United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park. NC 27711
EPA-454/R-93-048
March 1994
Air
oEPA
LOCATING AND ESTIMATING
Am EMISSIONS
FROM SOURCES OF
XYLENE
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EPA-454/R-93-048
LOCATING AND ESTIMATING
AIR EMISSIONS
FROM SOURCES OF
XYLENE
Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards
Office Of Air And Radiation
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
March 1994
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This report has been reviewed by the Office Of Air Quality Planning And Standards, U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, and has been approved for publication. Any mention of trade
names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use
EPA-454/R-93-048
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Page
Disclaimer ii
List of Figures vj
List of Tables vii
1.0 PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT 1-1
1.1 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 1.0 '.'.'.'.'. 1-5
2.0 OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS 2-1
2.1 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.0 2-5
3.0 BACKGROUND 3_!
3.1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT " " 3.1
3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION AND USE 3.4
3.3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.0 ! ! .' 3-7
4.0 EMISSIONS FROM XYLENE PRODUCTION 4.1
4.1 MIXED XYLENES PRODUCTION .'!.'!! 4-5
4.1.1 Hydrotreating 4.5
4.1.2 Catalytic Reforming 4.7
4.1.3 Secondary Hydrogenation (for Pyrolysis Gasoline) 4-10
4.1.4 Xylene Production from Toluene Disproportionation or
Transalkylation 4_12
4.1.5 Coal-Derived Mixed Xylenes 4-13
4.2 ISOMERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF XYLENE ISOMERS ...... 4-13
4.2;1 Para-xylene Production 4-19
4.2.2 Ortho-xylene Production 4_22
4.2.3 Meta-xylene Production 4_25
4.2.4 Ethylbenzene Production 4-26
4.3 EMISSIONS .'I.'.'.'!!.'.'.'!.' 4-26
4.3.1 Process Emissions 4.27
4.3.2 Storage Emissions 4_2g
4.3.3 Equipment Leak Emissions (Fugitive Emissions) 4-28
4.3.4 Emission Controls 4.32
4.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION4.0 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.•'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 4-34
5.0 EMISSIONS FROM MAJOR USES OF XYLENE . 5-1
5.1 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION '.'.'.'.-'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 5-1
5.1.1 Process Description 5.3
5.1.2 Emissions 5.5
5.2 TEREPHTHALIC ACID PRODUCTION ..'.'!. . . . . . ! . . „ . .'." . [ '. '. .' .' .' ' 5^7
-5.2.1 Process Description .. '.....' 5.9
5.2.2 Emissions :".. _
111
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
Page
5.3 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION 5.13
5.3.1 Process Description 5.15
5.3.2 Emissions 5.^7
5.4 PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 5-18
5.4.1 Process Description 5_lg
5.4.2 Emissions 5.23
5.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5.0 !......... 5-25
6.0 EMISSIONS FROM THE USE OF XYLENE-CONTAINING MATERIALS 6-1
6.1 SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS 6-1
6.1.1 Process Description 6-2
6.1.2 Emissions . 6-2
6.2 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING . . ... '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 6-5
6.2.1 Process Description 6-6
6.2.2 Emissions 6-8
6.3 GASOLINE AND AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS '.'." ' ' ' • • • -^
6.4 GASOLINE MARKETING 6-12
6.4.1 Xylene Emissions from Loading Marine Vessels 6-15
6.4.2 Xylene Emissions from Bulk Gasoline Plants, Bulk Gasoline Terminals6-15
6.4.3 Xylene Emissions from Service Stations 6-22
6.4.4 Control Technology for Gasoline Transfer 6-23
6.4.5 Control Technology for Gasoline Storage 6-23
6.4.6 Control Technology for Vehicle Refueling Emissions 6-27
6.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6.0 6-29 '
7.0 BY-PRODUCT EMISSIONS: PROCESSES UNRELATED TO PRODUCTION
OR USE OF XYLENE 7.!
7.1 COAL COMBUSTION ....'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 7-1
7.2 HAZARDOUS AND SOLID WASTE INCINERATION ".'.'.'.'. 7.3
7.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES 7.4
7.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7.0 !....!!. 7-8
8.0 AMBIENT AIR AND STATIONARY SOURCE TEST PROCEDURES 8-1
8.1 EPA METHOD TO-1 " ' 8-2
8.2. EPA METHOD TO-3 '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 8-2
8.3 EPA METHOD TO-14 g 5
8.4 EPA METHOD 0030 . " ".* 8"8
. . 8.5 . EPA METHOD 5040 ...:.-.'.'.'.•.'.'."' " ' g g
8.6 EPA REFERENCE METHOD 18 " " " g 10
8.7 NIOSH METHOD 1501 8 14
8.8 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 8.0 '.'.'.'.'.'. 8-16
IV
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Section
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
Page
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS A-l
LIST OF PAINT, INK, AND PRINTING FACILITIES WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION B-l
XYLENE SOURCE CATEGORIES IN SURFACE COATING
OPERATIONS C-l
SUMMARY OF XYLENE EMISSION FACTORS LISTED IN
THIS DOCUMENT „ . . D-l
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number page
3-1 Chemical use tree for xylenes 3.5
4-1 Process flow diagram for hydrotreating 4.5
4-2 Typical reforming unit 4_g
4-3 Toray/UOP Tatoray (disproportionation/transalkylation) process 4-14
4-4 Mixed xylene production from coal-derived light oil 4.15
4-5 Mixed xylenes separation by the crystallization process 4-17
4-6 Moving bed adsorption system for separation of xylene isomers 4-18
4-7 Simple separation - isomerization loop 4.19
5-1 How diagram for phthalic anhydride using o-xylene as basic feedstock 5-4
5-2 Production of polymer grade dimethyl terephthalate by the
Dynamit Noble process 5_10
5-3 Production of polymer grade dimethyl terephthalic acid by catalytic
liquid-phase air oxidation of p-xylene 5-12
5-4 Maleic anhydride process 5_16
5-5 Use of xylene isomers and derivatives in the paints and coatings industry 5-20
5-6 Paint manufacturing process ....'... ' 5-22
6-1 Row diagram of a surface coating operation . . 6-3
6-2 The gasoline marketing distribution system in the United States 6-14
6-3 Bulk plant vapor balance system 6-25
6-4 Service station vapor balance system 6-26
7-1 Emissions from open burning of scrap tires 7.5
8-1 Typical sampling system configuration 8-3
8-2 Tenax cartridge designs g_4
8-3 Automated sampling and analysis system for cryogenic trapping . 8-6
8-4 Sampler for subatmospheric pressure canister sampling 8-7
8-5 Schematic of volatile organic sampling train (VOST) 8-9
8-6 Schematic diagram of trap desorption/analysis system 8-11
8-7 Direct interface sampling system g_12
8-8 Integrated bag sampling train g_13
8-9 Method 1501 sampling system g_15
VI
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LIST OF TABLES
Number
Page
3-1 Chemical Identity of Mixed Xylene and Xylene Isomers 3-2
3-2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Mixed Xylene and Xylene Isomers ....... 3-3
4-1 U.S, Producers of Mixed Xylenes 4_2
4-2 Catalytic Reforming Processes 4_10
4-3 Pyrolysis Gasoline Hydrogenation Processes 4_n
4-4 Physical Characteristics of Xylene Isomers Affecting Separation Processes 4-16
4-5 Estimated Domestic U.S. Supply and Demand of p-Xylene ' 4-21
4-6 Domestic U.S. p-Xylene Producers and 1992 Production Capacities . 4-23
4-7 Estimated Domestic U.S: Supply and Demand of o-Xylene '. 4-24
4-8 Domestic U.S. o-Xylene Producers and 1992 Production Capacities 4-24
4-9 Production Process Emission Factors for Mixed Xylenes and Xylene Isomers . . 4-27
4-10 Storage Emission Factors for Mixed Xylenes and Xylene Isomers 4-29
4-11 Fugitive Emission Factors for Mixed Xylenes and Xylene Isomers '.'.'.'. 4-30
4-12 Average Emission Factors for Fugitive Emissions 4.31
4-13 Control Techniques and Efficiencies Applicable to Equipment Leak Emissions . . 4-33
5-1 Phthalic Anhydride Producers Using o-Xylene as a Feedstock 5-2
5-2 Phthalic Anhydride End Use Pattern - 1990 Estimate !.'."!." 5-3
5-3 Mixed Xylene and ortho-Xylene Emission Factors for Phthalic Anhydride
Production 5_g
5-4 Terephthalic Acid Producers Using p-Xylene as a Feedstock*-
1992 Production Capacities 5_g
5-5 Terephthalic Acid End Use Pattern - 1991 Estimate '.'. 5.9
5-6 Mixed Xylenes Emission Factors for Terephthalic Acid and
Crude Terephthalic Acid Production 5_14
5-7 Maleic Anhydride Producers Using o-Xylene as a Processing Aid 5-15
5-8 Mixed Xylenes Emission Factors for Maleic Anhydride Production '. 5-17
5-9 Estimated Quantities of Xylene Used as Solvents in Paints and Coatings ...... 5-19
5-10 Estimated Consumption of Xylene Derivatives in Paints and Coatings, 1988 . . . 5-19
6-1 Gravure Association of America Industry Survey Results 5.9
6-2 Emission Factors from Gasoline Use ~6-l2
6-3 Uncontrolled Volatile Organic Compound and Xylene Emissions from
Loading Gasoline in Marine Vessels g_ j<
6-4 Xylene Emission Factors for Gasoline Loading at Bulk Terminals
and Bulk Plants 6_18
6-5 Xylene Emission Factors for Storage Losses at a Typical Gasoline Bulk
Terminal , on
- • o-zU
vu
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LEST OF TABLES (Continued)
Number
Page
6-6 Uncontrolled Gasoline Vapor and Xylene Emissions from a Typical
Bulk Plant .................. .
6-7 Uncontrolled Gasoline Vapor and Xylene Emissions from a Typical Service
Station ..................... . .
7-1 Xylene Emissions from Combustible Coal Refuse Material ................ 7.3
7-2 Xylene Emission Rates from the Open Burning of Scrap Tires .............. 7-5
viii
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Emissions of xylene and its isomers into the atmosphere are of special significance
because of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. These amendments mandate that emissions
of xylene be subject to standards that allow for the maximum degree of reduction of emissions
and that, by 1995, a list of source categories be established that accounts for no less than 90
percent of xylene emissions. This document is designed to assist groups interested in
inventorying air emissions of xylene by providing a compilation of available information on
sources and emissions of these substances.
Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar and
is a constituent'of smoke from most combustion sources. In the U.S., xylene is produced
primarily using catalytic reforming of petroleum (approximately 95%). There were 20
production facilities for mixed xylenes in the U.S. in 1989. During the same year, the total
annual capacity for xylene manufacturing in the U.S., the Virgin Islands, and Puerto Rico was
5,648 million kilograms (12,452 million pounds).
* Xylenes is used as a solvent in the manufacturing of chemicals, agricultural sprays,
adhesives and coatings, as an ingredient in aviation fuel and gasoline, and as a feedstock in
manufacturing various polymers, phthalic anhydride, isophathalic acid, terephthalic acid and
dimethyl terephthalate.
At the time of publication of this document, estimates of nationwide emissions of xylene
were not available. Updates to this document will attempt to incorporate any nationwide
emission estimates subsequently developed.
IX
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SECTION 1.0
PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and State and local air pollution control
agencies are becoming increasingly aware of the presence of substances in the ambient air that
may be toxic at certain concentrations. This awareness, in turn, has led to attempts to identify
source/receptor relationships for these substances and to develop control programs to regulate
emissions. Unfortunately, very little information is available on the ambient air concentrations
of these substances or on the sources that may be discharging them to the atmosphere.
To assist groups interested in inventorying air emissions of various potentially toxic
substances, EPA is preparing a series of documents such as this that compiles available
information on sources and emissions of these substances. Prior documents in the series are
listed below:
Substance
Acrylonitrile
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chloroform
Ethylene Bichloride
Formaldehyde (Revised)
Nickel
Chromium
Manganese
Phosgene
Epichlorohydrin
Vinylidene Chloride
Ethylene Oxide
Chlorobenzenes
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Polycyclic Organic Matter (PQM)
Benzene
Organic Liquid Storage Tanks
Coal and Oil Combustion Sources
Municipal Waste Combustors
EPA Publication Number
EPA-450/4-84-007a
EPA-450/4-84-007b
EPA-450/4-84-007c
EPA-450/4-84-007d
EPA-450/2-91-012
EPA-450/4-84-007f
EPA-450/4-84-007g
EPA-450/4-84-007h
EPA-450/4-84-007i
EPA-450/4-84-007J
EPA-450/4-84-007k
EPA-450/4-84-0071
EPA-450/4-84-007m
EPA-450/4-84-007n
EPA-450/4-84-007p
EPA-450/4-84-007q
EPA-450/4-88-004
EPA-450/2-89-001
EPA-450/2-89-006
1-1
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Substance
Perchloroethylene and Trichlorethylene
1,3-Butadiene
Chromium (supplement)
Sewage Sludge
Styrene
Methylene Chloride
EPA Publication Number
EPA-450/2-90-013
EPA-450/2-89-021
EPA-450/2-89-002
EPA-450/2-90-009
EPA-450/4-91-029
EPA-454/R-93-006
This document deals specifically with xylene and its isomers. Its intended audience
includes Federal, State, and local air pollution personnel and others who are interested in locating
potential emitters of xylene, and making gross estimates of air emissions therefrom.
Because of the limited amounts of data available on some potential sources of xylene
emissions, and since the configurations of many sources will not be the same as those described
here, this document is best used as a primer to inform air pollution personnel about (1) the types
of sources that may emit xylene, (2) process variations and release points that may be expected
within these sources, and (3) available emissions information indicating the potential for xylene
to be released into the air from each operation.
The reader is strongly cautioned against using the emissions information contained in this
document to try to develop an exact assessment of emissions from any particular facility.
Because insufficient data are available to develop statistical estimates of the accuracy of these
emission factors, no estimate can be made of the error that could result when these factors are
used to calculate emissions from any given facility. It is possible, in some extreme cases, that
order-of-magnitude differences could result between actual and calculated emissions, depending
on differences in source configurations, control equipment, and operating practices. Thus, in
situations where an accurate assessment of xylene emissions is necessary, source-specific
information should be obtained to confirm the existence of particular emitting operations, the
types and effectiveness of control measures, and the impact of operating practices. A source test
and/or material balance should be considered as the best means to determine air emissions
directly from an operation.
1-2
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In addition to the information presented in this document, another potential source of
emissions data for xylene is the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI) database required by
Section 313 of Tide ffl of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA
313).1 SARA 313 requires owners and operators of certain facilities that manufacture, import,
process or otherwise use certain toxic chemicals to report annually their releases of these
chemicals to any environmental media. As part of SARA 313, EPA provides public access to
the annual emissions data. The TRI data include general facility information, chemical
information, and emissions data. Air emissions data are reported as total facility release
estimates, broken out into fugitive and point components. No individual process or stack data
are provided to EPA. The TRI requires the use of available stack monitoring or measurement
of emissions to comply with SARA 313. If monitoring data are unavailable, emissions are to be
quantified based on best estimates of releases to the environment
The reader is cautioned that the TRI will not likely provide facility, emissions, and
chemical release data sufficient for conducting detailed exposure modeling and risk assessment.
In many cases, the TRI data are based on annual estimates of emissions (i.e., on emission factors,
material balances, engineering judgement). Although the TRI database was consulted during the
development of this report, it should be referred to as an additional information source to locate
potential emitters of xylene, and to make preliminary estimates of air emissions from these
facilities. To obtain an exact assessment of air emissions from processes at a specific facility,
source tests or detailed material balance calculations should be conducted, and detailed plant site
information should be compiled.
Each L&E document, as standard procedure, is sent to government, industry, and
environmental groups wherever EPA is aware of expertise. These groups are given the
opportunity to review the document, comment, and provide additional data where applicable.
Where necessary, the documents are then revised to incorporate these comments. Although these
documents have undergone extensive review, there may still be shortcomings. Comments
subsequent to publication are welcome and will be addressed based on available time and
resources. In addition, any information is welcome on process descriptions, operating parameters,
1-3
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control measures, and emissions information that would enable EPA to improve the contents of
this document Comments and information may be sent to the following address:
Chief, Emission Factor and Methodologies Section
Emission Inventory Branch (MD-14)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
.Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
1-4
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1.1 REFERENCE FOR SECTION 1.0
1. Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-To-Know. Federal Register
52(107): 21152-21208. June 4, 1987.
1-5
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SECTION 2.0
OVERVIEW OF DOCUMENT CONTENTS
The purpose of this document is to assist Federal, State and local air pollution agencies
and others who are interested in locating potential air emitters of xylene and its isomers and
making gross estimates of air emissions therefrom. Because of the limited background data
available, the information summarized in this document does not and should not be assumed to
represent the source configuration or emissions associated with any particular facility.
This section provides an overview of the contents of this document. It briefly outlines
the nature, extent, and format of the material presented in the remaining sections of this report.
Section 3.0 of this document briefly summarizes the physical and chemical characteristics
of xylene and provides an overview of its production and use. This background section may be
useful to someone who needs to develop a general perspective on the nature of this substance and
how it is manufactured and consumed.
Section 4.0 of this document focuses on major production source categories that may
discharge air emissions containing xylene and its isomers. Individual companies and locations
are included that produce or use xylene. Section 5.0 discusses the uses of xylene as feedstocks
and major solvent uses, particularly paint manufacturing and surface coating operations. Section
6.0 addresses emissions as a result of releases from gasoline use. Section 7.0 describes emissions
sources from the manufacture of products other than xylene, or as a by-product of another
process (e.g., coal combustion). Example process descriptions and flow diagrams are provided
in addition to available emission factor estimates for each major industrial source category
described in Sections 4.0, 5.0, 6.0 and 7.0.
Section 8.0 of this document summarizes available procedures for source sampling and
analysis of xylene. The summaries provide an overview of applicable sampling and analytical
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procedures, citing references for those interested in conducting source tests. Although a NIOSH
procedure is provided, no EPA endorsement of this method is given or implied.
Appendix A identifies potential source categories of xylene emissions by Standard
Industrial Classification (SIC) codes and associated descriptions. The readers interested in cross
referencing SICs with Source Classification Codes (SCCs) and associated descriptions, should
consult the Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emission Factor Database Management System, Version 1.2
(October 1991) and/or the VOCIPM Speciation Database Management System, Version 1.4
(October 1991).1-2 Appendix B presents paint and ink manufacturing facilities and printing
facilities with sales greater than $1,000,000. Appendix C contains a listing of some of the
surface coating source categories in which xylene is used. Appendix D summarizes, in table
format, all the emission factors listed in this document.
Each emission factor listed in this document includes an emission factor grade based on
the criteria for data quality and emission factor ratings required in the compendium for AP-42.3
These criteria for rating test data are presented below. The data used to develop emission factors
are rated as follows:
A -
B -
C -
D -
Tests performed by a sound methodology and reported in enough detail for
adequate validation. These tests are not necessarily EPA reference test methods,
although such reference methods are certainly to be used as a guide.
Tests that are performed by a generally sound methodology but lack enough detail
for adequate validation.
Tests that are based on a nonvalidated or draft methodology or that lack a
significant amount of background data.
Tests that are based on a generally unacceptable method but may provide an
order-of-magnitude value for the source.
Because of the almost impossible task of assigning a meaningful confidence limit to
industry-specific variables (Le., sample size vs. sample population, industry and facility
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variability, method of measurement), the use of a statistical confidence interval for an emission
factor is not practical. Therefore, some subjective quality rating is necessary. The following
emission factor quality ratings are applied to the emission factor tables.
A - Excellent The emission factor was developed only from A-rated test data taken from
many randomly chosen facilities in the industry population. The source category" is
specific enough to minimize variability within the source category population.
B - Above average. The emission factor was developed only from A-rated test data from
a reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if
the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industries. As in the A rating, the
source category is specific enough to minimize variability within the source category
population.
C - Average. The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-rated test data from
a reasonable number of facilities. Although no specific bias is evident, it is not clear if
the facilities tested represent a random sample of the industry. As in the A rating, the
source category is specific enough to minimize variability within the source category
population.
D - Below average. The emission factor was developed only from A- and B-rated test
data from a small number of facilities and there may be reason to suspect that these
facilities do not represent a random sample of the industry. There may also be evidence
of variability within the source category population. Limitations on the use of the
emission factors are footnoted for each emission factor table.
E " Poor- I"06 emission factor was developed from C- and D-rated test data, and there
may be reason to suspect that the facilities tested do not represent a random sample of
the industry. There also may be evidence of variability within the source category
population. Limitations on the use of these factors are always footnoted.
U - Unrated or Unratable.4 The emission factor was developed from suspect data with
no supporting documentation to accurately apply an A through E rating. A "U" rating
may be applied in the following circumstances:
- a gross mass balance estimation
- QA/QC deficiencies found with C- and D-rated test data
- gross engineering judgement
- technology transfer
•Source category: A category in the emission factor table for which an emission factor ha, been calculated; generally a single process.
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This document does not contain any discussion of health or other environmental effects
of xylene. It does include a discussion of ambient air monitoring techniques; however, these
ambient air monitoring methods may require modifications for stack sampling and may affect
data quality.
2-4
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2.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.0
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Crosswalk!Air Toxic Emission Factor Database
Management System, Version 12. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)IP articulate
Matter (PM) Speciation Database Management System, Version 1.4. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Technical Procedures for Developing AP-42
Emission Factors and Preparing AP-42 Sections. Emission Inventory Branch, Office of
Air and Radiation, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park
NC. March 1992.
Group discussion meeting on applying "U" rating to emission factors. Anne Pope, EIB;
_ Robin Baker Jones, Midwest Research Institute; Garry Brooks, Radian Corporation; and
Theresa Moody, TRC Environmental Corporation.
2-5
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SECTION 3.0
BACKGROUND
3.1 NATURE OF POLLUTANT
Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that occurs naturally in petroleum and coal tar and is
a constituent of smoke from most combustion sources. Most xylene that is commercially
available is synthetically derived from petroleum and to a lesser extent from coal. Three xylene
isomers exist: ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and para-xylene, abbreviated o-, m-, and p-xylene,
respectively. Mixed xylenes are a mixture of the three isomers and a small amount of
ethylbenzene.1
Xylene's molecular formula is C8H10, also known as
of the three xylene isomers are represented as follows:1
. Molecular structures
o-Xylene
Table 3-1 summarizes the chemical identification information, and Table 3-2 presents
some chemical and physical properties for mixed xylenes and each isomer. This colorless liquid
has a sweet odor and is volatile, flammable, and explosive in air. Xylene is not soluble in water,
but is soluble in alcohol and many organic liquids.
3-1
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u
•I,—
3-2
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I
o
CO
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Atmospheric releases of xylenes are primarily as fugitive emissions from industrial
sources (e.g., petroleum refineries, chemical plants); as emissions in automotive exhausts; and
as a result of volatilization from their use as a solvent Due to the high volatility of xylenes,
most environmental releases partition to the atmosphere.3 Xylenes are moderately mobile in soil,
where they may be adsorbed. Xylenes may leach into groundwater, where they can persist for
several years. Xylenes are rapidly transformed by photooxidation in the troposphere, and can
participate in the formation of ground-level ozone. Xylenes are stable to hydrolysis and oxidation
in the aquatic environment1
•>
3.2 OVERVIEW OF PRODUCTION AND USE
The total annual capacity for xylene manufacturing in the United States, the Virgin
Islands, and Puerto Rico was 5,648 million kilograms (12,452 million pounds) in 1989.4
Processes/feedstocks used to manufacture xylenes include petroleum reformate (95.4 percent),
toluene disproportionation (0.4 percent), pyrolysis gasoline (four percent), and coke oven light
oil (0.2 percent). Reformate is the favored feedstock for xylene recovery because it contains
larger quantities of o-xylene and p-xylene than are found in pyrolysis gasoline.5'6 Mixed xylenes
produced from petroleum reformate contain approximately 20 percent o-xylene, 44 percent m-
xylene, 20 percent p-xylene, 15 percent ethylbenzene, and 1 percent other hydrocarbons. By
comparison, mixed xylenes produced from coal tar generally consist of 10 to 15 percent o-xylene,
45 to 70 percent m-xylene, 23 percent p-xylene, and 6 to 10 percent ethylbenzene.1 There were
20 production facilities for mixed xylenes in the United States in 1989.4
High purity mixed xylenes are used as a solvent in chemical manufacture, agricultural
sprays, adhesives, paints, and coatings (5.2 percent). Xylene is also an ingredient in aviation fuel
and gasoline (39.3 percent), and is used as a feedstock material in the chemical, plastic, and
synthetic fiber industries (55.5 percent). Isomers of xylene are used in manufacturing various
polymers. As feedstocks, o-xylene is used in making phthalic anhydride (PA); m-xylene for
isophthalic acid; and p-xylene for terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT).5-6
3-4
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Figure 3-1 is a chemical use tree for xylene showing the production sources and
distribution of mixed xylenes into products and/or separation of isomers. Ortho-xylene is used
almost exclusively in making phthalic anhydride, which is an aromatic acid anhydride
commercially available as white, free-flowing flakes or colorless molten material having an acrid
odor. Phthalic anhydride is used mainly in the manufacture of plasticizers, unsaturated polyester
resins, and alkyd resins. In addition, m-xylene is used in the manufacture of isophthalic acid,
which is used to make specialized resins. Finally, p-xylene is used exclusively for making
dimethyl terephthalate and terephthalic acid (DMT/TPA) which are raw materials used in the
manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) used in polyester fibers, molded plastics, films,
and blown beverage bottles.5'6
3-5
-------
Production Feedstock Product
Use
Percent
Petroleum Reformate (95.4%)
Pyrolysb Gasoline (4.0%)
Coke Oven Light OH (0.2%) —
Toluene Dlsproporttonation (0.4%)-
_ MIxed_
Xylenes
o-Xylene - Phthallc Anhydride 7.7
— p-Xylene - DMT/TPA
m-Xylene - Isophthallc Acid
Solvent Uses
45.8
2.0
5.2
— Gasoline Blending and Other Uses 33.3
100.0
Figure 3-1. Chemical use tree for xylenes.4
3-6
-------
3.3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 3.0
Toxicological Profile for Total Xylenes. Prepared by Clement Associates, Inc. under
Contract No. 205-88-0608, Prepared for Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease
Registry, U.S. Public Health Services. Atlanta, GA. December 1990.
Sax, N. Irving and Richard J. Lewis, Sr. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, NY. 1989.
Howard, Philip H., Ed. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic
Chemicals. Lewis Publishers, Inc. Chelsea, ML 1990.
SRI International. Chemical Economic Handbook Petrochemicals/Primary 450 0000 to
499.9999. Menlo Park, CA. April 1990.
Chemical Products Synopsis for o-Xylene. Mannsville Chemical Products Corporation
Asbury Park, NJ. June 1992.
Chemical Products Synopsis for p-Xylene. Mannsville Chemical Products Corporation
Asbury Park, NJ. May 1992.
3-7
-------
-------
SECTION 4.0
EMISSIONS FROM XYLENE PRODUCTION
This section on xylene production provides separate discussions on the production of
mixed xylenes and the three isomers (m-, o-, and p-xylene). The discussion of the mixed xylenes
is presented first because each isomer is isolated from a mixed xylene feed, and an understanding
of mixed xylene production is basic to describing the production of the isomers. Process flow
diagrams are provided as appropriate, with specific streams or vents shown in the figures labeled
to correspond with the discussion in the text. Emission factors for the production processes are
presented where available and associated control technologies are described. If a particular
facility is being referenced, the reader should contact the specific facility to verify the nature of
the processes used, production volume, and controls that are in place before applying any of the
emission factors presented in this document
j
Twenty companies are known to produce xylenes in the United States, with a total
production capacity of greater than 5.6 billion kilograms (12.4 billion pounds) of mixed xylenes
for use by the chemical industry. The largest known producers are Amoco (Texas City, TX and
Whiting, IN), Exxon (Baytown, TX), Amerada Hess (St Croix, VI), and Phillips (Guayama, PR).
It is estimated that their combined production capacities account for about 51 percent of the total
production for the United States. About 95 percent of mixed xylenes is produced through
catalytic reforming, and about 75 percent of mixed xylenes production is consumed by the
producers for isolation of isomers. Table 4-1 presents production facilities in the United States,
plant locations, and production capacities for mixed xylenes. A number of facilities listed in
Table 4-1 have suspended operations or have changed processes as noted by footnotes and/or
comments in the table. Such facilities are included here to provide historical information, and
because some facilities may become operational again in the future.1
4-1
-------
4-2
-------
4-3
-------
4-4
-------
4.1 MIXED XYLENES PRODUCTION
Most of the xylene produced annually is derived from petroleum fractions. However, the
concentration of light aromatics [e.g., benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX)] in petroleum rarely
exceeds one percent Through processing, petroleum, specifically crude oil, can be converted to
BTX streams. Several petroleum fractions are used in aromatic conversion processing. The
fraction most important to the xylene production process is "straight-run light naphtha" which
includes all of the crude oil components heavier than pentanes and up to a final boiling point
between 105°C and 170°C (221° to 338°F).2 It is from this stream that the majority of xylene
is produced by catalytic reforming via hydrotreating. A second refinery stream, also used as a
feedstock in xylene production, is the naphtha that results from the pyrolysis or "steam cracking"
(e.g., hydrocracking) of heavier distillate fractions. Although the primary goal of cracking
naphtha is to manufacture ethylene and propylene, secondary reactions also produce considerable
amounts of "pyrolysis gasoline" rich in aromatics. Additional xylene production methods include
separation from coal tars and disproportionation or transalkylation of toluene.2-3
4.1.1 Hydrotreating
Hydrotreating, schematically illustrated in Figure 4-1, is the process by which the quality
of liquid hydrocarbon streams is improved by subjecting them to mild or severe conditions of
hydrogen pressure in the presence of a catalyst Both pyrolysis gasolines and straight-run light
naphthas (e.g., catalytic reformer feeds) undergo hydrotreating prior to subsequent processing and
xylene recovery. The liquid petroleum feed is preheated (Step 1), heated in a furnace (Step 2),
and combined with recycled hydrogen gas. The combined feed is passed through a reactor
containing a catalyst bed where the hydrogenation reaction takes place (Step 3).4 Upon leaving
the reactor, the stream is cooled and moved to a separator vessel where recycle or net hydrogen
is removed (Step 4). The liquid then moves to a stabilizer or stripper which removes hydrogen,
hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, water, organic compounds of arsenic and palladium, and light
hydrocarbons dissolved in the separator liquid (Step 5). The stripped, hydrotreated fraction is
4-5
-------
HYDROGEN
NAPHTHA 1
FURNACE
JL
HEAT EXCHANGE
REACTOR
—»•
H raCH GAS
SEPARATOR
FUEL GAS
T
• HYDROTREATED
STREAM
Figure 4-L Process flow diagram for hydrotreating?
(Reprinted with permission from Hancock, RG., ed, Toluene, the Xylenes and their
Industrial Derivatives, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
New Yoric, New York. 1982.)
4-6
-------
then routed to the next processing step, either catalytic reforming (for naphthas) or secondary
hydrogenation (for pyrolysis gasoline).5
4.1.2 Catalytic Reformine
Catalytic reformate is the major source of xylene, accounting for approximately 95 percent
of the xylene production capacity feedstocks.1-3 Catalytic reforming involves the catalytic
dehydrogenation of straight-run light naphtha in the presence of hydrogen (which reduces coke
formation) to yield a mixture of aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, and the
xylenes).2-3 The catalytic reforming process is illustrated in Figure 4-2, and the reactions
involved in this process are presented below.2
Oehydrogenation of ncphihenes to cromatlcs
R a
0
3H2
Dehydrocydizoiion of paraffins into aromaiics
R
R - (CHj)s - CH3
Hydrodealkylation of higher aromatics to lower aromatics
CH3
CH4
Hydrocracking of Ct end heavier paraffins into light hydrocarbc
(preferably propane & iutane)
R - (C«l)3 - CHj ^ H2 - > RH
Oehydroisomerizotion of nophthenes
Isomerizotion of paraffins
R -
- CH3
CH3
I
R — CH— CHj
4-7
-------
FURNACES
A
RECYCLE
COMPRESSOR
HJTREATED
fiHA /T\
•»
?
—JU^-
11
\
X
xl
J
*Ti±_j*
RECYCLE
1
L
-\
[X
V
y
*1h±3*
HYDROGEN
1
N
•N
r
V
J
1 '
A
L
\
L\
X
V.
-/
^^r-
— *•
0
H2 RICH GAS
FUEL GAS
STABILIZER
COLUMN
STABILIZED
REFCRMATE
FLASH DRUM
REACTOR 1 REACTOR 2 REACTOR 3 REACTOR 4
f DENOTES POTENTIAL LOCATION OF EMISSIONS
A
f
FUGmVE EMISSIONS
Figure 4-2. Typical reforming unit2
*
(Reprinted with permission from Hancock, E.G., ed, Toluene, the Xylenes and their
Industrial Derivatives. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
New York, New York. 1982.)
4-8
-------
Prior to reforming, the light naphtha is hydrotreated to remove compounds that would
act as catalyst poisons in the reforming step.2-4 The hydrotreated naphtha is fed to the reformer
unit containing the following components:24
• Reactors which contain fixed bed catalysts
Heaters to bring the naphtha and recycle gas to reaction temperature and to supply heats
of reaction
• A product cooling system and a gas-liquid separator
« A hydrogen-gas recycle system
A stabilizer to separate light hydrocarbons dissolved in the receiver liquid
The naphtha is combined with recycled hydrogen (Step 1), preheated (Step 2), heated to the
reaction temperature in a fired heater (Step 3), and then transferred to a series of catalyst-
containing reactors (Step 4).2 Because the reaction is endothermic, a series of three or four
reactors with inter-stage reheat furnaces may be necessary to achieve the required conversion.
The reactors normally contain increasing amounts of catalyst in each stage.2-4
The effluent from the last reactor is cooled and transferred to a receiving unit (e.g., the
flash drum) where the hydrogen is separated from the liquid reformate (Step 5). The hydrogen
gases are compressed and recycled to the reactors while the reformate is moved to a stabilizer
fractionator (Step 6). - The fractionator removes C4 and lighter hydrocarbons to produce a
stabilized reformate. The stabilized reformate is used as a feedstock in the xylene recovery
process (described in Section 4.2).w
Most of the facilities that produce xylene by catalytic reforming have proprietary
processes. Table 4-2 lists the process licensor and the process name. The primary differences
between these processes involve solving reforming process problems such as catalyst
regeneration. The processes also differ in the methods used to extract aromatics depending on
the type and purity of the product desired.2
4-9
-------
TABLE 4-2.
CATALYTIC REFORMING PROCESSES
Licensor
Chevron Research Co.
Engelhard Industries
Exxon Research Engineering
Houdry Division, Air Products
Institut Francais du
Petrole
Standard Oil Co. (Indiana)
UOP Process Division
Name of Process
Rheniforming
Magnaforming
Powerforming
Houdriforming
Arornizing
Catalytic Reforming
Ultraforming
Platforming
Source: Reference 2.
4.1.3 Secondary Hvdrogenation (for Pvrolvsis Gasolinel
Pyrolysis gasoline, a by-product of ethylene and propylene manufacture, accounts for four
percent of domestic xylene production capacity feedstock materials.1'3 Because pyrolysis gasoline
contains reactive compounds (e.g., diolefins and styrenes) which will polymerize if subjected to
reactor conditions severe enough to saturate olefins and remove sulfur compounds, it must
undergo an initial hydrogenation step described in Section 4.1.1 to reduce the reactives to olefins
prior to storage or further processing. The resulting product can be used as a high octane
gasoline blending component or treated further for aromatic (e.g., benzene, toluene, and xylenes)
extraction.2
Following initial hydrogenation, the pyrolysis gasoline normally undergoes second stage
hydrogenation in which olefins are saturated, organic sulfur forms hydrogen sulfide, combined
nitrogen is converted to ammonia, and oxygenated compounds are reduced to hydrocarbons and
4-10
-------
water. After these parallel reactions have been completed, the gases and liquid are separated.
The liquid is then stripped of gaseous impurities, such as hydrogen sulfide, and remaining light
hydrocarbons before being transferred to xylene recovery units.24
Most of the world's facilities that produce xylene from pyrolysis gasoline have proprietary
hydrotreating processes. The primary differences between these processes involve operating
parameters such as temperature, pressure, catalyst composition, and reactor geometry. Table 4-3
lists the process licensor and the process name.2
TABLE 4-3.
PYROLYSIS GASOLINE HYDROGENATION PROCESSES
Licensor
^•^•i
British Petroleum (BP)
Name of Process
•ii^BOBHBMMBBMM
BP Selective Hydrogenation Process
C-E Lummus
DPG Hydrotreating
Engelhard Industries
HPN Process
Houdry Division, Air Products
HPG Process
Institut Francais du Petrole
IFP Selective Hydrogenation Process
Lurgi GmbH/Bayer AG
UOP Process Division
Source: Reference 2.
Bayer Selective Diolefin Hydrogenation
Lurgi Olefin Hydrogenation and
Desulphurisation
LT Unibon Process
4-11
-------
4.1.4 Xvlene Production from Toluene Disprooorrionatioii or Transalkvlarion
Less than one percent of recovered xylenes is obtained from toluene disproportionation
or transalkylation processes. In the disproportionation process, toluene is converted to equivalent
volumes of benzene and xylenes, as shown in the equation that follows:2
In transalkylation, the reactions are as follows:2
CH3
CH3
Many of the facilities that perform one of these processes can change mode to operate using the
otherprocess.2 In the United States, only three companies are known to convert toluene to mixed
xylenes by these processes: Fina Oil and Chemical, Lyondell Petrochemical., and Sun Refining.
A total annual xylene capacity of 216 million kilograms (476 million pounds) is reported from
toluene disproportionation/transalkylation processes.1
The toluene disproportionation/transalkylation method of producing xylenes is expensive
when compared to the reforming process; however, it has two advantages. One is that no
ethylbenzene is formed in the xylenes stream, so isomer isolation is less difficult. Second, no
net hydrogen is consumed. An estimated 176 million kilograms (387 million pounds) of xylenes
were produced by this method in 1988.1 The supply of xylenes from this source is estimated to
reach about 244 million kilograms (538 million pounds) per year by 1993.1
4-12
-------
An example of a disproportionation/transalkylation process is illustrated in Figure 4-3 (the
Toray/UOP Tatoray Process). The use of a hydrogen atmosphere in this process, in addition to
the type of catalyst employed, allows several months of operation before catalyst regeneration
is required. A hydrogen recycle compressor (Step 7) is required and can be a potential location
of fugitive emissions. The gas from this compressor is combined with make-up hydrogen,
toluene feed, and, optionally, Q feed. The mixture is vaporized and superheated by heat
exchange counter current to the reactor effluent (Step 1) and then by a fired heater (Step 2). The
aromatics react to yield a near-equilibrium mixture when passing through the catalyst bed
(Step 3). The mixture then passes back through the feed-effluent exchanger (Step 1) and through
supplementary cooling and condensing (Step 4) to a flash drum (Step 5). Here, the vapor phase
is split into a fuel gas purge and recycle hydrogen (Step 7), and the liquid phase is transferred
to a stabilizer column (Step 6) for the removal of residual light ends (low molecular weight
organics). The stabilized liquid is then returned to BTX fractionation for further processing.2
4.1.5 Coal-Derived Mixed Xvlenes
Less than one percent of the production of mixed xylenes is coal derived. When coal is
carbonized in coke ovens, for every ton of coal, about 2 to 3 gallons of a crude light oil is
produced that contains 3 to 6 percent mixed xylenes by volume. The light oil may be captured
and sold to petroleum refiners that use it as a supplementary source of aromatics, or processed
by the coke-oven operators/tar distillers, or burned as fuel. The mixed xylenes present in light
oil from coke ovens are not usually reclaimed, and the amount of mixed xylenes that can be
obtained from the light oil is minimal. Light oil is expected to continue to be a minor source
of xylenes.1 Figure 4-4 illustrates the typical process for mixed xylene production from coal-
derived light oil.
4.2 ISOMERIZATION AND SEPARATION OF XYLENE ISOMERS
The demand for mixed xylenes is low in comparison to the demand for pure isomers,
especially p-xylene. Separation of organic compounds from refinery processes typically utilizes
4-13
-------
FUEL GAS FUEL GAS
MAKEUP HYDROGEN
TOLUENE
C9's
-------
5
o
c
N
C
o
J3
U
O
c
41
•o
U
I
o
O Q.
_o o
0)
.0
a
n
O
£
1
I
o.
0)
o
I
_
01
CO
1
en
I
<
01
c
o
4>
(U
O>
s
o
CD
j
n
o
TO
U
nns *
0
1 '
a.
a
c
>prua (*
4)
o
c
o
o
c.
o
-------
fractional distillation which is based on differences in the boiling points of the compounds.
However, isolation of individual isomers through conventional distillation is difficult for xylene
isomers because of the closeness of their boiling points, as shown in Table 4-4.2 Differences in
freezing points,-however, can be used to separate isomers.2 A typical crystallization process for
the separation of isomers using differences in freezing points is shown in Figure 4-5.
There are also differences in adsorptive properties that can be used to isolate individual
xylene isomers. In adsorption, the pore structure of the solid-phase adsorbent will preferentially
retain the product isomer of interest A subsequent treatment with a desorbent liquid (usually
another organic such as toluene) will dissociate the product from the adsorbent. Separation of
the product isomer of xylene can then be accomplished using simple fractional distillation. The
example of an adsorption process shown in Figure 4-~6 is a continuous extraction system that
utilizes a moving bed flowing counter to the liquid phase.2 Alterations in the choice of adsorbent
will extract different isomers.
TABLE 4-4.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF XYLENE ISOMERS
AFFECTING SEPARATION PROCESSES
Compound
o-xylene
m-xylene
p-xylene
ethylbenzene
Freezing Point
°C(°F)
-25.2 (-13.4)
-47.9 (-54.2)
13.3 (55.9)
-95.0 (-139.0)
Boiling Point
°C(°F)
144.4 (291.9)
139.1 (282.4)
138.4 (281.1)
136.2 (277.2)
Catalytic Reformate Isomer
Content (%)
Range
19-26
35-40
16-20
17-21
Typical
23
40
17
20
Source: Reference 2.
4-16
-------
a
es
1
-------
Itaftbwt*
Eriroct (p-Xyitn.)
+ D«iort)int
D««ortnnt
o
fc
1
w
-
aOW OF SOLID ADSORBENT
Roffinoto
100
FLUID COMPOSITION 7.
Figure 4-6. Moving bed adsorption system for separation of xylene isomers.2
(Reprinted with permission from Hancock, E.G., ed., Toluene, the Xylenes and their
Industrial Derivatives. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
New York, New York. 1982.)
The typical mix of xylene isomers from a catalytic reformate stream consists of the
following: m-xylene (40 percent), o-xylene (24 percent), p-xylene (19 percent), andethylbenzene
(17 percent).2 However, the demand for individual isomers does not match the proportions found
in mixed xylenes, with p-xylene in highest demand, followed by o- and m-xylene. In order to
meet the demand for pure isomers, additional processing of mixed xylenes is required.
Isomerization of m-xylene to o- and p-xylene and subsequent separation are commonplace.1 A
simple separation/isomerization loop is shown in Figure 4-7. The separation unit (Step 1) can
utilize either differences in freezing points (crystallization) or adsorptive properties to separate
the isomers, as previously discussed. The isomerization unit (Step 2) usually involves a
proprietary process using.one of three basic designs: those using a noble metal catalyst in a
hydrogen atmosphere; those using a non-noble metal catalyst without hydrogen; or a liquid-phase
process which uses transalkylation reactions (Section 4.1.4).3
4-18
-------
Mixed Xylenea
Feed
I
I
I
Ethylbenzene
(Optional)
Jk
1 1
1 > 1
i~l i
^T' 1
L^l
. SEPARATION
UNfT Sfi
Raffinate
ISOMERIZATION
UNIT Q
Equilibrium Mixture
Light and Hoavy
By—products
Figure 4-7. Simple separation - isomerization loop.2
(Reprinted with permission from Hancock, E.G., ed., Toluene, the Xylenes and their
Industrial Derivatives. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company.
New York, New York. 1982.)
4.2.1 Para-xvlene Production
Para-xylene is the isomer of mixed xylenes in highest demand. It is used to make
terephthalic acid (TPA) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT), intermediates in the manufacture of
polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers, molded plastics, and films.
Isomerization —
Isomerization of xylene isomers requires an acidic catalyst, whereas isomerization of
ethylbenzene additionally requires a hydrogenation catalyst, usually platinum. Removal of
ethylbenzene increases the efficiency of p-xylene separation and the isomerization of the
remaining Q aromatics. Qrtho-xylene is often produced along with p-xylene in the isomerization
process and is recovered separately. Therefore, prior to p-xylene isomerization or recovery, o-
xylene and ethylbenzene are usually isolated. Recovery of p-xylene is then performed 'via
crystallization or adsorption, and the remaining liquor or raffinate is isomerized to convert m-
4-19
-------
xylene to o- and p-xylene. The isomerization unit feed is sometimes mixed with hydrogen
(depending on the process), heated to the reaction temperature, and passed over the catalyst
Vapor-phase and high-temperature isomerization processes are commonly used in the United
States.1 The octafining process uses a combination of silica-alumina and platinized alumina
catalysts to isomerize xylenes, however, most U.S. companies use the zeolite-based isomerization
processes introduced in the 1970s. It is claimed that these processes can isomerize xylenes,
selectively disproportionate the remaining ethylbenzene, and improve the overall p-xylene yield.1
Separation —
A high-purity p-xylene stream (99 - 99.5 percent by weight) can be isolated by using a
two-stage, low-temperature crystallization process. The first crystallization, the coldest stage,
yields a slurry of crude p-xylene and a filtrate containing other isomers. Melting of the resulting
slurry with a subsequent higher temperature recrystallization yields high-purity p-xylene.
Common crystallization processes have been developed by Chevron, Amoco, ARCO, Phillips,
Shell, Esso, Krupp, and Maruzen.1
Isolation of p-xylene by adsorption results in higher yields (90 - 95 percent per pass
through the process) than can be obtained by a single step crystallization process
(60 - 70 percent). In the Parex process (licensed by UOP, Inc.) and the Aromax process
(licensed by Toray Industries, Inc.), p-xylene is continuously and selectively retained on a zeolite
adsorbent in the liquid phase. Zeolite permits entry of the main feed components into the pore
structure and selectively adsorbs p-xylene. These continuous processes operate with a fixed bed,
which appears to move in the direction opposite to the liquid streams. The process shown in
Figure 4-6 is representative of a moving bed adsorption system. The p-xylene retained on the
adsorbent is removed by a desorbent such as toluene or p-diethylbenzene; with p-xylene separated
from the desorbent hydrocarbon by distillation. The typical p-xylene product from this process
is around 99,5 percent pure and contains about 0.3 percent ethylbenzene, 0.17 percent m-xylene,
and 0.1 percent o-xylene.1
4-20
-------
Production Capacity and Demand — -
The U.S. p-xylene annual consumption grew an average of about 4 percent per year from
1986 to 1991. However, average growth in production was only 1.5 percent per year reflecting
decreases in exports. Table 4-5 shows both the historical and projected production capacity,
actual production, imports, exports, and demand for p-xylene. Demand grew an average of about
10 percent per year from 1985 to 1988. The increased use of PET soft drink bottles and other
containers, polyester apparel (PET fiber production), and the popularity of video tapes (PET
films) have all contributed to an increase in PET demand and thereby demand for p-xylene.
Overall, the United States p-xylene demand is expected to increase in the range of 2 to 4 percent
per year in the near future.5
TABLE 4-5.
ESTIMATED DOMESTIC U.S. SUPPLY AND
DEMAND OF P-XYLENE
Millions of Kilograms (Millions of Pounds)
Production
Capacity
Production
Imports
Exports
Demand
===^==
1980
2,495
(5,500)
1,922
(4,237)
23
(50)
379
(835)
1,566
(3,452)
==^=
1985
2,495
(5400)
2,167
(4,778)
67
(147)
510
(1,125)
1,724
(3,800)
•^—
1987
••••••a
2,515
(5,545)
2338
(5,155)
115
(253)
368
(811)
2,985
(4,597)
=^==
1988
•••^••i
2,717
(5,990)
2^41
. (5,601)
101
(222)
393
(866)
2,248
(4,957)
1989
mammmmm
2,801
(6,175)
2,424
(5344)
. 120
(265)
311
(686)
2,233
(4,923)
1990
^••MMB
2,835
(6,250)
2359
(5,200)
86
(189)
299
(659)
2,145
(4,730)
1991-
MBMHB
2,971
(6450)
2,864
(5,432)
87
(191)
289
(637)
2,464
(5,432)
— "
1992
mmm^t^m
2,815
(6,205)
NA
NA
NA
2,524
(5,565)
Source: Reference 4.
4-21
-------
Currently, U.S. p-xylene production capacity greatly exceeds demand. Some older, less
efficient plants may be closed as the gap between U.S. production and demand increases, export
markets decline, and prices weaken. St Croix Petrochemicals ceased operation in 1991 with
295 million kilograms (650 million pounds) of capacity. St Croix Petrochemical is jointly
owned by Amerada Hess and Cape Industries and obtained feedstock from the adjacent Amerada
Hess refinery. Kemtec Petrochemical, which started up in 1989, closed a 181 million kilograms
(400 million pounds) unit in Canada in 1991 due to financial difficulties. However, newer
efficient facilities are adding capacity. Exxon added 68 million kilograms (150 million pounds)
of capacity at Baytown, TX in 1991. Koch added 68 million kilograms (150 million pounds) of
capacity at Corpus Christi in 1991 and will expand to 385 million kilograms (850 million
pounds) per year in 1992, and ultimately to 454 million kilograms (1,000 million pounds).
Lyondell Petrochemicals expanded to 197 million kilograms (435 million pounds) in 1990.
Although total world demand for p-xylene is expected to steadily increase, near term global
production capacity additions are expected to substantially exceed the growth rate of
consumption, resulting in a continually oversupplied market Table 4-6 lists U.S. p-xylene
producers and 1992 capacities.7-8
4.2.2 Ortho-xvlene Production
Ortho-xylene is used predominately in die manufacture of phthalic anhydride. Additional
minor uses of o-xylene are in the manufacture of bactericides, soybean herbicides, and lube oil
additives. Ortho-xylene is commercially available as a mixture of at least 95 percent o-xylene,
and 5 percent m-xylene and p-xylene. All o-xylene producers also recover p-xylene; however,
not all p-xylene producers recover o-xylene.9
Separation —
Ortho-xylene is first separated from other Q compounds in a distillation column (xylene
splitter using the distillation stages). The first distillation recovers m- and p-xylene and
ethylbenzene leaving a mixture of o-xylene, Q, and higher aromatics. The mixture remaining
is redistilled to recover separate components. The higher aromatics are used as solvents or as
a
4-22
-------
TABLE 4-6.
DOMESTIC U.S. P-XYLENE PRODUCERS AND 1992
PRODUCTION CAPACITIES
Producer
Amoco Chemicals
Amoco Chemicals
Chevron Chemical
DuPont
Exxon
Koch Refining Co.
Lyondell
Mobil Chemical
Phillips 66
Location
Decatur, AL
Texas City, TX
Pascagoula, MS
Chocolate Bayou, TX
Baytown, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Houston, TX
Chalmatte, LA
Las Mareas, PR
1992 Production Capacity
Millions of Kilograms
(Millions of Pounds)
"•«••"»•"«—•••— «i««
506 (1,115)
685 (1,510)
238 (525)
27a (60)
454 (1,000)
397 (875)
197 (435)
77 (170)
261 (600)
'Listed in Reference 7 (1991) but not in Reference 8 (1992)
Source: References 7 and 8.
blending components for gasoline. The purity of the o-xylene production is 97.5 percent,
containing about 1 percent Q and heavier products and 1.5 percent other xylenes.1
Production Capacity and Demand ~
Table 4-7 presents historical and projected figures for o-xylene capacity, production,
imports, exports, and demand.1-6-9 Worldwide overcapacity still exists. In 1988, imports met
almost 25 percent of U.S. demand. Ortho-xylene is shipped to the United States from Eastern
and Western Europe, as well as South America. Table 4-8 lists domestic U.S. o-xylene producers
and their corresponding 1992 capacities. An additional 91 million kilograms (200 million
pounds) of production capacity is available through the AroChem International facility at
4-23
-------
TABLE 4-7.
ESTIMATED DOMESTIC UJS. SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF
O-XYLENE
Millions of Kilograms (Millions of Pounds)
Production
Capacity
Actual
Production
imports
Exports
Demand
1980
619
(1365)
451
(995)
NA
217
(478)
235
(517)
1985
438
(965)
306
(675)
49
(109)
34
(75)
322
(709)
1986
438
(965)
357
(788)
88
(195)
49
(107)
397
(876)
1987
438
(965)
430
(947)
57
(126)
58
(127)
429
(946)
1988
438
(965)
440
(971)
124
• (273)
55
(121)
509
(1,123)
1989
438
(965)
436
(963)
24
(53)
24
(54)
445
(982)
1990
438
(965)
428
(943)
5
(12)
33
(73)
400
(882)
1991
NA
424
(935)
8
(18)
38
(84)
394
(869)
1992
445
(980)
NA
NA
NA
433
(955)
ISA No data available.
Source: References 1, 6 and 9.
TABLE 4-8.
DOMESTIC U.S. O-XYLENE PRODUCERS AND 1992
PRODUCTION CAPACITIES
Producer
AroChem International
Exxon Chemical
Koch
Lyondell Petrochemicals
Mobil Chemical
Phillips 66
Location
Penuelas, PR
Baytown, TX
Corpus Christi, TX
Houston, TX
Chalmette, LAa
Guayama, PR
1992 Capacity
Millions of Kilograms
(Millions of Pounds)
91 (200)
127 (280)
79 (174)
109 (240)
70 (155)
59 (130)
Source: References 6 and 9.
4-24
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Pamelas, PR. The Shell facility at Deer Park, TX, with a 54 million kilogram (120 million
pound) production capacity is closed indefinitely.6
The growth of the o-xylene market between 1982 and 1991 averaged 1.7 percent per year
and is expected to be at two percent through 1992. Ortho-xylene facilities are expected to
continue operating at 90 percent of capacity. However, additional foreign production capacity
may reduce short-term o-xylene demand by five percent Long-term, the market for o-xylene will
be limited by demand from producers of phthalic anhydride, whose facilities are operating at
close to capacity.6
4.2.3 Meta-xvlene Production
The production of m-xylene relies on separation of the isomer from a mixed xylenes feed.
First, a mixture of m- and p-xylene is obtained after removal of o-xylene and ethylbenzene via
fractionation. Para-xylene is then partially removed via crystallization or adsorption. High purity
m-xylene is then obtained by one of the following methods: crystallization using carbon
tetrachloride; through a process in which a nickel thiocyanate/gamma-picoline Werner complex
encapsulates p-xylene; or by formation of a complex of m-xylene with hydrofluoric acid (HF),
and boron trifluoride (BF3). The HF/BF^m-xylene complex process, developed by Mitsubishi
Gas Chemical, is currently the most common commercial process.3
Amoco Chemical Company is the only known U.S. company isolating m-xylene and using
it for the manufacture of isophthalic acid at their Texas City, TX facility. As of January 1989,
Amoco had a production capacity of 110 million kilograms (243 million pounds).2 Historical
production, export, import, and demand information for m-xylene was not available at the time
of report preparation.
4-25
-------
4.2.4 Ethylbenzene Production
Although ethylbenzene is not a xylene isomer, it is discussed here because it is a major
component of mixed xylenes and its separation is integral to production of the individual isomers
of xylene: Ethylbenzene recovery by super fractionation of Q aromatics (requiring three
200 foot distillation columns in series) is more difficult than o-xylene fractionation because of
the closeness of its boiling point to that of p-xylene. Removal of ethylbenzene increases the
efficiency of the p-xylene separation processes and the isomerization of the remaining C8
aromatics. Product purity of ethylbenzene is 99.6 percent; the remainder is toluene, paraffins,
and some m- and p-xylene. This method of producing ethylbenzene is energy intensive compared
with the production of ethylbenzene via alkylation of benzene and ethylene. While about
99 percent of ethylbenzene is consumed in styrene production, a small amount is used in solvent
applications, sometimes replacing xylene.1
4.3 EMISSIONS
Most air emissions associated with xylene production from petroleum fractions arise from
loading operations, storage, and equipment leaks. Process vents also contribute to air emissions.
Xylene emissions from other sources, such as waste treatment and disposal facilities are discussed
in Section 7.0. Emissions from the production of mixed xylenes and individual isomers are
discussed separately in this subsection.
Emissions from the production of mixed xylenes are dependent on the refinery
configuration, the mix of products being manufactured, and the nature of the crude oil feedstock.3
Verifying the production process and other operational parameters at a particular facility is highly
recommended before determining emissions.
4-26
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4.3.1 Process Emissions
Emission factors for the production of mixed xylenes, xylene isoniers, and ethylbenzene
are presented in Table 4-9. Process-related emission factors for mixed xylene production were
only identified for the treating tank in the production from coal-derived light oil (Step 2 in Figure
4-4) and for the ethylene cracking unit in pyrolysis gasoline production. The emission factors
for the production of xylene isomers and ethylbenzene are general, overall production process
emission factors. As mentioned previously, because the production of ethylbenzene is so highly
associated with mixed xylene production, the process description and xylene emission factors for
ethylbenzene production are presented here.
TABLE 4-9.
PRODUCTION PROCESS EMISSION FACTORS FOR
MIXED XYLENES AND XYLENE ISOMERS
Production Process
Coal-Derived
Mixed Xylene
Emission Source
••••••••Mm
Treating Tank
Emission Factor
kg/Mg (Ibs/ton)
Product
0.50
(1.0)
Emission
Factor Grade
mm^
ua
Mixed Xylene
from Pyrolysis
Gasoline
Ethylene Cracking
Unit
0.07
(0.14)b
D
p-Xylene Production
Overall
1.14
(2.27)c
D
o-Xylene Production
Overall
2.09
(4.16)c
m-Xylene Production
Overall
1.58
(3.14)
Ua
Ethylbenzene Production
"Based on engineering judgement by Hydroscience, Inc.
Based on site visit data.
••Based on inventory compiled by the Texas Air Control Board
Emission factor given in kg/Mg (Ibs/ton) used.
•Based on engineering estimates by the Texas Air Control Board.
Source: Reference 10.
4-27
-------
4.3.2 Storage Emissions
Possible sources of xylene emissions include storage tank losses and handling losses that
occur during product loading into drums, tank trucks, tank cars, barges, or ships. Storage tank
losses include working losses that occur while filling the tank, and breathing losses due to
expansion from temperature changes. The calculations to determine emissions from storage tanks
arc complex and require a knowledge of a number of factors which are plant specific. Equations
for storage tank emissions are given in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's report titled
Estimating Air Toxics Emissions from Organic Liquid Storage Tanks (EPA-450/4-88-004).11 In
the absence of specific data on the storage tank, generic emission factors were identified in the
literature and are shown in Table 4-10 for mixed xylene, xylene isomer, and ethylbenzene
production. The emission factors shown were based on various source test data, inventory data,
and/or engineering judgement. Thus, there are some differences in emission factors for storage
emissions when such differences would normally not be expected.
4.3.3 Equipment Leak Emissions (Pugitive Emissions^
Emission factors for fugitive emissions are presented in Table 4-11. However, these
emission factors should be used cautiously and are only recommended for obtaining gross
emission estimates. They do not take into account the actual number of various leaking and
nonleaking components within a facility, but are only a general estimate based on a hypothetical
plant. The discussion below presents a more credible approach to determining fugitive emissions.
Emissions occur from process equipment components whenever the liquid or gas streams
leak from the equipment Equipment leaks can occur from the following components: pump
seals, process valves, compressor seals and safety relief valves, flanges, open-ended lines, and
sampling connections. Emission estimates can be calculated in the five ways described in the
EPA publication Protocols for Generating Unit-Specific Emission Estimates for VOC and VHAP
(EPA-450/3-88-010).12 The methods differ in complexity; however, greater complexity usually
yields more accurate emission estimates.
4-28
-------
TABLE 4-10.
STORAGE EMISSION FACTORS FOR
MIXED XYLENES AND XYLENE ISOMERS
^Production Process
Toluene Disproportionation
Coal-Derived Mixed
Xylene
Catalytic Reforming
Pyrolysis Gasoline
p-Xylene Production
o-Xylene Production
m-Xylene Production
Ethylbenzene Production
Product/Feedstock
Stored
Mixed Xylenes
Mixed Xylenes
Mixed Xylenes
Mixed Xylenes
p-Xylene
o-Xylene
m-Xylene
Mixed Xylenes
Emission Factor
kg/Mg (Ibs/ton)
Product Stored
0.10
0.60
0.06
0.30
0.19
0.08
0.12
0.05d
(0.20)
(1.2)
(0.12)b
(0.60)c
(0.38)b
(0.16)b
(0.24)
(0.1)d
Emission
Factor Grade
Ua
ua
D
D
D
D
Ua
ue
— — " -—-•Q**«w**'**»».^j j Vt^^^SAAAWA&b- WJF AJ.JrUXlilOwXWiJlVW} .11IV*
bBased on inventory compiled by the Texas Air Control Board.
'Based on site visit data.
"Emission factor given in kg/Mg (Ibs/ton) used.
"Based on engineering estimates by the Texas Air Control Board.
Source: Reference 10.
The simplest method requires that the number of each component type be known. For
each component, the xylene content of the stream and the time the component is in service are
needed. This information is then multiplied by the EPA's average emission factors for the
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industries (SOCMI) shown in Table 4-12.12 This
method is an improvement on using the factors shown in Table 4-11. However, this method
should only be used if no other data are available, as it may result in an overestimation of actual
4-29
-------
equipment leak emissions. For each component, estimated emissions are calculated in the
following way:12
No. of
equipment
components
X
" Weight %
xylene
in the stream
X
Component-
specific
emission factor
[No. hrs/yr in 1
tylene service]
TABLE 4-11.
FUGITIVE EMISSION FACTORS FOR
MIXED XYLENES AND XYLENE ISOMERS
Production Process
Mixed Xylenes from Toluene
Disproportionation
Coal-Derived Mixed Xylene
Mixed Xylenes from Catalytic
Reforming
Mixed Xylene from Pyrolysis
Gasoline
p-Xylene Production
o-Xylene Production
m-Xylene Production
Ethylbenzene Production
Emission Factor
kg/Mg (Ibs/ton)
Product
0.05
0.15
0.03
0.03
0.24
0.38
0.30
0.05d
(0.10)a
(0.30)a
(0.06)b
(0.06)c
(0.48)b
(0.76)b
(0.6)'
(O.I)46
Emission Factor
Grade
E
E
D
D
D
D
E
E
"Based on engineering judgement by Hydroscience, Inc.
bBased on inventory compiled by the Texas Air Control Board.
°Based on site visit data.
•"Emission factor given in kg/Mg (Ibs/ton) used.
*Based on estimates by the Texas Air Control Board.
Source: Reference 10.
4-30
-------
TABLE 4-12.
AVERAGE EMISSION FACTORS FOR FUGITIVE
EQUIPMENT LEAK EMISSIONS
Equipment
•MMMMHMMHMHl
Valves
Pump Seals
Compressor Seals
Pressure Relief Seals
Flanges
Open-Ended Lines
Sampling Connections
"
Service
••MHMMHMMM
Gas
Light Liquid
Heavy Liquid
Light Liquid
Heavy Liquid
Gas/Vapor
Gas/Vapor
All
All
All
======
Emission Factor
(kg/hr/source)
••••••
0.0056
0.0071
0.00023
0.0494
0.0214
0.228
0.104
0.00083
0.0017
0.0150
==—:—.
=====
Emission
Factor
(Ib/hr/source)
^•i^BHHMM
0.0123
0.0156
0.00051
0.109
0.0471
0.502
0.229
0.0018
0.0037
0.0033
Data
Quality
Rating*
••••••••KMM
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
'Based on engineering judgement
Source: Reference 12.
To obtain more accurate equipment leak emission estimates, one of the more complex
estimation methods should be used. These methods require that some level of emission
measurement for the facility's equipment components be collected. These are described briefly,
and the reader is referred to the Protocols document for the calculation details.12
i
The first method, the leak/no leak approach, is based on a determination of the number
of leaking and non-leaking components. These values are then multiplied by two different sets
of EPA-derived emission factors as presented in the Protocols document12 The second method
groups screening results into three ranges: 0-1,000 ppmv; 1,001-10,000 ppmv; and greater than
10,000 ppmv. The number of each component faffing in a particular range is multiplied by the
component-specific emission factor for that range. These emission factors have also been
4-31
-------
developed by EPA. Another procedure uses screening data hi correlation equations derived from
earlier work by EPA. An additional method calls for the facility to develop its own correlation
equations, but this method requires more rigorous testing, bagging and analyzing of equipment
leaks to determine mass emission rates.
4.3.4 Emission Controls
Controls on process emissions are usually vented to fuel gases or recycled into other
processes. Storage emissions are usually controlled by using floating roof tanks to reduce
emissions from standing and working losses. Submerged filling reduces emissions during loading
of the product into drums, tanks, and barges.
Although no specific information on controls of fugitive emissions used by the industry
was identified, equipment components in xylene service will have some controls in place.
Generally, control of fugitive emissions will require the use of sealless or double mechanical seal
pumps, an inspection and maintenance program, as well as replacement of leaking valves and
fittings. Typical controls for equipment leaks are listed in Table 4-13. Some leakless equipment
is available such as leakless valves and sealless pumps.13
4-32
-------
CONTROL
TABLE 4-13.
T0
Equipment component
(Emission source)
Pump Seals:
Packed and
Mechanical
Double Mechanical0
Compressors
Hanges
Valves:
Gas
o
Liquid
Pressure Relief Devices
Gas
Sample Connections
Open-ended Lines
Control technique
Seal area enclosure vented to a
combustion device
Monthly LDARb
Quarterly LDAR
Semiannual LDAR
Annual LDAR
N/Ad
Vent degassing reservoir to
combustion device
None available
Monthly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Semiannual LDAR
Annual LDAR
Monthly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Semiannual LDAR
Annual LDAR
Monthly LDAR
Quarterly LDAR
Rupture Disk
Closed-purge sampling
Caps on open ends
=============================:
Percent
reduction3
100
61
32
0
0
100
0
73
64
50
24
59
44
22
0
50
44
100
100
100
1
*r «An8 TVC fc"ut;ao.n Ior a control technique was indicated, zero was used
cLDAR = Leak detection and repair.
AJLScUcmes ^ S*1 barrier.fluid is maintained at a pressure above the pump stuffing box
ESSfl^s Sem IS eqmpped •Wlth a sensor that detects faUure of the seal Ind/or
dN/A - Not applicable. There are no VOC emissions from this component.
Source: Reference 11.
4-33
-------
-------
4.4
TOES FOR SECTION 4.0
1.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
SRI International. Chemical Economics Handbook, Petrochemical/Primary 450 0000 to
499.9999. April 1990. '
Hancock, E.G., ed., Toluene, the Xylenes and Their Industrial Derivatives. Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company. New York, NY. 1982.
Kirk-OthmerEncyclopediaofChemicalTechnology.ThirdEditionVolume 4. JohnWilev
and Sons. New York, NY. 1978.
Lowenheim, Fredrick A. and Moran, Marguerite, K. Faith, Keyes, and Clark's Industrial
Chemicals. Fourth Edition, 1975.
Consjdine, Douglas M, ed., Chemical and Process Technology Encyclopedia. McGraw-
Hill, Inc. pp. 603-606, 975-979, 1104-1106. 1974.
Chemical Marketing Reporter. Chemical Profile: Orthoxylene. August 3, 1992.
MannsviUe Chemical Products Corp. Chemical Products Synopsis, P-Xylene. Ashbury
Park, NJ. May 1992.
Chemical Marketing Reporter. Chemical Profile: Paraxylene. July 20, 1992.
MannsviUe Chemical Products Corp. Chemical Products Synopsis, O-Xylene. Ashbury
Park, NJ. February 1990. .
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Air Pollution Emission Factors - A
Compilation for Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources. EPA-450/2-88-006a
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Estimating Air Toxics Emissions from Organic
LiquidStorageTanks. EPA-450/4-88-004. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Protocols for Generating Unit-Specific Emission
Estimates for Equipment Leaks of VOC and VHAP, EPA-450/3-88-010. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Fugitive Emission Sources of Organic
""? Info^n on ^missions, Emission Reductions, and Costs.
. Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1982
4-34
-------
-------
SECTION 5.0
EMISSIONS FROM MAJOR USES OF XYLENE
Xylene is used as a solvent and/or feedstock in the manufacture of many products. This
section discusses the emissions of xylene from processes that use xylene as a feedstock in the
manufacture of another product or as a solvent Emissions of xylene as a residual component
of a product containing xylene are discussed separately in Section 6.0. Emissions of xylene from
coal combustion, hazardous and solid waste incineration, and wastewater treatment processes are
discussed in Section 7.0.
5.1 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION
Phthalic anhydride (PA), QH4O3, is produced by the oxidation of o-xylene, naphthalene,
or mixtures of both feedstocks, in the presence of catalysts. Ortho-xylene is the dominant
feedstock used in PA production. In 1990, there were four known active producers of phthalic
anhydride in the United States using o-xylene as a feedstock.1 Table 5-1 lists U.S. phthalic
anhydride producers and 1990 capacities.
Phthalic anhydride is commercially available as white, free-flowing flakes or colorless
molten material, the latter of which comprises 90 percent of the PA shipped. PA is used in the
manufacture of a variety of products including plasticizers, unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd
resins, polyols, phthalocyanine pigments, dyes, perfumes, Pharmaceuticals and chemical
intermediates. The largest end use of phthalate plasticizers is in compounding flexible polyvinyl
chloride.1 Other end uses for phthalate plasticizers include some nitrocellulose lacquers and some
adhesives.2 The unsaturated polyester resins are used to produce a number of fabricated
fiberglass-reinforced plastics including construction materials, boats and molded automobile body
panels.1
5-1
-------
TABLE 5-1.
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCERS USING
O-XYLENE AS A FEEDSTOCK
Producer
Aristech (Mitsubishi)
Exxon Chemical
Stepan Chemical
Sterling Chemical Company
Total Capacity
Location
Pasadena, TX
Baton Rouge, LA
Millsdale, IL
Texas City, TX
1990 Capacity"
Millions of Kilograms
(Millions of Pounds)
95.3 (210)
113.4 (250)
77.1 (170)
79.4 (175)
365.2 (805)
'Excludes the 79.4 million kilograms per year produced at the BASF plant in South
Kearney, NJ, which closed in October of 1990.
Source: Reference 1.
PA is also used extensively in the manufacture of paint resins. Alkyd resins use for
protective coatings has decreased in the paint vehicle market. However, alkyd resins still
comprise a significant portion of the resin used in the United States. Small miscellaneous
applications for PA include halogenated anhydrides used as fire retardants, polyester polyols for
urethanes, dialkyl phthalate, and phenolphthalein.1 Table 5-2 presents the 1990 estimate of the
end use pattern of PA.
In 1988, the total phthalic anhydride production in the United States was approximately
476 million kilograms (1,049 million pounds) per year. At a conversion rate of 0.93 kg of
o-xylene per kilogram of phthalic anhydride produced, approximately 443 million kilograms .
(977 million pounds) of o-xylene were used in 1988 for production of phthalic anhydride.
Table 5-2 estimates are based on the unit capacities in Table 5-1. The 1988 use of o-xylene for
production of phthalic anhydride is higher than the capacity listed in Table 5-1 because the 1988
5-2
-------
TABLE 5-2.
PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE END USE PATTERN - 1990
ESTIMATE
Derivative
•MH^MI^M
Phthalate Plasticizers
Unsaturated Polyesters
Alkyd Resins
Miscellaneous
24
16
Approximate o-Xylene use
Millions of (Millions of
Pounds)
(397)
82
(180)
54
(120)
24
(52)
.Source: Reference 1.
production figures include BASF's South Kearney, NJ, phthalic anhydride plant, which closed
in October 1990 and had a capacity of 79.4 million kilograms per year. The 1990 projected use
of o-xylene for phthalic anhydride production is estimated to be 340 million kilograms
(749 million pounds). In addition to the closing of the BASF plant, U.S. demand for PA has
leveled off in 1988-1989. Demand and production are not expected to increase until the economy
improves.1
5.1.1 Process Description
Figure 5-1 shows the process flow diagram for phthalic anhydride production using o-"
xylene as the basic feedstock. Filtered air is preheated, compressed, mixed with vaporized o-
xylene and fed into the fixed-bed tubular reactors (Step 1). The reactors contain vanadium
pentoxide as the catalyst and are operated at 340°C to 385°C (644° to 725°F). In order to
maintain catalyst activity, small amounts of sulfur dioxide are added to the reactor feed.
Exothermic heat is removed by a molten salt bath circulated around the reactor tubes and
5-3
-------
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o.
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transferred to a steam generation system.3 The products from the reactor are pumped to the
switch condensers where the PA alternately crystallizes and melts (Step 2). The crude
PA^hthalic acid liquid flows from the switch condensers to crude product storage (Step 3). The
crude liquid is then transferred to the pretreatment section where phthalic acid is dehydrated to
produce PA (Step 4). The liquid then flows to the vacuum (listillation column where the
remaining water and impurities are removed (Step 5). In the final step, the pure product is
pumped to molten storage (Step 6). The chemical reaction for air oxidation of o-xylene is as
follows:3
o-xylene
+ 3 O,
oxygen
phthalic
anhydride
water
5.1.2 Emissions3
The major source of xylene emissions from the PA production process is the reactor and
condenser effluent labeled as A in Figure 5-1. This combined effluent is vented from the
condenser unit
Pretreatment and distillation emissions (particulates and hydrocarbons including xylene)
are usually processed through the water scrubber and/or incinerator used for the main process
stream (reactor and condenser), or through the scrubbers alone. Small amounts of gaseous
emissions occur from product storage in the liquid phase. These gas streams can either be sent
to the main process vent gas control devices or first processed through sublimation boxes or
devices used to recover escaped PA.
5-5
-------
The most efficient system of control (96 percent) is the combined usage of a water
scrubber and thermal incinerator. A thermal incinerator alone is approximately 95 percent
efficient in the combustion of organic pollutants for o-xylene-based production. Table 5-3 gives
xylene emission factors for process, fugitive, and storage tank emissions from the production of
phthalic anhydride. Several emission factors are available for estimation of storage emissions
of xylene. Two of the factors listed in Table 5-3 were based on test data for controlled and
uncontrolled storage tank emissions. The third emission factor for storage emissions was based
on engineering estimates and is therefore less reliable. The discussion in Section 4.3.3 on
fugitive emissions should be referred to for more detail.
TABLE 5-3.
MIXED XYLENE AND ORTHO-XYLENE EMISSION FACTORS
FOR PHTJHALIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION
Emission Source
Storage tanks
Storage tanks
Storage tanks
Fugitive
Process
Emission Factor g/kg PA produced
(Ib/lb PA produced)
0.002 (2.0 x E-6)b
0.20 (2.0 x E-4)c
0.02 (2.0 x E-5)
0.04 (4.0 x E-5)
0.14 (1.4 x E-4)
Emission Factor Grade*
D
D
Ud
Ud
ud
"Based on AP-42 criteria selection described in Section 2.0 of this document.
""Based on test data, controlled.
''Based on test data, uncontrolled.
""Based on engineering estimates for o-xylene emissions.
Source: Reference 4.
5-6
-------
5.2 TEREPHTHALIC ACID PRODUCTION
Terephthalic acid (TPA) is an aromatic acid produced from p-xylene. TPA is a reactive
compound and undergoes reactions characteristic of aromatic dicarboxylic acids. TPA production
is the major end-use of p-xylene. Approximately 0.71 pounds of p-xylene are required to
produce 1 pound of TPA. TPA is produced as either the free acid or further processed to form
the intermediate dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). Approximately 0.61 pounds of p-xylene are
required to produce 1 pound of DMT. For the purpose of simplifying this discussion, all capacity
and production will be expressed in terms of TPA. Any production or capacity discussed here
in terms of DMT can be converted to TPA by dividing the figure for DMT by 1.16.5
In 1988, the United States' production of TPA/DMT reached a high of 3,606 millions of
kilograms per year (7,950 millions of pounds per year). The corresponding p-xylene consumed
as a feedstock for TPA/DMT production was 2,249 millions of kilograms (4,959 millions of
pounds). Terephthalic acid production has declined since 1988 (thus reducing p-xylene demand)
due to a decline in'the export demand for TPA/DMT and the slower domestic economy. The
export demand for TPA/DMT is expected to continue to decline for the next several years
because new plants are being built outside the United States. If the U.S. demand for TPA/DMT
does not increase to offset the reduced export demand, the use of p-xylene in. producing
TPA/DMT will decline further. Despite the decreasing demand for TPA, Amoco expanded
domestic production in 1990, as reflected in Table 5-4. Any further expansions are expected to
be modest due to the anticipated decline in export demand.5 Table 5-4 lists known U.S.
terephthalic acid producers and 1992 capacities.
TPA/DMT is used primarily in the polyester fibers industry. The consumption of
TPA/DMT in polyester fiber production is approximately 60-65 percent of the total TPA/DMT
production. TPA/DMT is also used in the production of polyethylene terephthate resins, which
are a raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic bottle molding, and plastic tape
and film production. An 8 to 10 percent annual increase is expected in the demand for PA in
PET bottle resins, but the demand for domestic polyester fiber is expected to decline due to the
5-7
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TABLE 5-4.
TEREPHTHALIC ACID PRODUCERS USING P-XYLENE AS A
FEEDSTOCK -1992 PRODUCTION CAPACITIES
Producer
Amoco Chemicals
Amoco Chemicals
Cape Industries
(Hercofina)
DuPont
DuPont
Eastman
Eastman
Total
•»
Location
Decatur, AL
Charleston (Cooper
River), SC
Wilmington, NC
Cape Fear, NC
Old Hickory, TN
Columbia, SC
Kingsport, TN
Product
TPAonly
TPA only
DMT from TPAb
DMT from TPAb
DMT from TPAb
DMT from TPAb
DMT from TPAb
1992 Capacity as TPAa
Millions of (Millions
Kilograms of Pounds)
998 (2200)
544- (1200)
612 (1330)
544. (1200)
227 (500)
408 (900)
204 (450)
3,537 (7,800)
•— «•**w-*» v*» ******v VM*WV* wu^/uwAU^t? tuiu U UUw V/DLUi lAL^O*
'TJSITC production statistics were reported as DMT; to reach
the DMT capacity was divided by 1.16.
Source: Reference 5.
a common reporting base
reduced level of domestic textile production.5 The p-xylene demand for production of TPA/DMT
will foUow the demand for TPA/DMT. Annual worldwide DMT and TPA use is expected to
increase by 1.1 percent and 7.2 percent each year, respectively.6 Table 5-5 lists the 1991 estimate
of the end use pattern of TPA.5
5-8
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TABLE 5-5.
TEREPHTHALIC ACID END USE PATTERN -
1991 ESTIMATE
Derivative
Polyester Fibers
PET Bottles and Plastics
PET Tape and Films
Miscellaneous (includes
engineering resins)
Percent
61
22
13
4
Approximate p-Xylene use
Millions of (Millions of
Kilograms Pounds)
1,532 (3,378)
552 (1,218)
327 (720)
101 (222)
Source: Reference 5.
5.2.1 Process Description
There are a variety of processes for producing both TPA and DMT. Different processes
are used to produce technical and polymer grades of TPA and DMT. This discussion will
concentrate on the polymer grade production methods used in the United States. Polymer grade
TP A/DMT is required for a majority of the derivatives manufactured from TPA/DMT.
The Hercules/Dynamit Nobel Process, shown in Figure 5-2, is the most common method
for producing DMT. The p-xylene is oxidized by air to p-toluic acid, which is subsequently
esterified to methyl p-toluate. A second oxidation and subsequent esterification yields DMT.
The p-xylene, air and catalyst are fed continuously to the reactor, which is maintained at
140°C - 170°C (284°F - 338°F) and 400 kPa - 700 kPa (58 psi - 102 psi) (Step 1). Condensed
p-xylene is recycled back to the oxidation reactor. The exhaust from the oxidation reactor is fed
to the esterification reactor which operates at 200°C - 250°C (392°F - 482°F) and sufficient
5-9
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pressure to maintain a liquid phase (Step 2). Methanol is added in the esterification reactor. The
products from the esterification reactor are separated by distillation and the methyl p-toluate is
recycled to the oxidation reactor (Step 3). The crude dimethyl terephthalate is purified through
crystallization (Step 4) and distillation (Step 5). The product may be used as polymer grade
DMT or can be hydrolyzed to produce polymer grade TPA. Hercofina produces TPA by
hydrolyzing DMT at 180°C - 250°C (356°F - 482°F) in an aqueous solution with a neutral salt
such as potassium chloride (Step 6). The hydrolyzation may also be accomplished without the
neutral salt at 260°C (500°F).4'7
Amoco produces polymer grade TPA based on the liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene in
the presence of a catalyst to produce crude terephthalic acid (C-TPA). A process diagram is
shown in Figure 5-3. Acetic acid and p-xylene are fed to a reactor with a cobalt acetate catalyst
(Step 1). The reactor is fed with compressed air to supply oxygen for the reaction. Reactor
pressure and temperature are maintained at 1,500 kPa - 3,000 kPa (220 psi - 435 psi) and
175°C-230°C (347°F - 446°F) respectively/ Products from the reactor are pumped to a
centrifuge to separate the C-TPA (Step 2). The C-TPA produced is purified using the Amoco
purification process. This process consists of processing an aqueous slurry of the C-TPA through
a dissolver which operates at greater than or equal to 250°C (482°F) (Step 3). The solution from
the dissolver is pumped to a hydrogenation reactor which contains a noble metal catalyst (Step 4).
Hydrogen is fed to the reactor and impurities, such as 4-formylbenzoic acid, are converted to
soluble compounds which remain in the mother liquor during the recrystallization process for the
polymer grade TPA (Step 5).4-7
5.2.2 Emissions3
The atmospheric emissions from the production of C-TPA are difficult to characterize due
to the variety of processes involved. Emissions vary extensively, both qualitatively and
quantitatively.
5-11
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The reactor gas from vent A in Step 1 (shown in Figure 5-3) usually contains nitrogen
(from air oxidation), unreacted oxygen, unreacted p-xylene, acetic acid (reaction solvent), carbon
monoxide and methyl acetate from oxidation of p-xylene, and water. The quantity of VOC
emitted from this vent can vary with absorber pressure and the temperature of exiting vent gases.
During crystallization of terephthalic acid and separation of crystallized solids from the
solvent (by centrifugation or filtering), noncondensable gases carrying VOC are emitted. These
vented gases and the C-TPA dryer vent gas are combined and released to the atmosphere from
the vent in Step 2 (shown in Figure 5-3). Different methods used in this process can affect the
amount of noncondensable gases and accompanying VOC emitted from this vent. Gases released
from the residue still (shown in Figure 5-3) flow to the solvent dehydration tower where small
amounts of xylene may be emitted with the water removed.
Carbon adsorption control technology for a VOC gas stream similar to the reactor vent
gas and product transfer vent gas has been demonstrated. A thermal oxidizer which provides
reduction of both carbon monoxide (CO) and VOC is an alternative to the carbon adsorption
system. Emission sources and factors for both the C-TPA and TPA processes are given in
Table 5-6. Section 4.3.3 should be referred to for a more detailed discussion of fugitive
emissions.
5.3 MALEIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION
Essentially all maleic anhydride (MA) is manufactured by the catalytic vapor-phase
oxidation of hydrocarbons, with only minor amounts recovered as a by-product of phthalic
anhydride production. Since 1988, maleic anhydride has been manufactured in the United States
from n-butane. Although xylene is not used as a feedstock in MA production, it is commonly
used as a processing aid. A fraction of the MA vapors which are exhausted from the reactor are
condensed to produce a crude MA liquor. The balance of the vapors are then scrubbed with
water or an organic solvent such as o-xylene. The MA is recovered from an aqueous scrubber
liquor through a dehydrator with the addition of xylene to form a water-xylene azeotrope.
5-13
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TABLE 5-6.
MIXED XYLENES EMISSION FACTORS FOR TEREPHTHALIC
ACIDAND CRUDE TEREPHTHALIC ACID PRODUCTION
Industrial Process
Terephthalic acid
production
Terephthalic acid
production
Terephthalic acid
production
Crude terephthalic
acid production by
air oxidation
process
Crude terephthalic
acid production by
air oxidation
process
Crude terephthalic
acid production by
air oxidation
process
Emission Source
Storage
Fugitive
Process - general
p-Xylene storage
tank vents
Reactor vent
(uncontrolled)11
Reactor vent
(controlled)'
Emission Factor
0.11 g xylene/kg
(0.00011 Ib xylene/lb) xylene used"
0.07 g xylene/kg
(0.00007 Ib xylene/lb) xylene usedb
2.54 g xylene/kg
(0.00254 Ib xylene/lb) xylene used"
0.11 g xylene/kg
(0.00011 Ib xylene/lb) crude
terephthalic acid produced0
6 g xylene/kg
(0.006 Ib xylene/lb) crude terephthalic
acid produced
0.18 g xylene/kg
(0.00018 Ib xylene/lb) crude
terephthalic acid produced
Emission
Factor
Grade'
D
D
D
D
D
D
Based on AP-42 criteria selection described in Section 2.0 of this document.
on se vst ata.
^Uncontrolled, filling emissions only, hypothetical plant operating 8760 h/yr with 230 Gg/yr capacity.
Uncontrolled, based on hypothetical plant operating 8760 h/yr with 230 Gg/yr capacity.
•Carbon adsorption control (97 percent emission reduction), hypothetical plant operating 8760 hr/yr with
230 Gg/yr capacity.
Source: Reference 4.
Distillation is used to recover MA from an organic solvent scrubber liquor.8 Table 5-7 lists the
major U.S. maleic anhydride producers and their locations.
5-14
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TABLE 5-7.
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE PRODUCERS USING O-XYLENE
AS A PROCESSING AID
Producer
Amoco
Aristech
Ashland Chemical
Mobay Synthetics Corporation
Monsanto
Location
Joliet, IL
Neville Island, PA
Neal, WV
Houston, TX
Pensacola, FL
Source: Reference 9.
Based on available information, the consumption of o-xylene as a processing aid for MA
is a maximum of 3 million kilograms (6.6 million pounds) assuming that all o-xylene not used
in phthalic anhydride production is used for the production of MA. Because much of the o-
xylene used is recycled in the process, the quantity of o-xylene used in the production of MA is
not drastically affected by production increases.
5.3.1 Process Description3-7
Maleic anhydride is produced from n-butane in a reactor by oxidation. Figure 5-4
illustrates the process. The n-butane and compressed air are fed to the reactor, which is
commonly filled with a phosphorus-vanadium-oxygen catalyst (Step 1). Products from this vapor
phase reaction are exhausted to a condenser where a fraction of the MA is recovered as a molten
liquid (Step 2). Liquid MA is pumped to further processing and storage. The MA and water
vapors not condensed are scrubbed in the product recovery absorber (Step 3). The liquid used
to absorb the product may be o-xylene or water. MA product recovered through absorption with
o-xylene is separated by distillation. MA product recovered using water is sent to a dehydrator
5-15
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where o-xylene is added and the water and o-xylene are removed through an azeotropic
distillation process (Step 4). The o-xylene is subsequently purified and reused in the process
(Step 5). The product MA is then sent to storage.
5.3.2 Emissions
Fugitive emissions of xylene, n-butane, MA, and maleic acid arise from the storage and
handling of n-butane, xylene, and MA. Xylene emissions from processes used to manufacture
maleic anhydride may occur from the scrubber, the dehydrator, o-xylene distillation or o-xylene
storage tanks.3 Figure 5-4 indicates these potential emission points as letters "A" through "D".
Xylene emission sources and factors are shown in Table 5-8. Section 4.3.3 should be referred
to for a more detailed discussion of fugitive emissions.
TABLE 5-8.
MIXED XYLENES EMISSION FACTORS FOR MALEIC
ANHYDRIDE PRODUCTION
Emission Source
••••••••••••^••B
Process Emissions
Storage Emissions
Fugitive Emissions
Emission Factor
••••••••MMBMHI
11.6 g xylene/kg product)
(0.0116 Ib xylene/lb product)
0.075 g xylene/kg product
(0.000075 Ib xylene/lb product)
0.4 g xylene/kg product
(0.0004 Ib xylene/lb product)
'Based on AP-42 criteria selection described in Section 2.0 of this document
Emission Factor
Grade3
Source: Reference 4.
5-17
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5.4 PAINT AND INK MANUFACTURING
Paints'are made by blending pigments, solvents, resins (or binders), oils (for some inks),
and other additives. The fluid component of the paint or ink, made of binders (oils and/or resins)
and solvents, is called the vehicle. Vehicles transfer the pigment/binder mixture to the substrate
surface in a thin, uniform film and play no role in film formation. When a paint is deposited on
a substrate, the vehicle solvents) should evaporate completely. Xylene is only one of the vehicle
solvents used by paint manufacturers.10 Paints and coatings account for about 65-70 percent of
mixed xylenes consumption as solvents. Like toluene, the use of xylene in paints and coatings
has been increasing since 1987, largely due to increasing consumption in short-oil and medium-
oil-length alkyds. The manufacturing processes for both paints and inks are very similar,
therefore this section wall concentrate on paint production.
The long-term use of xylene in the coating industry is expected to gradually decrease.
Table 5-9 lists estimates of the quantity of xylene used as solvents. Table 5-10 shows estimated
consumption of xylene derivatives in paints and coatings in 1988." Figure 5-5 illustrates xylene
use in the paint and coatings industry. Total use of xylene and xylene derivatives (e.g., DMT,
PA, Isophthalic Acid) in paint production accounts for 10 percent of the total annual xylene
consumption in the United States.
5.4.1 Process Description
Paint and ink facilities use similar manufacturing processes to produce their respective
products in batch scale production fashion. Most plants purchase raw materials (e.g., pigments,
solvents, resins, and other additives) and then formulate, or blend, a finished product. Normally,
no chemical reactions take place during the process. Batch process production of paint and ink
involves four major steps:10
• Preassembly and premix
• Pigment grinding/milling
5-18
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TABLE 5-9.
ESTIMATED QUANTITIES OF XYLENE USED AS SOLVENTS
IN PAINTS AND COATINGS
Use in Paints and Coatings
Millions of
Kilograms (Millions
of Pounds)
Millions of Liters
(Millions of
Gallons)
4lT
Source: Reference 11
Millions of
Kilograms (Millions
of Pounds)
Millions of Liters
(Millions of
Gallons)
Derivative
Derivative
Production from
Xylene
Millions of
Kilograms (Millions
of Pounds)
Xylenes
Consumption
Millions of Kilogram!
(Millions of Pounds)
(680)
(mixed)
Derivative
Consumption in
Paints and
Coatings
Millions of
Kilograms
(Millions of
Pounds)
iMHMHB
216 (475)
Xylene
Equivalents for
Paints and
Coatings
Millions of
Kilograms
(Millions of
Pounds)
WBMM
216 (475)
Dimethyl terephthalate/
terephthalic acid (in DMT
equivalents)
3,682 (8,100)
2,249
(4,947)
(P-)
6.4 (14)
3.6 (8)
Phthalic anhydride
422
(928)
409
[sophthalic acid
(900)
(o-)
84 (185)
67 (148)
Total xylenes
(105)
(m-)
18 (40)
Source: Reference 11
77 (170)
13 (28)
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« Product finishing/blending
• Product filling/packaging
Some large scale paint manufacturing facilities produce resins on-site as part of their paint
manufacturing processes. The resins are often produced in reactors at atmospheric pressure with
process temperatures between 70°C to 120°C (158°F to 248°F). Xylene, or solvents containing
xylene, are used to dissolve the reactants and promote heat transfer for the reaction. The resin
products are then tinted and thinned to finished product specifications.10
The manufacturing process is summarized in Figure 5-6.10 The first step in the
manufacturing process is preassembly and premix. In this step, the liquid raw materials (e.g.,
resins, solvents, oils, alcohols, and/or water) are "assembled" and mixed in containers to form
a viscous material to which pigments are added. The premix stage results in the formation of
an intermediate product which is referred to as the base or mill base. With further processing,
this base with high pigment concentration may become any one of a variety of specific end
products.10
The incorporation of the pigment into the paint or ink vehicle to yield a fine particle
dispersion is referred to as pigment grinding or milling. The goal of pigment grinding is to
achieve fine, uniformly-ground, smooth, round pigment particles which are permanently separated
from other pigment particles. The degree to which this is realized determines the coating
effectiveness and permanency of the paint or ink. Some of the more commonly used types of
dispersion (milling) equipment are roller mills, ball and pebble mills, attritors, sand mills, bead
and shot mills, high-speed stone and coUoid mills, high-speed disk dispersers, impingement mills,
and horizontal media mills.10
Final product specifications are achieved in the product finishing step, which consists of
three intermediate stages: thinning, tinting and blending. Material letdown, or thinning, is the
process by which a completed mill base dispersion is let down or reduced with solvent and/or
binder to give a coating which is designed to provide a durable, serviceable film that is easily
5-21
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applied to the substrate. Tinting is the process of adjusting the color of completed mill base
dispersions. Various combinations of pigments, solvents, resins, and pastes are added to the
material to meet the color requirements. Blending is the process of incorporating the additions
into the material in order to meet the desired product specifications.10
5.4.2 Emissions
The primary factors affecting the emission of xylene during paint manufacture are the
types of solvents and resins used in the manufacturing process, the temperature at which these
compounds are mixed, the degree of coverage (if any) on the manufacturing equipment, and the
methods and materials used during cleanup operations.10
Xylene is released from several types of equipment and handling operations throughout
the paint and ink manufacturing processes and during cleanup operations. During the
preassembly and premix stage, emissions may come from equipment such as mix tanks or drums
while resins are being thinned and materials are being added. Xylene emissions also occur
during the pigment grinding step when materials are added to the dispersion equipment. The
emissions that occur during the product finishing step are mainly a result of material additions
during the thinning and tinting stages. Xylene emissions from product filling operations occur
during material transfer and free-fall into the receiving container. Another emission source is
product filtering. As product flows through a filtering device, it is often exposed to the air,
resulting in releases of the incorporated xylene. Fugitive emissions also result from flanges,
valves, and pumps used to transfer material from equipment for one manufacturing stage to
equipment for the next stage.10
Emissions occurring during the manufacturing stages may be reduced by using equipment
and process modifications such as tank lids or closed-system milling equipment. In addition to
emissions from process operations, xylene is also released from a variety of cleaning operations
following the manufacture of solvent based products. In many facilities, manufacturing
equipment is cleaned manually (with solvents, brushes, and /or rags) on the production floor on
5-23
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an as-needed basis. The standard method of cleaning grinding equipment involves emptying the
mill of product and then adding solvent to the vessel to capture remaining product residue.
Emissions occur during cleaning solvent addition and removal as well as during the cleaning
process. Emissions from cleaning equipment may be reduced by using rubber wipers, high-
pressure spray heads, or automatic tub washers.10
There is little emission factor information available for the manufacture of paints. Figures
range from process solvent losses of one to two percent under well controlled conditions to much
higher percentages. The process solvent losses vary significantly from facility to facility and
therefore those emissions should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Many paint manufacturing
facilities calculate total plant VOC emissions based on raw material consumption and \final
products produced rather than calculating emissions from processes or equipment by an
alternative method. Total emissions, therefore, reflect solvent losses during manufacturing,
cleaning operations, storage and packaging.10
5-24
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REFERENCES FOR SECTION 5.0
Mannsville Chemical Products Corp., Chemical Products Synopsis, Phthalic Anhydride
Asbury Park, NJ. October 1990.
Hancock, E.G., ed., Toluene, the Xylenes and their Industrial Derivatives. Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Company. New York, NY. 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors,
AP-42, Fourth Edition with Supplements, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toxic Air Pollution Emission Factors, A
Compilation for Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources, EPA-450/2-88-006a, Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1988.
Mannsville Chemical Products Corp., Chemical Products Synopsis, Terephthalic Acid
Asbury Park, NJ. June 1992.
Richards, D., Chemical Profile, in the Chemical Marketing Reporter. "Xylenes
Terephthalates Outlook," July 20, 1992.
7. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Ed,
8.
9.
10.
11.
5.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
SRI International, Maleic Anhydride, Supplement C. A Private Report by the Process
Economics Program. Menlo Park, CA. October 1989.
Mannsville Chemical Products Corp., Chemical Products Synopsis, Maleic Anhydride
Asbury Park, NJ. September 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Control of VOC Emissions from Ink and Paint
Manufacturing Processes, EPA-450/3-92-013, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
SRI International, U.S. Paint Industry Database. Prepared for the National Paint and
Coatings Association, Inc., Washington, DC. September 1990.
5-25
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SECTION 6.0
EMISSIONS FROM THE USE OF XYLENE-CONTAINING MATERIALS
As discussed in Section 3.0, xylene is present in many materials, including paints and
coatings, inks, adhesives, resins, Pharmaceuticals, gasoline and other formulated products. This
section examines residual emissions from the use of xylene-containing materials. Xylene may
be emitted when xylene-containing products such as paint, ink and gasoline release small amounts
over time. Such releases are described in this section as residual emissions.
The production descriptions and emissions data presented in this section represent the
most common and relevant processes and products. Because of xylene's widespread use, all
. processes cannot be included in this document
6.1 SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
Surface coating operations involve the application of paint, varnish, lacquer or primer for
decorative, functional, or protective purposes. In 1989, 318 million kilograms (700 million
pounds) of xylene were consumed in paints and coatings.1 Appendix C contains a listing of some
of the surface coating source categories in which xylene is used. Appendix C also indicates
associated SICs, potential xylene emission points, and emissions reduction opportunities.
References are provided for additional information.
The general application methods for surface coating operations are discussed in this
section. Because surface coating is a very broad category, detailed process descriptions and
process flow diagrams for each category are not included in this document; however, the reader
is encouraged to review the references mentioned at the end of this section and in Appendix C.
6-1
-------
6.1.1 Process Description
Industrial surface coating operations use several different methods to apply coatings to
substrates. Some of the more commonly used techniques include spraying, dipping, rolling, flow
coating, knife coating, and brushing. In addition to the application of coatings to substrates,
many surface coating operations also include surface preparation steps (e.g., cleaning and
degreasing), and drying and curing stages. Spraying operations are normally performed in a
spray booth using one of the following spray application methods: air atomization; airless
atomization; air-assisted airless; high-volume, low-pressure (HVLP); and electrostatic methods.
Dip coating involves briefly immersing the substrate in a tank containing a bath of paint. The
object is slowly removed from the tank allowing excess paint to drain back into the tank. Roller
coating is used to apply coatings and inks to flat surfaces. A typical roller coating machine
contains three or more power driven rollers, one of which is partially immersed in the coating
material The paint is transferred to a second, parallel roller by direct contact. The sheet to be
coated is run between the second and third rollers, and is coated by transfer of paint from the
second roller. Flow coating is used on articles which cannot be dipped due to their buoyancy,
such as fuel oil tanks, gas cylinders, or pressure bottles. In this operation, the coating material
is fed through overhead nozzles, distributing the paint in a steady stream over the article to be
coated. Excess paint is allowed to drain from the coated object and is then recycled. Knife
coating is used primarily to coat paper or fabric webs. The adjustable blade or "knife" distributes
a liquid coating evenly over a moving surface.
6.1.2 Emissions
Figure 6-1 is a generic schematic flow diagram of a surface coating operation. Process
operations, auxiliary facilities, and emission points are illustrated. Note that this is a generic
figure and may differ significantly from any specific surface coating operation. The operations
shown include degreasing, surface coating, and drying and curing.2-3 Auxiliary facilities include
degreasing solvent storage, and surface coating storage and blending. Industrial categories,
specific operations and emission points resulting in expected xylene emissions from surface
coating operations are presented in Appendices A and C.
6-2
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6-3
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Streams 1,2,3, and 4 depict the flow of products through the plant Stream 1 represents
the input of uncoated products to the surface coating system. Stream 2 represents the flow of
degreased or scoured products to the surface coaling operation. The type of surface coating
operation used will depend upon the product-type coated, coating requirements, and the method
of application. Stream 3 represents the product flow to the drying and curing operation. Stream
4 represents the flow of coated finished products from the surface coating section of a
manufacturing plant
Streams 5 through 10 represent the flow of degreasing solvent through the surface coating
section of a manufacturing plant Streams 5 and 6 depict the flow of solvent into the plant and
to the degreasing unit Streams 7 and 8 represent the flow of solvent vapors from the degreasing
unit through the fume handling system. Uncontrolled and controlled emissions are represented
by streams 9 and 10, respectively.
>
Streams 11 through 21 represent the flow of surface coating raw materials through the
plant Streams 11,12, 13, and 14 represent the flow of solvent pigment, resin, and additives to
the surface coating blending tank. Stream 15 is the flow of coating to the surface coating unit.
For those operations that use spray painting, stream 16 is the flow of compressed air. Streams
18 and 19 represent the flow of solvent and resin from the surface coating unit through the fume
handling equipment Uncontrolled and controlled emissions are depicted by streams 20 and 21.
Potential release sources are identified in Appendix C
In Figure 6-1, streams 22 through 25 represent the flow of gases (e.g., fuel, steam or
electrically heated air) to the drying and curing operation. Drying.and curing operations occur
in flash-off areas and curing ovens. Flash-off areas are the places between application areas, or
between an application area and an oven, in which solvent is allowed to volatilize from the
coated piece. Ovens are used between some coating steps to cure the coating prior to the next
step in the finishing sequence. Streams 24 and 25 represent uncontrolled and controlled
emissions. No emission factor data were found in the literature.
6-4
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Facilities with surface coating operations may purchase and apply ready-to-use coatings,
or they may dilute their purchased coatings to decrease the coating viscosity and improve
performance and ease of application. Xylene is used in solvent-based coating formulations either
as part of the coating vehicle or as a thinner. If a coating formulation is to be diluted in-house,
several factors (e.g., temperature, humidity, and type of coating) can determine the required
dilution ratio. Consequently, the amount of xylene used may vary.2-4-6 Emissions from the
mixing and blending of surface coatings are discussed in Section 5.4.2.
Xylene may also be used in clean-up operations. Clean-up solvent is used to clean
application equipment, piping, spray booths, coating storage and distribution equipment, and to
strip cured coatings from wood parts or machinery.1
One method of reducing xylene emissions from surface coating operations is to modify
the surface coating formulation. Conventional coatings normally contain at least 70 percent by
volume solvent (either one solvent or a mixture of solvents) to permit easy handling and
application. Minimizing or eliminating the use of these solvents in surface coating formulations
is the most effective way to reduce VOC emissions. Alternatives to these conventional coatings
include water-based coatings, high-solids coatings, powder coatings, and radiation curable
coatings.2
Large surface coating facilities may use add-on control devices to capture and control
solvent emissions. Some commonly used capture devices include covers, vents, hoods, and
partial or total enclosures. Adsorbers, condensers and incinerators, which can achieve control
efficiencies of 95 to 98 percent, are the most common control devices used in surface coating
operations.214-5
6.2 PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
The printing and publishing industry encompasses publishing, commercial printing, and
trade services.7 The trade services group includes typesetting, photoengraving, electrotyping and
stereotyping, and platemaking services. The trade services group is not examined in this
6-5
-------
document because data on solvent use and emissions from these services are not available. Ink
consumption in these groups has been apportioned to the four printing processes according to the
type of ink consumed (e.g., gravure ink consumption assigned to gravure printing). Process
descriptions, however, will only be provided for the commercial printing processes. Attention
is given to the gravure and flexographic processes as end uses of xylene. Xylene emissions from
off-set lithography processes have not been measured and are thought to be minimal. The reader
is encouraged to explore xylene consumption and emissions in all facilities reporting under the
SIC code 27 as solvent use is an inherent aspect of the operations in printing and publishing
facilities.
The publishing and printing groups are concentrated in four states: California, New York,
Pennsylvania, and Illinois. The majority of establishments are small facilities that employ
between 1 and 20 people.7-8 Appendix B, Table B-3 lists the companies in the printing and
publishing SIC codes grossing $1,000,000 or greater in annual sales.9
6.2.1 Process Description
The production of a printed product consists of five steps. First, the artwork and/or copy
(text) is developed. Next, a printing plate is made. The plate is then tested in the press
adjustment step. The actual printing of the product is the fourth step in the printing process, and
the main source of xylene emissions. The final step is cutting and finishing1
-10
Printing ink composition will vary among printing methods and among jobs using the
same printing press and method. Printing inks can generally be described as heat-set or non-
heatset Heatset inks require the application of heat to drive off the ink solvent and set the ink
to the substrate. Non-heatset inks dry by oxidation or adsorption to the substrate and do not
require heat Other, less common, ink types include radiation and thermally cured inks. All
evaporative inks consist of three basic components: pigments, binders, and solvents.2 Printing
processes using heatset inks that dry through evaporation of the solvent are the major concern
for VOC (including xylene) emissions. Only the gravure and flexography printing processes are
6-6
-------
described here due to the fact that specific emissions of xylene were not identified from the other
printing methods.
Gravure Printing Process Description--
The configuration of the image surface makes the gravure process unique. The printing
cylinder is etched or engraved, creating tiny cells which comprise the image surface. The depth
of each cell may vary and regulates the quantity of ink received by the substrate. The average
rotogravure press has eight printing units, each printing one color. The paper position, speed,
and tension through the printing unit is regulated by a series of rollers. A substrate dryer,
equipped with heated air jets to evaporate the solvent from the substrate and set the ink, is
located at the top of each-printing unit The dryer air is exhausted from the unit by a
recirculation fan. The fan directs a portion of the solvent laden air to a control device, such as
a carbon adsorption system. The remaining portion of the air flow is recirculated over a steam
heating coil and back through the dryer."
c - - .
Each printing unit has a self-contained inking system. The ink system consists of an ink
fountain, a circulation pump, and a mix tank. Solvent, and occasionally extenders or varnishes,
are added to the ink concentrate in the mix tank. Additional ink, solvent, varnishes, and
extenders are automatically added to the mix tank. The additions are monitored by level and
viscosity control devices."
A low viscosity ink is required for the gravure printing process. Raw ink concentrate
generally contains 50 percent solvent by volume. A xylene-toluene-lactol spirit mixture (naphtha)
is commonly used as a solvent in printing inks. Lactol Spirit is a petroleum solvent component
of naphtha used in the mixture to hasten evaporation. Xylene is known to produce a higher
quality product than naphtha and dissolves the ink resins well, however, xylene is more expensive
than naphtha. The ink concentrate is diluted at press side with additional solvent at a volume
ratio of approximately 1:1. Since solvent is also added automatically to the inking system to
replace evaporative losses, the resultant ink mixture may contain as much as 80 percent solvent
by volume and 20 percent by volume ink and varnish solids."
6-7
-------
Flexographic Printing Process Description-
Hexographic printing is used to print flexible packaging, milk cartons, gift wraps, folding
cartons, paperboard, paper cups and plates, labels, tapes, and envelopes. The majority of
flexographic printing is done with a web-fed substrate.2
Solvent-based flexographic inks typically consist of alcohols, glycols, esters,
hydrocarbons, and ethers. These inks may contain as much as 75 percent solvent by volume.
Water-based and steam-set inks are also used in flexographic printing. Water-based inks contain
approximately 25 percent by volume solvents.12 About 15 percent of all flexographic inks used
are water-based.13 Steam-set inks use glycol solvents but do not contribute significantly to air
emissions because the glycols are essentially water-soluble, have low volatilities, and are stable
on the presses.14'15
6.2.2 Emissions
Gravure Printing Emission Points-
Emissions from the rotogravure press occur from the ink fountain, the press, the dryer,
and the chill rolls 2 The dryer vent is the most typical point of control. The other emission
sources are considered fugitive. Emissions are influenced by press and job variables, solvent
concentration in the ink, and solvent added as make-up during printing. Approximately 2.5 to
7 percent of the solvents used are retained in the printed product. The remaining solvents are
reclaimed for reuse, recycled, and sold back to suppliers, or lost as fugitive emissions.11-16-17
Typical ink formulations contain approximately 50 to 85 percent solvents by volume. Water
based inks, used in packaging and product printing, contain approximately 5 to 30 percent
solvents by volume and account for 30 to 40 percent of all inks used. Water-based inks account
for approximately 15 percent of all inks used in all gravure printing processes.13-18
Although specific emission estimates of xylene are not available, ink arid solvent
consumption numbers have been published and are reported below. Additionally, VOC emission
factors and rates are available. A local survey may provide the needed information on the
percentage of xylene used relative to total solvent consumption. Xylene emissions may then be
. " , : 6-8
-------
estimated by multiplying the percentage of xylene by the ink consumption rate and solvent
content of the ink.
The Gravure Association of America (GAA) conducted a survey of their membership
which reported solvent purchased, reused, and recovered in the various segments of the industry
during 1987.19 Table 6-1 presents a summary of these statistics for publication, folding cartons,
flexible packaging, and product gravure printing. The GAA membership reported a total of
18,630 thousand metric tons (41.4 million pounds) of virgin solvent purchased; 110,800 thousand
metric tons (246.2 million pounds) of solvent recovered; and 80,685 thousand metric tons (179.3
million pounds) of solvent reused. More solvent is recovered than bought due to solvent
recovery from ink formulations. The portion of solvent that is recovered but not reused is sold
back to the manufacturers, lost as fugitive emissions, or-destroyed by-incineration.19
TABLE 6-1."
GRAVURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA INDUSTRY
SURVEY RESULTS
Millions of Kilograms (Millions of Pounds)
Printing Process
MMIMiMBMl
Publication Plants
Folding Cartons
Flexible Packaging
Product Gravure
Reported Results
Solvents Purchased
•
1
(2.2)
2.9
(6.4)
(15.9)
7.7
(16.9)
Solvents
Recovered
101.3 (222.9)
0.7 (1.6)
2.8 (6.2)
7.0 (15.5)
Solvents Reused
IMMHHHiM
73.8 (1623)
0.7 (1.6)
1.9
(4.1)
5.1 (11.3)
Projected Gravure Industry
Estimates
Solvents
Purchased or
Reused
••MBB
182.3 (401)
22.2 (48.8)
78.4 (172.5)
Solvents
Recovered
•^•^••^
247.1 (543.6)
4.4
(9.7)
24.3 (53.4)
Source: Reference 19.
Carbon adsorption and incineration systems have traditionally been employed to control
VOC emissions from the gravure printing process. The package printing sector has also achieved
significant VOC reduction through the use of water-based printing inks.
6-9
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Rotogravure package printing plants may use water-based inks. The use of water-based
inks may contribute to an overall VOC reduction of 65 to 75 percent, if the solvent content of
the inks is maintained below 25 percent by volume.12
One recent study has demonstrated that capture and control systems have been
successfully applied to gravure printing presses that achieve greater than 90 percent overall VOC
control.20 The average VOC control efficiency at these facilities ranged from 94 to 99.5 percent.
The facilities included in the study used total enclosure capture systems and one of the following
add-on destruction devices:
• Catalytic Incineration
• Regenerative Incineration
• Thermal Incineration" .
• Carbon Adsorption
The EPA has developed and published standard criteria for the design and operation of permanent
total enclosure (PTE) systems. The PTE criteria have been published in the following sources:
Guidelines for Developing a State Protocol for the Measurement of Capture Efficiency.
Environmental Protection Agency. Policy Statement April 16, 1990.
Polymeric Coating of Supporting Substrates - Background Information for Promulgated
Standards (EPA-450/3-85-022b)21
Magnetic Tape Manufacturing Industry - Background Information for Promulgated
Standards (EPA-450/3-85-029b)22
Capture efficiency may be estimated at 100 percent if all the EPA PTE criteria are met.20
Rexographic Printing Emission Points-
Sources of emissions from flexographic printing operations are similar to the sources
encountered from gravure operations. Emission control strategies are also similar. Incineration
and carbon adsorption emission control techniques are available for use in the flexographic
printing process. However, it is often difficult to install effective hooding and ducting devices
on the presses. Therefore, overall control efficiencies are approximately only 60 percent.12
Alternative emission control techniques include the use of water-based inks and microwave
driers.14
6-10
-------
Recent studies have indicated that flexographic printing presses controlled by catalytic and
regenerative incineration may achieve a 95 percent overall VOC reduction efficiency.13-23 A metal
oxide catalyst is used in catalytic incinerators used on flexographic printing presses to avoid
poisoning by chlorinated solvents.23
6.3 GASOLINE AND AUTOMOTIVE EMISSIONS
Aromatic hydrocarbons including xylene are added to gasoline to raise the octane rating,
thereby suppressing engine knock, increasing power, and providing smoother running engines.
Xylene and other hazardous components may then be emitted in automotive exhaust. One study
estimates the global release rate of xylene from automobile exhaust to be in the range of 3 to 8
metric tons .(6,600 to 17,600 pounds) per year.24 Automotive emissions have been related to
photochemical smog and ozone formation for many years. Atmospheric models recently became
sophisticated enough to accommodate compositional variations.25
Two studies involving automotive emissions are briefly described below. One study used
46 vehicles to provide detailed composition of organic emissions under various driving
conditions.25 The other study used a mobile TAGA 6000 EM tandem mass spectrometer system
to obtain time resolved data for selected aromatic compounds.26 Both of these studies present
possible protocols to perform tests that would better characterize emissions and eventually
estimate emissions of various VOC species, including xylene. However, the information
presented in these studies was not sufficiently comprehensive for emission factor development.
Table 6-2 lists the existing factors for xylene as a result of gasoline use, both from
evaporative and tailpipe emissions. These emission factors were taken from a previously
published EPA document27 These factors are based on an activity measure of vehicle miles
traveled, which were derived based on engineering estimates and are therefore given a quality
rating of "U."
6-11
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TABLE 6-2.
EMISSION FACTORS FROM GASOLINE USE
Emission Source
Evaporation from automobile
fuel tank
Automobile exhaust
Emission Factor
Grams/VMT
(pounds/VMT)
2.57 x 10'3 (5.66 x lO"6)
1.1 x W6 (2.39 x 10'9)
Quality
Raiting
Ub
Ub
""Based on engineering judgement
Source: Reference 27.
6.4 GASOLINE MARKETING
Gasoline storage and distribution activities represent potential sources of xylene emissions.
The xylene content of gasoline ranges from less than 1 to almost 10 percent by weight, but
typical concentrations are around 5.6 percent by weight Therefore, total hydrocarbon emissions
resulting from storage tanks, material transfer, and vehicle fueling include emissions of xylene.
This section describes sources of xylene emissions from gasoline marketing operations. Because
the sources of these emissions are so widespread, individual locations are not identified in this
section. Instead, emission factors are presented, along with a general discussion of the sources
of these emissions.28
The transportation and marketing of petroleum liquids involve many distinct operations,
each of which represents a potential source of xylene evaporative losses. Crude petroleum
products are transported from production operations to a refinery by pipelines, water carriers
(e.g., barges and tankers), tank trucks, and rail tank cars. The refined products are conveyed to
fuel marketing terminals and petrochemical industries by these same modes. From fuel marketing
terminals, the fuels are delivered by tank trucks to service stations, commercial accounts and
local bulk storage plants:29'30
6-12
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As shown in Figure 6-2, typical components of gasoline marketing include refinery
storage, gasoline terminals, gasoline bulk plants, service stations, and ground transportation. The
gasoline terminals and gasoline bulk plants are large facilities for the wholesale marketing of
gasoline, kerosene, and fuel oil. They receive these petroleum products from refineries or other
terminals, mostly by pipeline, tanker, or barge, and store the products in large tanks. The
primary function of marine and pipeline terminals is to distribute products to other terminals.
Tank truck loading terminals distribute products by tank trucks to bulk plants, retail outlets or
final consumers. Most of these petroleum terminals have daily throughputs of more than 76,000
liters (20,000 gallons) of gasoline.
Service stations receive gasoline by tank truck from terminals or bulk plants or directly
from refineries, and usually store the gasoline in underground tanks. Gasoline service stations
are establishments primarily selling gasoline and automotive lubricants.
>
Gasoline is by far the largest volume petroleum product marketed in the United States,
with a nationwide consumption of 419 billion liters (111 billion gallons) in 1991.31 There are
presently an estimated 1,700 bulk terminals storing gasoline in the United States.32 About half
of these terminals receive products from refineries by pipeline, and half receive products by ship
or barge delivery. Most of the terminals (66 percent) are located along the east coast and in the
Midwest The remainder are dispersed throughout the country, with locations largely determined
by population patterns.
The emission factors presented in the following discussions were derived using the
following method. Standard published emission factors for transportation and marketing for total
VOC emissions were modified to account for the fraction of xylene in the vapors emitted. The
fraction of xylene in the vapors was taken from the Air Emissions Species Manual Volume I:
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Profiles.33 A distinction was made between winter
and summer blends of gasoline because the xylene fraction varies significantly with the different
blends. The winter blend gasoline vapors were reported to be 1.07 percent xylene; summer blend
gasoline vapors were reported to be 0.2 percent xylene;
6-13
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Ship, Rail, Barge
Refinery Storage
Bulk Terminals
Tank Trucks
1
Automobiles, Trucks
Pipeline
r
Service Stations
IT
1
Bulk t
1
Tru
i
Comrr
Rural
Figure 6-2. The gasoline marketing distribution system in the United States.28
6-14
-------
6.4.1 Xvlene Emissions From Loading Marine Vessels
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) can be emitted from crude oil and refinery products
(gasoline, distillate oil, etc.) when loaded and transported by marine tankers and barges. Loading
losses are the primary source of evaporative emissions from marine vessel operations.32 These
emissions occur as vapors in "empty" cargo tanks are expelled into the atmosphere as liquid is
added to the cargo tank. The vapors may be composed of residual material left in the "empty"
cargo tank and/or the material being added to the tank. Therefore, the exact composition of the
vapors emitted during the loading process may be difficult to determine if the residual material
and the material being loaded are not of similar composition.
Emission factors for volatile organic compounds from marine vessel loading were found
in EPA documents.28 Average xylene/VOC ratios of 0.0107 for winter blend gasolines and 0.002
for summer blend gasolines were also identified in the Air Emissions Species Manual. Emission
factors for xylene from marine vessel loading were derived from these sources and are given in
o
Table 6-3, Factors are available for crude oil, distillate oil, and other fuels.32 However, reliable
estimates of the xylene content of these fuels were not found. Therefore, it was not possible to
provide xylene emission factors for marine vessel loading of fuels other than gasoline. However,
based on field experience it was assumed that xylene content of distillate oil and other fuels is
very small (<0.1 percent).
6-4-2 Xvlene Emissions from Bulk Gasoline Plants. Bulk Gasoline Terminals
Each operation in which gasoline is transferred or stored is a potential source of xylene
emissions. At bulk terminals and bulk plants, loading, unloading, and storing gasoline are
sources of xylene emissions. The gasoline that is stored in above ground tanks is pumped
through loading racks that measure the amount of product. The loading racks consist of pumps,
meters, and piping to transfer the gasoline or other liquid petroleum products. Loading of
gasoline into tank trucks can be accomplished by one of three methods: splash, top submerged,
or bottom loading. In splash loading, gasoline is introduced into the tank truck directly through
a compartment located on the top of the truck.28 Top submerged loading involves inserting a
6-15
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downspout into the fill pipe so that gasoline is added to the tank truck near the bottom of the
tank. Bottom loading is the loading of product into the track tank from the bottom. Because
emissions occur when the product being loaded displaces vapors in the tank being filled, the
reduced turbulence of top submerged loading and bottom loading reduce the amount of material
(including xylene) that is emitted.28 A majority of facilities which load gasoline use bottom
loading.
Emissions from Gasoline Loading and Unloading —
Bulk plants receiving gasoline from transfer trucks use vapor balancing systems,
consisting of a pipeline between the vapor spaces in the truck tank and the storage tanks. These
systems allow vapor displaced by liquid being introduced in the storage tank to transfer into the
truck as gasoline fills the storage tank.28 Table 6-4 lists emission factors for gasoline vapor and
xylene from gasoline loading racks at bulk terminals and bulk plants. The gasoline vapor
emission factors were taken from Reference 28. The xylene factors were obtained by multiplying
the gasoline vapor factor by the mixed xylene content of the vapor (Winter Blend 0.0107;
Summer Blend 0.002).33
Emissions from Gasoline Storage -
Storage emissions of xylene at bulk terminals and bulk plants depend on the type of
storage tank used. A typical bulk terminal may have four or five above ground storage tanks
with capacities ranging from 1,500 to 15,000 cubic meters (396,258 to 3,962,581 gallons).28
Most tanks in gasoline service have an external or internal floating roof to prevent the loss of
product through evaporation and working losses. Fixed-roof tanks, still used in some areas to
store gasoline, use pressure-vacuum vents to control breathing losses. A breather valve
(pressure-vacuum valve), which is commonly installed on many fixed-roof tanks, allows the tank
to operate at a slight internal pressure or vacuum. Any fixed roof tanks which are used to store
gasoline have some type of vapor recovery/control system to control VOC emissions. When the
pressure-vacuum valve is opened, (as during tank filling) the vapors exhausted will be sent to the
vapor recovery/control system. Commonly, the vapor control device is a condenser or an
adsorber through which the collected vapors can be returned to the storage tanks. Some facilities
use an incineration device such as a flare to control these VOC emissions from fixed roof tanks.
6-17
-------
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Fixed roof tanks consist of a cylindrical steel shell with a permanently affixed conical or
dome-shaped roof. Fixed roof tanks emit vapors to the atmosphere through working and
breathing losses. Working losses are primarily caused by displacement of vapor laden air during
filling. Breathing losses are caused by expansion and contraction of vapors and evaporation
caused by atmospheric temperature and pressure changes.
External floating roof tanks, in contrast, consist of a cylindrical steel shell and a roof
which floats on the surface of the stored liquid. Internal floating roof tanks have an additional
fixed roof over the floating roof of the tank. Floating roof tanks exhibit smaller vapor losses than
fixed roof tanks. The four classes of losses that floating roof tanks experience include
withdrawal loss, rim seal loss, deck fitting loss, and"deck seam loss, Withdrawal losses are
caused by the stored liquid clinging to the side of the tank following.the lowering of the roof as
liquid is withdrawn. Rim seal loss is caused by leaks at the seal between the roof and the sides
of the tank. Deck fitting loss is caused by leaks around support columns and deck fittings within
internal floating roof tanks. Deck seam loss is caused by leaks at the seams where panels of a
bolted internal floating roof are joined.
Table 6-5 shows emission factors for storage tanks at a typical bulk terminal. Table 6-6
shows the uncontrolled emission factors for xylene from a typical bulk plant The emission
factors were based on EPA factors and the weight fraction of mixed xylenes in the vapor of
0.0107 .in winter blend gasoline and 0.002 in summer blend gasoline.28-33 Bulk plants and
terminals use the same two basic methods for loading gasoline into tank trucks.
Emissions from Gasoline Tank Trucks «
Gasoline tank trucks have been demonstrated to be major sources of vapor leakage. Some
vapors may leak uncontrolled to the atmosphere from dome cover assemblies, pressure-vacuum
(P-V) vents, and vapor collection piping and vents. Other sources of vapor leakage on tank
trucks that occurs less frequently can be caused by tank shell flaws, liquid and vapor transfer
hoses, improperly installed or loosened overfill protection sensors, and vapor couplers. This
leakage has been estimated to be as high as 100 percent of the vapors which should have been
• : 6-19
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captured and to average 30 percent Since terminal controls are usually found in areas where
tracks are required to collect vapors after delivery of product to bulk plants or service stations
(balance service), the gasoline vapor emission factor associated with uncontrolled truck leakage
was assumed to be 30 percent of the balance service truck loading factor (980 mg/liter x
0.30 = 294 mg/liter).28 Thus, the emission factors for xylene emissions from uncontrolled truck
leakage are 3.08 mg/liter for winter blend gasoline and 0.06 mg/liter for summer blend gasoline,
based on a mixed xylene/vapor ratio of 0.0107 for winter blend gasoline and 0.002 for summer
blend gasoline.33
6.4.3 Xvlene Emissions from Service Stations
The following discussion on service station operations is divided into two areas: the
filling of the underground storage tank (Stage I) and automobile refueling (Stage E). Although
terminals and bulk plants also have two distinct operations (tank filling and truck loading), the
filling of the underground tank at the service station ends the wholesale gasoline marketing chain.
The automobile refueling operations interact directly with the public and control of these
operations can be performed by putting control equipment, on either the service station or the
automobile.
Stage I Emissions at Service Stations -
Normally, gasoline is delivered to service stations in large tank trucks from bulk terminals
or smaller account trucks from bulk plants. Emissions are generated when hydrocarbon vapors
in the underground storage tank are displaced to the atmosphere by the gasoline being loaded into
the tank. As with other loading losses, the quantity of the service station tank loading loss
depends on several variables, including the quantity of liquid transferred, size and length of the
fill pipe, the method of filling, the tank configuration and gasoline temperature, vapor'pressure,
and composition. A second source of emissions from service station tankage is underground tank
breathing. Breathing losses occur daily and are attributed to temperature changes, barometric
pressure changes, and gasoline evaporation.
6-22
-------
Stage n Emissions at Service Stations -
In addition to service station tank loading losses, vehicle refueling operations are
considered to be a major source of emissions. Vehicle refueling emissions are attributable to
vapor displaced from the automobile tank by dispensed gasoline and to gasoline spillage. The
major factors affecting the quantity of emissions are gasoline temperature, auto tank temperature,
gasoline Reid vapor pressure (RVP), dispensing rates, and level of emission controls employed
(e.g., Stage E vapor recovery). Table 6-7 lists the uncontrolled emissions from a typical gasoline
service station.28'33
6.4.4 Control Technology for Gasoline Transfer
At bulk terminals and bulk plants, xylene emissions from gasoline transfer may be
controlled by a vapor processing system in conjunction with a vapor collection system.28
Figure 6-3 shows a vapor balance system at a bulk plant. These systems collect and recover
gasoline vapors from empty, returning tank trucks as they are filled with gasoline from storage
tanks.
At service stations, vapor balance systems contain the gasoline vapors within the station's
underground storage tanks for transfer to empty gasoline tank trucks returning to the bulk
terminal or bulk plant. Figure 6-4 shows a diagram of a service station vapor balance system.
6-4.5 Control Technology For Gasoline Storage
The control technologies for controlling xylene emissions from gasoline storage involve
upgrading the type of storage tank used or adding a vapor control system. For fixed-roof tanks,
emissions are most readily controlled by installation of internal floating roofs.32 An internal
floating roof reduces the area of exposed liquid surface on the tank and, therefore, decreases
evaporative loss. Installing an internal floating roof in a fixed-roof tank can reduce total
emissions by 68.5 to 97.8 percent.28
6-23
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6-26
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For external floating-roof tanks, no control measures have been identified for controlling
withdrawal losses and emissions.28 These emissions are functions of the turnover rate of the tank
and the characteristics of the tank shell. Rim seal losses in external floating roof tanks depend
on the type of seal. Liquid-mounted seals are more effective than vapor-mounted seals in
reducing rim seal losses. Metallic shoe seals are more effective than vapor-mounted seals but
less effective than liquid mounted seals.28
6.4.6 Control Technology For Vehicle Refueling Emissions
Vehicle refueling emissions are attributable to vapor displaced from the automobile tank
by dispensed gasoline and to gasoline spillage. The quantity of displaced vapors is dependent on
gasoline temperature, vehicle tank size and temperature, fuel level, gasoline RVP, and dispensing
rates.28
The two basic refueling vapor control alternatives are control systems on service station
equipment (Stage H controls), and control systems on vehicles (onboard controls). Onboard
controls are basically limited to the carbon canister.
There are currently three types of Stage H systems in limited use in the United States: the
vapor balance, the hybrid, and the vacuum assist systems. In the vapor balance system, gasoline
vapor in the automobile fuel tank is displaced by the incoming liquid gasoline and is prevented
from escaping to the atmosphere at the fillneck/nozzle interface by a flexible rubber "boot." This
boot is fitted over the standard nozzle and is attached to a hose similar to the liquid hose. The
hose is connected to piping which vents to the underground tank. An exchange is made (vapor
for liquid) as the liquid displaces vapor to the underground storage tank. The underground
storage tank assists this transaction by drawing in a volume of vapor equal to the volume of
liquid removed.28
The vacuum assist system differs from the balance system in that a "blower" (a vacuum
pump) is used to provide an extra pull at the nozzle/fillneck interface. Assist systems can recover
vapors effectively without a tight seal at the nozzle/fillpipe interface because only a close fit is
'...•I'- 6-27
-------
necessary. A slight vacuum is maintained at the nozzle/fillneck interface allowing air to be
drawn into the system and preventing the vapors from escaping. Because of this assist, the
interface boot need not be as tight fitting as with balance systems. Further, the vast majority of
assist nozzles do not require interlock mechanisms. Assist systems generally have vapor passage
valves located in the vapor passage somewhere other than in the nozzles, resulting in a nozzle
which is less bulky and cumbersome than nozzles employed by vapor balance systems.28
The hybrid system borrows from the concepts of both the balance and vacuum assist
systems. It is designed to enhance vapor recovery at the nozzle/fillneck interface by a vacuum,
whose low velocity minimizes the level of excess vapor/air returned to the underground storage
tank.
With the hybrid system, a small amount of the liquid gasoline (less than 10 percent)
pumped from the storage tank is routed (before metering) to a restricting nozzle called an
aspirator. As the gasoline passes through this restricting nozzle, a small vacuum is generated.
This vacuum is used to draw vapors into the rubber boot at the interface. Because the vacuum
is so small, very little excess air, if any, is drawn into the boot, hose and underground storage
tank, alleviating the need for a secondary processor, such as an incinerator.28
Onboard vapor control systems consist of carbon canisters installed on the vehicle to
control refueling emissions. The carbon canister system adsorbs, on activated carbon, the vapors
which are displaced from the vehicle fuel tank by the incoming gasoline. Such a system first
adsorbs the emissions released during refueling and subsequently purges these vapors from the
carbon to the engine carburetor when it is operating. This system is essentially an expansion of
the present evaporative emissions control system used in all new cars to minimize breathing
losses from the fuel tank and to control carburetor evaporative emissions. However, unlike the
present system, a refueling vapor recovery system will require a tight seal at the nozzle/fillneck
interface during refueling operations to ensure vapors flow into the carbon canister and are not
lost to the atmosphere.28
6-28
-------
6.5
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6.0
SRI International. U3. Paint Industry DataBase. Prepared for the National Paint and
Coatings Association. Washington DC. 1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
AP-42, Fourth edition and supplements. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Source Assessment: Prioritization of Air Pollution
from Industrial Surface Operations, EPA-650/2-75-019a. Research Triangle Park, NC.
A rf* /
-------
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Toxic Substances. Carpenter, Ben H.
and Garland K. Billiard. Overview of Printing Process and Chemicals Used. Conference
Proceedings: Environmental Aspects of Chemical Use in Printing Operations, Volume
1. King of Prussia, PA. Washington, DC. September 1975.
Printing Ink Handbook, compiled by the Technical and Education Committees, National
Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, Inc. and the National Printing Ink Research
Institute, National Association of Printing Ink Manufacturers, New York, NY. 1967.
Neal, Barry and Robert H. Oppenheimer. "Environmental Regulations and Compliance
in the Gravure Industry," Tappi Journal, p. 121. July 1989.
Burt, Richard, Radian Corporation. NSPS for VOC Emissions from Publication
Rotogravure Printing Industry. National Air Pollution Control Techniques Advisory
Committee Meeting Minutes. December 12-13, 1979.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources. Volume ffl: Graphic Arts - Rotogravure and Flexography,
EPA-450/2-78-033. Emission Standards Engineering Division, Chemical and Petroleum
Branch. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1978.
Profile Survey of the U.S. Gravure Industry. Gravure Association of America, New York
NY. 1989.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Best Demonstrated Control Technology for
Graphic Arts. EPA-450/3-91-008. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards.
Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1991.
)i
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Polymeric Coating of Supporting Substrates-
Background Information for Promulgated Standards, Final EIS, EPA-450/3-85-0225.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1989.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Magnetic Tape Manufacturing Industry-
Background Information for Promulgated Standards, Final EIS, EPA-450/3-85-029b.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. July 1988.
Kosusko, Michael and Carlos M. Nunez. Air Waste Management Association.
Destruction of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Catalytic Oxidation. Volume 2 pp
254-259. February 1990.
Isaksen, Ivar S. A., et al, "Model Analysis of the Measured Concentration of Organic
Gases in the Norwegian Arctic," Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 3(l):3-27. 1985.
Sigsby, Jr., John E., Tejada, Silvestic, and Roy, William, "Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions from 46 In-Use Passenger Cars," Environmental Science Technology 21(5V
466-475. 1987.
6-30
-------
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
Mo, S.H., Gibbs, R.E., Hill, BJ., Johnson, R.E., Webster, W.J., and Whitby, R.A.
Relationships Among Time-Resolved Roadside Measurements of Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
and Carbon Monoxide. Presented at the 80th Annual Meeting of APCA. New York NY
June 21-26, 1987.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Toxic Air Pollutant Emission Factors - A
Compilation for Selected Air Toxic Compounds and Sources, EPA-450/2-88-006a. Office
of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Evaluation of Air Pollution Regulatory Strategies
for Gasoline Marketing Industry. EPA-450/3-84-012a. Washington, DC. 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Bulk Gasoline Terminals - Background
Information for Proposed Standards. Draft EIS, EPA-450/3-80-038a. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1980.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Development ofVOC Compliance Monitoring
and Enforcement Strategies: The Wholesale Gasoline Marketing Chain - Volume //,
EPA-340/l-80-01-013a. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle
Park, NC. July 1980.
Energy Information Administration. Petroleum Supply Annual 1991, Volume 1
DOE/EIA-0340(91)/1.
Telecon. George Woodall, TRC Environmental Corporation to Bonnie Ayotte of the
Computer Petroleum Company, St. Paul, MN. September 22, 1992.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Air Emissions Species Manual Volume I:
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Species Profiles, EPA-450/2-88-003a. Research
Triangle Park, NC. April 1988.
6-31
-------
-------
SECTION 7.0
BY-PRODUCT EMISSIONS:
PROCESSES UNRELATED TO PRODUCTION OR USE OF XYLENE
Xylene and other pollutants can be emitted to the atmosphere as the result of product
manufacturing or from the burning of fossil fuels. Processes that release xylene as by-product
emissions are described in this section. These processes include coal combustion, hazardous and
solid waste incineration, and wastewater treatment processes.
7.1 COAL COMBUSTION
Two coal combustion studies are briefly described in this section. The first combustion
study was performed to collect data on the chemical composition of fugitive aerosol emissions
at a pilot-scale gasifier using lignite coal. Sampling was conducted at the Grand Forks Energy
Technology Center gasifier, Grand Forks, North Dakota. From the gas chromatography (GC) and
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses that were performed, it was determined
that xylene was emitted from the gasifier. However, no data were reported and emission factors
could not be developed.1
Another air monitoring study was performed on a burning coal refuse (gob) pile in Oak
Hill, West Virginia. The West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission requested assistance
from EPA to perform a study of the heavy metal and organic chemical emissions from a burning
gob pile. Carbon monoxide emissions are expected from these burning gob piles, while
emissions of other compounds such as xylene are suspected. Under the direction of EPA,
CCA/Technology Division performed a study on the types and quantities of emissions from the
gob pile.2
The gob pile studied was similar to many of the hundred known to exist in coal mining
areas in the. country. This coal waste pile was created as the result of a nearby deep mining
operation. The emissions have been generated for decades as a result of the spontaneous
combustion of low grade, yet combustible coal refuse material.2
7-1
-------
Red dog, the solid matrix remaining after the combustible fractions are burned out of the
coal waste, is a popular fill and highway construction material. The two major results; of mining
red dog are increased gaseous emissions and an increased fugitive particulate emission rate due
to the excavation and loading of the red dog into trucks. The slow natural combustion process
presents a difficult situation for effective pollution control. Due to cost and the large amount of
material involved, emission control of such a large area source is usually restrictive, although not
impossible.2
GCA's investigative study was a two-phase approach in order to maximize the quality of
results. The first phase was a preliminary assessment, followed by a more comprehensive
quantitative emissions program. The preliminary assessment assisted in identifying pollutants
present in the gob pile emissions and their approximate concentrations. The second phase of the
investigation began with the siting of GCA's Mobile Laboratory and the startup of the analytical
instrumentation. In addition, two meteorological monitoring stations were erected and calibrated,
one at approximately 10 feet elevation directly at the test area and one slightly downwind at
approximately 200 feet elevation above the test area, to measure overall regional wind
conditions.2
Samples were collected at the centerpoint of each of 24 equal area grids. All samples
were collected from within 10-inch diameter ductwork positioned over the sample point to
minimize dilution, mixing, and variable wind conditions. After all sample analyses were
completed, a calculation was performed to convert measured concentrations (ppm, ppb, ug/m3)
to average emission rates (Ib/hr) for each parameter. An extrapolation of the average emission
rate from the sampled area to that of the total pile was then performed. Also, due to the large
range of values for most parameters, a standard error calculation was used to describe the
variability of each compound-specific average rate. Table 7-1 lists the emission rate and the
emission factor for xylene resulting from this study.2
7-2
-------
TABLE 7-1.
XYLENE EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTIBLE COAL REFUSE
MATERIAL
Total Emission Rate
3.2+1.7kg/hr
(7.1 + 3.8 Ib/hr)
Emission Factor
3.1 x lO'5 kg/hr/m3 (1.9 x 10'6 Ib/hr/ft3)
of. burning refuse material
Quality
Rating
Source: Reference 2.
In summary, the investigative study resulted in calculated emission rates and emission
factors for various parameters. This study concludes that the possibility of downwind exposure
to toxic and suspected toxic airborne contaminants from the burning coal refuse pile exists.2
However, a search of the XATEF and SPECIATE databases did not identify any emission factors
for coal combustion.3'4
7.2 HAZARDOUS AND SOLID WASTE INCINERATION
Most atmospheric emissions of pollutants from the various hazardous and solid waste
disposal methods come from incineration. In addition to paniculate matter, other pollutants, such
as volatile organic compounds (including xylene) and carbon monoxide are frequently emitted
as a result of incomplete combustion of the .waste due to improper combustor design or poor
operating conditions.
Several methods are used to incinerate municipal waste. These include mass burn excess
air combustion, starved air or modular combustion, and refuse-derived fuel combustion.
Approximately 70 percent of the total municipal solid waste is incinerated in mass burn units.
More information on the methods of municipal waste combustion can be found in the document,
Characterization of the Municipal Waste Combustion Industry.5 Similarly, hazardous waste can
be incinerated by several methods including thermal, catalytic and regenerative incineration.
Xylene emission factors for incineration sources were not found.
7-3
-------
Open-air burning presents a particularly unique source of atmospheric emissions of
pollutants. This method of solid waste incineration allows for exposure to many variables
including wind, ambient temperatures, and other environmental parameters such as rain and
humidity, degree of compactness of the refuse, and composition and moisture of the refuse. In
general, lower temperatures are achieved in open-air burning than in closed combustion.
Therefore, this allows for increased emissions of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and volatile
organic compounds (including xylene), with decreased emissions of nitrogen oxides.6 Other
important regulating factors for open-air burning are fuel loading (how much refuse material is
burned per unit of land area) and arrangement of the refuse (in rows, piles, or spread out).4
Although specific xylene emission factors are unavailable for open burning in general, data
indicate that emissions of volatile organic compounds from non-agricultural materials are
approximately 25 percent methane, 8 percent other saturates, 18 percent olefins, and 49 percent
other compounds (oxygenates, acetylene, and aromatics, including xylene). However, emissions
have been measured for'the open burning of scrap tires.7 Table 7-2 shows the measured emission
rates and the bum rates that are a critical factor in determining emissions. Figure 7-1 shows a
scatterplot and the basic statistics of the data in Table 7-2. As shown in Figure 7-1, the
relationship of burn rate of tires to the emission rate is nonlinear. Emission factor quality ratings
are not presented in Table 7-2 because these are emission rates calculated from one study and
emission factors were not developed from this data.
7.3 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES
Atmospheric emissions of volatile organic compounds such as xylene can occur at any
wastewater treatment process where the wastewater comes into contact with the surrounding
ambient air. The majority of air emissions from wastewater treatment facilities usually comes
from the initial physical processes (e.g., screening, sedimentation, floatation, and filtration) due
to both a higher pollutant concentration in the influent and a greater surface area caused by
turbulence and mixing. Other sources of emissions include equalization and aeration basins and
clarifiers.
7-4
-------
TABLE 7-2
XYLENE EMISSION RATES FROM THE OPEN BURNING OF
SCRAP TIRES
Emission Rate
kg xylene/metric ton tires
• ••— »
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_ STAnsncs
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Max. 6.630
Mean 2X06
Std.Dev. 1.664
StiErroi QASQ
Median 1.430
o
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0.223
6.438
1.831
1.796
0.319
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0 I' 234 5 6
Bum Rate
(kg/hr)
Figure 7-1. Emissions from open burning of scrap tires.7
7-5
-------
Because of the many factors that may affect emissions of volatile organics, including
xylene, from wastewater treatment processes, calculating actual emissions estimates must be
performed on a chemical-by-chemical, process-by-process basis. Several models have been
developed that estimate emissions from wastewater treatment processes. Brief descriptions of
some appropriate models are presented below; however, further information should be consulted
in the appropriate reference(s).
j
The SIMS model (Surface Impoundment Modeling System) developed by the Control
Technology Center of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is a personal computer-based
software program designed to estimate atmospheric emissions from surface impoundments and
wastewater collection devices.8 The Tsivoglou and Neal Reaeration model can be used with the
SIMS model to estimate VOC emissions from the devices that comprise the headworks of a
POTW (since the SIMS model does not account for emissions from these devices or for
adsorption onto solids).9
Several inherent problems exist with using these models. First, the VOC concentrations
in the wastewater are highly variable among the influent, effluent, and sludge partitions:
therefore, a single emission estimate would be highly questionable. Second, the estimates are
usually based on constant behavior of relatively pure compounds, so mixing arid variable
chemical concentrations would render the emission factors less useful. Finally, these estimates
are generally on the conservative side, and actual emissions will often tend to be higher than the
estimates.
A major process resulting in the emission of wastewater pollutants is the separation of the
lighter organic phase from the main body of wastewater and the heavier inorganic solid phase.
A top organic layer consisting of many volatile organic and oil-based compounds is formed and
exposed to ambient air. Factors affecting volatilization of organic compounds from the top
organic layer include characteristics of the wastewater and oil layers, the ambient wind speed,
design characteristics of the wastewater treatment operation, the concentration of pollutants in
the wastewater, detention time in the treatment system, and partition coefficients of the pollutants.
7-6
-------
EPA has published several guidance documents and reports regarding emissions from wastewater
treatment systems which are referenced here.8-9-10
7-7
-------
-------
7.4
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7.0
Joseph R. Stetter, Richard D. Flotard, and Elizabeth Gebert, Environmental Monitoring
and Assessment in International Journal, Characterization of Airborne Particles at a
High-BTU Coal-Gasification Pilot Plant. 1(4). 1982.
Seely, Douglas E. and Engle, Ronald J. Investigative Air Monitoring Study at a Burning
Coal Refuse Pile in Oak Hill, West Virginia. Presented at the 77th Annual Meeting of
APCA. San Francisco, CA. June 24-29, 1984.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Crosswalk!Air Toxic Emission Factor Database
Management System (XATEF), Version 1.2. Office or Air Quality Planning and
Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)IParticulate
Matter (PM) Speciation Database Management System, Version 1.4. Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1991.
Radian Corporation. Characterization of the Municipal Waste Combustion Industry
Appendix A. Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1986.
Gerstle, R.W., and D. A. Kemnitz. "Atmospheric Emissions from Open Burning "
Journal of Air Pollution Control Association. 12:324-327. May 1967.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Characterization of Emissions from the Simulated
Burning of Scrap Tires, EPA-600/2-89-054. Control Technology Center, Research
Tnangle Park, NC. October 1989.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Surface Impoundment Modeling System (SIMS)
Version 2.0 User's Manual, EPA-450/4-90-019a. Control Technology Center Research
Tnangle Park, NC. 1990.
Tsivoglou, E.C., and L.A. Neal. "Tracer Measurement of Reaeration, m. Predicting the
^f^nCa^d7 °f Mand Streams>" Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation
4a(12;:2669. 1976.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Guidance Services, Control of Volatile Organic
Compound Emissions from Industrial Wastewater, Volume I, Preliminary Draft Office of
Air Quality Planning and Standards. Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1989
7-8
-------
-------
SECTION 8.0
AMBIENT AIR AND STATIONARY SOURCE TEST PROCEDURES
Xylene(s) emissions can be measured from ambient air and stationary sources utilizing
the test methods presented below. If applied to stack sampling, the ambient air monitoring
methods may require adaptation or modification. To ensure that results will be quantitative,
appropriate precautions must be taken to prevent exceeding the capacity of the methodology.
Ambient methods which require the use of sorbents are susceptible to sorbent saturation if high
concentration levels exist. If this happens, breakthrough will occur, and quantitative analysis will
not be possible.
EPA Method TO-1: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using
Tenax Adsorption and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)
EPA Method TO-3: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds in Ambient Air Using
Cryogenic Preconcentration Techniques and Gas Chromatography with Flame lonization
and Electron Capture Detection
EPA Method TO-14: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient
Air Using SUMMA® Passivated Canister Sampling and Gas Chromatography (GC)
EPA Method 0030: Volatile Organic Sampling Train (VOST) with EPA Method 5040:
Analysis of Sorbent Cartridges from VOST
EPA Reference Method 18: Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compound Emissions by
Gas Chromatography
NIOSH Method 1501: Aromatic Hydrocarbons
8-1
-------
8.1 EPA METHOD TO-1
Ambient air concentrations of xylene(s) can be measured using EPA Method TO-1 from
the Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air.1
This method is used to collect and determine nonpolar, volatile organics (aromatic hydrocarbons,
chlorinated hydrocarbons) that can be captured on Tenax® and determined by thermal, desorption
techniques. The compounds determined by this method have boiling points in the range of 80°
to 200°C (180° to 390°F).
Figure 8-1 presents a schematic diagram of the sampling system. Figure 8-2 presents a
schematic diagram of a typical Tenax® cartridge design. Ambient air is drawn through the
cartridge which contains approximately 1 to 2 grams of Tenax.® The xylenes are trapped on the
Tenax cartridge, which is then capped and sent to the laboratory for analysis utilizing gas
chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) according to the procedures specified in EPA Method
5040.
The exact run time, flow rate and volume sampled varies from source to source depending
on the expected concentrations and the required detection limit. Typically, 10 to 20 L of ambient
air are sampled. Analysis should be conducted within 14 days of collection. A capillary having
an internal diameter of 0.3mm and a length of 50 meters is recommended. The MS identifies
and quantifies the compounds by mass fragmentation or ion characteristic patterns. Compound
identification is normally accomplished using a library search routine on the basis of GC
retention time and mass spectral characteristics.
8.2 EPA METHOD TO-3
Ambient air concentrations of xylene(s) can be measured directly at the source using EPA
Method TO-3 from the Compendium Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic
8-2
-------
Vent
Rotometer
^ 1
Dry
test
Meter
t
*^~~
1
Needl«
Valve.
Pump
-* Coupling to
Connect Tenax
. Cartridge
Figure 8-1. Typical sampling system configuration.1
8-3
-------
.Tenax
~1.5 Grams (6 em Bed Depth)
Glass Wood Plugs
(0.5 c.-n Long)
Glass Cartridge .
(13.5 mm 00 x
100 mm Long)
(a) Glass Cartridge
V£ to
.1/2"
Swagelok
Fitting
1/8" End Cap<
Gloss Wool
Plugs
(0.5 em Long)
. Tenax
"•1.5 Grams (7 cm Bed Depth)
Metal Cartridge
(12.7 mm 00 x
100 mm LOng)
(b) Metal Cartridge
Figure 8-2. Tenax cartridge designs.1
8-4
-------
Compounds in Ambient Air.1 This method is designed for the determination of highly volatile
nonpolar organic compounds having boiling points in the range of -10° to 200°C (14° to 390°F).
Figure 8-3 presents a schematic of a typical on-line sampling system.
The ambient air sample is collected in the cryogenic trap utilizing a volume-measuring
device. The GC oven is then chilled to a subambient temperature. The sample valve is then
switched and the sample is carried onto the cooled GC column. Simultaneously, the cryogenic
trap is heated to assist in the sample transfer process. The GC column is heated to the desired
temperature and the peaks are identified and quantified using a flame ionization detector (FID)
or electron capture detector (ECD).
8.3 EPA METHOD TO-14
Ambient air concentrations of xylene(s) can also be measured using EPA Method TO-14
from, the Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in
Ambient Air.1 This method is based on collection of a whole air sample in SUMMA® passivated
stainless steel canisters and is used to determine semivolatile and volatile organic compounds.
The compounds are separated by gas chromatography and measured by mass-selective detector
or multidetector techniques such as flame ionization detection (FID), electron capture detection
(ECD), and photoionization detection (PID). The recommended column for Method TO-14 is
an HP OV-1 capillary type with 0.32mm I.D. x 0.88 urn cross-linked methyl silicone coating or
equivalent. Samples should be analyzed within 14 days of collection.
This method is applicable to specific semivolatiles and VOCs that have been tested and
determined to be stable when stored in pressurized and subatmospheric pressure canisters.
Xylenes have been successfully measured at the parts per billion by volume (ppbv) level using
this method. Figure 8-4 presents a diagram of the canister sampling system.
8-5
-------
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'c.
c.
i
3
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c
so
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Inlet .
I I
Metal Seilows
' Type Pump V j /j
for Pressurized
Sampling
Auxilliary
Vacuum
Pump
Figure 8-4. Sampler for subatmospheric pressure canister sampling.1
8-7
-------
8.4 EPA METHOD 0030
The volatile organic sampling train (VOST) is designed for the collection of volatile
organic compounds from the stack gas effluents of hazardous waste incinerators.2 Figure 8-5
presents a schematic of the principle components of the VOST. The VOST method was designed
to collect volatile organics with boiling points in the range of 30° to 100°C (86° to 212°F).
Many compounds with boiling points above 100°C (212°F) may also be effectively collected
using this method. Xylene(s) concentrations have been successfully measured utilizing this
methodology; however, quantitative data require validation.
In most cases, 20 L of effluent stack gas are sampled at an approximate flow rate of
1 L/minute, using a glass-lined heated probe and a volatile organic sampling train. The gas
stream is cooled to 20°C (68°F) by passage through a water-cooled condenser and the volatile
organics are collected on a pair of sorbent resin traps. Liquid condensate is collected in an
.®
impinger located between the two resin traps. The first resin trap contains about 1.6 g Tenax
and the second trap contains about 1 g each of Tenax® and petroleum-based charcoal.
The Tenax cartridges are then thermally desorbed and analyzed by purge-and-trap
GC/MS along with the condensate catch as specified in EPA Method 5040.2 Analysis should be
conducted within 14 days of collection.
8.5 EPA METHOD 5040
The contents of the sorbent cartridges (collected using EPA Method 0030) are spiked with
an internal standard and thermally desorbed for 10 minutes at 80°C (176°F) with organic-free
nitrogen or helium gas (at a flow rate of 40 mL/min); bubbled through 5 mL of organic-free
water; and trapped on an analytical adsorbent trap.2 After the 10 minute desorption, the
analytical adsorbent trap is rapidly heated to 180°C (356°F), with the carrier gas flow reversed
8-8
-------
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JS
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es
I
o
a
o
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wi
cc
«
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8-9
-------
so that the effluent flow from the analytical trap is directed into the GC/MS. The volatile
organics are separated by temperature-programmed gas chromatography and detected by low
resolution mass spectrometry. The concentrations of the volatile compounds are calculated using
the internal standard technique. EPA Method 5030 and 8420 may be referenced for specific
requirements for the thermal desorption unit, purge-and-trap unit, and GC/MS system.
A diagram of the analytical system is presented in Figure 8-6. The Tenax® cartridges
should be analyzed within 14 days of collection. The desired detection limit of this method is
0.1 ng/L (20 ng per Tenax® cartridge).
8.6 EPA REFERENCE METHOD 18
EPA Reference Method 18 can be utilized for the sampling and analysis of approximately
90 percent of the total gaseous organics emitted from industrial sources.3 It does not include
techniques to identify and measure trace amounts of organic compounds, such as those found in
room air and from fugitive sources. Xylene(s) emissions can be measured from stationary
sources using this method. Method 18 can be conducted using either the direct interface method
(on-line GC/FID) or by the collection of an integrated Tedlar® or Mylar® bag sample with
subsequent analysis by GC/FID.
The direct interface method draws a sample of the exhaust gas through a heated sample
line directly into a heated sample loop and into the GC/FID for analysis. Figure 8-7 presents a
schematic of the principle components of the direct interface system.
Utilizing the bag-in-drum technique, presented in Figure 8-8, a sample of the exhaust gas
is drawn into a Tedlar® or Mylar® bag. The bag is placed inside a rigid leakproof container and
evacuated. The bag is then connected by a Teflon® sample line to a sampling probe located at
the center of the stack or exhaust vent The sample is drawn into the bag by pumping air out of
8-10
-------
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8-13
-------
the rigid container. The sample is then analyzed by GC/FID. Based on laboratory studies, the
recommended time limit for analysis is within 14 days of collection.
8.7 NIOSH METHOD 1501
Ambient air and exhaust gas concentrations of xylene(s) can also be measured using
NIOSH Method 1501.4 This method has limited applications and applies to ten specific aromatic
hydrocarbons. The levels of detection are much higher than the other procedures discussed.
Ambient air or-exhaust gas samples are collected on solid sorbent tubes containing
coconut shell charcoal. Ten to 20 L of air are collected, depending on the expected
concentrations, using a vacuum pump set at an approximate flow rate of 1 L/minute.
The samples are then capped, sent to the laboratory, desorbed with carbon disulfide and
analyzed by GC/HD. The column specified in NIOSH Method 1501 is a 3.0m x 2mm glass or
stainless steel with 10 percent OV-275 on 100/120 mesh Chromosorb W-AW or equivalent.
Analysis should be conducted within 14 days. Figure 8-9 presents a diagram of the NIOSH
Method 1501 sampling system.
8-14
-------
CD
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8.8
1.
2.
3.
4.
REFERENCES FOR SECTION 8.0
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Compendium of Methods for the Determination
of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air. EPA/600/4-89/017. Atmospheric Research
and Exposure Assessment Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Third
Edition. Report No. SW-846. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Washington, DC. November 1986.
40 CFR, Part 60, Appendix A, Method 18: Measurement of Gaseous Organic Compounds
by Gas Chromatography. pp 823 through 852.
N1QSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Third Edition, Volumes land 2. Cincinnati OH
February 1984.
8-16
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE EMISSIONS
A-l
-------
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS
SIC Code
1311
1321
1382
1400
1475
1499
2044
2082
2221
2231
2261 . .
2262
2281
2426
2431
2434
2435
2491
2493
2512
2515
2517 .
2519
2531
Source Description
Crude Petroleum and Natural Gas
Natural Gas Liquids
Oil and Gas Exploration
Nonmetallic Minerals, Except Fuels
Phosphate Rock
Miscellaneous Nonmetallic Minerals
Rice Milling
Malt Beverages
Broadwoven fabric mills, manmade
Broadwoven fabric mills, wool
Finishing plants, cotton
Finishing plants, manmade
Yam spinning mills
Hardwood dimension and flooring mills
Mill work
Wood kitchen cabinets
Hardwood veneer and plywood
Wood Preserving
Reconstituted wood "products
Upholstered household furniture
Mattresses and bedsprings
Wood TV and radio cabinets
Household furniture, nee
Public building and related furniture
(continued)
A-2
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
2541
2591
2599
2611
2653
2655
2672
2674
2721
2732
2752
2754
2761
2782
2789
2796
2800
2812
2813
2816
2819
2821
2822
Source Description
Wood partitions and fixtures |
Drapery hardware and blinds and shades \
Furniture and fixtures, nee |
Pulp mills |j
Corrugated and solid fiber boxes
Fiber cans, drams and similar products
Paper coated and laminated, nee
Bags: uncoated paper and multiwall
Periodicals
Book printing
Commercial printing, lithographic
Commercial printing, gravure
Manifold business forms
Blankbooks and looseleaf binders
Bookbinding and related work
Platemaking services
Chemicals and Allied Products
Alkalies and Chlorine
. Industrial gases
Inorganic Pigments
Industrial Organic Chemicals, nee
Plastics materials and resins
Synthetic rubber j|
(continued)
A-3
-------
TABLE. A-L
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
•••
2823
Source Description
M^MHMMMi^H
Cellulosic manmade fibers
Organic fibers, noncellulosic
Pharmaceutical preparations
Soap and other detergents
Polishes and sanitation goods
Surface active agents
Toilet preparations
Paints and allied products
Gum and Wood Chemicals
Cyclic crudes and intermediates
Industrial Organic Chemicals, nee
Nitrogenous Fertilizers
Phosphatic Fertilizers
Agricultural chemicals, nee
Printing Ink
Chemical preparations, nee
Petroleum Refining
Tires and inner tubes
Rubber and plastics hose and belting
Gaskets, packing and sealing devices
™^^""""""""^""^™™'^^™"'"^^^"""""'«^™ll^B«™™«^™
Mechanical rubber goods
Misc. Plastics Products, nee
===
(continued)
A-4
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
3081
3082
3086
3087
3089
3211
3229
3231
3241
3251
3253
3255
3264
3272
3274
3275
3292
3295
3296
3299
3312
3313
3315
Source Description
Unsupported plastics film and sheet
Unsupported plastics profile shapes
Plastics foam products
Custom compound purchased resins
Plastics products, nee
Flat glass
Pressed and blown glass, nee
Products of purchased glass
Cement, hydraulic
Brick and Structural Clay Tile
Ceramic wall and floor tile
Clay Refractories
Porcelain electrical supplies
Concrete products, nee
Lime
Gypsum Products
Asbestos products
Minerals, ground or treated
Mineral Wool
Nonmetallic mineral products, nee
Blast furnaces and steel mills
Electrometallurgical products
Steel wire and related products
(continued)
A-5
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
3317
3321
3325
3334
3339
3341
3351
3353
3354
3355
3363
3364
3366
3399
3411
3412
3423
3425
3429
3431
3433
3441
3443
Source Description
Steel pipe and tubes
Gray and Ductile Iron Foundries
Steel foundries, nee
Primary Aluminum
Primary Nonferrous Metals, nee
Secondary Nonferrous Metals
Copper rolling and drawing
Aluminum sheet, plate, and foil
Aluminum extruded products
Aluminum rolling and drawing, nee
Aluminum die-castings
Nonferrous die-casting exc. aluminum
Copper foundries
Primary metal products, nee
Metal cans
Metal barrels, drums, and pails
Hand and edge tools, nee
Saw blades and handsaws
Hardware, nee
Metal Sanitary Ware
Heating equipment, except electric
Fabricated structural metal
Fabricated plate work (boiler shops)
(continued)
A-6
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
. EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
3444
Source Description
Sheet metalwork
3446
Architectural metal work
3448
3449
Prefabricated metal buildings
Miscellaneous metal work
3451
Screw machine products
3462
Iron and steel forgihgs
3463
Nonferrous forgings
3465
Automotive stampings
3466
Crowns and closures
3471
Plating and polishing
3482
Small arms ammunition
3483
Ammunition, exc. for small arms, nee
3489
Ordnance and accessories, nee
3491
Industrial valves
Steel springs, except wire
Valves and pipe fittings, nee
Wire springs
Misc. fabricated wire products
Metal foil and leaf
Fabricated pipe and fittings
Turbines and turbine generator sets
Internal combustion engines, nee
Farm machinery and equipment
=====
(continued)
A-7
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
3524
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3541
3542
3545
3546
3548
3549
3553
3554
3555
3556
3559
3561
3563
3564
3565
Source Description
Lawn and garden equipment
Construction machinery
Mining machinery
Oil and gas field machinery
Elevators and moving stairways
Conveyors and conveying equipment
Hoists, cranes, and monorails
Industrial trucks and tractors
Machine tools, metal cutting types
Machine tools, metal forming types
Machine tool accessories
Power-driven handtools
Welding apparatus
Metalworking machinery, nee
Woodworking machinery
Paper industries machinery
Printing trades machinery
Food products machinery
Special industry machinery, nee
Pumps and pumping equipment
Air and gas compressors
Blowers and fans
Packaging machinery
(continued)
A-8
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
••••i
3566
Source Description
Speed changers, drives, and gears
3569
General industrial machinery, nee
3571
Electronic computers
3572
Computer storage devices
3579
Office machines, nee
3581
Automatic vending machines
3582
Commercial laundry equipment
3589
Service industry machinery, nee
3596
Scales and balances, exc. laboratory
3599
Industrial machinery, nee
3613
Switchgear and switchboard apparatus
3624
Carbon and Graphite Products
3625
Relays and industrial controls
3629
Electrical industrial apparatus, nee
3631
Household cooking equipment
3632
Household refrigerators and freezers
3633
Household laundry equipment
3634
Electric housewares and fans
3635
Household vacuum cleaners
3639
Household appliances, nee
3641
Electric lamps
3643
Current-carrying wiring devices
3644
Noncurrent-carrying wiring devices
(continued)
A-9
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
3645
3646
3647
3648
3651
3661
3669
3672
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3691
3694
3695
3699
3711
3715
3716
3724
3728
3731
Source Description
Residential lighting fixtures
Commercial lighting fixtures
Vehicular lighting equipment
Lighting equipment, nee
Household audio and video equipment
Telephone and telegraph apparatus
Communications equipment, nee
Printed circuit boards
Electronic capacitors
Electronic resistors
Electronic coils and transformers
Electronic connectors
Electronic components, nee
Storage batteries
Engine electrical equipment
Magnetic and optical recording media
Electrical equipment and supplies, nee
Motor vehicles and car bodies
Truck trailers
Motor homes
Aircraft engines and engine parts
Aircraft parts and equipment, nee
Ship building and repairing
(continued)
A-10
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
Source Description
Boat building and repairing
Railroad equipment
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts
Guided missiles and space vehicles
Space propulsion units and parts
Space vehicle equipment, nee
Travel trailers and campers
Tanks and tank components
Transportation equipment, nee
Search and navigation equipment
Laboratory apparatus and furniture
Process control instruments
Fluid meters and counting devices
Instruments to measure electricity
Analytical instruments
Optical instruments and lenses
Measuring and controlling devices, nee
Surgical and medical instruments
Surgical appliances and supplies
Photographic equipment and supplies
Watches, clocks, watchcases and parts
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
Silverware and plated ware
==^=^=^==—^=:
(continued)
A-ll
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
Source Description
^•HMMMM
Musical instruments
Games, toys, and children's vehicles
Sporting and athletic goods, nee
Pens and mechanical pencils
Lead pencils and art goods
Marking devices
Costume jewelry
Signs and advertising specialties
Burial caskets
Hard surface floor coverings, nee
Local and suburban transit
Special warehousing and storage, nee
Marine Cargo Handling
Water transportation services, nee
Air transportation, scheduled
Airports, flying fields, and services
Rental of railroad cars
Transportation services, nee
Electric Services
Gas production and/or distribution
Combination utilities, nee
Sewerage Systems
Refuse systems
(continued)
A-12
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
5021
5032.
5085
5113
5153
5169
5171
5172
5191
5198
5231
5541
5712
6512
7532
7538
7629
7641
7694
7699
8211
8221
8299
Source Description
Furniture
Brick, stone, and related materials
Industrial Supplies
Industrial and personal service paper
Grain and field beans
Chemicals and allied products, nee
Petroleum bulk stations and terminals
Petroleum products, nee
Farm supplies
Paints, varnishes, and supplies
Paint, glass, and wallpaper stores
Gasoline service stations
Furniture stores
Nonresidential building operators
Top and body repair and paint shops
General automotive repair shops
Electrical repair shops, nee
Reupholstery and furniture repair
Armature rewinding shops
Repair services, nee
Elementary and secondary schools
Colleges and universities
Schools and educational services, nee
(continued)
A-13
-------
TABLE A-l.
POTENTIAL SOURCE CATEGORIES OF MIXED XYLENE
EMISSIONS (continued)
SIC Code
8331
9199
9224
9511
9711
9999
Source Description
Job training and related services
General government, nee
Fire Protection
Air, water, and solid waste management
National security
Nonclassifiable establishments
Source:
Toxic Chemical Release Inventory (TRI), 1987-1990. On-line access through the databases.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
;
Crosswalk/Air Toxic Emission Factor Database Management System User's Manual, Version 1.2.
EPA-450/4-91-028. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park NC
October 1991.
Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Paniculate Matter (PM) Speciation Database Management
System Documentation and User's Guide, Version l-32a. Final Report. EPA Contract
No. 68-02-4286, Radian Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC. September 1990.
A-14
-------
-------
APPENDIX B
LISTS OF PAINT, INK, AND PRINTING FACILITIES WITH ANNUAL SALES
GREATER THAN $1 MILLION
B-l
-------
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION
Name
Aervoe-Pacific Co. Inc.
Address
PO Box 485, Gardnervffle NV 89410
Sales in
$ Millions
112
7*
Benjamin Moore & Co.
Bennette Paint Manufacturing Co
51 Chestnut Ridge Rd., Montvale NJ 07645
33*
370*
Blue Ridge Talc Co. Inc.
Brewer Chem Corp.
Brod-Dugan Co.
Bruiting Paint Co.
Burkes Paint Co. Inc.
Buten Paint & Wallpaper
Cabot Stains
Cal Western Paint Corp.
Calbar Inc.
California Products Corp.
Carbit Paint Co.
PO Box 39. Henry VA 24102
PO Box 48, Honolulu HI 96810
2145 Schuetz Rd, St. Louis MO 63146
601 S Haven, Baltimore, MD 21224
727 S 27th St, Washougal WA 98671
5000 Ridge Ave. Philadelphia PA 19128~
100 Hale St, Newburyport MA 01950^
11748 Slausori Ave, Santa Fe Spr CA 90670
2626 N Martha St, Philadelphia PA 19125
PO Box 569. Cambridge MA 02139
927 W Blackhawk St, Chicago IL 60622
(continued)
50
70
30
3
40
30
5
4
32
5
B-2
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FAOLITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Name
Caiboline Co.
Cardinal Color Co.
Cardinal Indus Finish Inc.
Century Chem Co.
Certified Coating Products
CF Jameson & Co. Inc.
Charles A Crosbie Labs Inc.
Chemical Technology Labs Inc.
Chemical Coating Corp.
Ciba-Geigy Corp. Drakenfeld Colors
Clement Coverall Inc.
CM Athey Paint Co.
Coatings & Chems Corp.
Colonial Refining & Chem Co.
Columbia Paint Corp.
Columbia Paint Co.
Colwell Gen Inc.
Commercial Chem Co. Inc.
Con-Lux Coatings Inc.
Cook & Dunn Paint Corp. Pure All Paint
Coatings Co.
Cook & Dunn Paint Corp.
Cook & Dunn Paint Corp. Adelphi
Coating
Cook Paint & Varnish Co.
Coronado Paint Co. Inc.
Cosan Chern Corp.
Cotter & Co. Gen Paint & Chem Co.
Courtlaulds Coatings USA Inc.
Cowman & Campbell
CPInc.
Crest Chem Indus Ltd.
Crosby Coatings Inc.
CWC Indus Inc.
Dalys Inc.
Dampney Co. Inc.
Daniel Products Co.
Davis Paint Co.
Address
350 Hanley Indus Ct, St. Louis MO 63144
50-56 1st St, Patersora NT 07524
1329 Potrero Ave, South El Mon CA 91733
5 Lawrence St, Bloomfield NJ 07003
2414 S Connor Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
PO Box 197, Bradford MA 01835
PO Box 3497, Van Nuys CA 91407
12150 S Alameda St, Lynwood CA 90262
7300 Crider Ave, Pico Rivera CA 90660
PO Box 519, Washington PA 15301
PO Box 557, Camden NJ 08101
1809 Bayard St, Baltimore MD 21230
3067 N Elston Ave, Chicago EL 60618
20575 Ctr Ridge Rd, Cleveland OH 44116
PO Box 2888, Huntington WV 25728
PO Box 4569, Spokane WA 99202
PO Box 329, Fort Wayne IN 46801
PO Box 2126, Santa Ana CA 92707
PO Box 847, Edison NJ 08818
700 Gotham Ave, Caristadt NJ 07072
700 Gotham Parkway, Carlstadt NJ 07072
700 Gotham Parkway, Carlstadt NJ 07072
PO Box 419389, Kansas City MO 64141
PO Box 308, Edgewater FL 32032
400 14th St, Carlstadt NJ 07072
201 Jandus Rd., Gary 1L 60013
PO Box 1439, Louisville, KY 40201
PO Box 70328, Seattle WA 98107
PO Box 333, Connersville IN 47331
PO Box 85, New Lenox IL 60451
PO Box 1038, Chico CA 95927
2686 Lisbon Rd, Cleveland OH 44104
3525 Stone Way N, Seattle WA 98103
85 Paris St, Everett MA 02149
400 Claremont Ave, Jersey City NJ 07304
1311 Iron St, Kansas City MO 64116
Sales in
$ Millions
65
7
18
5
1
1
1
3
3
28
4
6
5
3
5
17
20
4
25
8*
20
3
100
28
10*
120
160*
3
5
1*
6
5
5
4
20
13
(continued)
B-3
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Sales in
$ Millions
Address
700 Allston Way, Bericely CA 94702
Davlin Paint Co. Inc.
DC Franche & Co.
1401 W Wabansia Ave, Chicago IL 60622
De Boom Paint Co.
645 Texas St. San Francisco CA 94107
Dean & Bairy Co.
296 Marconi Blvd, Columbus OH 43215
Decratrend Paints
251 Mason Way, City of Indu CA 91746
17451 Von Karman Ave, Irvine CA 92714
Del Paint Corp.
3105 E Reno St, Oklahoma City OK 73117
Delrac Manufacturers of Bisonite Products
PO Box 764, Tonawanda NY 14151
PO Box 5030, Des Plaines IL 60017
Devoe & Raynolds Co.
PO Box 7600, Louisville KY 40207
Dexter Corp. Dexter Specialty Coatings
1 E Water St, Waukegan IL 60085
Diamond Products Co. Inc.
709 S 3rd Ave, Marshalltown IA 50158
DJ Simpson Co.
PO Box 2265, South San Francisco CA 94080
Dover Sales Co. Inc.
PO Box 2479, Berkeley CA 94702
Duncan Enterprises
PO Box 7827, Fresno CA 93747
Dunn Edwards Corp.
PO Box 30389, Los Angeles CA 90039
Dupli-Color Products Co.
1601 Nicholas Blvd, EDc Grove Vi IL 60007
84 Lister Ave. Newark NJ 07105
10406 Tucker St, BeltsviUe MD 20705
Dye Specialties Inc.
PO Box 1447, Secaucus NJ 07096
Egyptian Lacquer Manufacturing
PO Box 4449, Lafayette IN 47903
Ellis & Everard (US Holdings) Inc.
Prillaman Chem Corp.
PO Box 4024, Martinsville VA 24112
Elpaco Coatings Corp.
PO Box 447, Elkhart IN 46515
Emco Finishing Products Inc.
470 Cresent St, Jamestown NY 14701
Empire State Varnish Co,
38 Varick St, Brooklyn NY 11222
Environmental Coatings Inc.
6450 Hanna Lake SE, Caledonia MI 49316
5 Lawrence St, Bloomfield NJ 07003
Epoxy Coatings Co.
PO Box 1035, Union City CA 94587
Evans Paint Inc.
PO Box 4098, Roanoke VA 24015
Everseal Manufacturing Co. Inc.
475 Broad Ave, Ridgefield NJ 07657
Fabnonics Inc.
Route 130 S, Camargo IL 61919
200 Fischer Rd, Baltimore MD 21222
Farwest Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc
PO Box 68726, Tukwila WA 98168
Federated Paint Manufacturing Co.
882 S Normal St, Chicago IL 60616
Ferro Corp. Coatings Div.
PO Box 6550, Cleveland OH 44101
=====
(continued)
B-4
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FAdLITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Sales in
$ Millions
Address
PO Box 4187, Burbank'cTsJ'lSOS
Fiber-Resin Corp.
Fine Line Paint Coip.
12234 Los Nietos Rd, Santa Fe Spr CA 90670
Finishes Unlimited Inc.
PO Box 69, Sugar Grove IL 60554
Finnaien & Haley Inc.
2320 Haverfbrd Rd, Ardmore PA 19003
Flecto Co. Inc.
PO Box 12955, Oakland CA 94608
Frank W Dunne Co.
1007 41st St, Oakland CA 94608
Frazee Indus Inc.
PO Box 2471, San Diego CA 92112
Fredencks-Hansen Paint
PO Box 5638, San Bernardino CA 92408
Fuller O'Brien Corp.
450 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco CA 94080
Gilbert Spruance Co.
Richmond St & Tioga St, Philadelphia PA 19134
Given Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Ill N Piedras St, El Paso TX 79905
GJ Nikolas & Co. Inc.
2810 Washington Blvd, Bellwood IL 60104
Glidden Co. Eastern Region
PO Box 15049, Reading PA 19612
Glidden Co. Southwest Region
PO Box 566, Carrollton TX 7501]
Glidden Co. Resin Div.
1065 Glidden St NW, Atlanta GA 30318
Gloss-Flo Corp.
135 Jackson St, Brooklyn NY 11211
305 Eastern Ave, Chelsea MA 02150
Gordon Bartels Co.
2600 Harrison Ave, Rockford IL 61108
Graham Paint & Varnish Co.
4800 S Richmond St, Chicago EL 60632
Grow Group Lie. US Paint Div.
831 S 21st St, St Louis MO 63103
Grow Group Inc. Natl Aerosol Products Co
2193 E 14th St, Los Angeles CA 90021
Grow Group Inc.
200 Park Ave, New York NY 10166
Guardsman Products Inc.
3033 Orchard Vista Dr, Grand Rapids MI 49501
Guardsman Chems Inc.
13535 Monster Rd, Seattle WA 98178
H Behlen & Brother Inc.
Route 30 N Perth Rd, Amsterdam NY 12010
Hancock Paint & Varnish
109 Accord Dr, NorweE MA 02061
Hanna Ghent Coatings Inc.
PO Box 147, Columbus OH 43216
Harco Chem Coatings Inc.
208 DuPont St, Brooklyn NY 11222
Harrison Paint Corp.
O Box 8470,1'Canton OH 44711
Hamn Paint & Fillet
PO Box 116, Carlstadt NJ 07072
Hempel Coatings USA
201 Route 17 N, Rutherford NJ 07070
Hentzen Coatings Die.
6937 W MiU Rd, Milwaukee WI53218
Heresite Protective Coatings Inc.
PO Box 250, Manitowoc WI 54221
Hoboken Paint Co. Inc
40 Indus Rd, Lodi NJ 07644
O Box 777, Wausau WI 54401
Hy-Klas Paints Inc.
401 S 12th St, Louisville KY 40210
Hydrosol Inc.
407 S 77th Ave, Bridgeview IL 60455
(continued)
B-5
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Sales in
$ Millions
Name
ICI Americas Inc. ICI Paints
Address
925 Euclid Ave, Cleveland OH 44115
Illinois Bronze Paint Co.
300 E Main St, Lake Zurich IL 60047
Indurall Coatings Inc.
POBox 2371, Birmingham AL 35201
Industrial Coatings Intl.
7030 Quad Ave, Baltimore MD 21237
Insilco Corp. Sinclair Paint Co.
6100 S Garfield Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
International Paint Co. USA Inc.
6001 Antoine, Houston TX 77091
International Paint Co. USA Inc. Southwest
PO Box 920762, Houston TX 77292
International Coatings Co.
13929 E 166th St, Cerritos CA 90701
Irathane Syss Inc.
PO Box 276, Hibbing MN 55746
IVC Indus Coatings Inc.
PO Box 18163, Indianapolis IN 46218
J Landau & Co. Inc.
PO Box 135, Carlstadt NJ 07072
James B Day & Co.
Day Ln, Carpentersville IL 60110
James Bute Co.
PO Box 1819, Houston TX 77251
Jasco .Chem Corp.
PO Drawer J, Mountain View CA 94040
John L Armitage & Co.
1259 Route 46 E, Parsippany NJ 07054
Johnson Paints Inc.
PO Box 061319, Fort Myers FL 33906
Jones Blair Co. Oilman Paint &
PO Box 1257, Chattanooga TN 37401
Wallcovering Div.
Kalcor Coatings Co.
37721 Stevens, Willoughby OH 44094
Kaufman Products Inc.
1326 N Bentalov St, Baltimore MD 21216
Keeler & Long Inc.
PO Box 460, Watertown CT 06795
Celly-Moore Paint Co. Lie. Hurst Dh
301 W Hurst Blvd, Hurst TX 76053
Kelly-Moore Paint Co.
987 Commercial St, San Carlos CA 94070
King Fiber Glass Corp. Fiber Resin
366 W Nickerson St, Seattle WA 98119
Dmac Paint Inc.
1201 Osage St, Denver CO 80204
Kop-Coat Co. Inc.
480 Frelinghuysen Ave, Newark NJ 07114
Kop-Coat Co. Inc. Pettit Paint Co
6 Pine St, Rockaway NJ 07866
Coatings Inc.
201 E Market St, Louisville KY 40202
Kwal-Howells Inc.
PO Box 39-R, Denver CO 80239
L & H Paint Products Inc.
PO Box 7311, San Francisco CA 94120
Lasting Paints Inc.
PO Box 4428, Baltimore MD 21223
50 S Calverton Rd, Baltimore MD 21223
Lilly Chem Products Inc.
PO Box 188, Templeton MA 01468
Lilly Industrial Coatings Inc
33 S West St, Indianapolis, IN 46225
Lily Co. Inc.
POBox 2358, High Point NC 27261
Linear Dynamics Inc.
00 Lanidex Plz. Parsippany NJ 07054
(continued)
B-6
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Name
Lyle Van Patten Co. Inc.
MA Bruder & Sons Inc.
Maas,& WaJdstein Co.
MAS Paints Inc.
Magruder Color Co. Inc. Radiant Color Div.
Major Paint Co.
Mansfield Paint Co. Inc.
Martec Inc.
Martm-Senour Co.
Mautz Paint Co.
McCormick Paint Works Co.
McWhorter-McCloskey Inc.
Mercury Paint Co. Inc.
Mid-States Paint Co.
Midwest Lacquer Manufacturing Co.
Midwest Paint Manufacturing Co.
Millmastcr Onyx Group Inc. Mantrose-
Haeuser Co.
Mobile Paint Manufacturing Co.
Mohawk Finishing Products
Moline Paint Manufacturing Co.
Moling Paint Manufacturing
Monarch Paint Co.
Morton Intl Inc. Norris Paint/TMT
Muralo Co. Inc.
Muralo Co. Inc. Olympic Paint & Chem
Co.
N Siperstein Inc.
National Paint Co. Inc.
National Lacquer & Paint Co.
Nelson Tech Coatings Inc.
New York Bronze Powder Co. Inc.
Niks Chem Paint Co.
Norton & Son Inc.
Nu-Brite Chem Co. Inc. Kyanize Paints
O'Brien Corp.
O'Brien Corp. Powder Coatings Div.
O'Brien Corp. Southeast Region
fcl~~ ' ' ' --•"••• i ^^EBBS . i "1" • —
Address
321 W 135th St, Los Angeles CA 90061
PO Box 600, Broomall PA 19008
2121 McCarter Highway, Newark NJ 07104
630 N 3rd St, Terre Haute IN 47808
PO Box 4019, Richmond CA 94804
4300 W 190th St, Torrance CA 90509
169 W Longview Ave, Mansfield OH 44905
760 Aloha St, Seattle WA 98109
101 Prospect Ave, Cleveland OH 44115
PO Box 7068, Madison WI 53707
2355 Lewis Ave, RockvUle, MD 20851
5501 E Slauson Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
14300 Schaefer Highway, Detroit Mt 48227
9315 Watson Indus Park, St. Louis MO 63126
9353 Seymour Ave, Schiller Par IL 60176
2313 W River Rd N, Minneapolis MN 55411
500 Post Rd E, Westport CT 06880
4775 Hamilton Blvd. Theodore AL 36582
Route 30 N, Amsterdam NY 12010
5400 23rd Ave, Moline IL 61265
5400 23rd Ave, Moline IL 61265
PO Box 55604, Houston TX 77255
PO Box 2023, Salem OR 97308
PO Box 455, Bayonne NJ 07002
5928 S Garfield Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
415 Montgomery St, Jersey City NJ 07302
3441 E 14th St, Los Angeles CA 90023
7415 S Green St, Chicago IL 60621
2147 N Tyler Ave, South El Mon CA 91733
519 Dowd Ave, Elizabeth NJ 07201
PO Box 307, Niles MI 49120
148 E 5th St, Bayonne NJ 07002
2nd & Boston St, Everett MA 02149
450 E Grand Ave, South San Francisco CA 94080
5300 Sunrise Rd, Houston TX 77021
PO Box 864, Brunswick GA 31521
(continued) ~ ~
Sales in
$ Millions
3
140*
15
32
30
65
2
3
44*
19
18*
5
18
3
5
2
15
45
35*
17
125
29*
5
42
2*
40
3
2
2
30
16*
15*
20
150*
40
11*
===
B-7
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Sales in
$ Millions
Name
Old Quaker Paint Co.
Address
2209 S Main St, SantaAnTcA 92707
Orelite Chem Coatings
62 Woolsey St, Irvington NJ 0711]
Pacific Coast Lacquer Co. Inc.
3150 E Pico Blvd, Los Angeles CA 90023
Palmer Paint Products Inc.
PO Box 1058, Troy MI 48099
Pan Chem Corp.
1 Washington Ave, Hawthorne NJ 07506
Paragon Paint & Varnish Corp.
5-49 46th Ave, Long Island NY 11101
Parker Paint Manufacturing Co.
PO Box 11047, Tacoma WA 9841]
PO Box 5, Somerset MA 02726
Parks Paint & Varnish Co. Inc.
660 Tonnelle Ave, Jersey City NJ 07307
500 Broadway, Watervliet NY 12189
Pave-Mark Corp.
PO Box 94108, Atlanta GA 30318
PavePrep Corp.
141 Central Ave, Westfield NJ 07090
Penn Color Inc.
400 Old Dublin Pike, Doylestown PA 18901
Pentagon Chem & Paint Co.
24 Woodward Ave, Ridgewood NY 11385
16*
Perfection Paint & Color Co.
715 E Maryland St, Indianapolis IN 46202
6*
Performance Coatings Inc.
PO Box 1569, Ukiah CA 95482
Perry & Derrick Co.
2510 Highland Ave. Cincinnati OH 45212
15
Pervo Paint Co.
6624 Stanford Ave. Los Angeles CA 90001
13
PFI Incorporated-Paints for Industry
921 Santa Fe Springs Rd, Santa Fe Spr CA 90670
Pierce & Stevens Corp.
710 Ohio St, Buffalo NY 14203
50
Plasti-Kote Co. Inc.
PO Box 708, Medina OH 44258
50
Plasticolors Inc.
2600 Michigan Ave, Ashtabula OH 44004
17
Plextone Corp. of America
2141 McCarter Highway, Newark NJ 07104
PMC Inc. Gen Plastics Div.
55-T La France Ave, Bloomfield NJ 07003
Ponderosa Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
PO Box 5466, Boise ID 83705
10
Porter Paint Co.
PO Box 1439, Louisville KY 40201
121
Potter Paint Co. Inc.
*O Box 265, Cambridge Ci IN 47327
PPG Indus Architectual Finishes Inc.
PPG Indus Inc. Automotive Products Group
Pratt & Lambert Inc. ~ ~
2233 112th Ave NE, BeUevue WA 98004
PO Box 3510, Troy MI 48007
Pratt & Lambert Inc. Western Div.
'5 Tonawanda St, Buffalo NY 14207
Premier Coatings Inc.
*O Box 668, Marysville CA 95901
Preservative Paint Co. Inc.
2250 Arthur Ave. Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
Pro-Line Paint Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Proctor Paint & Varnish ~~
5410 Airport Way S, Seattle WA 98108
.646 Main St, San Diego CA 92113
Progress Paint Manufacturing Co.
Pruett-Schaffer Chem Co.
8 Wells Ave, Yonkers NY 10701
PO Box 33188. Louisville KY 40232
PO Box 4350, Pittsburgh PA 15204
—=^=^=
(continued)
110*
20*
246
7*
20
10
B-8
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Name
Pyrolac Corp.
Quality Coatings Inc.
Rafii & Swanson Inc.
Randolph Products Co.
Red Spot Paint Varnish Co. Red Spot
Westland Inc.
Red Spot Paint Varnish Co.
Reliable Coatings Inc.
Republic Clear Thru Corp.
Republic Powdered Metals Inc.
Riley Bros Inc.
River Valley Coatings Inc.
Riverside Labs Inc.
RJ McGlennon Co. Inc.
Roymal Inc.
RPMlhc.
Rudd Co. Inc.
Rust-Oleum Corp.
Rutland Fire Clay Co.
Sampson Paint Manufacturing Co.
Sampson Coatings Die.
Sandstrom Products Co.
Saxon Paint & Home Care Centers Inc.
Dreeblan Paint Co.
Schalk Chems Inc.
Scott Paint Corp.
Seagrave Coatings Corp. Clover Leaf Paint
& Varnish
Seaside Inc.
Seibert-Oxidermo Inc.
SEM Products Inc.
Sentry Paint Technologies Inc.
Seymour of Sycamore Inc.
Sheboygan Paint Co.
Sheffield Bronze Paint Corp.
Sherwin-Williams Co.
Sherwin-Williams Co. Automotive Div.
Sherwin-Williams Co. Consumer Div.
Address
55 Schoon Ave, Hawthorne NJ 07506
1700 N State, Chandler IN 47610
100 Eames St, Wilmington MA 01887
Park Place E, Carlstadt NJ 07072
550 S Edwin St, Westland MI 48185
PO Box 418, Evansville IN 47703
13108 Euless St, Euless TX 76040
211 63rd St, Brooklyn NY 11220
PO Box 777, Median OH 44258
860 Washington Ave, Burlington IA 52601
PO Box 580, Aurora IL 60507
411 Union St, Geneva IL 60134
198 Utah St, San Francisco CA 94103
Route 103, Newport NH 03773
PO Box 777, Medina OH 44258
1630 15th Ave W, Seattle WA 98 1 19
11 Hawthorne Parkway, Vemon Hills IL 60061
PO Box 340, Rutland VT 05702
1900 Ellen Rd, Richmond VA 23224
PO Box 6625, Richmond VA 23230
218 S High, Port Byron IL 61275
3729 W 49th St, Chicago EL 60632
2400 Vauxhall Rd, Union NJ 07083
5940 Palmer Blvd. Sarasota FL 34232
320 Paterson Plank Rd, Carlstadt NJ 07072
PO Box 2809, Long Beach CA 90801
6455 Strong Ave, Detroit MI 48211
120 Sem Ln, Belmont CA 94002
237 Mill St, Darby PA 19023
917 Crosby Ave, Sycamore IL 60178
PO Box 417, Sheboygan WI 53082
17814 S. Waterloo Rd, Cleveland OH 44119
101 Prospect Ave NW, Cleveland OH 44115
101 Prospect Ave NW, Cleveland OH 44115
101 Prospect Ave NW, Cleveland OH 44115
(continued) a~
Sales in
$ Millions
^^~4*"\
2
15
9
15
56
14*
6
15
3
2*
3*
3
4
380
10
89
2
42
9
7
15*
7
16*
14*
3
11
7
10
10
12
3
2,124
160
170*
II
B-9
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Sales in
$ Millions
Address
1450 Sherwin Ave, Oakland CA 94608
Sherwin-Williams Co. Oakland
Sherwin-Williams Co. Chem Coatings Div
11541 S Champlain Ave, Chicago IL 60628
Sigma Coatings Co.
PO Box 816, Harvey LA 70059
Smiland Paint Co.
620 Lamar St, Los Angeles CA 90031
Snyder Bros Co.
PO Box 760, Toccoa GA 30577
Southern Coatings Inc.
PO Box 160, Sumter SC 29151
Southwestern Petroleum Corp.
PO Box 961005, Fort Worth TX 76161
Spate Paints Inc.
1439 Hanley Industrial Ct, St. Louis MO 63144
Specialty Coating & Chem
7360 Varna Ave, North Hollywood CA 91605
Spectra-Tone Paint Corp.
9635 Klingerman St, South El Mon CA 91733
Spraylat Corp. Los Angeles
3465 S La Cienega, Los Angeles CA 90016
401 Berlin St, East Berlin CT 06023
Standard Detroit Paint Co.
8225 Lyndon Ave, Detroit MI 48238
Standard T Chem Co. Inc.
290 E Joe Orr Rd, Chicago Heights EL 60411
Star Finishing Products Inc.
360 Shore Dr, Hinsdale IL 60521
Star Bronze Co.
PO Box 2206, Alliance OH 44601
Coating Corp.
461 Broad Ave, Ridgefield NJ 07657
Steelcote Manufacturing Corp.
3418 Gratiot St, St. Louis MO 63103
Sterling Twelve Star Paint
PO Box 791, Little Rock AR 72203
Sterling-Clark-Lurton
184 Commercial St, Maiden MA 02148
Stevens Paint Corp.
38 Wells Ave, Yonkers NY 10701
POBox 308, Maple Shade NJ 08052
Strathmore Products Inc.
1970 W Fayette St, Syracuse NY 13204
Sullivan Coatings Inc.
410 N Hart St, Chicago IL 60622
Sunnyside Corp
225 Carpenter Ave, Wheeling IL 60090
Superior Varnish & Drier Co.
POBox 1310, Merchantville NJ 08109
Superior Sealants Inc.
1135 Sylvan SW, Atlanta GA 30310
2650 Pomona Blvd, Pomona CA 91768
Technical Coatings Laboratory Inc
Technical Coatings Inc.
Technical Coatings Co.
Tenax Finishing Products
Tera Lite Inc.
PO Box 565, Avon CT 06001
PO Box 3337, Austin TX 78764
1000 Walsh Ave, Santa Clara CA 95050
390 Adams St, Newark NJ 07114
1631 S 10th St, San Jose Ca 95112
620 Buckbee St, Rockford IL 61106
Thompson & Formby Inc.
Ti-Kromatic Paints Inc.
825 Crossover Ln, Memphis TN 38117
2492 Doswell Ave, St Paul MN 55108
Tnemec Co. Lie.
PO Box 411749. Kansas City MO 64141
(continued)
B-10
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851} WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Name
Touraine Paints Inc.
Tower Paint Manufacturing
Trail Chem Corp.
Triangle Coatings Inc.
United Paint & Chem Corp.
United Coatings Inc.
United Paint Co.
United Gilsonite Labs
Universal Paint Corp.
Universal Chems & Coatings Inc.
Universe Paint Co.
Valspar Corp. MCI Quality Coatings
Valspar Corp. Colony Paints Div.
Valspar Corp.
Valspar Corp. Masury Paint Co.
Vanex Color Inc.
VJ Dolan & Co. Lie.
Vogel Paint & Wax Inc. Marvin Paints Inc.
Vogel Paint & Wax Inc.
Voplex Corp. AUerton Chem Div.
Waterlox Chem & Coatings Corp.
Watson-Standard Co. Jordan Paint
Manufacturing Co.
Watson-Standard Co.
Wattyl Group Precision Paint Group
WC Richards Co. Inc.
Welco Manufacturing Co. Inc.
Wellborn Paint Manufacturing Co.
Western Automotive Finishes
Westfield Coatings Corp.
Westinghouse Elec Corp. Insulating
Materials Div.
Whittaker Corp. Whittaker Decatur Coatings
William Zinsser & Co.
Wiltech Corp.
Wisconsin Protective Coatings Corp.
WM Barr & Co. Inc.
Yenkin Majestic Paint Corp.
Address
1760 Revere Beach Parkway, Everett MA 02149
620 W 27th St, Hialeah FL 33010
9904 Gidley St, El Monte CA 91731
1930 Fairway Dr, San Leandro CA 94577
24671 Telegraph Rd, Southfield ME 48034
2850 Festival Dr, Kankakee EL 60901
404 E Mallory, Memphis TN 38109
PO Box 70, Scranton PA 18501
PO Box 1218, La Puente CA 91749
1975 Fox Ln, Elgin IL 60123
PO Box 668, Marysville CA 95901
6110 Gunn Highway, Tampa FL 33625
PO Box 418037, Kansas City MO 64141
1101 S 3rd St, Minneapolis MN 55415
1401 Severn St, Baltimore MD 21230
1700 Shawnee St, Mount Vemon IL 62864
1830 N Laramie Ave, Chicago IL 60639
2100 N 2nd St, Minneapolis MN 55411
Industrial Air Park Rd., Orange City IA 51041
763 Linden Ave, Rochester NY 14625
9808 Meech Ave, Cleveland OH 44105
7250 Franklin St, Forest Park IL 60130
PO Box 11250, Pittsburgh PA 15238
5275 Peachtree, Atlanta GA 30341
3555 W 123rd St, Blue Island IL 60406
1225 Ozark St, North Kansas MO 64116
215 Rossmoor Rd SW, Albuquerque NM 87102
1450 Ave R, Grand Prairi TX 75050
PO Box 815, Westfiled MA 01086
Route 993, Manor PA 15665
PO Box 2238, Decatur AL 35602
31 Belmont Dr, Somerset NJ 08873
PO Box 517, Longview WA 98632
PO Box 216, Green Bay WI 54305
PO Box 1879, Memphis TN 38113
PO Box 369004, Columbus OH 43236
Sales in
$ Millions
17
10
4
5
11*
65
25
22*
20
10
3*
12
15
527
8
4
5
8*
100
1
4
4
29*
15
15*
10
15
17*
7
15
12*
16
2
10
95
80
(continued)
B-ll
-------
TABLE B-l.
PAINT AND ALLIED PRODUCTS FACILITIES (SIC 2851) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Name
Zehrung Corp
Address
3273 Casitas Ave, Los Angeles CA 90039
Sales in
$ Millions
•••
2*
Zolatone Process Inc.
ZPC Indus Coatings Inc.
3411 E 15th St, Los Angeles CA 90023
120 E Minereal St. Milwaukee WI53204
Zyndlyte Products Co.
PO Box 6244, Carson CA 90749
25
* Indicates an estimated financial figure.
Source: Gale Research, Inc. Ward's Business Directory of U.S. Private and Public Companies-1991, Volume 4
Detroit, MI. 1991.
B-12
-------
TABLE B-2.
PRINTING INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES (SIC 2893) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION
Name
Acme Printing Ink Co. Packaging Inc. Corp.
Acme Printing Ink Co.
AJ Daw Printing Ink Co.
American Inks & Coatings Corp.
Autotoll Machine Coip.
BASF Corp. Coatings & Colorants Div.
Bomark Inc.
Borden Inc. Coatings & Graphics Group
Braden Sutphin Ink Co.
Celia Corp.
Central Ink & Chem
Colonial Printing Ink Corp
Converters Ink Co.
Crodalnks Corp.
Custom Chem Corp.
Del Val Ink & Color Co. Inc.
Excello Color & Chem
Flint Ink Corp.
Flint Ink Corp. Capitol Printing Ink
Flint Ink Corp.
Cans Ink & Supply Co. Inc.
Gotham Ink & Color Co. Inc.
Graphic Color Corp.
Handschy Ink & Chems Inc.
Ink Masters Inc.
James River Corp. of Virginia CZ Inks Div.
JM Huber Corp. Carbon Div.
Kerlcy Ink Engineers Inc.
Kohl & Madden Printing Ink Corp.
Lakeland Laboratory Inc. Alfa Ink Div.
Lakeland Laboratory Inc.
Lawter Intl Inc.
Merit Printing Inc. Co.
Address
5001 S Mason Ave, Chicago IL 60638
165 Bond St, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
3559 S Greenwood Ave, Los Angeles CA 90040
PO Box 803, Valley Forge PA 19482
11 River St, Middleton MA 01949
1255 Broad St, Clifton NJ 07015
601 S 6th Ave, City of Indu CA 91746
630 Glendale - Milford, Cincinnati OH 45215
3650 E 93rd St, Cleveland OH 44105
320 Union St, Sparta MI 49345
1100 N Harvester Rd, West Chicago IL 60185
180 E Union Ave, East Rutherford NJ 07073
1301 S Park Ave, Linden NJ 07036
7777 N Merrimac, Niles EL 60648
30 Paul Kohner PI, Elmwood Park NJ 07407
1301 Taylors Ln, Riventon NJ 08077
1446 W Kinzie St, Chicago IL 60622
25111 Glendale Ave, Detroit MI 48234
806 Channing PI NE, Washington DC 20018
1404 4th St, Berkeley CA 94710
1441 Boyd St, Los Angeles CA 90033
5-19 47th Ave, Long Island NY 11101
750 Arthur Ave, Elk Grove Vi EL 60007
120 25th Ave, Bellwood IL 60104
2842 S 17th Ave, Broadview IL 60153
4150 Carr Ln, St Louis MO 63119
9300 Needlepoint Rd, Baytown TX 77521
2839 19th Ave, Broadview IL 60153
222 Bridge Plz Sq, Hackensack NJ 07601
655 Washington Ave, Carlstadt NJ 07072
655 Washington Ave, Carlstadt NJ 07072
990 Skokie Blvd, Northbrook EL 60062
1451 S Lorena St, Los Angeles CA 90023
Sales in
$ Millions
100
140*
13
15
12
105*
3
17*
25
15
9
17
16*
32*
40
5
84*
235
23
30*
18
4
18
30
3
28
18*
4*
45
2*
3
136
4*
(continued)
B-13
-------
TABLE B-2.
PRINTING INK MANUFACTURING FACILITIES (SIC 2893) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Name
Midland Color Co.
Address
651 Bonnie Ln, Elk Grove Vi IL 60007
Sales in
$ Millions
•Mi
85
Miller-Cooper Co.
1601 Prospect Ave, Kansas City MO 64127
Morrison Printing Ink Co.
4801 W 160th St, Cleveland OH 44135
14*
Naz-Dar Co.
1087 N Northbranch St. Chicago IL 60622
15*
Nor-Cote Ihtl Inc.
PO Box 668, Crawfordsville IN 47933
North American Printing Ink
1524 David Rd, Elgin EL 60123
14
Northern Printing Ink Corp.
8360 10th Ave N. Minneapolis MN 55427
Polypore Inc.
4601 S 3rd Ave, Tucson AZ 85714
10
Polytex Color & Chem
820 E 140th St, Bronx NY 10454
PPG Indus Inc. PPG Ink Products Co.
1835 Airport Exchange Blvd, Covington KY 41018
15
Rexart Chem Corp.
1183 Westside Ave, Jersey City NJ 07306
6*
Ron Ink Co. Inc.
61 Halstead St, Rochester NY 14610
Sicpa Indus of America Inc.
8000 Research Way. Springfield VA 22153
25
Sinclair & Valentine LP
2520 Pilot Knob Rd, St. Paul MN 55120
186
Sun Chem Corp.
PO Box 1302, Fort Lee NJ 07024
1,100
Sun Chem Corp. Gen. Printing Ink Div.
135 W Lake St, Northlake IL 60164
410*
Superior Printing Ink Co. Inc.
70 Bethune St, New York NY 10014
50
United States Printing Ink Corp. Leber Ink
Div.
PO Box 88700, Seattle WA 98138
United Stales Printing Ink Corp.
343 Murray Hill Pkwy, East Rutherford NJ 07073
65
Van Son Holland Corp. of America
92 Union St, Mineola NY 11501
42
Vivitone Inc.
110 E 27th St, Paterson NJ 07514
Walter W Lawrence
9715 Alpaca St, South El Mon CA 91733
Wikoff Color Corp.
*Indicates an estimated financial figure.
Source: Gale Research, Inc. Ward's Business
Detroit, MI. 1991.
PO Box W, Fort Mill SC 29715
Directory ofU.S. Private and Public Companies-1991, Volume 4.
B-14
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION
Company
(SIC 2711) Newspapers
Advance Publications Inc.
Affiliated Publications Inc.
Chicago Tribune Co.
Cox Enterprises Inc.
Dow Jones & Co. Inc.
EW Scripps Co.
Freedom Newspapers Inc.
Gannett Co. Inc.
Hearst Coip.
Ingersoll Publications Co.
Knight-Ridder Inc.
Media Gen Inc.
New Yoik Times Co.'
News America Publishing Inc.
Thomson Newspapers Corp.
Times Miiro Co.
Tribune Co.
Location
Staten Island, NY
Boston, MA
Chicago, IL
Atlanta, GA
Washington, DC
Wilmington, DE
Irvine,.CA
Arlington, VA
New York, NY
Princeton, NJ
Miami, FL
Richmond, VA
New York, NY
New York, NY
Des Plaines, IL
Los Angeles, CA
Chicago, IL
(SIC 2721) Periodicals
ABC Publishing
Billboard Publications Inc.
BPI Communications Inc.
Cahners Publishing Co. New York Magazine Div.
Chflton Co.
CMP Publications Inc.
Conde Nast Publications Inc.
New York, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
New York, NY
Radnor, PA
Manhasset,NY
New York, NY
Sales in
$ Millions
2,200*
542
500
1,970
.1.444
1,266
500
3,518
1,900*
1,010*
2,268
606
1,769
3,000
550*
3,475
2,455
310*
100
105
102
150
187*
280*
(continued)
B-15
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FAOLniES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Company
Grain Communicating Inc.
Sales in
$ Millions
Diamonds Communications Inc.
Edgell Communications Inc.
Forbes Inc.
International Data Group Inc.
Meredith Corp.
Meredith Corp. Ladies' Home Journal
National Enquirer Inc.
National Geographic Soc.
Newsweek Inc.
Official Airline Guides Inc.
Penthouse IntL Ltd.
Penton Publishing Inc. .
Peterson Publishing Co.
Playboy Enterprises Inc.
Reader's Digest Assn. Inc.
Reed Publishing (USA) Inc. Cahners Publishing
Co.
Reed Publishing (USA) Inc.
Rodale Press Inc.
Scholastic Inc.
Simon & Shuster Inc. Bur of Bus Practice
Standard & Poor's Corp.
Thompson Corp. Thompson Bus. Info.
Time Inc. Magazine Co.
Times Mirror Magazines Inc.
(continued)
B-16
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FAOLITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Company
•••
Trader Publications Inc.
Location
Clearwater, FL
US News & World Report Inc.
Warren Gorham & Lament Inc.
New York, NY
New York, NY
Whittle Communications Inc.
Knoxville, TN
ZifF Communications Co.
New York, NY
Ziff Communications Co. Zif-Davis Publishing
Co.
New York, NY
(SIC 2731) Book Publishing
Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Reading, MA
Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc.
New York, NY
David C. Cook Publishing Co.
Elgin, IL
100
Encyclopedia Britannica Inc.
Chicago, EL
624
Field Publications
Middletown, CT
100*
Grolier Inc.
Danbury, CT
440*
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
Orlando, FL
1,341
Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
New York, NY
450
Houghton Mifflin Co.
Boston, MA
370
Insilco Corp.
Midland, TX
450*
John Wiley & Sons Inc.
New York, NY
282
Lawyers Co-Operative Publishing Co. Inc.
Rochester, NY
150*
Macmillan Inc.
New York, NY
950*
Macmillan Inc. Info Svcs & Instruction
New York, NY
MacMillan IntL Inc.
New York, NY
Macmillan-McGraw-Hm School Publishing Co.
School Div.
New York, NY
(continued)
B-17
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Company
•••MB
Macmillian-McGraw-Hill School Publishing Co.
Lake Forest, DL
McGraw-Hill Inc. McGraw-Hill Intl Book Group
New York, NY
Mosby Year Book Inc.
St. Louis, MO
Prentice Hall Inc.
New York, NY
Putnam Publishing Group, Inc.
New York, NY
Rand McNally & Co.
Random House, Inc.
New York, NY
RR Donnelley •& Sons Co. Willard Div.
Simon & Schuster Inc.
New York, NY
South-Western Publishing Co.
Cincinnati, OH
Sunday School Bd of the Southern Baptist
Convention
Nashville, TN
Time-Life Books Inc.
Alexandria, VA
West Publishing Co.
SLPaul, MN
.Western Publishing Group Inc.
World Book Inc.
Zondervan Corp.
Grand Rapids, MI
(SIC 2732) Book Printing
Arcata Graphics Co. Arcata Graphics Book Group
Kingsport, TN
Menasha, WI
Bertelsmann Printing & Mfg. Corp.
Berryville, VA
Brown Printing Co. (Waseca Minnesota)
Waseca,MN
Great Lakes Color Printing Corp.
Harper & Row Publishers
Brentwood, TN
New York, NY
====
(continued)
B-18
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Company
Jostens Lie. Printing & Publishing Div.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co.
Location
Minneapolis, MN
Chicago, IL
Sales in
$ Millions
121
. 3,122
(SIC 2741) Misc Publishing
Commerce Clearing House Inc.
Donnelley Directory
GTE Telephone Operations Inc. GTE Directories
Corp.
McGraw-Hill Info. Svcs. Co.
'NYNEX Info Resources Co.
RL Polk & Co.
Simplicity Holdings, Inc.
Simplicity Pattern Co.
Southwestern Bell Yellow Pages Inc.
Southwestern Bell Publications Lie.
U.S. West Direct (U.S. West Marketing
Resources Group Inc.)
Wonderland Music Co. Inc.
Riverwoods, IL
New York, NY
Dallas-Fort, TX
New Yo±, NY
Middleton, MA
Detroit, MI
New York, NY
New York, NY
St. Louis, MO
St. Louis, MO
Aurora, CO
Burbank, CA
678
1,300*
360*
668
800
280
110*
101
240*
280*
160*
200*
(SIC 2752) Commercial Printing-Lithographic
American Signature Graphics Foote & Davies
Div.
American Bank Stationary Co.
Avery Intl Corp. Avery Label Co.
Graphic Controls Corp.
Graphisphere Corp.
HS Crocker Co. Inc.
Judd's Lie.
NMGInc.
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD
Azusa, CA
Buffalo, NY
Des Plaines, IL
South San Francisco, CA
Washington, DC
Los Angeles, CA
195
110*
110*
140
110
140*
114
105
(continued)
B-19
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
II — —
Company
^^^^^^^^^^^^'^^^'^••'^•^••^••^••••••M
Perry Printing Corp.
Quebecor Printing (USA) Inc.
Queens Group Inc.
Ringlet America Inc.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co. Mattoon Mfg. Div.
RR Donnelley & Sons Co. Lancaster Mfg. Div.
Ishea Communications Co.
Taylor Corp.
Treasure Chest Advertising Co. Inc.
Valassis Inserts Inc.
World Color Press Inc.
(SIC 2754) Commercial Printing-Gravure
All-State Legal Supply Co.
Arcata Graphics Co.
Beck Co. (Langhorne Pennsylvania)
Clark Printing Co. Inc.
ColorArt Inc.
Dennison Mfg. Co. IPC Dennison Co.
Dinagraphics Inc.
Golden Belt Mfg. Co.
• ss^ssss^sss^sss
Location
«•••—«••••«•••«
Waterloo, WI
St. Paul, MN
Long Island, NY
Itasca,IL
Mattoon, JL
Lancaster, PA
Louisville, KY
Mankato, MN
Glendora, CA
Livonia, MI
Effingham, IL
Cranford, NJ
Baltimore, MD
W, Langhorne, PA
North Kansas, MO
St. Louis, MO
Rogersville, TN
Cincinnati, OH
Durham MP
=^====
Sales in
$ Millions
M^HiMMf^Kl
175
770 ||
100 I
700 1
'110* |
190* )
120 1
540* 1
550* 1
400* 1
650 I
• , if
43
500* I
10 I
14* |[
30
60 I
" HI
Graphic Ctr. Cos. Inc. Blake Printery
International Label Co.
Maxwell Communications Corp. Atglen
McCleery-Cumming Co.
JWFergusson & Sons
Washington, IA
~~~
(continued)
B-20
-------
TABLE B-3.
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Company
Meredith-Burda Corp.
Perry Printing Corp. Norway Div.
Printing House Inc. (Qirincy Florida)
Ringier America Inc. Corinth Div.
Sheridan Press
Southern Gravure Svc. Inc.
Stevens Graphics Inc.
Technographic Inc. Decotone
World Color Press Inc. Salem Gravure Div.
Location
Des Moines, IA
Norway, MI
Quincy, FL
Corinth, MS
Hanover, PA
Louisville, KY
Atlanta, GA
Lexington, SC
Salem, IL
Sales in
$ Millions
500
25*
24
80
15
58*
150
30
80
(SIC 2759) Commercial Printing Nee
Alden Press Inc.
Avery Intl. Corp. Soabar Products Group
Bowne & Co. Inc.
Curtis 1000 Inc.
Data Documents Inc. (Omaha)
Deluxe Corp.
Duplex Products Inc.
Graphic Indus. Inc.
John H. Harland Co.
Maxwell Commun Corp.
Meehan-Tooker Inc.
Quad Graphics Inc.
RR DonneUey & Sons Co. Warsaw Mfg. Div.
Webcraft Technologies Inc.
Williamhouse-Regency Inc.
Elk Grove Village, IL
Philadelphia, PA
New York, NY
Atlanta, GA
Omaha, NE
St. Paul, MN
Sycamore, IL
Atlanta, GA
Atlanta, GA
St. Paul, MN
East Rutherford, NJ
Pewaukee, WI
Warsaw, IN
North Brunswick, NJ
New York, NY
170*
100*
190
160*
200
1,316
327
310
345
720*
110
380
160*
220*
230
(continued)
B-21
-------
TABLE B-3
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING FACILITIES (SIC 27) WITH
ANNUAL SALES GREATER THAN $1 MILLION (continued)
Company
•^••^•—••••••••••••••••••••M
World Color Press Inc. Spartan Printing Co.
(SIC 2761) Manifold Business Forms
Allied Paper Inc. Allied-Energy Syss Inc.
American Bus Products Inc.
Arnold Corp.
CST Group Inc.
Ennis Bus. Forms Inc.
McGregor Printing Corp.
Moore Corp. Ltd. Moore Bus. Forms & Syss.
Div.
New England Bus. Svc. Inc.
Office Electronic Inc.
Standard Register Co.
Uarco Inc.
Vanier Graphics Corp. (American Bus. Products
Inc.)
Wallace Computer Svcs. Inc.
=========================================
Location
«i^— — — »^^.
Sparta, IL
Dayton, OH
Atlanta, GA
Dayton, OH
Wheeling, IL
Ennis, TX
Washington, DC
Glenview, IL
Groton, MA
Itasca, IL
Dayton, OH
Barrington, IL
Santee, CA
Hillside, IL
"•
Sales in
$ Millions
— — — -
100*
130*
387 1
—
200
110 1
130 1
125 1
1,675 I
226
105
709
520* 1
133
429 j
(SIC 2771) Greeting Cards
American Greetings Corp.
American Greetings Corp. Seasonal Div.
Current Inc. (Colorado Springs Colorado)
Gibson Greetings Inc.
Hallmark Cards Inc.
Hallmark Cards Inc. Topeka Products
"™"""^ZSSSSS^SSS^^SS^^S
* Indicates an estimated financial figure
Cleveland, OH
Oscoola, AR
Cincinnati, OH
Kansas City, MO
Topeka, KS
H
ings, CO
H
MO
gg-'i' "•' '
1,309
110
160
463
2,500
120*
PriVate md Public Companies-1991, Volume 4.
B-22
-------
-------
APPENDIX C
XYLENE SOURCE CATEGORIES IN SURFACE COATING OPERATIONS
C-l
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-------
REFERENCES FOR APPENDIX C
1.
2. .
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. VOC Pollution Prevention Options for the
Surface Coating Industry. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Procedures from the Preparation of Emission
Inventories for Carbon Monoxide and Precursors of Ozone, Volume I, EPA-450/4-91-016
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Stationary Source Compliance Division.
Recordkeeping Guidance Document for Surface Coating Operations and the Graphic Arts
Industry, EPA-340/1 -88-003. Washington, DC. December 1968.
Ron Joseph and Associates, Inc. Environmental and Coatings Training Program.
Workbook for presentation by Ron Joseph to EPA Region 1. September 2 and 3, 1987.
The Bureau of National Affairs, "Control Technologies" Air Pollution Control- BNA
Policy and Practice Series. Washington, DC. 1992.
Alliance Technologies. VOC Control Policy in the United States: An Overview of
Programs and Regulations. December 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Emissions from Existing
Stationary Sources. Volume 11: Surface Coating of Large Appliances EPA-450/2-77-
034. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1977
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Industrial Surface Coating: Appliances -
Backgroundlnformationfor Proposed Standards (Draft Environmental Impact Statement)
EPA-450/3-80-037A. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1980.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 11: Surface Coating of Magnetic Wire EPA-450/2-
77-033. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1977.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 11: Surface Coating of Cans, Coils, Paper Fabrics
Automobiles and Light-Duty Trucks, EPA-450/2-77-088. Research Triangle Park, NC.'
jiy 11•
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Enforceability Aspects of RACT for Factory
Surface Coating of Flat Wood Paneling, EPA-340/1-80-005. Washington, DC. 1980.
C-6
-------
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Automobile and Light Duty Truck Surface
Coating Operations -Background Information for Promulgated Standards, EPA-450/3-79-
030B. 1980.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-80-036A. Research Triangle
Park,NC. 1980.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Beverage Can Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Promulgated Standards ofPerformance,EPA-45Q/3-8Q-Q36B.
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1983.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Metal Coil Surface Coating Industry -
Background Information for Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-80-035 A. Research Triangle
Park, NC. 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Metal Coil Surface Coating. Industry -
Background Information for Promulgated Standards, EPA-450/3-80-035B. Research
Triangle Park, NC. 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pressure Sensitive Tape and Label Surface
Coating Industry - Background Information for Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-80-003 A.
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1980.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Final Environmental Impact Statement Pressure
Sensitive Tape and Label Surface Coating Industry - Background Information for
Promulgated Standards, EPA-450/3-80-003B. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1983.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Compound
Emissions from Wood Furniture Coating Operations. Draft CTG. Research Triangle
Park, NC. October 1991.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 11: Surface Coating of Flatwood Paneling, EPA-
450/2-78-032. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1978.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 11: Surface Coating of Metal Furniture, EPA
-450/2-77-032. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1977.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Control of Volatile Organic Emissions from
Existing Stationary Sources. Volume 11: Surface Coating of Miscellaneous Metal Parts
and Products, EPA-450/2-78-015. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1978.
C-7
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23.
24.
25.
26.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Surface Coating of Metal Furniture -
Background Information for Proposed Standards, EPA-450/3-80-007A. Research Triangle
Park,NC. 1980.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Surface Coating of Metal Furniture -
Background Information for Promulgated Standards, EPA-450/3-80-007B. Research
Triangle Park, NC. 1982.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Surface Coating of Plastic Parts for Business
Machines - Background Information for Proposed Standards, EPA /450-3-85-019a
Research Triangle Park, NC. 1985.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Source Screening Study. Document summarizes
emission control technology for source categories including the surface coating of large
ships, large aircraft, and wood furniture. 1980.
C-8
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APPENDIX D
SUMMARY OF XYLENE EMISSION FACTORS
LISTED IN THIS DOCUMENT
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f. REPORT NO.
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
frieasc read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
2.
Locating And Estimating Air Emissions from Sources of
Xylene . ;
3. RECIPtSNT'S ACCESSION NO.
' March-1994
5. REPORT DATE
i. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
,UTHOR(S)
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
IG ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADORES
TRC Environmental Corporation
100 Europa Drive, Suite 150
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
1O. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
1. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D9-0173
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
OAR, OAQPS, TSD, EIB, EFMS (MD-14)
Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Dennis Beauregard
nhnr9 ?o?S- rest?d in invent°rying air emissions of various potentially toxic
substances, EPA is preparing a series of documents such as this to compile available
sS2lf?«llv°I!i?JUrC?S and T'!Si
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