonattainment areas beginning in 1992. Changes in future
year motor vehicle emission rates were estimated using EPA's MOBILE4.1 emission factor
model.
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Table 14. Total National Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980 1990 2000 2010
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
77.2
33.0
110.2
45.5 18.8
29.2 28.4
74.7 47.2
21.8
50.0
Figure 22. Projected Trend in Carbon Monoxide Emissions
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6.2 FUTURE TRENDS IN NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
Table 15 presents the current estimates of future total NOX emissions and NOX
emissions from highway vehicles, industrial sources, electric utilities and all other
sources. These expected emission trends are shown in Figure 23. The projections account
for the expected net effect of all provisions of the CAAA concerning NOS. These include
the NOX emission limits prescribed for utility boilers under the acid rain provisions, the
Tier I automobile tailpipe standards, and application of technology based requirements to
nonutility boilers (generally greater than 100 tons/year) in ozone nonattainment areas and
the Northeast Ozone Transport Region. The estimates do not fully incorporate new source
review requirements such as offsets and lowest achievable emission rates in
nonattainment areas, nor additional controls required based on attainment demonstration
modeling. They also do not attempt to estimate the extent to which any areas might be
exempted from NOX stationary source controls under Section 182(f).
Projections of NOX emissions from highway vehicles are based on projected vehicle
miles traveled and MOBILE4.1 emission factors. These emission factors reflect current
emission control standards and Tier I motor vehicle emission standards of the CAAA.
(Tier II standards are not reflected because these are discretionary.) Additional
reductions in highway vehicle NOX emissions may be achieved through enhanced I/M
programs. EPA has not provided guidance on the extent of expected reductions as of this
writing. As a result of these standards, and fleet turnover, NOX emissions from highway
vehicles are expected to decrease by almost 50 percent from 1990 to 2000.
By 2000, all electric utility units with capacities greater than 25 megawatts are
expected to meet new emission limits imposed by the CAAA. Also, new or modified
electric power units will be subject to revised performance standards. As a result, NOX
emissions from electric utilities are expected to decrease by 11 percent from 1990 to 2000.
The analysis for utilities was performed under the assumption that low NOX combustion
technology would be employed to meet the NOS provisions of Title IV. The 6.7 mst
estimate for electric utilities in 2000 is 2 mst less than what would have been emitted by
utilities without controls implemented as a result of the CAAA of 1990.
Estimates of future NOX emissions from industrial sources are based on state-level
growth factors and the expected application of reasonably available control technology
where required. As a result, a nine percent reduction is expected in NOX emissions from
industrial sources from 1990 to 2000. This reduction may be more than offset by
increases in emissions between 2000 and 2010. The future trend of stationary source NOX
emissions is presently uncertain because it is not known whether ozone nonattainment
areas will be exempt from the proposed new source review policy that requires lowest
achievable emission reductions and offsets for new major sources.
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Table 15. Total National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980 1990 2000 2010
Electric Utilities
Industrial Sources *
Highway Vehicles
Other
Total
7.0
4.1
11.6
3.3
26.0
7.5
4.3
6.5
3.1
21.4
6.7
3.9
3.3
3.3
17.2
8.2
4.5
3.2
3.5
19.4
NOTES: * Includes industrial fuel combustion and processes.
Figure 23. Projected Trend in Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Other
Highway
vehicles
Industrial
sources
Electric
utilities
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6.3 FUTURE TRENDS IN SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
Table 16 presents the estimates of future total national SOX emissions, and SOX
emissions from electric utilities and other sources. The expected emission trends are
shown in Figure 24. The estimated electric utility emissions are based on a model
(AIRCOST-PC) which simulates emissions according to current and future emission
standards and controls, electric utility generation capacity and future demand for
electricity.49 Electricity generation forecasts were obtained from the U.S. DOE.50
Nonutility SOX emissions are based on the 1985 NAPAP emission inventory and earnings
projections by source category as reported by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)51
and the estimated rate of retirement of existing sources.
Future SOX emissions may be significantly affected by the CAAA of 1990 with a
projected reduction of 10 mst (approximately 9.1 teragrams) from the 1980 emission level
to be achieved by 2010. SOX emissions from electric utilities will be subject to mandated
reductions as part of a two phase program beginning in 1995. While the second phase of
mandated reductions begins in 2000, the effect of various special phase-in provisions will
result in higher emissions in the early 2000s, until by 2010 total allowable sulfur dioxide
will be 8.9 million tons (approximately 8.1 teragrams). The acid rain regulation of Title
IV of the CAAA limits the total allowable tons of sulfur dioxide from the utility sector but
leaves plant by plant compliance decisions to the industry. That is, SOX control
regulations will be implemented using a market-based emissions allowance trading
system which allows utility managers to decide which combination of pollution control
equipment, low sulfur fuel, energy conservation, emissions dispatching and emissions
allowances they feel is suitable to ensure compliance with the primary prohibition against
emitting sulfur dioxide in excess of the number of allowances held.
SOX emissions from nonutility point sources have declined from 1980 levels due to
reduced activity in steel production, nonferrous smelting and other heavy industrial
processes which historically were major sources. Emission reductions in the CAAA were
based on the assumption that net emission reductions, which occurred between 1980 and
1985, would not be offset by growth in future years. The projections presented here are
based on that assumption. Because of the uncertainty associated with the emissions from
these and other sources, EPA is currently designing a data base management system to
aid in preparation of the required point and area source inventories and future year
projections.
Further reductions in SOX emissions are expected after 1990 as a result of motor
vehicle diesel fuel being limited to 0.05 percent sulfur (by weight). This limit is expected
to produce about an 80 percent reduction in emissions per diesel-powered vehicle. Some
of this reduction may be offset by the expected increase in diesel fuel consumption over
the next 10 to 20 years.
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Table 16. Total National Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980 1990 2000 2010
Electric Utilities
Nonutility, Point Sources
Other Sources
Total
17.5 15.8 9.4 8,9
6.7 5.7 5.4 5.6
2.0 1.7 1.5 1.2
26.2 23.2 16.3 15.7
Figure 24. Projected Trend in Sulfur Oxide Emissions
30Y
Other
Nonutility,
point
source
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6.4 FUTURE TRENDS IN NONMETHANE VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUND
EMISSIONS
Table 17 presents the current estimates of future total national VOC emissions and
VOC emissions from highway vehicles. The expected emission trends are shown in Figure
25. These estimates are also based on the ERCAM52 which has been used to analyze
costs and benefits of the nonattainment and motor vehicle provisions in the CAAA of
1990. The estimates are based on presumed growth rates in population, industrial
activity, and vehicle miles traveled. It is assumed that mandatory emission control
measures specified in the CAAA, such as tailpipe emission standards and prescribed
emission controls for point sources, will be implemented. It is also assumed that states
will meet the minimum emission control requirements and reductions as specified by the
CAAA in order to meet the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone.
In reality, states may exceed the minimum requirements, and therefore, future emissions
may be overestimated.
Table 17 shows a 25 percent decrease in total national VOC emissions from 1990 to
2000. This decrease is largely due to an expected 62 percent reduction in emissions from
highway vehicles as a result of continued fleet turnover and additional emission controls
despite an expected 25 percent increase in total vehicle miles traveled over this time
period.
From 2000 to 2010, the estimates are substantially more uncertain, but currently
indicate that total emissions will remain stable. Growth and development in attainment
areas (areas meeting the NAAQS for ozone), is expected to result in increased emissions.
This increase is expected to offset continued declines in nonattainment area emissions,
especially those where additional reductions will be needed after 2000.
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Table 17. Total National Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
1980 to 2010
(million short tons)
1980 1990 2000 2010
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
7.6 4.7 1.8 1.8
16.4 14.7 12.8 12.8
24.0 19.4 14.6 14.6
Figure 25. Projected Trend in Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions
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SECTION 7.0
SEASONAL EMISSION PROJECTIONS
Table 18 provides a comparison of peak ozone season and annual average NOX
emissions. Peak ozone season NOX emissions are lower than annual average emissions
because motor vehicle NOS emissions decrease with increasing temperature. This
analysis does not attempt to capture seasonal variations in point source emissions.
Nonmotor vehicle emissions shown in Table 18 therefore are identical for ozone season
and annual average days. While demand for electricity may be higher in the summer
than in other seasons, and can produce corresponding peaks in emissions from electric
utilities, these peak demand periods can vary significantly by day and by location. Thus,
the values shown in Table 18 should not be considered representative of emissions in any
specific area. There is no reason to expect that industrial NOX emissions will vary
significantly by season on the national level.
A comparison of peak ozone season VOC emissions and annual average VOC
emissions is shown in Table 19. The peak ozone season is generally the summer months
(June, July, and August) when ambient temperatures are generally high and contribute to
increased formation of ozone in the lower atmosphere. The 1990 CAAA measure progress
toward attaining the ozone NAAQS in terms of decreases in peak ozone season VOC
emissions. Table 19 shows the 1987 base year emissions and projected emissions for the
year 2000 and 2010. The 1987 base year was chosen since it is the mid-point of the
ambient ozone concentration data used to determine the nonattainment status of different
areas of the country.
Table 19 shows that on a daily basis, peak ozone season VOC emissions are greater
than anmml average emissions. Evaporative VOC emissions from motor vehicles increase
with temperature producing emissions during the ozone season that are higher than
annual average emissions. Nonmotor vehicle VOC emissions are lower during the ozone
season than average annual emissions due to decreases in residential wood burning,
which is typically associated with wintertime heating. Projection year differences in total
VOC emissions narrow with time as the contribution of motor vehicle emissions decreases
due to more stringent emission controls. Control measures expected to reduce evaporative
motor vehicle VOC emissions include the new Federal evaporative test procedure, less
volatile gasoline, enhanced inspection procedures, and new vehicle refueling controls.
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Table 18. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and
Annual Average NOX Emissions
(thousand short tons/day)
Peak Ozone Season
1987 2000 2010
Annual Average
1987. 2000 2010
Motor Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
16.4 8.6 8.2
40.3 38.0 44.4
56.7 46.6 52.6
18.9 9.0 8.7
38.6 38.0 44.4
57.5 47.0 53.1
Table 19. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and
Annual Average VOC Emissions
(thousand short tons/day)
Peak Ozone Season
1987 2000 2010
Annual Average
1987 2000 2010
Motor Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
27.0 8.4 8.0
39.0 32.4 32.7
66.0 40.8 40.7
16.1 4.7 4.9
40.2 35.1 35.1
56.3 39.8 40.0
Notes: 1 The projection year NOX emissions are from a September, 1991 analysis of
the 1990 CAAA.
2 Emission estimates for the years 2000 and 2010 reflect additional
reductions needed for areas to meet estimated 3 percent reductions or
attainment targets. More reductions may be needed. Some may come
from NOX after 1996.
3 The projection year VOC emissions are from ERCAM-VOC model results.
These results are based on a September, 1991 analysis of the 1990 CAAA.
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SECTION 8.0
BIOGENICS
The principal known sources of VOC from natural processes are direct emissions from
the leaf surface of forest biomass and agricultural crops. The national seasonal (Figure
26) and state, annual (Figure 27) biogenic VOC emissions are summaries of the calculated
representative hour and day in each grid cell (1/4 degrees longitude by 1/6 degree latitude)
for each month of the year using the Canopy Emissions Model developed for NAPAP by
researchers at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)53 and the
Washington State University.54 The most recent EPA flux studies indicate that these
estimates are low, perhaps by 25 to 50 percent. In addition, recent studies indicate that
emissions from corn have been overestimated.
The 1985 total biogenic hydrocarbon emissions were 20.73 mst and the 1985 Trends
total anthropogenic nonmethane VOC emissions were 21.83 mst.
Figure 26. Seasonal Contributions to Total National Biogenic VOC Emissions
^. 22% Aulumn
53% Sumrnsf
4% Winter
21% Sprirg
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Figure 27. Total Biogenic VOC Emission Estimates by State, Annual Total
Legend
650Kto1360KTPY
350Kto650K TPY
4K to350K TPY
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SECTION 9.0
REFERENCES
1. Modica, L. and McCutcheon, J., Development of Seasonal and Annual Biogenic
Emissions Inventories for the U.S. and Canada, EPA-600/7-91-006, AEERL, U.S. EPA,
Research Triangle Park, NC. November 1991.
2. Historic Emissions of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides in the United States from 1900 to
1980. EPA-600/7-85-009 a and b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
OH. April 1985.
3. Historic Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds in the United States from 1900 to
1985. EPA-600/7-88-008a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.
May 1988.
4. Development of an Interim 1990 Emission Inventory, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.
EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0120, WA No. 1-39. June 1992.
5. Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report, Form EIA-767, data files for 1987,
1988,1989, and 1990, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration.
6. Monthly Power Plant Report, Form EIA-759, data files for 1990 and 1991, U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration.
7. The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory (Version 2): Development of the Annual Data
and Modeler's Tapes. EPA-600/7-89-012a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OH. November 1989.
8. The National Allowance Data Base Version 2.1 Technical Support Document,
prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., for OAIAP, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Washington, DC. May 1992.
9. Development of the 1980 NAPAP Emissions Inventory, AEERL, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA-600/7-86-057a, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1986.
10. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940 -1990. EPA-450/4-91-026. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. November 1991.
11. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940 -1985. EPA-450/4-86-018. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. January 1987.
12. Comparison of Historic SO2 and NOX Emission Data Sets. EPA-600/7-88-009a. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. May 1988.
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13. AIRS Facility Subsystem. National Air Data Branch, Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
June 1992.
14. Documentation of AIRS AMS National Methodologies. EPA-600/R-92-001,
AEERL/Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 1992.
15. Compilation Of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Fourth Edition, and Supplements,
AP-42. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC.
16. User's Guide to MOBILE4.1 (Mobile Source Emissions Model). EPA-AA-TEB-89-01.
Office of Mobile Source, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
February 1989.
17. Standard Computer Retrievals from the National Emissions Data System (NEDS).
Unpublished computer report available from National Air Data Branch, Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC.
18. Feasibility of Including Regional and Temporal VOC Emissions Estimates in the EPA
Emissions Trends Report. EPA-450/4-91-005a. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1990.
19. MVMA, 1980 - 1991: Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, "Motor Gasoline
Survey", Summer and Winter 1980 -1991.
20. Wolcott, M., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources,
"Historic Fuel Volatility in Selected Cities," memorandum to Jim Wilson, E.H. Pechan
& Associates, Inc., May 1992.
21. Highway Statistics. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, DC. Annual.
22. Minerals Yearbook. Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington,
DC. Annual.
23, Petroleum Supply Annual. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
24. FAA Air Traffic Activity. Federal Aviation Administration, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Washington, DC. Annual.
25. Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 19xx. DOE/EIA-0535(xx). Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC.
26. Coal Distribution January-December. Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
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27. Exhaust Emissions from Uncontrolled Vehicles and Related Equipment Using
Internal Combustion Engines. EPA Contract No. EHS 70-108. Southwest Research
Institute, San Antonio, TX. October 1973.
28. Electric Power Annual. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
29. Cost and Quality of Fuels for Electric Utility Plants. Energy Information
Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, D.C. Annual.
30. Natural Gas Annual. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
31. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption from 1949 to 1981. DOE/EIA-0341.
U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. August 1982.
32. Estimates of U.S. Wood Energy Consumption 1980-1983. DOE/EIA-0341(83). U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. November 1984.
33. Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption, 1990. DOE/EIA-0548(90). October 1991.
34. Quarterly Coal Report. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of
Energy, Washington, DC. Quarterly.
35. Current Industrial Reports. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. Annual,
36. Particulate Pollutant Systems Study. National Air Pollution Control Administration
Contract No. CPA 22-69-104. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO. May
1971.
37. End Uses of Solvents Containing Volatile Organic Compounds. EPA-450/3-79-032,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1979.
38. Synthetic Organic Chemicals, United States Production Sales. United States
International Trade Commission, Washington, DC 20436. Annual.
39. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices. PHS Publication No.
1867. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Cincinnati, OH. 1968.
40. The Report to the U.S. Forest Service
41. National Forest Fire Report 19xx. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
Annual.
42. Annual Wildland Fire Report, Annual Internal Publication, U.S. Department of the
Interior
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43. Emissions Inventory from Forest Wildfires, Forest Managed Burns, and Agricultural
Burns. EPA-450/3-74-062. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. November 1974.
44. Coal Refuse Fires, An Environmental Hazard. Information Circular 8515. Bureau of
Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 1971.
45. Statistical Abstract of the United States. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Washington, DC. Annual.
46. Chemical and Engineering News, Facts and Figures Issue. American Chemical
Society, Washington, DC. Annual.
47. Feasibility of Including Fugitive PM-10 Emissions Estimates in the EPA Emissions
Trends Report. EPA-450/4-91-005b. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. September 1990.
48. A.L. William and G.J. Stensland, Uncertainties in Emission Factor Estimates of Dust
from Unpaved Roads. Paper No. 89-24.6, Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste
Management Association, Anaheim, CA. June 1989.
49. AIRPOST/PC - Installation and Operating Instructions. E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc., Springfield, VA. November 1988.
50. Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power, 1991-Projections Through 2010. Energy
Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC. July 1991.
51. Regional Projections to 2040, Volume 1: States. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. June 1990.
52. ERCAM-VOC: Description and Application. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.,
Springfield, VA. March 1989.
53. Zimmerman, P.R. Tampa Bay Area Photochemical Oxidant Study, Appendix C:
Determination of Emission Rates of Hydrocarbons from Indigenous Species of
Vegetation in the Tampa/St. Petersburg Area. EPA-904/9-77-028 (NTIS PB297057).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Atlanta, GA. February 1979.
. 54. Lamb, B., D. Gay, H. Westberg, and E. Allwine. Development of a National Inventory
for Natural Hydrocarbon Emissions. Presented at the NAPAP 1990 International
Conference on Acidic Deposition: State of Science and Technology, February 11-16,
1990. HiltonHeadlsland.SC.
82
-------
APPENDIX A - TABLES FROM THE BODY OF THE REPORT, METRIC
UNITS
83
-------
Table A-1. Summary of Estimates of National Emissions1
(million metric tons)
Year
1900tn
1905m
1910tft
1915tn
1920m
1925™
1930W
1935tn
1940
1945tft
1950
1955tn
1960
1965tft
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1991tnt
Notes: f
tt
NO,
2.37
3.01
3.72
4.24
4.68
6.62
7.27
6.02
6.84
8.66
9.39
10.49
13.17
15.04
18.96
20.33
23.56
19.39
19.38
18.76
so,
9.06
12.66
15.67
18.41
19.18
21.10
19.15
15.40
18.10
23.59
20.30
18.94
20.20
24.27
28.42
25.51
22.66
21.67
21.06
20.74
voc
7.04
7.37
7.62
8.21
8.43
12.12
16.62
14.70
15.51
15.85
18.90
20.12
22.50
25.15
27.40
22.53
21.75
19.80
17.58
16.88
Blank denotes not available. 1 million
Cimitnin ft* it«+ s*vn*ii*i*iiAMA ftwi Enj*ll Ifififi IM
CO
80.32
86.38
103.61
123.61
104.76
99.97
83.12
67.74
62.10
metric tons equals
I 4mfrAl nAvtiMilAtA Ae
Lead
(thousand
TPft short tons)
22.84
24.81
21.76
18.99 199.06
10.96 143.83
9.06 68.00
7.85 18.26
7.40 5.13
7.41 4.97
1.1 million short tons.
*iM***M> hiit irwtfiiriASl in DHA_1A
PM-10tf
46.15
46.05
51.83
m NAPAP historical emissions2-3
mt 1991 estimates are preliminary.
84
-------
Table A-2. Total National Emissions of Carbon Monoxide, 1940 to 1991
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal Smelting
Secondary Metals
Pulp Mills
Other Industrial
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
22.71 34.31
0.00 0.80
3.70 2.80
020 020
3.40 6.70
30.01
44.81
0.00 0.10
0.40 050
0.10 0.10
13/40 957
6221
1.60
0.30
0.60
8.00
72.71
0.10
0£0
0.00
5£7
1330
1027
87.78
0.90
025
1.15
6.77
96.85
022
0.70
0.05
324
421
70.03
0.99
027
1.38
4.71
77.38
029
0.64
0.05
5.60
6.59
41.32 36.11
1.08 1.06
0.19 0.16
1.72 1.72
4.17 4.44
48.48
43.49
0.31 0.31
0.65 0.66
0.05 0.05
329 3.66
4.30
4.68
3.80
020
150
0.00
1.00
0.10
0.00
5.30
2.40
1.10
0.10
1.40
020
0.01
3.60
2.80
1.30
0.30
1.00
0.30
0.01
3.08
2.00
1.62
. 059
1.09
055
0.02
1.95
1.60
0.97
0.76
0.31
0.72
0.03
139
0.33
0.68
0.66
0.13
0.92
0.02
1.79
0.40
0.73
0.67
0.15
0.94
0.02
6.60
2.00
350
2250
3.70
2650
8052
1051
250
150
450
1250
3.70
951
250
250
5.10
6.70
350
1650 10.00
8658 103.49
8.95
2.70
3.70
6.40
5.10
2.10
720
12351
6.34
1.13
0.96
2.09
6.91
0.66
7.57
99.97
4.64
0.84
0.86
1.70
8.06
0.56
8.62
67.74
4.69
0.89
1.17
2.06
6.62
0.55
7.18
62.10
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
85
-------
Table A-3. Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, 1940 to 1991
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1940
1950 1960
1970 1980
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Petroleum Refining
Chemicals
Iron and Steel Mills
Pulp Mills
Mineral Products
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
1.36 220
0.00 0.00
0.60 030
0.10 0.10
0.20 0.40
358 6.80
0.00 0.11
0.70 0.64
0.10 0.09
050 031
2.26
3.60
528
8.45
0.60 120
230 230
020 020
028 029
230 4.44
3.70 3.91
030 032
039 0.44
3.38
4.69
6.69
9.11
0.10 0.10
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.10
0.00 0.00
0.10 0.10
020 022
0.10 024
0.10 0.07
0.00 0.02
0.10 0.15
020
0.00
0.10
0.10
0.70
020
030
634
0.30
0.10
0.10
020
0.40
020
0.60
9.39
050
0.10
020
0.30
020
020
0.40
13.17
0.70
0.10
0.30
0.40
020
0.10
030
18.96
10.48
0.11
0.75
0.15
0.96
12.46
6.37
3.05
028
0.39
10.10
024
020
0.06
0.02
0.16
0.68
0.03
0.07
0.10
021
0.01
023
23.56
5.88
0.13
054
022
1.06
733
6.78
3.32
022
0.31
10.63
022
0.13
0.05
0.03
0.16
0.59
0.02
0.06
0.08
024
0.01
026
19.38
5.38
0.13
0.46
023
1.06
726
6.71
3.33
021
0.33
1059
023
0.13
0.05
0.03
0.16
0.60
0.02
0.08
0.10
020
0.01
021
18.76
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
86
-------
Table A-4. Total National Emissions of Total Paniculate Matter, 1940 to 1991
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
industrial Processes
Iron and Steel Mills
Primary Metal Smelting
Secondary Metals
Mineral Products
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
wood Products
Food and Agriculture
Mining Operations
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
020 0.30 0.60
0.00 ODO 0.00
2.40 1.70 0.10
0.10 0.10 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
050
0.10
0.06
2.70
2.10
0.70
1.30 2.00 250
351 3.02 2.15
0.40 050 0.10
2.03 1.39 031
724
651
5.86
3.00 350 1.70
0.60 0.60 050
020 030 Q2Q
2.00 230 330
0.30 040 0.30
0.00 0.00 0.10
050 OJ80 050
050 0.80 030
130 3M 4.10
8.70
12.70
0.30 030
02O 030
030
QJSO
1250
0.40
050
050
0.07
1.18
2.34
2.17
0.10
0.46
5.07
1.19
0.55
021
250
022
0.06
0.70
0.78
353
1054
0.40
0.70
1.10
1.05 128 1.32
0.07 0.08 0.07
0.05 0.04 0.03
0.03 0.03 0.03
0.10 0.11 0.11
1.31
154
1.57
0.83 0.41 0.40
1.35 0.97 1.00
0.08 0.03 0.03
0.77 0.46 051
250 1.70 1.00 0.70
030 030 030 0.40
3.70 250 130 1.10
2234 2431 21.76 18.93
3.04
0.31
0.13
0.09
0.68
0.14
0.05
021
057
1.14
3.31
0.15
0.18
033
0.95
0.12
1.08
9.06
137
1.94
0.15 0.15
0.09 0.09
0.08 0.09
0.46 0.47
0.10 0.11
0.02 0.02
0.18 0.19
031 059
033 035
253
0.11
0.16
255
0.12
022
028 034
1.09
0.10
1.19
7.40
0.92
0.10
1.01
7.41
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
87
-------
Table A-5. Total National Emissions of Sulfur Oxides, 1940 to 1991
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Primary Metal Smelting
Pulp Mills
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel
Secondary Metals
Mineral Products
Natural Gas Processing
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
0.00 0.10
OXX) OJOO
270 2.00
020 020
OJOO OJOO
2.90
220
220 4.10
550 520
1.00 1.70
230 150
11.00
1250
250 2.80
0.00 0.00
020 0/40
020 0.30
050 0£0
0.00 0.00
030 050
0.00 0.00
3.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
050
050
18.10
4.60
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
050
050
20.30
0.10
0.00
020
0.10
0,00
0.40
8.40
350
1.00
1.10
14.00
3.00
0.10
0.40
0.60
0.60
0.00
0.50
0.10
5.30
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
050
050
2020
026
0.01
0.13
0.15
0.06
0.61
15.78
4.15
0.90
0.46
2129
3.66
0.15
054
0.70
0.65
0.02
0.61
0.10
6.43
0.00
0.00
OjOO
0.00
0.10
0.10
28.42
0.42
0.01
0.12
027
0.07
0.90
14.74
2.36
0.68
0.20
17.98
1.13
020
025
0.84
0.51
0.03
0.63
0.14
3.74
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.01
22.66
050 0.61
0.02 0.02
0.08 0.07
021 020
0.09 0.09
0.99
0.99
14.36 14.13
2.08 1.92
0.37 0.32
0.17 0.19
16.98
16.55
0.50 0.53
026 027
0.19 0.19
0.95 0.99
0.34 0.36
0.04 0.04
0.61 0.62
0.16 0.17
3.05
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
21.06
3.16
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.01
20.73
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
86
-------
Table A-6. Total National Emissions of Nonmethane
Volatile Organic Compounds, 1940 to 1991
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
industrial Processes
Chemicals
Petroleum Refining
Iron and Steel Mills
Mineral Products
Food and Agriculture
Industrial Organic Solvent Use
Petroleum Product Production
and Marketing
Industrial Processes Total
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent Use
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
4.32 650
0.00 0.10
050 050
0.00 0.10
020 0.40
5J02
7j60
0.00 0.00
0.10 0.10
0.00 0.00
1.69 120
1.79
150
0.80 120
0.40 050
030 0.40
0.00 0.00
0.10 0.10
1.00 2.10
0.70 1.10
3.30
0.40
050
030
3.10
0.60
030
450
1551
5.40
0.40
0.60
1.00
1.70
0.60
1.30
950
020
020
020
050
10.90
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.70
0.80
1.10
0.70
0.30
0.00
020
2.40
1.60
6.30
050
0.90
1.40
0.90
050
1.70
3.60 3.10
1850 2250
1150
025
0.16
033
052
12.76
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.43
0.61
155
0.72
0-36
0.00
0.19
3.98
2.13
8.93
050
1.30
1.80
0.70
0.30
230
3.30
27.40
6.85 427
0.18 0.19
0.18 0.13
0.40 0.51
0.48 0.45
8.10
5.54
0.04 0.03
0.14 0.13
0.01 0.01
0.76 0.45
0.95
0.62
130 1.92
0.97 0.70
0.25 0.16
0.00 0.00
0.17 0.15
3.85 3.07
2.09 2.02
332
0.18
0.11
051
0.46
5.08
0.03
0.13
0.01
0.50
0.67
1.92
0.70
0.17
0.00
0.16
2.84
2.07
9.13
0.33
0.34
0.67
8.02
0.28
0.30
058
0.93 1.09
0.10 0.08
1.87 1.65
2.90 2.82
21.75 17.58
028
0.41
0.69
0.89
0.08
1.61
259
16.88
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
89
-------
Table A-7. The 50 Largest CO Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total CO Emissions in 1990: 67.74 * 106 MTPY Source: Trends
Total from Top 50 in AFS: 2.78 *106 MTPY Source: AFS Plant Emissions Rankim
Report (AFP634)-05/22/92,
08/02/92, and 09/1 8/92.
Last
US
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
5
5
3
5
6
5
6
4
6
5
6
6
5
5
5
6
6
6
3
7
3
10
10
6
6
10
6
6
7
6
State
IN
IN
WV
OH
TX
OH
LA
AL
LA
IN
LA
LA
MN
IL
OH
TX
TX
LA
WV
MO
MD
WA
WA
TX
OK
WA
LA
TX
KS
AR
Plant Name
LTV STEEL COMPANY
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS
WEIRTON STEEL
WHEELING-PITTSBURGH
J M HUBER CORPORATION
COLUMBIA GAS TRANSM
CABOT CORP CANLPLT
GULF STATES STEEL
COLUMBIAN CHEMICAL
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION
CABOT CORP
DEGUSSA CARBON BLACK CO
ASHLAND PETROLEUM
ACME STEEL COMPANY
ORMET
SID RICHARDSON CARBON AND GASOLINE
PHILLIPS 66 COMPANY
ADDIS PLANT SID
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS
NORANDA ALUMINUM, INCORPORATED
BETHLEHEM STEEL
KAISER ALUM & CHEM
ALUM CO OF AMERICA
CABOT CORPORATION
WITCO CORP. CONCARB DIVISION
INTALCO ALUMINUM
EXXON CO USA REFINERY
CARBON BLACK DIVISION OF DEGUSSA COR
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS COMPANY
COLUMBIAN CHEMICALS
Year of
Record
90
90
85
88
85
88
90
91
90
90
90
90
88
91
88
85
88
90
85
89
90
89
89
85
88
89
90
85
91
89
Emissions
(MTPY)
248,549
244,024
199,373
133,989
118,206
116,318
88,913
87,918
78,100
62,968
60,433
58,295
52,194
52,095
51,242
50,638
50,036
49,281
48,851
46,093
45,187
44,702
43,223
42,876
41,582
41,105
40,363
38,454
37,658
33,682
90
-------
Table A-7. (continued)
US EPA
Rank Region
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
3
5
4
4
6
4
4
8
6
4
3
5
10
6
4
6
5
6
10
4
State
PA
IN
TN
GA
TX
GA
GA
WY
TX
AL
PA
OH
WA
TX
GA
AR
OH
LA
WA
KY
Plant Name
ARMCO STEEL CORP
INLAND STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS
E I DU PONT CORP
GREAT SOUTHERN PAPER WOODLANDS OPER
WITCO CORPORATION
UNION CAMP CORP
INLAND-ROME INC
AMOCO REFINERY
INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO
WITCO CHEMICAL
ALLEGHENY LUDLUM STL
GM POWERTRAIN DIV
REYNOLDS METALS
J M HUBER CORPORATION
ITT RAYONIER INC
GEORGIA-PACIFIC PAPER
ARMCO STEEL COMPANY LP
MURPHY OIL CORP
VANALCO, INC
ARMCO STEEL CORP
Last
Year of
Record
87
90
90
90
88
90
90
85
88
91
87
88
89
88
90
89
88
90
89
89
Emissions
(MTPY)
32,955
31,517
31,104
27,746
27,236
26,576
26,089
26,036
24,286
22,798
22,733
22,038
20,285
20,212
20,023
19,626
19,575
16,977
16,849
16,712
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data, ft
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
91
-------
Table A-8. The 50 Largest NO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total NOX Emissions in 1990: 19.38 * 106 MTPY Source: Trends
Total from Top 50 in AFS: 2.46 * 1 06 MTPY Source: AFS Plant Emissions Rankin
Report (AFP634)-05/22/92,
08/02/92, and 09/18/92.
US
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
6
5
4
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
3
5
4
6
4
5
3
5
5
7
4
7
6
3
4
3
5
4
4
4
Stale
TX
IL
KY
MN
OH
KS
IN
IL
IL
IN
WV
OH
TN
NM
GA
OH
PA
OH
OH
MO
FL
MO
TX
PA
NC
PA
IL
NC
FL
AL
Plant Name
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC COMPANY
ILLINOIS POWER CO BALDWIN POWER PLANT
TV A- PARADISE A & B
NSPSHERCO UNITS 1,2
DAYTON P&L-JM STUART
KPL GAS SERVICE (JEC)
PSI - GIBSON
COM ED - POWERTON STATION
COM ED - KINCAID GENERATING STATION
INDIANA KENTUCKY ELECTRIC CORPORATION
APP POWER-JOHN AMOS
OHIO POWER-MUSKINGLIM
TVA-CUMBERLAND
ARIZONA PUB. SERV./FOUR CORN. NPR-REGIST
GA POWER CO BOWEN STM ELEC GEN STATION
OHIO EDISON-SAMMIS
PENN POWER - MANSFIELD
OHIO POWER CO - GEN JAMES M GAVIN
OHIO VALLEY ELECTRIC
ASSOCIATED ELECTRIC
FL POWER-CRYSTAL RIVER
ASSOC. ELECTRIC CO.
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO - MARTIN LAKE
PEN ELEC - KEYSTONE
CP&L ROXBORO UNITS 1, 2, 3, & 4
PEN ELEC - HOMER CTY
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE
DUKE POWER BELEWS CRK
TAMPA ELEC-BIG BEND
AL POWER-GASTON
Last
Year of
Record
88
91
90
88
88
91
90
91
91
90
85
88
90
91
90
88
87
88
88
90
89
90
85
87
88
87
91
88
89
91
Emissions
(MTPY)
97,743
94,515
88,705
78,121
76,754
69,668
66,630
65,878
65,127
63,843
62,623
61,496
60,239
59,010
57,272
54,997
51,377
51,172
49,341
49,013
48,381
46,677
44,808
43,083
42,337
42,108
42,079
41,627
41,431
40,558
92
-------
Table A-8. (continued)
US EPA
Rank Region State
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
6
4
3
4
7
3
3
5
7
5
7
3
4
4
3
3
3
5
6
5
TX
FL
WV
GA
KS
PA
PA
IN
MO
IN
MO
PA
TN
GA
PA
WV
WV
IN
NM
IN
Plant Name
TEXAS UTILITIES GENERATING COMPANY
TAMPA ELEC-GANNON
MON POWER-HARRISON
GA POWER CO BRANCH STM ELEC GEN STA
KANSAS CITY POWER & LIGHT CO.
PP & L - BRUNNER IS
PEN ELEC - CONEMAUGH
PSI - GALLAGHER
KASTEN CLAY PRODUCTS
NIPSCO -SCHAFFER STATION
UNION ELECTRIC COMPANY
WEST PENN-HATFIELD
TVA-KINGSTON
GA POWER CO WANSLEY STM ELEC GEN STA
PP & L - MONTOUR
OHIO POWER - MITCHEL
OHIO POWER - KAMMER
INDIANA MICHIGAN POWER COMPANY
PNM/SAN JUAN GEN. STATION
COMMONWEALTH EDISON
Last
Year of Emissions
Record (MTPY)
88
89
85
90
91
87
87
90
87
90
90
87
90
90
87
85
85
90
85
90
40,272
39,980
39,534
39,244
38,594
37,191
36,541
36,006
35,601
34,909
34,767
34,171
33,631
33,498
33,350
32,783
31,878
31,196
31,056
30,919
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
93
-------
Table A-9. The 50 Largest SO2 Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total SOX Emissions in 1990: 21.06 * 106 MTPY Source: Trends
Total from Top 50 in AFS: 7.38 * 106 MTPY Source: AFS Plant Emissions Rankini
Report (AFP634)-05/22/92,
08/02/92, and 09/1 8/92.
Last
US
Rank
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
EPA
Region
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
7
4
3
5
5
9
7
3
5
3
4
4
3
5
5
5
4
4
5
3
5
4
3
State
OH
TN
GA
IN
IL
IN
OH
MO
GA
WV
OH
OH
AZ
MO
PA
OH
PA
AL
FL
WV
IN
OH
OH
AL
KY
IL
PA
IN
GA
PA
Plant Name
OHIO POWER CO - GEN JAMES M GAVIN
TVA-CUMBERLAND
GA POWER CO BOWEN STM ELEC GEN STA
INDIANA KENTUCKY ELECTRIC CORPORATION
ILLINOIS POWER CO BALDWIN POWER PLANT
PSI - GIBSON
OHIO POWER-MUSKINGUM
UNION ELECTRIC CO
GA POWER CO WANSLEY STM ELEC GEN STA
MON POWER-HARRISON
OHIO VALLEY ELEC
OHIO EDISON-SAMMIS
MAGMA COPPER
ASSOCIATED ELECTRIC
PEN ELEC - CONEMAUGH
DAYTON P&L-JM STUART
WEST PENN-HATFIELD
AL POWER-GASTON
TAMPA ELEC-BIG BEND
OHIO POWER - KAMMER
UNIROYAL GOODRICH TIRE CO.
OHIO POWER-CARDINAL
COLUMBUS SOUTHRN PWR
TVA-COLBERT
TVA- PARADISE A & B
CENTRAL ILLINOIS PUBLIC SERVICE
PEN ELEC - HOMER CTY
ALCOA GENERATING CORP.
GA POWER CO YATES STM ELEC GEN STA
PEN ELEC - KEYSTONE
Year of
Record
88
90
90
90
91
90
88
90
90
85
88
88
85
90
87
88
87
91
89
85
90
88
88
91
90
91
87
90
90
87
Emissions
(MTPY)
323,462
314,046
276,970
254,110
251,772
247,620
237,765
229,093
225,576
212,913
202,054
191,679
173,663
160,152
156,735
152,939
145,956
144,506
142,761
142,461
139,008
130,144
125,453
124,755
124,678
123,747
122,745
122,052
117,794
116,815
94
-------
Table A-9. (continued)
US EPA
Rank Region
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
4
5
5
3
4
4
6
5
3
3
7
4
4
5
5
4
3
5
6
6
State
TN
OH
IL
PA
FL
TN
TX
IN
WV
PA
MO
GA
KY
IN
OH
TN
WV
IN
TX
NM
Plant Name
TVA-GALLATIN
CLEVELAND ELEC ILLUM
COM ED - KINCAID GENERATING STATION
PP & L - BRUNNER IS
GULF PWR CO-CRIST
TVA-KINGSTON
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO - MONTICELLO
PSI - CAYUGA
OHIO POWER - MITCHEL
PP & L - MONTOUR
ASSOC. ELECTRIC CO.
GA POWER CO BRANCH STM ELEC GEN STA
KY UTILITIES
IPALCO-PETERSBURG
CG&E-MIAMI FORT
TVA-JOHNSONVLE
APP POWER-JOHN AMOS
INLAND STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS
TEXAS UTILITIES ELECTRIC CO - MARTIN LAKE
PHELPS DODGE/HIDALGO SMELTER
Last
Year of
Record
90
88
91
87
89
90
88
90
85
87
90
90
90
90
88
90
85
90
85
85
Emissions
(MTPY)
116,778
116,767
113,768
108,456
106,986
106,493
102,407
99,768
93,741
92,873
92,021
91,829
91,740
91,352
90,486
89,054
87,221
86,227
85,484
85,123
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
95
-------
Table A-10. The 50 Largest VOC Emission Sources in AIRS/FS
Total VOC Emissions in 1990: 17.58 * 106 MTPY
Total from Top 50 in AFS: 0.46 * 106 MTPY
Source: Trends
Source: AFS Plant Emissions Ranking
Report (AFP634)--05/22/92,
08/02/92, and 09/18/92.
US EPA
Rank Region State
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
2
5
5
4
4
6
6
5
6
6
5
6
2
6
6
6
4
5
3
4
6
5
6
4
5
4
5
8
5
6
NY
IN
OH
TN
AL
TX
TX
IN
TX
TX
OH
TX
NY
TX
TX
TX
AL
IN
PA
TN
TX
MN
TX
KY
Ml
NC
MN
WY
IL
TX
Ust
Year of
Plant Name Record
PRECISE PLASTICS PRODUCTS - AVON
INLAND STEEL FLAT PRODUCTS
COLUMBIA GAS TRANSM
TENN EASTMAN CO
AMOCO CHEMICALS CORP
AMOCO OIL COMPANY
TEXAS EASTMAN COMPANY
BETHLEHEM STEEL CORPORATION
EXXON COMPANY USA
SHELL OIL COMPANY
BP CHEMICALS INC
INTERNATIONAL PAPER CO
KODAK PARK DIV
NECHES BUTANE PRODUCTS CO
REXENE PRODUCTS COMPANY
E.I.DU PONT DE NEMOURS & COMPANY INC
COURTAULDS NO AMERICA
U S STEEL CO GARY WORKS
FASSON DIV AVERY PRO
E I DUPONT
COASTAL REFINING AND MARKETING, INC.
3M HUTCH MAG MEDIA
MOBIL OIL CORPORATION
AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC.
WEYERHAEUSER CO
E I DUPONT DENEMOURS AND CO
3M BUSH IND SPECLTY
SINCLAIR OIL CORP
CL INDUSTRIES INC
UNION CARBIDE CHEM & PLASTICS (Galveston CO)
87
90
88
90
91
88
88
90
88
88
88
88
85
85
85
88
91
90
87
90
85
88
88
90
85
87
88
85
91
88
Emissions
(MTPY)
23,761
23,451
22,418
18,299
17,478
13,570
12,080
12,079
11,866
11,728
11,240
11,066
10,648
10,228
10,032
9,716
9,606
9,564
9,340
8,431
8,361
8,221
8,054
7,450
7,220
7,207
7,002
6,930
6,808
6,738
-------
Table A-10. (continued)
US EPA
Rank Region
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
6
5
6
4
7
6
8
4
8
6
10
4
5
3
3
5
6
6
6
6
State
LA
OH
TX
TN
MO
TX
MT
NC
CO
TX
AK
AL
Ml
VA
PA
IL
TX
TX
TX
TX
Plant Name
EXXON CO USA REFINERY
IMPRESSION COATING, INC.
UNION CARBIDE CHEM & PLASTICS (Calhoun CO)
TENN EASTMAN CO
MODINE MFG. CO.
STAR ENTERPRISE
CENEX
CAPE INDUSTRIES
CHEMICAL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY INC.
GOODYEAR TIRE AND RUBBER CO
TESORO REFINERY
REYNOLDS METAL-CANS
GM TRUCK & BUS - FLINT TRUCK
RADFORD ARMY AMMO
INTERROYALCORP
SHELL OIL CO WOOD RIVER MFG COMPLEX
GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION
QUANTUM CHEMICAL CORP (Jefferson CO)
CHEVRON USA INC.
QUANTUM CHEMICAL CORP, USI Dl (Harris CO)
Last
Year of Emissions
Record (MTPY)
90
88
88
90
86
88
89
87
90
85
79
91
85
86
87
91
85
85
88
88
6,728
6,675
6,464
6,309
6,218
6,170
6,083
6,062
6,037
6,016
6,004
5,675
5,646
5,598
5,565
5,529
5,496
5,483
5,333
5,247
Note: This is the first year that a table such as this has been included in this report. The data were
reported as found in AIRS/FS. EPA recognizes that there may be inaccuracies in the data. It
is EPA's intent to use the reporting of these data to encourage States to provide the correct
information in AIRS/FS.
97
-------
Table A-11. Total National Carbon Monoxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(Million metric tons/Year)
1980 1990 2000 2010
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
70.3 41.3 17.1 19.8
29.7 26.4 25.8 25.6
100.0 67.7 42.9 45.4
Table A-12. Total National Nitrogen Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010
(Million metric tons/Year)
Electric Utilities
Industrial Sources *
Highway Vehicles
Other
Total
1980 1990 2000 2010
6.4 6.8 6.1 7.4
3.7 3.9 3.5 4.1
10.5 5.9 3.0 2.9
3.0 2.8 3.0 3.2
23.6 19.4 15.6 17.6
NOTES: * Includes industrial fuel combustion and processes.
Table A-13. Total National
(Million
Electric Utilities
Nonutiltty, Point Sources
Other Sources
Total
Sulfur Oxide Emissions, 1980 to 2010
metric tons/Year)
1980 1990 2000 2010
15.9 14.4 8.5 8.1
6.1 5.1 4.9 5.1
1.8 1.6 J._4 1.1
23.8 21.1 14.8 14.3
98
-------
Table A-14. Total National Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compound Emissions,
1980102010
(Million metric tons/Year)
1980 1990 2000 2010
Highway Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
6.9 4.3 1.6 1.6
14.9 13.3 11.6 11.6
21.8 17.6 13.2 13.2
Table A-15. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and
Annual Average NOX Emissions
(Thousand metric tons/Day)
Peak Ozone Season
1987 2000 2010
Annual Average
1987 2000 2010
Motor Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
14.9 7.8 7.4
36.5 34.5 40.3
51.4 42.3 47.7
17.1 8.2 7.9
35.0 34.5 40.3
52.1 42.7 48.2
Table A-16. Comparison of Peak Ozone Season and
Annual Average VOC Emissions
(Thousand metric tons/Day)
Peak Ozone Season
1987 2000 2010
Annual Average
1987 2000 2010
Motor Vehicles
All Other Sources
Total
24.5 7.6 7.3
35.4 29.4 29.7
59.9 37.0 37.0
14.6 4.3 4.4
36.4 31.8 31.8
51.1 36.1 36.2
99
-------
-------
APPENDIX B - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY, METRIC
UNITS
101
-------
Source Category
Table B-1. National Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 198? 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Otfiar Off -Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
87.78
0.90
0,25
1,15
6.77
96.85
0.22
0.70
0.05
3.24
78.32
0.88
0.24
1.36
5.3S
86,15
0.25
0.66
0.06
3.06
70.03
0.99
0.27
1.38
4.71
77.38
0.29
0.64
0.05
5.60
69.70
0.96
0.25
1.44
473
77.08
0.29
0.64
0.05
5.67
65.25
0.95
0.24
1.39
443
72,26
0.27
0.63
0.05
an
64.91
0.98
0.19
1.41
3.91
71.40
0.27
0.60
0.05
6.04
60.57
1.01
0.20
1.74
4.17
§7.68
0.29
0.63
0.06
6.07
56.31
1.08
0.19
1.40
453
63.52
0.29
0.61
0.05
5.34
51.58
1.08
0.18
1.50
4.37
58.71
0.28
0.80
0.05
5.34
49.01
1.06
0.19
1.56
4.42
58.24
0.30
0.64
0.05
5.36
4434
1.05
0.19
1.62
425
53.45
0.31
0.65
0.06
5.25
42.06
1.07
0.19
1.66
4.32
48.30
0.32
0.66
0.05
5,37
41.32
1.08
0.19
1,72
417
48.48
0.31
0.65
0.05
3.29
38.11
1.08
0.16
1.72
4.44
43.49
0.31
0.66
0.05
3.66
Fuel Combustion Total
i-* .
O
to Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of AH Sources
4.21 403 6.59 6.65 7.07 6.97 7.05 6.29 6.27 6.34 6.27 6.40 430 468
6.88 6.34 5.87 4.35 434 466 438 420 433 460 4.58 464 4.69
2.70
3.70
1.80
1.33
1.13
0.96
1.08
0.93
6.40 2J3 2.09 2.01
5.10
2.10
0.00
4.02
0.75
0.00
6.91
0.66
0.00
5.78
0.65
0.00
1.03
0.91
1.94
429
0.62
0.00
0.97
0.87
1.84
7.13
0.63
0.00
0.99
0.85
1,84
5.73
0.63
0.00
0.99
0.86
1.85
6.48
0.61
0.00
0.86
0.84
0.86
0.84
0.86
0.84
0.85
0.84
0.84
0.86
1.17
1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 1.70 2.06
4.54
0.10
0,00
5.83
0.61
0.00
ass
0.59
0.00
5.76
0.58
0.00
8.06 6.62
0.58 0.55
0.00 0.00
7.20 4.77 7.57 6.43 4.91 7.76
123.61 104.76 99.97 98.04 90.53 92.31
6.36 7.09 5.15 6.44 9.51 6.34 8.62 7.18
87.60 83.12 76.03 75.05 75.53 68.32 67.74 62.10
Mole: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table B-2. National Emission Estimates of Lead
(thousand metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1964 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Miscellaneous
Total or All Sources
156,00
7.80
183.60
0.30
9.30
0.00
0.00
9.60
23.86
2,00
0.00
199.06
11B.12
4,55
122.67
0,21
9.14
0.02
0.01
9.39
10.32
1.45
0.00
143.83
56.42
3.01
69.43
0.12
3.76
0.02
0.01
3.90
3.57
1.10
0,00
68.00
43,90
2.56
46.46
0.10
2.68
0.02
0.01
2.81
3,05
1.10
0.00
53.41
44.41
2.55
46.96
0.08
1.60
0.02
0.01
t.70
2.71
Q.§4
0.00
52.31
38.73
2.06
40.80
0.08
0,51
0.01
0.01
0.60
2.44
0.82
0.00
44.66
32.60
Z10
34.69
0.08
0.39
0.01
0.01
0.49
2.30
0.82
0.00
38.30
14.50
0.21
14.70
0.06
0.39
0.01
0.01
0.47
2.30
0.78
0.00
18.26
3.26
0.20
3.45
0.06
0.39
0.01
0.01
0.47
1.93
0.77
0,00
6,62
2.83
0.20
3.03
0.06
0.36
0.01
0.01
0.46
1.94
0.77
0.00
6.21
2.45
0.19
2.64
0.06
0.38
0.01
0.01
0.46
2.02
0.74
0,00
5.86
1.96
0.19
2.15
0.06
0.38
0.01
0.01
0.46
2.23
0.69
0.00
5.53
1.53
0.18
1.71
0.06
0.38
0.01
0.01
0.46
2.23
0.73
0,00
5.13
1.43
0.19
1.62
0.05
0.38
0.01
0.01
0.4S
2.21
0.69
0.00
4.97
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcat&gories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table B-3. National Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1960 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Oft-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
>& Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
6.60
0.11
0.6*
0.09
0.81
8.45
4.44
3.91
0.32
0.44
9.11
0.70
0.10
0.30
0.40
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.30
18.96
8.22
0.10
0.66
0.12
0.92
10.02
5.17
3.46
0.30
0.41
9.33
0.68
0.05
0.09
0.14
0.13
0.02
0.00
0.15
20.33
10.48
0.11
0.75
0.15
0.96
12.46
6.37
3.05
0.28
0.39
10.10
0.68
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.21
0.01
0.00
0.23
23.56
8.48
0.11
0.71
0.19
0.94
10.42
6.40
2.98
0.25
0.37
10.01
0.64
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.18
0.01
0.00
0.19
21.35
7.92
0.10
0.66
0.16
0.91
9.74
6.15
3.06
0.26
0.38
9.84
0.55
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.14
0.01
0.00
0.15
20.37
7.61
0.11
0.54
0.17
0.91
9.35
6.28
2.73
0.23
0.36
9.60
0.55
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.22
0.01
0.00
0.23
19.80
7.25
0.12
0.58
0.18
0.96
9.10
6,59
2.96
0.23
0.37
10.16
0.58
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.18
0.01
0.00
0.19
20.11
7.27
0.13
0.54
0.19
1.03
9.15
5.99
2.81
0.22
0.36
9.38
0.56
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.20
0.01
0.00
0.21
19.39
6.57
0.14
0.52
0.20
1.06
8.49
6.22
2.75
0.22
0.36
9.55
0.56
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.14
0.01
0.00
0.16
18.83
6.26
0.13
0.53
0.21
1.00
8.14
6.42
3.04
0.23
0.36
10.05
0.56
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.18
0.01.
0.00
0.19
19.03
6.21
0.13
0.55
0.22
1.09
a 19
6,78
3.09
0.25
0.40
10.52
0.58
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.27
0.01
0.00
0.28
19.65
5.87
0.13
0.55
0.23
1.08
7.85
6.86
3.13
0.23
0.37
10.59
0.59
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.18
0.01
0.00
0.19
19.29
5.88
0.13
0.54
0.22
1.06
7.83
6.78
3.32
0.22
0.31
10.63
0.59
0.02
0.06
0.08
0.24
0.01
0.00
0.26
19.38
5.38
0.13
0.46
0.23
1.06
7.26
a71
3.33
0.21
0.33
10.59
0.60
0.02
0.08
0.10
0.20
0.01
0.00
0.21
18.76
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of sub categories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table B-4. National Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter
Source Cateaorv
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987^
1989
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Of f-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-lnstlhitlonaf
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
0.90
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.07
1.18
2.34
2.17
0.10
0.46
5.07
10.54
0.40
0.70
1.10
0.70
0.40
0.00
1.10
18.99
1.05
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.09
1.30
1.55
1.24
0.08
0.42
3.28
5.19
0.19
0.25
0.44
0.60
0.15
0.00
0.75
10.96
1.05
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.10
1.31
0.83
1.35
0.08
0.77
3.04
3.31
0.15
0.18
0.33
0.95
0.12
0.00
1.08
9.06
1.07
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.10
1.33
0.74
1.36
0.07
0.80
2.96
3.03
0.15
0.17
0.32
0.82
0.12
0.00
0.94
8.58
1.05
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.09
1.30
0.57
1.25
0.07
0.87
2.75
2.57
0.14
0.17
0.31
0.63
0.11
0.00
0.75
7.67
1.04
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.10
1.28
0.58
1.23
0.04
0.86
2.72
2.39
0.13
0.16
0.29
0.98
0.12
0.00
1.09
7.77
1.06
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.10
1.31
0.60
1.24
0.04
0.86
2.76
2.80
0.13
0.16
0.29
0.81
0.12
0.00
0.93
8.08
1.12
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.38
0.43
1.22
0.04
0.78
2.47
2.70
0.13
0.16
0.29
0.90
0.11
0.00
1.01
7.85
1.09
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.36
0.45
1.19
0.04
0.78
2.46
2.43
0.12
0.16
0.28
0.67
0.11
0.00
0.78
7.31
1.14
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.39
0.42
1.19
0.04
0.79
2.44
2.38
0.12
0.16
0.26
0.82
0.11
0.00
0.93
7.42
1.21
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.48
0.41
1.16
0.04
0.79
2.40
2.48
0.12
0.16
0.28
1.20
0.10
0.00
1.30
7.94
1.26
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.52
0.42
1.15
0.04
0.80
2,41
2.46
0.12
0.16
0.27
0.81
0.10
0.00
0.92
7.57
1.28
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.54
0.41
0.97
0.03
0.46
1.87
2.53
0.11
0.16
0.28
1.09
0.10
0.00
1.19
7.40
1.32
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.11
1.57
0.40
1.00
0.03
0.51
1.94
2.55
0.12
0.22
0.34
0.92
0.10
0.00
1.01
7.41
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table B-5. National Emission Estimates of PM-10
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
1.08
OX>7
0.04
0.03
0.10
1-32
0.13
035
0.02
0.77
1.46
150
0.04
0.16
021
0.65
0.08
0.00
0.73
5.61
1.06
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
U1
0.14
054
0.02
0.77
1.48
1.74
•
0.04
0.16
0.20
0.46
0.08
0.00
0.54
527
1.10
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.10
1-35
0.14
054
0.02
0.78
1.49
1.70
0.04
0.16
020
058
0.08
0.00
0.66
5.40
1.18
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.43
0.15
051
0.02
0.77
1.45
1.73
0.04
0.16
020
0.88
0.08
0.00
. 0.96
5.76
122
0,08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.47
0.15
052
0.02
0.79
1.49
1.77
0.04
0.16
020
0.58
0.08
0.00
0.65
5.59
124
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.49
0.15
0.44
0.02
0.45
1.05
1.81
0.04
0.16
020
0.80
0.08
0.00
057
5.42
126
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.11
151
0.15
0.45
0.01
050
1.10
154
0.04
022
026
0.66
0.08
0.00
0.73
5.45
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
106
-------
Source Category
Table B-6. National Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
i_i Fuel Combustion Total
s
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
0.26
0.01
0.13
0.15
0.06
0.61
15.78
4.15
0.90
0.46
21.29
6.43
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.10
28.42
0.31
0.01
0.11
0.14
0.07
0.64
16.57
2.68
0.71
0.27
20.23
4.57
0.03
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
25.51
0.42
0.01
0.12
0.27
0.07
0.90
15.86
2.36
0.68
0.20
19.10
3.74
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.78
0.45
0.01
0.11
0.25
0.07
0.89
14.68
2.35
0.56
0.19
17.78
3.80
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
22.51
0.44
0.01
0.11
0.20
0.07
0.83
14.22
2.27
0.58
0.20
17.27
3.08
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
21.21
0.44
0.01
0.08
0.18
0.07
0.79
14.02
2.04
0.45
0.18
16.69
3.11
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
20.62
0.46
0.01
0.09
0.19
0.08
0.82
14.54
2.22
0.46
0.20
17.41
3.20
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
21.47
0.52
0.01
0.08
0.18
0.08
0.88
14.74
2.24
0.42
0.19
17.58
3.17
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
21.67
0.51
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.09
0.87
14.20
2,23
0.46
0.20
17.09
3.16
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
21.15
0.53
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.08
0.89
14.22
2.13
0.48
0.21
17.04
3.01
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
20.97
0.57
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.09
0.94
14.47
2.03
0.49
0.26
17.25
3.08
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
21.30
0.59
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.09
0.96
14.68
2.15
0.40
0.19
17.42
3.10
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
21.51
0.60
0.02
0.08
0.21
0.09
0.99
14.36
2.08
0.37
0.17
16.98
3.05
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
21.06
0.61
0.02
0.07
0.20
0.09
0.99
14.13
1.92
0.32
0.19
16.55
3.16
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
20.73
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcatagories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table B-7. National Emission Estimates of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1870 187S 1980 1981 19B2 1963 1984 1985 1086 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of AH Sources
11.50
0,25
0.16
0.33
0.52
1£76
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.43
0.61
8.93
0.50
1.30
1.80
0.70
0.30
2.30
3.30
27.40
9.07
0.19
0.16
0.40
0.50
10.32
0.04
0.13
0.01
0.42
0.60
8.19
0.41
0,47
0.88
O.S3
0.12
1.89
2.54
22.53
6.85
0.18
0.18
0.40
0.48
8.10
0.04
0.14
0.01
0.76
0.9i
9.13
0.33
0.34
0.67
0.93
0.10
1.87
2.90
21.75
7.69
0,1i
0.17
0.43
0.49
8.94
0.04
0.14
0.01
0.77
0.96
8.24
0.32
0.33
0.65
0.77
0.10
1.57
2.44
21.22
7.12
0.16
0.16
0.41
0.46
8.32
0.04
0.13
0.01
0.83
1.01
7.41
031
0.32
0.63
0.57
0.09
1.47
2.13
19.50
7.05
0.17
0.13
0.42
0.43
8.19
0.04
0.13
0.01
0.82
1.00
7.80
0.30
0.31
0.60
0.9S
0.09
1.60
2.65
20.26
6.80
0.17
0.14
0.51
0,45
8.07
0.04
0.14
0.01
0,82
1.01
8.68
0.30
0,30
0.60
0.77
0.10
1.77
2.64
20.99
6.26
0.19
0.13
0.41
0.48
7.47
0.03
0.13
0.01
0.72
0.90
ass
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.87
0.09
1.53
2.49
19.80
5.64
0.19
0.13
0.45
0,47
6J8
0.03
0.13
0.01
0.72
0,89
7.82
0.28
0,30
0.58
0.60
0.09
1.49
2,19
18.45
5.34
0.19
0.13
0.47
0.47
6.59
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.73
0.90
8.17
0.28
0.30
0.58
0.78
0.09
1.53
2.40
18.64
4.98
0,19
0.13
0.48
0,47
6.26
0,03
0.14
0.01
0.71
0,88
8.00
0.28
0.30
0.58
1.20
0.09
1.59
2.88
18.61
4.18
0.19
0.13
0.49
0.4S
5.45
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.73
0.91
7.97
0.28
0.30
0.58
0.77
0.09
1.59
2.44
17.35
4.27
0.1S
0.13
O.i1
0.45
5.S4
0.03
0.13
0.01
0.45
0.62
8.02
0.28
0.30
0.58
1.08
0.08
1.65
2.82
17.58
3.82
0.18
0.11
0,51
0.46
5.08
0.03
0.13
0.01
0.50
0.67
7,86
0.28
0.41
0.69
0,89
0.08
1.61
2.59
16.88
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategones may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
APPENDIX C - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SUBCATEGORY, METRIC UNITS
109
-------
Table C-1. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Transportation Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1970 1975
1980
1SB1
1982
19B3 1984 1985 1986 1907 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total - Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total - Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Of (-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
67.90
8.38
3.01
7.85
0.36
87.48
0.00
0.00
0.30
0.30
87.78
0.90
0.2S
1.15
as?
0.58
1.78
0.84
96.85
58.90
8.18
a48
6.57
0.79
77.92
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.40
78.32
0.88
0.24
1.38
2.93
037
1,0i
0.99
86.15
47.89
8.82
6.30
5.86
0.55
69.42
0.01
0.00
0.60
0.61
70.03
0.99
0.27
1.38
2.04
0.46
1.11
1.10
77.38
45.i7
9.67
7.38
5.95
0.41
68.99
0.01
0.01
0.69
0.71
69.70
0.96
0.25
1.44
1.88
0.37
1.33
1.15
77.08
4485
8.52
6.12
4.77
0.30
64.56
0.01
0.01
0.67
0.68
65.25
0.95
0.24
1.39
1.78
0.32
1.19
1.13
72.26
43.85
9.02
6.56
4.58
0.27
64.26
0.02
0.01
0.63
0.65
64.91
0.98
0.19
1.41
1.47
0.26
1.04
1.14
71.40
40.44
8.46
8,21
452
0.26
59.89
0.02
0.00
0.66
0.68
60.57
1.01
0.20
1.74
1JQ
0.25
0.90
1.13
67.68
36.79
8.69
6.03
3.82
0.19
55.52
0.02
0.00
0.77
0.79
56.31
1.09
0.1i
1.40
2.12
0.41
OJi
1.15
63.52
3401
8.15
5.53
3.00
0.18
50.88
0.02
0.00
0.67
0.69
51.58
1.08
0,18
1.50
1.91
0.45
0.84
1.17
58.71
32.16
7.98
5.12
2.86
0.19
48.31
0.01
0.00
0.68
0.70
49.01
1.06
0.19
1.56
1,83
0.52
0.88
1.19
56.24
30.43
7.46
4,67
2.85
0.19
45.60
0.01
0.00
0.73
0.75
46.34
1.05
0.19
1.62
1.84
0.53
0.88
1.19
53.46
27.54
a?a
4.09
2.70
0.19
41.30
0.01
0.00
0.74
0.76
42.06
1.07
0.19
1.66
1.65
0.56
0.94
1.17
4i,30
26.94
6.35
444
2.81
0.19
40.54
0.01
0.00
0.76
0.78
41.32
1.08
0.19
1.72
1.40
0.60
0.96
1.21
48.48
23.75
6.05
3.41
1.95
0.17
35.33
0.01
0.00
0.77
0.79
38.11
1.06
0.16
1.72
1.62
0.66
0.96
1.20
43.49
Note: 1991 emission estimates am preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-2. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Transportation Sources
(million metric tans)
Source Category
1370 1975
1SS1 1982 1983 1984 198S 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total - Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Lifiht trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total -Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vassals
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
4.36
0.56
0.24
0.50
0.00
5.66
0.00
0.00
1.14
1.14
6.80
0.11
0.64
0.09
0.40
0.18
0.22
0.01
8.45
5.05
0.68
0,36
0.46
0.01
6.56
0.00
0.00
1.66
1.66
8.22
0.10
0.68
0.12
0.43
0.19
0.29
0.01
10,02
4.15
0.71
0.56
0.35
0.01
5.79
2.34
0.01
2,34
4.69
10.48
0,11
0.75
0.15
0.46
0.23
0,26
0.01
12.46
402
0.80
0.65
0.35
0.01
5.83
0,02
0.01
2.62
2.65
8.48
0.11
0.71
0.19
0.48
0.20
0.24
0.01
10.42
asz
0.71
0.54
0.29
0.01
5,47
0,03
0.01
2.41
2.45
7.92
0.10
0.66
0.16
0,47
0.20
0.22
0.01
9.74
3.76
0.75
0.58
0.31
0.01
5.41
0.03
0.01
2.16
2.20
7.61
0.11
0.14
0.17
0.46
0.20
O.i4
0.01
9.35
3.53
0.72
0.55
0,28
0.01
5.09
0.03
0.01
2,12
2,16
7.25
0.12
QJ8
0.18
0.50
0.21
0.24
0.01
9.10
3.18
0.74
0.52
0.28
0.01
4.72
0.03
0.01
2.51
2.55
7.27
0.13
0.54
0.19
0.56
0.25
0.20
0.01
9.15
£94
0.72
0.48
0.23
0.01
4.38
0,03
0.01
2.16
2.19
6.57
0.14
0.52
0.20
0.57
0.28
0.19
0.01
8,49
2.73
0.70
0.44
0.22
0.01
4.10
0.03
0.01
2.13
2. 18
6.26
0.13
0.53
0.21
0.54
0.25
O.t9
0.01
8.14
2.61
0.65
0.40
0.24
0.01
3.92
0.02
0.01
2.25
2.29
6.21
0,13
0,15
0.22
0.60
0.28
0.1i
0.01
8.19
2.36
0.62
0.37
0.25
0.01
3.60
0.02
0.01
2.25
2.27
5.87
0.13
0,55
0.23
0.55
0.27
0.24
0.01
7.B5
2.34
0.58
0.36
0.2S
0.01
3,57
0.02
0.01
2.27
^30
5.88
0.13
0.54
0.22
0.53
0.29
0.22
0.01
7J3
2.07
0.57
0.30
0.20
0.01
3.15
0.02
0.00
2.20
2.23
5,38
0.13
0.46
0,23
0.57
0.30
0.18
0.01
7.26
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table C-3. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Transportation Sources
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 19B4 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks • 1
Light trucks • 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total -Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total - Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
0.61
0.08
0.02
0.06
0.00
0.77
0.00
0.00
0.13
0.13
0.90
0.10
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.00
1.18
0.68
0.10
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.87
0.00
0.00
0.18
0.18
1.05
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.01
1.30
0.57
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.01
0.79
0.01
0.00
0.25
0.26
1.05
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.31
0.54
0.09
0.07
0.06
0.01
0.77
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.30
1.07
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.33
0.56
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.76
0.02
0.01
0.27
0.29
1.05
0,07
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.30
0.55
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.77
0.02
0.01
0.25
0.27
1.04
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.28
0.55
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.77
0.02
0.01
0.27
0.29
1.06
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.31
0.54
0.10
0.07
0.05
0.00
0,76
0.02
0.00
0.34
0.36
1.12
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.38
0.54
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.76
0.02
0.00
0.31
0.33
1.09
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.36
0.56
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.80
0.02
0.00
0.32
0.34
1.14
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.39
0.59
0.13
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.84
0.01
0.00
0.36
0.38
1.21
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.48
0.62
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.88
0.01
0.00
0.37
0.38
1.26
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.52
0.63
0.13
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.89
0.01
0.00
0.37
0.39
1.28
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.54
0.65
0.15
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.91
0.01
0.00
0.39
0.40
1.32
0.07
0.03
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.57
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-4. Emissions of PM-10 from Transportation Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category 1383 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehides
Gasoline-powered
Passenger care 0.51 OS1 OS4 057 0.5i 0.60 0.62
Light trucks -1 0.10 0.11 0,12 0,12 0.13 0,13 0.14
Light trucks-2 OjfJ6 036 0.06 0.07 0,0? 0,07 0,06
Heavy duty vehtdes 0.05 0,04 0.04 0.04 O.OS 0.05 0.04
Motorcydes 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0,00 0.00
Total-Gasoline 0,71 0.73 0.76 0.80 0.84 0.85 0.86
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars 0.02 0£2 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Light trucks 0.00 0,00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Heavy duty vehicles 034 031 0.32 Q3S 0.37 0,37 0.39
Total-Diesel 0.36 033 0.34 038 038 0.39 0.40
rtgnway Vehicle Total 1.08 1.06 1.10 1.18 122 1.24 126
Aircraft 007 006 0.08 0.08 0.08 0,08 0.07
Railroads 0.04 QM 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02
Vessels 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0,03 0.03 0.03
Farm Machinery 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07
Construction Machinery 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Industrial Machinery 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
Other Ott-Mghway Vehicles 0.00 0-00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Transportation Total 132 131 135 1.43 1.47 1.49 1.51
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
113
-------
Table C-5. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Transportation Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1880 1981
1982
IMS HM 1965 19B6 1987 19B8 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Ught trucks- 1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total - Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total - Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.16
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.10
0.26
0.01
0.13
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.61
0.13
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.14
0,31
0.01
0,11
0.14
0.03
0.02
0,02
0.00
0.84
0.14
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.01
0.00
0.20
0.21
0.42
0.01
0.12
0.27
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.90
0.14
0,03
0,02
0.01
0.00
0,21
0.01
0.00
0.22
0.23
0.45
0,01
0.11
0.25
0.04
0,02
0.02
0.00
0.89
0.15
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.23
0.44
0.01
0.11
0.20
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.83
0,18
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.23
0.01
0.00
0.20
0.21
0.44
0.01
0.08
0.18
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.79
0.16
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.23
0.01
0,00
0.21
0.23
0.46
0.01
0,09
0.19
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.82
0.16
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.24
0.01
0.00
0.27
0.28
0.52
0.01
0.08
0.18
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.83
0.17
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.25
0.01
0.00
0.25
0.26
0.51
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0,87
0.17
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.26
0.01
0.00
0.26
0.27
0.53
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.8i
0,18
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.29
0.57
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.94
0.19
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.29
0.01
0.00
0.29
0.30
059
0.02
0.08
0.18
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.96
0.20
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.29
0.01
0.00
0.30
0.30
0.60
0.02
0.08
0.21
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.99
0.20
0,06
0.02
0.01
0.00
0,30
0.01
0.00
0.31
0.32
0.61
0.02
0.07
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.99
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcatogories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-6. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Transportation Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks - 2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total - Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total -Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
8.87
1.07
0.47
0.89
0.09
11.39
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.11
11.50
0.25
0.16
0.33
0.25
0.04
0.12
0.11
12.76
6.57
0.93
0.55
0.68
0.20
8.94
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.14
9.07
0.19
0.16
0.40
0.22
0.03
0.08
0.16
10.32
4.42
0.83
0.76
0.51
0.12
6.64
0.00
0.00
0.21
0.21
6.85
0.18
0.18
0.40
0.19
0.04
0.08
0.17
8.10
4.90
1.06
0.88
0.54
0.08
7.46
0.01
0.00
0.22
0.23
7.69
0.16
0.17
0.43
0.18
0.04
0.10
0.17
8.94
4.74
0.94
0.72
0.46
0.06
6.91
0.01
0.00
0.20
0.21
7.12
0.16
0.16
0.41
0.18
0.03
0.09
0.17
8.32
4.62
0.98
0.76
0.43
0.05
6.85
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.20
7.05
0.17
0.13
0.42
0.16
0.03
0.08
0.16
8.19
4.40
0.94
0.75
0.46
0.05
6.60
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.20
6.80
0.17
0.14
0.51
0.19
0.03
0.07
0.16
8.07
3.89
0.92
0.77
0.41
0.04
6.04
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.22
6.26
0.19
0.13
0.41
0.21
0.04
0.06
0.16
7.47
3.59
0.84
0.69
0.30
0.04
5.46
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.18
5.64
0.19
0.13
0.45
0.20
0.05
0.06
0.16
6.88
3.36
0.85
0.63
0.28
0.04
5.16
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.18
5.34
0.19
0.13
0.47
0.19
0.05
0.07
0.16
6.59
3.12
0.80
0.57
0.27
0.04
4.80
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.18
4.98
0.19
0.13
0.48
0.19
0.05
0.07
0.16
6.26
2.63
0.67
0.46
0.21
0.03
4.00
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.18
4.18
0.19
0.13
0.49
0.19
0.05
0.07
0.15
5.45
2.65
0.68
0.51
0.20
0.03
4.09
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.18
427
0.19
0.13
0.51
0.17
0.05
0.07
0.15
5.54
2,39
0.66
0.41
0.16
0.03
3.64
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.18
3.82
0.18
0.11
0.51
0.19
0.06
0.07
0.15
5.08
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-7. Emissions of Carboh Monoxide from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 19B1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 19B6 1989 1990 1991
Coat
Electric Utilities
Industrial
CommerclBl-lnstltutfonal
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel OH Total
£ Natural Gas
Oi Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
0.10
0.09
0.01
0.50
0.70
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.08
0.42
0.02
0.04
0.56
0.14
2.66
2.80
0.01
0.01
0.02
4.21
0.12
0.06
0.02
0.16
0.35
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.15
0.07
0.39
0.02
0.04
0.52
0.15
2.83
2.98
0.02
0.01
0.03
4.03
0.17
0.05
0.01
0.09
0.33
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.11
0.08
0.34
0.02
0.04
0.49
0.20
5.44
5.63
0.02
0.01
0.03
6.59
0.18
0.06
0.01
0.10
0.35
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.10
0.08
0.33
0.02
0.04
0.47
0.20
5.50
5.70
0.02
0.01
0.03
6.65
0.18
0.06
0.02
0.11
0.36
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.07
0.34
0.02
0.04
0.47
0.19
5.94
6.12
0.02
0.01
0.02
7.07
0.19
0.06
0.02
0.12
0.38
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.30
0.02
0.04
0.42
0.21
5.86
6.07
0.02
0.01
0.02
6.97
0.20
0.07
0.02
0.13
0.41
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.07
0.32
0.02
0.04
0.45
0.21
5.88
6.09
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.05
0.21
0.07
0.02
0.11
0.40
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.30
0.02
0.04
0.43
0.20
5.17
5.37
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.29
0.21
0.07
0.02
0.11
0.40
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.05
0.29
0.02
0.04
0.41
0.20
5.17
5.37
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.27
0.22
0.07
0.02
0.12
0.43
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.33
0.02
0.04
0.45
0.20
5.17
5.37
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.34
0.23
0.07
0.02
0.12
0.44
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.35
0.02
0.04
0.47
0.20
5.06
5.26
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.27
0.23
0.07
0.01
0.10
0.42
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.35
0.02
0.04
0.48
0.20
5.21
5.41
0.02
0.01
0.03
6.40
0.23
0.07
0.01
0.10
0.42
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.38
0.02
0.04
0.50
0.16
3.13
3.29
0.02
0.00
0.02
4.30
0.24
0.08
0.01
0.10
0.43
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.39
0.02
0.04
0.51
0.17
3.49
3.67
0.02
0.00
0.02
4.68
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table C-8. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel OH
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
au
0.70
0.02
0.02
3.91
0.39
0.30
0.19
0.11
0.99
0.88
2.77
0.11
0.22
3.98
0.09
0.03
0.12
0.05
0.06
0.11
9.11
3.88
0.47
0.03
0.01
4.39
0.59
0.27
0.16
0.10
1.12
0.69
2.57
0.11
0.22
3.61
0.09
0.04
0.13
0.05
0.04
0.09
9.33
5.15
0.40
0.02
0.00
5.58
0.44
0.22
0.14
0.08
0.88
0.78
2.24
0.12
0.22
3.36
0.12
0.07
0.19
0.07
0.03
0.10
10.10
5.25
0.46
0.03
0.00
5.75
0.37
0.19
0.11
0.07
0.74
0.77
2.14
0.11
0.21
3.24
0.12
0.07
0.19
0.06
0.03
0.09
10.01
5.20
0.45
0.03
0.00
5.63
0.27
0.20
0.11
0.06
0.63
0.69
2.23
0.12
0.21
3.25
0.11
0.07
0.19
0.06
0.02
0.08
9.84
5.41
0.46
0.03
0.00
5.91
0.25
0.14
0.09
0.06
0.53
0.62
1.95
0.11
0.20
2.88
0.13
0.07
0.20
0.05
0.03
0.08
9.60
5.71
0.52
0.03
0.00
6.27
0.22
0.14
0.09
0.06
0.50
0.66
2.11
0.11
0.21
3.10
0.13
0.07
0.20
0.07
0.03
0.10
10.16
5.44
0.55
0.03
0.00
6.01
0.17
0.14
0.08
0.06
0.45
0.38
1.97
0.11
0.20
2.66
0.12
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.03
0.06
9.38
5.51
0.56
0.03
0.00
6.10
0.21
0.13
0.09
0.07
0.50
0.50
1.90
0.11
0.20
2.70
0.12
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.03
0.06
9.55
5.71
0.55
0.03
0.00
6.29
0.17
0.14
0.09
0.07
0.47
0.54
2.19
0.10
0.20
3.04
0.12
0.06
0.19
0.03
0.03
0.06
10.05
6.06
0.56
0.03
0.00
6.66
0.22
0.11
0.09
0.09
0.52
0.50
2.27
0.12
0.21
3.10
0.12
0.06
0.18
0.04
0.03
0.07
10.52
RIO
0.57
0.03
0.00
6.69
0.23
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.46
0.52
2.28
0.12
0.22
3.15
0.12
0.06
0.19
0.07
0.03
0.10
10.59
6.10
0.57
0.02
0.00
6.69
0.16
0.08
0.07
0.05
0.38
0.51
2.51
0.12
0.20
3.34
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.06
0.02
0.09
10.63
6.03
0.56
0:02
0.00
6.63
0.18
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.35
0.51
2.53
0.12
0.21
3.37
0.10
0.04
0.15
0.06
0.02
0.09
10.59
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table C-9. Emissions of Total Paniculate Matter from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-ln stltutlonal
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
P Natural das
00 Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
2.22
1.30
0.04
0.08
3.64
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.02
0.27
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.73
0.35
1.08
0.04
0.00
0.04
5.07
1.42
0.36
0.03
0.02
1.64
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.24
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.76
0.37
1.13
0.04
0.00
0.04
3.28
0.72
0.25
0.03
0.01
1.02
0.11
0.06
0.04
0.01
0.22
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.00
0.74
1.74
0.03
0.00
0.03
3.04
0.64
0.28
0.03
0.01
0.96
0.09
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.18
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.00
0.77
1.76
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.96
0.49
0.21
0.04
0.02
0.76
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.16
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.94
0.83
1.78
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.75
0.51
0.11
0.02
0.02
0.66
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.05
0.83
1.88
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.72
0.55
0.11
0.02
0.02
0.70
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.05
0.84
1.89
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.76
0.39
0.12
0.02
0.02
0.55
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.03
0.74
1.78
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.47
0.39
0.09
0.02
0.01
0.51
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.03
0.75
1.78
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.46
0.37
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.49
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.03
0.76
1.79
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.44
0.35
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.47
0.06
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.01
0.75
1.76
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.40
0.35
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.47
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.11
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.01
0.77
1.78
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.41
0.36
0.08
0.01
0.02
0.47
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.09
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.83
0.43
1.25
0.02
0.00
0.02
1.87
0.37
0.09
0.01
0.02
0.49
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.86
0.48
1.34
0.02
0.00
0.02
1.94
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-10. Emissions of PM-10 from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
0.11
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.47
0.74
122
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.46
0.11
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.03
0.03
OJ01
0.01
0.08
0.00
002
0.00
0.01
0.03
047
0.75
122
0.01
0-00
0.01
1.48
0.11
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.47
0.76
123
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.49
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.46
0.75
121
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.45
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.46
0.77
123
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.49
0.12
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.01
0,01
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
038
0.43
0.80
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.05
0.13
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.16
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.40
0.48
0.87
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.10
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
119
-------
Source Category
Tabfe C-11. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
14.33
2.84
0.10
0.24
17.51
1.45
1.14
0.80
0.19
3.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.16
0.02
0.18
21.29
15.20
1.70
0.13
0.07
17.11
1.37
0.88
0.58
0.18
3.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.10
20.23
NA
1.39
0.10
0.04
NA
NA
0.85
0.58
0.14
NA
NA
0.00
0.00
0.00
NA
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.12
0.01
0.12
NA
13.55
1.56
0.12
0.05
15.29
1.13
0.68
0.44
0,13
2.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.01
0.10
17.78
13,27
1.50
0.15
0.05
14.97
0.95
0.69
0.42
0.13
2.19
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.01
0,08
17.27
13.25
1.54
0.17
0.06
15.01
0.76
0.42
0.28
0.10
1.57
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.08
16.69
13.89
1.64
0.18
0.06
15.77
0.64
0.48
0.28
0.12
1.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.09
17.41
14.16
1.67
0.15
0.05
16.03
0.49
0.49
0.27
0.12
1.37
0.08
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.01
0.08
17.58
13.49
1.68
0.15
0.05
15.37
0.72
0.46
0.31
0.13
1.61
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.09
17.09
13.65
1.54
0.14
0.06
15.39
0.57
0.50
0.34
0.13
1.53
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.09
17.04
13.82
1.57
0.15
0.06
15.61
0.64
0.36
0.34
0.18
1.52
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.10
17.25
14.00
1.58
0.11
0.05
15.74
0.68
0.26
0.29
0.12
1.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.30
0.01
0.30
17.42
13.81
1.59
0.10
0.06
15.55
0.56
0.23
0.27
0.10
1.16
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.26
0.00
0.26
16.98
13.57
1.53
0.09
0.06
15.25
0.56
0.09
0.22
0.12
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.29
0.00
0.29
16.55
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
The 1980 efeetrie utility emissions were obtained from 1980 NAPAP. The fuel breakdowns are not available.
-------
Table C-12. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1981 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.08
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.05
0.36
0.41
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.61
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.05
0.38
0.44
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.60
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.07
0.73
0.80
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.95
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.74
0.81
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.95
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.80
0.87
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.01
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.79
0.87
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0,05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.79
0.87
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.01
0.03
0,00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.70
0.77
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.90
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0,01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.07
0.70
0.77
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.89
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.70
0.77
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.90
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.68
0.75
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.89
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.07
0.70
0.78
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.91
0,02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.42
0.48
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.62
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.06
0.47
0.53
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.67
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-13. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Industrial Processes
(million metric tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 19S1 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Pulp Mills (261,262)
Inorganic Pigments (2616)
Charcoal {2861}
Organic Chemicals (286)
Ammonia (2873)
Carbon Black (2895)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Asphalt Roofing (2952)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Iron Foundries (3321)
Primary Aluminum (3334)
Total
0.55
0.02
0.05
0.31
0.10
2.60
2.00
0.01
0.01
1.62
1.09
0.59
8.95
0.55
0.02
0.03
0.41
0.12
1.42
2.04
0.01
0.01
1.10
0.59
0.56
6.86
0.72
0.03
0.04
0.45
0.14
1.29
1.60
0.01
0.01
0.97
0.31
0.76
6.34
0.72
0.03
0.04
0.47
0.14
1.32
1.11
0.01
0.01
0.99
0.29
0.74
5.87
0.70
0.03
0.03
0.42
0.11
0.95
0.70
0.01
0.01
0.64
0.20
0.54
4.35
0.76
0.03
0.03
0.47
0.10
1.03
0.47
0.01
0.01
0.67
0.20
0.55
4.34
0.80
0.03
0.04
0.51
0.12
1.19
0.38
0.02
0.01
0.72
0.18
0.67
4.66
0.79
0.04
0.04
0.53
0.13
1.06
0.37
0.01
0.01
0.67
0.17
0.57
4.38
0.85
0.04
0.04
0.48
0.10
1.06
0.35
0.01
0.01
0.62
0.15
0.50
4.20
0.817
0.04
0.05
0.52
0.12
1.00
0.34
0.01
0.01
0.68
0.15
0.55
4.33
0.87
0.04
0.05
0.56
0.12
1.06
0.32
0.01
0.01
0.74
0.16
0.66
460
0.91
0.05
0.05
0.56
0.12
1.05
0.32
0.01
0.01
0.69
0.15
0.66
4.58
0.92
0.05
0.05
0.63
0.12
1.04
0.33
0.00
0.01
0.68
0.13
0.66
4.64
0.94
0.05
0.05
0.63
0.12
0.93
0.40
0.00
0.01
0.73
0.15
0.67
4.69
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers In parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Table C-14. Emissions of Lead from Industrial Processes
(thousand metric tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 19B5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1980 1991
Iron and Steel Industry
Primary Nonferroua Metals
Secondary Nonferrous Metals
Mineral Products
Miscellaneous
Total
3.09
12,35
5.61
0.76
2.05
23.86
1.07
5.57
1.90
0.44
1.34
10.32
0.48
1.03
1.02
0.27
0.78
3.57
0.47
0.86
0.88
0.25
0.59
3.05
0.33
0.87
0.78
0.20
0.51
2.71
0.22
0.87
0.69
0.17
0.49
2.44
0.22
0.66
0.78
0.16
0.45
2.30
0.21
0.83
0.80
0.17
0.29
2.30
0.20
0.63
0.77
0.12
0.20
1.93
0.13
0.64
0.83
0.13
0.21
1.94
0.16
0.66
0.89
0.12
0.18
2.02
0.15
0.69
0.98
0.23
0.18
2.23
0.15
0.70
1.03
0.16
0.18
2.23
0.15
0.68
1.07
0.18
0.12
2.21
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcatagories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table C-15. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Industrial Processes
(million metric tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 19B1 1982 1983 1984 1985 19B6 1887 19BB 1989 1990 1991
Pulp Mills (261,262) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
Organic Chemicals (286) 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.07
Ammonia (2673) 0.03 0.04 0.05 0,05 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Nitric Acid (2873) 0.15 0.11 0.10 ' 0.09 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03
Petroleum Refining (2911) 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.23
Glass (321,322) 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Cement (3241) 0.09 0.08 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
Lime (3274) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Iron and Steel (3312) 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Total 0.70 0.68 0.68 0.64 0.55 0.55 0.58 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.58 0.59 0.59 0.60
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Source Category
Table C-16. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Industrial Processes
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1908 1989 1990 1991
Cattle Feed Lots (0211)
Cotton Ginning (0724)
Metallic Ore Mining (10)
Coal Mining (1211)
Crushed Stone (142)
Sand and Gravel(144)
Clays (145)
Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475)
Feed and Grain Milling (204)
Lumber and Plywood (24)
Pulp Mills (261,262)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (291 1)
Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Brick and Tile (3251)
Concrete, Lfme, Gypsum (327)
Clay Sintering (3295)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Ferroalloys (3313)
Iron and Steel Foundries (332)
Primary Nonferrous Smelters (333)
Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336)
Gram Elevators (4421,5153)
0.02
0.02
0.53
0.35
1.35
0.05
1.61
0.04
0.07
0.08
0.62
0.22
0.06
0.56
0.04
1.58
0.04
0.58
0.10
1.19
0.16
0.15
0.39
0.06
0.67
0.02
0.02
0.32
0.25
0.76
0.04
0.29
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.22
0.12
0.07
0.32
0.03
0.64
0.03
0.29
0.04
0.57
0.09
0.07
0.21
0.05
0.59
0.02
0.02
0.18
0.31
0.45
0.04
0.13
0.03
0.04
0.07
0.14
0.14
0.05
0.11
0.03
0.38
0.01
0.13
0.01
0.31
0.03
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.49
0.02
0.03
0.20
0.31
0.38
0.04
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.04
0.09
0.03
0.29
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.30
0.03
0.04
0.09
0.04
0.55
0.02
0.02
0.11
0.32
0.34
0.03
0.06
0.01
0.05
0.06
0.10
0.10
0.04
0.09
0.03
0.22
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.20
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.51
0.02
0.01
0.11
0.30
0.37
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.03
0.11
0.03
0.24
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.18
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.03
0.28 .
0.02
0.02
0.13
0.35
0.40
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.08
0.12
0.13
0.03
0.14
0.03
0.27
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.18
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.43
0.02
0.02
0.13
0.31
0.19
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.02
0.12
0.03
0.26
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.16
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.65
0.02
0.02
0.11
0.31
0.21
0.05
0.06
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.02
0.12
0.02
0.21
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.53
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.31
0.21
0.05
0.06
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.02
0.13
0.02
0.20
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.14
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.47
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.32
0.26
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.02
0.12
0.02
0.21
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.16
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.48
0.02
0.02
0.12
0.34
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.02
0.12
0.02
0.21
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.48
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.36
0.25
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.10
0.02
0.13
0.02
0.21
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.03
0.52
0.02
0.03
0.13
0.35
0.27
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.10
0.09
0.11
0.02
0.13
0.02
0.21
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.49
Total
10.54
5.19
3.31
3,03
2.57 2.39 2.80
2.70
2.43 £38 2.48 2.46 2.53 £55
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Table C-17. Emissions of PM-10 from Industrial Processes
(million metric tons)
Source Category
1985
1987
1988
1989
Total
150
1.74
1.70
1.73
1.77
1990
1991
Cattle Feed Lots (0211)
Cotton Ginning (0724)
Metallic Ore Mining (10)
Coal Mining (1211)
Crushed Stone (142)
Sand and Gravel(144)
Clays (1469
Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475)
Feed and Grain Milling (204)
Lumber and Plywood (24)
Pulp Mills (261,262)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (291 1)
Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Brick and Tile (3251)
Concrete, Lime, Gypsum (327)
Clay Sintering (3295)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Ferroalloys (3313)
Iron and Steel Foundries (332)
Primary Nonferrous Smelters (333)
Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336)
Grain Elevators (4421,5153)
0.02
0,00
0.11
0.11
0.19
0.01
0.08
0X11
0.03
043
0.12
0.11
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.26
0.01
043
OJ01
0.12
041
0.04
0.05
0.03
0.38
042
040
0.10
0.11
021
041
046
041
044
044
0.10
049
042
0.10
041
0.21
041
043
041
0.11
041
044
044
043
0.35
042
0.00
0.11
0.11
021
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.03
0.04
0.10
049
0.01
0.10
0.01
020
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.03
031
042
0.00
0.11
0.11
026
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.03
044
0.10
047
0.01
0.10
0.01
021
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.10
041
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.31
042
0.00
0.12
0.12
025
041
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.10
0.01
0.09
0.01
021
041
0.03
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.31
0.02
0.00
0.12
0.12
025
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.02
0-04
0.09
0.10
0.01
0.10
0.01
021
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.12
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.34
0.02
0.00
0.12
0.12
027
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.10
0.02
0.10
0.01
021
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.32
1.81
1.84
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers In parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
126
-------
Source Category
Table C-18. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Industrial Processes
(million metric tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Natural Gas Production (1311)
Pulp Mills (261 ,262)
Sulfuric Acid (2819)
Carbon Black (2895)
Petroleum RatWng(2911)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Primary Copper (3331)
Primary Lead and Zkic (3332.3333)
Primary Aluminum (3334)
Secondary Lead (3341)
Total
0.10
0.15
0.54
0.00
0.70
0.02
0.56
0.03
0.65
3.18
0.41
0.07
0.02
6.43
0.16
0.15
0.33
0.01
0.63
0.03
0.46
0.03
0.62
1.77
0.11
0.06
0.02
4.57
0.14
0.20
0.25
0.01
0.84
0.03
0.57
0.03
0.51
0.98
0.07
0.09
0.03
3.74
0.15
0.20
0.22
0.01
0.77
0.03
0.55
0.03
0.48
1.18
0.07
0.08
0.03
3.80
0.14
0.20
0.17
0.01
0.74
0.03
0.48
0.02
0.32
0.72
0.16
0.06
0.03
3.08
0.17
0.21
0.18
0.01
0.74
0.03
0.52
0.02
0.29
0.74
0.11
0.06
0.02
3.11
0.15
0.22
0.19
0.01
0.74
0.03
0.56
0.02
0.35
0.71
0.11
0.08
0.02
3,20
0.15
0.23
0.19
0.01
0.75
0.03
0.56
0.02
0.33
0.59
0.22
0.06
0.02
3,17
0.15
0.24
0.17
0.01
0.88
0.03
0.55
0.02
0.29
0.53
0.19
0.06
0.02
3.16
0.17
0.25
0.17
0.01
0.87
0.02
0.54
0.02
0.32
0.34
0.18
0.06
0.03
3.01
0.17
0.25
0.17
0.02
0.90
0.03
0.57
0.03
0.36
0.27
0.21
0.07
0.03
3.08
0.17
0.26
0.16
0.01
0.92
0.03
0.57
0.03
. 0.36
0.22
0.24
0.07
0.04
3.10
0.16
0.26
0.17
0.01
0.95
0.03
0.56
0.03
0.34
0.21
0.22
0.07
0.04
3.05
0.17
0.27
0.17
0.02
0.99
0.03
0.56
0.03
0.36
0.21
0.25
0.08
0.04
3.16
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Table C-19. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial Processes
(million metric tons)
Source Category
Crude Oil Production, Storage and
Transfer (131 1,4463)
Food and Beverages (20)
Textiles (22)
Graphic Arts (27)
Plastics (2821,3079)
Organic Chemicals (266)
Other Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Rubber Tires (3011)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Petroleum Product Storage and
Transfer (5171,5541)
Dry Cleaning (721)
Adheslves
Degreaalng
Solvent Extraction Processes
Surface Coating
Other Organic Solvent Use
Total
1970
0.55
0.19
0.01
0.29
0.36
0.57
0.62
0.72
0.05
0.36
1.58
0.24
0.05
0.64
0.04
2.39
0.27
8.93
1975
0.53
0.16
0.01
0.23
0.30
0.70
0.60
0.88
0.05
0.30
1.76
0.21
0.04
0.41
0.03
1.88
0.20
8.19
1980
0.56
0.17
0.02
0.34
0.40
0.83
0.58
0.97
0.04
0.25
1.54
0.29
0.05
0.47
0.04
2.32
0.29
9.13
1981
0.54
0.18
0.02
0.23
0.34
0.79
0.59
0.96
0.05
0.23
1.49
0.22
0.04
0.38
0.04
1.82
0.30
8.24
1982
0.53
0.18
0.01
0.22
0.31
0.67
0.59
0.90
0.04
0.15
1.43
0.19
0.03
0.33
0.03
1.56
0.23
7.41
1983
0.53
0.17
0.01
0.25
0.36
0.80
0.63
0.81
0.05
0.14
1.40
0.20
0.04
0.37
0.03
1.77
0.23
7.80
1984
0.55
0.15
0.01
0.33
0.45
0.87
0.63
0.78
0.05
0.17
1.40
0.22
0.05
0.45
0.03
2.25
0.28
8.68
1985
0.54
0.17
0.02
0.30
0.42
0.85
0.51
0.72
0.05
0.15
1.42
0.20
0.05
0.45
0.04
2.22
0.25
8.35
1986
0.53
0.15
0.01
0.20
0.35
0.88
0.51
0.69
0.05
0.14
1.46
0.15
0.03
0.31
0.03
2.20
0.22
7.92
1987
0.53
0.16
0.01
0.17
0.27
0.92
0.55
0.69
0.05
0.15
1.52
0.15
0.02
0.36
0.04
2.30
0.26
8.17
1988
0.54
0.16
0.01
0.21
0.36
1.00
0.57
0.70
0.05
0.17
1.53
0.19
0.04
0.34
0.03
1.83
0.26
8.00
1989
0.55
0.15
0.01
0.21
0.35
0.99
0.56
0.70
0.05
0.18
1.53
0.19
0.04
0.34
0.03
1.82
0.26
7.97
1990
0.51
0.15
0.01
0.18
0.34
1.03
0.55
0.70
0.05
0.16
1.50
0.15
0.03
0.30
0.04
2.04
0.26
8.02
1991
0.52
0.16
0.01
0.16
0.32
1.05
0.55
0.70
0.05
0.17
1.55
0.15
0.03
0.28
0.04
1.86
0.26
7.86
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes
-------
Table C-20. National Summary of Fugitive Dust PM-10 Emissions, 1985 tc
(milHon metric tons)
Source Category 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Agricultural Tilling
Construction
Mining and Quarrying
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
Wind Erosion
620
11.49
0.31
535
13.34
323
6.26
10,73
028
6.18
13-30
852
6.36
11jOO
0.34
6.47
12-65
1,32
6.43
1058
0.31
651
14.17
15J8
629
1022
OJ6
6.72
13.91
10.73
635
9.11
044
6£3
1420
3.80
6.32
8.77
0.36
7.39
14,36
9-19
Total 4053 4527 38.14 5428 48.22 40.63 46.38
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
-------
APPENDIX D - REGIONAL EMISSIONS, METRIC UNITS
131
-------
Table D-1. Regional Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide
(million metric tons)
Region
I
II
HI
IV
V
VI
VH
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
3.71
551
7.40
15.77
15.17
12.11
4.32
552
829
432
83.12
1986
351
5.62
723
14.62
14.42
1051
331
4.40
7.14
4.36
76:03
1987
3.48
5.39
723
14.38
1355
1021
3.71
4.13
8.12
4.46
75X6
1988
322
5.18
6.69
1423
13.77
9.98
425
629
ISA
457
7553
1989
2.96
452
622
13.40
12.66
9.40
3.97
3.81
753
334
68.32
1990
2.83
425
5.86
12.04
1223
8.80
326
3.68
6.88
7.90
67.74
1991
2,57
3.85
5.48
11.30
11.48
8.19
3.07
3.36
6.15
6.64
62.10
Region
Table D-2. Regional Emission Estimates of Lead
(thousand metric tons) ,
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1
II
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
0.85
1.40
1.66
324
3.61
234
1.70
Oj67
2.17
0.62
1826
027
0.49
053
1.06
153
0.79
0.91
025
0.62
0.19
6.62
0.25
0.45
0.47
1.01
141
0.74
030
023
058
0.17
621
022
0.40
0.43
0.97
139
057
039
022
052
0.16
536
020
0.34
0.37
0.91
131
0.62
0.98
021
0.45
0.14
553
0.17
0.32
033
035
127
0.58
0.90
020
0.39
0.12
5.13
0.16
0.30
0.31
0.83
125
0.56
0.89
0.19
0.37
0.12
4.97
Region
Table D-3. Regional Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides
(million metric tons)
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
II
IH
IV
V
VI
VH
VW
IX
X
Total
0.64
034
135
3.46
357
4.02
134
126
1M
056
1939
058
039
2.13
337
354
330
120
MM
134
031
1834
057
036
2.12
339
350
338
120
1.10
139
032
19.03
057
034
2.12
339
355
4.11
132
130
1.45
1.00
1955
0.53
0.80
2.06
334
3.48
4.07
128
122
153
038
1929
052
0.77
2.04
3.31
3.46
4.16
128
122
152
1.11
1938
0.48
0.73
1.97
3.19
3.34
4.09
124
120
1.44
1.07
18.77
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
132
-------
Table D-4. Regional Emission Estimates of Total Particuiate Matter
(million metric tons)
Region
1
H
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
022
029
0.68
159
1.73
0.81
057
0.45
1.01
0.49
7.85
1986
023
028
0.73
1.47
1.70
0.67
052
0.34
050
0.47
751
1987
023
029
0.74
1.46
1J67
0.67
050
0.34
U02
0.49
7.42
1988
022
028
0.75
152
1.72
0.71
0.60
0.63
059
053
754
1989
022
029
0.75
155
1.70
0.73
057
037
0.96
0.44
757
1990
0.19
025
0.68
1.32
1.66
0.66
0.49
0.36
058
0.91
7.40
1991
020
026
0.70
1.37
1.69
0.67
0.50
0.35
0.89
0.78
7.41
Region
Table D-5. Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10
from Point and Fugitive Process Sources
(million metric tons)
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
H
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
0.16
021
0.46
1.18
1.17
OJ61
0/42
051
0.74
055
5.61
0.17
022
0.49
1.09
1.19
052
058
023
055
054
527
0.17
022
051
1.10
1.18
052
057
023
0.74
056
5.40
0.16
021
050
1.14
121
054
0.45
0.45
0.71
058
5.76
0.17
022
051
1.18
123
057
0.44
025
0.70
051
559
0.14
0.19
0.46
1.00
1.18
0.52
057
024
0.63
0.69
5.42
0.15
020
0.47
1.03
121
0.53
0.38
024
0.65
0.59
5.45
Table D-6. Regional Emission Estimates of Fugitive Dust PM-10
(million metric tons)
Region
1985
1986
1987
1988
1990
1991
H
III
IV
V
VI
VH
VHI
IX
X
Total
156
222
222
5.67
7.12
8.15
453
320
4jQ6
2jOO
4053
128
2.01
2.12
5.60
6.76
14.08
4.65
2.79
4.08
1.92
4527
129
2.01
224
550
6.78
7.75
335
257
3.49
156
38.14
129
1.75
2.19
622
6.70
20.19
6.65
351
354
154
5428
1.14
1.71
2.09
6.07
6.19
1721
5.68
3.02
327
154
4822
1.10
1.60
2.13
5.43
629
11.49
4.88
2.83
251
158
40.63
1.00
1.38
2.10
5.75
5.75
1427
7.76
3.04
3.08
225
4658
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
133
-------
Table D-7. Regional Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides
(million metric tons)
Region 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
1
H
IN
IV
V
VI
vn
VHI
IX
X
Total
0.47
032
2/43
425
5J02
330
1.53
1.72
1.47
025
21 £7
0.31
051
3.05
4.18
453
351
1.43
1.44
151
027
21.15
0.32
054
3.01
4.17
435
353
1/13
1/46
129
027
2037
0.35
0.48
233
4X15
430
3.71
154
138
1.35
0.31
21.30
0.32
0.46
3.00
4.10
5.02
3.73
156
1.70
131
031
2151
0.31
0.43
2.91
4.03
458
3.64
153
1.66
136
030
21.06
0.29
0.41
237
3.94
434
3.57
1.52
1.63
1.36
029
20.73
Table D-8. Regional Emission Estimates of Nonmethane
Volatile Organic Compounds
(million metric tons)
Region 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
H
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
057
035
134
2.65
3.66
3/44
034
257
136
122
1930
053
030
131
2.47
338
327
0.76
221
133
1.18
18.45
052
038
136
2.44
337
324
0.75
230
2.06
122
18J64
0.49
034
1.72
2/44
329
331
033
2.44
139
124
1851
0.45
0.74
133
225
3.10
320
0.76
2.12
1.98
1.13
1735
0.44
0.72
1.61
2.11
3.07
3.10
0.70
2.13
2.03
1.68
17.58
0.42
0.70
1.54
2.04
2.99
3.09
0.69
2.00
1.89
1.52
16.88
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
134
-------
APPENDIX E - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY, ENGLISH
UNITS
135
-------
Table E-1. National Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide
(million short tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982
1983
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
96.76
0.99
0.28
1.27
7.46
86.33
0.97
0.27
1.50
5.90
77.20
1.09
0.30
1.52
5.19
76.83
1.06
0.28
1.59
5.21
71.92
1.05
0.26
1.54
4.88
71.55
1.08
0.21
1.55
4.31
66.76
1.11
0.22
1.92
4.60
62.07
1.20
0.21
1.54
4.99
56.85
1.19
0.20
1.65
4.82
54,02
1.17
0.20
1.72
4.87
51.08
1.15
0.21
1.78
4.68
46.36
1.18
0.21
1.83
4.76
45.54
1.19
0.21
1.90
4.60
39.81
1.16
0.18
1.89
4.90
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
106.76 94.96 85.30 84.97 79.65 78.71 74.61 70.01 64.72 62.00 58.91 54.34 53.44 47.94
0.24
0.77
0.06
3.57
0.28
0.72
0.07
3.38
0.32
0.71
0.06
6.17
0.32
0.70
0.06
6.25
0.30
0.69
0.06
6.74
0.30
0.66
0.06
6.66
0.32
0.70
0.06
6.70
0.32
0.67
0.06
5.89
0.31
0.66
0.06
5.88
0.33
0.70
0.06
5.90
0.34
0.71
0.07
5.79
0.35
0.73
0.06
5.92
0.35
0.72
0.05
3.62
0.34
0.73
0.05
4.03
4,64 4,44 7.26 7.33 7.79 7.68 7.77 6.93 6.91 6.99 6.91 7.06
9.87 7.58 6.99 6.47 4.80 4.78 5.14 4.82 4.63 4,77 5.07 5.05
4.74 5.16
5.11 5.17
2.98
4.08
1.76
1.47
7.05 3.23
5.62
2.31
0.00
4.43
0.83
0.00
1.25
1.05
2.30
7.62
0.72
0.00
1.19
1.02
1.14
1.00
1.07
0.96
1.09
0.94
2.22 2.14 2.03 2.03
6.37
0.71
0.00
4.73
0.69
0.00
7.86
0.69
0.00
6.32
0.69
0.00
1.09
0.94
2.04
7.15
0.67
0.00
0.95
0.93
1.88
5.01
0.67
0.00
0.95
0.93
1.88
6.42
0.67
0.00
0.95
0.93
1.88
9.84
0.65
0.00
0.94
0.93
1.87
6.35
0.63
0.00
0.92
0.95
0.98
1.29
1.87 2.27
8.88 7.30
0.62 0.61
0.00 0.00
7.94 5.26 8.34 7.09 5.41 8.55 7.01 7.81 5.67 7.09 10.48 6.98 9.50 7.91
136.26 115.47 110.19 108.07 99.79 101.75 96.56 91.62 83.81 82.73 83.25 75.31 74.67 68.45
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums o1 subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table E-2. National Emission Estimates of Lead
(thousand short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Miscellaneous
Total of All Sources
171.96
8.38
180.34
0.33
10.25
0.00
0.00
10.58
26.30
2.20
0.00
219.42
130.21
5.01
135.22
0.23
10.08
0.03
0.02
10.35
11.38
1.60
0.00
158.54
62.19
3.32
65.51
0.13
4.14
0.02
0.01
4.30
3.94
1.21
0.00
74.96
48.39
2.82
51.21
0.11
2.96
0.02
0.01
3.10
3.36
1.21
0.00
58.88
48.95
2.81
51.76
0.08
1.76
0.02
0.01
1.88
2.99
1.04
0.00
57.67
42.70
2.27
44.97
0.09
0.56
0.01
0.01
0.66
2.69
0.91
0.00
49.23
35.93
2.31
38.24
0.09
0.43
0.01
0.01
0.54
2.53
0.90
0.00
42.22
15.98
0.23
16.21
0.06
0.43
0.01
0.01
0.52
2.53
0.87
0.00
20.12
3.59
0.22
3.81
0.07
0.42
0.01
0.01
0.52
2.13
0.84
0.00
7.30
3.12
0.22
3.34
0.06
0.42
0.01
0.01
0.51
2.14
0.84
0.00
6.84
2.70
0.21
2.91
0.07
0.42
0.01
0.02
0.51
2.22
0.82
0.00
6.46
2.16
0.21
2.37
0.07
0.42
0.01
0.01
0.50
2.46
0.76
0.00
6.10
1.69
0.20
1.89
0.06
0.42
0.01
0.02
0.51
2.45
0.80
0.00
5.65
1.58
0.21
1.79
0.06
0.42
0.01
0.02
0.50
2.43
0.76
0.00
5.48
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. Trie sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table E-3. National Emission Estimates of Nitrogen Oxides
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
7.50
0.12
0.71
0.10
0.89
9.32
4.89
4.31
0.35
0.48
10.04
0.77
0.11
0.33
0.44
0.22
0.11
0.00
0.33
20.90
9.06
0.11
0.73
0.13
1.02
11.05
5.69
3.81
0.33
0.45
10.29
0.75
0.06
0.10
0.16
0.14
0.02
0.00
0.16
22.41
11.55
0.13
0.63
0.17
1.06
13.73
7.02
3.37
0.31
0.43
11.13
0.75
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.23
0.02
0.00
0.25
25.97
9.35
0.12
0.78
0.21
1.03
11.48
7.05
3.29
0.28
0.41
11.03
0.71
0.04
0.07
0.11
0.20
0.02
0.00
0.21
23.54
8.73
0.12
0.73
0.17
1.00
10.74
6.78
3.37
0.28
0.41
10.84
0.60
0.03
0.07
0.10
0.15
0.02
0.00
0.17
22.45
8.39
0.12
0.59
0.19
1.01
10.30
6.92
3.01
0.25
0.40
10.58
0.60
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.24
0.02
0.00
0.25
21.83
8.00
0.13
0.64
0.20
1.06
10.03
7.27
3.27
0.26
0.41
11.20
0.64
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.19
0.02
0.00
0.21
22.17
8.01
0.14
0.60
0.21
1.13
10.09
6.60
3.10
0.24
0.40
10.34
0.62
0.03
0.07
0.09
0.22
0.01
0.00
0.23
21.37
7.24
0.15
0.57
0.22
1.17
9.36
6.86
3.03
0.24
0.40
10.53
0.62
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.16
0.01
0.00
0.17
20.76
6.91
0.15
0.58
0.24
1.11
8.98
7.08
3.35
0.25
0.40
11.08
0.62
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.20
0.01
0.00
0.21
20.97
6.84
0.14
0.60
0.24
1.20
9.03
7.48
3.41
0.27
0.44
11.60
0.64
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.29
0.01
0.00
0.31
21.67
6.48
0.14
0.60
0.25
1.19
8.66
7.56
3.45
0.25
0.41
11.67
0.65
0.02
0.07
0.08
0.20
0.01
0.00
0.21
21.27
6.48
0.15
0.59
0.24
1.17
8.63
7.47
3.66
0.24
0.34
11.72
0.65
0.02
0.07
0.09
0.27
0.01
0.00
0.28
21.36
5.93
0.14
0.51
0.26
1.17
8.00
7.40
3.67
0.23
0.37
11.67
0.66
0.02
0.09
0.11
0.22
0.01
0.00
0.24
20.68
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of sub categories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table E-4. National Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter
(million short tons)
Source Catenary
1970 1975 1980 1981 19B2 1963 19B4 1985 1SB6 1987 1988 1969 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Realdentiaf
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
1.00
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.08
1.30
2.57
2.39
0.11
0.51
5.59
11.62
0.44
0.77
1.21
0.77
0.44
0.00
1.21
20.93
1.16
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.10
1.43
1.70
1.37
0.09
0.46
3.62
5.72
0.21
0.28
0.48
0.67
0.16
0.00
0.83
12.08
1.16
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.11
1.44
0.92
1.49
0.08
0.85
3.35
3.65
0.17
0.20
0.36
1.05
0.13
0.00
1.19
9.99
1.18
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.11
1.46
0.81
1.50
0.07
0.88
3.27
3.34
0.16
0.19
0.36
0.90
0.13
0.00
1.03
9.45
1.16
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.10
1.43
0.62
1.38
0.08
0.96
3.03
2.83
0.15
0.19
0.34
0.70
0.13
0.00
0.83
8.46
1.15
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.41
0.64
1.36
0.05
0.95
2.99
2.63
0.14
0.18
0.32
1.08
0.13
0.00
1.21
8.56
1.17
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.44
0.67
1.36
0.05
0.96
3.04
3.09
0.14
0.18
0.32
0.89
0.13
0.00
1.02
8.91
1.23
0.10
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.52
0.48
1.35
0.04
0.86
2.73
2.97
0.14
0.18
0.32
0.99
0.12
0.00
1.11
8.65
1.21
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.50
0.49
1.31
0.05
0.86
2.71
2.68
0.13
0.18
0.31
0.73
0.12
0.00
0.85
8.05
1.25
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.53
0.46
1.31
0.05
0.87
2.69
2.62
0.13
0.18
0.31
0.91
0.12
0.00
1.03
8.18
1.34
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.13
1.63
0.45
1.27
0.05
0.87
2.64
2.74
0.13
0.18
0.31
1.32
0.12
0.00
1.43
8.75
1.39
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.67
0.46
1.27
0.04
0.88
2.65
2.71
0.13
0.18
0.30
0.90
0.11
0.00
1.01
8.35
1.41
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.70
0.46
1.07
0.04
0.50
2.06
2.79
0.13
0.18
0.30
1.20
0.11
0.00
1.31
8.16
1.45
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.12
1.73
0.44
1.10
0.03
0.56
2.14
2.81
0.13
0.24
0.37
1.01
0.11
0.00
1.12
8.16
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table E-5. National Emission Estimates of PM-10
(million short tons)
Fuel Combustion Total
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1.61
1.63
1.64
159
1.64
4990
1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
1.19
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.45
0.15
0.60
0.02
0.85
1.17
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.44
0.15
0.60
0.02
0.85
121
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.11
1.48
0.15
0.60
0.02
0.86
1.30
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.13
138
0.16
056
OJ02
034
1.34
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.62
0.17
0.58
0.02
0.87
1.37
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.12
1.64
0.17
0.48
0.02
0.49
159
0.08
0.03
0.03
0.12
1.66
0.16
0.49
0.02
055
1.16
122
Industrial Processes
2.09
1.88
150
1.95
1.99
2.03
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
0.05
0.18
023
0.71
0.09
0.00
030
6.19
0.04
0.18
022
051
0.09
0.00
0.60
530
0.04
0.18
022
0.64
0.09
0.00
0.73
5.95
0.04
0.18
022
0.97
0.09
0.00
1.06
655
0.04
0.18
0.22
0.64
0.09
0.00
0.72
6.16
0.04
0.18
022
0.88
0.08
0.00
0.96
5.98
0.04
024
029
0.73
0.08
0.00
031
6.00
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
140
-------
Table E-6. National Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides
(million short tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 19B1 1982 1983 1964
1985
1986 1987 1968 19B9 1990 1991
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
0.28
0.01
0.14
0.17
0.07
0.67
17.40
4.57
0.99
0.50
23.46
7.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.00
0.11
31.33
0.35
0.01
0.12
0.15
0.08
0.71
18.27
2.95
0.79
0.30
22.30
5.04
0.03
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.02
28.12
0.46
0.01
0.13
0.30
0.08
0.99
17.48
2.60
0.75
0,22
21.05
4.12
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
26.21
0.49
0.01
0.12
0.27
0.08
0.99
16.18
2.59
0.62
0.21
19.60
419
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
24.81
0.49
0.01
0.12
0.22
0.08
0.92
15.67
2.51
0.64
0.22
19.03
3.39
0.02
0.01
0.03
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
23.38
0.48
0.01
0.09
0.20
0.08
0.87
15.45
2.24
0.50
0.20
18.39
3.42
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
22.73
0.51
0.02
0.10
0.20
0.08
0.91
16.02
2.44
0.51
0.22
19.19
3.53
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.66
0.58
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.09
0.97
16.24
2.47
0.46
0.21
19.38
3.50
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.89
0.56
0.02
0.09
0.19
0.09
0.96
15.65
2.46
0.51
0.22
18.84
3.48
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.31
0.58
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.09
0.98
15.67
2.35
0.53
0.23
18.78
3.32
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.11
0.63
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.10
1.03
15.94
2.24
0.54
0.28
19.01
3.39
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.47
0.65
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.09
1.06
16.18
2.37
0.44
0.21
19.21
3.41
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.71
0.66
0.02
0.09
0.23
0.09
1.09
15.83
2.30
0.41
0.18
*"
»
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
23.21
0.67
0.02
0.08
0.22
0.09
1.09
15.57
2.11
0.35
0.21
18.24
3.49
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.01
22.86
Note: 1991 emission estimates ate preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
to
Table E-7. National Emission Estimates of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds
(million short tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Transportation
Highway Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Other Off-Highway
Transportation Total
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Combustion Total
Industrial Processes
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Solid Waste Total
Miscellaneous
Forest Fires
Other Burning
Miscellaneous Organic Solvent
Miscellaneous Total
Total of All Sources
. 12.68
0.26
0.18
0.36
0.57
14.07
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.48
0.67
9.84
0.55
1.43
1.98
0.77
0.33
2.54
3.64
30.20
10.00
0.21
0.18
0.44
0.55
11.38
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.46
0.66
9.03
0.45
0.52
0.97
0.59
0.13
2.09
2.80
24.83
7.56
0.20
0.20
0.44
0.53
8.93
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.84
1.05
10.07
0.37
0.37
0.74
1.02
0.11
2.06
3.19
23.97
8.48
0.18
0.19
0.47
0.54
9.85
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.85
1.05
9.08
0.36
0.36
0.72
0.85
0.11
1.73
2.69
23.39
7.85
0.18
0.18
0.45
0.51
9.17
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.91
1.11
8.17
0.34
0.35
0.69
0.63
0.10
1.62
2.35
21.49
7.77
0.18
0.14
0.46
0.48
9.03
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.90
1.10
8.60
0.33
0.34
0.67
1.06
0.10
1.76
2.93
22.33
7.50
0.19
0.15
0.56
0.49
8.89
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.91
1.12
9.56
0.33
0.33
0.66
0.85
0.11
1.96
2.91
23.14
6.90
0.21
0.14
0.46
0.53
8.23
0.04
0.15
0.01
0.80
0.99
9.20
0.33
0.33
0.66
0.96
0.10
1.68
2.74
21.83
6.22
0.21
0.14
0.49
0.52
7.58
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.80
0.98
8.73
0.31
0.33
0.64
0.67
0.10
1.65
2.41
20.34
5.88
0.21
0.14
0.51
0.52
7.26
0.03
0.15
0.01
0.80
0.99
9.01
0.31
0.33
0.64
0.86
0.10
1.68
2.64
20.55
5.49
0.20
0.15
0.53
0.52
6.90
0.03
0.15
0.01
0.79
0.98
8.82
0.31
0.33
0.64
1.33
0.10
1.75
3.17
20.51
1989
4,61
0.21
0.15
0.55
0.51
6.01
0.03
0.15
0.01
0.80
1.00
8.79
0.31
0.33
0.64
0.85
0.09
1.75
2.69
19.13
1990
4.70
0.21
0.14
0.56
0.50
6.11
0.03
0.14
0.01
0.49
0.68
8.84
0.30
0.33
0.64
1.20
0.09
1.82
3.11
19.38
1991
4.21
0.20
0.12
0.56
0.51
5.60
0.03
0.15
0.01
0.55
0.74
8.66
0.31
0.46
0.76
0.98
0.09
1.78
2.85
18.61
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums o1 subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
APPENDIX F - NATIONAL EMISSIONS BY SUBCATEGORY, ENGLISH
UNITS
143
-------
Source Category
Table F-1. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Transportation Sources
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987
1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total - Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total - Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
74.85
9.22
3.32
8.65
0.40
96.43
0.00
0.00
0.33
0.33
9&76
0.99
0.28
1.27
3.94
0.64
1.96
0.93
106.76
64.93
9.01
3.84
7.24
0.87
85.89
0.00
0.00
0.44
0.44
86.33
0.97
0.27
1.50
3.23
0.40
1.17
1.09
94.96
52.79
9.72
6.94
6.46
0.61
76.52
0.01
0.00
0.66
0.68
77.20
1.09
0.30
1.52
2.25
0.51
1.22
1.22
85.30
50.23
10.66
8.14
6.56
0.46
76.05
0.01
0.01
0.76
0.78
76.83
1.06
0.28
1.59
2.07
0.41
1.46
1.26
84.97
49.44
9.39
6.74
5.26
0.33
71.17
0.01
0.01
0.73
0.75
71.92
1.05
0.26
1.54
1.97
0.35
1.31
1.25
79.65
48.33
9.94
7.24
5.02
0.30
70.83
0.02
0.01
0.70
0.72
71.55
1.08
0.21
1.55
1.62
0.29
1.14
1.25
78.71
44.58
9.33
6.85
4.98
0.28
66.01
0.02
0.00
0.72
0.75
66.76
1.11
0.22
1.92
2.09
0.27
0.99
1.24
74.61
40.56
9.58
6.65
4.21
0.21
61.20
0.02
0.00
0.85
0.87
62.07
1.20
0.21
1.54
2.33
0.46
0.93
1.27
70.01
37.49
8.98
6.10
3.31
0.20
56.09
0.02
0.00
0.74
0.76
56.85
1.19
0.20
1.65
2.11
0.50
0.92
1.29
64.72
35.45
8.80
5.65
3.15
0.21
53.25
0.02
0.00
0.75
0.77
54.02
1.17
0.20
1.72
2.02
0.58
0.97
1.31
62.00
33.55
8.22
5.14
3.15
0.21
50.26
0.01
0.00
0.80
0.82
51.08
1.15
0.21
1.78
1.81
0.58
0.97
1.32
58.91
30.35
7.48
4.51
2.98
0.21
45.52
0.01
0.00
0.82
0.84
46.36
1.18
0.21
1.83
1.82
0.62
1.03
1.29
OH'.O'H
29.70
7.00
4.90
2.87
0.21
44.69
0.01
0.00
0.84
0.86
45.54
1.19
0.21
1.90
1.54
0.66
1.06
1.34
53.44
26.17
6.67
3.76
2.15
0.19
38.94
0.01
0.00
0.85
0.87
39.81
1.16
0.18
1.89
1.79
0.73
1.05
1.32
47.94
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table F-2. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Transportation Sources
(million short tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1960 1981 1962 19B3 1984 1985 1986 19B7 19BB 19B9 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total -Gasoline
Diesel-powered
i_> Passenger cars
g; Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total - Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
4.81
0.62
0.26
0.55
0.00
6.24
0.00
0.00
1.26
1.26
7.50
0.12
0.71
0.10
0.44
0.20
0.24
0.01
9.32
5.57
0.75
0.39
0.51
0.01
7.23
0.00
0.00
1.83
1.83
9.06
0.11
0.73
0.13
0.47
0.21
0.32
0.01
11.05
4.58
0.79
0.62
0.39
0.01
6.38
2.58
0.01
2.58
5.17
11.55
0.13
0.83
0.17
0.50
0.25
0.29
0.01
13.73
4.43
0.88
0.71
0.38
0.01
6.42
0.02
0.01
2.89
292
9.35
0.12
0.78
0.21
0.53
0.22
0.27
0.01
11.48
4.32
0.78
0.60
0.32
0.01
6.03
0.03
0.01
2.66
2.70
8.73
0.12
0.73
0.17
0.52
0.22
0.25
0.01
10.74
4.15
0.83
0.64
0.34
0.01
5.97
0.03
0.01
2.38
2.43
8.39
0.12
0.59
0.19
0.51
0.23
0.26
0.01
10.30
3.89
0.80
0.60
0.32
0.01
5.62
0.03
0.01
2.34
2.38
8.00
0.13
0.64
0.20
0.55
0.23
0.27
0.01
10.03
3.50
0.82
0.57
0.30
0.01
5.21
0.04
0.01
2.76
2.81
8.01
0.14
0.60
0.21
0.62
0.27
0.22
0.01
10.09
3.24
0.79
0.53
0.25
0.01
4.82
0.03
0.01
2.38
2.42
7.24
0.15
0.57
0.22
0.63
0.31
0.21
0.01
9.36
3.01
0.78
0.48
0.25
0.01
4.52
0.03
0.01
2.35
2.38
6.91
0.15
0.58
0.24
0.60
0.28
0.21
0.01
8.98
2.88
0.72
0.44
0.27
0.01
4.32
0.02
0.01
2.48
2.52
6.84
0.14
0.60
0.24
0.66
0.31
0.21
0.01
9.03
2,60
0.68
0.41
0.27
0.01
3.97
0.02
0.01
2.48
2.51
6.48
0.14
0.60
0.25
0.61
0.30
0.27
0.01
8.66
2.58
0.64
0.42
0.28
0.01
3.94
0.02
0.01
2.51
2.54
6.48
0.15
0.59
0.24
0.59
0.32
0.24
0.01
8.63
2.28
0.63
0.33
0.22
0.01
3.47
0.03
0.00
2.43
2.46
5.93
0.14
0.51
0.26
0.63
0.33
0.20
0.01
8.00
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table F-3. Emissions of Total Paniculate Matter from Transportation Sources
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1963 1984 1985 1966 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Lfflht trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total- Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Lfflht trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total • Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
0.67
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.00
0.85
0.00
0.00
0.14
0.14
1.00
0.11
0.07
0.04
0.04
0.01
0.02
0.00
1.30
0.75
0.11
0.04
0.06
0.01
0.96
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.20
1.16
0.06
0.06
0.03
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.43
0.63
0.10
0.07
0.06
0.01
0.87
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.29
1.16
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.44
0.60
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.01
0.85
0.01
0.01
0.31
0.33
1.18
0.08
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.46
0.61
0.09
0.07
0.05
0.00
0.84
0.02
0.01
0.30
0.32
1.16
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.06
0,02
0.02
0.01
1.43
0.61
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.00
0.85
0.02
0.01
0.28
0.30
1.15
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.41
0.61
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.85
0.02
0.01
0.29
0.32
1.17
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.44
0.59
0.11
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.83
0.02
0.00
0.37
0.40
1.23
0.10
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.52
0.59
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.00
0.84
0.02
0.00
0.34
0.37
1.21
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.08 '
0.02
0.01
0.01
1.50
0.62
0.13
0.08
0.04
0.00
0.88
0.02
0.00
0.36
0.38
1.25
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.53
0.65
0.14
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.93
0.01
0.00
0.39
0.41
1.34
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.01
1.63
0.68
0.15
0.08
0.05
0.00
0.97
0.01
0.00
0.40
0.42
1.39
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.67
0.69
0.15
0.09
0.05
0.00
0.96
0.01
0.00
0.41
0.43
1.41
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.70
0.72
0.16
0.08
0.04
0.00
1.01
0.01
0.00
0.43
0.44
1.45
0.08
0.03
0.04
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.73
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table F-4. Emissions of PM-10 from Transportation Sources
(miHion short tons)
Source Category
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks-1
Light trucks-2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total-Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total - Diesel
Wghway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
056 057
0.11 0.12
OJ07 007
005 004
0.00 0.00
059 0.62
0.13 0.13
0.07 0.07
0.04 0.05
0.00 0.00
0.65 0.66 0.68
0.14 0.14 0.15
0.08 0.08 0.07
0.05 0.05 0.04
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.79
020
034
038
0.92
0.94
035
002 002
0.00 0.00
0-37 034
0.40
1.19
0.08
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
0.00
1.45
037
1.17
0.09
0.04
0.03
0.08
0.02
OJ01
OjOO
1.44
0.02 0.01
0.00 0.00
035
038
0.01 0.01 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.40 0.41 0.42
0.41
130
0.42
134
0.43
137
0.44
139
0.09 0.09
0.04 0.04
0.03 0.03
0.07 0.08
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
000 0.00
0.09 0.09 0.08
0.04 0.04 0.03
0.03 0.03 0.03
0.08 0.07 0.08
0.02 0.02 0.02
0.02 0.02 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
1.48
158
1.62
1.64
1.66
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
147
-------
Table F-5. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Transportation Sources
(million short tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 18B1 19B2 1983 1984 1985 19B6 19B7 19B8 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total -Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total • Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
0.13
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.17
0.00
0.00
0.11
0.11
0.28
0,01
0,14
0,17
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.67
0.15
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.00
0.00
0.16
0.16
0.35
0.01
0.12
0.15
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.71
0.16
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.23
0.01
0.00
0.22
0,23
0.46
0.01
0.13
0.30
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.99
0.16
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.23
0.01
0.00
0.25
0.26
0.49
0.01
0.12
0.27
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.99
0.17
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.24
0.01
0.00
0.24
0.25
0.49
0.01
0.12
0.22
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.92
0.17
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.25
0.01
0.00
0.22
0.23
0.48
0.01
0.09
0.20
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.87
0.18
0.04
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.26
0.01
0.00
0.23
0.25
0.51
0.02
0.10
0.20.
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.91
0.18
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.26
0.01
0.00
0.30
0.31
0.58
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.97
0.18
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.01
0.00
0.27
0.29
0.56
0.02
0.09
0.19
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.96
0.19
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.29
0.01
0.00
0.28
0.29
0.58
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.00
0.98
0.20
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.30
0.01
0.00
0.31
0.32
0.63
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.06
0.02
0.01
0.00
1.03
0.21
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.32
0.01
0.00
0.32
0.33
0.65
0.02
0.09
0.20
0.05
0.02
0.02
0.00
1.06
0.22
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.32
0.01
0.00
0.33
0.34
0.66
0.02
0.09
0.23
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.00
1.09
0.22
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.00
0.33
0.01
0.00
0.34
0.35
0.67
0.02
0.08
0.22
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.00
1.09
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
CO
Table F-6. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Transportation Sources
(million short tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Highway Vehicles
Gasoline-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks -1
Light trucks -2
Heavy duty vehicles
Motorcycles
Total - Gasoline
Diesel-powered
Passenger cars
Light trucks
Heavy duty vehicles
Total -Diesel
Highway Vehicle Total
Aircraft
Railroads
Vessels
Farm Machinery
Construction Machinery
Industrial Machinery
Other Off-Highway Vehicles
Transportation Total
9.78
1.18
0.52
0.98
0.10
12.56
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.12
12.68
0.28
0.18
0.36
0.28
0.04
0.13
0.12
14.07
7.25
1.03
0.61
0.75
0.21
9.85
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.15
10.00
0.21
0:18
0.44
0.25
0.04
0.09
0.17
11.38
4.87
0.91
0.83
0.56
0.14
7.32
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.24
7.56
0.20
0.20
0.44
0.21
0.05
0.09
0.18
8.93
5.41
1.17
0.97
0.60
0.09
8.22
0.01
0.00
0.25
0.25
8.48
0.18
0.19
0.47
0.20
0.04
0.10
0.19
9.85
5.22
1.03
0.80
0.50
0.07
7.62
0.01
0.00
0.22
0.23
7.85
0.18
0.18
0.45
0.19
0.04
0.09
0.18
9.17
5.10
1.08
0.84
0.47
0.06
7.55
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.22
7.77
0.18
0.14
0.46
0.18
0.03
0.09
0.18
9.03
4.85
1.04
0.82
0.51
0.06
7.27
0.01
0.00
0.21
0.22
7.50
0.19
0.15
0.56
0.21
0.03
0.08
0.17
8.89
4.29
1.01
0.85
0.45
0.05
6.65
0.01
0.00
0.23
0.24
6.90
0.21
0.14
0.46
0.23
0.05
0.07
0.18
8.23
3.96
0.93
0.76
0.33
0.04
6.02
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.20
6.22
0.21
0.14
0.49
0.22
0.05
0.07
0.18
7.58
3.70
0.94
0.70
0.31
0.04
5.69
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.20
5.88
0.21
0.14
0.51
0.21
0.05
0.07
0.18
7.26
3.44
0.88
0.63
0.30
0.04
5,30
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.20
5.49
0.20
0.15
0.53
0.21
0.06
0.07
0.18
6.90
2.90
0.74
0.50
0.23
0.04
4.41
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.18
4.61
0.21
0.15
0.55
0.20
0.06
0.08
0.17
6.01
2.93
0.75
0.57
0.22
0.04
450
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.20
4.70
0.21
0.14
0.56
0.19
0.06
0.08
0.17
6.11
2.63
0.73
0.45
0.17
0.03
4.02
0.01
0.00
0.19
0.19
4.21
0.20
0.12
0.56
0.21
0.06
0.08
0.16
5.60
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
S
Table F-7. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985
1986
1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oii Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
0.11
0.10
0.01
0.55
0.77
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.09
0.46
0.02
0.04
0.62
0.15
2.93
3.09
0.01
0.01
0.02
4.64
0.13
0.07
0.02
0.17
0.39
0.07
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.17
0.07
0.43
0.03
0.05
0.57
0.17
3.11
3.28
0.02
0.01
0.03
4.44
0.19
0.06
0.01
0.10
0.36
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.12
0.09
0.38
0.03
0.05
0.54
0.22
5.99
6.21
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.26
0.20
0.07
0.01
0.11
0.39
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.11
0.08
0.37
0.03
0.05
0.52
0.22
6.06
6.28
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.33
0.20
0.06
0.02
0.12
0.40
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.09
0.07
0.37
0.03
0.05
0.52
0.21
6.54
6.75
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.79
0.21
0.07
0.02
0.13
0.42
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.07
0.33
0.02
0.04
0.46
0.23
6.46
6.69
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.68
0.22
0.07
0.02
0.14
0.46
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.07
0.35
0.03
0.05
0.50
0.23
6.48
6.71
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.77
0.23
0.08
0.02
0.12
0.45
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.07
0.07
0.33
0.02
0.04
0.47
0.22
5.70
5.92
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.93
0.23
0.08
0.02
0.12
0.44
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.32
0.02
0.04
0.45
0.22
5.70
5.92
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.91
0.24
0.08
0.02
0.14
0.47
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.08
0.07
0.37
0.02
0.04
0.50
0.22
5.70
5.92
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.99
0.25
0.08
0.02
0.14
0.49
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.09
0.06
0.38
0.03
0.05
0.51
0.22
5.58
5.80
0.01
0.01
0.02
6.91
0.25
0.08
0.02
0.11
0.46
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.06
0.39
0.03
0.05
0.53
0.22
5.74
5.96
0.02
0.01
0.03
7.06
0.26
0.08
0.01
0.11
0.46
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.07
0.06
0.42
0.03
0.04
0.56
0.18
3.45
3.63
0.02
0.01
0.02
4.74
0.26
0.08
0.01
0.11
0.47
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.06
0.06
0.43
0.03
0.05
0.56
0.19
3.85
4.04
0.02
0.01
0.02
5.16
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table F-8. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel OH
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
3.49
0.77
0.02
0.02
4.31
0.43
0.33
0.21
0.12
1.09
0.97
3.05
0.12
0.24
4.39
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.06
0.07
0.12
10.04
4,28
0.52
0.03
0.01
4.84
0.65
0.30
0.18
0.11
1.24
0.76
2.64
0.13
0.25
3.97
0.10
0.04
0.14
0.05
0.05
0.10
10.29
5.68
0.44
0.02
0.00
6.15
0.49
0.24
0.16
0.08
0.97
0.66
2.47
0.13
0.24
3.70
0.13
0.07
0.21
0.08
0.03
0.11
11.13
5.79
0.51
0.03
0.00
6.33
0.41
0.21
0.12
0.06
0.82
0.85
2.36
0.13
0.23
3.57
0.13
0.08
0.21
0.07
0.03
0.10
11.03
5.73
0.50
0.03
0.00
6.26
0.29
0.22
0.12
0.07
0.70
0.76
2.46
0.13
0.23
3.58
0.13
0.08
0.21
0.06
0.03
0.09
10.84
5.96
0.51
0.03
0.00
6.51
0.28
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.59
0.68
2.15
0.12
0.22
3.17
0.14
0.08
0.22
0.06
0.03
0.09
10.58
6.30
0.57
0.04
0.00
6.91
0.24
0.15
0.10
0.06
0.55
0.73
2.33
0.13
0.23
3.41
0.14
0.08
0.22
0.07
0.04
0.11
11.20
5.99
0.60
0.03
0.00
6.63
0.19
0.15
0.09
0.07
0.50
0.42
2.17
0.12
0.22
2.93
0.14
0.07
0.21
0.03
0.04
0.07
10.34
6.07
0.61
0.03
0.00
6.72
0.23
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.55
0.55
2.10
0.12
0.22
2.98
0.14
0.07
0.21
0:04
0.03
0.07
10.53
6.29
0.61
0.03
0.00
6.94
0.19
0.15
0.10
0.07
0.51
0.60
2.42
0.11
0.22
3.35
0.14
0.07
0.21
0.04
0.03
0.07
11.08
6.68
0.62
0.04
0.00
7.34
0.25
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.57
0.55
2.50
0.13
0.23
3.41
0.13
0.07
0.20
0.04
0.04
0.07
11.60
6.72
0.62
0.03
0.00
7.38
0.26
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.51
0.58
2.52
0.14
0.24
3.47
0.13
0.07
0.21
0.08
0.03
0.11
11.67
6.72
0.63
0.02
0.00
7.37
0.20
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.42
0.56
2.77
0.13
0.22
3.68
0.11
0.04
0.15
0.07
0.02
0.09
11.72
6.65
0.64
0.03
0.00
7.31
0.20
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.39
0.56
2.79
0.14
0.23
3.71
0.11
0.05
0.16
0.07
0.02
0.10
11.67
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums o1 sub categories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
to
Source Category
Table F-9. Emissions of Total Particulate Matter from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
2.45
1.43
0.04
0.09
4.01
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.02
0.30
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.81
0.38
1.19
0.04
0.00
0.05
5.59
1.57
0.39
0.04
0.03
2.03
0.13
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.26
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.84
0.41
1.25
0.04
0.00
0.04
3.62
0.80
0.27
0.04
0.01
1.12
0.12
0.07
0.04
0.01
0.24
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
1.10
0.82
1.92
0.03
0.00
0.03
3.35
0.71
0.30
0.04
0.02
1.06
0.10
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.20
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
1.10
0.85
1.94
0.02
0.00
0.02
3.27
0.54
0.24
0.04
0.02
0.83
O.OB
0.06
0.03
0.01
0.18
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
1.04
0.92
1.96
0.02
0.00
0.03
3.03
0.56
0.13
0.02
0.02
0.73
0.07
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.13
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.16
0.92
2.07
0.02
0.00
0.03
2.99
0.60
0.13
0.02
0.02
0.77
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.13
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.16
0.93
2.08
0.02
0.00
0.03
3.04
0.43
0.13
0.02
0.02
0.60
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.14
0.82
1.96
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.73
0.43
0.10
0.02
0.02
0.57
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.13
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.14
0.83
1.97
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.71
0.41
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.54
0.05
0.04
0.02
0.01
0.13
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
1.14
0.63
1.97
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.69
0.39
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.52
0.06
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.13
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
1.11
0.62
1.94
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.64
0.39
0.09
0.01
0.02
0.51
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
1.11
0.85
1.96
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.65
0.39
0.09
0.01
0.02
0.52
0.06
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.91
0.47
1.38
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.06
0.41
0.10
0.01
0.02
0.54
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.95
0.52
1.47
0.02
0.00
0.02
2.14
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table F-10. Emissions of PM-10 from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons)
Source Category 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Gas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
0.12
0.02
0.01
Oj01
0.15
0.02
0.03
OX)1
0.01
0X18
0.00
OJ02
0.00
031
0.03
052
032
134
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.61
0.12
0X12
0.01
0.01
0.15
0.03
0.03
OJ01
0X11
0.09
0.00
0.02
0.00
OJ01
0.03
032
033
135
0.01
0.00
0.01
133
0.13
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.16
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
052
033
136
0.01
0.00
0.01
134
0.13
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.17
033
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
031
032
133
0.00
0.00
0.00
139
0.13
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.17
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.51
035
136
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.64
0.13
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.17
0.03
0.01
031
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.42
0.47
0.89
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.16
0.14
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.17
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.44
0.52
0.96
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.22
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
153
-------
Source Category
Table F-11. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
Natural Qas
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
Tha 1 QSfl Alnrtnr utiJifu amiecifinc IMOK* nt
15.80
3.13
0.11
0.26
19.30
1.60
1.26
0.88
0.21
3.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.18
0.02
0.20
23.46
16.76
1.87
0.15
0.08
18.86
1.51
0.97
0.64
0.20
3.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.12
22.30
NA 14.94
1.53 1.72
0.11 0.13
0.05 0.05
NA 16.85
NA 1.24
0.94 0.75
0.64 0.48
0.16 0.14
NA 2.61
NA 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
NA 0,00
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.02 0.02
0.13 0.11
0.01 0.01
0.14 0.11
NA 19.60
14.63 14,61
1.65 1.69
0.17 0.18
0.06 0.06
16.50 16.55
1.04 0.84
0.76 0.46
0.46 0.31
0.14 0.12
2.41 1.73
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.02 0.02
0.09 0.08
0.01 0.01
0.09 0.09
19.03 18.39
15.31
1.81
0.20
0.07
17.38
0.71
0.53
0.31
0.13
1.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.01
0.10
19.19
15.61
1.84
0.16
0.06
17.67
0.55
0.54
0.29
0.13
1.51
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.09
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.08
0.01
0.09
19.38
14.87
1.85
0.17
0.06
16.94
0.79
0.50
0.34
0.15
1.78
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.01
0.10
18.84
15.04
1.70
0.16
0.07
16.97
0.63
0.55
0.37
0.15
1.69
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.09
0.01
0.10
18.78
15.23
1.73
0.16
0.07
17.20
0.71
0.39
0.38
0.19
1.68
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.10
0.01
0.11
19.01
15.43
1.75
0.13
0.06
17.35
0.75
0.29
0.31
0.13
1.49
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.33
0.01
0.34
19.21
15.22 14.96
1.75 1.69
0.11 0.10
0.07 0.06
17.14 16.82
0.61 0.62
0.26 0.10
0.30 0.25
0.11 0.13
1.27 1.09
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.01 0.01
0.28 0.32
0.00 0.00
0.29 0.32
1&72 18.24
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
ytainnri frnm IQfiQ UACLAD Tba fuoi hraal/Hnurnc ora rant aimilnhla
-------
Table F-12. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Fuel Combustion Sources
(million short tons)
Source Category
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 19B3 1984 19B5 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Coal
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Coal Total
Fuel Oil
Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Fuel Oil Total
£ Natural Gas
Oi Electric Utilities
Industrial
Commercial-Institutional
Residential
Natural Gas Total
Wood
Industrial
Residential
Wood Total
Other Fuels
Industrial
Residential
Other Fuels Total
Fuel Combustion Total
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.09
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.01
0.08
0.01
0.01
0.10
0.06
0.40
0.45
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.67
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.00
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.06
0.42
0.48
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.66
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.81
0.89
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.82
0.90
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.07
0.88
0.96
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.11
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.08
0.87
0.95
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.10
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.88
0.96
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.12
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.08
0.77
0.85
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.99
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.07
0.08
0.77
0.85
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.98
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.77
0.85
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.99
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.02
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.75
0.83
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.98
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.06
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.08
0.77
0.85
0.01
0.00
0.01
1.00
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.07
0.47
0.53
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.68
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.07
0.01
0.01
0.09
0.07
0.52
0.59
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.74
Mole: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums ol subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table F-13. Emissions of Carbon Monoxide from Industrial Processes
(million short tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 19B3 1984 1985 1986 19B7 1988 1989 1990 1991
Pulp Mills (261 ,262)
Inorganic Pigments (2816)
Charcoal (2861)
Organic Chemicals {286}
Ammonia (2873)
Carbon Black (2895)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Asphalt Roofing (2952)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Iron Foundries (3321)
Primary Aluminum (3334)
Total
0.61
0.02
0.06
0.34
0.11
2.87
2.20
0.01
0.01
1.79
1.20
0.65
9.87
0.60
0.02
0.03
0.45
0.13
1.57
2.25
0.01
0.02
1.21
0.65
0.64
7.58
0.80
0.03
0.04
0.50
0.16
1.42
1.76
0.02
0.02
1.06
0.34
0.84
6.99
0.79
0.04
0.05
0.52
0.15
1.46
1.23
0.01
0.02
1.09
0.32
0.81
6.47
0.78
0.03
0.03
0.46
0.13
1.05
0.77
0.01
0.01
0.70
0.22
0.59
4.80
0.84
0.04
0.04
0.52
0.11
1.14
0.52
0.02
0.01
0.73
0.22
0.61
4.78
0.88
0.04
0.04
0.56
0.13
1.32
0.42
0.02
0.01
0.79
0.20
0.74
5.14
0.87
0.04
0.04
0.58
0.14
1.17
0.41
0.01
0.01
0.74
0.19
0.63
4.82
0.93
0.04
0.04
0.53
0.11
1.16
0.39
0.01
0.01
0.68
0.16
0.55
4.63
0.96
0.04
0.05
0.58
0.13
1.10
0.37
0.01
0.01
0.75
0.17
0.60
4.77
0.96
0.05
0.05
0.62
0.13
1.17
0.35
0.01
0.01
0.82
0.18
0.72
5.07
1.00
0.05
0.05
0.62
0.13
1.16
0.36
0.01
0.01
0.76
0.16
0.73
5.05
1.02
0.05
0.05
0.70
0.14
1.14
0.36
0.01
0.01
0.75
0.15
0.73
5.11
1.03
0.05
0.06
0.70
0.14
1.02
0.44
0.00
0.01
0.80
0.17
0.74
5.17
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers In parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Table F-14. Emissions of Lead from industrial Processes
(thousand short tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 198B 1989 1990 1991
Iran and Steel Industry
Primary Monferrous Metals
Secondary Nonferrous Metals
Mineral Products
Miscellaneous
Total
3.40
13.61
6.19
0.84
2.26
26.30
1.18
6.14
2.10
0.46
1.47
11.38
0.52
1.13
1.12
0.30
0.86
3.94
0.52
0.95
0.97
0.28
0.65
3.36
0.37
0.96
0.66
0.22
0.57
2.99
0.24
0.96
0.77
0.19
0.53
2.69
0.25
0.75
0.86
0.18
0.50
2.53
0.23
0.91
0.88
0.18
0.32
2.53
0.22
0.70
0.85
0.13
0.22
2.13
0.15
0.71
0.91
0.14
0.23
2.14
0.18
0.72
0.98
0.14
0.20
2.22
0.16
0.76
1.08
0.26
0.20
2.46
0.16
0.77
1.14
0.18
0.20
2.45
0.16
0.75
1.18
0.20
0.14
2.43
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums ol subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Table F-15. Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Industrial Processes
(million short tons)
Source Category 1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Pulp Mills (261 ,262)
Organic Chemicals (286)
Ammonia (2873)
Nitric Acid (2873)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Gfass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
0.02
0.07
0.03
0.17
0.24
0.04
0.10
0.02
0.08
0.02
0.07
0.04
0.12
0.26
0.05
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.11
0.26
0.06
0.10
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.06
0.05
0.10
0.23
0.06
0.09
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.05
0.04
0.07
0.22
0.06
0.08
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.05
0.22
0.06
0.09
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.22
0.06
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.05
0.05
0.22
0.05
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.24
0.05
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.23
0.05
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.24
0.06
0.10
0.02
0.06
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.24
0.06
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.24
0.06
0.10
0.02
0.05
0.03
0.07
0.05
0.03
0.25
0.06
0.10
0.02
0.05
Total [ 0.77 0.75 0.75 0.71 0.60 0.60 0.64 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.64 0.65 0.65 0.66
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums o1 subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
-------
Source Category
Table F-16. Emissions of Total Paniculate Matter from Industrial Processes
(million short tons)
1970 1975 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1891
Cattle Feed Lots (0211)
Cotton Ginning (0724)
Metallic Ore Mining (10)
Coal Mining (1211)
Crushed Stone (142)
Sand and Qravel(144)
Clays (145)
Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475)
Feed and Grain Milling (204)
Lumber and Plywood (24)
Pulp Mills (261,262)
^ Chemicals (28)
W Petroleum Refining (291 1)
Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Brick and Tile (3251)
Concrete, Lime, Gypsum (327)
Clay Sintering (3295)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Ferroalloys (3313)
Iron and Steel Foundries (332)
Primary Nonferrous Smelters (333)
Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336)
Grain Elevators (4421,5153)
Total
0.02
0.02
0.58
0.39
1.49
0.06
1.77
0.04
0.08
0.09
0.68
0.24
0.07
0.62
0.04
1.74
0.04
0.64
0.11
1.31
0.18
0.17
0.43
0.07
0.74
11.62
0.03
0.02
0.35
0.28
0.84
0.04
0.32
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.24
0.13
0.07
0.35
0.03
0.70
0.04
0.31
0.04
0.63
0.10
0.08
0.23
0.05
0.65
5.72
0.02
0.02
0.20
0.34
0.50
0.04
0.14
0.03
0.05
0.08
0.15
0.15
0.05
0.13
0.03
0.42
0.01
0.15
0.02
0.34
0.04
0.05
0.11
0.05
0.54
3.65
0.02
0.03
0.22
0.35
0.42
0.04
0.08
0.02
0.05
0.07
0.10
0.13
0.05
0.10
0.03
0.32
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.33
0.03
0.05
0.10
0.04
0.61
3.34
0.02
0.02
0.12
0.35
0.38
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.12
0.11
0.04
0.09
0.03
0.25
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.22
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.56
2.83
0.02
0.02
0.12
0.34
0.40
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.04
0.08
0.11
0.13
0.03
0.12
0.03
0.27
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.20
0.02
0.03
0.08
0.04
0.31
2.63
0.02
0.03
0.15
0.38
0.44
0.04
0.08
0.01
0.05
0.09
0.13
0.15
0.03
0.16
0.04
0.30
0.02
0.10
0.01
0.20
0.02
0.03
0.08
0.04
0.47
3.09
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.35
0.21
0.05
0.09
0.01
0.07
0.09
0.13
0.13
0.02
0.13
0.03
0.29
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.18
0.02
0.04
0.07
0.04
0.72
2.97
0.02
0.02
0.13
0.34
0.24
0.05
0.07
0.01
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.02
0.13
0.03
0.23
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.15
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.58
2.68
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.34
0.23
0.05
0.06
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.02
0.14
0.03
0.22
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.15
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.51
2.62
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.35
0.28
0.05
0.06
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.02
0.14
0.03
0.23
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.18
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.04
0.52
2.74
0.02
0.02
0.14
0.37
0.28
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.11
0.09
0.11
0.02
0.13
0.03
0.23
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.17
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.52
2.71
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.39
0.27
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.05
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.14
0.03
0.23
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.16
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.04
0.57
2.79
0.02
0.03
0.14
0.39
0.29
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.06
0.11
0.10
0.12
0.02
0.14
0.03
0.23
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.17
0.03
0.05
0.06
0.04
0.54
2.81
Note: 1991 emission estimates ate preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
•Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Table F-17. Emissions of PM-10 from Industrial Processes
(million short tons)
Source Category
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
Cattle Feed Lots (0211)
Cotton Ginning (0724)
Metallic Ore Mining (10)
Coal Mining (1211)
Crushed Stone (142)
Sand and Gravel(144)
Clays (145)
Potash/Phosphate Rock (1474,1475)
Feed and Grain Milling (204)
Lumber and Plywood (24)
Pulp Mills (261,262)
Chemicals (28)
Petroleum Refining (2911)
Asphalt Paving and Roofing (295)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Brick and Tile (3251)
Concrete, Lime, Gypsum (327)
Clay Sintering (3295)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Ferroalloys (3313)
Iron and Steel Foundries (332)
Primary Monferrous Smelters (333)
Secondary Nonferrous Smelters (334,336)
Grain Elevators (4421,5153)
Total
OJ02
0.00
0.12
0.12
021
0.01
0.09
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.13
0.13
0.02
0.10
0.02
029
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.14
0.01
0.04
0.06
0.03
0.41
2.09
OX>2
0.00
0.11
0.12
024
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.04
0.04
0.11
0.09
0.02
0.11
Oj02
023
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.03
038
132
0.02
0.00
0.12
0.12
023
0.01
0.06
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.11
0.10
0.02
0.11
0.01
022
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.12
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.03
034
1,88
0.02
0.00
0.12
0.12
028
0.01
0.06
0.00
0.04
0.04
0.12
0.08
0.02 ,
0.11
0.02
023
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.11
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.03
034
1.90
0.02
0.00
0.13
0.13
028
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.09
0.10
0.02
0.10
0.02
023
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.13
0.01
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.34
1.95
0.02
0.00
0.13
0.14
027
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.11
0.02
023
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.13
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.03
0.38
1.99
0.02
0.00
0.13
0.13
029
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.10
0.11
0.02
0.11
0.02
023
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.13
0.02
0.05
0.05
0.04
0.35
2.03
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal
total due to rounding. Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
160
-------
Source Category
Table F-18. Emissions of Sulfur Oxides from Industrial Processes
{million short tons)
1970 1975 1960 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Natural Gas Production (1311)
Pulp Mills (261 ,262)
Sulfuric Acid (2819)
Carbon Black (2895)
Petroleum Refining(2911)
Glass (321,322)
Cement (3241)
Lime (3274)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Primary Copper (3331)
Primary Lead and Zric (3332,3333)
Primary Aluminum (3334)
Secondary Lead (3341)
Total
0.11
0.17
0.60
0.00
0.77
0.02
0.62
0.03
0.72
asi
0.45
0.08
0.02
7.09
0.17
0.17
0.36
0.01
0.91
0.03
0.51
0.03
0.68
1.95
0.12
0.07
0.03
5.04
0.16
0.22
0.27
0.01
0.93
0.03
0.63
0.03
0.56
1.08
0.07
0.09
0.03
4.12
0.17
0.22
0.24
0.01
0.85
0.03
0.60
0.03
0.53
1.30
0.08
0.09
0.03
4.19
0.16
0.22
0.19
0.01
0.82
0.03
0.53
0.02
0.35
0.80
0.18
0.07
0.03
3.39
0.18
0,23
0.20
0.01
0.81
0.03
0.57
0.03
0.32
0.82
0.13
0.07
0.02
3.42
0.17
0.25
0.21
0.02
0.82
0.03
0.62
0.03
0.38
0.78
0.12
0.08
0.03
3.53
0.16
0.25
0.21
0.01
0.83
0.03
0.62
0.03
0.36
0.66
0.24
0.07
0.03
3.50
0.17
0.27
0.19
0.01
0.97
0.03
0.60
0.03
0.32
0.59
0.21
0.06
0.03
3.48
0.19
0.28
0.19
0.02
0.96
0.03
0.60
0.03
0.36
0.37
0.20
0.07
0.03
3.32
0.19
0.28
0.18
0.02
1.00
0.03
0.63
0.03
0.40
0.30
0.23
0.08
0.03
3.39
0.19
0.29
0.18
0.02
1.02
0.03
0.63
0.03
0.40
0.24
0.27
0.08
0.04
3.41
0.18
0.29
0.19
0.02
1.04
0.03
0.62
0.03
0.38
0.23
0.24
0.08
0.04
3.37
0.19
0.29
0.19
0.02
1.09
0.03
0.62
0.03
0.39
0.23
0.27
0.08
0.04
3.49
I_L Note: 1991 emission estimates ate preliminary. The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers In parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes.
-------
Table F-19. Emissions of Nonmethane Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial Processes
(million short tons)
Source Category
Crude Olf Production, Storage and
Transfer (1311,4463)
Food and Beverages (20)
Textiles (22)
Graphic Arts (27)
Plastics (2821,3079)
Organic Chemicals (286)
Other Chemicals (28)
^ Petroleum Retlnlng(2911)
0> RubberTlres(3011)
Iron and Steel (3312)
Petroleum Product Storage and
Transfer (5171 ,5541}
Dry Cleaning (721)
Adhesives
Degreasing
Solvent Extraction Processes
Surface Coating
Other Organic Solvent Use
Total
1970
0.61
0.21
0.01
0.32
0.40
0.63
0.68
0.79
0.06
0.40
1.74
0.26
0.06
0.71
0.04
2.63
0.30
9.84
1975
0.59
0.18
0.02
0.25
0.33
0.77
0.55
0.97
0.05
0.34
1.94
0.23
0.04
0.45
0.03
2.08
0.23
9.03
1980
0.61
0.19
0.02
0.37
0.44
0.91
0.64
1.06
0.04
0.27
1.69
0.32
0.05
0.51
0.04
2.55
0,32
10.07
1981
0.60
0.20
0.02
0.26
0.37
0.88
0.65
1.06
0.05
0.25
1.65
0.24
0.04
0.42
0.05
2.00
0.33
9.08
1982
0.58
0.19
0.02
0.24
0.34
0.74
0.65
1.00
0.05
0.17
1.57
0.21
0.04
0.36
0.03
1.72
0.26
8.17
1983
0.58
0.19
0.01
0.27
0.40
0.89
0.70
0.89
0.05
0.15
1.55
0.22
0.05
0.41
0.04
1.95
0.26
8.60
1984
0.60
0.17
0.02
0.36
0.49
0.96
0.69
0.86
0.06
0.18
1.54
0.25
0.06
0.50
0.04
2.48
0.30
9.56
1985
0.60
0.18
0.02
0.33
0.46
0.94
0.56
0.79
0.05
0.17
1.57
0.22
0.05
0.49
0.04
2.45
0.28
9.20
1986
0.59
0.17
0.01
0.22
0.38
0.97
0.56
0.76
0.05
0.15
1.61
0.16
0.04
0.34
0.04
2.43
0.25
6.73
1987
0.59
0.17
0.01
0.19
0.30
1.02
0.61
0.76
0.06
0.17
1.68
0.17
0.03
0.39
0.04
2.54
0.29
9.01
1988
0.60
0.18
0.02
0.24
0.39
1.10
0.62
0.77
0.06
0.19
1.68
0.21
0.04
0.37
0.04
2.02
0.28
8.82
1989
0.60
0.17
0.01
0.24
0.39
1.09
0.61
0.78
0.08
0.20
1.69
0.21
0.04
0.37
0.04
2.01
0.28
8.79
1990
0.57
0.17
0.01
0,20
0.38
1.14
0.60
0.77
0.06
0.17
1.66
0.16
0.03
0.33
0.05
2.25
0.29
8.84
1991
0.57
0.17
0.01
0.18
0.35
1.16
0.61
0.77
0.06
0.18
1.71
0.17
0.03
0.31
0.05
2.05
0.29
8.66
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary. The sums o1 sub categories may not equal total due to rounding.
Numbers in parenthesis are Standard Industrial Codes
-------
Table F-20. National Summary of Fugitive Dust PM-10 Emissions, 1985 to 1991
(million short tons)
Source Category 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
Agricultural Tilling 6-83 6.90 7.01 7.08 6.93 7.00 636
Construction 12.67 1133 12.12 11.66 11-27 10.04 9.67
Mining and Quarrying 034 031 038 034 0.39 037 039
Paved Roads 656 6.81 7.13 7.62 7.40 753 8.15
Unpaved Roads 14.71 14.66 13.95 15.61 1533 15.65 1532
Wind Erosion 357 939 1.46 1751 1133 4.19 10.13
Total 44.68 49.90 42.04 5933 53.16 44.79 51.13
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
The sums of subcategories may not equal total due to rounding.
163
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APPENDIX G - REGIONAL EMISSIONS, ENGLISH UNITS
165
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Table G-1. Regional Emission Estimates of Carbon Monoxide
Region
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VH
VIH
IX
X
Total
1985
4.09
6.51
8.16
1758
16.73
13.35
4.76
6.19
9.13
552
91 £2
1986
337
6.19
737
16.12
1550
11.92
431
435
737
430
8331
irnimon aiion HJCIS;
1987 1988
333 355
534 5.71
737 758
1535 1539
1537 15.18
1126 11.00
4.09 4.69
435 634
835 8.09
432 5.04
82.73 8325
1989
327
438
636
14.77
1336
1037
438
420
830
423
7531
1990
3.12
4.69
6.46
1327
13.49
9.70
330
4.06
758
8.71
74.67
1991
2.84
424
6.04
12.46
12.65
9.03
339
3.70
6.78
732
68.45
Table G-2. Regional Emission Estimates of Lead
Region
1
II
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
Table
Region
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIH
IX
X
Total
1985
053
154
153
357
338
258
1.88
0.74
239
0.68
20.12
G-3.
1985
0.70
1.03
2.15
352
4.05
4.43
1.48
139
159
0.73
2137
1986
030
054
059
1.16
1.68
037
1.00
027
038
021
750
Regional
1986
034
038
234
3.72
330
4.19
132
1.19
1X18
1.00
20.76
(thousand short tons)
1987 1988
028 024
050 0.44
052 0.47
1.11 1.07
155 153
031 0.74
039 038
026 024
034 057
0.19 0.17
654 6.46
Emission Estimates of
(million short tons)
1987 1988 •
033 033
035 033
254 234
3.74 3.74
335 331
459 453
132 1.46
121 1.43
153 130
1.01 1.10
2038 2157
1989
022
0.38
0.41
1.00
1.45
038
1.08
023
050
0.15
6.10
Nitrogen
1989
058
058
227
3.69
353
4.49
1.42
155
138
1.08
2127
1990
0.19
0.35
0.37
0.94
1.40
0.64
0.99
022
0.43
0.13
5.65
Oxides
1990
057
0.85
225
3.65
3.81
4.58
1.41
135
1.68
123
2137
1991
0.18
0.33
0.34
0.91
1.38
0.62
038
021
0.40
0.13
5.48
1991
053
0.80
2.18
352
3.69
4.51
137
132
159
1.18
20.69
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
166
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Table G-4. Regional Emission Estimates of Total Particulate Matter
(million short tons)
Region
1
H
in
IV
V
VI
VII
vni
IX
X
Total
1985
024
0.32
0.75
1.76
151
059
0.63
050
1.11
054
8.65
1986
025
0.31
0.80
1.62
1.88
0.74
0.57
038
1.00
051
8.05
1987
025
032
Q£2
1.61
•(£5
0.74
035
038
1.12
055
8.18
1988
024
0.31
032
1.68
150
0.78
0.66
0.69
1.09
058
8.75
1989
024
032.
0.82
1.71
1.88
0.80
0.63
0.41
1.06
0.48
835
1990
021
027
0.75
1.46
153
0.73
054
0.40
0.97
1.01
8.16
1991
022
028
0.77
151
1.86
0.74
055
039
0.98
036
8.16
Region
Table G-5. Regional Emission Estimates of PM-10
from Point and Fugitive Process Sources
(million short tons)
1985
1907
1988
1989
1990
1991
1
H
HI
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
0.18
023
051
130
129
0.67
0/46
034
031
039
6.19
Table G-6.
0.19
024
054
120
131
057
0.42
025
0.72
037
530
Regional
0.19
024
056
121
131
057
041
025
031
039
555
Emission
0.18
024
055
126
133
059
050
050
0.79
0.42
635
Estimates of
0.19
024
057
130
135
0.63
0.48
028
0.77
034
6.16
Fugitive
0.16
021
051
1.10
130
057
0.41
027
0.70
0.76
5.98
Dust
0.16
022
052
1.14
134
058
0.42
026
0.71
0.65
6.00
PM-10
(million short tons)
Region
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
1985
150
2.45
2.45
624
735
858
459
353
4.48
220
4438
1986
1.41
222
233
6.17
7.46
1552
5.12
3.07
450
2.11
4950
1987
1.42
222
2.47
650
7.47
854
425
3.17
334
2.16
42.04
1988
1.43
153
2.41
636
738
2226
733
420
4.02
2.03
5933
1989
126
139
230
6.69
632
1857
626
333
330
2.03
53.16
1990
121
1.77
234
5.98
6.93
12.67
5.38
3.12
321
2.18
44.79
1991
1.10
152
231
634
634
15.73
8.55
3.35
3.40
2.49
51.13
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
167
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Table G-7. Regional Emission Estimates of Sulfur Oxides
(million short tons)
Region
1
II
III
IV
V
VI
VH
vm
IX
X
Total
1985
052
0.68
2.68
458
554
4.30
1.69
150
1.62
027
23.89
1986
0.34
057
3.36
4j61
5.43
337
157
159
156
030
2331
1967
035
050
332
450
5.45
339
158
151
1/42
0.29
23.11
1988
039
053
323
4.46
5/40
409
159
135
1.49
034
2347
1989
035
051
330
452
554
4.11
1.72
158
1.44
034
23.71
1990
034
0.48
320
4.44
538
4.02
159
153
150
033
2321
1991
032
0.46
3.17
435
533
353
157
150
150
032
2236
Table G-8. Regional Emission Estimates of Nonmethane
Volatile Organic Compounds
(million short tons)
Region 1985 1996 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
N
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
Total
052
1.05
2.14
252
4.03
350
032
254
2.16
135
2132
058
059
250
2.73
3.73
351
054
2.44
2.13
130
2034
057
057
256
259
3.71
357
053
254
227
134
2055
054
053
139
259
3.63
3.65
0.91
2.69
220
137
2051
0.49
051
130
2.48
3.42
3.53
0.84
233
2.18
125
19.13
0.48
050
1.77
233
3.38
3.41
0.77
2.35
224
135
19.38
0.46
0.77
1.70
225
330
3.41
0.76
220
2.08
1.68
18.61
Note: 1991 emission estimates are preliminary.
168
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-92-017
2.
3, RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1900-1991
5. REPORT DATE
October 1992
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
E. H. Pechan and Associates, Inc.
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Emission Inventory Branch
Technical Support Division
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68D00120
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EIB/TSD/OAQPS
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Laurel Schultz
16. ABSTRACT
This document presents the most recent estimates of national and regional emissions
of the criteria pollutants. This report is published annually.
Emission estimates are presented for NOx, SOx, and VOC from 1900-1991, for CO and
total particulate from 1940-1991, for lead from 1970-1991 and for PM-10 from 1985-
1991.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
c. COSATI Field/Group
I
Emissions, Inventory
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport!
21. NO. OF PAGES
182
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (Rev. 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLETE
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