United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards
Research Triangle Park IMC 27711
EPA-454/R-9 8-008
June 1998
Air
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION TRENDS PROCEDURES
DOCUMENT, SECTIONS 1, 4, and 6
1985-1996
PROJECTIONS 1999-2010
Sources
Point
Area
On-road
Top 25 Emitting Point, Area, and On-road Sources
of VOC Emissions in 1996 by MSAs
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CONTENTS
TABLES AND FIGURES viii
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS , xii
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION 1_1
1.1 REFERENCES . 1-2
SECTION 4.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATES
1985 - 1996 METHODOLOGY 4_1
4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . 4-1
4.1.1 Lead Emissions 4-2
4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Sulfur Dioxide,
Particulate Matter (PM-10 and PM-2.5), and Ammonia Emissions 4-2
4.1.3 References 4_2
4.2 FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY '.'.'.'. 4-23
4.2.1 1985-1995 Steam Electric Utility Emission Inventories 4-23
4.2.1.1 Processing Computerized Raw Data 4-24
4.2.1.2 Emissions Algorithms * 4-25
4.2.1.3 National Allowance Data Base (NADB) SO2 Emissions and Heat Input . . . 4-27
4.2.1.4 1985-1994 Acid Rain Division (ARD) NOX Rates 4-27
4.2.1.5 1994 and 1995 ETS/CEMData 4-27
4.2.1.6 Ozone Season Daily Emissions Data 4-28
4.2.2 1996 Steam Emission Inventory 4-28
4.2.3 Augmentation Process 4-29
4.2.4 Sample Calculation 4-29
4.2.5 References 4-29
4.3 INDUSTRIAL . ' ^ ' 4.36
4.3.1 1990 Interim Inventory 4-37
4.3.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions 4-38
4.3.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions 4-38
4.3.1.3 Emission Factor Changes 4-39
4.3.1.4 Emissions Calculations 4-40
4.3.1.5 Revised Emissions 4-41
4.3.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1989 4-42
4.3.2.1 Point Source Growth 4-42
4.3.2.2 Area Source Growth 4-43
4.3.3 1990 National Emission Trends 4-44
4.3.3.1 OTAG ' ' I ' ' 4.44
4.3.3.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory 4-48
4.3.3.3 AIRS/FS 4-48
4.3.3.4 Data Gaps 4-48
National A ir Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
111
Contents
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page
4.3.4 Emissions, 1991 to 1994 4-50
4.3.4.1 Grown Estimates 4-50
4.3.4.2 AIRS/FS 4-51
4.3.5 1995 Emissions 4-52
4.3.5.1 Grown Estimate 4-52
4.3.5.2 NOX RACT 4-52
4.3.5.3 Rule Effectiveness 4-52
4.3.5.4 Cotton Ginning 4-53
4.3.6 1996 Emissions 4-56
4.3.6.1 Grown Estimates 4-56
4.3.6.2 1996 VOC Controls 4-57
4.3.6.3 NOX Controls 4-60
4.3.7 References 4-60
4.4 OTHER COMBUSTION 4-101
4.4.1 1990 Interim Inventory 4-102
4.4.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions 4-103
4.4.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions 4-104
4.4.1.3 Emissions Calculations 4-104
4.4.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1989 4-105
4.4.2.1 Point Source Growth 4-105
4.4.2.2 Area Source Growth 4-106
4.4.3 1990 National Emission Trends 4-106
4.4.3.1 OTAG 4-107
4.4.3.2 GCVTC Inventory 4-110
4.4.3.3 ATRS/FS 4-111
4.4.3.4 Data Gaps 4-111
4.4.4 Emissions, 1991 to 1994 4-113
4.4.4.1 Grown Estimates 4-113
4.4.4.2 AIRS/FS 4-114
4.4.5 1995 Emissions 4-115
4.4.5.1 Grown Estimate 4-115
4.4.5.2 NOXRACT 4-115
4.4.5.3 Rule Effectiveness 4-115
4.4.6 1996 Emissions 4-115
4.4.7 Alternative Base Inventory Calculations 4-116
4.4.7.1 Forest Fires/Wildfires 4-116
4.4.7.2 Prescribed/Slash and Managed Burning 4-118
4.4.7.3 Residential Wood 4-118
4.4.7.4 SO2 and PM Residential Nonwood Combustion 4-121
4.4.8 References 4-121
4.5 SOLVENT UTILIZATION 4-140
4.5.1 1990 Interim Inventory 4-140
4.5.1.1 Area Source Emissions, VOC Only 4-141
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
IV
Contents
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CONTENTS (continued)
4.5.1.2 Point Sources, All Pollutants 4-143
4.5.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1989 4-145
4.5.2.1 Area Sources 4-145
4.5.2.2 Point Sources 4-145
4.5.3 1990 National Emission Trends 4-146
4.5.3.1 OTAG 4-146
4.5.3.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory 4-150
4.5.3.3 AIRS/FS 4-151
4.5.3.4 Data Gaps : '. 4-151
4.5.4 Emissions, 1991 to 1994 4-152
4.5.4.1 Grown Estimates 4-152
4.5.4.2 AIRS/FS 4-153
4.5.5 1995 Emissions . 4-154
4.5.5.1 Grown Estimate 4-154
4.5.5.2 Rule Effectiveness 4-154
4.5.6 1996 Emissions 4-155
4.5.6.1 Grown Estimates 4-155
4.5.6.2 1996 VOC Controls ' ; 4-155
4.5.7 References . . 4-156
4.6 ON-ROAD VEHICLES . 4-175
4.6.1 VMT 4-175
4.6.1.1 Background on Highway Performance Monitoring System 4-175
4.6.1.2 Distribution of HPMS VMT, 1980 to 1995 4-176
4.6.1.3 Distribution of VMT, 1970 to 1979 and 1996 4-179
4.6.1.4 State-Provided 1990 VMT 4-180
4.6.2 Development of VOC, NOX, and CO Emission Factors 4-180
4.6.2.1 Temperature 4-180
4.6.2.2 RVP 4-181
4.6.2.3 Speed 4-183
4.6.2.4 Operating Mode . , 4-184
4.6.2.5 Altitude 4-184
4.6.2.6 Registration Distribution/Month 4-184
4.6.2.7 MONTHFlag 4-189
4.6.2.8 Additional Area Specific Inputs from OTAG 4-189
4.6.2.9 Control Program Inputs 4-189
4.6.3 Development of PM and SO2 Emission Factors 4-193
4.6.3.1 Registration Distribution 4-193
4.6.3.2 Speed 4-194
4.6.3.3 HDDV Vehicle Class Weighting 4-194
4.6.3.4 Exhaust PM Emissions 4-194
4.6.3.5 Exhaust SO2 Emissions 4-194
4.6.3.6 PM Brake Wear Emissions . . 4-194
4.6.3.7 PM Tire Wear Emissions 4-195
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
Contents
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CONTENTS (continued)
4.6.3.8 1970 to 1984 PM and SO2 Emissions 4-195
4.6.4 Calculation of Ammonia (NH3) Emission Factors 4-197
4.6.5 Calculation of Emissions 4-198
4.6.6 References 4-199
4.7 NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES 4-245
4.7.1 1990 Interim Inventory 4-245
4.7.1.1 Non-road Engines and Vehicle Emissions 4-245
4.7.1.2 Aircraft, Marine Vessels and Railroads 4-246
4.7.2 Emissions, 1970 through 1989 4-250
4.7.3 1990 National Emissions Trends 4-250
4.7.4 Emissions, 1991 through 1994 4-251
4.7.5 1995 Emissions 4-253
4.7.6 1996 Emissions 4-253
4.7.6.1 Grown Estimates 4-253
4.7.6.2 Non-road Engine Controls-Spark-Ignition Engines < 25 hp 4-253
4.7.6.3 Non-road Diesel Engines 4-254
4.7.7 1995 and 1996 Emission Revisions 4-254
4.7.8 References 4-255
4.8 FUGmVEDUST 4-270
4.8.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion 4-270
4.8.1.1 Determination of Correction Parameters 4-271
4.8.1.2 1990-1996 Modification 4-272
4.8.1.3 Activity Data 4-272
4.8.1.4 County Distribution (1985-1989) 4-272
4.8.1.5 County Distribution (1990-1996) 4-272
4.8.2 Miscellaneous Sources 4-273
4.8.2.1 Agricultural Crops (1985-1989) 4-273
4.8.2.2 Agricultural Crops (1990-1996) 4-274
4.8.2.3 Agricultural Livestock 4-276
4.8.2.4 PM Emissions from Reentrained Road Dust from Unpaved Roads 4-277
4.8.2.5 PM Emissions from Reentrained Road Dust from Paved Roads 4-281
4.8.2.6 Calculation of PM-2.5 Emissions from Paved and Unpaved Roads 4-283
4.8.2.7 Other Fugitive Dust Sources 4-283
4.8.2.8 Grown Emissions 4-288
4.8.9 References 4-296
SECTION 6.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATES
PROJECTIONS METHODOLOGY 6-1
6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1
6.2 NONUTUJTY POINT SOURCE PROJECTIONS 6-1
6.2.1 Growth Factors 6-1
6.2.2 Control Assumptions/Factors 6-2
6.2.2.1 VOC Controls 6-2
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
VI
Contents
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CONTENTS (continued)
Page
6.2.2.2 NOX Controls 6-2
6.2.2.3 CO, SO2, and PM Controls . . 6-3
6.2.3 Other Issues 6-3
6.2.3.1 Industrial Emissions Adjustments 6-3
6.2.3.2 Commercial/Institutional and Residential Emission Adjustments 6-4
6.2.4 References 6-4
6.3 UTILITY PROJECTIONS '.'.'. 6-11
6.3.1 Existing Unit Projections 6-11
6.3.2 Planned Units 6-12
6.3.3 Generic Units 6-12
6.3.4 Control Assumptions 6-13
6.3.4.1 NOX Controls 6-13
6.3.4.2 SO2 Controls 6-14
6.3.5 Other Issues 6-15
6.3.5.1 Particulate Matter Emissions 6-15
6.3.6 References . 6-16
6.4 AREA SOURCE PROJECTIONS \ 6-19
6.4.1 Growth Factors 6-19
6.4.2 Control Assumptions/Factors 6-19
6.4.2.1 VOC Controls 6-19
6.4.2.2 NOX Controls : 6-19
6.4.2.3 PM Controls 6-19
6.4.3 Other Issues 6-19
6.5 fflGHWAYMOBELE SOURCE PROJECTIONS 6-22
6.5.1 VMT Projection Methodologies 6-22
6.5.2 Registration Distribution for Projection Years Used as MOBELESb Inputs 6-23
6.5.3 Additional MOBILE5b Inputs 6-23
6.5.3.1 RVP Values 6-23
6.5.3.2 Temperature Data 6-23
6.5.3.3 Speed Data 6-23
6.5.3.4 Operating Mode 6-24
6.5.3.5 Altitude . 6-24
6.5.3.6 MONTHFlag 6-24
6.5.3.7 Additional Inputs from OTAG 6-24
6.5.3.8 Control Program Inputs 6-24
6.5.4 Additional PARTS Model Inputs . . 6-28
6.5.5 Calculation of Highway Vehicle Emission Inventories 6-28
6.5.6 References 6-28
6.6 NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES 6-51
6.6.1 Growth Factors 6-51
6.6.2 Control Factors 6-51
6.6.3 Use of OMS National Emissions Estimates 6-51
6.6.4 References 6-52
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
Vll
Contents
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TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
fat
1-1. Estimating Methods Used in the 1997 Trends Report 1-3
4.1-1. Section 4.0 Structure , 4-3
4.1-2. Major Source Categories 4-4
4.1-3. Tier I and Tier II Match-up with Source Classification Codes 4-6
4.2-1. Boiler Emissions Data Sources for NOX and SO2 by Year 4-31
4.2-2. Steam Electric Utility Unit Source Classification Code Relationships 4-32
4.2-3. Algorithms Used to Estimate Emissions from Electric Utility Boilers 4-34
4.2-4. Algorithms Used to Disaggregate ETS/CEM Boiler Data to the Boiler-SCC Level 4-35
4.3-1. SCCs With 100 Percent CO Rule Effectiveness 4-63
4.3-2. July RVPs Used to Model Motor Vehicle Emission Factors 4-64
4.3-3. 1990 Seasonal RVP (psi) by State 4-65
4.3-4. Seasonal Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (°F) by State 4-66
4.3-5. Average Annual Service Station Stage II VOC Emission Factors 4-67
4.3-6. TSDF Area Source Emissions Removed from the Inventory (1985-1996) 4-67
4.3-7. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-68
4.3-8. Area Source Growth Indicators 4-69
4.3-9. SEDS National Fuel Consumption 4-70
4.3-10. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence 4-71
4.3-11. Point Source Data Submitted 4-73
4.3-12. Area Source Data Submitted 4-75
4.3-13. Ad Hoc Report 4-76
4.3-14. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu) 4-77
4.3-15. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 4-78
4.3-16. Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis 4-80
4.3-17. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/FS by State, Year, and Pollutant 4-83
4.3-18. NOX and VOC Major Stationary Source Definition 4-84
4.3-19. Summary of Revised NOX Control Efficiencies 4-84
4.3-20. Cotton Ginning Emission Factors 4-85
4.3-21. Estimated Percentage of Crop By Emission Control Method 4-85
4.3-22. Cotton Ginnings: Running Bales Ginned By County, District, State, and United States . . 4-86
4.3-23. Point Source Controls by Pod and Measure 4-87
4.3-24. Point Source SCC to Pod Match-up 4-89
4.3-25. Area Source VOC Controls by SCC and Pod 4-96
4.3-26. Counties in the United States with Stage II Programs that use Reformulated Gasoline . . . 4-97
4.3-27. VOC Area Source RACT 4-98
4.4-1. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-124
4.4-2. Area Source Growth Indicators 4-125
4.4-3. SEDS National Fuel Consumption 4-126
4.4-4. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence 4-127
4.4-5. Point Source Data Submitted 4-128
4.4-6. Area Source Data Submitted 4-130
4.4-7. Ad Hoc Report 4-131
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
Vlll
Tables and Figures
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TABLES AND FIGURES (continued)
Page
4.4-8. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu) 4-132
4.4-9. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 4-133
4.4-10. Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis 4-135
4.4-11. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/FS by State, Year, and Pollutant 4-136
4.4-12. NOX and VOC Major Stationary Source Definition 4-137
4.4-13. Summary of Revised NOX Control Efficiencies 4-137
4.4-14. Wildfires 4-138
4.4-15. Emission Factors for Residential Wood Combustion by Pollutant 4-139
4.4-16. PM Control Efficiencies for 1991 through 1996 4-139
4.5-1. National Material Balance for Solvent Emissions 4-159
4.5-2. Data Bases Used for County Allocation 4-160
4.5-3. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry •. . 4-161
4.5-4. Point Source Data Submitted 4-162
4.5-5. Area Source Data Submitted . 4-164
4.5-6. AdHocReport 4-165
4.5-7. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu) 4-166
4.5-8. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 4-167
4.5-9. Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis 4-169
4.5-10. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/FS by State, Year, and Pollutant 4-170
4.5-11. Point Source Controls by Pod and Measure 4-171
4.5-12. Point Source SCC to Pod Match-up 4-172
4.5-13. Area Source VOC Controls by SCC and Pod 4-174
4.6-1. Data Components of HPMS 4-202
4.6-2. Apportionment Percentages for Conversion of HPMS Vehicle Type Categories to
MOBILESa Categories . 4-203
4.6-3. VMT Seasonal and Monthly Temporal Allocation Factors 4-204
4.6-4. 1995 to 1996 VMT Growth Factors by State and Roadway Type 4-205
4.6-5. State-level Daily VMT Totals in the OTAG Inventory 4-212
4.6-6. Cities Used for Temperature Data Modeling from 1970 through 1996 4-213
4.6-7. Surrogate City Assignment 4-214
4.6-8. Substitute Survey City Assignment 4-218
4.6-9. Monthly RVP Values Modeled in 1995 4-219
4.6-10. Monthly RVP Values Modeled in 1996 4-221
4.6-11. HPMS Average Overall Travel Speeds for 1990 4-223
4.6-12. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type 4-224
4.6-13. State-Supplied Operating Mode Inputs . . . 4-225
4.6-14. I/M Program Documentation (1995 and 1996) 4-226
4.6-15. Counties Included in 1995 and 1996 I/M Programs 4-228
4.6-16. Oxygenated Fuel Modeling Parameters 4-231
4.6-17. State-Supplied Trip Length Distribution Inputs 4-232
4.6-18. State-Supplied Alcohol Fuels Data 4-232
4.6.19. State-Provided Diesel Sales Inputs 4-233
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
IX
Tables and Figures
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TABLES AND FIGURES (continued)
Tables
Pat
4.6-20. Counties Modeled with Federal Reformulated Gasoline 4-235
4.6-21. PARTS Vehicle Classes 4-238
4.6-22. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type 4-238
4.6-23. PM-10 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory 4-239
4.6-24. Fuel Economy Values Used in Calculation of SO2 Emission Factors for the Emission
Trends Inventory 4-239
4.6-25. SO2 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory 4-240
4.6-26. Fractions of Vehicles Equipped with 3-Way Catalysts by Vehicle Type and Model Year . 4-241
4.6-27. Ammonia Emission Factors by Year and Vehicle Type 4-242
4.7-1. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with QMS-Prepared Non-road Emissions 4-257
4.7-2. Source Categories Used for Nonroad Emissions 4-258
4.7-3. Railroad Locomotives Diesel Fuel Consumption, 1985 to 1990 4-259
4.7-4. Railroad Emission Factors 4-259
4.7-5. Civil Aircraft SO2 Emission Factors ; 4-260
4.7-6. Area Source Growth Indicators 4-261
4.7-7. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-261
4.7-8. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence 4-262
4.7-9. Non-road Data Submitted for OTAG Inventory 4-263
4.7-10. Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis 4-264
4.7-11. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu) 4-265
4.7-12. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 4-265
4.7-13. Counties in the United States with Stage II Programs that use Reformulated Gasoline . . 4-266
4.7-14. NOX Nonroad Control Efficiencies by SCC 4-267
4.7-15. National Nonroad Diesel Emissions 4-268
4.7-16. National Spark Ignition Marine Engine Emissions 4-269
4.7-17. National Locomotive Emissions 4-269
4.8-1. Particle Size Ratios 4-300
4.8-2. Silt Content by Soil Type, 1985 to 1989 4-300
4.8-3. Silt Content by Soil Type, 1990 to 1996 4-300
4.8-4. Number of Tillings by Crop Type 4-301
4.8-5. Livestock Operations Ammonia Emission Factors 4-301
4.8-6. Speeds Modeled for Unpaved Roads 4-301
4.8-7. Assumed Values for-Average Daily Traffic Volume by Volume Group 4-302
4.8-8. PM-2.5 to PM-10 Ratios for Paved and Unpaved Roads 4-302
4.8-9. List of Grown Sources 4-303
4.8-10. Point Source Data Submitted 4-304
4.8-11. Area Source Data Submitted 4-306
4.8-12. Ad Hoc Report 4-307
4.8-13. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by Industry 4-308
4.8-14. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/FS by State, Year, and Pollutant 4-309
4.8-15. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu) 4-310
4.8-16. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 4-310
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
X
Tables and Figures
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TABLES AND FIGURES (continued)
Tables
4.8-17. Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis 4-310
6.2-1. Compliance Dates for Promulgated 2-Year and 4-Year MACT Standards 6-5
6.2-2. Point Source VOC Controls 6-6
6.2-3. NOX Nonutility Point Source RACT Controls 6-9
6.2-4. EAFs for Industrial Sector 6-10
6.2-5. EAFs for Commercial and Residential Sector 6-10
6.3-1. Profile Types and Maximum Change in Capacity Factors 6-16
6.3-2. Utility Projections by NERC Region and Fuel Type 6-17
6.3-3. Title IV or RACT NOX Emission Rate Limits 6-18
6.4-1. Area Source VOC Control Measures 6-20
6.4-2. Area Source Industrial Fuel Combustion NOX RACT Penetration Rates 6-21
6.4-3. Area Source PM-10 Control Measures 6-21
6.5-1. National Annual Highway Vehicle VMT Projections by Vehicle Type 6-30
6.5-2. Annual State VMT Totals by Year 6-31
6.5-3. Monthly RVP Values Modeled in Projection Years 6-32
6.5-4. Projection Year Monthly Temperature Inputs (°F) 6-34
6.5-5. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type 6-38
6.5-6. State-Supplied Trip Length Distribution Inputs 6-38
6.5-7. State-Specific I/M Program Inputs - Projection Years 6-39
6.5-8. Counties Included in State-Specific I/M Projection Year Programs 6-40
6.5-9. I/M Performance Standard Program Inputs 6-43
6.5-10. States Modeled with I/M Performance Standard Inputs in 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2010 ... 6-45
6.5-11. Counties Modeled with Federal Reformulated Gasoline 6-47
6.5-12. California Basic Emission Rate Limits 6-50
6.6-1. SCC-SIC Crosswalk 6-53
6.6-2. 1999 - 2010 Growth Factors 6-54
Figures
4.3-1. OTAG Inventory Data Source - Area Sources 4-99
4.3-2. OTAG Inventory Data Source - Point Sources 4-100
4.6-1. State-Provided Registration Distributions 4-243
4.6-2. OTAG Inventory Source of Data - VMT 4-244
4.7-1. Assignment of Surrogate Nonattainment Areas 4-257
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
XI
Tables and Figures
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AADT
AAMA
AAR
ACT
ADTV
AIRS
AERS/AMS
AIRS/FS
ARD
ASTM
BEA
BLS
CAAA
CEM
CNOI
CO
CTG
CTIC
DOE
DOT
DVMT
EIA
EFIG
EG
EPA
ERCAM/VOC
BSD
ETS/CEM
FAA
FCC
FGD
FHWA
FED
FREDS
FTP
GCVTC
GT
HC
HCPREP
HDV
hp
HPMS
1C
TM
annual average daily traffic
American Automotive Manufacturer's Association
Association of American Railroads
Alternative Control Technology
average daily traffic volume
Aerometric Information Retrieval System
AIRS Area and Mobile Source Subsystem
AIRS Facility Subsystem
Acid Rain Division
American Society for Testing and Materials
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
continuous emissions monitor(ing)
Census number of inhabitants
carbon monoxide
Control Techniques Guidelines
Conservation Information Technology Center
U.S. Department of Energy
Department of Transportation
daily vehicle miles traveled
U.S. DOE, Energy Information Administration
EPA, OAQPS, Emission Factors and Inventory Group
earnings growth
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Emission Reductions and Cost Analysis Model for VOC
EPA, OAQPS, Emission Standards Division
Emissions Tracking System/Continuous Emissions Monitoring
Federal Aviation Adminstration
fluid catalytic cracking unit
flue gas desulfurization
U.S. Federal Highway Adminstration
Flame lonization Detector
Flexible Regional Emissions Data System
Federal Test Procedure
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission
gas turbines
hydrocarbon
FREDS Hydrocarbon Preprocessor
heavy duty vehicle
horsepower
Highway Performance Monitoring System
internal combustion (engine)
inspection and maintenance
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
Xll
Acronyms and Abbreviations
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
LDT
LDV
LTO
MACT
MRI
MW
NAA
NADB
NAPAP
NEDS
NESHAP
NET
NH3
NOX
NPI
NSPS
OAQPS
QMS
OSD
OTAG
OTR
Pb
PCE
PM
PM-2.5
PM-10
ppm
QA
QC
RACT
RCRA
ROM
RVP
SCC
SEDS
SIC
SIP
SO2
S04
SUPROXA
TOG
tpy
TSDF
TSP
light duty truck
light duty vehicle
landing and takeoff
maximum available control technology
Midwest Research Institute
megawatts
nonattainment area .
National Allowance Data Base
National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
National Emission Data System
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
National Emissions Trends (inventory)
ammonia
oxides of nitrogen
National Particulates Inventory
New Source Performance Standards
EPA, Office of Air Quality Standards and Planning
EPA, Office of Mobile Sources
ozone season daily
Ozone Transport Assessment Group
ozone transport region
lead
personal consumption expenditures
paniculate matter
particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter
particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter
parts per million
quality assurance
quality control
Reasonably Available Control Technology
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Regional Oxidant Model
Reid vapor pressure
source classification code
State Energy Data System
Standard Industrial Classification (code)
State Implementation Plan
sulfur dioxide
sulfates
Super Regional Oxidant A
total organics
tons per year
hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility
total suspended particulate matter
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for. 1900-1996
Xlll
Acronyms and Abbreviations
-------
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS (continued)
USDA
USFS
VMT
VOC
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USDA Forest Service
vehicle miles traveled
volatile organic compound(s)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
XIV
-------
SECTION 1.0
INTRODUCTION
The Emission Factors and Inventory Group (EFIG) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) is responsible for compiling and maintaining national emission data for the criteria pollutants. To
that end, EFIG produces estimates of the annual national air pollutant emissions for six major pollutants:
carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), lead (Pb), particulate matter less than 10 microns
(PM-10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic compounds (VOC). In addition, total particulate
matter (TSP) has been estimated in the past. For the years 1990-1996, particulate matter less than
2.5 microns (PM-2.5) and ammonia (NH3) have also been estimated. These estimates are published
annually in two EPA reports and are entitled for 1997, "National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-
1996,"1 and "National Air Quality and Emission Trends .Report, 1996."2 Collectively, these are known
as the Trends Reports.
The 1997 Trends Procedures Document is an accompanying document designed to describe the
methodology and procedures used to create the emission estimates presented in the 1997 Trends Reports.
The emission estimating methodologies fall into five major categories: 1900-1939 Methodology, 1940-
1984 Methodology, 1985-1989 Methodology, 1990-1996 Methodology, and 1997-2010 Methodology.
The methodology used to make specific estimates depends on the pollutant and the time period.
Table 1-1 presents a detailed characterization of the emission estimates created using each of these five
methodologies and the section of this report that describes the methodology.
In general, the SO2, NOX, and VOC emissions for the time period before 1940 were using the 1900-
1939 methodology. The emissions of no other pollutants were estimated for these years.
The 1940-1984 methodology was originally developed specifically to make the emission estimates
for all years and pollutants presented in the Trends Reports. For the 1997 Trends report, this
methodology was generally used to estimate the emissions for the years from 1940 to 1984. In addition
to SO2, NOX, and VOC emissions, the emissions of CO, Pb, PM-10, and TSP are estimated by this
methodology.
The emissions for the years from 1985 to 1989 were estimated by the methodology underlying a
new emission inventory, the Interim Inventory.3 This methodology was applied to the emission
estimates for all pollutants, except Pb and TSP. The emissions of these pollutants are estimated using
the 1940-1984 methodology. (TSP estimates were last developed for the 1992 emissions. Currently
there is no plan to estimate TSP emissions in the future since the current National Air Quality Standards
for particulate matter are for the size 10 microns or less.)
The emissions for the year 1990 are based on State-submitted data. The 1991-1996 emissions for
non-utility point and area sources are based on economic growth [Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA)
or State Energy Data System (SEDS)] data and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA)
controls. The remaining sources were estimated using modifications/updates to the Interim Inventory
Methodology.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
1-1
Introduction
-------
For each methodology, the procedures used to estimate the emissions are described by the source
category divisions most appropriate for that methodology. For a given source category, the estimating
procedure is described for all pollutants collectively, unless differences exist in the methods used for
different pollutants. In this case, the methods used for each pollutant are described separately. Because
of the unique nature of the methodology used to estimate the lead emissions, this methodology is
described in section 5. This allows each section of the manual to be used independently.
Section 6 presents the methodology used to develop the emission projections for the years 1999,
2000, 2002,2005, 2007, 2008, and 2010.
Emission estimates presented in the 1997 Trends Reports are categorized using the Tier structure.
Emissions derived by the 1900-1939 methodology are presented by the Tier I categories. All other
emissions appear by the Tier in categories. Because the methodologies are not necessarily described by
these Tier categories, a description of the correspondence between the source categories used to describe
the estimating methodology and the Tier structure is included in each section of this document.
This document is best used as a reference for those personnel who already have some familiarity
with the trends report production process or for a technical person inquiring about the origins of the
estimates. Some details of procedures are vaguely or inadequately defined, since getting such details
down on paper and keeping the document current, is a real challenge. A new person who takes over
responsibility for this work will in general need help from an experienced person.
In the past, the emission estimates presented in the Trends reports would change from one year to
the next based on the development of new information, data, or methodologies used to estimate the
emissions. These changes were applied not only to the most recent year, but to all or some of the
preceding years. As of 1997, no such changes are planned to be made to the emissions for the years
prior to 1985. Therefore, the methodologies and reference presented in this document for the
determination of the emission for these years will not change. Updates may be made, however, to the
emissions for the years 1985 to the current year of the report. Any changes in the data or methodologies
used to estimate the emissions for this time period will be documented in yearly addenda to this
procedures document.
1.1 REFERENCES
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1996. EPA-454/R-97-011. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1997.
2. National Air Quality Emissions Trends Report, 1996. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1997.
3. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies. EPA-
454/R-93-021a. Source Receptor Analysis Branch, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
1-2
Introduction
-------
Table 1-1. Estimating Methods Used in the 1997 Trends Report
Tier Category
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utilities
Fuel Combustion - Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Other
Chemical & Allied Product Mfg.
Metals Processing
Petroleum & Related Industries
Other Industrial Processes
Solvent Utilization
Storage & Transport
Waste Disposal & Recycling
Natural Sources
Miscellaneous
On-road Vehicles
Non-road Sources
Time Period
1900-1969, excluding
1940, 1950, and 1960
1940, 1950, and 1960
and 1970 through 1984
1 985 through 1 989 and
1990 through 1996
1999,2000,2002,2005,
2007,2008,2010
1900-1939
1940 through 1969
1970 through 1993
1999,2000,2002,2005,
2007,2008,2010
Pollutant(s)
VOC, SO2, and NOX
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO,
andPM-10
Pb
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO,
andPM-10
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO,
PM-10, PM-2.5, and
NHa
Pb
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO,
and PM-10
VOC, SO2, NOX
VOC, S02, NOX, CO,
and PM-10
Pb
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO,
and PM-10
PM-2.5 and NH3
Pb
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO,
and PM-10
Methodology
1900-1939
Methodology
1940-1984
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
1985-1989
Methodology
1990-1996
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
Projection
Methodology
1900-1939
Methodology
1940-1984
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
1985-1993
Methodology
1990-1996
Methodology
Lead
Methodology
Projection
Methodology
Section
2
3
5
4
4
5
6
2
3
5
4
4
5
6
NOTE(S): SO2, VOC, and NO, estimated 1900-1996.
CO, PM-10 estimated 1940-1996.
Lead estimated 1970-1996.
PM-10 fugitive Dust estimated 1985-1996.
PM-2.5 and NH3 estimated 1990-1996.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
1-3
Introduction
-------
-------
SECTION 4.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATES
1985 -1996 METHODOLOGY
Each year the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) prepares national estimates for
assessing trends in criteria pollutant emissions. In the past, the emissions were estimated using
consistent top-down methodologies employing national statistics on economic activity, material flows,
etc., for the years 1940 to the current year of the report. Although emissions prepared in this way were
useful for evaluating changes from year to year, they did not provide a geographically detailed measure
of emissions for any given year. Bottom-up inventories, where emissions are derived at the plant or
county level, are extremely useful in many applications, such as inputs into atmospheric models. During
the past several years, changes have been made to the methodologies in order to produce emissions for
the National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-19961 (Emission Trends) report, starting at the county
level, which both represent a bottom-up inventory and allow for an evaluation of changes in emissions
from year to year. These methodological changes allowed for the incorporation of even more detailed
state data. Starting with this year's Emission Trends report,1 state data including emission estimates
have been incorporated.
4.1 INTRODUCTION
The carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and volatile organic
compound (VOC) emissions presented in this report for the years 1985 through 1989 have been
estimated according to the methodology for developing the Interim Inventories, with several exceptions.
The Interim methodology was developed to produce the inventories for the years 1987 through 1991 and
is presented in the Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991 ).2 A similar methodology was
developed for the preparation of a national 1990 paniculate matter inventory as documented in the
Development of the OPPE Particulate Programs Implementation Evaluation System? In order to
generate the necessary emissions for the Emission Trends report, the Interim methodology has been
expanded to generate CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC emissions for the years 1985 and 1986, as well as
particulate matter less than 10 microns (PM-10) emissions for the years 1985 through 1989.
The 1990 Interim Inventory has been revised with state emissions when available. The state non-
utility point emissions were obtained from the Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG), Grand
Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC), and Aerometric Information Retrieval
System/Facility Subsystem (AIRS/FS). Area source emissions were also obtained from OTAG,
California, and Oregon. On-road emissions were calculated by EPA from state-provided emission factor
inputs and vehicle miles traveled (VMT). All gaps in emissions were filled with 1990 Interim Inventory
emissions. The 1990 state emissions (hereafter referred to as the 1990 National Emission Trends [NET]
inventory) is the basis for the 1991 through 1996 emissions.
Two pollutants, particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM-2.5) and ammonia (NH3), have been
added to the list of pollutants inventoried by EPA's Emission Factors and Inventory Group (EFIG).
Emissions and associated data for these two pollutants are available for the years 1990 through 1996.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-1
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
A detailed description of the methodologies used to generate the CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10
emissions for the years 1985 through 1996 and PM-2.5 and NH3 emissions for the years 1990 through
1996 are presented in this section. The description is divided into subsections based on similar
approaches in estimating the emissions. The beginning of each subsection lists the Tier I category, and
below, if necessary. Table 4.1-1 shows the subsection/tier category relationships. If a Tier n category is
not listed, it is currently not estimated within the NET Inventory.
4.1.1 Lead Emissions
The lead (Pb) emissions for the years 1985 through 1995 have been estimated using the
methodologies presented in section 5.0 of this report. The weighted emission factors and control
efficiencies were assumed to be constant from 1990 to 1996. The 1996 preliminary estimates were
projected by one of two methods applied to the appropriate source category. The first of these two
methods used a quadratic regression with weighted 20-year specific source category activity data. The
second method used a linear regression with weighted 7-year activity data. This second method was
applied to source categories where the trend in the activity data has changed significantly over the past
10 years.
4.1.2 Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxides, Volatile Organic Compounds, Sulfur Dioxide,
Particulate Matter (PM-10 and PM-2.5), and Ammonia Emissions
Emissions were developed at the county and Source Classification Code (SCC) level for most
source categories. These emissions are then summed to the Tier level. There are four levels in the Tier
categorization. The first and second level, referred to as Tier I and Tier n, respectively, are the same for
each of the six criteria pollutants and are listed in Table 4.1-2. The third level, Tier HI, is unique for
each of the six pollutants. The fourth level, Tier 4, is the SCC level. Table 4.1-3 lists the Tier I and
Tier II codes and names with the associated SCC and SCC description. Due to space limitations, the
SCC descriptions have been truncated.
Although the emissions were derived at the SCC level, the growth indicators for the point sources
for 1985 through 1996 were assigned at the Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) level for all sources
except the stationary fuel combustion sources. A match-up between two digit SICs and SCCs, as well as
Tier category, is impossible, since the SICs are defined at the plant level but the SCCs are defined at the
process level. Therefore, the same SIC could be used in two or more Tier I categories. For example,
Plant A produces and stores adipic acid. This plant would be assigned SIC code 28 (Chemical and
Allied Products). The manufacturing section of the plant would be assigned an SCC of 3-01-001-03 and
would be included in Tier I category 04, Chemical and Allied Product Manufacturing. The section of the
plant where the adipic acid is stored would be assigned an SCC of 3-01-001-02 and would be included in
Tier I category 09, Storage and Transport. As this example shows, in order to use the methodology for
the years 1985 to 1996, both the SCC (to determine which Tier category methodology to apply) and the
SIC (to know which growth indicator to choose) must be known.
4.1.3 References
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, 1900-1996, under development. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. October 1997.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-2
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
2. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies. EPA-
454/R-93-021a. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
3. Development of the OPPE Paniculate Programs Implementation Evaluation System, Final,
Prepared for the Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation/Office of Policy Analysis, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, under EPA Contract No. 68-D3-0035, Work Assignment
No. 0-10, Washington, DC. July 1994.
Table 4.1-1. Section 4.0 Structure
Subsection
Tier I
Tier II
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Fuel Combustion - Electric
Utility
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
(01)
Majority of Coal (01), Oil (02), and
Gas (03). The point level - steam
4.3 Industrial
Fuel Combustion - Electric Utility
(01)
Fuel Combustion - Industrial (02)
Chemical & Allied Product
Manufacturing (04)
Metals Processing (05)
Petroleum & Related Industries
(06)
Other Industrial Processes (07)
Storage & Transport (09)
Waste Disposal & Recycling (10)
Miscellaneous (14) -
Other {(04), mainly gas turbines],
Internal Combustion (05), The area
source level - steam generated
Coal (01), Oil (02), Gas (03).
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
Health services (05)
4.4 Other Combustion
Other Combustion (03)
Miscellaneous (14)
All
Other combustion _(02)_
_AN_
All
4.6 On-road Vehicles
4.7 Non-road Sources
4.8 Fugitive Dust
On-road Vehicles (11)
Non-road Sources (12)
All
Natural Sources (13)
Miscellaneous (14)
Geogenic [(02), wind erosion only]
Agriculture & Forestry [(01),
agricultural crops and livestock
only]
Fugitive dust (07)
NOTE: Numbers in parentheses after Tier name are the Tier codes.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-3
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-2. Major Source Categories
Tier I
Code Category
Tier II
Code Category
01 FUEL COMBUSTION-ELECTRIC UTILITIES
02 FUEL COMBUSTION-INDUSTRIAL
,
03 FUEL COMBUSTION-OTHER
04 CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFG.
05 METALS PROCESSING
06 PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
07 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
08 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
01
02
03
04
05
01
02
03
04
05
01
02
03
04
05
06
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
01
02
03
01
02
03
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Coal
Oil
Gas
Other
Internal Combustion
Commercial / Institutional Coal
Commercial / Institutional Oil
Commercial / Institutional Gas
Misc. Fuel Combustion (except residential)
Residential Wood
Residential Other
Organic Chemical Mfg.
Inorganic Chemical Mfg.
Polymer & Resin Mfg.
Agricultural Chemical Mfg.
Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, Enamel Mfg.
Pharmaceutical Mfg.
Other Chemical Mfg.
Nonferrous
Ferrous
Not elsewhere classified (NEC)
Oil & Gas Production
Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
Asphalt Manufacturing
Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
Mineral Products
Machinery Products
Electronic Equiprnent
Transportation Equipment
Construction
Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
Degreasing
Graphic Arts
Dry Cleaning
Surface Coating
Other Industrial
Nonindustrial
Solvent Utilization NEC
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-4
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Tier I
Code Category
Table 4.1-2. (continued)
Tier II
Code Category
09 STORAGE & TRANSPORT
10 WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
11 ON-ROAD VEHICLES
12 NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
13 NATURAL SOURCES
14 MISCELLANEOUS
01 Bulk Terminals & Plants
02 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
03 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
04 Service Stations: Stage I
05 Service Stations: Stage II
06 Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
07 Organic Chemical Storage
08 Organic Chemical Transport
09 Inorganic Chemical Storage
10 Inorganic Chemical Transport
11 Bulk Materials Storage
12 Bulk Materials Transport
01 Incineration
02 Open Burning
03 Publicly Owned Treatment Works
04 Industrial Waste Water
05 Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility
06 Landfills
07 Other
01 Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
02 Light-Duty Gas Trucks
03 Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
04 Diesels
01 Non-road Gasoline
02 Non-road Diesel
03 Aircraft
04 Marine Vessels
05 Railroads
01 Biogenic
02 Geogenic
03 Miscellaneous (lightning, freshwater, saltwater)
01 Agriculture & Forestry
02 Other Combustion (forest fires)
03 Catastrophic / Accidental Releases
04 Repair Shops
05 Health Services
06 Cooling Towers
07 Fugitive Dust
NOTE(S): For the purposes of this report, forest fires are considered anthropogenic sources although many fires do occur naturally.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Documentor 1900-1996
4-5
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3. Tier I and Tier II Match-up with Source Classification Codes
Tier I: 01 FUEL COMB. ELEC. UTIL.
Tier II: 01 Coal
10100101 - 10100306
2IOI001000 - 2101003000
Tier II: 02 Oil
10100401 - 10100505
2101004000
2101004001
2101005000
Tier II: 03 Gas
10100601 - 10100702
2101006000
2101006001
2101010000
Tier II: 04 Other
10100801 - 10101302
2101007000 - 2101009000
External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility
External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil Total:
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil All Bo
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Residual Oil Total: A
External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Natural Gas Total: Bo
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Natural Gas All Boile
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Process Gas Total: Al
External Combustion Boilers Electric Generation
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility
Tier II: 05 Internal Combustion
20100101 - 20101031 Internal Combustion Engines Electric Generation
2101004002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Distillate Oil All I.
2101006002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Electric Utility Natural Gas A11I.C.
Tier I: 02 FUEL COMB. INDUSTRIAL
Tier II: 01 Coal
Industrial Anthracite Coal Pulverized Coal
Space Heaters Industrial Coal **
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Anthracite Coal Total: All
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Bituminous/Subbituminous Coa
Industrial Processes Ih-Process Fuel Use Anthracite Coal Total
Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal T
In-process Fuel Use In-process Fuel Use General
10200101
10500102
2102001000
2102002000
2390001000
2390002000
39000189
Tier II: 02 Oil
10200401
10201403
10201404
10500105
2102004000
2102005000
2390004000
2390005000
30190001
30190002
30190011
30190012
30290001
30290002
30390001
30390002
30390011
30390012
30390021
30390022
30490001
30490002
30490011
30490012
30490021
30490022
30490031
30490032
30500207
30500208
30590001
Industrial Residual Oil Grade 6 Oil
Industrial CO Boiler Distillate Oil
Industrial CO Boiler Residual Oil
Space Heaters Industrial Distillate Oil
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Distillate Oil Total: Boile
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Residual Oil Total: All Boi
Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Distillate Oil Total
Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Residual Oil Total
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Distillate Hea
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Process Heaters
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Incinerators
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2)
Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Process Heat
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Process Heaters
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Incinerators
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Flares
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Flares
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Process He
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Process Heaters
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Incinerate
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No.2)
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil: Furnaces
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Furnaces
Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Heater: Residual Oil (Use 3-05-050-21 fo
Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Heater: Distillate Oil (Use 3-05-050-22
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Process Heaters
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-6
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
30590002
30590011
30590012
30600101
30600103
30600111
30600901
30600902
30609901
30609902
30790001
30790002
30790011
30790012
30790021
30790022
30890001
30890002
30890011
30890012
30990001
30990002
30990011
30990012
31000401
31000411
31390001
31390002
39000402
39990001
39990002
39990011
39990012
39990021
39990022
40201002
40201003
40290011
40290012
49090011
49090012
49090021
49090022
50390005
Tier II: 03 Gas
10200601
10201401
10201402
10500106
2102006000
2102006001
2102010000
2390006000
2390010000
30190003
30190004
30190013
30290003
30390003
30390004
30390013
30390014
30390023
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Process Heaters
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Incinerators
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Oil-fired **
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Oil-fired
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Oil-fired (No. 6 Oil) > 100 Million Btu Capacit
Petroleum Industry Flares Distillate Oil
Petroleum Industry Flares Residual Oil
Petroleum Industry Incinerators Distillate Oil (No. 2)
Petroleum Industry Incinerators Residual Oil
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Proc
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Process Heater
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Inci
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2)
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Distillate Oil (No. 2)
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Residual Oil
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Distillate Oil (No. 2):
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Residual Oil: Incinerat
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Process Hea
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Process Heaters
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Incinerator
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Distillate Oil (No. 2)
Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Distillate Oil (No. 2): Steam Generators
Electrical Equipment Process Heaters Distillate Oil (No. 2)
Electrical Equipment Process Heaters Residual Oil
In-process Fuel Use In-process Fuel Use Cement Kiln/Dryer
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Dist
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Resi
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Dist
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Resi
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Dist
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Resi
Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater Distillate Oil
Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater Residual Oil
Surface Coating Operations Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil: Ihcinerator/Afterb
Surface Coating Operations Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerator/Afterbur
Organic Solvent Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Incinerat
Organic Solvent Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Incinerators
Organic Solvent Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment Distillate Oil (No. 2): Flares
Organic Solvent Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment Residual Oil: Flares
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Distillate Oil
Industrial Natural Gas > 100 Million Btu/hr
Industrial CO Boiler Natural Gas
Industrial CO Boiler Process Gas
Space Heaters Industrial Natural Gas
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas Total: Boilers
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas All Boiler Type
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Process Gas Total: All Boil
Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Natural Gas Total
Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Process Gas Total
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Distillate Heaters
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas
Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Process Heaters
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Process Heaters
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Incinerators
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Flares
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-7
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
30390024
30490003
30490004
30490013
30490014
30490023
30490024
30490033
30490034
30490035
30500206
30590003
30590013
30590023
30600102
30600104
30600103
30600903
30600904
30609903
30609904
30790003
30790013
30790023
30890003
30S90013
30890023
30990003
30990013
30990023
31000205
31000404
31000405
31000414
31000415
31390003
39000602
39900601
39990003
39990004
39990013
39990014
39990023
39990024
40201001
40290013
40290023
49090013
49090023
50390006
Tier II: 04 Other
10200801
10500110
2102007000
2390007000
30290005
30500209
30600107
30600199
30600905
30600999
30609905
30890004
- 10201302
- 10500114
- 2102009000
- 2390009000
Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Flares
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Process Heaters
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Incinerators
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Flares
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Furnaces
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Process Gas: Furnaces
Secondary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment Propane
Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Heater: Natural Gas (Use 3-05-050-20 for
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Process Heaters
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Flares
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Gas-fired **
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Gas-fired
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Landfill Gas-fired
Petroleum Industry Flares Natural Gas
Petroleum Industry Flares Process Gas
Petroleum Industry Incinerators Natural Gas
Petroleum Industry Incinerators Process Gas
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Process Heaters
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Flares
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Natural Gas
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Natural Gas: Incinerate
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Natural Gas: Flares
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Process Heaters
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Fabricated Metal Products Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Flares
Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Production Flares
Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Natural Gas
Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Process Gas
Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Natural Gas: Steam Generators
Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Process Gas: Steam Generators
Electrical Equipment Process Heaters Natural Gas
In-process Fuel Use In-process Fuel Use Cement Kiln/Dryer
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace Natural Gas
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Natu
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Proc
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Natu
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Proc
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Natu
Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Proc
Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater Natural Gas
Surface Coating Operations Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerator/Afterburn
Surface Coating Operations Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Flares
Organic Solvent Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Incinerators
Organic Solvent Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment Natural Gas: Hares
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Natural Gas
External Combustion Boilers Industrial
External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Industrial
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial
Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use
Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment Process Heaters: LPG
Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Asphalt Heater: LPG (Use 3-05-050-23 for MACT)
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters LPG-fired
Petroleum Industry Process Heaters Other Not Classified
Petroleum Industry Flares Liquified Petroleum Gas
Petroleum Industry Flares Not Classified **
Petroleum Industry Incinerators Liquified Petroleum Gas
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Process Heaters Liquified Petroleum Gas
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-8
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
39000801 - 39001399 In-Process Fuel Use In-Process Fuel Use
40201004 Surface Coating Operations Coating Oven Heater Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
50390010 Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Liquified Petroleum
Tier II: 05 Internal Combustion
20180001 Electric Generation Equipment Leaks Equipment Leaks
20200101 - 20201002 Internal Combustion Engines Industrial
2102006002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas All I.C. Engine
27501001 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Military Piston Engine: Aviation Gas
27501014 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Military Jet Engine: JP-4
27501015 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Military Jet Engine: JP-5
27502001 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Commercial Piston Engine: Aviation Gas
27502011 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Commercial Jet Engine: Jet A
27505001 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Civil Piston Engine: Aviation Gas
27505011 Fixed Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Civil Jet Engine: Jet A
27601014 Rotary Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Military Jet Engine: JP-4
27601015 Rotary Wing Aircraft L & TO Exhaust Military Jet Engine: JP-5
28000211 Diesel Marine Vessels Commercial Crew Boats: Main Engine Exhaust: Idling
28000212 Diesel Marine Vessels Commercial Crew Boats: Main Engine Exhaust: Maneuvering
28000213 Diesel Marine Vessels Commercial Crew Boats: Auxiliary Generator Exhaust: Hotellin
28000216 Diesel Marine Vessels Commercial Supply Boats: Main Engine Exhaust: Idling
28000217 Diesel Marine Vessels Commercial Supply Boats: Main Engine Exhaust: Maneuvering
28000218 Diesel Marine Vessels Commercial Supply Boats: Auxiliary Generator Exhaust: Hotell
Tier I: 03 FUEL COMB. OTHER
Tier II: 01 Commercial/Institutional Coal
10300101 - 10300309 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500202 Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional Coal **
2103001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coa
2103002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/Sub
2199001000 - 2199003000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion
Tier II: 02 Commercial/Institutional Oil
10300401 - 10300504 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500205 Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil
20300101 Commercial/Institutiohal Distillate Oil (Diesel) Reciprocating
20300102 Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil (Diesel) Turbine
20300107 Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil (Diesel) Reciprocating: Exhaust
2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil
2103005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil
2199004000 - 2199005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion
50190005 Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Distillate Oil
50290005 Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Distil
Tier II: 03 Commercial/Institutional Gas
10300601 - 10300799 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500206 Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas
20300201 - 20300702 • Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional
2103006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas T
2199006000 - 2199006002 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion Natural Gas
27300320 Non-road Sources LPG-fueled Engines Industrial Equipment Industrial Fork Lift: Liquifie
50190006 Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Natural Gas
50290006 Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Natura
Tier II: 04 Misc. Fuel Comb. (Except Residential)
10300901 - 10301303 External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional
10500209 - 10500214 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial-Institutional
20190099 Electric Generation Flares Heavy Water
20301001 - 20400402 Internal Combustion Engines
2103007000 - 2103011010 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional
2199007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion Liqui
2199009000 - 2199011000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion
28888801 - 28888803 Internal Combustion Engines Fugitive Emissions Other Not ClassifiedSpecify in Co
50190010 Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Liquified Petroleum
50290010 Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Liquif
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for J900-J9P6
4-9
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
Tier II: 05 Residential Wood
2104008000 - 2104008053 Stationary Source Riel Combustion Residential Wood
2199008000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Total Area Source Fuel Combustion Wood
Tier II: 06 Residential Other
2104001000 - 2104007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential
2104011000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Residential Kerosene Total: All Heater
Tier I: 04 CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MFC
Tier II: 01 Organic Chemicals
2301000000
2301040000
30100101
30100103
30100107
30100601
30101901
30103101
30103180
30103199
30103402
30104201
30104301
30109101
30112001
30113201
301210SO
30130110
30184001
Tier II: 02
2301010000
2301010010
30100801
30100802
30100S05
30100899
30101101
30101199
30101206
30101299
30102101
30102322
30102399
30103201
30103501
30103599
30107001
30111201
Tier II: 03
2301020000
30101801
30101809
30101812
30101817
30101822
30101842
30101870
30101885
30101899
30102401
3010242G
30102499
30102613
64520011
- 30100105
- 30100199
- 30100699
- 30101907
- 30103104
- 30103499
- 30104203
- 30110099
- 30112780
- 30121009
- 30130107
- 30181001
Inorganic
- 30101203
- 30102319
- 30103299
- 30103553
- 30103903
- 30111401
Polymers
- 30101807
- 30101814
- 30101820
- 30101839
- 30101863
- 30101882
- 30101892
- 30102424
- 30102611
- 30102699
Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 All Process Total
Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28
Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid General
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Charcoal Manufacture
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Phthalic Anhydride
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/DimethylTerephth
Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate Fugitive Emissions
Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate Other Not Classifi
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Lead Alkyl Mfg. Na/Pb Alloy Process
Chemical Manufacturing Lead Alkyl Manufacturing (Electrolytic Process) General
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing General Processes Distillation Units
Chemicals
Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 Industrial Inorganic
Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28 Industrial Inorganic
Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-alkali Production Liquefaction (Diaphragm Cell Proc
Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-alkali Production Liquefaction (Mercury Cell Proces
Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-alkali Production Air Blowing of Mercury Cell Brine
Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-alkali Production Other Not Classified
Chemical Manufacturing Hydrochloric Acid By-product Process
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Hydroflouric Acid Tail Gas Vent
Chemical Manufacturing Hydroflouric Acid Other Not Classified
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) Process Equipment Leaks
Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) Other Not Classified
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Elemental Sulfur Production
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Pigments
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing (General) Fugitive Leaks
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
& Resins
Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28
Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Extruder
Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Specific Products
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Others Not Specified
Chemical Manufacturing Syn. Org. Fiber Mfg.
Chemical Manufacturing Synthetic Organic Fiber Manufacturing Equipment Cleanup (Us
Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Resins Alkyd Resin Production, Solvent Process Polymerization Reacti
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-10
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
64630001 Vinyl-based Resins Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers Production - Suspension Proce
64630052 Vinyl-based Resins Polyvinyl Chloride and Copolymers Production - Suspension Proce
64920030 Fibers Production Processes Rayon Fiber Production Fiber Finishing
Tier II: 04 Agricultural Chemicals
30100305 - 30100399 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonia Production
30101301 - 30101399 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Nitric Acid
30101601 Chemical Manufacturing Phosphoric Acid: Wet Process Reactor
30101603 - 30101799 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30102701 - 30102708 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Nitrate Production
30102710 - 30102801 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30102806 - 30102820 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate
30102822 - 30102825 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate
30102906 - 30102920 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate
30102922 - 30103002 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30103004 - 30103099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Phosphates
30103301 - 30103399 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pesticides
30104001 - 30104006 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Urea Production
30104008 - 30104013 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Urea Production
30104501 Chemical Manufacturing Organic Fertilizer General: Mixing/Handling
30113004 Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Sulfate (Use 3-01-210 for Caprolactum Production)
30113005 Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Sulfate (Use 3-01-210 for Caprolactum Production)
Tier II: OS Paints, Varnishs, Lacquers, Enamels
30101401 - 30101403 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture
30101415 Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Premix/Preassembly
30101430 Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Pigment Grinding/Milling
30101450 Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Product Finishing
30101451 Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Product Finishing, Tinting: Mix Tank and
30101470 • Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Equipment Cleaning
30101498 Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Other Not Classified
30101499 - 30101599 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
Tier II: 06 Pharmaceuticals
2301030000 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28
30106001 - 30106009 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparations
30106011 - 30106099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparations
Tier II: 07 Other Chemicals
30100501 - 30100507 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production
30100509 Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production Furnace Process: Fugitive Emissions
30100599 Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production Other Not Classified
30100701 - 30100799 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing
30100901 - 30101014 Chemical Manufacturing
30101021 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) Continuous Process: Nitration
30101022 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) Continuous Process: Nitration
30101099 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) Other Not Classified
30102001 - 30102099 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Printing Ink Manufacture
30104101 - 30104199 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Nitrocellulose
30105001 Chemical Manufacturing Adhesives General/Compound Unknown **
30111103 Chemical Manufacturing Asbestos Chemical Brake Line/Grinding **
30111199 Chemical Manufacturing Asbestos Chemical Not Classified **
30188801 - 30188805 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Fugitive Emissions Specify inComme
30196099 Chemical Manufacturing
30199998 Chemical Manufacturing Other Not Classified Specify in Comments Field
30199999 Chemical Manufacturing Other Not Classified Specify in Comments Field
Tier I: 05 METALS PROCESSING
Tier II: 01 Non-Ferrous Metals Processing
2304050000 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal Production: SIC 33 Nonferrous Foundr
30300001 Primary Metal Production Aluminum Ore (Bauxite) Crushing/Handling
30300002 Primary Metal Production Aluminum Ore (Bauxite) Drying Oven
30300101 - 30300201 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production
30300502 - 30300518 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Copper Smelting
30300521 - 30300599 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Copper Smelting
30301001 - 30301010 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production
30301014 Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sintering Charge Mixing
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-11
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
30301015 Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter Crushing/Screening
30301017 - 30301025 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production
30301099 - 30301499 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production
30303002 - 30303008 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production
30303010 Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Sinter Breaking and Cooling
30303011 Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Zinc Casting
30303014 - 30303099 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Zinc Production
30400101 - 30400299 Secondary Metal Production
30400401 - 30400699 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production
30400801 - 30400899
30401001 - 30401099 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Nickel Production
30404001 Secondary Metal Production Lead Cable Coating General
36000101 Printing and Publishing Typesetting (Lead Remelting) Remelting (Lead Emissions Onl
Tier II: 02 Ferrous Metals Processing
2303020000 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production: SIC 33 Iron & Steel Foundr
30300302 - 30300304 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufacturing
30300306 - 30300308 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufacturing
30300310 - 30300315 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production By-Product Coke Manufacturing
30300331 - 30300401 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production
30300601 - 30300611 Primary Metal Production Ferroalloy Open Furnace
30300615 - 30300802 Primary Metal Production
30300808 Primary Metal Production Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel
30300813 - 30300819 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Sintering
30300824 - 30300826 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Blast Furnaces
30300899 - 30300914 Primary Metal Production
30300916 - 30300999 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Steel Production
30302301 - 30302303 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing
30302306 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Dry Grinding/Milling
30302308 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Bentonite Blending
30302311 - 30302315 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing
30400301 - 30400355 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Gray Iron Foundries
30400358 - 30400399 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Gray Iron Foundries
30400701 - 30400720 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries
30400722 Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries Muller
30400724 - 30400799 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries
30400901 Secondary Metal Production Malleable Iron Annealing
30400999 Secondary Metal Production Malleable Iron Other Not Classified
30405001 Secondary Metal Production Miscellaneous Casting Fabricating Other Not Classified
30405099 Secondary Metal Production Miscellaneous Casting Fabricating Other Not Classified
Tier II: 03 Metals Processing NEC
2303000000 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production: SIC 33 All Processes Tota
2304000000 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal Production: SIC 33 All Processes To
30302401 - 30302411 Primary Metal Production Metal Mining General Processes
30388801 - 30388805 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Fugitive Emissions SpecifyiCom
30399999 Primary Metal Production Other Not Classified Other Not Classified
30402001 - 30402211 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production
30404901 - 30404999 Secondary Metal Production Secondary MetalProductsMiscellaneous Castingand
30488801 - 30488805 Secondary Metal Production Secondary Metal Production Fugitive Emissions Specif
30499999 Secondary Metal Production Other Not Classified Specify in Comments Field
Tier I: 06 PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
Tier II: 01 Oil & Gas Production
2310000000 -2310030000 Industrial Processes Oil & Gas Production: SIC 13
31000101 - 31000103 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production
31000160 Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Flares
31000199 - 31000204 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production
31000206 - 31000299 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Production
31000301 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Glycol Dehydrators: Reboi
31000302 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Glycol Dehydrators: Reboi
31000303 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Glycol Dehydrators: Phase
31000304 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Glycol Dehydrators: Ethyl
31000305 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Gas Sweeting: Amine Proce
31000306 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Process Valves
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-12
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
31000309 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Compressor Seals
31000310 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Pump Seals
31000311 Oil and Gas Production Natural Gas Processing Facilities Flanges and Connections
31000406 Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters Propane/Butane
31088801 -31088805 Oil and Gas Production Oil and Gas ProductionFugitive EmissionsSpecify in Comment
Tier II: 02 Petroleum Refineries & Related Industries
2306000000 Industrial Processes Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 All Processes Total
30600201 - 30600822 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry
30601001 - 30601599 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry
30610001 - 30699999 Petroleum Industry Petroleum Industry
Tier II: 03 Asphalt Manufacturing
2306010000 Industrial Processes Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 Asphalt Paving/Roofing Ma
30500101 - 30500202 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30500204 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Cold Aggregate Handling
30500205 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Drum Dryer: Hot Asphalt Plants
30500211 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Rotary Dryer Conventional Plant with Cyclone
30500212 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Heated Asphalt Storage Tanks: Drum Mix
30500213 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Storage Silo
30500214 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Truck Load-out
30500221 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Elevators: Continuous Process
30500290 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Haul Roads: General
30500298 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Other Not Classified
30500299 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete See Comment **
Tier I: 07 OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Tier II: 01 Agriculture, Food, & Kindred Products
2302000000 - 2302080000 Industrial Processes Food & Kindred Products: SIC 20
2801600000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Country Grain E
30200101 - 30200504 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200512 - 30200604 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200611 - 30200705 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200712 - 30200714 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Durum Milling
30200722 - 30200730 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture
30200732 - 30200734 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Wheat Miffing
30200740 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Dry Corn Milling: Silo Storage
30200742 - 30200745 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Dry Milling
30200748 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Dry Corn Milling: Grinding
30200752 - 30200754 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Corn: Wet Milling
30200756 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Wet Corn Milling: Milling
30200760 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Oat: General
30200763 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Gluten Feed Drying: Direct-fired Dryer - Produ
30200772 - 30200774 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Rice Milling
30200782 - 30200790 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Soybean Mills
30200799 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings See Comments **
30200801 Food and Agriculture Feed Manufacture General **
30200804 - 30201919 Food and Agriculture
30201945 Food and Agriculture Vegetable Oil Processing Oil Refining: Oil Stripping Column
30201998 Food and Agriculture Vegetable Oil Processing Soybean Oil Production: Complete Pro
30201999 - 30203104 Food and Agriculture
30203201 - 30288805 Food and Agriculture
30299998 Food and Agriculture Other Not Specified Other Not Classified
30299999 Food and Agriculture Other Not Specified Other Not Classified
Tier II: 02 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
32099997 - 33088805 Textiles, Leather, & Apparel Products
Tier II: 03 Wood, Pulp & Paper, & Publishing Products
2307000000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24 All Processes Total
2307020000 -2307060000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24
30700101 - 30702099 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products
30703003 - 30788898 Pulp & Paper and Wood Products Pulp & Paper and Wood Products
30799901 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Other Not Classified Battery Separators
30799998 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Other Not Classified Other Not Classified
30799999 Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Other Not Classified See Comment **
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-13
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
Tier II: 04
2308000000
308001 01
30800120
30800901
30899999
Tier II: 05
2305000000
30500231
30500301
30500302
30500304
30500499
30500609
30500613
30500614
30500617
30500623
30500624
30500626
30500627
30500629
30500699
30500706
30500709
30500714
30500717
30500799
30500806
30500810
30500907
30500915
30501010
30501012
30501013
30501017
30501022
30501034
30501035
30501099
30501101
30501112
30501113
30501120
30501223
30501505
30501511
30501515
30501519
30501609
30501611
30501612
30501616
30501905
30502008
30502012
30502201
30502508
30503108
30503109
30503199
30504024
30504030
Rubber & Miscellaneous Plastic Products
- 30800108
- 30800802
Industrial Processes Rubber/Plastics: SIC 30 All Processes Total
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Prod
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Prod
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Plastic Miscellaneous Products Polystyr
Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Other Not Specified Other Not Classifie
Mineral Products
- 2305080000
- 30500405
- 30500606
- 30500611
- 30500711
- 30500802
- 30500904
- 30500909
- 30501007
- 30501215
- 30501503
- 30501507
- 30501513
- 30501517
- 30501606
- 30501902
- 30502006
- 30502010
- 30502105
- 30502501
- 30503103
- 30504010
- 30504034
Industrial Processes Mineral Processes: SIC 32
Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Hot Bins and Screens: Continuous Process
Mineral Products Brick Manufacture Raw Material Drying
Mineral Products Brick Manufacture Raw Material Grinding
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Dry Process
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Raw Material Grinding and Dryi
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Clinker Cooler
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Clinker Grinding
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Preheater/Precalciner Kiln
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Raw Mill Feed Belt
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Raw Mill Air Separator
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Finish Grinding Mill Feed Belt
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Finish Grinding Mill Air Separ
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Other Not Classified
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Kilns
Mineral Products Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing: Wet Process
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Clinker Cooler
Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Clinker Grinding
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Ceramic Clay/Tile Manufacture Raw Material Handling and Transfer
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Clay & Fly Ash Sintering
Mineral Products
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Crushin
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Screeni
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Air Tab
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Seconda
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 3053 10) Drillin
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 3053 10) Coal Se
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Blastin
Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Other N
Mineral Products Concrete Batching General (Non-fugitive)
Mineral Products Concrete Batching Mixing: Wet
Mineral Products Concrete Batching Mixing: Dry
Mineral Products
Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Hydrator: Atmospheric
Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Product Cooler
Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Pressure Hydrator
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products Stone Quarrying/Processing
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Overburden Stripping
Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Ventilation of Process Operations
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals Overburden Stripping
Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-14
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
30504099 - 30509101 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30515001 - 30588805 Mineral Products Mineral Products
30599999 Mineral Products Other Not Defined Specify in Comments Field
Tier II: 06 Machinery Products
2309000000 - 2309100260 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metals: SIC 34
30900198 - 30988805 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products
30988806 Fabricated Metal Products Fugitive Emissions Other Not Classified
30999997 - 30999999 Fabricated Metal Products Fabricated Metal Products Other Not Classified
Tier II: 07 Electronic Equipment
31303502 Electrical Equipment Manufacturing - General Processes Cleaning
31306500 Electrical Equipment Semiconductor Manufacturing Integrated Circuit Manufacturing:
31306530 Electrical Equipment Semiconductor Manufacturing Etching Process: Wet Chemical: Sp
31399999 Electrical Equipment Other Not Classified Other Not Classified
Tier II: 08 Transportation Equipment
31400901 Transportation Equipment Automobiles/Truck Assembly Operations Solder Joint Grindi
31401101 - 31499999 Transportation Equipment Transportation Equipment
Tier II: 09 Construction
2311000020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Demolition'
2311000030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Blasting
2311000080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 All Processes Welding Ope
2311010020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construct
2311010030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 General Building Construct
2311010080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 -17 General Building Construct
2311020020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Heavy Construction Demoli
2311020030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Heavy Construction Blasti
2311020080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 -17 Heavy Construction Weldin
2311030020 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 -17 Road Construction Demolit
2311030030 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 -17 Road Construction Blastin
2311030080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Road Construction Welding
2311040080 Industrial Processes Construction: SIC 15 - 17 Special Trade Construction
31100199 - 31100202 Building Construction Building Construction
31100299 Building Construction Demolitions/Special Trade Contracts Other Not Classified: Co
Tier II: 10 Miscellaneous Industrial Processes
2312000000 Industrial Processes Machinery: SIC 35 All Processes Total
2312050000 Industrial Processes Machinery: SIC 35 Metalworking Machinery: Tool & Die
2399000000 Industrial Processes Industrial Processes: NEC Industrial Processes: NEC
31299999 Machinery, Miscellaneous Miscellaneous Machinery Other Not Classified
31501002 Photographic Equipment Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Toner Classification
31501003 Photographic Equipment Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Toner (Carbon Black) G
39999989 - 39999999 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries
Tier I: 08 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Tier II: 01 Degreasing
Solvent Utilization Degreasing
Organic Solvent Evaporation Degreasing
Organic Solvent Evaporation Degreasing Fugitive Emissions Specify in Comments F
Solvent Utilization Graphic Arts
Printing/Publishing Printing Process
Printing/Publishing Printing Process
2415000000 - 2415365999
40100201 - 40100399
40188801 - 40188898
Tier II: 02 Graphic Arts
2425000000 - 2425040999
40500101 - 40500601
40500801 - 40588805
Tier II: 03 Dry Cleaning
2420000000 - 2420020999 Solvent Utilization Dry Cleaning
40100101 - 40100199 Organic Solvent Evaporation Dry Cleaning Dry Cleaning
41000102 Dry Cleaning Petroleum Solvent - Industrial Stoddard
41000201 Dry Cleaning Petroleum Solvent - Commercial Stoddard
41000202 Dry Cleaning Petroleum Solvent - Commercial Stoddard
68241030 Miscellaneous Processes Paint Stripper Users - Non-chemical Strippers Media Blasti
Tier II: 04 Surface Coating
2401001000 - 2401990999 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating
2440020000 Solvent Utilization Miscellaneous Industrial Adhesive (Industrial) Applic
40200101 - 40200706 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Applicatio
40200710 - 40200998 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-15
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
40201101 Surface Coating Operations Fabric Coating/Printing Coating Operation (Also See Spe
40201103 Surface Coating Operations Fabric Coating/Printing Coating Mixing (Also See Specif
40201105 - 40201303 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201305 - 40201403 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201405 - 40201503 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201505 - 40201603 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201605 - 40201703 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201705 - 40201803 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201S05 - 40201903 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40201999 - 40202003 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202005 - 40202103 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202105 - 40202203 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202205 - 40202303 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202305 - 40202403 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202405 - 40202503 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202505 - 40202603 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations
40202605 - 40288805 Surface Coating Operations
40288822 Surface Coating Operations Fugitive Emissions Coating
40288823 Surface Coating Operations Fugitive Emissions Cleartop Coat
40288824 Surface Coating Operations Fugitive Emissions Clean-up
40299995 - 40299999 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating - Miscella
Tier II: OS Other Industrial
2430000000 - 2440000999 Solvent Utilization
Organic Solvent Evaporation Knit Fabrie Scouring with Chlorinated Solvent Perchlor
Organic Solvent Evaporation Knit Fabric Scouring with Chlorinated Solvent Other No
Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Solvent Extraction Processes
Organic Solvent Evaporation Waste Solvent Recovery Operations Condenser Vent
Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous
Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Volatile Organic Compound Evaporation Id
Organic Solvent Evaporation Miscellaneous Volatile Organic Compound Evaporation Id
- 49000199
- 49000599
40100401
40100499
49000101
49000202
49000206
49099998
49099999
Tier II: 06 Nonindustrial
2460000000 - 2465900000 Solvent Utilization
Tier II: 07 Solvent Utilization NEC
2495000000 - 2495000999 Solvent Utilization All Solvent User Categories All Processes
Tier I: 09 STORAGE & TRANSPORT
Tier II: 01 Bulk Terminals & Plants
2501050000 - 2501050900 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Bulk Stations/Terminal
40400101 - 40400271 Bulk Terminals/Plants Petroleum Storage Tanks
40400272 Bulk Terminals/Plants Bulk Plants Gasoline RVP 10: Standing Loss - Int. Floating R
40400278 Bulk Terminals/Plants Bulk Plants Gasoline RVP 10/13/7: Withdrawal Loss - Int. Flo
40400279 Bulk Terminals/Plants Bulk Plants Specify Liquid: Internal Floating Roof (Primary/
40400401 - 40400498 Bulk Terminals/Plants Petroleum Storage Tanks Underground Tanks
Tier II: 02 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
- 2275900102
Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels
Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels Underground Tank: Total
Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage
Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Servic
Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Servic
Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service
Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service
Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage All Storage Types: Wor
Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Crude Oil Sumps
Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Crude Oil Pits
Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Evaporation from Liquid Leaks into Oil
Oil and Gas Production Crude Oil Production Atmospheric Wash Tank (2nd Stage of Ga
Petroleum Product Storage (Refineries Oil and Gas Fie
Bulk Terminals/Plants Petroleum Storage Tanks Oil Field Storage of Crude Oil
Bulk Terminals/Plants Oil Held Storage of Crude External Floating Roof Tank: With
Bulk Terminals/Plants Oil Field Storage of Crude Internal Floating Roof Tank: With
Tier II: 03 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
2505000000 - 2505040180 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Transport
2275900000
2275900201
2501000000
2501060000
2501060200
2501070000
2501070200
2501995000
31000104
31000105
31000108
31000132
40300101
40400301
40400306
40400307
- 2501010900
- 2501995180
40399999
40400305
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-16
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
40600101 - 40600299 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products
40688801 - 40688805 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Fugitive Emissions Specify in
Tier II: 04 Service Stations: Stage I
2501060050 - 2501060053 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Service Stati
2501070050 - 2501070053 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service Station
40600301 - 40600399 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Gasoline Retail Operations St
40600503 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Pipeline Petroleum Transport -
40600706 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Consumer (Corporate) Fleet Refu
Tier II: 05 Service Stations: Stage II
2501060100 - 2501060103 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Service Stati
2501070100 - 2501070103 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service Station
40600401 - 40600499 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Filling Vehicle Gas Tanks Sta
40600501 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Pipeline Petroleum Transport -
40600601 Transportation and Marketing of Petroleum Products Consumer (Corporate) Fleet Refu
Tier II: 06 Service Stations: Breathing & Emptying
2275900202 Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels Underground Tank: Breathing
2501060201 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Gasoline Servic
2501070201 Storage & Transport Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage Diesel Service
42500101 Fixed Roof Tanks (210 Bbl Size) Breathing Loss
42500102 Fixed Roof Tanks (210 Bbl Size) Working Loss
Tier II: 07 Organic Chemical Storage
2510000000 - 2510995405 Storage & Transport Organic Chemical Storage
30100102 Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid Raw Material Storage
30100106 Chemical Manufacturing Adipic Acid Drying, Loading, and Storage
30100508 Chemical Manufacturing Carbon Black Production Bagging/Loading
30101404 Chemical Manufacturing Paint Manufacture Raw Material Storage
30101602 Chemical Manufacturing Phosphoric Acid: Wet Process Gypsum Pond
30101808 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Monomer and Solvent Storage
30101810 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Conveying
30101811 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Storage
30101815 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Pellet Silo
30101816 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Transferring/Handling/Loading/Packing
30101821 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Extruding/Pelletizing/Conveying/Storage
30101840 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Resin Storage Tank ** (Use 6-45-200-23
30101864 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Pellet Silo/Storage
30101865 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Transferring/Conveying
30101883 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Transferring/Conveying/Storage (Polyure
30101893 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Raw Material Storage
30101894 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Solvent Storage
30102425 Chemical Manufacturing Synthetic Organic Fiber Manufacturing Fiber Storage (Use 6-
30102427 Chemical Manufacturing Synthetic Organic Fiber Manufacturing Solvent Storage (Use
30102612 Chemical Manufacturing Synthetic Rubber (Manufacturing Only) Pre-storage Tank
30102709 Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Nitrate Production Bulk Loading (General)
30103003 Chemical Manufacturing Ammonium Phosphates Screening/Transfer
30103105 Chemical Manufacturing Terephthalic Acid/Dimethyl Terephthalate Product Transfer V
30104007 Chemical Manufacturing Urea Production B ulk Loading
30106010 Chemical Manufacturing Pharmaceutical Preparations Storage/Transfer
30130108 Chemical Manufacturing Chlorobenzene DCB Crystal Handling/Loading
30183001 Chemical Manufacturing General Processes Storage/Transfer
30201920 Food and Agriculture Vegetable Oil Processing Solvent Storage (Use 4-07-016-15 & -
30800109 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Tire Manufacture Solvent Storage ** (Us
30800110 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Tire Manufacture Solvent Storage (Use 4
30800803 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastics Products Plastic Foam Products Bead Storage
31501001 Photographic Equipment Photocopying Equipment Manufacturing Resin Transfer/Storage
40200707 Surface Coating Operations Surface Coating Application - General Adhesive: Solvent
40201104 Surface Coating Operations Fabric Coating/Printing Coating Storage (Also See Speci
40201304 Surface Coating Operations Paper Coating Coating Storage
40201404 Surface Coating Operations Large Appliances Coating Storage
40201504 Surface Coating Operations Magnet Wire Surface Coating Coating Storage
40201604 Surface Coating Operations Automobiles and Light Trucks Coating Storage
40201704 Surface Coating Operations Metal Can Coating Coating Storage
40201804 Surface Coating Operations Metal Coil Coating Solvent Storage (Use 4-07-004-01 thr
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-17
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
40201904 Surface Coating Operations Wood Furniture Surface Coating Coating Storage
40202004 Surface Coating Operations Metal Furniture Operations Coating Storage
40202104 Surface Coating Operations Flatwood Products Coating Storage
40202204 Surface Coating Operations Plastic Parts Coating Storage
40202304 Surface Coating Operations Large Ships Coating Storage
40202404 Surface Coating Operations Large Aircraft Coating Storage
40202504 Surface Coating Operations Miscellaneous Metal Parts Coating Storage
40202604 Surface Coating Operations Steel Drums Coating Storage
40500701 Printing/Publishing General Solvent Storage
40700401 - 40799998 Organic Chemical Storage
42500201 Fixed Roof Tanks (500 Bbl Size) Breathing Loss
49000201 Organic Solvent Evaporation Waste Solvent Recovery Operations Storage Tank Vent
49000204 Organic Solvent Evaporation Waste Solvent Recovery Operations Solvent Spillage
49000205 Organic Solvent Evaporation Waste Solvent Recovery Operations Solvent Loading
Tier II: 08 Organic Chemical Transport
2515000000 - 2515040405 Storage & Transport Organic Chemical Transport
30101866 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Packing/Shipping
30101884 Chemical Manufacturing Plastics Production Packing/Shipping (Polyurethane)
40899995 - 40899999 Organic Chemical Transportation Organic Chemical Transportation Specify Liquid
Tier II: 09 Inorganic Chemical Storage
2520000000 - 2520995040 Storage & Transport Inorganic Chemical Storage
30100804 Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-alkali Production Chlorine Loading: Storage Car Yen
30101198 Chemical Manufacturing Hydrochloric Acid Handling and Storage (99.9% Removal)
30101204 Chemical Manufacturing Hydroflouric Acid Fluorspar Handling Silos
30101205 Chemical Manufacturing Hydroflouric Acid Fluorspar Transfer
30102321 Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) Storage Tank Vent
30102803 - 30102805 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphate
30102821 Chemical Manufacturing Normal Superphosphates Den
30102903 - 30102905 Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate
30102921 Chemical Manufacturing Triple Superphosphate Den
30103554 Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Pigments Conveying/Storage/Packing
30104204 Chemical Manufacturing Lead Alkyl Manufacturing (Sodium/Lead Alloy Process) Sludge
30107002 Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing (General) Storage/Transfer
30121010 . Chemical Manufacturing Caprolactum (Use 3-01-130 for Ammonium Sulfate By-product P
30187001 - 30188599 Chemical Manufacturing Inorganic Chemical Storage
Tier II: 10 Inorganic Chemical Transport
2525000000 - 2525040040 Storage & Transport Inorganic Chemical Transport
30100803 Chemical Manufacturing Chloro-alkali Production Chlorine Loading: Tank Car Vent
30102320 Chemical Manufacturing Sulfuric Acid (Contact Process) Tank Car and Truck Unloadin
Tier II: 11 Bulk Materials Storage
2530000000 - 2530050120 Storage & Transport Bulk Materials Storage
2650000004 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Scrap & Waste Materials Scrap & Was
30200505 - 30200511 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Feed and Grain Terminal Elevators
30200605 - 30200610 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Feed and Grain Country Elevators
30200751 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Wet Corn Milling: Grain Receiving
30200755 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Wet Corn Milling: Bulk Loading
30200771 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Rice: Grain Receiving
30200781 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Soybean: Grain Receiving
30200791 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Soybean: Bulk Loading
30200802 Food and Agriculture Feed Manufacture Grain Receiving
30200803 Food and Agriculture Feed Manufacture Shipping
30203105 - 30203111 Food and Agriculture Food and Agriculture Export Grain Elevators
30300003 Primary Metal Production Aluminum Ore (Bauxite) Fine Ore Storage
30300305 Primary Metal Production By-product Coke Manufacturing Coal Unloading
30300309 Primary Metal Production By-product Coke Manufacturing Coal Conveying
30300316 Primary Metal Production By-product Coke Manufacturing Coal Storage Pile
30300613 Primary Metal Production Ferroalloy, Open Furnace Raw Material Storage
30300614 Primary Metal Production Ferroalloy, Open Furnace Raw Material Transfer
30300S04 Primary Metal Production Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel
30300805 Primary Metal Production Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel
30300809 - 30300812 Primary Metal Production Iron Production
30300820 - 30300823 Primary Metal Production Iron Production
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-18
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
30300827 Primary Metal Production Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel
30300841 Primary Metal Production Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated boa & Steel
30300842 Primary Metal Production Iron Production (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & Steel
30300915 Primary Metal Production Steel Manufacturing (See 3-03-015 for Integrated Iron & S
30301011 - 30301013 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Lead Production
30301016 Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter Transfer
30301026 " Primary Metal Production Lead Production Sinter Dump Area
30302304 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Ore Transfer
30302305 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Ore Storage
30302307 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Bentonite Storage
30302309 Primary Metal Production Taconite fron Ore Processing Traveling Grate Feed
30302310 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Traveling Grate Discharge
30302316 Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Pellet Transfer
30303009 Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Raw Material Handling and Transfer
30303012 Primary Metal Production Zinc Production Raw Material Unloading
30400356 Secondary Metal Production Grey Iron Foundries Sand Silo
30400357 Secondary Metal Production Grey Iron Foundries Conveyors/Elevators
30400721 Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries Sand Silo
30400723 Secondary Metal Production Steel Foundries Conveyors/Elevators
30500203 Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete Storage Piles
30500303 Mineral Products Brick Manufacture Storage of Raw Materials
30500406 Mineral Products Calcium Carbide Circular Charging: Conveyor
30500607 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Raw Material Unloading
30500608 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Raw Material Piles
30500612 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing .(Dry Process) Raw Material Transfer
30500615 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Clinker Piles
30500616 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Clinker Transfer
30500618 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Cement Silos
30500619 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Dry Process) Cement Load Out
30500707 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Raw Material Unloading
30500708 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Raw Material Piles
30500712 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Raw Material Transfer
30500715 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Clinker Piles
30500716 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Clinker Transfer
30500718 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Cement Silos
30500719 Mineral Products Cement Manufacturing (Wet Process) Cement Load Out
30500803 Mineral Products Ceramic Clay/Tile Manufacture Raw Material Storage
30500905 Mineral Products Clay and Fly Ash Sintering Raw Clay/Shale Transfer/Conveying
30500906 Mineral Products Clay and Fly Ash Sintering Raw Clay/Shale Storage Piles
30500910 Mineral Products Clay and Fly Ash Sintering Expanded Shale Storage
30501008 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Unload!
30501009 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Raw Coa
30501011 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Coal Tr
30501014 - 30501016 Mineral Products Coal Cleaning Material Handling
30501021 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Overbur
30501023 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Loading
30501030 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Topsoil
30501032 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Topsoil
30501033 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Overbur
30501036 - 30501038 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations
30501040 - 30501043 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations
30501048 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Overbur
30501106 - 30501111 Mineral Products Mineral Products Concrete Batching
30501114 Mineral Products Concrete Batching Transferring: Conveyors/Elevators
30501115 Mineral Products Concrete Batching Storage: Bins/Hoppers
30501221 Mineral Products Fiberglass Manufacturing Raw Material: Unloading/Conveying
30501222 Mineral Products Fiberglass Manufacturing Raw Material: Storage Bins
30501504 Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture Conveying
30501508 - 30501510 Mineral Products Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture
30501514 Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture Storage Bins: Stucco
30501518 Mineral Products Gypsum Manufacture Mixers/Conveyors
30501607 Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Raw Material Transfer and Conveying
30501608 Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Raw Material Unloading
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-19
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
-------
Table 4.1-3 (continued)
30501610
30501613
30501903
30501904
30502007
30502106
30502502
30502503
30502505
30503104
30503110
30503111
30504020
30504025
30504036
30510001
30510604
30703001
30703002
30501615
30502507
30503107
- 30504023
- 30510599
Mineral Products Lime Manufacture Raw Material Storage Piles
Mineral Products Mineral Products Lime Manufacture
Mineral Products Phosphate Rock Transfer/Storage
Mineral Products Phosphate Rock Open Storage
Mineral Products Stone Quarrying - Processing (See also 305320) Open Storage
Mineral Products Salt Mining Conveying
Mineral Products Construction Sand and Gravel Aggregate Storage
Mineral Products Construction Sand and Gravel Material Transfer and Conveying
Mineral Products Mineral Products Sand/Gravel
Mineral Products Mineral Products Asbestos Mining
Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Stockpiling
Mineral Products Asbestos Mining Tailing Piles
Mineral Products Mineral Products Mining & Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals
Mineral Products Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals Stockpiling
Mineral Products Mining and Quarrying of Nonmetallic Minerals Tailing Piles
Mineral Products Mineral Products
Mineral Products Bulk Materials Screening/Size Classification Coke
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Miscellaneous Wood Working Operations Wood Waste
Pulp and Paper and Wood Products Miscellaneous Wood Working Operations Wood Waste
Tier II: 12 Bulk Materials Transport
2535000000 - 2535030140 Storage & Transport Bulk Materials Transport
30200711 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Durum Milling: Grain Receiving
30200721 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Rye: Grain Receiving
30200731 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Wheat: Grain Receiving
30200741 Food and Agriculture Grain Millings Dry Corn Milling: Grain Receiving
30501044 Mineral Products Coal Mining, Cleaning, and Material Handling (See 305310) Train L
31100203 Building Construction Demolitions/Special Trade Contracts Debris Loading
31100204 • Building Construction Demolitions/Special Trade Contracts Debris Loading
Tier I: 10 WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
Tier II: 01 Incineration
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery On-Site Incineration
Chemical Manufacturing Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) Batch Process: Red Water facin
Chemical Manufacturing Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) Continuous Process: Red Water
Electrical Equipment Electrical Windings Reclamation Single Chamber Incinerator/Ov
Electrical Equipment Electrical Windings Reclamation Multiple Chamber Incinerator/
Transportation Equipment Brake Shoe Debonding Single Chamber Incinerator
Transportation Equipment Brake Shoe Debonding Multiple Chamber Incinerator
Organic Solvent Evaporation Waste Solvent Recovery Operations Incinerator Stack
Solid Waste Disposal Government Municipal Incineration
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Municipal Incineration Mass Burn Refractory Wall
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Municipal Incineration Mass Bum Waterwall Combu
Solid Waste Disposal Government Other Incineration
Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional Incineration: General
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Open Burning Weeds
Solid Waste Disposal Commercial/Institutional
Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Incineration
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Incineration Hazardous Waste
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Incineration Hazardous Waste Incinerators: Liqu
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Incineration Hazardous Waste Incinerators: Mult
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Incineration Sludge
- 2601030000
2601000000
30101015
30101023
31307001
31307002
31401001
31401002
49000203
50100101
50100104
50100105
50100505
50200101
50200205
50200301
50300101
50300501
50300503
50300505
50300506
Tier II: 02 Open Burning
- 50100103
50100517
50200105
50200507
50300109
2610000000 - 2610030000
50100201
50100202
50200201
50200202
50300201 - 50300205
Tier II: 03 POTW
2630000000
2630020000
50100701 - 50100704
50100793
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Open Burning
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Open Burning Dump General Refuse
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Open Burning Dump Vegetation Only
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Open Burning Wood
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Open Burning Refuse
Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Open Burning
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment All Categories
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment Public Owned
Solid Waste Disposal Government Sewage Treatment
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Sewage Treatment POTW: Sludge Drying Bed
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-20
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
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Table 4.1-3 (continued)
Tier II: 04 Industrial Waste Water
- 2650000003
- 50100604
2630010000
30182001 - 30182003
31000506
50300702
68182599
68282599
Tier II: 05 TSDF
2640000000 - 2640020004
50300801 - 50300899
Tier II: 06 Landfills
2620000000 - 2620030000
50100401
50100410
50200601
50200602
50300601 - 50300603
Tier II: 07 Other
2630030000
2650000000
2660000000
50100402
50100601
50200901
50282599
50300701
50300901
50390002
50400101
50400102
50400103
50400104
50400150
50400151
50400301
50400320
50410310
50410311
50410312
50410313
50410405
50410408
50410420
50410530
50410562
50410610
50410622
50410645
50490004
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment Industrial To
Chemical Manufacturing Chemical Manufacturing General Processes
Oil and Gas Production Liquid Waste Treatment Oil-Water Separation Wastewater Hold
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Liquid Waste Waste Treatment: General
Consumer Product Manufacturing Facilities Wastewater, Points of Generation Specify
Miscellaneous Processes Wastewater, Points of Generation Specify Point of Generati
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery TSDFs
Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Treatment, Storage, Disposal Facilities
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Landfills
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Landfill Dump Unpaved Road Traffic
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Landfill Dump Waste Gas Destruction: Waste Gas
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Landfill Dump Waste Gas Flares **
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Landfill Dump Municipal: Fugitive
Solid Waste Disposal Industrial Landfill Dump
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Wastewater Treatment Residential/Su
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Scrap & Waste Materials Scrap & Waste
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Leaking Underground Storage Tanks L
Solid Waste Disposal - Government Landfill Dump Fugitive Emissions
Solid Waste Disposal Government Fire Fighting
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Asbestos Removal General
Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Wastewater, Points of Generation S
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Liquid Waste General
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Asbestos Removal General
Solid Waste Disposal - Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions Coal
Site Remediation General Processes Fixed Roof Tanks: Breathing Loss
Site Remediation General Processes Fixed Roof Tanks: Working Loss
Site Remediation General Processes Float Roof Tanks: Standing Loss
Site Remediation General Processes Float Roof Tanks: Withdrawal Loss
Site Remediation General Processes Storage Bins
Site Remediation General Processes: Liquid Waste: General: Transfer
Site Remediation General Processes Open Refuse Stockpiles : General
Site Remediation General Processes Storage Bins - Solid Waste
Site Remediation In Situ Venting/Venting of Soils Active Aeration
Site Remediation In Situ Venting/Venting of Soils Active Aeration: Vacuum
Site Remediation In Situ Venting/Venting of Soils Active Aeration, Vacuum: Vapor
Site Remediation In Situ Venting/Venting of Soils Active Aeration, Vacuum: Vacuum
Site Remediation Air Stripping of Groundwater Oil/Water Separator
Site Remediation Air Stripping of Groundwater Treatment Tanks
Site Remediation Air Stripping of Groundwater Air Stripping Tower
Site Remediation Thermal Destruction Combustion Unit
Site Remediation Thermal Destruction Waste Disposal: Chemical Stabilization
Site Remediation Thermal Desorption Pretreatment
Site Remediation Thermal Desorption Thermal Desorber: Kiln
Site-Remediation Thermal Desorption Wastes: Containers
Site Remediation General Processes Incinerators: Process Gas
Tier I: 11 ON-ROAD VEHICLES
Tier H: 01 Light-Duty Gas Vehicles & Motorcycles
2201001000 - 2201001334 Mobile Sources On-road Vehicles - Gasoline Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles (LDGV)
2201080000 - 2201080334 Mobile Sources On-road Vehicles - Gasoline Motorcycles (MC)
Tier H: 02 Light-Duty Gas Trucks
2201020000 - 2201060334 Mobile Sources On-road Vehicles - Gasoline
Tier II: 03 Heavy-Duty Gas Vehicles
2201070000 - 2201070334 Mobile Sources On-road Vehicles - Gasoline (HDGV)
Tier II: 04 Diesels
2230001000 - 2230070334 Mobile Sources On-road Vehicles - Diesel
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-21
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
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Table 4.1-3 (continued)
Tier I: 12 NON-ROAD SOURCES
Tier II: 01 Non-Road Gasoline
2260000000 - 2265008010 Mobile Sources
2282005000 - 2282020025 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Recreational
26000320 Non-road Sources 2-stroke Gasoline Engines Industrial Equipment Industrial Fork Lift: G
Tier II: 02 Non-Road Diesel
2270000000 - 2270008010 Mobile Sources Non-road Sources Vehicle Diesel
Tier II: 03 Aircraft
2275000000 - 2275070000 Mobile Sources Aircraft
Tier II: 04 Marine Vessels
2280001000 - 2280004040 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Commercial
2283000000 - 2283004020 Mobile Sources Marine Vessels, Military
Tier II: 05 Railroads
2285002000 - 2285002010 Mobile Sources Railroads Diesel
Tier I: 13 NATURAL SOURCES
Tier II: 01 Biogenic
2701000000 - 2701480000 Natural Sources Biogenic
2740020000 - 2740040010 Natural Sources Miscellaneous
Tier II: 02 Geogenic
2730001000 - 2730100001 Natural Sources Geogenic
Tier II: 03 Miscellaneous
2740001000 Natural Sources Miscellaneous Lighting Total
Tier!: 14 MISCELLANEOUS
Tier II: 01 Agriculture & Forestry
2307010000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24 Logging Operations Total
2801000001 - 2801000008 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops
2805000000 - 2805015001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Livestock
Tier II: 02 Other Combustion
2801500000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agricultural Fi
2801520000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Orchard Heaters
2810001000 - 2810050000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Other Combustion
30101030 Chemical Manufacturing Explosives (Trinitrotoluene) Open Burning: Waste
' Tier II: 03 Catastrophic/Accidental Releases
2275900103 Mobile Sources Aircraft Refueling: All Fuels Spillage
2830000000 - 2830010000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Catastrophic/Accidential Releases
Tier II: 04 Repair Shops
2840000000 - 2841010050 Miscellaneous Area Sources
Tier II: 05 Health Services
2850000000 - 2850000030 Miscellaneous Area Sources Health Services Hospitals
31502001 - 31502089 Health Services Health Services Hospitals
Tier II: 06 Cooling Towers
2820000000 - 2820020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Cooling Towers
38500101 - 38500210 Cooling Tower Cooling Tower
Tier II: 07 Fugitive Dust
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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4-22
1985-1996 Methodology
Introduction
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4.2 FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
The point and area source categories under the "Electric Utility" heading include the following
Tier I and Tier n categories:
Tier I Category
(01) FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTILITY
Tier n Category
(01) Coal
(02) Oil
(03) Gas
The emissions from the combustion of fuel by electric utilities have been divided into two
classifications: (1) steam generated fossil-fuel units (boiler) and (2) nonsteam generated fossil-fuel units
such as gas turbines (GT) and internal combustion (1C) engines. Two very different methodologies have
been used to estimate the emissions for these two classes; each is described separately in this report. The
fossil-fuel steam generated methodology is described in this section; the GT and 1C methodology is
described in section 4.3.
The emissions from fossil-fuel steam electric utility units for the years 1985 through 1995 have
been based on five basic factors: (1) fuel consumption, (2) emission factor, which relates the quantity of
fuel consumed to the quantity of pollutant emitted, (3) fuel characteristics, such as sulfur content, ash
content, and heating value of fuels, (4) control efficiency, which indicates the percent of pollutant
emissions not removed through control methods, and (5) rule effectiveness (which, according to EPA, is
the measure of the ability of a regulatory program to achieve all the emissions reductions that could be
achieved by full compliance with the applicable regulations at all sources at all times). The fuel
consumption characteristics and control efficiencies are obtained at the boiler-level, while the emission
factors are specified at the SCC-level. The 1996 emissions and heat input are extrapolated from the
1995 boiler-level emissions based on the ratio of plant-level 1996 fuel consumption to 1995 fuel
consumption.
The fossil-fuel steam electric utility emissions that are reported in the Trends Data Bases include
VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, PM-10, and PM-2.5. Since there are no known utility emission factors for either
NH3 or sulfates (SO4), they are not estimated. It should also be noted that these estimates do not include
emissions from the combustion of anthracite coal because it accounts for a very small percentage
(< 1 percent) of the overall emissions from fuel combustion by fossil-fuel steam electric utility units.
4.2.1 1985-1995 Steam Electric Utility Emission Inventories
The Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the Department of Energy (DOE) collects monthly
boiler-level data on a yearly basis using Form EIA-767 (Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design
Report1). The EIA also collects plant-level fossil-fuel steam data from all electric utility plants filing
Form EIA-759 (Monthly Power Plant Report1). Currently, Form EIA-767 data are available for the
years 1985 through 1995, while Form EIA-759 data are available through the year 1996. The fossil-fuel
steam electric utility component of the Trends emission inventories for 1985 through 1996 includes data
derived from these two forms. These steam components include data from fossil-fuel steam boilers and
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1985-1996 Methodology
Electric Utilities
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not data from GT or 1C engines (which account for a very small share of electric utility fuel use and
corresponding emissions) unless they report it to EIA.
The steam emission inventory data for 1985 through 1995 are initially based on the aggregated
monthly electric utility steam boiler-level data from Form EIA-767. All plants of at least 10 megawatts
(MW) that have at least one operating boiler are required to provide this information to EIA, although
the amount of data required from plants with less than 100 MW of steam-electric generating capacity is
not as extensive as the amount required by those plants of at least 100 MW. For plants with a nameplate
rating from 10 MW to less than 100 MW, only selected pages of the Form EIA-767, with ID, boiler fuel
quantity and quality, and flue gas desulfurization (FGD) information, must be completed. Other sources
of data for NOX, SO2> and heat input are used in place of the EIA/AP-42 calculated data when the data are
known to be better; the sources are summarized in Table 4.2-1.
NOX and SO2 emissions as well as heat input are also available for affected acid rain utility boilers
beginning in 1995 (the data are also available for Phase 1 units for 1994) from the Emissions Tracking
System/Continuous Emissions Monitoring (ETS/CEM).3 These data are also included in the 1994
through 1996 Trends fossil-fuel steam electric utility components.
4.2.1.1 Processing Computerized Raw Data
The basis for the fossil-fuel-fired steam electric utility component of the Emission Trends inventory
is the reported primary utility data collected by EIA. The data from these EIA forms are transferred to
data tapes that are not initially serviceable to the public. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. (Pechan) has
developed customized computer code to process these data and to account for the various characteristics
of the data tapes.
4.2.1.1.1 Form EIA-767—
Form EIA-767 data are reported by the operating utility for each plant with fossil-fuel steam boilers
of 10 MW or greater. The written form is designed so that information for each plant is reported on
separate pages that relate to different levels of data. The relevant data levels are as follows:
• Plant-level: One page for delineating the plant configuration, which establishes the number of
boilers and the IDs for each boiler, as well as the associated generator(s), FGD unit(s) (SO2
scrubbers), flue gas particulate collectors, flue(s) and stack(s). These do not necessarily have a
one-to-one correspondence.
• Boiler-level: One page per boiler for monthly fuel consumption and quality data (for coal, oil,
gas, and other), one page for regulatory data, and one page for design parameters.
• Generator-level: One page for generation and capacity data relating to up to five generators.
• FGD-level: One page for up to five FGD units for annual operating data and one page for each
FGD unit for design parameter data.
• Flue gas particulate collector-level: One page each for (up to five) collectors with annual
operating data and design specifications.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
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• Flue- and stack-level: One page per flue-stack for design parameter data.
Processing Form EIA-767 is accomplished in a series of steps aimed at converting the computerized
data into data base form. Each "page" format is reproduced on the computer file exactly as it appears on
the written page of the form. The data from each "page" must be extracted from the computer file,
associated with the correct boiler, and combined with all corresponding data from the other pages for
that boiler.
For example, fuel-related boiler data — monthly values for each fuel burned, along with the fuel's
associated sulfur, ash, and heat content — are reported on page six. However, only coal, oil, and gas
data are processed. These data must be aggregated for each fuel in order to produce annual estimates for
each boiler before they are combined with the other data (such as control devices and efficiencies, plant
location data, associated generator generation, and associated stack parameters).
After SCCs are assigned to each boiler's (possible three) reported fuels in a given plant, the SCC-
specific data are then separated so that each data base record is on the plant-boiler-SCC level.
4.2.1.1.2 Form EIA-759 —
Form EIA-759 data are also processed in a series of steps, using a less intricate method, since the
data for each plant are not reported at the boiler level, but instead are reported by prime mover (e.g.,
steam, hydro, 1C, GT, combined cycle) and fuel type.
For each plant-prime mover combination (in this case, for the steam prime mover), plant ID data, as
well as monthly fuel-specific generation and consumption data, are reported. The monthly plant steam
prime mover data are aggregated to annual estimates for each fuel (that has been categorized as coal,
residual oil, distillate oil, natural gas, or other) and combined to produce a single annual steam plant-
level data observation. (Beginning in 1996, only annual, not monthly data, are collected for small plants,
so the intermediate aggregation of monthly data is unnecessary.)
Since no actual 1996 data are presently available, these Form EIA-759 data were used to "grow" the
1995 fuel and emissions data for 1996, as described later in Section 4.2.2.
4.2.1.2 Emissions Algorithms
Data that were not obtained directly from the computerized data files (or converted to other
measurement units) were developed by Pechan using algorithms that have been utilized since the 1980s.
These variables include boiler capacity, SCC, heat input, pollutant emissions, and NOX control
efficiency.
Although generator nameplate capacity is reported on Form EIA-767, when there is not a one-to-
one correspondence between boiler and generator (a multiheader situation ~ for example, if one boiler is
associated with two or more generators or if several boilers are reciprocally associated with several
generators), this information in its present form cannot be used to represent the boiler size. Thus, a
boiler design capacity variable (in MMBtu/hr) has been developed based on the reported maximum
continuous steam flow at 100 percent load (in thousand pounds per hour) by multiplying the steam flow
value by a units conversion of 1.25 to obtain boiler capacity,.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
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Emission factors from AP-424 were used in calculating emissions. The emission factor used
depends upon the SCC and pollutant, as explained below.
• The appropriate SCC is assigned to each source based on its fuel and boiler characteristics.
For sources using coal, the SCC is based on the American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM) criteria for moisture, mineral-free matter basis (if greater than 11,500 Btu/lb, coal
type is designated to be bituminous; if between 8,300 and 11,500 Btu/lb, coal type is
designated to be subbituminous; and if less than 8,300 Btu/lb, coal type is designated to be
lignite) and the boiler type (firing configuration and bottom type) as specified by AP-42. If
both coal and oil were burned in the same boiler, it is assumed that the oil is distillate;
otherwise, it is assumed to be residual. Based on the fuel and boiler type, the SCC is assigned.
See Table 4.2-2 for a complete list of the relationships among fuel type, firing type, bottom
type, and SCC.
Since the control efficiencies for NOX, PM-10, and PM-2.5 were not available from the EIA-767
form, control efficiencies were derived using the following methods:
• NOX control efficiency is based on the assumption that the unit would be controlled so that its
emission rate would equal its emission limit, expressed on an annual equivalent basis. After
calculating the heat input, controlled emissions assuming compliance with the applicable
standard is back-calculated. After calculating the uncontrolled NOX emissions, the presumed
net control efficiency is calculated.
• Since only TSP control efficiency is reported on Form EIA-767, the PM-10 Calculator5 was
used to derive PM-10 and PM-2.5 control efficiencies. (The PM-10 Calculator estimates
PM-10 and PM-2.5 control efficiencies based on the SCC and the primary and secondary
control devices. The control efficiencies from the PM-10 Calculator are based on data from
AP-42 for specific SCCs, where available).
The SO2 emissions were computed as controlled emissions assuming 100 percent rule effectiveness
and using the sulfur content of the fuel as specified in the EIA-767 data. The PM-10 and PM-2.5
emissions were computed as controlled emissions assuming 100 percent rule effectiveness. The ash
content of the fuel used to calculate uncontrolled PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions was also specified in the
EIA-767 data. The NOX emissions were computed as controlled emissions assuming 80 percent rule
effectiveness from 1985-1994; beginning with 1995, NOX rule effectiveness is assumed to be
100 percent. The CO and VOC emissions were calculated as uncontrolled emissions. The algorithms to
compute emissions are presented in Table 4.2-3.
Since there are fewer required data elements (identification data, boiler fuel quantity and quality
data, and FGD data, if applicable) for those plants with a total capacity between 10 MW and 100 MW,
many values are missing for these situations. Most data elements are assigned a default value of zero;
however, if variables for boiler firing and bottom type were missing (these are needed in the SCC
assignment) the default values for wall-fired and dry bottom types are assigned. In the past, there have
been discrepancies in the boiler bottom and firing type data as reported to EIA and EPA/Acid Rain
Division (ARD). Based on a coordinated effort in 1996, all differences in bottom and firing types for
coal boilers have been resolved and updated in the files for the years beginning with 1985.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-26
1985-1996 Methodology
Electric Utilities
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4.2.1.3 National Allowance Data Base (NADB) SO2 Emissions and Heat Input
The 1985 SO2 emissions and heat input that were calculated from 1985 Form EIA-767 data were
replaced by the corresponding boiler-level data (and disaggregated to the SCC level) from the National
Allowance Data Base Version 2.11 (NADBV211).6 These data underwent two public comment periods
in 1991 and 1992 and are considered the best available data for 1985. Aggregations at the fuel levels
(Tier HI) are approximations only and are based on the methodology described in Section 4.2.1.
4.2.1.4 1985-1994 Acid Rain Division (ARD) NOX Rates
In 1996, ARD completed research on utility coal boiler-level NOX rates. Most (about 90 percent) of
the rates were based on relative accuracy tests performed in 1993 and 1994 as a requirement for
continuous emissions monitor (CEM) certification, while the remaining boilers' rates were obtained from
utility stack tests from various years. These coal boiler-specific NOX rates are considered, on the whole,
to be significantly better than those calculated by using EPA's NOX AP-42 factors, which are SCC-
category averages.
Thus, whenever the new NOX rates were available, NOX coal emissions were recalculated, at the
coal SCC level, using the heat input (EIA's 767 fuel throughput multiplied by the fuel heat content) and
adjusting units, according to the following equation:
NOXCOALSCC = NOXRTcoa[ x HTISCC x
1
2000
(Eq. 4.2-1)
where: NOXCOAL = NOX emissions for the boiler coal SCC (in tons)
NOXRT = ARD's coal NOX rate for the given boiler (in Ibs/MMBtu)
HTI = heat input for the boiler's coal SCC (in MMBtu)
These new NOX SCC-level coal emissions replaced the AP-42 calculated emissions for most of the coal
SCCs in the 1985-1994 data bases.
4.2.1.5 1994 and 1995 ETS/CEM Data
Beginning January 1, 1994, under Title IV (Acid Deposition Control) of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) Phase I affected utility units were required to report heat input, SO2 and
NOX data to EPA. Beginning January 1,1995, all affected units were required to report heat input and
SO2 emissions; most also had to report NOX emissions, although some units received extensions until
July 1, 1995 or January 1,1996 for NOX reporting.
Since the ETS/CEM data are actual, rather than estimated, data, if there were a complete set of
annual SO2 and/or NOX emissions and/or heat input data available for 1994 and 1995 from ETS/CEM,
those data values replaced the data estimated from EIA-767 data. This process involved the following
steps:
• Aggregation of ETS/CEM hourly or quarterly data to annual data.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
Electric Utilities
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• Assignment of ETS/CEM data, reported on a monitoring stack or pipe level, to the boiler level.
• Matching the ETS/CEM boiler-level annual data to the processed EIA-767 annual data.
• Disaggregating the boiler-level ETS/CEM data to the boiler SCC level based on each SCC's
fractional share of the boiler heat input, SO2, and NOX, respectively. The algorithms used are
included in Table 4.2-4.
For those records in which the ETS/CEM heat input replaces the EIA-calculated value, the heat input
will not equal the product of the EIA-reported fuel throughput and heat content.
4.2.1.6 Ozone Season Daily Emissions Data
The ozone season daily (OSD) emissions for 1990-1995 are estimated by considering the day to be
a typical or average summer July day. These emissions for VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, PM-10, and PM-2.5
(ammonia and sulfates are zero) are calculated at the SCC level using the ratio of the Form EIA-767 July
monthly to annual heat input, dividing it by 31, and then multiplying this value by the already calculated
annual emissions, according to the following equation:
EOSD
HTIJUL
'SCC
SCC
31 x HTIANN.
x EANN,
see
(Eq. 4.2-2)
sec
where: EOSD
HTIJUL
HTIANN
EANN
= Ozone season daily emissions for a given pollutant at the SCC level (in
tons)
= July monthly Form EIA-767 calculated heat input for the given boiler's
SCC (in MMBtu)
= annual Form EIA-767 calculated heat input for the given boiler's SCC (in
MMBtu)
= Trends annual emissions for a given pollutant at the SCC level (in tons) for
that year
For the OSD for 1996, the 1996 projected annual Trends emissions is used, but the Form EIA-767
calculated 1995 July to annual heat input are used in the above equation (since the 1996 data are
unknown).
4.2.2 1996 Steam Emission Inventory
The 1996 computerized fossil-fuel plant-level data from Form EIA-759 are used in conjunction
with the 1995 fossil-fuel steam electric utility component to develop the 1996 steam emission inventory
file, since the 1996 Form EIA-767 data are not available. The fuel quantity, heat input, and emissions
values are grown by a factor based on the ratio of the 1996 Form EIA-759 plant-level, fuel-specific data
to the data for 1995.
The 1996 steam inventory includes the same records that are in the 1995 file. That is, no new plants
are added or subtracted from the 1995 steam inventory to produce the 1996 steam inventory. However,
the 1996 Form EIA-759 plant-level data would reflect boiler retirement or additions for plants in 1996
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
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and their fuel data would be incorporated in the growth ratios and would be reflected in the 1996 data for
the other boilers in the plant. As a result, the 1996 figures should be considered to be preliminary
estimates only.
4.2.3 Augmentation Process
The VOC emissions required an additional adjustment due to the underestimation of aldehydes
which are not accounted for in the VOC emission factors for the following SCCs: 10100401, 10100404,
10100501,10100601, and 10100604. The VOC emissions were augmented according to the
methodology used in the Hydrocarbon Preprocessor (HCPREP) of the Flexible Regional Emissions Data
System (FREDS).7 This augmentation was performed on steam emission inventory for the years 1985
through 1995.
4.2.4 Sample Calculation
1995 boiler SCC data:
SCC thruput
heatcon
sulfcon
coneff4
10100212 1300000 23.18 (really 23.1849046) 3.17 (really 3.1716) 89.30 (10.7)
emiss4 htinpt eiahti eiaso2 em/4 so2ets htiets
93325590 31782453.38 30140376.00 8602.9316 39 9332.5590 31782453.38
• algorithm:
_ coal tons * emission factor * sulfur content * (1 -control efficiency)
- ————— —
coal
2000
(Eq. 4.2-3)
• calculation:
SO2
coal
(1300000) (39) (3.1716) (1-.893)
2000
• result:
SO2coal = 8602 to nearest integer
But replace by 1995 ETSICEM 9332.5590
Therefore EIAS02 = 8603 and EMISS4 (SO2coal) = 9333 in the Inventory
Please note that only the EMISS4 (SO2coal) value is available in the QUICREPTS or NET96 inventory
files. The field variable EIASO2 is available by request from internal Pechan files.
4.2.5 References
1. Monthly Power Plant Report, Form EIA-759, data files for 1990 - 1996, U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, 1997.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
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2. Steam-Electric Plant Operation and Design Report, Form EIA-767, data files for 1985-1995, U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, 1997.
3. Acid Rain Program CEMS Submissions Instructions for Monitoring Plans, Certification Test
Notifications, and Quarterly Reports, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC,
May 1995.
4. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Supplement D, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1991.
5. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. 11-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27, 1993.
(TTN CHIEF BBS)
6. Tlie National Allowance Data Base Version 2.11: Technical Support Document, Acid Rain
Division, Office of Atmospheric Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, March 1993.
7. The Flexible Regional Emissions Data System (FREDS) Documentation for the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory: Preparation for the National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program.
Appendix A. EPA-600/9-89-047. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and
Development, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, May
1989.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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Table 4.2-1. Boiler Emissions Data Sources for NOX and SO2 by Year
Year
NO,
SO,
1985 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible ;
1986 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1987 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1988 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1989 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1990 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1991 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1992 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1993 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible
1994 Overlaid ARD coal NOX rate calculations
when possible; overlaid ETS/CEM data
when possible
1995 Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
1996 Grew from 1995 data using EIA-759 data
NADBV311 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Calculated from EIA-767 data
Overlaid ETS/CEM data when possible
Grew from 1995 data using EIA-759 data
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
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Table 4.2-2. Steam Electric Utility Unit Source Classification Code Relationships
Fossil-Fuel
Firing Type Bottom Type
sec
Coal
Bituminous No data
Wall*
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
Fluidized Bed
Subbituminous No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
Lignite No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
All
All
N/A
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
No data
Wet
Dry
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
10100202
10100201
10100202
10100202
10100201
10100202
10100202
10100201
10100202
10100212
10100201
10100212
10100204
10100203
10100217
10100222
10100221
10100222
10100222
10100221
10100222
10100222
10100221
10100222
10100226
10100221
10100226
10100224
10100223
10100301
10100301
10100301
10100302
10100306
10100303
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1985-1996 Methodology
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Table 4.2-2. (continued)
Fossil-Fuel
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Firing Type
No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker ;
Cyclone
No data
Wall
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
No data
Wall .
Opposed
Tangential
Stoker
Cyclone
Bottom Type
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
All
sec
10100401
10100401
10100401
10100404
10100401
10100401
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100501
10100601
10100601
10100601
10100604
10100601
10100601
*Wall firing includes front, arch, concentric, rear, side, vertical, and duct burner
firing.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1985-1996 Methodology
Electric Utilities
-------
Table 4.2-3. Algorithms Used to Estimate Emissions from Electric Utility Boilers
ZNox,scc = FCscc x EFNox,scc *
x UCF
EPM-\OorPM-2.5,SCC = FCSCC X EFPM-lOorPM-2.5,SCC X Af X (1 CE '
X UCF
Jsoltscc
x EFso,,scc x Sf* (1
,)x[/CF
where:
FC
S
A
UCF
unitcoal
unitoii
unit
sas
estimated emission (in tons)
fuel consumption (in unitf)
emission factor (in lbs/unitf)
sulfur content (expressed as a decimal)
ash content (expressed as a decimal)
rule effectiveness (expressed as a decimal)
control efficiency (expressed as a decimal)
boiler
fuel type (coal, oil, gas)
units conversion factor (1 ton/2000 Ibs)
tons burned
1000 gallons burned
million cubic feet burned
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1985-1996 Methodology
Electric Utilities
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Table 4.2-4. Algorithms Used to Disaggregate ETS/CEM Boiler Data to the Boiler-
SCC Level
f 767SO2,rrh]
CEMSO2ffV, = I ^££ X CEMSO2,
"SCC
767SO2,
CEMNOX,
767NOX.
SCC,b
SCC
767M9X,
X CEMNOX,
, 767HTI,rfni
CEMHTLrr = ^£ x CEMHTh
scc 767HTL
where: b = boiler
CEMSO2, CEMNO;, CEMHTI = ETS/CEM annual boiler data for given parameter
767SO2, 767NO& 767HTI = Form EIA-767-based calculated data for given parameter
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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4.3 INDUSTRIAL
The point and area source categories under the "Industrial" heading include the following Tier I and
Tier II categories:
Tier I Category
(01) FUEL COMBUSTION - ELECTRIC UTJLITY
(02) FUEL COMBUSTION - INDUSTRIAL
(03) CHEMICAL & ALLIED PRODUCT MANUFACTURING
(05) METALS PROCESSING
(06) PETROLEUM & RELATED INDUSTRIES
(07) OTHER INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
(09) STORAGE & TRANSPORT
(10) WASTE DISPOSAL & RECYCLING
(13) NATURAL SOURCES
(14) MISCELLANEOUS
Tier n Category
(05)
Air
All
All
All
All
All
All
(01)
(05)
Gas Turbines and Internal
Combustion
Biogenic
Health Services
Since the publication of the last version of this report,1 EPA has made major changes to the 1990
emissions. The revised emissions are referred to in this document as the 1990 National Emission Trends
(NET) emissions and are for the most part based on State submitted data and used as the base year
inventory for the post-1990 emission inventory. Emission estimates for pre-1990 are based mainly on
the "old" 1990 emissions which are referred to in this document as the Interim Inventory 1990
emissions. For most source categories, the methodology for the Interim Inventory 1990 emissions is the
same as that previously published in the Procedures document.
The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions for these source categories were generated from both the
non-utility point source and non-solvent area source portions of the 1985 National Acid Precipitation
Assessment Program (NAPAP) Emissions Inventory. These 1990 emissions served as the base year
from which the emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were estimated. The emissions for the years
1985 through 1989 were estimated using historical data compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
(BEA)2 or historic estimates of fuel consumption based on the DOE's State Energy Data System
(SEDS).3
The 1990 NET emissions were revised to incorporate as much state- supplied data as possible.
Sources of state data include the OTAG emission inventory, the GCVTC emission inventory, and
AIRS/FS. For most non-utility point and non-mobile sources, these emissions were projected from the
revised 1990 NET inventory to the years 1991 through 1996 using BEA and SEDS data. States were
surveyed to determine whether EPA should project their 1990 non-utility point source emissions or
extract them from AIRS/FS. For all states that selected AIRS/FS option, the emissions in the NET
inventory reflect their AIRS/FS data for the years 1991 through 1995. Additional controls were added to
the projected (or grown) emissions for the years 1995 and 1996.
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This section describes the methods used to estimate both base year 1990 emission inventories and
the emission estimates for the years 1985 through 1989 and 1991 through 1996. Emission estimates for
PM-2.5 and NH3 were only estimated for the years 1990 through 1996.
4.3.1 1990 Interim Inventory
The 1990 Interim Inventory is based on the 1985 NAPAP Inventory. The database includes annual
and average summer day emission estimates for 48 States and the District of Columbia. Five pollutants
(CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, and PM-10) were estimated for 1990.
The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory estimates for the point sources have been projected to the
year 1990 based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the appropriate state and industry, as
identified by the two-digit SIC code. In order to remove the effects of inflation, the earnings data were
converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal consumption
expenditures (PCE).4 State and SIC-level growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990
earnings data to the 1985 earnings data. Additional details on point source growth indicators are
presented in section 4.3.2.1.
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory have been projected to the
year 1990 based on BEA historic earnings data, BEA historic population data, DOE SEDS data, or other
growth indicators. The specific growth indicator was assigned based on the source category. The BEA
earnings data were converted to 1982 dollars as described above. The 1990 SEDS data were
extrapolated from data for the years 1985 through 1989. All growth factors were calculated as the ratio
of the 1990 data to the 1985 data for the appropriate growth indicator. Additional details on area source
growth indicators are presented in section 4.3.2.2.
When creating the 1990 emission inventory, changes were made to emission factors, control
efficiencies, and emissions from the 1985 inventory for all sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies
were obtained from the PM-10 Calculator? In addition, rule effectiveness, which was not applied in the
1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the point sources.
The CO, NOX, and VOC point source controls were assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2
controls were assumed to be 100 percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated the
uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and
(3) calculated the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies and the appropriate
rule effectiveness. The 1990 PM-10 emissions were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985
NAPAP Emission Inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner
as the other pollutants. The 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated from these TSP
emissions by applying SCC-specific uncontrolled particle size distribution factors.6 The controlled
PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. Because the majority of
area source emissions for all pollutants represented uncontrolled emissions, the second and third steps
were not required to estimate the 1990 area source emissions.
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4.3.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions
In the 1985 NAPAP point source estimates, control efficiencies for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2
sources in Texas were judged to be too high for their process/control device combination. These high
control efficiencies occurred because Texas did not ask for control efficiency information, and simply
applied the maximum efficiency for the reported control device.7 High control efficiencies lead to high
future growth in modeling scenarios based on uncontrolled emissions (which are based on the control
efficiency and reported actual emissions). High control efficiencies also lead to extreme increases in
emissions when rule effectiveness is incorporated.
Revised VOC control efficiencies were developed for Texas from the Emission Reduction and Cost
Analysis Model for VOC (ERCAM-VOC).8 For this analysis, revised efficiencies were also developed
by SCC and control device combination for NOX, SO2, and CO using engineering judgement. These
revised control efficiencies were applied to sources in Texas. A large number of point sources outside of
Texas had VOC and CO control efficiencies that were also judged to be too high. The VOC and CO
control efficiencies used for Texas were also applied to these sources.
Control efficiencies not applied in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory were incorporated in the
data files for VOC emissions from gasoline marketing (Stage I and vehicle refueling) and bulk gasoline
plants and terminals, since many areas already have regulations in place for controlling Stage I and Stage
n gasoline marketing emissions. Many current state regulations require the use of Stage I controls
(except at small volume service stations) to reduce emissions by 95 percent. Emissions were revised to
reflect these controls in areas designated as having these requirements as part of their SIPs.9 Stage n
vapor recovery systems are estimated to reduce emissions by 84 percent.10 Stage n controls are already
in place in the District of Columbia, St. Louis, Missouri, and parts of California. Stage n controls also
reduce underground tank breathing/emptying losses. Emissions in these area were revised to reflect
these controls.
Gasoline bulk plants and terminals are covered by existing Control Techniques Guidelines (CTGs)
and are included in many state regulations. Emissions were revised to reflect these controls in areas with
regulations.9 Control efficiencies assumed for these area source categories were 51 percent for gasoline
bulk plants and terminals. 1985 NAPAP area source estimates have control levels built into these
emissions. These control levels were first backed out of the emissions. In areas with no controls, the
emissions remained at uncontrolled levels. In areas with regulation, the uncontrolled emissions were
reduced to reflect the above efficiencies.
4.3.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions
Controlled emissions for each inventory year were recalculated, assuming that reported VOC, NOX,
and CO controls were 80 percent effective. Sulfur dioxide and PM-10 controls were assumed to be
100 percent effective. The 80 percent rule effectiveness assumption was judged to be unreasonable for
several VOC and CO source categories. The VOC rule effectiveness was changed to 100 percent for
bulk storage tank sources that had VOC control devices codes 90, 91, or 92. These three codes represent
conversion to variable vapor space tank, conversion to floating roof tank, and conversion to pressurized
tank, respectively. These controls were judged to be irreversible process modifications (there are SCCs
which represent these type of tanks), and therefore 100 percent rule effectiveness was applied. VOC and
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CO rule effectiveness was changed to 100 percent for all Petroleum Industry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Units (FCCs), SCC 30600201. AP-42 lists CO waste heat boilers as a control for these units with both
CO and hydrocarbon emissions reduced to negligible levels. Since these boilers handle VOC and CO as
fuels rather than as emissions, they are treated as a process instead of as control device, and therefore are
not subject to rule effectiveness.
There is no control device code for CO boilers in the 1985 NAPAP Inventory. To implement this
set of revisions, all FCCs were assumed to have CO boilers. In addition, the CO rule effectiveness was
changed to 100 percent for sources in five other SCCs that burn CO as a fuel. The CO rule effectiveness
was also changed to 100 percent for sources with In-Process Fuel Use SCCs. According to AP-42, there
should be no CO emissions from these sources. Emissions were not deleted from the inventory,
however applying 80 percent rule effectiveness resulted in CO emissions of up to 36,000 short tons from
some In-Process Fuel Use sources. Changing the rule effectiveness to 100 percent for sources in these
SCCs retains the emissions, but at more reasonable levels. Table 4.3-1 lists the SCCs for which the CO
rule effectiveness was changed to 100 percent.
Rule effectiveness was also adjusted for all chemical and allied product point sources from 80 to
100 percent.
4.3.1.3 Emission Factor Changes
The VOC emission factors for vehicle refueling were updated to reflect changes in gasoline Reid
vapor pressure (RVP). The 1985 NAPAP gasoline marketing service station emissions were divided
into two components: evaporative losses from underground tanks (Stage I) and Stage n vehicle
refueling (including spillage). The 1985 NAPAP emissions were derived based on gasoline usage
combined with the following uncontrolled emissions factors from AP-42:
Stage I: 7.3 lbs/1,000 gallons
Stage H: 11.0 lbs/1,000 gallons
Spillage: 0.7 lbs/1,000 gallons
These emission factors were used to calculate the fraction of total emissions attributable to each of the
components above. The total percentage is 38.4 percent for Stage I emissions and 61.6 percent for Stage
n emissions, plus spillage.
The Stage n emissions were also revised to reflect changes in emission factors. Stage II emission
factors are a function of gasoline RVP and temperature. Gasoline RVPs have decreased since 1985 in
response to the phase I and phase n RVP regulations. MOBILES was used to calculate Stage II emission
factors for five sample states (Maryland, Illinois, New York, Texas, and North Carolina). Factors for
each season were calculated based on the seasonal RVP and temperature (see Tables 4.3-2 to 4.3-4)
based on engineering judgement. The national average annual factors for each inventory year are shown
in Table 4.3-5. The 1987 value was used to estimate the 1985 and 1986 emissions.
In addition to updating the emission factor for Stage n, underground tank breathing/emptying losses
were also added to the inventory. The AP-42 emission factor of 1.0 lbs/1,000 gallons was used to
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1985-1996 Methodology
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estimate emissions for each inventory year. Gasoline usage was back-calculated from the Stage n VOC
emissions and emission factor.
4.3.1.4 Emissions Calculations
A three-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base
year controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following formula
(Equation 4.3-1):
CEi = CEBY + (CEBY x EG)
(Eq. 4.3-1)
where:
= controlled emissions for inventory year i
= controlled emissions for base year
= earnings growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth (EG) is calculated using Equation 4.3-2:
DAT.
EG, = 1 -
DAT,
(Eq. 4.3-2)
BY
where: DAT| = earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions
based on the control efficiency with the following formula (Equation 4.3-3):
UEt =
CE;
l _ CEFF]
100 J
(Eq. 4.3-3)
where:
CEFF =
uncontrolled emissions for inventory year i
controlled emissions for inventory year I
control efficiency (%)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating rule effectiveness using the following
equation (Equation 4.3-4):
(Eq. 4.3-4)
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1985-1996 Methodology
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where: CERj
UQ
REFF
CEFF
EF,
EF,
BY
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
rule effectiveness (%)
control efficiency (%)
emission factor for inventory year i
emission factor for base year
In many cases, the PM-10 emissions calculated based on the particle size distribution and PM-10
control efficiency were higher than the total suspended particulate (TSP) emissions. The source problem
is inconsistency between the TSP control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP inventory and the control
efficiencies determined using the PM-10 calculator. This error may have been compounded in the
following steps with the values selected for particle size distribution and efficiency. In the instances
where the controlled PM-10 emissions were calculated to be higher than the controlled TSP emissions,
the controlled PM-10 emissions were replaced with the controlled TSP emissions. The uncontrolled
PM-10 was then recalculated using the revised PM-10 emissions and the control efficiency from the
PM-10 calculator. In other words, it is assumed that in these instances, virtually all of the particles
above 10 microns are being controlled and that particles emitted after the control device are all particles
of 10 microns or less.
The basis for replacing the PM-10 emissions with the TSP emissions in these cases is the
assumption that the controlled TSP emissions from the 1985 NAPAP inventory are the best data that are
available as a measure of point source particulate emissions. If it is assumed that the uncontrolled
emissions were the best data available, then an adjustment to the TSP control efficiency (resulting in an
increase to actual TSP emissions) would be performed rather than replacing the PM-10 emissions.
4.3.1.5 Revised Emissions
•Hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facility (TSDF) emissions were updated using an
April 1989 file from EPA's Emission Standards Division (ESD).lla This file provided estimates of
TSDF emissions with longitude and latitude as the geographical indicator for each facility. The
longitude and latitude were used to match each emission to the appropriate state and county. The
emissions were generated by using the Hazardous Waste Data Management System (HWDMS)llb which
includes data on facility-specific process descriptions, waste characterization and quantities, and VOC
speciation. HWDMS generated national emissions estimates by summing emissions from each plant
process at a TSDF. Speciated emissions from each plant process were calculated as the quantity of a
specific waste handled, multiplied by a process-specific emission factor. Emission factors were taken
from the Background Information Documents for TSDFs.llc The emission estimates displayed in
Table 4.3-6 for eight counties were removed based on comments EPA has received during the last year
from various State and Regional Emission Inventory personnel.
Area source petroleum refinery fugitive emissions were re-estimated based on a revised estimate of
national petroleum refinery emissions. The national petroleum refinery emissions used to estimate area
source emission in the 1985 NAPAP were obtained from the Emissions Trends report.12 The emissions
for blowdown systems were revised to reflect the high level of control as shown in the point source
inventory.
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The area source petroleum refinery fugitive emissions were re-estimated using the revised national
emission total by applying the methodology used to develop the 1985 NAPAP estimate.13 Total county
fugitive petroleum refinery emissions were determined by distributing the revised Emission Trends
estimate (excluding process heaters and catalytic cracking units) based on 1985 county refinery capacity
from the DOE Petroleum Supply Annual.14 Refinery capacity from this publication was allocated to
counties based on the designated location of the refinery. The 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory was
used to aid in the matching of refineries to location.
Total area source petroleum refinery fugitive emissions were then estimated by subtracting the point
source emissions (SCCs 3-06-004 through 3-06-888) from the total county-level emissions. Negative
values (indicating higher point source emissions than the totals shown for the county), were re-allocated
to counties exhibiting positive emission values based on the proportion of total refinery capacity for each
county to avoid double-counting of emissions. This resulted in an estimate of 351 thousand short tons
for 1985 compared with the earlier 1985 NAPAP estimate of 728 thousand short tons (area source
refinery fugitives). This revised 1985 estimate was projected to the inventory years, as described in
section 4.3.2.1.
The SO2 emissions for 1987 through 1989 were adjusted to correct for the permanent closing of the
Phelps Dodge copper smelter in Arizona in January 1987. This adjustment was made by subtracting the
1985 emissions for State=04, County=003, and NEDS ID =0013 from the inventory for 1987 through
1989.
4.3.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1989
As described in section 4.3.1.4, the 1990 Interim Inventory controlled emissions were projected
from the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory using Equations 4.3-1 through 4.3-4. For all other years
(1985 to 1989) the emissions were projected from the 1990 Interim Inventory emissions using Equations
4.3-1 and 4.3-2. Therefore, the 1985 emissions estimated by this method do not match the 1985 NAPAP
Emission Inventory due to the changes made in control efficiencies and emission factors and the addition
of rule effectiveness when creating the 1990 Interim Inventory. For refueling sources, the emissions
were adjusted to account for the updated emission factors for all years as described in section 4.3.1.3.
4.3.2.1 Point Source Growth
The changes in the point source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by
state and industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory were
projected to the years 1985 through 1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (2-digit SIC code).
Historical annual state and industry earnings data from BEA's Table S A-52 were used to represent
growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are expressed in nominal dollars. To be used
to estimate growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation.
Earnings data for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for
PCE.4 The PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982 dollars are:
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1985-1996 Methodology
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Year
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1982 PCE Deflator
111.6
114.3
124.2
129.6
136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through
1990. Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985
through 1990) to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used where
possible to fill in missing data elements. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that
were missing at least one data point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state
and the 2-digit SIC. Table 4.3.7 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the
2-digit SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for
all point sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.3.7 also shows
the national average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
4.3.2.2 Area Source Growth
Emissions from the 1985 NAPAP Inventory were grown to the Emission Trends years based on
historical BEA earnings data (section 4.3.2.1), historical estimates of fuel consumption, or other
category-specific growth indicators. Table 4.3-8 shows the growth indicators used for each area source
by 1985 NAPAP category.
The SEDS data were used as an indicator of emissions growth for the area source fuel combustion
categories and for the gasoline marketing categories shown in Table 4.3-9. (SEDS reports fuel
consumption by sector and fuel type.) Since fuel consumption was the activity level used to estimate
emissions for these categories, fuel consumption was a more accurate predictor of changes in emissions,
compared to other surrogate indicators such as earnings or population. SEDS fuel consumption data
were available through 1989 at the time the emission estimates were developed. The 1990 values were
extrapolated from the 1985 through 1989 data using a log linear regression technique. In addition to
projecting 1990 data for all fuel consumption categories, the regression procedure was used to fill in
missing data points for fuel consumption categories if at least three data points in the time series (1985
to 1989) were available.
The last step in the creation of the area source inventory was matching the 1985 NAPAP categories
to the new Area and Mobile Source Subsystem (AMS) categories. This matching is provided in
Table 4.3-10. Note that there is not always a one-to-one correspondence between 1985 NAPAP and
AMS categories. For example, the gasoline marketing NAPAP category was split into two separate
AMS categories representing Stage I and Stage n emissions. In addition, three 1985 NAPAP SCCs are
not included in the AMS system of codes. Therefore, AMS codes were created for process emissions
from pharmaceutical manufacture and synthetic fiber manufacture and for SOCMI fugitive emissions.
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4.3.3 1990 National Emission Trends
The 1990 National Emission Trends is based primarily on state data, with the 1990 interim data
filling in the gaps. The database houses U.S. annual and average summer day emission estimates for the
50 states and the District of Columbia. Seven pollutants (CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5, and
NH3) were estimated in 1990. The state data were extracted from three sources, the OTAG inventory,
the GCVTC inventory, and AIRS/FS. Sections 4.3.3.1, 4.3.3.2, and 4.3.3.3 give brief descriptions of
these efforts. Section 4.3.3.4 describes the efforts necessary to supplement the inventory gaps that are
either temporal, spacial, or pollutant.
Since EPA did not receive documentation on how these inventories were developed, this section
only describes the effort to collect the data and any modifications or additions made to the data.
4.3.3.1 OTAG
The OTAG inventory for 1990 was completed in December 1996. The database houses emission
estimates for those states in the Super Regional Oxidant A (SUPROXA) domain. The estimates were
developed to represent average summer day emissions for the ozone pollutants (VOC, NOX, and CO).
This section gives a background of the OTAG emission inventory and the data collection process.
4.3.3.1.1 Inventory Components —
The OTAG inventory contains data for all states that are partially or fully in the SUPROXA
modeling domain. The SUPROXA domain was developed in the late 1980s as part of the EPA regional
oxidant modeling (ROM) applications. EPA had initially used three smaller regional domains
(Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast) for ozone modeling, but wanted to model the full effects of
transport in the eastern United States without having to deal with estimating boundary conditions along
relatively high emission areas. Therefore, these three domains were combined and expanded to form the
Super Domain. The western extent of the domain was designed to allow for coverage of the largest
urban areas in the eastern United States without extending too far west to encounter terrain difficulties
associated with the Rocky Mountains. The Northern boundary was designed to include the major urban
areas of eastern Canada. The southern boundary was designed to include as much of the United States
as possible, but was limited to latitude 26 °N, due to computational limitations of the photochemical
models. (Emission estimates for Canada were not extracted from OTAG for inclusion in the NET
inventory.)
The current SUPROXA domain is defined by the following coordinates:
North:
South:
47.00°N
26.00°N
East:
West:
67.00 °W
99.00°W
Its eastern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean and its western border runs from north to south through North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In total, the OTAG Inventory
completely covers 37 states and the District of Columbia.
The OTAG inventory is primarily an ozone precursor inventory. It includes emission estimates of
VOC, NOX, and CO for all applicable source categories throughout the domain. It also includes a small
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amount of SO2 and PM-10 emission data that was sent by states along with their ozone precursor data.
No quality assurance (QA) was performed on the SO2 and PM-10 emission estimates for the OTAG
inventory effort.
Since the underlying purpose of the OTAG inventory is to support photochemical modeling for
ozone, it is primarily an average summer day inventory. Emission estimates that were submitted as
annual emission estimates were converted to average summer day estimates using operating schedule
data and default temporal profiles and vice versa.
The OTAG inventory is made up of three major components: (1) the point source component,
which includes segment/pollutant level emission estimates and other relevant data (e.g., stack
parameters, geographic coordinates, and base year control information) for all stationary point sources in
the domain; (2) the area source component, which includes county level emission estimates for all
stationary area sources and non-road engines; and (3) the on-road vehicle component, which includes
county/roadway functional class/vehicle type estimates of VMT and MOBILESa input files for the entire
domain. Of these three components, the NET inventory extracted all but the utility emissions. (See
section 4.2 for a description of the utility NET emissions and section 4.6 for the on-road mobile NET
emissions.)
4.3.3.1.2 Interim Emissions Inventory (OTAG Default) —
The primary data sources for the OTAG inventory were the individual states. Where states were
unable to provide data, the 1990 Interim Inventory15 was used for default inventory data. A more
detailed description of the 1990 Interim Inventory is presented in section 4.3.1.
4.3.3.1.3 State Data Collection Procedures —
Since the completion of the Interim Inventory in 1992, many states had completed 1990 inventories
for ozone nonattainment areas as required for preparing SIPs. In addition to these SIP inventories, many
states had developed more comprehensive 1990 emission estimates covering their entire state. Since
these state inventories were both more recent and more comprehensive than the Interim Inventory, a new
inventory was developed based on state inventory data (where available) in an effort to develop the most
accurate emission inventory to use in the OTAG modeling.
On May 5, 1995, a letter from John Seitz (Director of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards [OAQPS]) and Mary Gade (Vice President of ECOS) to State Air Directors, states were
requested to supply available emission inventory data for incorporation into the OTAG inventory.16
Specifically, states were requested to supply all available point and area source emissions data for VOC,
NOX, CO, SO2, and PM-10, with the primary focus on emissions of ozone precursors. Some emission
inventory data were received from 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain. To minimize the burden to
the states, there was no specified format for submitting State data. The majority of the state data was
submitted in one of three formats:
1) an Emissions Preprocessor System Version 2.0 (EPS2.0) Workfile
2) an ad hoc report from AIRS/FS
3) data files extracted from a state emission inventory database
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The origin of data submitted by each state is described in section 4.3.3.1.4.1 for point sources and
4.3.3.1.4.2 for area sources.
4.3.3.1.4. State Data Incorporation Procedures/Guidelines —
The general procedure for incorporating state data into the OTAG Inventory was to take the data "as
is" from the state submissions. There were two main exceptions to this policy. First, any inventory data
for years other than 1990 was backcast to 1990 using BEA Industrial Earnings data by state and two-
digit SIC code.2 This conversion was required for five states that submitted point source data for the
years 1992 through 1994. All other data submitted were for 1990.
Second, any emission inventory data that included annual emission estimates but not average
summer day values were temporally allocated to produce average summer day values. This temporal
allocation was performed for point and area data supplied by several states. For point sources, the
operating schedule data, if supplied, were used to temporally allocate annual emissions to average
summer weekday using the following equation:
EMISSIONS^ = EMISSIONS^NUAL * SUMTHRU * 1/(13 * DPW)
(Eq. 4.3-5)
where:
EMISSIONSASD
SUMTHRU
DPW
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= summer throughput percentage
= days per week in operation
If operating schedule data were not supplied for the point source, annual emissions were temporally
allocated to an average summer weekday using EPA's default Temporal Allocation file. This computer
file contains default seasonal and daily temporal profiles by SCC. The following equation was used:
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONS
I (SUMFACSCC * WDFACSCC)
(Eq. 4.3-6)
where:
EMISSIONSASD
EMISSIONSANNUAL
SUMFACSCC
WDFACSCC
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= default summer season temporal factor for SCC
= default summer weekday temporal factor for SCC
There were a small number of SCCs that were not in the Temporal Allocation file. For these SCCs,
average summer weekday emissions were assumed to be the same as those for an average day during the
year and were calculated using the following equation:
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EMISSIONS
ASD
/ 365
(Eq. 4.3-7)
where:
EMISSIONSASD
EMISSIONSANNUAL
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
4.3.3.1.4.1 Point. For stationary point sources, 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied
emission estimates covering the entire state. Data from the Interim Inventory were used for the two
states (Iowa and Mississippi) that did not supply data. Most states supplied 1990 point source data,
although some states supplied data for later years because the later year data reflected significant
improvements over their 1990 data. Inventory data for years other than 1990 were backcast to 1990
using BEA historical estimates of industrial earnings at the 2-digit SIC level. Table 4.3-11 provides a
brief description of the point source data supplied by each state. Figure 4.3-1 shows the states that
supplied point source data and whether the data were for 1990 or a later year.
4.3.3.1.4.2 Area. For area sources, 17 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied 1990 emission
estimates covering the entire state, and an additional nine states supplied 1990 emission estimates
covering part of their state (partial coverage was mostly in ozone nonattainment areas). Interim
Inventory data were the sole data source for 12 states. Where the area source data supplied included
annual emission estimates, the default temporal factors were used to develop average summer daily
emission estimates. Table 4.3-12 provides a brief description of the area source data supplied by each
state. Figure 4.3-2 shows the states that supplied area source data.
4.3.3.1.4.3 Rule Effectiveness. For the OTAG inventory, states were asked to submit their best
estimate of 1990 emissions. There was no requirement that state-submitted point source data include
rule effectiveness for plants with controls in place in that year. States were instructed to use their
judgment about whether to include rule effectiveness in the emission estimates. As a result, some states
submitted estimates that were calculated using rule effectiveness, while other states submitted estimates
that were calculated without using rule effectiveness.
The use of rule effectiveness in estimating emissions can result in emission estimates that are much
higher than estimates for the same source calculated without using rule effectiveness, especially for
sources with high control efficiencies (95 percent or above). Because of this problem, there was concern
that the OTAG emission estimates for states that used rule effectiveness would be biased to larger
estimates relative to states that did not include rule effectiveness in their computations.
To test if this bias existed, county level maps of point source emissions were developed for the
OTAG domain. If this bias did exist, one would expect to see sharp differences at state borders between
states using rule effectiveness and states not using rule effectiveness. Sharp state boundaries were not
evident in any of the maps created. Based on this analysis, it was determined that impact of rule
effectiveness inconsistencies was not causing large biases in the inventory.
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4.3.3.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory
The GCVTC inventory includes detailed emissions data for eleven states: Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.17 This
inventory was developed by compiling and merging existing inventory databases. The primary data
sources used were state inventories for California and Oregon, AIRS/FS for VOC, NOX, and SO2 point
source data for the other nine states, the 1990 Interim Inventory for area source data for the other nine
states, and the 1985 NAPAP inventory for NH3 and TSP data. In addition to these existing data, the
GCVTC inventory includes newly developed emission estimates for forest wildfires and prescribed
burning.
After a detailed analysis of the GCVTC inventory, it was determined that the following portions of
the GCVTC inventory would be incorporated into the PM inventory:
• complete point and area source data for California
• complete point and area source data for Oregon
• forest wildfire data for the entire eleven state region
• prescribed burning data for the entire eleven state region
State data from California and Oregon were incorporated because they are complete inventories
developed by the states and are presumably based on more recent, detailed and accurate data than the
Interim Inventory (some of which is still based on the 1985 NAPAP inventory). The wildfire data in the
GCVTC inventory represent a detailed survey of forest fires in the study area and are clearly more
accurate than the wildfire data in the Interim Inventory. The prescribed burning data in the GCVTC
inventory are the same as the data in the Interim Inventory at the state level, but contain more detailed
county-level data.
Non-utility point source emission estimates in the GCVTC inventory from states other than
California and Oregon came from AIRS/FS. Corrections were made to this inventory to the VOC and
PM emissions. The organic emissions reported in GCVTC inventory for California are total organics
(TOG). These emissions were converted to VOC using the profiles from EPA's SPECIATE18 database.
Since the PM emissions in the GCVTC were reported as both TSP and PM-2.5, EPA estimated PM-10
from the TSP in a similar manner as described in section 4.3.1.4.
4.3.3.3 AIRS/FS
SO2 and PM-10 (or PM-10 estimated from TSP) sources of greater than 250 tons per year as
reported to AIRS/FS that were not included in either the OTAG or GCVTC inventories were appended
to the NET inventory. The data were extracted from AIRS/FS using the data criteria set listed in table
4.3-13. The data elements extracted are also listed in Table 4.3-13. The data were extracted in late
November 1996. It is important to note that estimated emissions were extracted.
4.3.3.4 Data Gaps
As stated above, the starting point for the 1990 NET inventory is the OTAG, GCVTC, AIRS, and
1990 Interim inventories. Data added to these inventories include estimates of SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5,
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and NH3, as well as annual or ozone season daily (depending on the inventory) emission estimates for all
pollutants. This section describes the steps taken to fill in the gaps from the other inventories.
4.3.3.4.1 SO2 and PM Emissions —
For SO2 and PM-10, state data from OTAG were used where possible. (The GCVTC inventory
contained SO2 and PM annual emissions.) In most cases, OTAG data for these pollutants were not
available. For point sources, data for plants over 250 tons per year for SO2 and PM-10 were added from
AIRS/FS. The AIRS/FS data were also matched to the OTAG plants and the emissions were attached to
existing plants from the OTAG data where a match was found. Where no match was found to the plants
in the OTAG data, new plants were added to the inventory. For OTAG plants where there were no
matching data in AIRS/FS and for all area sources of SO2 and PM-10, emissions were calculated based
on the emission estimates for other pollutants.
The approach to developing SO2 and PM-10 emissions from unmatched point and area sources
involved using uncontrolled emission factor ratios to calculate uncontrolled emissions. This method
used SO2 or PM-10 ratios to NOX. NOX was the pollutant utilized to calculate the ratio because (1) the
types of sources likely to be important SO2 and PM-10 emitters are likely to be similar to important NOX
sources and (2) the generally high quality of the NOX emissions data. Ratios of SO2/NOX and PM-10/
NOX based on uncontrolled emission factors were developed. These ratios were multiplied by
uncontrolled NOX emissions to determine either uncontrolled SO2 or PM-10 emissions. Once the
uncontrolled emissions were calculated, information on VOC, NOX, and CO control devices was used to
determine if they also controlled SO2 and/or PM-10. If this review determined that the control devices
listed did not control SO2 and/or PM-10, plant matches between the OTAG and Interim Inventory were
performed to ascertain the SO2 and PM-10 controls applicable for those sources. The plant matching
component of this work involved only simple matching based on information related to the state and
county FTPS code, along with the plant and point IDs.
There was one exception to the procedures used to develop the PM-10 point source estimates. For
South Carolina, PM-10 emission estimates came from the Interim Inventory. This was because South
Carolina had no PM data in AIRS/FS for 1990 and using the emission factor ratios resulted in
unrealistically high PM-10 emissions.
There were no PM-2.5 data in either OTAG or AIRS/FS. Therefore, the point and area PM-2.5
emission estimates were developed based on the PM-10 estimates using source-specific uncontrolled
particle size distributions and particle size specific control efficiencies for sources with PM-10 controls.
To estimate PM-2.5, uncontrolled PM-10 was first estimated by removing the impact of any PM-10
controls on sources in the inventory. Next, the uncontrolled PM-2.5 was calculated by multiplying the
uncontrolled PM-10 emission estimates by the ratio of the PM-2.5 particle size multiplier to the PM-10
particle size multiplier. (These particle size multipliers represent the percentage to total particulates
below the specified size.) Finally, controls were reapplied to sources with PM-10 controls by
multiplying the uncontrolled PM-2.5 by source/control device particle size specific control efficiencies.
4.3.3.4.2 NH3 Emissions —
All NH3 emission estimates incorporated into the NET Inventory came directly from EPA's
National Particulate Inventory (NPI).19 This methodology is the same as that reported in section 4.3.1
for the 1990 Interim, with the exception of agricultural sources. The NPI contained the only NH3
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emissions inventory available. (Any NH3 estimates included in the OTAG or AIRS/FS inventory were
eliminated due to sparseness of data.) As with SO2 and PM-10, plant matching was performed for point
sources. Emissions were attached to existing plants where there was a match. New plants were added
for plants where there was no match.
4.3.3.4.3 Other Modifications —
Additional data were also used to fill data gaps for residential wood combustion and prescribed
burning. Although these categories were in the OTAG inventory, the data from OTAG were not usable
since the average summer day emissions were often very small or zero. Therefore, annual and average
summer day emission estimates for these two sources were taken from the NET.
Additional QA/quality control (QC) of the inventory resulted in the following changes:
• Emissions with SCCs of fewer than eight digits or starting with a digit greater than the number
"6" were deleted because they are invalid codes.
• Area source PM-10 and PM-2.5 utility emissions were deleted.
• A correction was made to a point (state 13/county 313/plant 0084) where the ozone season
daily value had been revised but not the annual value.
• Tier assignments were made for all SCCs.
• Checked and fixed sources with PM-2.5 emissions which were greater than their PM-10
emissions.
• Checked and fixed sources with PM-10 emissions greater than zero and PM-2.5 emissions
equal to zero.
• TSDFs - The 1990 TSDF emission estimates provided by the States through the OTAG effort
were replaced with the 1990 emission estimates modified as described in section 4.3.1.5.
4.3.4 Emissions, 1991 to 1994
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through
1989 estimates, except for using a different base year inventory. The base year for the 1991 through
1994 emissions is the 1990 NET inventory. The point source inventory was also grown for those states
that did not want their AIRS/FS data used. (The list of states are detailed in the AIRS/FS subsection,
4.3.4.2.) For those states requesting that EPA extract their data from AIRS/FS, the years 1990 through
1995 were downloaded from the EPA IBM Mainframe. The 1996 emissions were not extracted since
states are not required to have the 1996 data uploaded into AIRS/FS until July 1997.
4.3.4.1 Grown Estimates •
The 1991 through 1994 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET inventory
as the basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.3.1.4. The 1990
through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.3-14 and 4.3-15. The 1996 BEA and SEDS
data were determined based on linear interpretation of the 1988 through 1995 data. Point sources were
projected using the first two digits of the SIC code by state. Area source emissions were projected using
either BEA or SEDS. Table 4.3-16 lists the SCC and the source for growth.
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The 1990 through 1996 earnings data in BEA Table S A-5 (or estimated from this table) are
expressed in nominal dollars. In order to be used to estimate growth, these values were converted to
constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data for each year were converted to 1992
constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE. The PCE deflators used to convert each year's
earnings data to 1992 dollars are:
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1992 PCE Deflator
93.6
97.3
100.0
102.6
104.9
107.6
109.7
4.3.4.2 AIRS/FS
Several states responded to EPA's survey and requested that their 1991 through 1995 estimates
reflect their emissions as reported in AIRS/FS. The list of these states, along with the years available in
AIRS/FS is given in Table 4.3-17. As described in section 4.3.3.3, default estimated annual and ozone
season daily emissions (where available) were extracted from AIRS/FS. Some changes were made to
these AIRS/FS files. For example, the default emissions for some states contain rule effectiveness and
the emissions were determined to be too high by EPA. The emissions without rule effectiveness were
extracted from AIRS/FS and replaced the previously high estimates. The changes made to select state
and/or plant AIRS/FS data are listed below.
Louisiana
Colorado - Mastercraft
All VOC source emissions were re-extracted to obtain
emissions without rule effectiveness for the year 1994.
The VOC emissions were reported as ton/year in the initial
download from AIRS. The units were changed to
pounds/year in AIRS.
• Wisconsin - Briggs and Stratton The VOC emissions for two SCCs were changed from with
rule effectiveness to without rule effectiveness for the years
1991, 1993, and 1994.
As noted in Table 4.3-17, several states did not report emissions for all pollutants for all years for
the 1990 to 1995 time period. To fill these data gaps, EPA applied linear interpolation or extrapolated
the closest two years worth of emissions at the plant level. If only one year of emissions data were
available, the emission estimates were held constant for all the years. The segment-SCC level emissions
were derived using the average split for all available years. The non-emission data gaps were filled by
using the most recent data available for the plant.
As described in section 4.3.3.4.1, many states do not provide PM-10 emissions to AIRS. These
states' TSP emissions were converted to PM-10 emissions using uncontrolled particle size distributions
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and AP-42 derived control efficiencies. The PM-10 emissions are then converted to PM-2.5 in the same
manner as described in section 4.3.1.4. The State of South Carolina provided its own conversion factor
for estimating PM-10 from TSP.19
For all sources that did not report ozone season daily emissions, these emissions were estimated
using the algorithm described in section 4.3.3.1.4 and equations 4.3-5 through 4.3-7.
4.3.5 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions.
The estimates were either extracted from AIRS/FS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/FS data for the years
1990 through 1994, or projected using the 1990 NET inventory. The method used depended on states'
responses to a survey conducted by EPA early in 1997. A description of the AIRS/FS methodology is
described in section 4.3.4. The following two subsections describe the projected emissions.
In addition to projecting the 1990 inventory to 1995, EPA has added the source category cotton
ginning. The methodology is detailed in section 4.3.5.4.
4.3.5.1 Grown Estimate
The 1995 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET inventory as the
basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.3.3.1.4 and equations 4.3-5
through 4.3-7. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.3-14 and 4.3-15.
43.5.2
NOXRACT
Major stationary source NOX emitters in marginal and above nonattainment areas and in ozone
transport regions (OTRs) are required to install RACT-level controls under the ozone nonattainment
related provisions of Title I of the CAAA. The definition of major stationary source for NOX differs by
the severity of the ozone problem as shown in Table 4.3-18.
NOX RACT controls for non-utility sources that were modeled for the 1995 NET emissions are
shown in Table 4.3-19. These RACT-level controls were applied to point source emitters with
emissions at or above the major source size definition for each area. The application of NOX RACT
controls was only applied to grown sources.
4.3.5.3 Rule Effectiveness .
Rule effectiveness was revised in 1995 for all grown sources using the information in the 1990
database file. If the rule effectiveness value was between 0 and 100 percent in 1990 and the control
efficiency was greater than 0 percent, the uncontrolled emissions were calculated for 1990. The 1995
emissions were calculated by multiplying the growth factor by the 1990 uncontrolled emissions and the
control efficiency and a rule effectiveness of 100 percent. The adjustment for rule effectiveness was
only applied to grown sources.
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4,3.5.4 Cotton Ginning
Cotton ginning estimates for 1995 and 1996 were calculated using the following methodology.
Ginning activity occurs from August/September through March, covering parts of two calendar years,20
with the majority of ginning activity occurring between September and January. Ginning activity occurs
in the 16 states where cotton is grown, i.e., Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Texas, and Virginia. The majority of the ginning facilities are located in Arkansas, California,
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.
The general equation for estimating emissions from this category is given below.
E = (P *5) * EF + (Pf*5) * EF.
f
•f
(Eq. 4.3-8)
Where: E = annual county emissions (Ibs/year)
B = number of bales ginned in the county
Pc = fraction of total bales at gins with conventional controls
EFC = emission factor for gins with conventional controls (Ibs/bale)
Pf = fraction of total bales at gins with full controls
EFf = emission factor for gins with full controls (Ibs/bale)
4.3.5.4.1 Activity Indicator —
The activity factor for this category is the number of bales of cotton ginned. The U.S. Department
of Agriculture (USD A) compiles and reports data on the amount of cotton ginned by state, district, and
county for each crop year in its Cotton Ginnings reports.21 (A crop year runs from September through
March.) These reports are published once or twice per month during the crop year and give the amount
of cotton ginned as running totals.
The number of bales ginned in a county can be obtained from Reference 20. However, since these
data are reported as running totals for the growing season (which spans parts of two calendar years), the
number of bales ginned for a calendar year will need to be determined using data from two crop years.
The amount of cotton ginned from January 1 to the end of the season (March) for calendar year x (crop
year x) and the amount of cotton ginned from the beginning of the season (August/ September) for
calendar year jc (crop year v) should be summed to get the calendar year x total. To determine the
amount ginned from January 1 to the end of the season, subtract the amount ginned by January 1 (in the
early January Cotton Ginnings report) from the total reported in the March or end of season Cotton
Ginnings report. To determine the amount ginned from the beginning of the season to January 1, use the
total recorded by January 1 in the early January Cotton Ginnings report.
It should be noted that for confidentiality purposes, the Cotton Ginnings report may not show
detailed data for a county, but may include those data in the district, state, or U.S. totals. Data for a gin
may be considered confidential if (1) there are fewer than three gins operating in the county, or (2) more
than 60 percent of the cotton ginned in the county is ginned at one mill. The standard Cotton Ginnings
report lists the following four footnotes to its table of running bales ginned:
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I/ withheld to avoid disclosing individual gins
2/ withheld to avoid disclosing individual gins, but included in state total
3/ excludes some gins' data to avoid disclosing individual gins, but included in the state total
41 withheld to avoid disclosing individual gins but included in the U.S. total
The following methodology can be used for estimating the number of bales ginned from those
counties with confidential data.
(1) If all counties in the district show confidentiality, but there is a district total, divide district total by
the number of counties to get individual county estimates.
(2) If some (but not all) counties in a district show confidentiality and there is a district total, subtract
county totals from district total and divide the remainder by the number of counties showing
confidentiality to get estimates for the "confidential" counties.
(3) If both county and district totals are considered confidential within a state, divide the state total by
the number of counties to get individual county estimates.
(4) If some (but not all) districts show confidentiality, subtract recorded district totals from the state
total and divide the remainder by the number of counties showing confidentiality to get estimates
for the "confidential" counties.
Although this method of apportioning is time consuming, it is preferable to using the ginning
distribution from previous years to determine current estimates of number of bales ginned in confidential
counties. The variability of the cotton harvest from year to year, the possibility of past claims of
confidentiality, and the industry trend from numerous small gins to fewer, large gins makes distribution
based on past activity unreliable. In addition, if the estimates generated by the methodology above does
not meet with state approval, the state may submit more accurate data for those counties and the
apportioning methodology can be revised.
The March report, produced at the end of the crop year, contains the final totals (including revisions
and updates) for the crop year. Data in the report may differ from earlier reports for the crop year in both
total number of bales ginned and counties where ginning occurred. In fact, for crop year 1995, the
January reports showed higher totals for some counties than did the final report. Subtracting the January
totals from the March totals for these counties yielded a negative number. In these cases, the activity for
the county for that time period was considered zero. For this methodology, in instances where counties
are recorded in the March final report, but not in earlier (e.g., January) reports, the activity is assumed to
have occurred sometime before January. These counties were then added to the January listing as
confidential counties, and distribution of ginning activity was then performed.
Kansas has only one small gin operating in the state, and this gin does not operate every year. Since
the amount of cotton ginned at this facility is considered insignificant (less than 0.005 percent of the
total cotton ginned in the United States in 1995), no emissions for Kansas were calculated.
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4.3.5.4.2 Emission Factor —
AP-4222 presents total PM and PM-10 emission factors (in Ibs/bale) for gins with high-efficiency
cyclones on all exhaust streams (i.e., full controls) and for gins with screened drams or cages on the lint
cleaners and battery condenser and high-efficiency cyclones on all other exhaust streams (i.e.,
conventional controls). PM-2.5 emissions were assumed to be one percent of the total PM emissions, as
given in Table B.2.2. in AP-42 for Grain Handling. Table 4.3-30 shows the AP-42 emission factors.
Additional information obtained from EPA includes the estimated percent of cotton baled at gins using
each type of control by state. These data were developed by the National Cotton Council and are shown
in Table 4.3-21.23 Emission factors are controlled emissions factors as indicated.
4.3.5.4.3 Sample Calculation —
Using the data for Alabama from the 03/25/96 Cotton Ginnings report:
• District 10 shows data for three counties, confidential data for two counties and a district total.
(1) Subtract District 10 county data from District 10 total.
144,250 - (35,200 + 59,300 + 25,750) = 24,000 bales
(2) Divide the remaining total by two (two counties claimed confidentiality) to estimate amount
for each confidential county.
24,000/2 = 12,000 bales per confidential county
This procedure can also be used for District 40.
• Districts 50 and 60 show district totals only (i.e., all counties within these districts claim
confidentiality). To estimate individual county totals, divide each district total by the number
of counties within that district.
District 50 District 60
122,300/4 = 30,575 bales per county 153,650/6 = 25,608 bales per county
• Districts 20 and 30 claim county and district confidentiality. To estimate county totals,
(1) Subtract available district totals from state total.
491,150 - (144,250 + 34,650 + 122,300 + 153,650) = 36,300 bales
(2) Divide remainder by the number of counties claiming confidentiality in the two remaining
districts.
36,300/8 = 4,538 bales per confidential county
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-55
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Using the data in Table 4.3-22 and data from Cotton Ginnings reports, PM-10 emissions can be
calculated for Madison County, Alabama, as shown in the following example.
(1) Determine total running bales ginned in Madison County in 1996
(a) For the period January 1,1996 until the end of the crop season, subtract the running total as of
January 1, 1996 from the 01/25/96 Cotton Ginnings report from the final crop season total
from the 03/25/96 Cotton Ginnings report.
25,750 bales - 25,700 bales = 50 bales
(b) For the period from the beginning of the 1996 crop year until the end of calendar year 1996,
use the running total as of January 1,1997 from the 01/24/97 Cotton Ginnings report. Add this
to the total from (a) above to get calendar year 1996 total.
50 bales + 40,500 bales = 40,550 bales ginned in calendar year 1996
(2) Determine the percent of crop ginned by emission control method using Table 4.3-22.
(3) Use the emission factors from AP-42 as shown in Table 4.3-20, the results of (1) and (2) above, and
the general equation to estimate emissions.
E = [(Pc*5) * EFc] + [(Pf*B) * EFf]
(Eq. 4.3-9)
Where: Pc =
Pf =
B =
FJFC =
EFf =
Emissions =
0.8
0.2
40,550 bales
1.2 Ib/bale PM-10
0.82 Ib/bale PM-10
[(0.8 * 40,550 bales) * 1.2 Ib/bale] + [(0.2 * 40,550 bales) * 0.82 Ib/bale]
38,928 Ibs + 6,650 Ibs
45,578 Ibs or 23 tons of PM-10
4.3.6 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1995 emissions. For the non-
utility point sources, the 1995 AIRS/FS emissions and 1995 emissions grown from 1990 emissions were
merged. The following three subsections describes the projected 1996 emissions.
4.3.6.1 Grown Estimates
The 1996 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1995 NET inventory as the basis.
The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.3.1.4 and is described by the
equation below. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.3-14 and
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-56
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
4.3-15. The 1996 BEA and SEDS data were determined using linear interpretation of the 1988 through
1995 data. Rule effectiveness was updated to 100 percent as described in section 4.3.5.3 for the
AIRS/FS sources that reported rule effectiveness of less than 100 percent in 1995.
The following equation describes the calculation used to estimate the 1996 emissions:
UC1995 x
GS
1996
GS
x 1
S\\ JL
1995
REFF\ x
I y*\ I
100 }
x
S\ 1
RP
CEFF\
1
100 100
(Eq. 4.3-10)
where:
1996
1995
CER
UC
GS
REFF
CEFF
RP
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
growth surrogate (either BEA or SEDS data)
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
rule penetration (percent)
The rule effectiveness for 1996 was always assumed to be 100 percent. The control efficiencies and rule
penetrations are detailed in the following subsections.
4.3.6.2 1996 VOC Controls
This section discusses VOC stationary source controls (except those for electric utilities). These
controls were developed to represent the measures mandated by the CAAA and in place in 1996. Title I
(specifically the ozone nonattainment provisions) affects VOC stationary sources. Title DI hazardous air
pollutant regulations will also affect VOC source categories. The discussion for each source category-
specific control measure includes the regulatory authority, CAAA provisions relating to the control
measure, and relevant EPA guidance.
Table 4.3-23 list the point source controls by pod. (A pod is a group of SCCs with similar
emissions and process characteristics for which common control measures, i.e., cost and emission
reductions, can be applied. It is used for control measure application/costing purposes.) Table 4.3-24
lists the POD to SCC match. Table 4.3-25 lists the area source control efficiencies, and rule
effectiveness and rule penetration if not 100 percent. A description of the controls is detailed below by
measure.
4.3.6.2.1 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities —
Control assumptions for TSDF reflect application of Phase I and Phase n standards, as described
below. Regulatory authority for these rules falls under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). The Phase I rule for hazardous waste TSDFs restricts emissions from equipment leaks and
process vents.24 Process vent emissions must be below 3 Ib/hr and 3.1 tons per year (tpy) or control
devices must be installed. The control device must reduce emissions by 95 percent from uncontrolled
levels or, if enclosed combustion devices are used, reduce the vent stream to 20 parts per million (ppm)
by volume. The choice of control is not limited; condensers, absorbers, incinerators, and flares are
demonstrated control techniques.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-57
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
The equipment leak standards apply to emissions from valves, pumps, compressors, pressure relief
devices, sampling connection systems, and open-ended valves or lines. Streams with organic
concentrations equal to or greater than ten percent by weight are subject to the standards. Record
keeping and monitoring are required for affected devices, in addition to the equipment standards, such as
dual mechanical seals for compressors.
The Phase II rule will restrict emissions from tanks, containers, and surface impoundments.25 The
rule will affect an estimated 2,300 TSDFs. The proposed rule also requires generators with 90-day
accumulation tanks (tanks holding waste for a period of 90 days or more) to install controls in order to
retain RCRA permit exempt status. An estimated 7,200 generators will be affected. Controls specified
for the Phase n rule are covers vented to a 95 percent destruction device, such as incinerators or carbon
absorbers.
4.3.6.2.2 Municipal Solid Waste Landfills —
Emission reductions for landfills reflect the proposed rule and guidelines published in the Federal
Register.26 Regulatory authority for this control measure falls under RCRA. The proposed rule requires
installation of gas collection systems and combustion (open flare) of the captured gases for all existing
landfills emitting greater than 150 mg/year, or 167 tpy, of nonmethane organic compounds. A new
source performance standard (NSPS) requires the same controls on all new facilities. The control device
efficiency is estimated to be 82 percent. A rule effectiveness of 100 percent was applied. The
penetration rate for existing facilities is estimated at 84 percent. A 100 percent penetration was applied
to new sources.
4.3.6.2.3 New Control Technique Guidelines (CTGs) —
Section 183 of the CAAA mandated EPA to establish 11 new CTGs by November 1993. Controls
following these guidelines must be implemented in moderate, serious, severe, and extreme
nonattainment areas. The majority of these documents are in draft form or still in the analysis stages.
Clean-up solvents will also be regulated through a negotiated rulemaking; however, implementation is
not expected by 1996. Both of these control measures would apply nationwide. Control efficiency
information was not available for many of the source categories, so default assumptions have been made.
4.3.6.2.4 Existing CTGs —
EPA has issued three groups of CTG documents to be implemented in ozone nonattainment areas.
These controls should already be included in areas designated as nonattainment prior to 1990. These
controls, however, must also be implemented in newly designated nonattainment areas and over the
entire OTR. Not all CTGs are included in Table 4.3-25 because of the difficulty, in some cases, of
matching the document to the-appropriate sources' within the inventory. It is assumed that all existing
CTGs are implemented by 1996.
4.3.6.2.5 Reasonably Available Control Technology —
The CAAA direct moderate and above ozone nonattainment areas to require reasonably available
control technology (RACT)-level controls to VOC major stationary sources. The definition of major
source varies, depending on the severity of the ozone nonattainment classification, as listed in
Table 4.3-18.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-58
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Point source RACT control assumptions are based on EPA documents, including background
documents for New Source Performance Standards (NSPSs) and National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), Alternative Control Technology (ACT) documents, and other
compilations of VOC control techniques.
Area source RACT control information was taken from similar sources. The complicating factor
for area source RACT controls is the major stationary source size cutoff. A penetration factor was
developed that accounts for the fraction of emissions within the area source category that are expected to
be emitted from major stationary sources. The penetration rate varies according to the major stationary
source size cutoff and, therefore, the ozone nonattainment classification.
4.3.6.2.6 Vehicle Refueling Controls-Stage II Vapor Recovery —
The CAAA and Title I General Preamble include the following specifications for Stage n vapor
recovery programs.
• Stage n is required in serious and above nonattainment areas. Moderate areas must implement
Stage n if onboard is not promulgated, and are also encouraged to implement Stage n
(regardless of whether onboard is promulgated) in order to achieve early reductions. (Onboard
controls require fleet turnover to become fully effective.)
• Stage n must be installed at facilities that sell more than 10,000 gallons of gasoline per month
(the cutoff is 50,000 gallons per month for independent small business marketers). There is
nothing to preclude states from adopting lower source size cutoffs.27
• A study must be conducted to analyze comparable measures in the OTR. Implementation
plans for OTRs must be modified within one year after issuance of the comparability study to
include Stage n or comparable measures.28
• States must prescribe the use of Stage H systems that are certified to achieve at least 95 percent
control of VOC and that are properly installed and operated.29
EPA has issued two guidance documents related to Stage II:
• Technical Guidance - Stage II Vapor Recovery Systems for Control of Vehicle Refueling
Emissions at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities - Volume 1 (EPA-450/3-91-022, November
1991)30
• Enforcement Guidance for Stage II Vehicle Refueling Programs (December 1991)31
Table 4.3-26 list the areas with Stage n programs in place as of January 1996.
4.3.6.2.7 New Source Performance Standards —
For new sources subject to NSPS controls, these standards apply regardless of location.32 New
sources in nonattainment areas are also subject to New Source Review (NSR)/offsets. A 100 percent
rule effectiveness is assumed, consistent with that for other VOC stationary source controls.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-59
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
4.3.6.2.8 Title HI—
The source categories affected by Title in maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
standards were identified by using EPA's timetable for regulation development under Title EL33
Applicability of the anticipated regulations in various projection years was also derived from this draft
timetable.
Control technology efficiencies were estimated for the expected MACT standards based on
available information. The information used depended on the status of specific standards in their
development timetable. For standards that have already been proposed or promulgated, efficiencies were
estimated using information presented in preambles to the appropriate regulations.
Rule effectiveness was estimated at 100 percent for all Title m standards, in accordance with
current EPA guidelines for rule effectiveness. Rule penetration is not applicable for any of the MACT
categories, since it is included in the average "control technology efficiency" parameter.
4.3.6.3
NOX Controls
For the 1996 emissions, reductions were made in areas of the country that did not put RACT
controls into place until January 1996. Area combustion sources were reduced in 1996 according to the
control efficiencies and rule penetration values listed in Table 4.3-27.
4.3.7 References
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document 1900-1993, EP A-454/R-95-002,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. December 1994
2. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington. DC. 1991.
3. State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989, DOE/EIA-0214(89), U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. May 1991.
4. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
5. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. D-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27, 1993.
(TTN CHIEF BBS)
6. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4, E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission
Factor and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
7. Gill, W., Texas Air Control Board personal communication with D. Solomon. April 23, 1992.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-60
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
8. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., National Assessment of VOC, CO, and NOX Controls, Emissions,
and Costs, prepared for Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. September 1988.
9. Battye, W., Alliance Technologies Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC, Ozone Cost Study Files,
memorandum and computer files to Jim Wilson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. April 3, 1987.
10. Shedd, S., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
personal communication. November 13, 1991.
1 la. TSDF Inventory File, computer file transferred to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., from Emission
Standards Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, via Alliance Technologies
Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 1989.
1 Ib. 1985 Hazardous Waste Data Management System, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Solid Waste, Washington, DC. 1985.
1 Ic. (Draft) Background Information Document for Chapter 1-6, Hazardous Waste Treatment,
Storage and Disposal Facilities, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Emission Standards and Engineering Division, Research Triangle Park,
NC, February 6,1986.
12. National Air Pollutant Emission Estimates, 1940-1985, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1986.
13. Area Source Documentation for the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
Inventory, EPA-600/8-88-106, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy
Engineering Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1988.
14. 1985 Petroleum Supply Annual, DOE/EIA-0340, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, Washington, DC. May 1986.
15. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies,
EPA-454/R-23-021a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
16. Seitz, John, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Memorandum
to State Air Directors. May 5, 1995.
17. An Emission Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon
Visibility Transport Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
18. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Particulate Matter (PM) Speciation Data System
(SPECIATE) User's Manual, Version 1.5, Final Report, Radian Corporation, EPA Contract No.
68-DO-0125, Work Assignment No. 60, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-61
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
19. Internet E-mail from J. Nuovo to J. Better of the Department of Health and Environmental
Control (DHEC), Columbia, South Carolina, entitled Total Suspended Paniculate (TSP)/PM-10
Ratio. Copy to P. Carlson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. April 10, 1997.
20. Telecon. Sharon Kersteter, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC, with Roger Latham,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cotton Statistics. March 6, 1997.
21. Cotton Gainings, PCG, U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service,
Agricultural Statistics Board, Washington, DC. (13 issues, mailed approximately twice per month
during August-March ginning season)
22. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emissions Factors and Supplements, Fifth Edition and Supplements,
AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. 1997.
23. Memorandum. Fred Johnson, National Cotton Council, Memphis, TN, to Bill Mayfield, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Memphis, TN, Estimated Percent of Crop by Emission Control
Method, July 23,1996.
24. 55 FR 25454,1990 Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 120, p. 25454, Hazardous Waste TSDFs -
Organic Air Emission Standards for Process Vents and Equipment Leaks. June 21, 1990.
25. Lacy, Gail. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Emission Standards Division, personal communication, June 1991.
26. Federal Register, Vol. 55, No. 104, p. 24468, Standards of Performance for New Stationary
Sources and Guidelines for Control of Existing Sources: Municipal Solid Waste Landfills.
May 30,1991.
27. Public Law 101-549, Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Section 182(b)(3). November 15,
1990.
28. Public Law 101-549, Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Section 184(b)(2). November 15,
1990.
29. 57 FR 13498, 1992 Federal Register, General Preamble, Implementation of Title I, Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. April 16,1992.
30. Technical Guidance - Stage JJ Vapor Recovery Systems for Control of Vehicle Refueling
Emissions at Gasoline Dispensing Facilities - Volume 1, EPA-450/3-91-022a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research
Triangle Park, NC, November 1991.
31. Enforcement Guidance for Stage II Vehicle Refueling Programs, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, December 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-62
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
sec
Table 4.3-1. SCCs With 100 Percent CO Rule Effectiveness
Process
30300801 Primary Metals Production - Iron Production - Blast Furnaces
30300913 Primary Metals Production -Steel Production - Basic Oxygen Furnace: Open Hood-Stack
30300914 Primary Metals Production -Steel Production - Basic Oxygen Furnace: Closed Hood-Stack
30500401 Mineral Products - Calcium Carbide - Electric Furnace (Hoods and Main Stack)
30600201 Petroleum Industry - Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units
31000205 Oil and Gas Production - Natural Gas Production - Flares
31000299 Oil and Gas Production - Natural Gas Production - Other Not Classified
39000689 In-Process Fuel Use - Natural Gas - General
39000797 In-Process Fuel Use - Process Gas - General
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-63
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-2. July RVPs Used to Model Motor Vehicle Emission Factors
State Reid Vapor Pressure (psi)
State
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
Ml
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
1987
10.8
8.6
10.2
8.6
9.7
10.9
11.3
11.0
10.2
10.5
10.1
11.1
11.6
10.5
9.8
11.3
10.4
10.8
11.2
10.8
11.7
10.5
10.2
10.0
9.3
10.2
8.6
10.8
11.3
9.0
11.2
10.5
10.5
11.6
9.9
9.7
11.4
10.8
10.5
10.5
10.4
9.8
9.7
10.8
10.9
10.8
11.4
11.4
9.5
1988
10.9
8.3
9.8
8.5
9.4
11.0
10.8
10.8
10.5
10.7
9.9
10.6
11.1
10.3
9.6
10.9
11.0
11.0
10.8
11.0
11.0
10.3
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.9
8.5
11.0
10.9
8.5
11.0
10.7
10.3
11.4
9.7
9.4
10.9
11.0
10.7
10.3
10.5
9.6
9.4
11.0
10.8
10.2
11.2
10.9
9.4
1989
8.9
8.2
9.4
8.4
8.7
8.6
9.2
9.1
9.0
8.6
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.1
9.5
8.6
8.6
9.1
8.6
9.8
9.7
9.4
9.3
9.3
9.4
8.3
8.6
9.0
8.2
8.7
8.6
9.7
9.8
8.7
9.1
9.3
8.6
8.6
9.7
8.8
8.4
8.7
8.6
9.0
9.7
9.6
9.6
9.0
1990
8.5
8.1
8.7
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.4
8.2
9.1
8.5
9.1
8.6
8.7
9.6
8.5
8.7
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.1
9.6
8.7
8.6
8.6
9.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.1
8.3
8.5
9.6
9.6
8.2
8.9
8.6
8.3
8.5
9.6
8.5
8.0
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.6
9.1
8.8
8.4
1991
8.5
8.2
8.5
8.2
8.4
8.3
8.3
8.1
9.1
8.3
9.4
8.8
9.0
9.8
8.6
8.8
8.4
8.3
8.2
8.3
9.3
9.8
8.5
8.6
9.2
9.2
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.1
8.4
8.3
9.8
9.7
8.4
9.0
8.5
8.3
8.3
9.8
8.3
8.2
8.4
8.3
8.1
9.7
9.1
9.0
8.8
Source: Developed from July MVMA Fuel Volatility Surveys
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-64
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-3. 1990 Seasonal RVP (psi) by State
State
Winter
Soring
Summer
Fall
AL
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
Ml
MN
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
Source:
12.8
10.1
13.4
12.3
11.5
13.2
13.9
12.2
11.9
12.5
12.5
13.7
13.8
13.4
12.5
12.9
12.2
13.1
13.4
13.1
13.8
13.4
13.4
12.4
13.1
13.0
10.9
13.1
13.8
11.6
13.4
12.5
13.4
13.9
13.1
12.4
13.9
13.1
12.5
13.0
12.7
12.4
11.5
13.1
12.1
13.6
13.5
13.7
12.2
Based on RVPs from
spring and fall.
10.3
8.5
10.7
10.1
9.6
10.2
10.5
9.1
9.1
10.2
10.5
10.5
10.6
11.2
9.5
9.6
10.0
10.1
10.2
10.1
10.9
11.0
10.7
10.7 ,
10.1
10.5
8.8
10.1
10.5
9.0
10.2
11.0
11.8
11.2
9.6
10.4
10.6
10.1
11.0
10.9
11.1
9.9
10.0
10.1
9.1
11.1
10.8
10.7
9.8
9.1
8.1
8.7
8.1
8.5
8.3
8.4
8.2
9.1
9.1
9.1
8.6
8.7
10.0
8.5
8.7
8.9
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.1
9.6
9.4
8.6
8.6
9.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.1
8.3
9.1
9.6
9.6
8.2
8.8
8.6
8.3
9.1
9.6
9.1
8.0
8.5
8.3
8.2
9.6
9.1
8.8
8.4
the January and July MVMA Fuel Volatility Surveys
9.7
8.3
10.9
8.7
9.3
10.2
9.4
9.1
9.1
9.6
9.5
9.6
9.7
11.2
9.0
9.6
9.4
10.1
9.3
10.1
10.9
10.3
10.0
10.2
10.1
9.5
8.5
10.1
10.5
9.3
10.2
10.4
10.9
10.4
8.9
9.6
10.6
10.1
10.4
10.0
10.5
8.6
9.3
10.1
9.1
10.4
9.9
9.7
8.8
interpolated to
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-65
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-4. Seasonal Maximum and Minimum Temperatures (°F) by State
State
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
Ft
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
Ml
MM
MS
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
OH
OK
OR
PA
Rl
SC
SD
TN
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
Winter
Min Max
42
20
41
32
45
18
19
25
29
52
34
66
25
17
21
15
23
27
44
14
26
25
14
5
36
22
14
15
21
12
25
24
21
32
1
22
28
35
24
22
34
7
31
37
22
11
31
30
26
15
17
62
31
67
53
61
45
36
42
45
72
54
81
40
33
37
31
44
44
64
33
43
38
30
24
59
40
33
35
47
33
43
49
36
54
23
38
50
47
39
38
58
27
50
61
40
28
49
42
44
29
40
Spring
Min
57
32
54
50
50
34
38
42
47
62
50
69
37
39
41
39
44
45
59
33
43
41
33
32
53
44
31
40
31
32
41
40
39
48
30
40
48
42
41
38
51
34
50
54
37
33
47
39
43
35
30
Max
78
46
83
73
67
61
59
62
66
77
72
83
61
59
62
59
67
66
78
52
64
56
53
51
77
65
54
62
64
56
61
70
57
72
53
61
71
61
61
57
76
56
71
78
62
52
68
57
66
53
54
Summer
Min Max
72
46
76
70
59
56
60
64
68
73
68
73
56
62
63
64
68
66
73
55
65
63
55
56
70
66
52
64
45
54
62
62
61
67
54
61
69
55
62
61
69
59
69
71
58
56
67
53
62
59
52
91
63
103
92
78
85
83
84
86
89
87
87
86
83
84
84
91
86
90
76
85
79
77
78
92
87
80
86
87
80
82
91
81
88
82
82
91
77
83
80
91
84
89
95
89
78
86
76
84
78
80
Fall
Min
58
36
59
51
54
37
42
47
51
65
52
71
39
43
44
42
47
47
60
38
47
48
39
36
53
52
35
42
31
36
46
43
45
51
31
44
50
45
45
44
52
36
51
55
40
39
51
41
45
41
34
Max
79
47
86
75
73
66
63
66
69
82
73
86
64
63
65
63
69
68
79
59
68
62
57
54
78
67
58
65
69
60
66
71
62
73
57
64
73
64
65
63
76
60
73
79
66
57
71
59
67
59
60
U.S. NOAA "Climatology of the United States", 198212.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-66
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-5. Average Annual Service Station Stage II VOC Emission Factors
Emission Factor
Year
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
grams/gallon
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
3.9
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
lbs/1,000
gallons
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
8.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
Table 4.3-6. TSDF Area Source Emissions Removed from the Inventory (1985-1996)
48
45
54
22
13
54
48
01
State
Texas
South Carolina
West Virginia
Louisiana
Georgia
West Virginia
Texas
Alabama
County
071
005
073
047
051
079
039
129
Chambers
Allendale
Pleasants
Iberville
Chatham
Putnum
Brazoria
Washington
VOC Annual
Emissions
372,295
364,227
252,128
100,299
84,327
60,568
59,951
49,296
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-67
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-7. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes
in Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
industry
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry,
fisheries, and other
Coal mining
Metal mining
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products
Leather and leather products
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding
motor vehicles
Motor vehicles and equipment
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Local and interurban passenger
transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
SIC 1985 to 1987
01,02
07, 08, 09
11
10
14
15
20
22
23
26
27
28
29
21
30
31
24
25
33
34
35
36
37
371
32
38
39
40
42
44
41
45
46
47
48
49
14.67
23.58
-17.46
-3.03
2.33
7.27
1.67
8.50
-1.72
2.62
7.44
1.75
-10.82
-1.97
5.27
-9.39
10.03
6.82
-9.09
-4.72
-5.72
-3.17
8.44
-6.45
-0.23
-0.04
1.84
-14.13
5.63
-8.92
13.45
12.01
-5.21
15.92
1.94
0.07
1987 to 1988
-2.73
5.43
-6.37
18.01
3.74
4.81
1.34
-0.64
1.25
0.94
5.67
6.94
-3.22
2.43
5.51
-1.64
5.15
2.35
5.32
2.55
6.02
-18.01
-1.57
2.20
-1.61
60.65
6.92
-2.53
3.26
0.07
0.51
4.63
3.67
8.52
0.68
3.05
1988 to 1989 1989 to 1990
14.58
1.01
-4.16
8.94
-2.79
-1.36
-1.20
-1.39
-1.62
-0.14
-0.81
0.32
-3.02
-2.43
0.68
-3.58
-3.54
-1.46
-0.34
-0.86
-0.32
-1.91
0.55
-2.96
-1.96
-0.82
-2.21
-3.83
-0.20
-1.02
2.14
4.94
-4.93
4.60
-2.81
0.63
-3.11
2.48
4.73
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
-0.24
-4.97
-4.22
-0.39
0.43
1.61
1.06
-5.01
-0.14
-2.55
-3.71
-2.98
-3.03
-1.91
-1.92
-3.22
-1.07
-5.43
-3.19
-2.91
-2.54
-6.03
0.99
2.83
1.44
4.36
3.53
4.97
2.07
0.39
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-68
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-8. Area Source Growth Indicators
NAPAP
SCC
Category Description
Data
Source
Growth Indicator
13 Industrial Fuel - Anthracite Coal SEDS
14 Industrial Fuel - Bituminous Coal SEDS
15 Industrial Fuel - Coke BEA
16 Industrial Fuel - Distillate Oil SEDS
17 Industrial Fuel - Residual Oil SEDS
18 Industrial Fuel - Natural Gas SEDS
19 Industrial Fuel - Wood BEA
20 Industrial Fuel - Process Gas SEDS
21 On-Site Incineration - Residential BEA
22 On-Site Incineration - Industrial BEA
23 On-Site Jncineration-Commercial/lnstitutional BEA
24 Open Burning - Residential BEA
25 Open Burning - Industrial BEA
26 Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional BEA
54 Gasoline Marketed SEDS
63 Frost Control - Orchard Heaters BEA
99 Minor Point Sources BEA
100 Publicly Owned Treatment Works BEA
102 Fugitive Emissions From Synthetic Organic BEA
Chemical Manufacturing
103 Bulk Terminal and Bulk Plants BEA
104 Fugitive Emissions From Petroleum Refinery
105 Process Emissions From Bakeries BEA
106 Process Emissions From Pharmaceutical BEA
Manufacturing
107 Process Emissions From Synthetic Fiber BEA
Manufacturing
108 Crude Oil and Natural Gas Production Fields BEA
109 Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage, and BEA
Disposal Facilities (TSDFs)
Ind - Anthracite
Ind - Bituminous
Total Manufacturing
Ind - Distillate oil
Ind - Residual oil
Ind - Natural gas
Total Manufacturing
Ind - LPG
Population
Total Manufacturing
Services
Population
Total Manufacturing
Services
Trans - Motor gasoline
Farm
Population
Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services
Mfg - Chemicals and Allied Products
Trucking and Warehousing
Refinery operating cap
Mfg - Food and Kindred Products
Mfg - Chemicals and Allied Products
Mfg - Textile Mill Products
Oil and Gas Extraction
Total Manufacturing
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-69
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-9. SEDS National Fuel Consumption
Category
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Anthracite Coal (thousand short tons)
Industrial 575 470 437
Bituminous Coal (thousand short tons)
Industrial 115,854 111,119 111,695
Distillate Fuel (thousand barrels)
Industrial 203,659 206,108 210,699
Liquefied Petroleum Gases (thousand barrels)
Industrial 437,964 411,451 447,120
Motor Gasoline (thousand barrels)
Transportation 2,433,592 2,507,936 2,570,047
AH Sectors 2,493,361 2,567,436 2,630,089
Natural Gas (million cubic feet)
Industrial 6,867 6,502 7,103
Residual Fuel (thousand barrels)
Industrial 120,002 132,249 107,116
434
392
387
117,729 117,112 118,322
209,553 197,035 205,856
453,599 441,784 457,013
2,627,331 2,617,450 2,703,666
2,685,145 2,674,669 2,760,414
7,479 7,887 8,120
105,448 95,646 118,122
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-70
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-10. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence
AMS
NAPAP
SCC
Category
SCC
Category
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
2102001000 Industrial - Anthracite Coal (Total: All Boiler
Types)
2102002000 Industrial - Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal
(Total: All Boiler Types)
2102004000 Industrial - Distillate Oil (Total: Boilers & 1C
Engines)
2102005000 Industrial - Residual Oil (Total: All Boiler
Types)
2102006000 Industrial - Natural Gas (Total: Boilers & 1C
Engines)
2102008000 Industrial - Wood (Total: All Boiler Types)
2102009000 Industrial - Coke (Total: All Boiler Types)
2102010000 Industrial - Process Gas (Total: All Boiler
Types)
Industrial Processes
2301020000 Process Emissions from Pharmaceuticals
(PECHAN)
2301030000 Process Emissions from Synthetic Fiber
(PECHAN)
2301040000 SOCMI Fugitives (PECHAN)
2302050000 Food & Kindred Products: SIC 20 - Bakery
Products (Total)
2306000000 Petroleum Refining: SIC 29 - All Processes
(Total)
2310000000 Oil & Gas Production: SIC 13 - All Processes
(Total)
2399000000 Industrial Processes: NEC
13 Industrial Fuel - Anthracite Coal
14 Industrial Fuel - Bituminous Coal
16 Industrial Fuel - Distillate Oil
17 Industrial Fuel - Residual Oil
18 Industrial Fuel - Natural Gas
19 Industrial Fuel - Wood
15 Industrial Fuel - Coke
20 Industrial Fuel - Process Gas
106 Process Emissions from
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
107 Process Emissions from
Synthetic Fibers Manufacturing
102 Fugitive Emissions From
Synthetic Organic Chemical
Manufacturing
105 Process Emissions From
Bakeries
104 Fugitive Emissions From
Petroleum Refinery Operations
108 Crude Oil and Natural Gas
Production Fields
99 Minor point sources
Storage & Transport
2501050120 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Bulk Stations/Terminals: Breathing Loss
(Gasoline)
2501060050 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Gasoline Service Stations (Stage I: Total)
2501060100 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Gasoline Service Stations (Stage II: Total)
2501060201 Petroleum & Petroleum Product Storage -
Gasoline Service Stations (Underground
Tank: Breathing & Emptying)
103 Bulk Terminal and Bulk Plants
54 Gasoline Marketed (Stage I)
54 Gasoline Marketed (Stage II)
54 Gasoline Marketed (Breathing &
Emptying)
(continued)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-71
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-10 (continued)
AMS
NAPAP
SCC
Category
SCC
Category
Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery
2601010000 On-Site Incineration - Industrial (Total) 22
2601020000 On-Site Incineration - 23
Commercial/Institutional (Total)
2601030000 On-Site Incineration - Residential (Total) 21
2610010000 Open Burning - Industrial (Total) 25
2610020000 Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional 26
(Total)
2610030000 Open Burning - Residential (Total) 24
2630020000 Wastewater Treatment - Public Owned 100
(Total)
2640000000 TSDFs - All TSDF Types (Total: All 109
Processes)
On-Site Incineration - Industrial
On-Site Incineration -
Commercial/Institutional
On-Site Incineration - Residential
Open Burning - Industrial
Open Burning - Commercial/Institutional
Open Burning - Residential
Publicly-Owned Treatment Works
(POTWs)
Hazardous Waste Treatment, Storage,
and Disposal Facilities (TSDF)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-72
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-11. Point Source Data Submitted
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia - Atlanta
Urban Airshed (47
counties) domain
Georgia - Rest of
State
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky - Jefferson
County
Kentucky - Rest of
State
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania -
Allegheny County
Pennsylvania -
Philadelphia County
Pennsylvania - Rest
of State
Rhode Island
Data Source/Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
Jefferson County - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - State Format
Allegheny County - County Format
Philadelphia County - County Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
Temporal
Resolution
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Annual
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Year of
Data
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1993
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
Adjustments to Data
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None .
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-73
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-11 (continued)
State
Data Source/Format
Temporal
Resolution
Year of
Data
Adjustments to Data
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Annual 1991 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Daily 1992 Backcast to 1990 using BEA.
Daily 1990 None
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Daily 1990 None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-74
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-12. Area Source Data Submitted
State
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Data Source/Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - Hard copy
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
State - State format
State - State format
State - State Format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AMS- Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfiie
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
Temporal
Resolution
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Geographic Coveraae
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jacksonville, Miami/
Ft. Lauderdale, Tampa
Atlanta Urban Airshed
(47 Counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Kentucky Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
Baton Rouge Nonattainment
Area (20 Parishes)
Entire State
Entire State
49 Southern Michigan
Counties
St. Louis area (25 counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Adjustments to Data
None
None
None
Added Non-road emission
estimates from Int. Inventory to
Jacksonville (Duval County)
None
None
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
None
None
None
None
None
Only area source combustion data
was provided. All other area
source data came from Int.
Inventory
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated
Ohio
Pennsylvania
State - Hard copy
State - EPS Workfile
Daily Canton, Cleveland Columbus,
Dayton, Toledo, and
Youngstown
Daily Entire State
using default temporal factors.
Assigned SCCs and converted
from kgs to tons. NOX and CO from
Int. Inventory added to Canton,
Dayton, and Toledo counties.
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
State - EPS Workfile
State - State format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Entire State
42 Counties in Middle
Tennessee
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charleston, Huntington/
Ashland, and Parkersburg
(5 counties total)
Entire State
None
No non-road data submitted. Non-
road emissions added from Int.
Inventory
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-75
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-76
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-14. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu)
Fuel Tvoe End-User
Anthracite Coal
Commercial
Electric utility
Industrial
Residential
Bituminous Coal
Commercial
Electric utility
Industrial
Residential
Distillate Fuel
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Total
Code
ACCCB
ACEUB
ACICB
ACRCB
BCCCB
BCEUB
BCICB
BCRCB
DFCCB
DFICB
DFRCB
DFTCB
1990
12
17
10
19
80
16,071
2,744
43
487
1,181
837
6,422
1991
11
16
8
17
72
15,997
2,592
39
482
1,139
832
6,210.
1992
11
17
7
17
75
16,175
2,505
40
464
1,144
865
6,351
1993
11
16
11
16
72
16,825
2,489
40
464
1,100
913
6,466
1994
11
15
10
16
70
16,995
2,434
40
450
1,090
887
6,417
1995
11
15
10
16
69
17,164
2,379
39
435
1,080
862
6,368
1996
11
15
10
16
68
17,333
2,333
39
422
1,071
836
6,319
Distillate Fuel including Kerosene jet fuel
Electric utility
Kerosene
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Total
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Commercial
Industrial
Residential
Total
Natural Gas
Commercial
Electric utility
Industrial
Residential
Total
Residual Fuel
Commercial
Electric utility
Industrial
Total
Population
DKEUB
KSCCB
KSICB
KSRCB
KSTCB
LGCCB
LGICB
LGRCB
LGTCB
NGCCB
NGEUB
NGICB
NGRCB
NGTCB
RFCCB
RFEUB
RFICB
RFTCB
TPOPP
86
12
12
64
88
64
1,608
365
2,059
2,698
2,861
8,520
4,519
19,280
233
1,139
417
2,820
248,709
80
12
11
72
96
69
1,749
389
2,227
2,808
2,854
8,637
4,685
19,605
213
1,076
336
2,657
252,131
67
11
10
65
86
67
1,860
382
2,328
2,884
2,829
8,996
4,821
20,139
191
854
391
2,518
255,025
77
14
13
76
103
70
1,794
399
2,282
2,996
2,744
9,387
5,097
20,868
175
939
452
2,479
257,785
64
13
10
67
89
70
1,804
398
2,290
3,035
2,720
9,635
5,132
21,164
170
823
459
2,346
259,693
58
12
9
59
76
70
1,813
397
2,298
3,074
2,698
9,883
5,166
21 ,461
168
726
469
2,213
261,602
54
11
9
51
65
70
1,823
397
2,306
3,114
2,675
10,131
5,201
21 ,757
167
650
481
2,080
263,510
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-77
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-15. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 (million $)
Industry
J-NUfi/L
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Tola) population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Farm
Farm
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Metal mining
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Nonmetallte minerals, except fuels
Construction
Construction
Construction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries'
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products
020
030
040
041
045
046
047
050
060
070
071
072
081
082
090
100
110
120
121
122
123
200
210
220
230
240
300
310
320
330
400
410
413
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
1,2
1,2
1,2
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
10
11, 12
13
14
15-17
15-17
15-17
15-17
998
996
24
25
32
33
34
35
36
371
37
38
39
997
20
21
22
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
1
3,634
238
3,395
971
735
2,932
321
381
34
347
48
3,586
3,001
24
20
4
1
2
1
36
2
8
20
4
218
54
29
135
710
437
22
13
20
33
51
86
63
41
54
43
11
273
51
3
16
20
28
54
61
9
27
3
0
1
3,593
242
3,350
947
791
2,891
331
370
28
342
41
3,552
2,957
24
20
3
1
2
1
37
3
8
22
4
197
47
28
123
690
418
21
12
18
30
48
83
62
38
52
42
11
272
51
3
16
20
27
54
63
9
26
3
0
1
3,732
248
3,483
907
858
2,975
351
405
34
372
46
3,686
3,079
24
21
3
1
2
1
36
3
8
21
4
195
46
28
121
705
423
22
13
19
31
49
83
62
42
50
42
11
281
52
3
17
20
28
55
66
10
28
2
0
1
3,785
253
3,531
914
888
3,003
371
410
32
378
45
3,740
3,126
24
22
3
0
2
1
34
2
6
21
4
199
47
27
125
705
424
22
13
19
30
49
84
63
46
45
40
12
282
52
2
17
19
28
56
65
9
29
3
0
1
3,891
265
3,626
934
912
3,082
383
426
29
396
42
3,849
3,228
26
23
3
1
2
1
35
2
6
21
4
216
51
29
136
725
440
24
14
20
32
51
86
65
53
43
40
12
285
53
2
17
19
29
57
65
10
30
3
0
1
4,011
273
3,737
980
951
3,182
394
436
18
418
31
3,980
3,353
27
24
3
1
2
1
35
2
6
21
4
219
51
29
138
740
452
25
14
20
33
53
90
68
56
42
40
12
288
53
3
17
19
29
58
67
9
31
2
0
1
4,086
280
3,805
981
994
3,231
408
447
16
432
29
4,058
3,423
27
25
3
1
1
1
35
3
6
21
4
219
50
29
139
747
456
25
14
20
32
53
91
69
60
39
39
12
291
54
3
17
19
29
59
68
9
31
2
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-78
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-15 (continued)
Industrv
LNUM
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Leather and leather products
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Water transportation
Local and interurban passenger transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Banking and credit agencies
Banking and credit agencies
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance
Insurance
Real estate
Holding companies and investment services
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and miscellaneous repair services
Auto repair, services, and garages
Auto repair, services, and garages
Amusement and recreation services
Amusement and recreation services
Health services
Legal services
Educational services
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Miscellaneous professional services
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
State and local
State and local
500
510
520
530
540
541
542
543
544
560
570
610
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
700
710
730
731
732
733
734
736
800
805
810
815
820
825
830
835
840
845
850
855
860
865
870
875
880
900
910
920
930
931
932
31
40
. 42
44
44
41
45
46
47
. 48
49
50,51
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
60,61
60,61
60,61
63,64
63,64
65,66
62,67
995
. 70
72
88
76
75
75
78,79
78,79
80
81
82
83,86
83,86
83,86
83,86
84, 87, 89
995
43,91,97
992
92-96
92-96
92-96
243
12
59
7
48
8
30
1
12
63
49
236
342
18
40
56
55
18
22
76
57
246
82
163
38
56
34
28
8
946
31
33
10
170
29
15
29
16
290
80
39
29
1
35
125
14
585
118
50
417
125
292
245
12
58
7
49
8
30
1
13
63
52
231
335
18
38
56
54
18
20
78
54
247
81
166
40
59
33
25
10
951
31
32
9
162
28
13
30
16
304
80
41
31
1
36
121
14
594
120
50
425
128
297
251
13
60
7
50
9
31
1
14
64
53
238
342
18
39
57
54
18
19
80
57
280
86
194
50
61
33
36
14
1,008
32
33
10
175
28
13
34
16
325
85
42
34
1
36
127
15
607
123
51
433
128
305
260
12
62
6
51
9
31
1
14
67
56
235
347
19
39
56
56
18
19
82
57
290
89
201
53
62
34
43
10
1,032
33
36
10
180
30
14
33
17
330
84
44
35
1
38
130
15
613
124
48
441
130
311
269
12
66
6
50
9
31
1
15
71
56
242
359
20
40
57
60
18
21
85
59
291
89
202
51
63
36
44
9
1,066
33
36
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191
31
14
35
18
341
84
45
38
2
40
132
17
621
125
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451
134
317
277
12
69
6
52
10
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75
56
255
372
21
41
58
62
18
22
88
62
302
90
212
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47
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355
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46
40
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626
123
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459
136
323
283
12
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378
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58
64
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91
221
58
65
38
51
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1,164
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37
11
221
34
15
39
20
368
86
48
42
2
42
145
19
635
124
43
468
138
330
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-79
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
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4-83
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
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Table 4.3-20. Cotton Ginning Emission Factors
22
Control Type
Full controls (high-efficiency cyclone)
Conventional controls (screened drums or
cages)
Total PM
(Ib/bale)
2.4
3.1
PM-10
(Ib/bale)
0.82
1.2
PM-2.5
(Ib/bale)
0.024
0.031
Table 4.3-21. Estimated Percentage of Crop By Emission Control Method
(By State and U.S. Average)29
State
Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Florida
Georgia
Louisiana
Mississippi
Missouri
New Mexico
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
U.S. Average3
Percent Crop '-
Full Controls
20
50
30
72
20
30
20
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
30
20
35
Percent Crop -
Conventional Controls
80
50
70
28
80
70
80
80
80
80
70
80
80
80
70
80
65
"Average is based on the average crop (average total bales ginned per year) from
1991 to 1995 for these states.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-85
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-22. Cotton Ginnings: Running Bales Ginned By
County, District, State, and United States3
State/County/
District
UNITED STATES
Alabama
Colbert 1/
Lauderdale 1/
Lawrence
Limestone
Madison
District 10
Blount 1/
Cherokee 1/
District 20
Chilton 1/
Fayette 1/
Pickens 1/
Shelby 1/
Tallapoosa 1/
Tuscaloosa 1/
District 30 21
Autauga 1/
Dallas 1/
Elmore
Greene 1/
Hale 1/ '
Lowndes 1/
Macon 1/
Marengo 1/
District 40
Running Bales
Ginned
17,498,800
12,000
12,000
35,200
59,300
25,750
144,250
4,538
4,538
4,538
4,538
4,538
4,538
4,538
4,538
4,079
4,079
6,100
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
4,079
34,650
State/County/
District
Alabama (Cont'd)
Baldwin 1/
Escambia 1/
Mobile 1/
Monroe 1/
District 50
Covington 1/
Crenshaw 1/
Geneva 1/
Henry 1/
Houston 1/
Russell 1/
District 60
AL Total
Arizona
Mohave 1/
District 20 2.1
Maricopa
Final
District 50
La Paz 1/
Yuma
Running Bales
Ginned
30,575
30,575
30,575
30,575
122,300
25,608
25,608
25,608
25,608
25,608
25,608
153,650
491,150
354,050
266,900
620,950
74,100
The data in and format of this table were taken from the 03/25/96 Cotton Ginnings report.
1/ Withheld to avoid disclosing individual gins.
2/ Withheld to avoid disclosing individual gins, but included in state total.
3/ Excludes some gins' data to avoid disclosing individual gins, but included in state total.
41 Withheld to avoid disclosing individual gins, but included in U.S. total.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-86
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
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4-87
1985-1996 Methodology
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in
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co
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in
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8
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in
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to
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in
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in
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m
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8
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CO
co
in
s
CM
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CD
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CD
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o
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in
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ft
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in
8
o
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m
in
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o
co
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co
CM
CO
m
CM
o
CM
rf
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o
o
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co
CD
o
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CD
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00
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co
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in
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o
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,_
m
8
o
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m
CD
0
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1s-
co
co
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m
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s
&
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CM
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o
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m
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in
in
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m
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co
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co
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m
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-93
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
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4-94
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
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-------
Table 4.3-25. Area Source VOC Controls by SCC and Pod
POD
SCC
SOURCE
MEASURE
PCTRD96
211 2420010055 Dry Cleaning - perchloroethylene
211 2420000055 Dry Cleaning -perchloroethylene
217 2501050120 Bulk Terminals
217 2501050000 Bulk Terminals
217 2501995000 Bulk Terminals
241 2415305000 Cold cleaning
241 2415310000 Cold cleaning
241 2415320000 Cold cleaning
241 2415325000 Cold cleaning
241 2415330000 Cold cleaning
241 2415335000 Cold cleaning
241 2415340000 Cold cleaning
241 2415345000 Cold cleaning
241 2415355000 Cold cleaning
241 2415360000 Cold cleaning
241 2415365000 Cold cleaning
250 2401075000 Aircraft surface coating
251 2401080000 marine surface coating
259 2301040001 SOCMI batch reactor processes
270 2640000000 TSDFs
270 2640000004 TSDFs
272 2461021000 Cutback Asphalt
272 2461020000 Cutback Asphalt
274 2301040000 SOCMI fugitives
276 2306000000 Petroleum refinery fugitives
277 2301030000 Pharmaceutical manufacture
278 2301020000 Synthetic fiber manufacture
279 2310000000 Oil & natural gas fields
279 2310010000 Oil & natural gas fields
279 2310020000 Oil & natural gas fields
279 2310030000 Oil & natural gas fields
280 2501060050 Service stations - stage I
281 2501060101 Service stations - stage II
281 2501060103 Service stations - stage II
283 2501060201 Service stations - underground tank
283 2501060201 Service stations - underground tank
284 2620000000 Municipal solid waste landfills
284 2620030000 Municipal solid waste landfills
MACT 44.0
MACT 44.0
RACT 51.0
RACT 51.0
RACT 51.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 35.0
MACT 0.0
MACT 0.0
New CTG 78.0
Phase I & II rules 94.0
Phase I & II rules 94.0
Switch to emulsified (CTG) 100.0
Switch to emulsified (CTG) 100.0
RACT 37.0
RACT 43.0
RACT 37.0
RACT (adsorber) 54.0
RACT (equipment/maintenance) 37.0
RACT (equipment/maintenance) 37.0
RACT (equipment/maintenance) 37.0
RACT (equipment/maintenance) 37.0
Vapor balance (CTG) 95.0
Vapor balance (stage II) 70.0
Vapor balance (stage II) 70.0
Vapor balance (stage II) 84.0
Vapor balance (stage II) 86.0
RCRA standards 82.0
RCRA standards 82.0
POD,VOC PODNAME
APPLICABLE
211 Dry Cleaning - perchloroethylene
217 Bulk Terminals
241 Cold cleaning
250 Aircraft surface coating
251 marine surface coating
259 SOCMI batch reactor processes
270 Treatment, stroage and disposal facilities
272 Cutback Asphalt
274 SOCMI fugitives
276 Petroleum refinery fugitives
277 Pharmaceutical manufacture
278 Synthetic fiber manufacture
279 Oil and natural gas production fields
280 Service stations - stage l-truck unloading
284 Municipal solid waste landfills
National
National
National
National
National
Moderate*
National
Marginal*
National
National
National
National
Moderate*
National
National
NOTE: A pod is a group of SCCs with similar emissions and process characteristics for which common control measures (i.e., cost and
emission reductions) can be applied.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-96
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-26. Counties in the United States with Stage II Programs
that use Reformulated Gasoline
State
Countv
State
Countv
State
Countv
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
21
21
21
21
21
21
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
California
California
California
California
California
California
California
Connecticut
Connecticut
' Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Dist Columbia
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
19
29
37
55
67
73
75
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
1
3
5
1
31
43
63
89
93
97
111
197
89
127
15
29
37
111
117
185
1
5
11
13
15
23
31
3
5
9
13
15
17
21
25
27
29
31
33
35
Fresno Co
Kern Co
Los Angeles Co
Napa Co
Sacramento Co
San Diego Co
San Francisco Co
Fairfield Co
Hartford Co
Litchfield Co
Middlesex Co
New Haven Co
New London Co
Tolland Co
Windham Co
Kent Co
New Castle Co
Sussex Co
Washington
Cook Co
Du Page Co
GrundyCo
Kane Co
Kendall Co
Lake Co
McHenry Co
Will Co
Lake Co
Porter Co
Boone Co
BullittCo
Campbell Co
Jefferson Co
Kenton Co
Oldham Co
Androscoggin Co
Cumberland Co
Kennebec Co
KNO,Co
Lincoln Co
Sagadahoc Co
York Co
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore Co
CalvertCo
Carroll Co
Cecil Co
Charles Co
Frederick Co
Harford Co
Howard Co
Kent Co
Montgomery Co
Prince George's Co
Queen Annes Co
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
42
42
42
Maryland
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
510
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
11
13
15 ,
17
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19 .
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
5
27
47
59
61
71
79
81
85
87
103
119
17
29
45
Baltimore
Barnstable Co
Berkshire Co
Bristol Co
Dukes Co
Essex Co
Franklin Co
Hampden Co
Hampshire Co
Middlesex Co
NantucketCo
Norfolk Co
Plymouth Co
Suffolk Co
Worcester Co
Hillsborough Co
Merrimack Co
Rockingham Co
Stratford Co
Atlantic Co
Bergen Co
Burlington Co
CamdenCo
Cape May Co
Cumberland Co
Essex Co
Gloucester Co
Hudson Co
Hunterdon Co
Mercer Co
Middlesex Co
Monmouth Co
Morris Co
Ocean Co
Passaic Co
Salem Co
Somerset Co
Sussex Co
Union Co
Warren Co
Bronx Co
Dutchess Co
Kings Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Orange Co
Putnam Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
Rockland Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
Bucks Co
Chester Co
Delaware Co
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
51
51
51
51
51
.51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
55
55
55
55
55
55
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
91
101
1
3
5
7
9
39
71
85
113
121
157
167
201
291
339
439
473
13
36
41
85
87
95
107
153
159
179
199
510
550
570
600
610
650
670
683
685
700
710
735
740
760
800
810
830
59
79
89
101
131
133
Montgomery Co
Philadelphia Co
Bristol Co
Kent Co
Newport Co
Providence Co
Washington Co
Brazoria Co
Chambers Co
CollinCo
Dallas Co
Denton Co
Fort Bend Co
Galveston Co
Harris Co
Liberty Co
Montgomery Co
TarrantCo
Waller Co
Arlington Co
Charles City Co
Chesterfield Co
Hanover Co
Henrico Co
James City Co
Loudoun Co
Prince William Co
Richmond Co
Stafford Co
York Co
Alexandria
Chesapeake
Colonial Heights
Fairfax
Falls Church
Hampton
Hopewell
Manassas
Manassas Park
Newport News
Norfolk
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Richmond
Suffolk
Virginia Beach
Williamsburg
Kenosha Co
Milwaukee Co
Ozaukee Co
Racine Co
Washington Co
Waukesha Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-97
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
Table 4.3-27. VOC Area Source RACT
SCC
POD PODNAME
ATTAINMENT RULPEN96 CONEFF96
2102001000 22 Industrial Bituminous Coal Combustion Moderate
2102001000 22 Industrial Bituminous Coal Combustion Serious
2102001000 22 Industrial Bituminous Coal Combustion Severe
2102001000 22 Industrial Bituminous Coal Combustion Extreme
2102002000 22 Industrial Anthracite Coal Combustion Moderate
2102002000 22 Industrial Anthracite Coal Combustion Serious
2102002000 22 Industrial Anthracite Coal Combustion Severe
2102002000 22 Industrial Anthracite Coal Combustion Extreme
2102004000 23 Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion Moderate
2102004000 23 Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion Serious
2102004000 23 Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion Severe
2102004000 23 Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion Extreme
2102005000 23 Industrial Residual Oil Combustion Moderate
2102005000 23 Industrial Residual Oil Combustion Serious
2102005000 23 Industrial Residual Oil Combustion Severe
2102005000 23 Industrial Residual Oil Combustion Extreme
2102006000 24 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Moderate
2102006000 24 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Serious
2102006000 24 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Severe
2102006000 24 Industrial Natural Gas Combustion Extreme
23
45
45
45
23
45
45
45
8
16
16
16
8
16
16
16
11
22
22
22
21
21
21
.21
21
21
21
21
36
36
36
36
42
42
42
42
31
31
31
31
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-98
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
-------
0
u
3
o
CO
(0
0)
o
u
=5
o
0)
(0
4-1
(0
o
I
s
o
CO
o
3
O)
ii.
ational Air Pollutant Emission Trends
rocedures Document for 1900-1996
4-99
1985-1996 Methodology
-------
W
0)
o
c
'6
Q.
I
o
u
3
&
3
ro
Q
(1)
C
g
CO
^f
I
D)
il
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-100
1985-1996 Methodology
Industrial
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4.4 OTHER COMBUSTION
The source categories falling under "Other Combustion" include the following Tier I and Tier
categories:
Tier I Category
Tier n Category
OTHER COMBUSTION
MISCELLANEOUS
All
Other Combustion
. Since the publication of the last version of this report,1 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has
made major changes to the 1990 emissions. The revised emissions are referred to in this document as
the 1990 National Emission Trends (NET) emissions and are for the most part based on State submitted
data and used as the base year inventory for the post-1990 emission inventory. Emission estimates for
pre-1990 are based mainly on the "old" 1990 emissions which are referred to in this document as the
Interim Inventory 1990 emissions. For most source categories, the methodology for the Interim
Inventory 1990 emissions is the same as that previously published in the Procedures document.
The Tier I, Other Combustion emissions include residential and commercial/institutional burning of
all fuels except solid waste. The emissions for the miscellaneous, other combustion category include
agricultural burning, forest fires/wildfires, prescribed/slash and managed burning, and structural fires.
The emissions from agricultural burning, open burning, and structural fires were produced using the
methodology described in section 4.4.1. The methodologies used to estimate the emissions for forest
fires/wildfires, residential wood combustion, and prescribed/slash and managed burning are described in
section 4.4.7.
The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions for the majority of the source categories were generated from
both the point source and area source portions of the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment
Program (NAPAP) inventory, except for emissions from wildfires, residential wood combustion, and
prescribed burning. The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions served as the base year from which the
emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were estimated. The emissions for the years 1985 through
1989 were estimated using historical data compiled by the BEA2 or historic estimates of fuel
consumption based on the DOE's SEDS.3
The 1990 NET emissions were revised to incorporate as much state- supplied data as possible.
Sources of state data include the Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) emission inventory, the
Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission (GCVTC) emission inventory, and Aerometric
Information Retrieval System/Facility Subsystem (ADR.S/FS). For most point sources, these emissions
were projected from the revised 1990 NET inventory to the years 1991 through 1996 using BEA and
SEDS data. States were surveyed to determine whether EPA should project their 1990 non-utility point
source emissions or extract them from AIRS/FS. For all states that selected A1RS/FS option, the
emissions in the NET inventory reflect their AJRS/FS data for the years 1991 through 1995. Additional
controls were added to the projected (or grown) emissions for the year 1996.
This section describes the methods used to estimate both base year 1990 emission inventories and
the emission estimates for the years 1985 through 1989 and 1991 through 1996. Point and area source
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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emissions for the years 1985-1996 were estimated for the pollutants VOC, CO, NOX, SO2, and PM-10.
Area source emissions were estimated for only 1985 through 1989 for VOC. Point source emission
estimates for PM-2.5 were only estimated for the years 1990 through 1996. PM-2.5 and NH3 were
estimated for the years 1990 through 1996.
4.4.1 1990 Interim Inventory
The 1985 NAPAP inventory estimates for the point sources have been projected to the year 1990
based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the appropriate state and industry, as identified by the
two-digit SIC code. To remove the effects of inflation, the earnings data were converted to 1982
constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for personal consumption expenditures.4 State and SIC-
level growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 earnings data to the 1985 earnings data.
Additional information on point source growth indicators is presented in section 4.4.2.1.
For the 1990 Interim inventory, the emissions from agricultural burning, open burning, and
structural fires were based on the 1985 NAPAP inventory. The emissions estimation methodologies for
these categories are described individually below.
The agricultural burning category includes emissions from burning practices routinely used to
clear and/or prepare land for planting. Specific operations include grass stubble burning, burning of
agricultural crop residues, and burning of standing field corps as part of harvesting activities (e.g., sugar
cane). Emissions are estimated by multiplying the number of acres burned in each county by a fuel
loading factor and the an emission factor for each pollutant.
The original emissions estimation methodology for agricultural burning was developed by ET
Research5 and estimated the 1974 activity level in terms of acres burned per state. It was assumed that
the total quantity of agricultural products burned in 1974 was the same quantity which was consumed by
fire each year. If no specific crop data were available, it was assumed that the number of acres burned
annually was divided equally between sugar cane and other field crops.6 Fuel loadings for grass burning
were 1 to 2 tons per acre; fuel loadings for sugar cane burning were 6 to 12 tons per acre.7 Emission
factors were taken from the 1985 Procedures Document and AP-42.8
NAPAP defined open burning as the uncombined burning of wastes such as leaves, landscape
refuse, and other rubbish. The activity factor for open burning was the quantity of solid waste burned,
which was computed for the year of interest by updating the previous year's waste generation for each
sector. The update factor was determined using engineering judgement. Estimates of the quantity of
solid waste burned in the most recent year were obtained from the National Emissions Data System
(NEDS) point source data.9 Generation factors were originally obtained from data in the 1968 Survey of
Solid Waste Practices, Interim Report10 and the Preliminary Data Analysis.11 Allocations were based on
county population and emission factors for open burning or refuse and organic materials were taken
directly from AP-42.8
Structural fires were included in NAPAP because these fires can be sources of high-level, short-
term emissions of air contaminants. The activity factor for this category was the total number of fires
per county, and was multiplied by a loading factor and emission factors to obtain emission estimates.
For the 1985 NAPAP inventory, the total national number of building fires was obtained from the 1985
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Other Combustion
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statistics from the National Fire Protection Association.12 Since there were no data available to allocate
the number of fires to the county level, an average of four fires per 1,000 population was assumed to
occur each year (based on nationwide figures given in Reference 12). The fuel loading factor was
6.8 tons per fire6 and emission factors were taken from the OAQPS Technical Tables.6
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP inventory have been projected to the year 1990
based on BEA historic earnings data, BEA historic population data, DOE SEDS data, or other growth
indicators. The specific growth indicator was assigned based on the source category. The BEA earnings
data were converted to 1982 dollars as described above. The 1990 SEDS data were extrapolated from
data for the years 1985 through 1989. All growth factors were calculated as the ratio of the 1990 data to
the 1985 data for the appropriate growth indicator. Additional information on area source growth
indicators is presented in section 4.4.2.2.
When creating the 1990 emission inventory, changes were made to emission factors, control
efficiencies, and emissions from the 1985 inventory for some sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies
were obtained from the PM-10 Calculator.13 In addition, rule effectiveness, which was not applied in
the 1985 NAPAP inventory, was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the point sources. The CO,
NOX, and VOC point source controls were assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls
were assumed to be 100 percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, NH3, and VOC were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated the
uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory, and
(3) calculated the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies and the appropriate
rule effectiveness. The 1990 PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions were calculated using the TSP emissions
from the 1985 NAPAP inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same
manner as the other pollutants. The 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated from these TSP
emissions by applying SCC-specific uncontrolled particle size distribution factors. The controlled
PM-10 emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants. Because the majority of
area source emissions for all pollutants represented uncontrolled emissions, the second and third steps
were not required to estimate the 1990 area source emissions.
4.4.1.1 Control Efficiency Revisions
In the 1985 NAPAP point source estimates, control efficiencies for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2
sources in Texas were judged to be too high for their process/control device combination. These high
control efficiencies occurred because Texas did not ask for control efficiency information, and simply
applied the maximum efficiency for the reported control device.14 High control efficiencies lead to high
future growth in modeling scenarios based on uncontrolled emissions (which are based on the control
efficiency and reported actual emissions). High control efficiencies also lead to extreme increases in
emissions when rule effectiveness is incorporated.
Revised VOC control efficiencies were developed for Texas for the ERCAM-VOC.15 For this
analysis, revised efficiencies were also developed by SGC and control device combination for NOX, SO2,
and CO using engineering judgement. These revised control efficiencies were applied to sources in
Texas. A large number of point sources outside of Texas had VOC and CO control efficiencies that
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1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
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were also judged to be too high. The VOC and CO control efficiencies used for Texas were also applied
to these sources.
4.4.1.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions
Controlled emissions for each inventory year were recalculated, assuming that reported VOC, NOX,
and CO controls were 80 percent effective. Sulfur dioxide and PM-10 controls were assumed to be
100 percent effective.
4.4.1.3 Emissions Calculations
A three-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base
year controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using Equation 4.4-1.
CE. = CEBY + (CEBY x EG:)
(Eq. 4.4-1)
where: CE-, = controlled emissions for inventory year I
CEjjY = controlled emissions for base year
EG{ = earnings growth for inventory year I
Earnings growth is calculated using Equation 4.4-2:
DAT.
EG, = 1-
DAT.
(Eq. 4.4-2)
BY
where: EG = earnings growth
DATj = earnings data for inventory year I
DATBY = earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions
based on the control efficiency with Equation 4.4-3.
UE, =
CE,
l_ CEFF]
100 J
(Eq. 4.4-3)
where: UE-,
CE
CEFF =
uncontrolled emissions for inventory year I
controlled emissions for inventory year I
control efficiency (percent)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating rule effectiveness using Equation 4.4-4:
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
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CER. = UC.{ x
( REFF}
i - x
I 100 J
CEFF}
100
EFi
EF,
(Eq. 4.4-4)
BY)
where: CER; =
UQ
REFF =
CEFF =
EF;
EF,
BY
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
emission factor for inventory year I
emission factor for base year
4.4.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1989
As explained in section 4.4.1, the 1990 controlled emissions were projected from the 1985 NAPAP
inventory using Equations 4.4-1 through 4.4-4. For all other years (1985 to 1989) the emissions were
projected from the 1990 emissions using Equations 4.4-1 and 4.4-2. Therefore, the 1985 emissions
estimated by this method do not match the 1985 NAPAP inventory due to the changes made in control
efficiencies and emission factors and the addition of rule effectiveness when creating the 1990 base year
inventory.
4.4.2.1 Point Source Growth
The changes in the point source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by
state and industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP inventory were projected to
the years 1985 through 1990 based on the growth in earnings by industry (two-digit SIC code).
Historical annual state and industry earnings data from BEA's Table SA-5 (Reference 2) were used to
represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are expressed in nominal dollars. To estimate
growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data
for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE. The
PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982 dollars are:
Year
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1982 PCE Deflator
111.6
114.3
124.2
129.6
136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through
1990. Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
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through 1990) to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used where
possible to fill in missing data elements. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that
were missing at least one data point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state
and the two-digit SIC. Table 4.4-1 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of
the two-digit SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all
point sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.4-1 also shows the
national average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
4.4.2.2 Area Source Growth
Emissions from the 1985 NAPAP inventory were grown to the Emission Trends years based on
historical BEA earnings data section 4.4.2.1, historical estimates of fuel consumption (SEDS), or other
category-specific growth indicators. Table 4.4-2 shows the growth indicators used for each area source
by NAPAP category.
The SEDS data were used as an indicator of emissions growth for the area source fuel combustion
categories shown in Table 4.4-3. (SEDS reports fuel consumption by sector and fuel type.) Since fuel
consumption was the activity level used to estimate emissions for these categories, fuel consumption was
a more accurate predictor of changes in emissions, compared to other surrogate indicators such as
earnings or population. SEDS fuel consumption data were available through 1989. The 1990 values
were extrapolated from the 1985 through 1989 data using a log linear regression technique. In addition
to projecting 1990 data for all fuel consumption categories, the regression procedure was used to fill in
missing data points for fuel consumption categories if at least three data points in the time series (1985
to 1989) were available.
Due to the year-to-year volatility in the SEDS fuel consumption data for the commercial residual oil
fuel use category, the regression technique used above did not yield realistic projections for 1990 for this
category. Therefore, a different procedure was used to project 1990 data for commercial residual oil fuel
use. State-level sales volumes of residual fuel to the commercial sector were obtained from Fuel Oil and
Kerosene Sales 199016 for 1989 and 1990. Each state's growth in sales of residual fuel to the
commercial sector from 1989 to 1990 was applied to that state's 1989 SEDS commercial residual fuel
consumption to yield a 1990 consumption estimate. A summary of SEDS national fuel consumption by
fuel and sector can be found in Table 4.4-3.
The last step in the creation of the area source inventory was matching the NAPAP categories to the
new AMS categories. This matching is provided in Table 4.4-4. Note that there is not always a one-to-
one correspondence between NAPAP and AMS categories.
4.4.3 1990 National Emission Trends
The 1990 National Emission Trends is based primarily on state data, with the 1990 Interim data
filling in the gaps. The data base houses U.S. annual and average summer day emission estimates for the
50 states and the District of Columbia. Seven pollutants (CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5, and
NH3) were estimated in 1990. The state data were extracted from three sources, the OTAG inventory,
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the GCVTC inventory, and AIRS/FS. Sections 4.4.3.1,4.4.3.2, and 4.4.3.3 give brief descriptions of
these efforts. Section 4.4.3.4 describes the efforts necessary to supplement the inventory gaps that are
either temporal, spacial, or pollutant.
Since EPA did not receive documentation on how these inventories were developed, this section
only describes the effort to collect the data and any modifications or additions made to the data.
4.4.3.1 OTAG
The OTAG inventory for 1990 was completed in December 1996. The data base houses emission
estimates for those states in the Super Regional Oxidant A (SUPROXA) domain. The estimates were
developed to represent average summer day emissions for the ozone pollutants (VOC, NOX, and CO).
This section gives a background of the OTAG emission inventory and the data collection process.
4.4.3.1.1 Inventory Components —
The OTAG inventory contains data for all states that are partially or fully in the SUPROXA
modeling domain. The SUPROXA domain was developed in the late 1980s as part of the EPA regional
oxidant modeling (ROM) applications. EPA had initially used three smaller regional domains
(Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast) for ozone modeling, but wanted to model the full effects of
transport in the eastern United States without having to deal with estimating boundary conditions along
relatively high emission areas. Therefore, these three domains were combined and expanded to form the
Super Domain. The western extent of the domain was designed to allow for coverage of the largest
urban areas in the eastern United States without extending too far west to encounter terrain difficulties
associated with the Rocky Mountains. The Northern boundary was designed to include the major urban
areas of eastern Canada. The southern boundary was designed to include as much of the United States
as possible, but was limited to latitude 26 °N, due to computational limitations of the photochemical
models. (Emission estimates for Canada were not extracted from OTAG for inclusion in the NET
inventory.)
The current SUPROXA domain is defined by the following coordinates:
North:
South:
47.00°N
26.00 °N
East:
West:
67.00°W
99.00 °W
Its eastern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean and its western border runs from north to south through North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In total, the OTAG Inventory
completely covers 37 states and the District of Columbia.
The OTAG inventory is primarily an ozone precursor inventory. It includes emission estimates of
VOC, NOX, and CO for all applicable source categories throughout the domain. It also includes a small
amount of SO2 and PM-10 emission data that was sent by states along with their ozone precursor data.
No quality assurance (QA) was performed on the SO2 and PM-10 emission estimates for the OTAG
inventory effort.
Since the underlying purpose of the OTAG inventory is to support photochemical modeling for
ozone, it is primarily an average summer day inventory. Emission estimates that were submitted as
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1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion.
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annual emission estimates were converted to average summer day estimates using operating schedule
data and default temporal profiles and vice versa.
The OTAG inventory is made up of three major components: (1) the point source component,
which includes segment/pollutant level emission estimates and other relevant data (e.g., stack
parameters, geographic coordinates, and base year control information) for all stationary point sources in
the domain; (2) the area source component, which includes county level emission estimates for all
stationary area sources and non-road engines; and (3) the on-road vehicle component, which includes
county/roadway functional class/vehicle type estimates of VMT and MOBUJESa input files for the entire
domain. Of these three components, the NET inventory extracted all but the utility emissions. (See
section 4.2 for a description of the utility NET emissions and section 4.6 for the on-road mobile NET
emissions.)
4.4.3.1,2 Interim Emissions Inventory (OTAG Default) —
The primary data sources for the OTAG inventory were the individual states. Where states were
unable to provide data, the 1990 Interim Inventory 17> 18 was used for default inventory data. A more
detailed description of the 1990 Interim Inventory is presented in section 4.4.1.
4.4.3.1.3 State Data Collection Procedures —
Since the completion of the Interim Inventory in 1992, many states had completed 1990 inventories
for ozone nonattainment areas as required for preparing SIPs. In addition to these SIP inventories, many
states had developed more comprehensive 1990 emission estimates covering their entire state. Since
these state inventories were both more recent and more comprehensive than the 1990 Interim Inventory,
a new inventory was developed based on state inventory data (where available) in an effort to develop
the most accurate emission inventory to use in the OTAG modeling.
On May 5,1995, a letter from John Seitz (Director of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards [OAQPS]) and Mary Gade (Vice President of ECOS) to State Air Directors, states were
requested to supply available emission inventory data for incorporation into the OTAG inventory.19
Specifically, states were requested to supply all available point and area source emissions data for VOC,
NOX, CO, SO2, and PM-10, with the primary focus on emissions of ozone precursors. Some emission
inventory data were received from 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain. To minimize the burden to
the states, there was no specified format for submitting State data. The majority of the state data was
submitted in one of three formats:
1) an Emissions Preprocessor System Version 2.0 (EPS2.0) Workfile
2) an ad hoc report from AIRS/FS
3) data files extracted from a state emission inventory data base
The origin of data submitted by each state is described in section 4.4.3.1.4.1 for point sources and
4.4.3.1.4.2 for area sources.
4.4.3.1.4. State Data Incorporation Procedures/Guidelines —
The general procedure for incorporating state data into the OTAG Inventory was to take the data "as
is" from the state submissions. There were two main exceptions to this policy. First, any inventory data
for years other than 1990 was backcast to 1990 using BEA Industrial Earnings data by state and two-
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digit SIC code. This conversion was required for five states that submitted point source data for the
years 1992 through 1994. All other data submitted were for 1990.
Second, any emission inventory data that included annual emission estimates but not average
summer day values were temporally allocated to produce average summer day values. This temporal
allocation was performed for point and area data supplied by several states. For point sources, the
operating schedule data, if supplied, were used to temporally allocate annual emissions to average
summer weekday using Equation 4.4-5
EMISSIONS ASD = EMISSIONS
* SUMTHRU * II (13 * DPW)
(Eq. 4.4-5)
where:
EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS
SUMTHRU
DPW
'ASD
'ANNUAL
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= summer throughput percentage
= days per week in operation
If operating schedule data were not supplied for the point source, annual emissions were temporally
allocated to an average summer weekday using EPA's default Temporal Allocation file. This computer
file contains default seasonal and daily temporal profiles by SCC. Equation 4.4-6 was used.
EMISSIONS^ = EMISSIONSANim(L I (SUMFACSCC * WDFACSCC)
(Eq. 4.4-6)
where:
EMISSIONSASD
EMISSIONS,™^
WDFAC
SCC
average summer day emissions
annual emissions
default summer season temporal factor for SCC
default summer weekday temporal factor for SCC
There were a small number of SCCs that were not in the Temporal Allocation file. For these SCCs,
average summer weekday emissions were assumed to be the same as those for an average day during the
year and were calculated using Equation 4.4-7. .
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONSANNUAL I 365
(Eq. 4.4-7)
where:
EMISSIONS
EMISSIONS
ASD
ANNUAL
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
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4.4.3.1,4,1 Point. For stationary point sources, 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied
emission estimates covering the entire state. Data from the 1990 Interim Inventory were used for the
two states (Iowa and Mississippi) that did not supply data. Most states supplied 1990 point source data,
although some states supplied data for later years because the later year data reflected significant
improvements over their 1990 data. Inventory data for years other than 1990 were backcast to 1990
using BEA historical estimates of industrial earnings at the 2-digit SIC level. Table 4.4-5 provides a
brief description of the point source data supplied by each state.
4.4,3.1,4,2 Area. For area sources, 17 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied 1990 emission
estimates covering the entire state, and an additional nine states supplied 1990 emission estimates
covering part of their state (partial coverage was mostly in ozone nonattainment areas). 1990 Interim
Inventory data were the sole data source for 12 states. Where the area source data supplied included
annual emission estimates, the default temporal factors were used to develop average summer daily
emission estimates. Table 4.4-6 provides a brief description of the area source data supplied by each
state.
4.4.3.1.4.4 Rule Effectiveness. For the OTAG inventory, states were asked to submit their best
estimate of 1990 emissions. There was no requirement that state-submitted point source data include
rule effectiveness for plants with controls in place in that year. States were instructed to use their
judgment about whether to include rule effectiveness in the emission estimates. As a result, some states
submitted estimates that were calculated using rule effectiveness, while other states submitted estimates
that were calculated without using rule effectiveness.
The use of rule effectiveness in estimating emissions can result in emission estimates that are much
higher than estimates for the same source calculated without using rule effectiveness, especially for
sources with high control efficiencies (95 percent or above). Because of this problem, there was concern
that the OTAG emission estimates for states that used rule effectiveness would be biased to larger
estimates relative to states that did not include rule effectiveness in their computations.
To test if this bias existed, county level maps of point source emissions were developed for the
OTAG domain. If this bias did exist, one would expect to see sharp differences at state borders between
states using rule effectiveness and states not using rule effectiveness. Sharp state boundaries were not
evident in any of the maps created. Based on this analysis, it was determined that impact of rule
effectiveness inconsistencies was not causing large biases in the inventory.
4.4.3.2 GCVTC Inventory
The GCVTC inventory includes detailed emissions data for eleven states: Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.20 This
inventory was developed by compiling and merging existing inventory data bases. The primary data
sources used were state inventories for California and Oregon, AIRS/FS for VOC, NOX, and SO2 point
source data for the other nine states, the 1990 Interim Inventory for area source data for the other nine
states, and the 1985 NAPAP inventory for NH3 and TSP data. In addition to these existing data, the
GCVTC inventory includes newly developed emission estimates for forest wildfires and prescribed
burning.
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After a detailed analysis of the GCVTC inventory, it was determined that the following portions of
the GCVTC inventory would be incorporated into the PM inventory:
• complete point and area source data for California
• complete point and area source data for Oregon
• forest wildfire data for the entire eleven state region
• prescribed burning data for the entire eleven state region
State data from California and Oregon were incorporated because they are complete inventories
developed by the states and are presumably based on more recent, detailed and accurate data than the
Interim Inventory (some of which is still based on the 1985 NAPAP inventory). The wildfire data in the
GCVTC inventory represent a detailed survey of forest fires in the study area and are clearly more
accurate than the wildfire data in the Interim Inventory. The prescribed burning data in the GCVTC
inventory are the same as the data in the Interim Inventory at the state level, but contain more detailed
county-level data.
Point source emission estimates in the GCVTC inventory from states other than California and
Oregon came from AIRS/FS. Corrections were made to this inventory to the VOC and PM emissions.
The organic emissions reported in GCVTC inventory for California are total organics (TOG). These
emissions were converted to VOC using the profiles from EPA's SPECIATE18 data base. Since the PM
emissions in the GCVTC were reported as both TSP and PM-2.5, EPA estimated PM-10 from the TSP
in a similar manner as described in section 4.4.1.
4.4.3.3 AIRS/FS
SO2 and PM-10 (or PM-10 estimated from TSP) sources of greater than 250 tons per year as
reported to AIRS/FS that were not included in either the OTAG or GCVTC inventories were appended
to the NET inventory. The data were extracted from AIRS/FS using the data criteria set listed in table
4.4-7. The data elements extracted are also listed in Table 4.4-7. The data were extracted in late
November 1996. It is important to note that default estimated emissions were extracted.
4.4.3.4 Data Gaps
As stated above, the starting point for the 1990 NET inventory is the OTAG, GCVTC, AIRS, and
1990 Interim inventories. Data added to these inventories include estimates of SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5,
and NH3, as well as annual or ozone season daily (depending on the inventory) emission estimates for all
pollutants. This section describes the steps taken to fill in the gaps from the other inventories.
4.4.3.4.1 SO2 and PM Emissions —
For SO2 and PM-10, state data from OTAG were used where possible. (The GCVTC inventory
contained SO2 and PM annual emissions.) In most cases, OTAG data for these pollutants were not
available. For point sources, data for plants over 250 tons per year for SO2 and PM-10 were added from
AIRS/FS. The AIRS/FS data were also matched to the OTAG plants and the emissions were attached to
existing plants from the OTAG data where a match was found. Where no match was found to the plants
in the OTAG data, new plants were added to the inventory. For OTAG plants where there were no
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matching data in AIRS/FS and for all area sources of SO2 and PM-10, emissions were calculated based
on the emission estimates for other pollutants.
The approach to developing SO2 and PM-10 emissions from unmatched point and area sources
involved using uncontrolled emission factor ratios to calculate uncontrolled emissions. This method
used SO2 or PM-10 ratios to NOX. NOX was the pollutant utilized to calculate the ratio because (1) the
types of sources likely to be important SO2 and PM-10 emitters are likely to be similar to important NOX
sources and (2) the generally high quality of the NOX emissions data. Ratios of SO2/NOX and PM-10/
NOX based on uncontrolled emission factors were developed. These ratios were multiplied by
uncontrolled NOX emissions to determine either uncontrolled SO2 or PM-10 emissions. Once the
uncontrolled emissions were calculated, information on VOC, NOX, and CO control devices was used to
determine if they also controlled SO2 and/or PM-10. If this review determined that the control devices
listed did not control SO2 and/or PM-10, plant matches between the OTAG and Interim Inventory were
performed to ascertain the SO2 and PM-10 controls applicable for those sources. The plant matching
component of mis work involved only simple matching based on information related to the state and
county JbUfS code, along with the plant and point IDs.
There were two exceptions to the procedures used to develop the SO2 and PM-10 point source
estimates. For South Carolina, PM-10 emission estimates came from the Interim Inventory. This was
because South Carolina had no PM data in AIRS/FS for 1990 and using the emission factor ratios
resulted in unrealistically high PM-10 emissions. The residential nonwood SO2 and PM emissions were
also deemed too high for all states based on the above calculation. The emission estimates reverted to an
earlier method as outlined in section 4.4.7.4.
There were no PM-2.5 data in either OTAG or AIRS/FS. Therefore, the point and area PM-2.5
emission estimates were developed based on the PM-10 estimates using source-specific uncontrolled
particle size distributions and particle size specific control efficiencies for sources with PM-10 controls.
To estimate PM-2.5, uncontrolled PM-10 was first estimated by removing the impact of any PM-10
controls on sources in the inventory. Next, the uncontrolled PM-2.5 was calculated by multiplying the
uncontrolled PM-10 emission estimates by the ratio of the PM-2.5 particle size multiplier to the PM-10
particle size multiplier. (These particle size multipliers represent the percentage to total particulates
below the specified size.) Finally, controls were reapplied to sources with PM-10 controls by
multiplying the uncontrolled PM-2.5 by source/control device particle size specific control efficiencies.
4.4.3.4.2 NH3 Emissions —
All NH3 emission estimates incorporated into the NET Inventory came directly from EPA's
National Particulate Inventory.(NPI).18 This methodology is the same as that reported in section 4.4.1
for the 1990 Interim Inventory. The NPI contained the only NH3 emissions inventory available. (Any
NH3 estimates included in the OTAG or AJORS/FS inventory were eliminated due to sparseness of data.)
As with SO2 and PM-10, plant matching was performed for point sources. Emissions were attached to
existing plants where there was a match. New plants were added for plants where there was no match.
4.4.3.4.4 Other Modifications —
Additional data were also used to fill data gaps for residential wood combustion and prescribed
burning. Although these categories were in the OTAG inventory, the data from OTAG were not usable
since the average summer day emissions were often very small or zero. Therefore, annual and average
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summer day emission estimates for these two sources were taken from the NET (detailed in sections
4.4.7.3 and 4.4.7.2).
Additional QA/quality control (QC) of the inventory resulted in the following changes:
• Emissions with SCCs of fewer than eight digits or starting with a digit greater than the number
"6" were deleted because they are invalid codes.
• Tier assignments were made for all SCCs.
• Checked and fixed sources with PM-2.5 emissions which were greater than their PM-10
emissions.
• Checked and fixed sources with PM-10 emissions greater than zero and PM-2.5 emissions
equal to zero.
4.4.4 Emissions, 1991 to 1994
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through
1989 estimates, except for using a different base year inventory. The base year for the 1991 through
1994 emissions is the 1990 NET inventory. The point source inventory was also grown for those states
that did not want their AIRS/FS data used. (The list of states are detailed in the AIRS/FS subsection,
4.4.4.2.) For those states requesting that EPA extract their data from AIRS/FS, the years 1990 through
1995 were downloaded from the EPA IBM Mainframe. The 1996 emissions were not extracted since
states are not required to have the 1996 data uploaded into AIRS/FS until July 1997.
4.4.4.1 Grown Estimates
The 1991 through 1994 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET inventory
as the basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.4.1.3. The 1990
through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.4-8 and 4.4-9. The 1996 BEA and SEDS
data were determined based on linear interpretation of the 1988 through 1995 data. Point sources were
projected using the first two digits of the SIC code by state. Area source emissions were projected using
either BEA or SEDS. Table 4.4-10 lists the SCC and the source for growth.
The 1990 through 1996 earnings data in BEA Table SA-5 (or estimated from this table) are
expressed in nominal dollars. In order to be used to estimate growth, these values were converted to
constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data for each year were converted to 1992
constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE. The PCE deflators used to convert each year's
earnings data to 1992 dollars are:
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cear
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1992 PCE Deflator
93.6
97.3
100.0
102.6
104.9
107.6
109.7
4.4.4.2 AIRS/FS
Several states responded to EPA's survey and requested that their 1991 through 1995 estimates
reflect their emissions as reported in AIRS/FS. The list of these states, along with the years available in
AIRS/FS is given in Table 4.4-11. As described in section 4.4.3.3, default estimated annual and ozone
season daily emissions (where available) were extracted from AIRS/FS. Some changes were made to
these AIRS/FS files. For example, the default emissions for some states contain rule effectiveness and
the emissions were determined to be too high by EPA. The emissions without rule effectiveness were
extracted from AIRS/FS and replaced the previously high estimates. The changes made to select state
and/or plant AIRS/FS data are listed below.
Louisiana
Colorado - Mastercraft
All VOC source emissions were re-extracted to obtain
emissions without rule effectiveness for the year 1994.
The VOC emissions were reported as ton/year in the initial
download from AIRS. The units were changed to
pounds/year in AIRS.
• Wisconsin - Briggs and Stratton The VOC emissions for two SCCs were changed from with
rule effectiveness to without rule effectiveness for the years
1991,1993, and 1994.
As noted in Table 4.4-11, several states did not report emissions for all pollutants for all years for
the 1990 to 1995 time period. To fill these data gaps, EPA applied linear interpolation or extrapolated
the closest two years worth of emissions at the plant level. If only one year of emissions data were
available, the emission estimates were held constant for all the years. The segment-SCC level emissions
were derived using the average split for all available years. The non-emission data gaps were filled by
using the most recent data available for the plant.
As described in section 4.4.3.4.1, many states do not provide PM-10 emissions to AIRS. These
states' TSP emissions were converted to PM-10 emissions using uncontrolled particle size distributions
and AP-42 derived control efficiencies. The PM-10 emissions are then converted to PM-2.5 in the same
manner as described in section 4.4.1.3. The State of South Carolina provided its own conversion factor
for estimating PM-10 from TSP.22
For all sources that did not report ozone season daily emissions, these emissions were estimated
using the algorithm described in section 4.4.3.1.4 and equations 4.4-5 through 4.4-7.
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4.4.5 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions.
The estimates were either extracted from AIRS/FS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/FS data for the years
1990 through 1994, or projected using the 1990 NET inventory. The method used depended on states'
responses to a survey conducted by EPA early in 1997. A description of the AIRS/FS methodology is
described in section 4.4.4. The following three subsections describe the projected emissions.
4.4.5.1 Grown Estimate
The 1995 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET inventory as the
basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.4.1.3 and equations 4.4-1
through 4.4-4. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.4-8 and 4.4-9.
4.4.5.2
NOXRACT
Major stationary source NOX emitters in marginal and above nonattainment areas and in ozone
transport regions (OTRs) are required to install Reasonably Available Control Technology (RACT)-level
controls under the ozone nonattainment related provisions of Title I of the 1990 Clean Air Act
Amendments (CAAA). The definition of major stationary source for NOX differs by the severity of the
ozone problem as shown in Table 4.4-12.
NOX RACT controls for non-utility sources that were modeled for the 1995 NET emissions are
shown in Table 4.4-13. These RACT-level controls were applied to point source emitters with
emissions at or above the major source size definition for each area. The application of NOX RACT
controls was only applied to grown sources.
4.4.5.3 Rule Effectiveness
Rule effectiveness was revised in 1995 for all grown sources using the information in the 1990 data
base file. If the rule effectiveness value was between 0 and 100 percent in 1990 and the control
efficiency was greater than 0 percent, the uncontrolled emissions were calculated for 1990. The 1995
emissions were calculated by multiplying the growth factor by the 1990 uncontrolled emissions and the
control efficiency and a rule effectiveness of 100 percent. The adjustment for rule effectiveness was
only applied to grown sources.
4.4.6 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1995 emissions. For point
sources, the 1995 AIRS/FS emissions and 1995 emissions grown from 1990 emissions were merged.
The following describes the projected 1996 emissions. No controls were added to the 1996 emissions.
The 1996 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1995 NET inventory as the basis.
The algorithm for determining the estimates is described by Equation 4.4-8. The 1990 through 1996
SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.4-8 and 4.4-9. The 1996 BEA and SEDS data were
determined using linear interpretation of the 1988 through 1995 data. Rule effectiveness was updated to
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100 percent as described in section 4.4.5.3 for the AIRS/FS sources that reported rule effectiveness of
less than 100 percent in 1995.
The following equation describes the calculation used to estimate the 1996 emissions:
GS
X
1996
GS
1995
(Eq. 4.4-8)
where: CER
jggg —
GS
REEF
CEEF
RP
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
growth surrogate (either BEA or SEDS data)
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
rule penetration (percent)
The rule effectiveness for 1996 was always assumed to be 100 percent. The control efficiencies and rule
penetrations are 100 percent since no additional controls were applied.
4.4.7 Alternative Base Inventory Calculations
For three combustion sources, the 1985 NAPAP inventory was not used as the base year for some
or all other years. The 1985 to 1990 wildfire estimates were extracted from the GCVTC inventory.20
The wildfire emissions for 1985 through 1990 for non-GCVTC states or missing years are based on
AP-42 emission factors and fuel loading values. The activity data were derived from the U.S.
Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service and the U.S. Department of Interior (DOI). The
prescribed burning estimates for the years 1985 to 1990 are the same and were obtained from the USD A.
Residential wood combustion estimates are also based on AP-42 emission factors and EPA-generated
activity.
4.4.7.1 Forest Fires/Wildfires
Forest fire/wildfire emissions were generated for the years 1985 through 1995 using the data on
number of acres burned (obtained from the Department of the Interior [DOI]23'M and the USDA Forest
Service [USFS]25'26), AP-42 emission factors, and AP-42 fuel loading factors.27 Equation 4.4-9
summarizes the calculation.
state
= Activity x Fuel Loading x EF x UCF
(Eq. 4.4-9)
where: E,
'stale
Activity =
Fuel Loading =
UCF
annual state emissions (tons)
sum of DOI, USFS, and state and private land acres burned (acres)
average fuel loading for state (tons/acre)
emission factor (Ibs/ton)
unit conversion factor (1 ton 72,000 Ibs)
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Table 4.4-14 shows the emission factors and fuel loading for wildfires developed from AP-42. PM-
2.5 emissions for 1990 through 1995 were calculated by multiplying the PM-10 emissions by 0.23.18
Since complete data for 1996 were not available, 1996 emissions were assumed to be the same as 1995
emissions.
4.4.7.1.1 Grand Canyon States —
4.4.7.1.1.1 Grand Canyon States (1986-1993). For the years 1986 through 1993, for the states of
Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and
Wyoming, the CO, NOX, VOC, and PM-10 emissions calculated using the methodology described above
were replaced by those included in the GCVTC inventory.20 The GCVTC inventory provided county
level emissions for forest fires in this source category. PM-2.5 emissions for 1990 were also replaced by
those in the GCVTC inventory. PM-2.5 emissions for 1991 through 1995 were calculated by
multiplying the PM-10 emissions by 0.23.1S The SO2 emissions for these states were calculated using
the AP-42 emission factor ratio equation shown below. The emission factors are shown in Table 4.4-10.
SO2 Emissions =
SO2 EF
x NO Emissions
NO. EF
(Eq. 4.4-10)
where: SO2 Emissions
SO2EF
NOXEF
NOX Emissions
annual county SO2 emissions (tons)
AP-42 emission factor for SOX (Ibs/ton)
AP-42 emission factor for NOX (Ibs/ton)
annual NOX emissions (tons)
4.4.7.1.1.2 Grand Canyon States (1985.1994.1995). For the years 1985, 1994, and 1995, for the
states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,
Washington, and Wyoming, CO, NOX, VOC, PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions were calculated using
Equation 4.4-11.
County Emissions.
year
State Activity
— x County Emissions, QQn
State Activity 199°
(Eq. 4.4-11)
1990
where: County Emissionsyeaj.
State Activity
County Emissions 1990
= annual county emissions (tons)
= DOI, state and private, and National Forest Lands burned (acres)
= annual county emissions provided by the GCVTC (tons)
4.4.7.1.2 Activity —
The activity factor for wildfires is land acres burned. There are three sources of data for this
activity: National Forest Service lands burned, state and private acres burned,25'26 and U.S. DOI acres
burned.23'24 Data from these three sources were summed to get the total acres burned for each state.
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4.4.7.1.3 Fuel Loading and Emission Factors —
AP-42 fuel loading and emission factors are shown in Table 4.4-14.27 An average fuel loading was
determined for five regions in the United States. Emission factors for SO2, NOX, VOC, CO, and PM-10
were used. PM-2.5 emissions were calculated by multiplying the PM-10 emissions by 0.23.18
4.4.7.1.4 County Distribution —
All non-GCVTC states were distributed to the county-level using the same county-level distribution
as was used in the 1985 NAPAP Inventory. GCVTC provided county-level emissions for 1986 through
1993. GCVTC emissions were calculated for 1985,1994, and 1995 using the 1990 GCVTC emissions,
as described above.
4.4.7.2 Prescribed/Slash and Managed Burning
The prescribed burning emissions were based on a 1989 USDA Forest Service inventory of
particulate matter and air toxics from prescribed burning.28 The Forest Service inventory contained
state-level totals for total particulate matter, PM-10, PM-2.5, CO, carbon dioxide, methane, non-
methane, and several air toxics.
The emissions for all pollutants were based on the 1989 Forest Service inventory of particulate
matter from prescribed burning. This inventory contains county-level emissions for PM-10, and VOC.
The NOX, CO, and SO2 emissions were calculated by assuming the ratio between the VOC emissions to
either the NOX, CO or SO2 emissions in the Forest Service inventory was equal to the corresponding ratio
using the 1985 NAPAP inventory. Equation 4.4-12 was used.
FS
POL
= FS
NAPAP
VOC
X
POL
NAPAPVOC,
(Eq. 4.4-12)
where: FSpoL = prescribed burning (NOX, CO, or SO2) emissions from Forest Service
FSVOC = prescribed burning VOC emissions from Forest Service
NAPAPpQL = prescribed burning (NOX, CO, or SO2) emissions from 1985 NAPAP
NAPAPVOC = prescribed burning VOC emissions from 1985 NAPAP
The resulting 1989 emissions for CO, NOX, PM-10, SO2, and VOC have been used for all years between
1985 and 1990.
4.4.7.3 Residential Wood
Emissions from residential wood combustion were estimated for 1985 through 1996 using annual
wood consumption and an emission factor. The following general equation (Equation 4.4-13) was used
to calculate emissions:
/ CE
E = Activity x EF x 1 - ——
year I 100,
(Eq. 4.4-13)
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where: Eyear
Activity =
EF
CE
county emissions (tons)
wood consumption (cords)
emission factor (tons/cord)
control efficiency (percent)
Activity was based on EPA's County Wood Consumption Estimation Model.29 This model was adjusted
with heating degree day information,30 and normalized with annual wood consumption estimates.31
AP-42 emission factors for CO, NOX, PM-10, PM-2.5, SO2 and VOC were used. A control efficiency
was applied nationally to PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions for the years 1991 through 1996.32
4.4.7.3.1 Activity - County Model —
EPA's County Wood Consumption Estimation Model is based on 1990 data and provides county
level estimates of wood consumption, in cords. Model F of the overall Model was used to estimate the
amount of residential wood consumed per county, using a sample set of 91 counties in the northeast and
northwestern United States. Model F calculates estimates of cords of wood consumed per household as
a function of the number of homes heating primarily with wood with a forced intercept of zero. Using
the Model F results, the percentage of the population heating with wood, the number of households in a
county, land area per county, and heating degree days, county-level wood consumption for 1990 was
estimated.
The counties listed below show no residential wood consumption activity. The emissions for these
18 counties for the years 1985 through 1996 are zero.
State
Alaska
Hawaii
Kansas
Montana
Texas
County
Aleutians East Borough
Kalawao
Kearny
Stanton
Yellowstone National Park
Cochran
Crockett
Crosby
Garza
Hartley
Jim Hogg
Loving
Moore
Reagan
Sterling
Swisher
Terrell
Yoakum
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4.4.7.3.2 Heating Degree Days —
A heating degree day is the number of degrees per day the daily average temperature is below
65 degrees Fahrenheit. These data were collected for one site in all states (except Texas and California
where data were collected for two sites) for each month and summed for the year. An average of the two
sites was used for Texas and California. This information is used to adjust the model, which is partially
based on 1990 heating degree days, to the appropriate year's heating degree data. Equation 4.4-14 was
used.
Adjusted Model
State hdd Total
'year State hdd Total
x County Model
1990
(Eq. 4.4-14)
1990
where: Adjusted Model
State hdd Total
County Model
county wood consumption (cords)
total heating degree days (degrees Fahrenheit)
EPA model consumption (cords)
4.4.7.3.3 National Wood Consumption —
The Adjusted Model wood consumption estimate was normalized on a national level using the U.S.
Department of Energy (DOE) estimate of residential U.S. wood consumption. This value is reported in
trillion British thermal units (Btu) and is converted to cords by multiplying by 500,000. Consumption
for the years 1985,1986, and 1988 were unavailable from the DOE. Known year's consumption and
heating degree days were used to estimate these years. The 1985 DOE estimate was calculated using the
ratio of 1985 total heating degree days to 1984 total heating degree days multiplied by the 1984 DOE
wood consumption estimate. The 1986 DOE estimate was calculated using the ratio of 1986 total
heating degree days to 1985 total heating degree days multiplied by the "calculated" 1985 DOE wood
consumption estimate. The 1988 DOE estimate was calculated using the ratio of 1988-total heating
degree days to 1987 total heating degree days multiplied by the 1987 DOE wood consumption estimate.
Equation 4.4-15 shows the normalization of the Adjusted Model.
Activity = Adjusted Model x
DOE,
year
year
^Adjusted Model.
(Eq. 4.4-15)
year
where: Activity
Adjusted Model
DOE
normalized county consumption (cords)
county wood consumption (cords)
DOE national estimate of residential wood consumption (cords)
4.4.7.3.4 Emission Factors —
Emission factors were obtained from Table 1.10-1 of AP-42, Emission Factors for Residential
Wood Combustion, for conventional wood stoves,27 and are shown here in Table 4.4-15. Table 4.4-15
also shows the emission factors expressed in tons per cord consumed.
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4.4,7.3.5 Control Efficiency —
A control efficiency was applied nationally to PM-10 and PM-2.5 residential wood combustion for
the years 1991 through 1996.32 The control efficiency for all pollutants for the years 1985 through 1990,
and for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2 for 1991 through 1996 is zero. Table 4.4-16 shows the control
efficiencies for PM-10 and PM-2.5 for 1991 through 1996.
4.4.7.4 SO2 and PM Residential Nonwood Combustion
The 1990 SO2 and PM NET emissions are the same as the 1990 Interim Inventory emissions. The
1991 through 1994 emissions were estimated by applying growth factors to the 1990 Interim Inventory
emissions. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.O.33 The E-GAS
generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all counties within each ozone
nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of all counties within
both the attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each state. The
appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by Equation
4.5-16.
Emissions (comty>scc>year) = Growth(county>scc^ear) x Emissions {comty scc1990) - (Eq. 4.5-16)
There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base
year inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's
inventory. To list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.4.8 References
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document 1900-1993, EPA-454/R-95-002,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. December 1994
2. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington. DC. 1991.
3. State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989, DOE/EIA-0214(89), U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC. May 1991.
4. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991.
5. Area Source Documentation for the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
Inventory, EPA-600/8-88-106, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC. December 1988.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-121
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion.
-------
6. Procedures Document for Development of National Air Pollutant Emissions Trends Report, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle
Park, NC, December 1985.
7. AEROS Manual Series Volume II: AEROS User's Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1984.
8. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors - Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
AP-42 (GPO 055-000-00251-7), Fourth Edition, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, NC. 1985.
9. 1985 National Emissions Data System Point Source Data, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1987.
10. 1968 National Survey or Community Solid Waste Practices, Interim Report, U.S. Department of
Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Services, Cincinnati, OH, 1968.
11. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices, Preliminary Data Analysis, U.S.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Services, Cincinnati, OH, 1968.
12. Structural Fires Statistics 1985, National Fire Protection Association, Boston, MA, 1986.
13. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. n-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27,1993.
(TTN CHEEP BBS)
14. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4, E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission
Factor and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
15. Gill, W., Texas Air Control Board personal communication with D. Solomon. April 23,1992.
16. "Fuel Oil and Kerosene Sales 1990," U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration, Washington, DC, October 1991.
17. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies, EPA-
454/R-23-021a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
18. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., National Particulates Inventory: Phase II Emission Estimates,
Draft Report. June 1995.
19. Seitz, John, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Memorandum to
State Air Directors. May 5,1995.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-122
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
20. An Emission Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon
Visibility Transport Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
21. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Particulate Matter (PM) Speciation Data System (SPECIATE)
User's Manual, Version 2.5, Final Report, Radian Corporation, EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0125,
Work Assignment No. 60, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1993.
22. Internet E-mail from J. Nuovo to J. Better of the Department of Health and Environmental Control
(DHEC), Columbia, South Carolina, entitled Total Suspended Paniculate (TSP)/PM-10 Ratio.
Copy to P. Carlson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. April 10, 1997.
23. Annual Wildland Fire Report. U.S. Department of the Interior. Internal Publication. 1994.
24. Wildfires by State. U.S. Department of the Interior. 1995.
25. Report to the U.S. Forest Service, Fiscal Year 2992. ISBN 0-16-041707-4. Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 1993.
26. National Forest Fire Report. Annual. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1993-1995.
27. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 4th Edition. July 1993.
28. An Inventory of Paniculate Matter and Air Toxic Emissions from Prescribed Fires in the United
States for 1989. Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Seattle, WA. 1989.
29. Phillips, Breda M. County Wood Consumption Estimation Model, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, March 1995.
30. "Local Climatology Data, National Climatological Center, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, NC, Monthly, 1985-1996.
31. Estimates of U.S. Biofuels Consumption. DOE/EIA-0548. Energy Information Administration, U.S.
Department of Energy, Washington, DC. Annual.
32 .H. Pechan & Associates, -Inc. 2020 Clean Air Act Baseline Emission Projections for the
Integrated Ozone, Paniculate Matter, and Regional Haze Cost Analysis. Prepared for U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1997.
33. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. August 1994.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-123
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-1. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in
Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance
Real estate
Holding companies and
investment services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and miscellaneous
repair services
Auto repair, services, and
garages
Amusement and recreation
services and motion pictures
Health services
Legal services
Educational services
Social services and membership
organizations
Miscellaneous professional
services
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local government
SIC
50,51
52 to 59
60,61
63,64
65,66
67
70
72
88
76
75
78,79
80
81
82
83
84
91
97
92 to 96
1985 to 1987
5.01
5.19
12.44
14.09
92.14
39.05
12.65
7.17
-5.68
17.05
6.65
17.93
15.15
20.14
9.35
17.39
11.28
-0.54
1.96
7.88
1987 to 1988
5.87
4.39
2.45
4.20
-6.98
-34.86
5.59
2.35
2.41
-17.34
2.46
16.43
7.08
9.92
7.17
8.45
5.04
3.79
-1.07
3.63
1988 to 1989
2.44
0.65
-0.33
1.52
-7.87
-12.18
1.71
7.44
0.83
5.79
3.00
4.06
5.11
4.09
3.88
7.95
7.08
1.21
-1.58
3.19
1989 to 1990
-1.02
-0.94
-0.49
2.71
-0.48
16.91
2.29
5.41
-3.69
4.34
3.93
7.59
6.28
4.80
2.60
7.37
4.12
1.96
-3.19
3.04
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-124
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-2. Area Source Growth Indicators
NAPAP
sec
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
60
61
62
64
99
Category Description
Residential Fuel - Anthracite Coal
Residential Fuel - Bituminous Coal
Residential Fuel - Distillate Oil
Residential Fuel - Residual Oil
Residential Fuel - Natural Gas
Residential Fuel - Wood
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Anthracite
Coal
Commercial/Institutional Fuel - Bituminous
Coal
Commercial/Institutional - Distillate Oil
Commercial/Institutional - Residual Oil
Commercial/Institutional - Natural Gas
Commercial/Institutional - Wood
Forest Wild Fires
Managed Burning - Prescribed
Agricultural Field Burning
Structural Fires
Minor Point Sources
Data
Source
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
BEA
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
BEA
BEA
BEA
Growth Indicator
Res - Anthracite
Res - Bituminous
Res - Distillate oil
Zero growth
Res - Natural gas
Population
Comm - Anthracite
Comm - Bituminous
Comm - Distillate oil
Comm - Residual oil
Comm - Natural gas
Services
Zero growth
Zero growth
Farm
Zero growth
Population
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-125
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion.
-------
Table 4.4-3. SEDS National Fuel Consumption
Category 1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Anthracite Coal (thousand short tons)
Commercial 524
Residential 786
494
740
478
717
430
646
422
633
410
615
Bituminous Coal (thousand short tons)
Commercial 4,205
Residential 2,264
Distillate Fuel (thousand barrels)
Commercial 107,233
Residential 171,339
4,182
2,252
102,246
173,736
3,717
2,002
101,891
176,822
3,935
2,119
98,479
182,475
3,323
1,789
91,891
178,629
3,470
1,869
95,385
184,501
Motor Gasoline (thousand barrels)
All Sectors 2,493,361
Natural Gas (million cubic feet)
Commercial 2,432
Residential 4,433
Residual Fuel (thousand barrels)
Commercial 30,956
2,567,436 2,630,089
2,685,145 2,674,669 2,760,414
2,318
4,314
39,480
2,430
4,315
41,667
2,670
4,630
42,256
2,719
4,777
35,406
2,810
4,805
27,776
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-126
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-4. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence
AMS
NAPAP
SCO
Category
SCC Category
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion
2103001000 Commercial/Institutional - Anthracite Coal
(Total: All Boiler Types)
2103002000 Commercial/Institutional -
Bituminous/Subbituminous Coal (Total: All
Boiler Types)
2103004000 Commercial/Institutional - Distillate Oil
(Total: Boilers & I.C. Engines)
2103005000 Commercial/Institutional - Residual Oil
(Total: All Boiler Types)
2103006000 Commercial/Institutional - Natural Gas
(Total: Boilers & I.C. Engines)
2103008000 Commercial/Institutional - Wood (Total: All
Boiler Types)
2104001000 Residential - Anthracite Coal (Total: All
Combustor Types)
2104002000 Residential - Bituminous/Subbituminous
Coal (Total: All Combustor Types)
2104004000 Residential - Distillate Oil (Total: All
Combustor Types)
2104005000 Residential - Residual Oil (Total: All
Combustor Types)
2104006000 Residential - Natural Gas (Total: All
Combustor Types)
2104008000 Residential - Wood (Total: Woodstoves and
Fireplaces)
7 Commercial/Institutional Fuel -
Anthracite Coal
8 Commercial/Institutional Fuel -
Bituminous Coal
9 Commercial/Institutional - Distillate
Oil
10 Commercial/Institutional - Residual
Oil
11 Commercial/Institutional - Natural
Gas
12 Commercial/Institutional - Wood
1 Residential Fuel - Anthracite Coal
2 Residential Fuel - Bituminous Coal
3 Residential Fuel - Distillate Oil
4 Residential Fuel - Residual Oil
5 Residential Fuel - Natural Gas
6 Residential Fuel - Wood
Miscellaneous Area Sources
2801500000 Agriculture Production - Crops -
Agricultural Field Burning (Total)
2801520000 Agriculture Production - Crops - Orchard
Heaters (Total)
2810001000 Other Combustion - Forest Wildfires (Total)
2810015000 Other Combustion - Managed
(Slash/Prescribed) Burning (Total)
2810030000 Other Combustion - Structure Fires
62 Agricultural Field Burning
63 Frost Control - Orchard Heaters
60 Forest Wild Fires
61 Managed Burning - Prescribed
64 Structural Fires
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-127
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-5. Point Source Data Submitted
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia - Atlanta
Urban Airshed (47
counties) domain
Georgia - Rest of
State
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky - Jefferson
County
Kentucky - Rest of
State
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Onto
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania -
Allegheny County
Pennsylvania -
Philadelphia County
Pennsylvania - Rest
of State
Rhode Island
Data Source/Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
Jefferson County - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - State Format
Allegheny County - County Format
Philadelphia County - County Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
Temporal
Resolution
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Annual
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Year of
Data
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1993
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
Adiustments to Data
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
• None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-128
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-5 (continued)
State
Data Source/Format
Temporal Year of
Resolution Data
Adjustments to Data
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Annual 1991 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Annual ; 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Daily 1992 Backcast to 1990 using BEA.
Daily 1990 None
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Daily 1990 None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-129
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-6. Area Source Data Submitted
State
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Data Source/Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - Hard copy
A1RS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
Temporal
Resolution
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Geoaraohic Coverage
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jacksonville, Miami/
Ft. Lauderdale, Tampa
Atlanta Urban Airshed
Adjustments to Data
None
None
None
Added Non-road emission
estimates from Int. Inventory to
Jacksonville (Duval County)
None
Illinois State - State format Daily
Indiana State - State format Daily
Kentucky State - State Format Daily
Louisiana State - State Format Daily
Maine State - EPS Workfile Daily
Maryland State - EPS Workfile Daily
Michigan State - State Format Daily
Missouri AIRS-AMS- Ad hoc retrievals Daily
New Hampshire State - EPS Workfile Daily
Now Jersey State - EPS Workfile Daily
New York State - EPS Workfile Daily
North Carolina State - EPS Workfiies Annual
Ohfo State - Hard copy Daily
Pennsylvania State - EPS Workfile Daily
(47 Counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Kentucky Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
Baton Rouge Nonattainment None
Area (20 Parishes)
Entire State None
Entire State None
49 Southern Michigan None
Counties
St. Louis area (25 counties)
None
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
None
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Canton, Cleveland Columbus,
Dayton, Toledo, and
Youngstown
Entire State
Only area source combustion data
was provided. All other area source
data came from Int. Inventory
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
Assigned SCCs and converted from
kgs to tons. NOX and CO from Int.
Inventory added to Canton, Dayton,
and Toledo counties.
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
Wost Virginia
Wisconsin
State - EPS Workfile
State - State format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Entire State
42 Counties in Middle
Tennessee
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charleston, Huntington/
Ashland, and Parkersburg
(5 counties total)
Entire State
None
No non-road data submitted. Non-
road emissions added from Int.
Inventory
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-130
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-131
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-8. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu)
Fuel Type End-User Code 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Anthracite Coal
Commercial
Residential
Bituminous Coal
Commercial
Residential
Distillate Fuel
Commercial
Residential
Kerosene
Commercial
Residential
Liquid Petroleum Gas
Commercial
Residential
Natural Gas
Commercial
Residential
Residual Fuel
Commercial
Population
ACCCB
ACRCB
BCCCB
BCRCB
DFCCB
DFRCB
KSCCB
KSRCB
LGCCB
LGRCB
NGCCB
NGRCB
RFCCB
TPOPP
12
19
80
43
487
837
12
64
64
365
2,698
4,519
233
248,709
11
17
72
39
482
832
12
72
69
389
2,808
4,685
213
252,131
11
17
75
40
464
865
11
65
67
382
2,884
4,821
191
255,025
11
16
72
40
464
913
14
76
70
399
2,996
5,097
175
257,785
11
16
70
40
450
887
13
67
70
398
3,035
5,132
170
259,693
11
16
69
39
435
862
12
59
70
397
3,074
5,166
168
261 ,602
11
16
68
39
422
836
11
51
70
397
3,114
5,201
167
263,510
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-132
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-9. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 (million $)
Industry
LNUM
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Farm
Farm
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Metal mining
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Construction
Construction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products
020
030
040
041
045
046
047
050
060
070
071
072
081
082
090
100
110
120
121
122
123
200
210
220
230
240
300
310
320
330
400
410
413
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
1,2
1,2
1,2
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
10
11,12
13
14
15-17
15-17
15-17
15-17
998
996
24
25
32
33
34
35
36
371
37
38
39
997
20
21
22
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
0
1
3,634
238
3,395
971
735
2,932
321
381
34
347
48
3,586
3,001
24
20
4
1
2
1
36
2
8
20
4
218
54
29
135
710
437
22
13
20
33
51
86
63
41
54
43
11
273
51
3
16
20
28
54
61
9
27
3
0
1
3,593
242
3,350
947
791
2,891
331
370
28
342
41
3,552
2,957
24
20
3
1
2
1
37
3
8
22
4
197
47
28
123
690
418
21
12
18
30
48
83
62
38
52
42
11
272
51
3
16
20
27
54
63
9
26
3
0
1
3,732
248
3,483
907
858
2,975
351
405
34
372
46
3,686
3,079
24
21
3
1
2
1
36
3
8
21
4
195
46
28
121
705
423
22
13
19
31
49
83
62
42
50
42
11
281
52
3
17
20
28
55
66
10
28
2
0
1
3,785
253
3,531
914
888
3,003
371
410
32
378
45
3,740
3,126
24
22
3
0
2
1
34
2
6
21
4
199
47
27
125
705
424
22
13
19
30
49
84
63
46
45
40
12
282
52
2
17
19
28
56
65
9
29
3
0
1
3,891
265
3,626
934
912
3,082
383
426
29
396
42
3,849
3,228
26
23
3
1
2
1
35
2
6
21
4
216
51
29
136
725
440
24
14
20
32
51
86
65
53
43
40
12
285
53
2
17
19
29
57
65
10
30
3
0
1
4,011
273
3,737
980
951
3,182
394
436
18
418
31
3,980
3,353
27
24
3
1
2
1
35
2
6
21
4
219
51
29
138
740
452
25
14
20
33
53
90
68
56
42
40
12
288
53
3
17
19
29
58
67
9
31
2
0
1
4,086
280
3,805
981
994
3,231
408
447
16
432
29
4,058
3,423
27
25
3
1
1
1
35
3
6
21
4
219
50
29
139
747
456
25
14
20
32
53
91
69
60
39
39
12
291
54
3
17
19
29
59
68
9
31
2
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-133
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-9 (continued)
LNUM
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Leather and leather products
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Water transportation
Local and Interurban passenger transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retafl trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
RotaH trade
RotaH trade
Banking and credit agencies
Banking and credit agencies
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance
Insurance
Real estate
Holding companies and investment services
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and miscellaneous repair services
Auto repair, services, and garages
Auto repair, services, and garages
Amusement and recreation services
Amusement and recreation services
Health services
Legal services
Educational services
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organfzations
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Miscellaneous professional services
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
State and local
State and local
500
510
520
530
540
541
542
543
544
560
570
610
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
700
710
730
731
732
733
734
736
800
805
810
815
820
825
830
835
840
845
850
855
860
865
870
875
880
900
910
920
930
931
932
31
40
42
44
44
41
45
46
47
48
49
50,51
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
60,61
60,61
60,61
63,64
63,64
65,66
62,67
995
70
72
88
76
75
75
78,79
78,79
80
81
82
83,86
83,86
83,86
83,86
84, 87, 89
995
43,91,97
992
92-96
92-96
92-96
243
12
59
7
48
8
30
1
12
63
49
236
342
18
40
56
55
18
22
76
57
246
82
163
38
56
34
28
8
946
31
33
10
170
29
15
29
16
290
80
39
29
1
35
125
14
585
118
50
417
125
292
245
12
58
7
49
8
30
1
13
63
52
231
335
18
38
56
54
18
20
78
54
247
81
166
40
59
33
25
10
951
31
32
9
162
28
13
30
16
304
80
41
31
1
36
121
14
594
120
50
425
128
297
251
13
60
7
50
9
31
1
14
64
53
238
342
18
39
57
54
18
19
80
57
280
86
194
50
61
33
36
14
1,008
32
33
10
175
28
13
34
16
325
85
42
34
1
36
127
15
607
123
51
433
128
305
260
12
62
6
51
9
31
1
14
67
56
235
347
19
39
56
56
18
19
82
57
290
89
201
53
62
34
43
10
1,032
33
36
10
180
30
14
33
17
330
84
44
35
1
38
130
15
613
124
48
441
130
311
269
12
66
6
50
9
31
1
15
71
56
242
359
20
40
57
60
18
21
85
59
291
89
202
51
63
36
44
9
1,066
33
36
10
191
31
14
35
18
341
84
45
38
2
40
132
17
621
125
45
451
134
317
277
12
69
6
52
10
31
1
16
75
56
255
372
21
41
58
62
18
22
88
62
302
90
212
55
63
37
47
10
1,128
35
36
11
213
33
15
37
20
355
85
46
40
2
41
141
18
626
123
44
459
136
323
283
12
71
6
53
10
31
1
17
78
57
258
378
21
41
58
64
18
22
90
63
313
91
221
58
• 65
38
51
10
1,164
36
37
11
221
34
15
39
20
368
86
48
42
2
42
145
19
635
124
43
468
138
330
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-134
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-10. Area Source Listing by SCO and Growth Basis
NOTE(S):
sec
2103001000
2103002000
2103004000
2103005000
2103006000
2103007000
2103008000
2103011000
2199004000
2199005000
2199006000
2199007000
2199011000
2810001000
2810003000
2810005000
2810010000
2810015000
2810025000
2810030000
2810035000
2810050000
2810060000
FILE
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
BEA
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
NG
SEDS
BEA
BEA
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
SEDS
CODE
ACCCB
BCCCB
DFCCB
RFCCB
NGCCB
LGCCB
400
KSCCB
DFTCB
RFTCB
NGTCB
LGTCB
KSTCB
TPOPP
100
100
TPOPP
TPOPP
TPOPP
TPOPP
TPOPP
TPOPP
BEA Code is equal to LNUM on previous table.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document/or 1900-1996
4-135
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
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S
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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[Washington
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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S
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[Wisconsin
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
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-------
Table 4.4-12. NOX and VOC Major Stationary Source Definition
Ozone Nonattainment Status Major Stationary Source (tons)
Marginal/Moderate
Serious
Severe
Extreme
Ozone Transport Region
100
50
25
10
50
Pod
ID
Table 4.4-13. Summary of Revised NOX Control Efficiencies
Pod Name
Estimated
Efficiency
Control
58 Commercial/Institutional - Coal
59 Commercial/Institutional - Oil
60 Commercial/Institutional - Gas
50
50
50
LNB
LNB
LNB
Controls: LNB - Low NOV Burner
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-137
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-14. Wildfires
Region
Rocky Mountain
Pacific
North Central
South
East
Fuel loading
Tons/Acre
Burned
Pollutant
37
19
11
9
11
Emission Factor
Ibs/ton
TSP
SO2
NOX
VOC
CO
PM-10
17
0.15
4
19.2
140
13
States Comprising Regions
South
Alabama
Arkansas
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
North Carolina
Oklahoma
South Carolina
Tennessee
Texas
Virginia
East
Connecticut
Delaware
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Vermont
West Virginia
Rocky Mountain
Arizona
Colorado
Idaho
Kansas
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Mexico
North Dakota
South Dakota
Utah
Wyoming
North Central
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Ohio
Wisconsin
Pacific
Alaska
California
Guam
Hawaii
Oregon
Washington
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-138
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion
-------
Table 4.4-15. Emission Factors for Residential Wood Combustion by Pollutant
Pollutant
CO
NOX
voc
S02
PM-103
PM-2.53
Emission Factor
(Ibs/ton)
230.80
2.80
43.80
0.40
30.60
30.60
Emission Factor
(tons/cord)
1.342E-1
1 .628 E-3
2.547 E-2
2.326 E-4
1.779 E-2
1 .779 E-2
aAII PM is considered to be less than 2.5 microns.
Table 4.4-16. PM Control Efficiencies for 1991 through 1996
Year
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Control Efficiency
(%)
1.4
2.8
4.8
6.8
8.8
10.8
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-139
1985-1996 Methodology
Other Combustion.
-------
4.5 SOLVENT UTILIZATION
The point and area source categories under the "Solvent Utilization" heading include the following
Tier I and Tier II categories:
Tier I Category
(08) SOLVENT UTILIZATION
Tier n Category
All subcategories
Since the publication of the last version of this report,1 EPA has made major changes to the 1990
emissions. The revised emissions are referred to in this document as the 1990 National Emission Trends
(NET) emissions and are for the most part based on State submitted data and used as the base year
inventory for the post-1990 emission inventory. Emission estimates for pre-1990 are based mainly on
the "old" 1990 emissions which are referred to in this document as the Interim Inventory 1990
emissions. For most source categories, the methodology for the Interim Inventory 1990 emissions is the
same as that previously published in the Procedures document.
The 1990 Interim Inventory emissions for these source categories were generated from the point
source source portions of the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)
Emissions Inventory. The VOC area source emissions were based on a national mass balance as
described in section 4.5.1.1. These 1990 emissions served as the base year from which the emissions for
the years 1985 through 1989 were estimated. The emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were
estimated using historical data compiled by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).2
The 1990 NET emissions were revised to incorporate as much state- supplied data as possible.
Sources of state data include the OTAG emission inventory (EPA used the 1990 Interim Inventory data
inplace of state submitted VOC area source emissions), the GCVTC emission inventory, and AIRS/FS.
For most point sources, these emissions were projected from the revised 1990 NET inventory to the
years 1991 through 1996 using BEA and SEDS data. States were surveyed to determine whether EPA
should project their 1990 non-utility point source emissions or extract them from AIRS/FS. For all
states that selected AIRS/FS option, the emissions in the NET inventory reflect their AIRS/FS data for
the years 1991 through 1995. Additional controls were added to the projected (or grown) emissions for
the year 1996.
This section describes the methods used to estimate both base year 1990 emission inventories and
the emission estimates for the years 1985 through 1989 and 1991 through 1996. Point Source emissions
for the years 1985-1996 were estimated for the pollutants VOC, CO, NOX, SO2, and PM-10. Area source
emissions were estimated for only 1985 through 1989 for VOC. Area source emissions for the years
1990 through 1996 were estimated for VOC, NOX, and CO. Point source emission estimates for PM-2.5
were only estimated for the years 1990 through 1996.
4.5.1 1990 Interim Inventory
Solvent utilization emissions are included as both point and area sources in the Emission Trends
inventory. Point source emissions were based on the 1985 NAPAP inventory (see section 4.5.1.2). The
basis for the VOC area source component is a material balance on total nationwide solvent consumption.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-140
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
(There are no area source CO, NOX, SO2, and PM emissions in the NET inventory for the years 1985
through 1989. The 1990 through 1996 area source CO and NOX emissions estimates were not estimated
with this methodology.) Total nationwide solvent emissions by end-use category are estimated from
national consumption figures with some adjustments to account for air pollution controls and waste
management practices. The nationwide emissions are then apportioned to states and counties using
census data and information on state and local regulations pertaining to solvent emissions. County- and
category-level point source emissions are then subtracted from the emission totals, and the remaining
emissions are included in the area source solvent inventory. Section 4.5.1.1 describes the development
of national solvent emissions and apportionment to states and counties.
4.5.LI Area Source Emissions, VOC Only
Volatile organic compound emissions are estimated for area sources by first estimating national
total emissions that are distributed to county and end user, described in this section, and then subtracting
the point source emissions, described in section 4.5.1.2.
4.5.1.1,1 Overall National Emissions Estimates —
The overall national solvents material balance can be summarized as follows:
National solvent
emissions (by end-use =
category)
National solvent
consumption
Solvents destroyed by
air pollution controls
Solvents conveyed to
waste management
operations
(Eq. 4.5-1)
Note that this overall national material balance yields total solvent emissions, including both point and
area sources.
National solvent usage estimates by end-use category were obtained from three main sources. For
paints and coatings, the main source was the U.S. Paint Industry Data Base, prepared by SRI
International for the National Paint and Coatings Association.3 Solvent usage estimates for other
categories were obtained from industrial solvent marketing reports.4'5 The base year for this activity data
and for the total solvent emissions is 1989.
The solvent emission methodology is designed to incorporate pollution control and waste
management information at the source category level. However, the timeframe for the NET inventory
effort was too tight to permit development of category-specific information. The mass balance term for
waste management was based on the EPA's data base6 for TSDFs, which also forms the basis for the
TSDF portion of the NET inventory. (See section 4.3.1.5 for details on TSDF emissions.) In essence,
the portion of the TSDF inventory that is attributable to solvents is deducted from the current solvents
inventory in order to avoid double-counting. The TSDF deduction was apportioned evenly to all
industrial categories, and amounts to about 21 percent of total solvent usage in these categories.
Solvent destruction adjustments in the nationwide material balance were based on the same
assumptions used for the 1985 National Emissions Data System (NEDS) and the 1985 NAPAP
inventory. According to the data in NEDS and 1985 NAPAP inventory, approximately 16 percent of
industrial surface coating emissions are assumed to be destroyed in air pollution controls.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-141
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-1 lists the elements in the national solvent material balance by emission source category.
As discussed above, these elements are: national solvent consumption, solvent destroyed in air pollution
controls, solvent sent to waste management operations, and net solvent emissions. Table 4.5-1 also
summarizes the major sources of these data.
4.5.1.1.2 Distribution of Solvent Emissions to States and Counties —
The primary tools used to distribute national solvent emissions to states and counties are 1988
census data bases.7'8'9 For each of the source categories listed in Table 4.5-1, state- and county-level
solvent usage is assumed to be proportional to a particular census measure. For consumer end-use
categories, solvent usage was distributed based on population. County-level employment data were used
for commercial and industrial end-use categories. Census data on the number of farm acres treated with
chemical sprays were used to distribute pesticide solvent usage. Table 4.5-2 lists the specific census data
used for each emission category.
State and local regulations covering solvent emissions were also incorporated in the spatial
distribution step for the solvent inventories. For an industrial or commercial end-use category, the
overall spatial distribution calculation can be summarized as follows:
County emissions
(by end-use
category)
National
emissions
County employment
National
employment
Estimated control efficiency for
county
Nationwide average control
efficiency for category
(Eq. 4.5-2)
Quantitative information on state- and county-level control efficiency, rule effectiveness, and rule
penetration was obtained primarily from surveys carried out under EPA's ROM modeling effort.10 For
states outside the ROM domain, these parameters were estimated using Bureau of National Affairs
regulation summaries.
4.5.1.1.3 Deduction of Point Source Emissions —
The area source inventory is produced by deducting point source emissions from the county-level
category emission totals produced in Equation 4.5-3. The calculation is performed as follows:
County-level area source
emissions (by end-use =
category)
Total county-level
emissions (equation 2)
County-level point source
emissions
(Eq. 4.5-3)
The AIRS/AMS solvent categories were first matched to the corresponding point source SCCs.
Using the 1990 Interim Inventory, point source totals by county for each corresponding AMS SCC were
calculated. These emissions were then subtracted from the total solvent emissions (the 1989 total
solvent emissions were projected to 1990 as described below) to yield the area source emissions. In the
cases of negative emissions (higher point source emissions than total estimated solvent emissions), the
1985 NAPAP methodology11 was followed — area source emissions were set to zero.
Then the non-zero county values were readjusted so that the sum of all county area source
emissions equal the difference between the total national emissions and the national point source
emissions; otherwise, area source emissions are underestimated.
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All County National
Area Source - Total
Emissions Emissions
National
- Point Source
Emissions
(Eq. 4.5-4)
4.5.1.2 Point Sources, All Pollutants
The 1985 NAPAP inventory estimates for the point sources have been projected to the year 1990
based on the growth in BEA historic earnings for the appropriate state and industry,2 as identified by the
two-digit SIC code. To remove the effects of inflation, the earnings data were converted to 1982
constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE.12 State and SIC-level growth factors were
calculated as the ratio of the 1990 earnings data to the 1985 earnings data. Additional information on
point source growth indicators is presented in section 4.5.1.2.2.
When creating the 1990 emission inventory, changes were made to emission factors, control
efficiencies, and emissions from the 1985 inventory for all sources. The PM-10 control efficiencies
were obtained from the PM-10 Calculator.13 In addition, rule effectiveness which was not applied in the
1985 NAPAP inventory, was applied to the 1990 emissions estimated for the point sources. The CO,
NOX, and VOC point source controls were assumed to be 80 percent effective; PM-10 and SO2 controls
were assumed to be 100 percent effective.
The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the following steps:
(1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors, (2) calculated the
uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP inventory, and (3) calculated
the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised control efficiencies and the appropriate rule
effectiveness. The 1990 PM-10 emissions were calculated using the TSP emissions from the 1985
NAPAP inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner as the
other pollutants. The 1990 uncontrolled PM-10 estimates were calculated from these TSP emissions by
applying SCC-specific uncontrolled particle size distribution factors.14 The controlled PM-10 emissions
were estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants.
4.5.1.2.1 Control Efficiency Revisions —
In the 1985 NAPAP point source estimates, control efficiencies for VOC, NOX, CO, and SO2
sources in Texas were judged to be too high for their process/control device combination. These high
control efficiencies occurred because Texas did not ask for control efficiency information, and simply
applied the maximum efficiency for the reported control device. High control efficiencies lead to high
future growth in modeling scenarios based on uncontrolled emissions (which are based on the control
efficiency and reported actual emissions). High control efficiencies also lead to extreme increases in
emissions when rule effectiveness is incorporated.
Revised VOC control efficiencies were developed for Texas for the ERG AM-VOC.15 For this
analysis, revised efficiencies were also developed by SCC and control device combination for NOX, SO2,
and CO using engineering judgement. These revised control efficiencies were applied to sources in
Texas. A large number of point sources outside of Texas had VOC and CO control efficiencies that
were also judged to be too high. The VOC and CO control efficiencies used for Texas were also applied
to these sources.
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4.5.1.2.2 Rule Effectiveness Assumptions —
Controlled emissions for each inventory year were recalculated, assuming that reported VOC, NOX,
and CO controls were 80 percent effective. Sulfur dioxide and PM-10 controls were assumed to be 100
percent effective.
4.5.1.2.3 Emissions Calculations —
A three-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base
year controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following equation (Equation
4.5-5):
CE. = CEBY + (CEBY x EG)
(Eq. 4.5-5)
where: CEj = controlled emissions for inventory year i
CEBY = controlled emissions for base year
= earnings growth for inventory year i
Earnings growth is calculated using Equation 4.5-6.
EG: = 1-
DATi
DAT,
(Eq. 4.5-6)
BY
where: EGj = earnings growth for year i
DATj = earnings data for inventory year i
DATBY = earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions
based on the control efficiency using Equation 4.5-7:
UE, =
CE.
1 _ CEFF}
100 J
(Eq. 4.5-7)
where:
CE,
CEFF
uncontrolled emissions for inventory year i
controlled emissions for inventory year i
control efficiency (percent)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating rule effectiveness using the following
equation (Equation 4.5-8):
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100
100 JJ
(Eq. 4.5-8)
where: CERj
UQ
REEF
CEFF
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
4.5.2 Emissions, 1985 to 1989
As explained in section 4.5.1.2.3, the 1990 controlled point source emissions were projected from
the 1985 NAPAP inventory using Equations 4.5-4 through 4.5-7. For all other years (1985 to 1989), the
emissions were projected from the 1990 emissions using Equations 4.5-4 and 4.5-7. Therefore, the 1985
emissions estimated by this method do not match the 1985 NAPAP inventory due to the changes made
in control efficiencies and emission factors and the addition of rule effectiveness when creating the 1990
base year inventory. Area source emissions are detailed in section 4.5.2.1.
4.5.2.1 Area Sources .
The total solvent inventory was based on 1989 activity- level data. (Spatial allocations for the
solvent area source inventory were based on the 1988 census, which provides the most recent data
available at the county level.) Projections to other years (1985 to 1990) are based on state-level earnings
data for major industrial categories, which generally correspond to two-digit SICs. The following
algorithm is used for the emission projection:
Projection year emissions (by county
and end-use category)
Base year emissions
Projection year
earnings (by state
and 2-digit SIC)
Base year earnings
(Eq. 4.5-9)
In this equation, the projection year represents the appropriate calendar year for the Emission Trends
inventory (ranging from 1985 to 1990). The total solvent inventory was first projected to 1990 to
complete the point source deduction described above. After deducting the point source solvents, this
1990 area source solvent data base was then scaled-back/projected to the other inventory years.
The county/source category emissions predicted using changes in BEA earnings data were then
scaled according to expected changes in national solvent emissions. Annual changes in national solvent
usage (by end-use category) were taken from the solvent marketing reports.4'5 All county-level
emissions within an end-use category were scaled by a factor so that total national emissions would be
equivalent to the national solvent emissions reported in the literature.
4.5.2.2 Point Sources
The changes in the point source emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by
state and industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP inventory were projected to
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the years 1985 through 1990 based on the growth in earnings by industry (two-digit SIC code).
Historical annual state and industrial earnings data from BEA's Table SA-5 (Reference 2) were used to
represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table S A-5 are expressed in nominal dollars. To estimate
growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data
for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE.12 The
PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982 dollars are:
Year
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1982 PCE Deflator
111.6
114.3
124.2
129.6
136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through
1990. Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985
through 1990) to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used where
possible to fill in missing data elements. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that
were missing at least one data point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state
and the two-digit SIC. Table 4.5-3 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of
the two-digit SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all
point sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.5-3 also shows the
national average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
4.5.3 1990 National Emission Trends
The 1990 National Emission Trends is based primarily on state data, with the 1990 interim data
filling in the gaps. The data base houses U.S. annual and average summer day emission estimates for the
50 states and the District of Columbia. Seven pollutants (CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5, and
NH3) were estimated in 1990. The state data were extracted from three sources, the OTAG inventory,
the GCVTC inventory, and AIRS/FS. Sections 4.5.3.1,4.5.3.2, and 4.5.3.3 give brief descriptions of
these efforts. Section 4.5.3.4 describes the efforts necessary to supplement the inventory gaps that are
either temporal, spatial, or pollutant. 1990 area source VOC emissions are detailed in section 4.5.1.
Since EPA did not receive documentation on how these inventories were developed, this section
only describes the effort to collect the data and any modifications or additions made to the data.
4.5.3.1 OTAG
The OTAG inventory for 1990 was completed in December 1996. The data base houses emission
estimates for those states in the Super Regional Oxidant A (SUPROXA) domain. The estimates were
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developed to represent average summer day emissions for the ozone pollutants (VOC, NOX, and CO).
This section gives a background of the OTAG emission inventory and the data collection process.
4.5.3.1.1 Inventory Components —
The OTAG inventory contains data for all states that are partially or fully in the SUPROXA
modeling domain. The SUPROXA domain was developed in the late 1980s as part of the EPA regional
oxidant modeling (ROM) applications. EPA had initially used three smaller regional domains
(Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast) for ozone modeling, but wanted to model the full effects of
transport in the eastern United States without having to deal with estimating boundary conditions along
relatively high emission areas. Therefore, these three domains were combined and expanded to form the
Super Domain. The western extent of the domain was designed to allow for coverage of the largest
urban areas in the eastern United States without extending too far west to encounter terrain difficulties
associated with the Rocky Mountains. The Northern boundary was designed to include the major urban
areas of eastern Canada. The southern boundary was designed to include as much of the United States
as possible, but was limited to latitude 26°N, due to computational limitations of the photochemical
models. (Emission estimates for Canada were not extracted from OTAG for inclusion in the NET
inventory.)
The current SUPROXA domain is defined by the following coordinates:
North:
South:
47.00 °N
26.00 °N
East:
West:
67.00 °W
99.00°W
Its eastern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean and its western border runs from north to south through North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In total, the OTAG Inventory
completely covers 37 states and the District of Columbia.
The OTAG inventory is primarily an ozone precursor inventory. It includes emission estimates of
VOC, NOX, and CO for all applicable source categories throughout the domain. It also includes a small
amount of SO2 and PM-10 emission data that was sent by states along with their ozone precursor data.
No quality assurance (QA) was performed on the SO2 and PM-10 emission estimates for the OTAG
inventory effort.
Since the underlying purpose of the OTAG inventory is to support photochemical modeling for
ozone, it is primarily an average summer day inventory. Emission estimates that were submitted as
annual emission estimates were converted to average summer day estimates using operating schedule
data and default temporal profiles and vice versa.
The OTAG inventory is made up of two major components: (1) the point source component, which
includes segment/pollutant level emission estimates and other relevant data (e.g., stack parameters,
geographic coordinates, and base year control information) for all stationary point sources in the domain;
(2) the area source component, which includes county level emission estimates for all stationary area
sources. The NET inventory extracted all point sources except utility emissions.
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4.5.3.1.2 Interim Emissions Inventory (OTAG Default) —
The primary data sources for the OTAG inventory were the individual states. Where states were
unable to provide data, the 1990 Interim Inventory 16 was used for default inventory data. A more
detailed description of the 1990 Interim Inventory is presented in section 4.5.1.
4.5.3.1.3 State Data Collection Prodedures —
Since the completion of the Interim Inventory in 1992, many states had completed 1990 inventories
for ozone nonattainment areas as required for preparing SEPs. In addition to these SIP inventories, many
states had developed more comprehensive 1990 emission estimates covering their entire state. Since
these state inventories were both more recent and more comprehensive than the Interim Inventory, a new
inventory was developed based on state inventory data (where available) in an effort to develop the most
accurate emission inventory to use in the OTAG modeling.
On May 5,1995, a letter from John Seitz (Director of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards [OAQPS]) and Mary Gade (Vice President of EGOS) to State Air Directors, states were
requested to supply available emission inventory data for incorporation into the OTAG inventory.17
Specifically, states were requested to supply all available point and area source emissions data for VOC,
NOX, CO, SO2, and PM-10, with the primary focus on emissions of ozone precursors. Some emission
inventory data were received from 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain. To minimize the burden to
the states, there was no specified format for submitting State data. The majority of the state data was
submitted in one of three formats:
1) an Emissions Preprocessor System Version 2.0 (EPS2.0) Workfile
2) an ad hoc report from AERS/FS
3) data files extracted from a state emission inventory data base
The origin of data submitted by each state is described in section 4.5.3.1.4.1 for point sources and
4.5.3.1.4.2 for area sources.
4.5.3.1.4. State Data Incorporation Procedures/Guidelines —
The general procedure for incorporating state data into the OTAG Inventory was to take the data "as
is" from the state submissions. There were two main exceptions to this policy. First, any inventory data
for years other than 1990 was backcast to 1990 using BEA Industrial Earnings data by state and two-
digit SIC code.2 This conversion was required for five states that submitted point source data for the
years 1992 through 1994. All other data submitted were for 1990.
Second, any emission inventory data that included annual emission estimates but not average
summer day values were temporally allocated to produce average summer day values. This temporal
allocation was performed for point and area data supplied by several states. For point sources, the
operating schedule data, if supplied, were used to temporally allocate annual emissions to average
summer weekday using Equation 4.5-10.
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONSANNUAL
* SUMTHRU * 1/(13 * DPW)
(Eq. 4.5-10)
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where: EMISSIONS
ASD
SUMTHRU
DPW
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= summer throughput percentage
= days per week in operation
If operating schedule data were not supplied for the point source, annual emissions were temporally
allocated to an average summer weekday using EPA's default Temporal Allocation file. This computer
file contains default seasonal and daily temporal profiles by SCC. Equation 4.5-11 was used.
EMISSIONS^ = EMISSIONSANNUAL I (SUMFACSCC * WDFACSCC)
(Eq. 4.5-11)
where: EMIS SIGNS ASD
EMISSIONSANNUAL
SUMFACSCC
WDFACSCC
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= default summer season temporal factor for SCC
= default summer weekday temporal factor for SCC
There were a small number of SCCs that were not in the Temporal Allocation file. For these SCCs,
average summer weekday emissions were assumed to be the same as those for an average day during the
year and were calculated using Equation 4.5-12.
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONS
I 365
(eq. 4.5-12)
where: EMISSIONSASD
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
4.5.3.1.4.1 Point. For stationary point sources, 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied
emission estimates covering the entire state. Data from the Interim Inventory were used for the two
states (Iowa and Mississippi) that did not supply data. Most states supplied 1990 point source data,
although some states supplied data for later years because the later year data reflected significant
improvements over their 1990 data. Inventory data for years other than 1990 were backcast to 1990
using BEA historical estimates of industrial earnings at the 2-digit SIC level. Table 4.5-4 provides a
brief description of the point source data supplied by each state.
4.5.3.1.4.2 Area. For area sources, 17 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied 1990 emission
estimates covering the entire state, and an additional nine states supplied 1990 emission estimates
covering part of their state (partial coverage was mostly in ozone nonattainment areas). Interim
Inventory data were the sole data source for 12 states. Where the area source data supplied included
annual emission estimates, the default temporal factors were used to develop average summer daily
emission estimates. Table 4.5-5 provides a brief description of the area source data supplied by each
state.
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4,5,3,1,4,5 Rule Effectiveness. For the OTAG inventory, states were asked to submit their best
estimate of 1990 emissions. There was no requirement that state-submitted point source data include
rule effectiveness for plants with controls in place in that year. States were instructed to use their
judgment about whether to include rule effectiveness in the emission estimates. As a result, some states
submitted estimates that were calculated using rule effectiveness, while other states submitted estimates
that were calculated without using rule effectiveness.
The use of rule effectiveness in estimating emissions can result in emission estimates that are much
higher than estimates for the same source calculated without using rule effectiveness, especially for
sources with high control efficiencies (95 percent or above). Because of this problem, there was concern
that the OTAG emission estimates for states that used rule effectiveness would be biased to larger
estimates relative to states that did not include rule effectiveness in their computations.
To test if this bias existed, county-level maps of point source emissions were developed for the
OTAG domain. If this bias did exist, one would expect to see sharp differences at state borders between
states using rule effectiveness and states not using rule effectiveness. Sharp state boundaries were not
evident in any of the maps created. Based on this analysis, it was determined that impact of rule
effectiveness inconsistencies was not causing large biases in the inventory.
4.5.3.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory
The 1990 GCVTC inventory includes detailed emissions data for 11 states: Arizona, California,
Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.18 This
inventory was developed by compiling and merging existing inventory data bases. The primary data
sources used were state inventories for California and Oregon, AIRS/FS for VOC, NOX, and SO2 point
source data for the other nine states, the 1990 Interim Inventory for area source data for the other nine
states, and the 1985 NAPAP inventory for NH3 and TSP data. In addition to these existing data, the
GCVTC inventory includes newly developed emission estimates for forest wildfires and prescribed
burning.
After a detailed analysis of the GCVTC inventory, it was determined that the following portions of
the GCVTC inventory would be incorporated into the 1990 NET inventory:
complete point and area source data for California
complete point and area source data for Oregon
forest wildfire data for the entire 11-state region
prescribed burning data for the entire 11-state region
State data from California and Oregon were incorporated because they are complete inventories
developed by the states and are presumably based on more recent, detailed and accurate data than the
Interim Inventory (some of which is still based on the 1985 NAPAP inventory). The wildfire data in the
GCVTC inventory represent a detailed survey of forest fires in the study area and are clearly more
accurate than the wildfire data in the Interim Inventory. The prescribed burning data in the GCVTC
inventory are the same as the data in the Interim Inventory.
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Non-utility point source emission estimates in the GCVTC inventory from states other than
California and Oregon came from AIRS/FS. Corrections were made to this inventory to the VOC and
PM emissions. The organic emissions reported in GCVTC inventory for California are total organics
(TOG). These emissions were converted to VOC using the profiles from EPA's SPECIATE19 data base.
Since the PM emissions in the GCVTC were reported as both TSP and PM-2.5, EPA estimated PM-10
from the TSP in a similar manner as described in section 4.5.1.2.
4.5.3.3 AIRS/FS
SO2 and PM-10 (or PM-10 estimated from TSP) sources of greater than 250 tons per year as
reported to AIRS/FS that were not included in either the OTAG or GCVTC inventories were appended
to the NET inventory. The data were extracted from AIRS/FS using the data criteria set listed in table
4.5-6. The data elements extracted are also listed in Table 4.5-6. The data were extracted in late
November 1996. It is important to note that estimated emissions were extracted.
4.5.3.4 Data Gaps
As stated above, the starting point for the 1990 NET inventory is the OTAG, GCVTC, AIRS, and
1990 Interim inventories. Data added to these inventories include estimates of SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5, and
NH3, as well as annual or ozone season daily (depending on the inventory) emission estimates for all
pollutants. This section describes the steps taken to fill in the gaps from the other inventories.
4.5.3.4.1 SO2 and PM Emissions —
For SO2 and PM-10, state data from OTAG were used where possible. (The GCVTC inventory
contained SO2 and PM annual emissions.) In most cases, OTAG data for these pollutants were not
available. For point sources, data for plants over 250 tons per year for SO2 and PM-10 were added from
AIRS/FS. The AIRS/FS data were also matched to the OTAG plants and the emissions were attached to
existing plants from the OTAG data where a match was found. Where no match was found to the plants
in the OTAG data, new plants were added to the inventory. For OTAG plants where there were no
matching data in AIRS/FS and for all area sources of SO2 and PM-10, emissions were calculated based
on the emission estimates for other pollutants.
The approach to developing SO2 and PM-10 emissions from unmatched point and area sources
involved using uncontrolled emission factor ratios to calculate uncontrolled emissions. This method
used SO2 or PM-10 ratios to NOX. NOX was the pollutant utilized to calculate the ratio because (1) the
types of sources likely to be important SO2 and PM-10 emitters are likely to be similar to important NOX
sources and (2) the generally high quality of the NOX emissions data. Ratios of SO2/NOX and PM-10/
NOX based on uncontrolled emission factors were developed. These ratios were multiplied by
uncontrolled NOX emissions to determine either uncontrolled SO2 or PM-10 emissions. Once the
uncontrolled emissions were calculated, information on VOC, NOX, and CO control devices was used to
determine if they also controlled SO2 and/or PM-10. If this review determined that the control devices
listed did not control SO2 and/or PM-10, plant matches between the OTAG and Interim Inventory were
performed to ascertain the SO2 and PM-10 controls applicable for those sources. The plant matching
component of this work involved only simple matching based on information related to the state and
county FIPS code, along with the plant and point IDs.
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There was one exception to the procedures used to develop the PM-10 point source estimates. For
South Carolina, PM-10 emission estimates came from the Interim Inventory. This was because South
Carolina had no PM data in AIRS/FS for 1990 and using the emission factor ratios resulted in
unrealistically high PM-10 emissions.
There were no PM-2.5 data in either OTAG or AIRS/FS. Therefore, the point and area PM-2.5
emission estimates were developed based on the PM-10 estimates using source-specific uncontrolled
particle size distributions and particle size specific control efficiencies for sources with PM-10 controls.
To estimate PM-2.5, uncontrolled PM-10 was first estimated by removing the impact of any PM-10
controls on sources in the inventory. Next, the uncontrolled PM-2.5 was calculated by multiplying the
uncontrolled PM-10 emission estimates by the ratio of the PM-2.5 particle size multiplier to the PM-10
particle size multiplier. (These particle size multipliers represent the percentage to total particulates
below the specified size.) Finally, controls were reapplied to sources with PM-10 controls by
multiplying the uncontrolled PM-2.5 by source/control device particle size specific control efficiencies.
4.5.3.4.5 Other Modifications —
Additional QA/quality control (QC) of the inventory resulted in the following changes:
• Emissions with SCCs of fewer than eight digits or starting with a digit greater than the number
"6" were deleted because they are invalid codes.
• Checked and fixed sources with PM-2.5 emissions which were greater than their PM-10
emissions.
• Checked and fixed sources with PM-10 emissions greater than zero and PM-2.5 emissions
equal to zero.
4.5.4 Emissions, 1991 to 1994
The 1991 through 1994 area VOC source emissions were grown using the Economic Growth
Analysis System (E-GAS). The point source and NOX and CO area source inventory was also grown for
those states that did not want their AIRS/FS data used. (The list of states are detailed in the AIRS/FS
subsection, 4.5.4.2.) For those states requesting that EPA extract their data from AIRS/FS, the years
1990 through 1995 were downloaded from the EPA IBM Mainframe. The 1996 emissions were not
extracted since states are not required to have the 1996 data uploaded into AIRS/FS until July 1997.
4.5.4.1 Grown Estimates
The 1991 through 1994 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET inventory
as the basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.5.1.2.3. The 1990
through 1996 SEDS20 and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.5-7 and 4.5-8. The 1996 BEA and SEDS
data were determined based on linear interpretation of the 1988 through 1995 data. Point sources were
projected using the first two digits of the SIC code by state. Area source emissions were projected using
either BEA or SEDS. Table 4.5-9 lists the SCC and the source for growth.
The 1990 through 1996 earnings data in BEA Table SA-5 (or estimated from this table) are
expressed in nominal dollars. In order to be used to estimate growth, these values were converted to
constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data for each year were converted to 1992
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constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE. The PCE deflators used to convert each year's
earnings data to 1992 dollars are:
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1992 PCE Deflator
93.6
97.3
100.0
102.6
104.9
107.6
109.7
The 1991through 1994 emissions for VOC area source emissions were estimated by applying
growth factors to the 1990 emissions using a modified version of Equation 4.5-13. The growth factors
were obtained from the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.O.21 The E-GAS generates growth factors at the
SCC-level for counties representative of all counties within each ozone nonattainment area classified as
serious and above and for counties representative of all counties within both the attainment portions and
the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each state. The appropriate growth factors were
applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown by Equation 4.5-13.
Emissions
(county>SCCtyear)
x Emissions
(Eq. 4.5-13)
There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base
year inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's
inventory. To list all combinations would be inappropriate.
4.5.4.2 AIRS/FS
Several states responded to EPA's survey and requested that their 1991 through 1995 estimates
reflect their emissions as reported in AIRS/FS. The list of these states, along with the years available in
AIRS/FS is given in Table 4.5-10. As described in section 4.5.3.3, default estimated annual and ozone
season daily emissions (where available) were extracted from AIRS/FS. Some changes were made to
these AIRS/FS files. For example, the default emissions for some states contain rule effectiveness and
the emissions were determined to be too high by EPA. The emissions without rule effectiveness were
extracted from AIRS/FS and replaced the previously high estimates. The changes made to select state
and/or plant AIRS/FS data are listed below.
Louisiana
Colorado - Mastercraft
All VOC source emissions were re-extracted to obtain
emissions without rule effectiveness for the year 1994.
The VOC emissions were reported as ton/year in the initial
download from AIRS. The units were changed to
pounds/year in AIRS.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-153
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
• Wisconsin - Briggs and Stratton The VOC emissions for two SCCs were changed from with
rule effectiveness to without rule effectiveness for the years
1991,1993, and 1994.
As noted in Table 4.5-10, several states did not report emissions for all pollutants for all years for
the 1990 to 1995 time period. To fill these data gaps, EPA applied linear interpolation or extrapolated
the closest two years worth of emissions at the plant level. If only one year of emissions data were
available, the emission estimates were held constant for all the years. The segment-SCC level emissions
were derived using the average split for all available years. The non-emission data gaps were filled by
using the most recent data available for the plant.
As described in section 4.5.3.4.1, many states do not provide PM-10 emissions to AIRS. These
states' TSP emissions were converted to PM-10 emissions using uncontrolled particle size distributions
and AP-42 derived control efficiencies. The PM-10 emissions are then converted to PM-2.5 in the same
manner as described in section 4.5.1.4. The State of South Carolina provided its own conversion factor
for estimating PM-10 from TSP.22
For all sources that did not report ozone season daily emissions, these emissions were estimated
using the algorithm described in section 4.5.3.1.4 and equations 4.5-10 through 4.5-12.
4.5.5 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1991 through 1994 emissions.
The estimates were either extracted from AIRS/FS for 1995, estimated using AIRS/FS data for the years
1990 through 1994, projected using the 1990 NET inventory or for VOC area sources projected using
E-GAS factors and the 1990 Interim Inventory. The method used depended on states' responses to a
survey conducted by EPA early in 1997. A description of the AIRS/FS methodology is described in
section 4.5.4. The following two subsections describe the projected emissions.
4.5.5.1 Grown Estimate
The 1995 point and CO and NOX area source emissions were grown using the 1990 NET inventory
as the basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.5.1.2.3 and equations
4.5-5 through 4.5-8. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.5-7 and
4.5-8.
4.5.5.2 Rule Effectiveness
Rule effectiveness was revised in 1995 for all grown sources using the information in the 1990 data
base file. If the rule effectiveness value was between 0 and 100 percent in 1990 and the control
efficiency was greater than 0 percent, the uncontrolled emissions were calculated for 1990. The 1995
emissions were calculated by multiplying the growth factor by the 1990 uncontrolled emissions and the
control efficiency and a rule effectiveness of 100 percent. The adjustment for rule effectiveness was
only applied to grown sources.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-154
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
4.5.6 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1995 emissions. For the point
sources, the 1995 AIRS/FS emissions and 1995 emissions grown from 1990 emissions were merged.
(This section also applies to the VOC area source emissions.) The following three subsections describes
the projected 1996 emissions.
4.5.6.1 Grown Estimates
The 1996 point and area source emissions were grown using the 1995 NET inventory as the basis.
The algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.5.1.4 and is described by the
equation below. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.5-7 and 4.5-8.
The 1996 BEA and SEDS data were determined using linear interpretation of the 1988 through 1995
data. Rule effectiveness was updated to 100 percent as described in section 4.5.5.3 for the AIRS/FS
sources that reported rule effectiveness of less than 100 percent in 1995.
Equation 4.5-14 describes the calculation used to estimate the 1996 emissions.
GS
1996
1995
GS
x
1995
, [ REFF} ( CEFF} ( RP
1- x x
100
(Eq. 4.5-14)
where:
CER1996 -
UC1995 =
GS
REFF =
CEFF =
RP
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
growth surrogate (either BEA or SEDS data)
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
rule penetration (percent)
The rule effectiveness for 1996 was always assumed to be 100 percent. The control efficiencies and rule
penetrations are detailed in the following subsections.
4.5.6.2 1996 VOC Controls
This section discusses VOC stationary source controls (except those for electric utilities). These
controls were developed to represent the measures mandated by the CAAA and in place in 1996. Title I
(specifically the ozone nonattainment provisions) affects VOC stationary sources. Title m hazardous air
pollutant regulations will also affect VOC source categories. The discussion for each source category-
specific control measure includes the regulatory authority, CAAA provisions relating to the control
measure, and relevant EPA guidance.
Table 4.5-11 list the point source controls by pod. (A pod is a group of SCCs with similar
emissions and process characteristics for which common control measures, i.e., cost and emission
reductions, can be applied. It is used for control measure application/costing purposes.) Table 4.5-12
lists the POD to SCC match. Table 4.5-13 lists the area source control efficiencies, and rule
effectiveness and rule penetration if not 100 percent. A description of the controls is detailed below.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-155
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
EPA has issued three groups of CTG documents to be implemented in ozone nonattainment areas.
These controls should already be included in areas designated as nonattainment prior to 1990. These
controls, however, must also be implemented in newly designated nonattainment areas and over the
entire OTR. Not all CTGs are included in Table 4.5-13 because of the difficulty, in some cases, of
matching the document to the appropriate sources within the inventory. It is assumed that all existing
CTGs are implemented by 1996.
The source categories affected by Title m maximum achievable control technology (MACT)
standards were identified by using EPA's timetable for regulation development under Title m.23
Applicability of the anticipated regulations in various projection years was also derived from this draft
timetable.
Control technology efficiencies were estimated for the expected MACT standards based on
available information. The information used depended on the status of specific standards in their
development timetable. For standards that have already been proposed or promulgated, efficiencies were
estimated using information presented in preambles to the appropriate regulations.
Rule effectiveness was estimated at 100 percent for all Title HI standards, in accordance with
current EPA guidelines for rule effectiveness. Rule penetration is not applicable for any of the MACT
categories, since it is included in the average "control technology efficiency" parameter.
4.5.7 References
1. National Air Pollutant Emission Trends, Procedures Document 1900-1993, EPA-454/R-95-002,
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle park, NC. December 1994.
2. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. U.S. Department
of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 1991.
3. Connolly et al., U.S. Paint Industry Data Base, prepared by SRI International for the National Paint
and Coatings Association, Inc., Washington, DC, 1990.
4. The Freedonia Group, Solvents, Industry Study #264, Cleveland, Ohio, 1989.
5. Frost & Sullivan, Inc., Industrial Solvents (Report A2180), New York, New York, 1989.
6. TSDF Inventory File, computer file transferred to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., from U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Emission Standards Division, via Alliance Technologies, April
1989.
7. 1987 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1: Geographic Area Series, county data file, U.S. Bureau of
the Census, Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1987.
8. County Business Patterns, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC,
1988.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-156
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
9. City/County Data Base, data files, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC, 1988.
10. Regional Ozone Modeling for Northeast Transport (ROMNET), EPA- 450/4-9 l-002a, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,Research Triangle
Park, NC, 1991.
11. Area Source Documentation for the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program
Inventory, EPA-600/8-88-106, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, December 1988.
12. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991.
13. Dean, T. A. and P. Carlson, PM-10 Controlled Emissions Calculator. E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-0120 Work Assignment No. 11-81. Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. April 27,1993.
(TTN CHIEF BBS)
14. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4, E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission
Factor and Methodologies Section. June 1992.
15. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., National Assessment ofVOC, CO, and NOx Controls, Emissions,
and Costs, prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy Planning and
Evaluation, Washington, DC, September 1988.
16. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies, EPA-
454/R-23-021a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
17. Seitz, John, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Memorandum to
State Air Directors. May 5,1995.
18. An Emission Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon
Visibility Transport Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
19. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Particulate Matter (PM) Speciation Data System (SPECIATE)
User's Manual, Version 1.5, Final Report, Radian Corporation, EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0125,
Work Assignment No. 60, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1993.
20. State Energy Data Report — Consumption Estimates 1960-1989, DOE/EIA-0214(89), U.S.
Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, May 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-157
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
21. Economic Growth Analysis System: User's Guide, Version 2.0. EPA-600/R-94-139b. Joint
Emissions Inventory Oversight Group, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, NC. August 1994.
22. Internet E-mail from J. Nuovo to J. Better of the Department of Health and Environmental Control
(DHEC), Columbia, South Carolina, entitled Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)/PM-10 Ratio.
Copy to P. Carlson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. April 10,1997.
23. 58 FR 63941,1993 Federal Register, Vol. 58, p. 63941, December 3,1993.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-158
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-1. National Material Balance for Solvent Emissions
Category
Description
Solvent
Usage
(1,000 tpy)
Percent
Destroyed by
Air Pollution
Controls1
Percent Sent
to TSDFs2
Estimated
Emissions
(1,000 tpy)
Source
Surface Coating
2401001
2401005
2401008
2401015
2401020
2401025
2401030
2401040
2401045
2401055
2401060
2401065
2401070
2401075
2401080
2401085
2401090
2401100
2401200
Architectural
Auto refinishing
Traffic markings
Flat wood coating
Wood furniture
Metal furniture
Paper coating
Can coating
Coil coating
Electrical insulation
Appliances
Machinery
Motor vehicles (new)
Aircraft coating
Marine paints
Bail equip, coating
Misc. manufacturing
Industrial maintenance
Aerosols, spec, purpose
503
133
106
5
221
70
33
156
58
48
34
130
134
11
29
6
210
99
173
0
0
0
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
503
133
106
3
139
44
21
99
37
30
21
82
85
7
' 18
4
132
78
137
SRI International/
National Paint and
Coatings Institute
Vapor Degreasing (Conveyorized and Open-Top)
2415105
2415110
2415120
2415125
2415130
2415135
2415140
2415145
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instrument mfg.
Misc. manufacturing
9
29
97
100
98
36
48
17
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
7
23
76
79
77
28
38
13
Total category
number from Frost
& Sullivan.
Industry
breakdowns from
EPA BOAT Report
for spent solvents.
Cold Cleaner Degreasing
2415305
2415310
2415320
2415325
2415330
2415335
2415340
2415345
2415355
2415360
2415365
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instruments
Misc. manufacturing
Automobile dealers
Automobile repair
Other
12
8
38
52
16
12
8
19
191
70
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
9
7
30
41
12
9
6
15
151
55
4
Total category
number from Frost
& Sullivan.
Industry
breakdowns from
EPA BOAT Report
for spent solvents.
Other Categories
2420010
2420010
2420020
2425000
2430000
2440020
2461021
2461800
2465100
2465200
2465400
2465600
On/cleaning (perc.)
On/cleaning (petroleum)
Coin-op drycieaning
Graphic arts
Rubber/plastics
Adhesives - industrial
Cutback asphalt
Pesticides - farm
Personal products
Household products
Automotive products
Adhesives - Comml.
135
134
2
276
48
460
200
260
228
186
650
350
0
0
0
16
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
21
21
21
21
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
107
105
1
174
30
363
200
260
228
186
650
350
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Freedonia Group
Asphalt Institute
Freedonia Group
Frost & Sullivan
Frost & Sullivan
Freedonia Group
Frost & Sullivan
1 Based on the 1985 NEDS methodology. Does not include solvents that are captured and recycled.
"Calculated based on the TSDF sector of the 1985 NAPAP Inventory.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-159
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-2. Data Bases Used for County Allocation
AMS
Category
Surface Coating
2401001
2401005
2401008
2401015
2401020
24O1025
2401030
2401040
2401045
24O1055
2401060
2401065
2401070
2401075
2401080
2401085
2401090
2401100
2401 200
Description
Architectural
Auto refinishing
Traffic markings
Flat wood coating
Wood furniture
Metal furniture
Paper coating
Can coating
Coil coating
Electrical insulation
Appliances
Machinery
Motor vehicles (new)
Aircraft coating
Marine paints
Rail equip, coating
Misc. manufacturing
Industrial maintenance
Aerosols, spec, purpose
Allocation Data
(from the Census)
Population
Employment in SIC 7532
Population
Employment in SIC 2430
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 26
Employment in SIC 341
Employment in SIC 344
Employment in SIC 36
Employment in SIC 363
Employment in SIC 35
Employment in SIC 371
Employment in SIC 372
Employment in SIC 373
Employment in SIC 374
Employment in SIC 20-39
Employment in SIC 20-39
Population
Vapor Degreasing (Conveyorized and Open-Top)
2415105
2415110
2415120
2415125
2415130
2415135
2415140
2415145
Cold Cleaner Degreasing
2415305
2415310
2415320
2415325
2415330
241S335
2415340
2415345
2415355
2415360
2415365
Other Categories
2420010
2420010
2420020
2425000
2430000
2440020
2461021
2461800
2465100
2465200
2465400
2465600
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instrument mfg.
Misc. manufacturing
Furniture
Metallurgical proc.
Fabricated metals
Industrial machinery
Electrical equipment
Transportation equip.
Instruments
Misc. manufacturing
Automobile dealers
Automobile repair
Other
Drycleaning (perc.)
Drycleaning (petroleum)
Coin-op drycleaning
Graphic arts
Rubber/plastics
Adhesives - industrial
Cutback asphalt
Pesticides - farm
Personal products
Household products
Automotive products
Adhesives - Comml.
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 33
Employment in SIC 34
Employment in SIC 35
Employment in SIC 36
Employment in SIC 37
Employment in SIC 38
Employment in SIC 39
Employment in SIC 25
Employment in SIC 33
Employment in SIC 34
Employment in SIC 35
Employment in SIC 36
Employment in SIC 37
Employment in SIC 38
Employment in SIC 39
Employment in SIC 55
Employment in SIC 75
Employment in SIC 22
Employment in SIC 7216
Employment in SIC 7216
Employment in SIC 7215
Employment in SIC 27
Employment in SIC 30
Employment in SIC 20-39
Population
Farm acres treated with sprays
Population
Population
Population
Population
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-160
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-3. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in
Earnings by Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry,
fisheries, and other
Coal mining
Metal mining .
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Food and kindred products
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Tobacco manufactures
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic
products
Leather and leather products
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding
motor vehicles
Motor vehicles and equipment
Stone, clay, and glass products
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries
Railroad transportation
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Local and interurban passenger
transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
SIC 1985 to 1987 1987 to 1988
01,02
07, 08, 09
11
10
14
15
20
22
23
26
27
28
29
21
30
31
24
25
33
34
35
36
37
371
32
38
39
40
42
44
41
45
46
47
48
49
14.67
23.58
-17.46
-3.03
2.33
7.27
1.67
8.50
-1.72
2.62
7.44
1.75
-10.82
-1.97
5.27
-9.39
10.03
6.82
-9.09
-4.52
-5.72
-3.17
8.44
-6.45
-0.23
-0.04
1.84
-14.13
5.63
-8.92
13.45
12.01
-5.21
15.92
1.94
0.07
-2.73
5.43
-6.37
18.01
3.74
4.81
1.34
-0.64
1.25
0.94
5.67
6.94
-3.22
2.43
5.51
-1.64
5.15
2.35
5.32
2.55
6.02
-18.01
-1.57
2.20
-1.61
60.65
6.92
-2.53
3.26
0.07
0.51
4.63
3.67
8.52
0.68
3.05
1 988 to 1 989 1 989 to 1 990
14.58
1.01
-4.16
8.94
-2.79
-1.36
-1.20
-1.39
-1.62
-0.14
-0.81
0.32
-3.02
-2.43
0.68
-3.58
-3.54
-1.46
-0.34
-0.86
-0.32
-1.91
0.55
-2.96
-1.96
-0.82
-2.21
-3.83
-0.20
-1.02
2.14
4.94
-4.93
4.60
-2.81
0.63
-3.11
2.48
4.53
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
-0.24
-4.97
-4.22
-0.39
0.43
1.61
1.06
-5.01
-0.14
-2.55
-3.71
-2.98
-3.03
-1.91
-1.92
-3.22
-1.07
-5.43
-3.19
-2.91
-2.54
-6.03
0.99
2.83
1.44
4.36
3.53
4.97
2.07
0.39
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-161
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-4. Point Source Data Submitted
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia - Atlanta
Urban Airshed (47
counties) domain
Georgia - Rest of
State
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky - Jefferson
County
Kentucky - Rest of
State
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
NewYork
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohfo
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania -
Allegheny County
Pennsylvania -
Philadelphia County
Pennsylvania - Rest
of State
Rhode Island
Data Source/Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
Jefferson County - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - State Format
Allegheny County - County Format
Philadelphia County - County Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
Temporal
Resolution
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Annual
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Year of
Data
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1993
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
Adjustments to Data
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-162
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-4 (continued)
State
Data Source/Format
Temporal
Resolution
Year of
Data Adjustments to Data
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
A1RS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Annual 1991 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Daily 1992 Backcastto.1990 using BEA.
Daily 1990 None
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Daily 1990 None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-163
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization.
-------
Table 4.5-5. Area Source Data Submitted
State
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
Now Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Data Source/Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - Hard copy
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
State - State format
State - State format
State - State Format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AMS- Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
Temporal
Resolution
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Geographic Coveraae
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jacksonville, Miami/
Ft. Lauderdale, Tampa
Atlanta Urban Airshed
(47 Counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Kentucky Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
Baton Rouge Nonattainment
Area (20 Parishes)
Entire State
Entire State
49 Southern Michigan
Counties
St. Louis area (25 counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Adjustments to Data
None
None
None
Added Nonroad emission estimates
from Int. Inventory to Jacksonville
(Duval County)
None
None
Nonroad emissions submitted were
county totals. Nonroad emissions
distributed to specific SCCs based
on Int. Inventory
None
None
None
None
None
Only area source combustion data
was provided. All other area
source data came from Int.
Inventory
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated
Onto
Pennsylvania
State - Hard copy
State - EPS Workfile
Daily Canton, Cleveland Columbus,
Dayton, Toledo, and
Youngstown
Daily Entire State
using default temporal factors.
Assigned SCCs and converted
from kgs to tons. NOX and CO from
Int. Inventory added to Canton,
Dayton, and Toledo counties.
Nonroad emissions submitted were
county totals. Nonroad emissions
distributed to specific SCCs based
on Int. Inventory
Rhoda Island
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
State - EPS Workfile
State - State format
State - State Format
State -EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Entire State
42 Counties in Middle
Tennessee
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charleston, Huntington/
Ashland, and Parkersburg
(5 counties total)
Entire State
None
No nonroad data submitted.
Nonroad emissions added from Int.
Inventory
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-164
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
o
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DC
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UNITS
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LU LU DC
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-165
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-7. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu)
Fuel Type End-User Code 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Population
TPOPP 248,709 252,131 255.025 257.785 259.693 261,602 263,510
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-166
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-8. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 (million $)
Industrv
LNUM
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Total population as of July 1 (thousands)
Farm
Farm
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Metal mining
Coal mining
Oil and gas extraction
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Construction
Construction
Construction
Manufacturing
Durable goods
Lumber and wood products
Furniture and fixtures
Stone, clay, and glass products
Primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products
Machinery, except electrical
Electric and electronic equipment
Motor vehicles and equipment
Transportation equipment, excluding motor vehicles
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Nondurable goods
Food and kindred products
Tobacco manufactures
Textile mill products
Apparel and other textile products
Paper and allied products
Printing and publishing
Chemicals and allied products
Petroleum and coal products
Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products
Leather and leather products
Leather and leather products
Railroad transportation
020
030
040
041
045
046
047
050
060
070
071
072
081
082
090
100
110
120
121
122
123
200
210
220
230
240
300
310
320
330
400
410
413
417
420
423
426
429
432
435
438
441
444
450
453
456
459
462
465
468
471
474
477
480
500
510
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
999
1,2
1,2
1,2
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
10
11, 12
13
14
15-17
15-17
15-17
15-17
998
996
. 24
25
32
'33
34
35
36
i371
!37
38
39
997
20
21
22
23
26
27
28
29
30
31
31
40
0
1
3,634
238
3,395
971
735
2,932
321
381
34
347
48
3,586
3,001
24
20
4
1
2
1
36
2
8
20
4
218
54
29
135
710
437
22
13
20
33
51
86
63
41
54
43
11
273
51
3
16
20
28
54
61
9
27
3
243
12
0
1
3,593
242
3,350
947
791
2,891
331
370
28
342
41
3,552
2,957
24
20
3
1
2
1
37
3
8
22
4
197
47
28
123
690
418
21
12
18
30
48
83
62
38
52
42
11
272
51
3
16
20
27
54
63
9
26
3
245
12
0
1
3,732
248
3,483
907
858
2,975
351
405
34
372
46
3,686
3,079
24
21
3
1
2
1
36
3
8
21
4
195
46
28
121
705
423
22
13
19
31
49
83
62
42
50
42
11
281
52
3
17
20
28
55
66
10
28
2
251
13
0
1
3,785
253
3,531
914
888
3,003
371
410
32
378
45
3,740
3,126
24
22
3
0
2
1
34
2
6
21
4
199
47
27
125
705
424
22
13
19
30
49
84
63
46
45
40
12
282
52
2
17
19
28
56
65
9
29
3
260
12
0
1
3,891
265
3,626
934
912
3,082
383
426
29
396
42
3,849
3,228
26
23
3
1
2
1
35
2
6
21
4
216
51
29
136
725
440
24
14
20
32
51
86
65
53
43
40
12
285
53
2
17
19
29
57
65
10
30
3
269
12
0
1
4,011
273
3,737
980
951
3,182
394
436
18
418
31
3,980
3,353
27
24
3
1
2
1
35
2
6
21
4
219
51
29
138
740
452
25
14
20
33
53
90
68
56
42
40
12
288
53
3
17
19
29
58
67
9
31
2
277
12
0
1
4,086
280
3,805
981
994
3,231
408
447
16
432
29
4,058
3,423
27
25
3
1
1
1
35
3
6
21
4
219
50
29
139
747
456
25
14
20
32
53
91
69
60
39
39
12
291
54
3
17
19
29
59
68
9
31
2
283
12
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-167
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-8 (continued)
Indtistrv
LNUM
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Trucking and warehousing
Water transportation
Water transportation
Local and Interurban passenger transit
Transportation by air
Pipelines, except natural gas
Transportation services
Communication
Electric, gas, and sanitary services
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Rolalt trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Retail trade
Banking and credit agencies
Banking and credit agencies
Banking and credit agencies
Insurance
Insurance
Real estate
Holding companies and Investment services
Services
Hotels and other lodging places
Personal services
Private households
Business and miscellaneous repair services
Auto repair, services, and garages
Auto repair, services, and garages
Amusement and recreation services
Amusement and recreation services
Health services
Legal services
Educational services
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Social services and membership organizations
Miscellaneous professional services
Government and government enterprises
Federal, civilian
Federal, military
State and local
State and local
State and local
520
530
540
541
542
543
544
560
570
610
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
700
710
730
731
732
733
734
736
800
805
810
815
820
825
830
835
840
845
850
855
860
865
870
875
880
900
910
920
930
931
932
42
44
44
41
45
46
47
48
49
50,51
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
52-59
60,61
60,61
60,61
63,64
63,64
65,66
62,67
995
70
72
88
76
75
75
78,79
78,79
80
81
82
83,86
83,86
83,86
83,86
84, 87, 89
995
43,91,97
992
92-96
92-96
92-96
59
7
48
8
30
1
12
63
49
236
342
18
40
56
55
18
22
76
57
246
82
163
38
56
34
28
8
946
31
33
10
170
29
15
29
16
290
80
39
29
1
35
125
14
585
118
50
417
125
292
58
7
49
8
30
1
13
63
52
231
335
18
38 .
56
54
18
20
78
54
247
81
166
40
59
33
25
10
951
31
32
9
162
28
13
30
16
304
80
41
31
1
36
121
• 14
594
120
50
425
128
297
60
7
50
9
31
1
14
64
53
238
342
18
39
57
54
18
19
80
57
280
86
194
50
61
33
36
14
1,008
32
33
10
175
28
13
34
16
325
85
42
34
1
36
127
15
607
123
51
433
128
305
62
6
51
9
31
1
14
67
56
235
347
19
39
56
56
18
19
82
57
290
89
201
53
62
34
43
10
1,032
33
36
10
180
30
14
33
17
330
84
44
35
1
38
130
15
613
124
48
441
130
311
66
6
50
9
31
1
15
71
56
242
359
20
40
57
60
18
21
85
59
291
89
202
51
63
36
44
9
1,066
33
36
10
191
31
14
35
18
341
84
45
38
2
40
132
17
621
125
45
451
134
317
69
6
52
10
31
1
16
75
56
255
372
21
41
58
62
18
22
88
62
302
90
212
55
63
37
47
10
1,128
35
36
11
213
33
15
37
20
355
85
46
40
2
41
141
18
626
123
44
459
136
323
71
6
53
10
31
1
17
78
57
258
378
21
41
58
64
18
22
90
63
313
91
221
58
65
38
51
10
1,164
36
37
11
221
34
15
39
20
368
86
48
42
2
42
145
19
635
124
43
468
138
330
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-168
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-170
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-171
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-12. Point Source SCC to Pod Match-up
sec
40100101
40100102
40100103
40100104
40100105
40100198
40100201
40100202
40100203
40100204
40100205
40100206
40100207
40100221
40100222
40100223
40100224
40100225
40100235
40100236
40100251
40100252
40100253
40100254
40100255
40100256
40100257
40100258
40100259
40100275
40100295
40100296
40100297
40100298
40100299
40100301
40100302
40100303
40100304
40100305
40100306
40100307
40100308
40100309
40100310
POD
91
92
91
92
93
93
61
65
65
65
65
61
65
62
66
66
66
66
62
62
61
65
65
65
65
61
65
61
61
61
62
62
61
62
61
6"3
63
63
63
63
61
63
63
63
63
SCC
40188898
40199999
40200101
40200110
40200301
40200310
40200401
40200410
40200501
40200510
40200601
40200610
40200701
40200706
40200707
40200710
40200801
40200802
40200803
40200810
40200898
40200998
40201001
40201002
40201003
40201004
40201101
40201103
40201105
40201112
40201113
40201114
40201115
40201116
40201199
40201201
40201210
40201301
40201303
40201304
40201305
40201399
40201401
40201404
40201405
POD
63
63
33
33
34
34
33
40
33
33
33
33
36
36
36
36
35
35
35
35
35
33
88
88
88
88
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
SCC
40201505
40201531
40201599
40201601
40201602
40201603
40201604
40201605
40201606
40201607
40201608
40201609
40201619
40201620
40201621
40201622
40201623
40201625
40201626
40201627
40201628
40201629
40201631
40201632
40201699
40201702
40201703
40201704
40201705
40201721
40201722
40201723
40201724
40201725
40201726
40201727
40201728
40201731
40201732
40201734
40201735
40201799
40201801
40201803
40201805
POP
37
SCC
40202031
37 40202033
37
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
37
37
37
40202099
40202101
40202103
40202104
40202105
40202106
40202107
40202108
40202109
40202131
40202132
40202133
40202199
40202201
40202202
40202203
40202205
40202299
40202301
40202302
40202305
40202306
40202399
40202401.
40202402
40202403
40202405
40202406
40202499
40202501
40202502
40202503
40202504
40202505
40202531
40202532
40202533
40202534
40202537
40202598
40202599
40202601
40202605
POD
37
37
37
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
38
38
38
38
38
132
132
132
132
132
52
52
52
52
52
52
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
SCC
4050021 1
40500212
40500299
40500301
40500303
40500304
40500305
40500306
40500307
4050031 1
40500312
40500314
40500401
4050041 1
40500412
40500413
40500414
40500416
40500418
40500501
40500502
40500503
40500506
40500507
40500510
4050051 1
40500512
40500513
40500514
40500598
40500599
40500601
40500701
40500801
4050081 1
40500812
40588801
40588802
40588803
40588804
40588805
49000101
49000103
49000105
49000199
POD
180
180
180
181
186
186
186
186
186
181
181
181
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
183
183
186
186
186
186
183
183
183
183
183
183
184
187
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
188
85
85
85
85
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-172
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-12 (continued)
scc_
POD SCO
POD SCC
POP SCC
POD SCC
POD
40100335
40100336
40100398
40100399
40100499
40100550
40188801
40188802
40188805
49000499
49000501
6340201406
6340201431
6340201432
6340201433
6340201435
6340201499
6340201501
6340201502
6340201503
85 49000599
8549090013
3740201806
3740201899
3740201901
3740201903
3740201904
3740201999
37 40202001
37 40202002
37 40202005
85 49090023
85
37 40202606
37 40202607
39 40202699
3940290013
3940500101
3940500199
.37 40500201
37 40500202
37 40500203
85 49099998
37 49000201
37 49000202
37 49000203
88 49000204
18949000205
18949000206
18049000299
18649000399
18649000401
85 49099999
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
85
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-173
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.5-13. Area Source VOC Controls by SCC and Pod
POD
211
211
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
241
250
251
272
272
POD VOC
211
241
250
251
272
SCC SOURCE
2420010055 Dry Cleaning - perchloroethylene
2420000055 Dry Cleaning - perchloroethylene
2415305000 Cold cleaning
241 531 0000 Cold cleaning
2415320000 Cold cleaning
2415325000 Cold cleaning
2415330000 Cold cleaning
2415335000 Cold cleaning
2415340000 Cold cleaning
2415345000 Cold cleaning
2415355000 Cold cleaning
2415360000 Cold cleaning
2415365000 Cold cleaning
2401 075000 Aircraft surface coating
2401 080000 marine surface coating
2461 021 000 Cutback Asphalt
2461020000 Cutback Asphalt
PODNAME
Dry Cleaning - perchloroethylene
Cold cleaning
Aircraft surface coating
marine surface coating
Cutback Asohalt
MEASURE
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
MACT
Switch to emulsified (CTG)
Switch to emulsified (CTG)
APPLICABLE
National
National
National
National
Marainal+
PCTRD96
44.0
44.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
35.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
Note(s): A pod is a group of SCCs with similar emissions and process characteristics for which common control measures (i.e.,
emission reductions) can be applied.
cost and
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document far 1900-1996
4-174
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
4.6 ON-ROAD VEHICLES
The "On-road Vehicle" heading includes the following Tier I and Tier n categories:
Tier I Category Tier IE Category
(11) On-road Vehicles
All
On-road vehicle emissions were calculated using a consistent methodology for all years from 1970
through 1996. Emissions were calculated by month, county, road type, and vehicle type for each of these
years. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and carbon monoxide
(CO) were calculated using monthly state-level emission factors from MOBILESa for the years 1970 to
1994 and MOBILE5b for the years 1995 and 1996 by vehicle type while particulate matter less than
10 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM-10), ammonia (NH3) and particulate matter less than
2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter (PM-2.5) (1990 to 1996), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions were
calculated using national annual emission factors by vehicle type. This section of the procedures
document discusses the methodology used for calculating on-road vehicle emissions.
The activity factor that is used to estimate on-road vehicle emissions is vehicle miles traveled
(VMT). The first section of this chapter discusses the development of the VMT data base. The next
section of this chapter discusses the development of the inputs used for the MOBILE modeling.
Estimation of the PM-10, PM-2.5, and SO2 emission factors are discussed next followed by NH3.
Finally, the emission calculation procedure is discussed.
4.6.1 VMT
Using state totals for each year, VMT were allocated by county, roadway type, and vehicle type for
each year between 1970 and 1996. Each state and county combination in the output files has 96 assigned
source classification codes (SCCs) representing the 6 rural and 6 urban roadway types, and 8 vehicles
types. The methodology used for calculating VMT from (1) 1980 to 1995 differs from the methodology
used for calculation of mileage totals from (2) 1970 to 1979 and for (3) 1996. Each of the three
approaches is described separately below.
4.6.1.1 Background on Highway Performance Monitoring System
The following sections describe the information contained within Highway Performance
Monitoring System (HPMS)1 which is used to create the county/roadway type/vehicle type level VMT
data file, and the problems with using this information.
4.6.1.1.1 Description of HPMS —
The HPMS is a national data collection and reporting system administered by the U.S. Department
of Transportation (DOT), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in cooperation with state highway
programs. The HPMS contains data on the mileage, extent, and usage of the various functional road
systems, the condition and performance of pavements, physical attributes of roads, road capacity and
improvement needs, and other-data important to the structural integrity and operation of the nation's
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-175
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
road systems. The data that make up HPMS are submitted to FHWA annually by each state highway
program.
The HPMS has three main data components: (1) the universe data base, (2) the sample data base
(a subset of the universe data base), and (3) the areawide data base. The universe data base contains a
complete inventory of all mileage for all functional systems, except local roads. The sample data base
contains more detailed information for a subset of the highway sections in the universe data base. Each
record in the sample data base is part of a sample panel which can be expanded to represent the universe
of highway mileage. The areawide data base contains annual state-level summaries of the major
components of HPMS. Most of the state-level data in the areawide data base are divided into rural,
small urban, and individualized urban area components. Table 4.6-1 illustrates the main data
components of HPMS and the type of data they contain.
The travel data in HPMS are of great interest in estimating VMT. HPMS travel data are based on
samples of daily traffic counts taken at various points in a state's roadway network. These daily traffic
counts are expanded to annual average daily traffic (AADT). To calculate VMT for a specific section of
road, the AADT for that section of road is multiplied by the road length.2
4.6.1.1.2 Problems with Using HPMS to Estimate VMT—
There are several complexities associated with using HPMS data to estimate VMT for this
inventory. The county is the basic geographic unit in the 1990 Emission Trends inventory, while all data
in HPMS are divided into rural, small urban, and individualized urban geographic areas. In order to use
the HPMS data, a mechanism to distribute VMT from a rural, small urban, and individual urban area
level to a county level had to be developed. In addition, the level of detail of reporting in the sample
data base (the most detailed data base which contained VMT information) varied from state to state.
Some states reported data for each individual urban area, some states reported data for all individual
urban areas together, and some states reported data separately for some individual urban areas and
reported data for the remaining individual urban areas together. This made distributing VMT from the
sample data base to counties a difficult task. In the areawide data base, however, all states reported data
for individual urban areas separately. Finally, travel data for local road systems were only contained in
the areawide data base. Therefore, the areawide data base was used to generate county-level VMT
estimates. The methodology used to generate county-level VMT estimates is described below.
4.6.1.2 Distribution of HPMS VMT, 1980 to 1995
The FHWA supplied the latest mileage and daily travel summary areawide records that were
reported for the HPMS for the period 1980 through 1995. The HPMS files contain state-level
summaries of miles of daily travel by functional system and by rural, small urban (population of 5,000 to
49,999), and individual urban (population of 50,000 and more) areas. Rural daily VMT (DVMT) is
provided on a state level for the following six roadway types: principal arterial-interstate, other principal
arterial, minor arterial, major collector, minor collector, and local. Small urban and urban area DVMT
are provided for the following six roadway types: principal arterial - interstate, principal arterial - other
freeways and expressways, other principal arterial, minor arterial, collector, and local.
VMT from the HPMS areawide data base was distributed to counties based on each county's rural,
small urban, and urban area population. Two tables in the Bureau of the Census 1980 Number of
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-176
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Inhabitants (CNOI) documents3 were used as the source for population data for the years 1980 to 1994.
The 1980 population data had to be used to allocate the VMT because the Census Urbanized Area
boundaries were changed for the 1990 census. Although not exactly the same, the large urban area
boundaries used in HPMS are based on the 1980 Census Urbanized Area boundaries. Use of the 1990
Census Urbanized Area boundaries would prevent a one-to-one match between HPMS large, urban-area
VMT and urbanized area population, making VMT distribution difficult.
The two CNOI tables used to distribute VMT to counties are:
Table 3: Population of Counties by Urban and Rural
Residence. This table lists the urban population
living inside census-defined urban areas, the urban
population living outside census-defined urban
areas, and the rural population for each county.
Table 13: Population of Urban Areas. This table divides an
urban area's population among the counties that
contain portions of that urban area.
County-level rural VMT, small urban VMT, and urbanized area VMT were calculated separately
using the following methodology. The methodology described below was performed for each functional
road system.
4.6.1.2.1 Rural VMT—
To calculate rural VMT by county, two steps were followed. First, the percentage of the state's
rural population in each county was calculated using county rural population data from CNOI Table 3.
Next, each county's rural VMT was calculated by distributing state rural VMT from the HPMS areawide
data base, based on the percentage of the state's rural population in each county using Equation 4.6-1.
VMT
POP
pr
«,<-.
X
R,C
POP
(Eq. 4.6-1)
R,S
where:
VMT =
POP,
POP,
R,S
R,C
'R,S
Rural VMT in county C (calculated)
Rural VMT, state total (HPMS)
Rural-population in county C (CNOI)
Rural population, state total (CNOI)
4.6.1.2.2 Small Urban VMT—
A similar methodology was used to calculate each county's small urban VMT. First, the percentage
of the state's small urban population in each county was calculated using county urban population living
outside census-defined urbanized areas from CNOI Table 3. Next, each county's small urban VMT was
calculated by distributing state small urban VMT from the HPMS areawide data base based on the
percentage of the state's small urban population in each county using Equation 4.6-2.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-177
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
VMT
POP
-rrr
SU,C
X
su,c
p/")p
(Eq. 4.6-2)
su,s
where: VMTSUC
POPSU>C
POPSU)S
= Small urban VMT in county C (calculated)
= Small urban VMT, state total (HPMS)
= Small urban population in county C (CNOI)
= Small urban population, state total (CNOI)
4.6.1.2.3 Urban Area VMT—
The approach for allocating HPMS daily VMT (DVMT) reported for individual urban areas was
slightly different than the approach used to allocate rural and small urban DVMT. Each urban area in
the HPMS file is assigned a unique 3-digit code. To allocate DVMT totals by road type for each
individual urban area, an urban area population file was used which links a given urban area code to the
corresponding population in each component county. Because the boundaries of urban and small urban
areas changed from year to year, there were urban areas in the HPMS input files for which the
population for component counties was not available. In these cases, the VMT for this urban area was
added to the HPMS small urban VMT total by road category and allocated by small urban population
ratios.
For each urban area, the percentage of its population in each county containing a portion of the
urban area was calculated using data from CNOI Table 13. Next, each county's share of an urban area's
VMT was calculated by distributing urban area VMT from the HPMS areawide data base based on the
percentage of the urban area's population in each county using Equation 4.6-3.
POPUAC
VMTUA>C = VMTUA,S x ^^ (Eq. 4.6-3)
POP
UA,S
where: VMTUA>C
POPUA,c
POPUAtS
= Urban area's VMT in county C (calculated)
= Urban area's VMT, state total (HPMS)
= Urban area's population in county C (CNOI)
= Urban area's population, state total (CNOI)
In a few cases, a single county contained parts of more than one urban area. For those counties,
urban VMT was calculated as .the sum of the county's proportion of VMT from each of the large urban
areas in the county and the county's small urban VMT.
4.6.1.2.4 Determining VMT by Roadway Type and Vehicle Type —
The next step in calculating VMT at the county/roadway type/vehicle type level was to allocate the
DVMT totals in 12 rural and urban roadway categories among the 8 MOBILE model vehicle type
categories. For each year between 1980 and 1995, a percentage distribution was calculated for each
vehicle type for both the rural and urban classifications. The first step in the development of this
percentage distribution was to obtain the most recent VMT totals by vehicle type and by year from
FHWA's Highway Statistics.4 Rural and urban VMT in this publication are provided for the following
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-178
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
vehicles types: passenger cars, motorcycles, buses, two-axle/four-tire single-unit trucks, other single-unit
trucks, and combination trucks. (In the years prior to 1990, a VMT breakdown between passenger cars
and motorcycles was not provided. A total VMT for Personal Passenger Vehicles is provided. It was
assumed that the division between passenger car VMT and motorcycle VMT is the same in earlier years
as was reported for 1990.) For each of the six vehicle type categories for which VMT is reported in
Highway Statistics, a percentage of the total was calculated for both rural and urban VMT. To convert
these percentages for the six HPMS categories to the eight MOBILE vehicle type categories, a
breakdown provided by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was used
which reconciles the vehicle class categories used in the HPMS to those used in EPA's MOBILE
model.5 This method of conversion from HPMS categories to MOBILE categories is based on a
matching scheme that allows states to apportion VMT as it is reported in HPMS categories to the eight
MOBILE model vehicle class categories. The apportionment percentages supplied by EPA are shown in
table 4.6-2.
After allocating HPMS DVMT totals by county, roadway category, and vehicle type, the values
were converted to millions of annual VMT. This conversion was done by simply multiplying the
DVMT values by 365, since the DVMT values represent VMT for an average day. Quality assurance
was performed on the output files for each of the years by comparing state totals to the HPMS data
provided by state. (It is important to note that for certain years, slight discrepancies exist between the
HPMS totals and the totals reported in Highway Statistics.) The resulting annual county-level, vehicle,
and roadway type-specific VMT data were temporally allocated to months. Seasonal 1985 National
Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) temporal allocation factors7 were used to apportion
the VMT to the four seasons. Monthly VMT data were pbtained using a ratio between the number of
days in a month and the number of days in the corresponding season. These temporal factors are shown
in table 4.6-3.
4.6.13 Distribution of VMT, 1970 to 1979 and 1996
The methodology for allocating VMT totals for 1970 through 1979 was based on state totals which
were published in FHWA's Highway Statistics 1985. For each year, state totals were allocated by
county, roadway type, and vehicle type using a ratio from the 1980 VMT file for each state/county/SCC
combination expressed as a percentage of the 1980 state total. Quality assurance was performed by
comparing statewide totals for each year's output to the FHWA's state totals.
The 1995 VMT data base was grown to 1996 using preliminary State/roadway type totals for 1996
provided by FHWA.6 To accomplish this, the 1995 VMT data base was first totaled to the State and
roadway type level. Next, the .preliminary 1996 State and roadway type VMT totals provided by FHWA
were divided by the corresponding 1995 VMT totals from the Trends 1995 VMT data base. This
resulted in 1995 and 1996 VMT growth factors at the State and roadway type level. The final step was
to multiply these growth factors by each VMT data point in the 1995 VMT data base, matching by State
and road type. This process is illustrated by Equation 4.6-4.
TRVMT96SCRTyr = TRVMT95SCRTVr *
FHVMT96,
S,RT
(Eq. 4.6-4)
S,RT
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where: TRVMT96SiC.RTiVT =
TRVMT95SiCiRTiVT =
FHVMT96SiRT
TRVMT95
S,RT
Trends 1996 VMT for State S, county C, roadway type RT, and
vehicle type VT (millions of miles per year);
Trends 1995 VMT for State S, county C, roadway type RT, and
vehicle type VT (millions of miles per year);
Federal Highway Administration preliminary 1996 VMT for State S
and roadway type RT (millions of miles per year); and
Trends 1995 VMT total for State S and roadway type RT (millions of
miles per year).
Table 4.6-4 shows the resulting 1995 to 1996 VMT growth factors by State and roadway type calculated
as FHVMT96s;RT/TRVMT95SjRT.
The resulting annual county-level vehicle and roadway type specific VMT data were temporally
allocated to months. Seasonal 1985 NAPAP temporal allocation factors7 were used to apportion the
VMT to the four seasons. Monthly VMT data were obtained using a ratio between the number of days
in a month and the number of days in the corresponding season.
4,6.1.4 State-Provided 1990 VMT
Thirteen of the 38 states supplied VMT estimates covering the entire state, an additional 3 states
supplied VMT estimates covering part of their state, and Emission Trends VMT was used for the
remaining 25 states. Fifteen of the 38 states in the Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG)
Domain supplied MOBILESa input files for all or part of their state and input files developed for the
Interim Inventory were used for the remaining 23 states. Table 4.6-5 lists the state-level daily VMT
totals in the OTAG Inventory. Figure 4.6-1 is a map that displays which states supplied VMT.
4.6.2 Development of VOC, NOX, and CO Emission Factors
EPA's MOBILESa for the years 1970 through 1994 and MOBILESb for the years 1995 and 1996
mobile source emission factor model was used to calculate all emission factors.8 The pollutants modeled
were exhaust VOC, evaporative VOC (which includes resting loss, running loss, and evaporative
emissions), exhaust NOX, and exhaust CO. VOC emissions include aldehydes and hydrocarbons
measured by Flame lonization Detector (FED) testing.
4.6.2,1 Temperature
The temperature data used for Emission Trends inventory included an average daily maximum and
minimum temperature for each state for each month for each year from 1970 to 1996. The data were
obtained on diskette from the National Climatic Data Center.9 A single city was selected from each state
to represent the state's temperature conditions. The cities were selected to be the most representative of
the average conditions within the state, generally either centrally located cities or, in states with a
majority of VMT clustered in one area, the most populous cities. Because of the great variations of
temperature and the wide distribution of VMT throughout California, California was divided into two
geographic regions, with Los Angeles representing the southern and interior portions of the state and San
Francisco representing the northern coastal region of the state. Table 4.6-6 shows the cities that were
used to represent each state's temperature conditions. In cases where temperature data were missing for
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a month or more, 30-year average monthly maximum and minimum temperature values were used from
Statistical Abstracts.10 The allowable temperature range for input to the MOBILE model is 0°F to
100°F for the minimum daily temperatures and 10°F to 110°F for the maximum daily temperatures. In
the few cases where the temperatures fell outside of these ranges, the endpoint of the range was
substituted for the actual temperatures.
4.6.2.2 RVP
This section describes the methodology used to apportion Reid vapor pressure (RVP) values to each
state by month. The steps involved in making these calculations were as follows: (1) assigning a
January and July RVP to each state, and (2) estimating the RVP for the other months for each state. In
some cases, adjustments were then made to the calculated RVP values to eliminate the effects of lower
RVP due to reformulated gasoline in areas not receiving reformulated gasoline. In addition, some states
provided summer RVP data to OTAG that differed from the values calculated here. The procedures
used to account for these factors are described below.
4.6.2.2.1 Apportioning RVP Data to Each State —
The first step in the process of determining monthly RVP values for each state was to assign a
weighted January and July RVP for each year to every state. EPA's Office of Mobile Sources (OMS)
provided spreadsheets of historic RVP data that included the average January and July RVP values
weighted by the market share of each type of gasoline (regular unleaded, intermediate unleaded,
premium unleaded, etc.) from each of the 23 cities included in the American Automobile Manufacturer's
Association (AAMA) fuel surveys.11 These data were provided for each year from 1970 through 1996.
Using these data, January and July RVP values were assigned to each state for each year. This was done
using a listing, provided by OMS, matching each nonattainment area and many Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (MS As) throughout the United States with the corresponding AAMA survey city whose RVP
should be used to represent that nonattainment area. These assignments were based on pipeline
distribution maps and are shown in table 4.6-7. The corresponding January and July weighted RVP
values were then assigned to each of these nonattainment areas. The January or July RVP values for a
given year for all nonattainment areas and listed MS As within a state were then averaged to estimate a
single statewide January or July RVP value. Several states had no nonattainment areas or MS As
included in the OMS cross reference listing. Survey cities were assigned to these states by OMS based
on a combination of location and pipeline maps. These assignments were as follows:
State
Survey City
Idaho Billings, MT and Seattle, WA
Iowa- Minneapolis, MN
Nebraska Kansas City, MO and Minneapolis, MN
North Dakota Minneapolis, MN
South Dakota Minneapolis, MN
Wyoming Billings, MT and Denver, CO
For states where two survey cities are listed, the average of the RVP values for the two survey cities was
used. Alaska and Hawaii were not matched with survey cities but were assigned winter and summer
RVP values based on guidance from OMS. Alaska was assigned a winter RVP value of 14.5 psi and a
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summer RVP value of 12.5 psi while Hawaii was assigned a winter RVP value of 10.0 psi and a summer
RVP value of 9.5 psi. These assignments applied for each year from 1970 through 1996.
4.6.2.2.2 Estimating Monthly RVP for Each State —
The next step in the process of allocating RVP values was to estimate statewide RVP values for the
remaining months based on the January and July RVP values. The ASTM schedule of seasonal and
geographical volatility classes was used as the basis for the RVP allocation by month.12 This schedule
assigns one or two volatility classes to each state for each month of the year. Volatility classes are
designated by a letter (A through E), with A being the least volatile. Several states are divided into two
or more regions, with each region having its own set of volatility class guidelines. The MOBILE4
User's Guide13 provides guidance on which ASTM class to assign to each state for each month when
more than one region is included for a state, or when two ASTM classes are listed for a given state in a
given month. This guidance was followed here to select a single ASTM class for each state and month.
The MOBILE4 User's Guide also lists RVP limits that correspond to each ASTM class. These RVP
limits are as follows:
ASTM class A
ASTM class B
ASTM class C
ASTM class D
ASTM class E
9.0
10.0
11.5
13.5
15.0
psi
psi
psi
psi
psi
The January ASTM class designation was assigned to the January RVP value calculated for each state
and the July ASTM class designation was assigned to the July RVP value calculated for each state.
Other months with the same ASTM class designation as either January or July were assigned the January
or July RVP value for that state. The RVP values for months with intermediate ASTM class
designations were calculated by interpolation using the January and July RVP values and the ASTM
class RVP limits. Equation 4.6-5 was used for this interpolation.
IM = [(M - SA) x (WM - SM) I (WA - SA)] + SM
(Eq. 4.6-5)
where: JM
WM
SM
IA
WA
SA
Intermediate month's (not January or July) RVP value
Winter (January) RVP value
Summer (July) RVP value
Intermediate month's (not-January or July) ASTM RVP limit
Winter (January) ASTM RVP limit
Summer (July) ASTM RVP limit
Calculations were made for each intermediate month for each state. Starting in 1989, summer RVP
values were limited by EPA's Phase I RVP limits and in 1995 by the Phase JJ RVP limits. After the May
through September RVP values were calculated for each state using the procedure above, the values
were replaced by the state-specific monthly Phase I (for 1989 to 1991) or the Phase JJ (for 1992 through
1996) limit if the corresponding limit was lower than the calculated monthly RVP value.
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4.6.2.2.3 Eliminating RVP Effects of Reformulated Gasoline, 1995 and 1996—
Several of the AAMA survey cities are areas that received reformulated gasoline in 1995 and 1996.
Because the July RVP of reformulated gasoline is almost always lower than the July RVP values of
regular gasoline that would be sold in the same geographic area, using a reformulated gasoline survey
city to represent RVP values for areas receiving regular gasoline would give inappropriately low RVP
values for these areas. To rectify this situation, for each of the AAMA survey cities receiving
reformulated gasoline in 1995 and 1996, OMS provided a substitute survey city to use when calculating
the July RVP values of areas without reformulated gasoline.14 This substitute survey city assignment is
shown in table 4.6-8. The procedure discussed above for determining state-level July RVP values in
states that receive both reformulated gasoline and regular gasoline was modified to determine separate
RVP values for both types of areas. To calculate the July RVP of regular gasoline in the state, the RVP
of the substitute survey cities replaced the RVP of the original survey cities and the RVP was
recalculated. This value was then used for areas in the state that did not receive reformulated gasoline.
4.6.2.2.4 State-Supplied RVP Data —
Some states supplied summer 1995 RVP data for OTAG that differed from the values calculated
using the methodology discussed above. In these cases, the calculated 1995 and 1996 RVP values for
the months from May through September were replaced by the state-supplied data. In some cases, the
state-supplied data varied within a state. These distinctions were maintained in the Trends modeling.
The resultant 1995 and 1996 monthly RVP data for all areas are shown in tables 4.6-9 and 4.6-10,
respectively.
4.6.2.3 Speed
Representative national speeds were developed for each vehicle type/roadway type combination.
Average overall speed data, output from the HPMS impact analysis were obtained for the years 1987
through 1990.l The average overall speed for each vehicle type varied less than one mile per hour
(MPH) over the four-year span. Therefore, the speed data from 1990 were used for all years from 1970
to 1996. Table 4.6-11 lists the average overall speed output for 1990 from the HPMS impact analysis.
To determine the actual speeds to use in modeling the emission factors, HPMS vehicle types were
chosen to represent the speeds for each MOBILE vehicle type:
• passenger cars — used for light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs), light-duty
diesel vehicles (LDDVs) and motorcycles (speeds for small and large cars were
the same)
• pickup trucks and vans — used for light-duty gasoline truck 1 (LDGT1 [trucks
less than 6,000 Ibs in weight]), JJDGT2 (6,000 to 8,500 Ibs in weight), light-
duty diesel trucks (LDDTs)
• multi-trailer trucks with five or more axles — used for heavy-duty gasoline
vehicles (HDGVs) and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs)
To reduce the number of speeds to be modeled, the HPMS speeds were rounded to the nearest
5 MPH. Local speeds, which were not included in the HPMS impact analysis output, were assumed to
be the same as minor collector speeds for rural roads and collector speeds for urban roads. Table 4.6-12
lists the average speed used for each road type/vehicle type combination. No state-supplied speed data
were used in the Trends calculations.
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It is recognized that the abolition of the national speed limit in 1995 may have caused overall
speeds to increase, particularly on rural interstates. However, little data are currently available to assess
the impacts of the change in speed limits on actual travel speeds. In addition, the maximum speed that
can be modeled in MOBILE 5b is 65 MPH, so that even if the speed data were available, emission
factors for these higher speeds could not currently be modeled with MOBEJESb.
4.6.2.4 Operating Mode
All MOBILE runs at all speeds were made using the operating mode assumptions of the Federal
Test Procedure (FTP) with the exception of Maryland and Texas, as described below. With the FTP,
20.6 percent of all VMT is accumulated in the cold start mode (or Bag 1 of the FTP), 27.3 percent of all
VMT is accumulated in the hot start mode (or Bag 3 of the FTP), and 52.1 percent of all VMT is
accumulated in the hot stabilized mode (or Bag 2 of the FTP).
Two states supplied their own data on operating modes—Maryland and Texas. These state-
supplied operating modes were substituted for the default FTP operating mode in the 1995 and 1996
MOBILESb input files for these states. The operating mode data modeled for these two states are shown
in table 4.6-13.
4.6.2.5 Altitude
The entire states of Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah were modeled as high altitude areas.
All other states were modeled as low altitude areas.
4.6.2.6 Registration Distribution/Month
A national registration distribution was included in all of the MOBILE input files. These
registration distributions varied by calendar year and show the fraction of vehicles registered in the given
calendar year by model year. Separate registration distributions are developed for each vehicle type
(with a single registration distribution for light duty gasoline and diesel vehicles and a single registration
distribution for light duty gasoline trucks I and light duty diesel trucks). Registration distributions
developed under earlier Emission Trends work assignments were used for calendar years 1970 through
1994. New registration distributions were developed under this assignment for 1995 and 1996.-
The main difference between the 1991 registration distribution and those of previous years is the
expansion from a 20-year distribution to a 25-year distribution. In addition to the development of the
1991 distribution, data used in the development of the 1990 registration distribution were updated with
more current vehicle sales figures. All registration distributions for the years 1980 through 1990 were
also expanded to a 25-year range.
The specific procedures used in each of the steps outlined above are discussed in detail in the
following sections. In some cases, the methods used for this version of Emission Trends inventory
correspond to procedures used in previous years, while in other cases, improvements have been made to
the estimation procedure. Both old and new methods are documented below.
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Vehicle registration distributions for 1991 through 1996 were developed using a dBase computer
program. (This program was developed to perform the computations that had been done for earlier
Emission Trends inventory in a spreadsheet model.) This registration distribution program estimates the
distribution of vehicles operating by model year in 1991 through 1996 for each of the eight MOBILE
vehicle types. For automobiles, the registration distribution is based on the number of cars in operation
by model year as reported in AAMA's Facts and Figures 1996n and sales data from Automotive News'
Market Data Book 1996.15 For each of the five MOBILE truck classes, the distribution is based on sales
figures from AAMA and Automotive News, as well as the number of trucks in operation by model year
from AAMA. For motorcycles, the registration distribution for these three years did not change from
previous years; this distribution was taken from the default distribution from the previous Emission
Trends procedures, which covered a 12-model-year range. The specific procedure used to calculate the
registration distribution for automobiles and trucks is discussed below.
4.6.2.6.1 Automobiles —
AAMA's Facts and Figures 1996 lists the number of cars in operation by model year. The most
recent calendar year for which data are available from this source is 1995. The number of cars in
operation in 1995 for each model year from 1980 through 1995 was used as a preliminary estimate of the
number of cars from these model years operating in 1995. (These will be updated in the next version of
Emission Trends inventory by AAMA's actual estimates for the 1996 calendar year.)
The earliest model year for which data were given on the number of cars operating in 1995 was the
1980 model year. The figure given for the number of model year 1980 cars operating in 1995 is actually
an aggregate figure of the number of cars from 1980 and all earlier model years still operating in 1995.
A methodology was developed to distribute the cars operating from model year 1980 and earlier years
over the remaining 9 years required for developing a 25-year registration distribution. To do this, a
formula was derived using automobile survival rates to project estimates of operation for these older cars
by model year to 1996.16 Based on AAMA data for previous years, the number of cars from each model
year from 1971 through 1980 still in operation in 1996 was estimated using Equation 4.6-6.
Model YearN Cars in Operation in Yearl996= Ax —
B
(Eq. 4.6-6)
where:
A
B
C
Year
N
AAMA number of Model YearN Cars Operating in YearY
Survival rate for ageY. N
Survival rate for age1996.N
Last calendar year for which an estimate is available for this particular model
year (as of July 1)
Most current model year for which 'Number of Automobiles in Operation' are
available
For example, in calculating the 1995 registration distribution, the most recent calendar year
for which data on the number of 1976 model year cars still in operation is available is 1990. Facts
and Figures indicates that 2.981 million 1976 model year cars were operating in 1990. The car
survival rate from 1976 to 1995 (19 years of survival) is 0.10130.16 The car survival rate from
1976 to 1990 (14 years of survival) is 0.32221.16 Thus, of the 2.981 million 1976 model year cars
that survived to 1990, it is expected that 31 percent (0.10130/0.32221) or 0.937 million will survive
to 1995.
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To develop an estimate of the number of 1996 model year cars operating in 1996, the number of
1995 registrations of model year 1995 automobiles was multiplied by 0.75, since by July 1, three-
quarters of the car model year had passed (new model year automobiles are generally released in
October).
Using this complete set of automobile registrations by model year for the 25-year period from 1972
to 1996, the registration distribution was calculated by dividing the number of cars in operation by
model year by the total number of cars operating over the 25-year period. This process was repeated to
develop a registration distribution for 1991 through 1995. The only difference for these years is that the
number of cars in operation in the most recent model year was available from AAMA for these previous
years and therefore, no projections of the number of cars in operation were made for the latest model
year.
4.6.2.6.2 Trucks —
For each truck type, the 1995 registration distribution was calculated with truck sales figures by
type and model year, which were weighted by the distribution of truck registrations (the total over all
truck types) from AAMA's Facts and Figures 1996. The basic methodology for calculating this
distribution is outlined below.
The first step was to determine 1995 truck sales by MOBILE5b truck category. (Sales figures for
years prior to 1995 were not changed from those used in calculating previous years' registration
distributions.) Because AAMA's truck categories do not directly correspond to the categories used in •
MOBILESb. The method described below was used for allocating sales from AAMA's weight class
categories to the MOBILE truck categories. The data needed for the 1995 model year for each of the
formulas listed below were obtained from Facts and Figures 1996. The sales data for the earlier model
years needed for a 1995 registration distribution were already calculated for registration distributions
prepared for previous Trends inventories, and used similar data from earlier versions of Facts and
Figures. The equations used to estimate sales for each MOBILESb truck category are listed below. The
formulas used for the 1991 through 1996 distribution are shown in Equations 4.6-7 through 4.6-11.
LDGT1 = RetailSales (domestic+ imporf)(f)_6ombs)- Diesel Factory Sales (0_6i000lbs) (Eq. 4.6-7)
10012-hs?-vcc-
M - (0.05 x
CP) -
Diesel
Factory
Sales
(Eq. 4.6-8)
(6,000-10,000#w)
where: VCC
M
CP
= Retail sales of van cutaway chassis
= Retail sales of multi-stops
= Retail sales of conventional pickups
BOOT - (VCC + M . [0.05 x CP\6m.lomlta
- 4.6-9)
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LDDT = DieselFactorySales(Q_6Qmbs} + (0.1QxDieselFactorySales\6QQQ_wombs) (Eq. 4.6-10)
HDDT = [0.9 x (Diesel Factory Sales\6t000_wombs)] + S (Diesel Factory Sales\>WKlbs) (Eq. 4.6-11)
Once AAMA sales data for the 1995 model year were converted into sales data by MOBILESb
truck categories, the fraction of total 1995 truck sales in each of these five MOBILESb truck categories
was calculated. This was done for each model year-from 1971 through 1994, using data from earlier
versions of Facts and Figures.
Next, a full 25-year distribution of trucks in operation in 1995 by model year from the 1971 through
the 1995 model years was calculated. AAMA listed the total number of trucks (of all types) in operation
by model year in 1995 back to 1981. All trucks in operation from model years 1980 and earlier were
provided as an aggregate figure. The total number of trucks in operation from 1980 and earlier model
years was distributed to each model year from 1971 to 1980 using the method described above for
distributing the figure of cars in operation from the 1980 and earlier model years to the same set of
model years. The survival rates used for distributing the number of trucks in operation were specific to
trucks, rather than cars.
Using the fraction of truck sales by truck type for each of the 25 model years needed and the
number of total trucks in operation in 1995 for each of the 25 model years needed, separate 1995
registration distributions were calculated for each truck type. This was accomplished by multiplying the
total number of trucks in operation in 1995 in a given model year by the fraction of truck sales of the
specified truck type in the given model year. For example, Equation 4.6-12 shows how the number of
1990 model year LDGTls operating in 1995 was calculated.
1990 Model Year LDGTls
Operating in 1995
Total Model Year 1990
1990 Model Year LDGTls Sold
Trucks Operating in 1995 Total 1990 Model Year Trucks Sold
(Eq. 4.6-12)
This process was applied to all five truck types for model years 1971 through 1995. With the number of
trucks in operation 1995 by truck type and model year, the 1995 registration distribution for each truck
type was calculated by dividing the number of trucks operating in 1995 from a given model year by the
total number of trucks operating in 1995 for that particular truck category.
The 1996 truck registration distributions were projected from the data calculated for the 1995 truck
registration distributions. The calculated numbers of trucks in operation in 1995 for each truck class by
model year were projected to the numbers of trucks in operation in 1996 for each truck class by model
year by multiplying the number of trucks in operation in 1995 by truck survival rates (Miaou, 1990) to
obtain the corresponding numbers that would have survived to 1996. This is the same as the process
used to project the 1995 car registration distribution to 1996. As with the procedure for cars, estimates
of the number of 1995 and 1996 model year trucks operating in 1996 were calculated separately. All of
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the 1995 model year trucks would not have been sold by the end of the 1995 calendar year. Therefore,
the number of 1995 model year trucks operating in 1996 should represent an increase over the number of
1995 trucks operating in 1995, and a survival rate of 1995 cars to 1996 should be factored in. Truck
sales for 1996 were estimated as 50 percent of the 1995 sales figures for each of the truck categories.
(The truck model year is assumed to start in January, so half of the model year trucks would be sold by
July 1.) As with the development of the 1995 truck registration distributions, the last step in calculating
the 1996 truck registration distribution was to divide the number of trucks in operation in each model
year by the total number of estimated trucks in operation in 1996.
The PARTS modeling requires that user-supplied registration distributions include a separate
distribution for each of the five HDDV subcategories (Class2B HDDVs, Light HDDVs, Medium
HDDVs, Heavy HDDVs, and Buses). The procedures described above were used to calculate the
distributions for these additional vehicle subcategories. The table below shows how the sales for each of
these five HDDV categories were calculated. All of the relevant sales data came from Facts and
Figures. Once the sales data were extracted for each of these HDDV categories, the above procedures
were applied individually to each category to obtain the five separate HDDV registration distributions
required by PARTS.
Truck Class
Data Used to Calculate Truck Sales
2B HDDVs
Light HDDVs
Medium HDDVs
Heavy HDDVs
Buses
0.90 *U.S. Factory Sales of Diesel Trucks 6,001 to 10,000 Ib GVWR
U.S. Factory Sales of Diesel Trucks 10,001 to 19,500 Ib GVWR
U.S. Factory Sales of Diesel Trucks 19,501 to 33,000 Ib GVWR
U.S. Factory Sales of Diesel Trucks 33,001 Ib GVWR - Factory Bus Sales
Factory Bus Sales
Registration distributions input to MOBILESa should be expressed as a July 1 registration
distribution. Internally, the model can than adjust this registration distribution to represent either a
January 1 or a July 1 registration distribution, depending on the user selected setting of the month flag.
When modeling months from January through June, the month flag within the MOBILESa input files
was set to "1" to simulate January registration distributions. For months from July through December,
the flag was set to "2" to model July registration distribution.
4.6.2.6.3 Local Registration Distributions for 1990,1995, and 1996—
For the 1990,1995, and 1996 MOBELESb modeling, the national registration distributions were
replaced in some states by state-provided data. The state-provided data were extracted from the
registration distributions provided by the states for the OTAG modeling. In some states, a single
registration distribution applied to the entire state. In other states, different registration distributions
applied to different groupings of counties, such as nonattainment areas or MS As. Since these
state-provided registration distributions did not vary by year, the same distributions were applied in 1995
and 1996. All of the state-supplied registration distributions included only a single distribution for
HDDVs, since they were all created for use with MOBILE. To use the state-supplied distributions in
PARTS, the HDDV distributions were replicated for each of the PARTS HDDV subcategories.
Figure 4.6-1 shows each state-supplied registration distribution used in the Trends modeling, in
MOBILESb format. Along with each distribution is a list of the state or counties that the distribution
was applied to.
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4.6.2.7 MONTH Flag
Registration distributions input to MOBTT,F,5b are expressed as July 1 registration distributions.
Internally, the model then adjusts this registration distribution to represent either a January 1 or a July 1
registration distribution, depending on the user selected setting of the MONTH flag. When modeling
months from January through June, the MONTH flag within the MOBILESb input files was set to "1" to
simulate January registration distributions. For months from July through December, the flag was set to
"2" to model July registration distributions.
4.6.2.8 Additional Area Specific Inputs from OTAG
In addition to the inputs discussed above, several additional MOBJJLE5b inputs were supplied by the
states for the OTAG modeling and incorporated into the Trends MQBTLESb input files. These inputs
are listed below followed by the states that provided the inputs:
• trip length distributions (DC, MD, TX, and VA)
• alcohol fuel market shares (GA, IL, IN, MI, MO, and WI)
• diesel sales shares (DE, MD, and VA)
The state-supplied trip length distribution data were applied in 1995,1996, and the projection years.
Table 4.6-17 summarizes the state-supplied trip length distribution data. The alcohol fuel market share
data were applied only in the 1995 and 1996 modeling. Table 4.6-18 lists the alcohol fuel market share
data supplied by and modeled for the listed states. As with the alcohol fuel data, the state-supplied
diesel sales shares were modeled only in 1995 and 1996. Table 4.6-19 shows the diesel sales data
modeled for the listed states. For all other states, the MOBILESb model defaults were assumed for these
variables.
4.6.2.9 Control Program Inputs
4.6.2.9.1 Inspection and Maintenance (I/M) Programs —
Modeling an J7M program in MOBILE requires the most complex set of inputs of any highway
vehicle control program. The sources used for developing the necessary I7M program inputs included
the I/M program inputs supplied by states to the OTAG process, a summary prepared by OMS showing
the basic characteristics of I/M programs planned by the states,17 past OMS I/M program summaries
showing characteristics of historical or current I/M programs in each state, and inputs prepared for
previous Trends inventories.
For states that had an I/M program in place in one or more counties in the year being modeled, at
least one additional MOBILE input file was created that modeled the characteristics of the I/M program
in that state. All other inputs (such as temperature, RVP, speeds, etc.) were identical to the no I/M input
file modeled for the state in the year being analyzed. The determination of whether or not a county had
an I/M program in place in a given year was based on a series of I/M program summaries released by
OMS. Emission factors calculated with I/M benefits in a given inventory year were applied only to
counties having an I/M program in place in December of the prior year. I/M program characteristics
were also included in the I/M program summaries. These program characteristics vary by state and in
some cases by nonattainment area or county within a particular state. The effectiveness statistics used as
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MOBILES inputs varied by state based on the characteristics of representative I/M programs in that state.
For states where I/M programs varied within a given state, a single set of effectiveness statistics, based
on a combination of characteristics of all the 1/M programs within the state, was used as an I/M input to
the model. In some cases, the characteristics of the different programs within a specific state could not
be adequately modeled using some average of the I/M program characteristics. In these cases, multiple
I/M programs were modeled for these states, with the appropriate I/M programs applied to the
corresponding counties.
A number of states provided data to OTAG that included MOBILE I/M program inputs and the
counties that these inputs should be applied to. These state-provided I/M inputs replaced the OMS I/M
program data for 1995 and 1996. states with I/M programs outside of the OTAG domain were modeled
according to the I/M program parameters supplied by OMS. The specific inputs modeled for each area's
I/M program in 1995 and 1996 are shown in table 4.6-14. This table also indicates whether the inputs
applied in 1995,1996, or both years. Table 4.6-15 shows which counties each set of I/M programs
inputs were applied to.
4.6.2.9.2 Reformulated Gasoline —
Phase I of the Federal reformulated gasoline program began on January 1 of 1995. Phase I
reformulated gasoline provides year-round toxic emission reductions and additional VOC emission
reductions during the ozone season (May through September). The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
(CAAA) mandates that reformulated gasoline be applied in the nine most severe ozone nonattainment
areas and allows additional nonattainment areas to opt in to the program. OMS provided a list of areas
that participated in this program, which is included as table 4.6-20.
Reformulated gasoline was modeled in the appropriate MOBTLRSb input files by setting the
reformulated gasoline flag to "2", including the appropriate ASTM class of the area being modeled (B or
C), and setting WINFLG (a hidden MOBILE5b flag) to "2". Setting WINFLG to "1" guarantees that the
summer reformulated gasoline reductions are modeled regardless of the setting of the MONTH flag. For
all other months, and for areas not included in the reformulated gasoline program, WINFLG is either set
to "2" or not included (in which case the model defaults to a setting of "2").
4.6.2.9.3 Oxygenated Fuels —
The oxygenated fuel requirements of the 1990 CAAA took effect beginning in late 1992.
Therefore, oxygenated fuel was modeled in the areas indicated by OMS, using the oxygenated fuel flag
and the oxygenated fuel market share and oxygen content inputs in MOBILE. OMS provided a listing of
areas participating in the oxygenated fuel program,18 the months that each area used oxygenated fuel, and
market share data indicating the percentage of ether blends versus alcohol blends in each oxygenated
fuel area. The average oxygen content of ether blend fuels for all areas, except California, was assumed
to be 2.7 percent while alcohol blend fuels were assumed to have an oxygen content of 3.5 percent. For
California, the oxygen content of both ether blends and alcohol blends was modeled as 2 percent, based
on documentation from OMS on how to model reformulated and oxygenated fuels in the CALIS model.
Table 4.6-16 lists the areas modeled with oxygenated fuels and the corresponding inputs used for these
areas.
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4.6.2.9.4 National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) Program —
A National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV) program was modeled in the projection years, using
EPA's most current, at the time the modeling was performed, assumptions about the characteristics of
the proposed NLEV program. This program was modeled as starting in the Northeast Ozone Transport
Commission (OTC) states in 1999, and the remaining (non-California) states in 2001. States in the OTC
that had already adopted a LEV program on their own were modeled with the characteristics of the
OTC-LEV program until the start date of the NLEV program. These states included Massachusetts,
New York, and Connecticut. The implementation schedule of the NLEV program is shown below.
Model Year
1999
2000
2001 and later
Federal Tier 1
Standards
30%
Transitional LEV
Standards
40%
40%
LEV Standards
30%
60%
100%
States in the OTC states that had already adopted a LEV program on their own at this time were
modeled with the characteristics of the OTC-LEV program until the start date of the NLEV program.
The states included Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut (the program start years varied). The
programs in Massachusetts and New York began with the 1996 model year. The Connecticut program
began with the 1998 model year. The implementation schedule followed by these states prior to 1999
(the start year of the NLEV program) are based on the implementation schedule of the OTC-LEV
program, and is shown below. Only the 1998 model year is applicable in Connecticut.
Model
Year
1996
1997
1998
Federal Tier 1
Standards
80%
73%
47%
TLEV
Standards
20%
Intermediate
LEV Standards
25%
LEV
Standards
51%
Intermediate
ULEV Standards
2%
ULEV Standards
2%
These LEV implementation schedules differ from the MOBILE5b default LEV implementation
schedule, which was designed to model the California LEV program. For the model to access the
implementation schedule of the NLEV program, the PROMPT flag in the applicable MOBILESb input
files was set to '5' and the name of the file containing the NLEV implementation schedule was entered
when prompted by MOBILESb. In addition to setting the PROMPT flag, the REGION flag was set to
'4' to properly model the NLEV program in the MOBILESb input files. The setting of '4' for the
REGION flag indicates that an additional line is being added to the input file to model a LEV program.
The necessary inputs for this additional program line include the start year of the LEV program and
whether an "appropriate" I/M program will be implemented in conjunction with the LEV program. The
start year of the LEV program was set to "96" for input files modeling Massachusetts and New York,
"98" for input files modeling Connecticut, "99" for input files modeling all other states within the OTC
(including the Washington DC nonattainment area portion of Virginia), and "01" for all remaining states
(including the remainder of Virginia), excepting California. With an "appropriate" I/M program,
maximum benefits of the LEV program are modeled by MOBILESb, implementing a lower set of
deterioration rates.
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The following table shows the emission standards of the Federal Tier I program, the transitional
LEV (TLEV) standards, and LEV standards, and the Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) standards.
These standards apply to the LDGV and LDGTla classes of vehicles. The LDGTlb category is also
included in the NLEV program, but the emission standards for these vehicles are slightly less stringent
than those listed below for the lighter vehicles.
Emission Standard
Federal Tier 1
Transitional LEV (TLEV)
LEV
Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle
(ULEV)
Nonmethane Organic
Gas (NMOG)
0.250 grams/mile NMHC
0.125 grams/mile
0.075 grams/mile
0.040 grams/mile
CO
3.4 grams/mile
3.4 grams/mile
3.4 grams/mile
1 .7 grams/mile
NOX
0.40 grams/mile
0.40 grams/mile
0.20 grams/mile
0.20 grams/mile
4.6.2.9.5 Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Corrections and Controls —
A correction was made to the basic emission rates (BERs) for HDDVs and HDGVs as specified by
QMS. This correction modifies the default MOBILESb zero mile level (ZML) (the ZML is the emission
rate at the beginning of a vehicle's life) and DR (the DR reflects how quickly the emission rate of a
vehicle increases with time) for NOX for HDDVs and NOX and VOC for HDGVs. EPA believes that
these default ZMLs and DRs in MOBILESb are not reflective of actual heavy-duty vehicle emissions.19
The corrected BERs input to MOBILESb are shown below. These inputs were included in all of the
1995,1996, and projection year input files, for both low and high altitude areas. In addition, the
NEWELG in the MOBILESb input files was set to "2" to incorporate these additional input lines.
Vehicle Category
HDGV
HDGV
HDDV
Model Year
1998 +
1994 +
1994-2003
ZML
(g/bhp-hr)
3.19
NOV
DR
(g/bhp-hr/10k
mi)
0.045
VOC
ZML
(g/bhp-hr)
0.364
0.283
DR
(g/bhp-hr/10k
mi)
0.023
0.000
Note(s): g/bhp-hr = grams per brake horsepower-hour; k = 1,000
4.6.2.9.6 California —
California's highway vehicle fleet has been subject to different emission standards than the rest of
the country. To account for these differences in basic emission rates, an EPA-modified version of
MOBUJESa, referred to as CALI5, was used for California. Input files used with this model are
essentially identical to MOBILESa input files. The model internally handles the different emission
standards. Temperature, RVP, speed, registration distribution, and operating mode inputs were
developed for California in the same manner as they were for the rest of the nation. The primary
difference in inputs is the earlier start date (1995) of the reformulated gasoline program in California.
Using CALIS, this was modeled in the summer months for 1995 by setting the reformulated gasoline
flag to "4". Phase n of California's reformulated gasoline program began on June 1, 1996. This was
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modeled by setting the reformulated gasoline flag to "5" starting with the June 1996 scenarios in the
CALK input files and in all of the projection year files. In addition, California was also divided into two
temperature regions to account for the differences in climate throughout the state.
California's low emission vehicle (LEV) program began in 1994. This was modeled in the CALI5
input files indicating a start year of 1994 for this program and minimum LEV credits. Because
MOBILESa did not include LDGT2s in the LEV modeling, this was carried forward to CALI5.
However, California's LEV program does include LDGT2s. To model the LDGT2s in the LEV
program, additional BER input lines were added that model the zero mile level (ZML) and deterioration
rate (DR.) of the California LEV program standard for LDGT2s. Two sets of basic emission rates
(BERs) were developed—one modeling the maximum LEV benefits for LDGT2s and the other
modeling the minimum benefits. (The maximum LEV benefits were applied in areas modeled with the
high enhanced I/M program beginning in 2005.)
4.6.3 Development of PM and SO2 Emission Factors
In 1994, EPA released a computer model, with the acronym PARTS, that can be used to estimate
particulate emission rates from in-use gasoline and diesel-fueled motor vehicles.20 It calculates particle
emission factors in grams per mile from on-road automobiles, trucks, and motorcycles, for particle sizes
up to 10 microns. PARTS was used to calculate on-road vehicle PM-10 and PM-2.5 (PM-2.5 for the
years 1990-1996 only) emission factors from vehicle exhaust, brake wear, tire wear, and reentrained road
dust from paved and unpaved roads (see sections 4.8.2.3 and 4.8.2.4 for details on road dust emissions),
and SO2 vehicle exhaust emission factors.
Basic assumptions regarding inputs to PARTS were made that apply to all PARTS model runs, and
include the following:
• The transient speed cycle was used.
• Any county with an existing I/M program was given I/M credit from PARTS, regardless of the
details of the I/M program. PARTS gives credit based on the assumption that high emitting
vehicles will be forced to make emission reducing repairs and that an existing I/M program
will deter tampering. This only affects lead and sulfate emissions from gasoline-powered
vehicles.
• Using the input parameter BUSFLG, bus emission factors for all rural road types, urban
interstates, and other freeways and expressways road types were modeled using the PARTS
transit bus emission factors, while bus emission factors for all other urban road types were
modeled using the PARTS Central Business District bus emission factors.
4.6.3.1 Registration Distribution
The vehicle registration distribution used was also common to all PARTS model runs. PARTS uses
the same vehicle classifications as the MOBILE model, except that the MOBILE HDDV class is broken
into five subclasses in PARTS. Table 4.6-21 lists each vehicle class in PARTS along with its FHWA
class and gross vehicle weight.
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To maintain consistency with the NET Inventory, the year specific vehicle registration distribution
used in the MOBILE modeling for the NET Inventory was adapted for this analysis. This registration
distribution was modified by distributing the MOBILE HDDV vehicle class distribution among the five
PART5 HDDV subclasses (2BHDDV, LHDDV, MHDDV, HHDDV, and BUSES). This was
accomplished using HDDV subclass-specific sales, survival rates, and diesel market shares.
4.6.3.2 Speed
The speed inputs documented in Section 4.6.2.3 were used in the PARTS modeling as well, with
the exception that the maximum allowable speed in PARTS is 55 mph, so the rural interstate speed was
changed from 60 mph to 55 mph for the PARTS modeling (see table 4.6-22). Emission factors were
calculated for each combination of state, I/M status, month, vehicle type, and speed. VMT data for each
county/month/vehicle type/road type were mapped to the appropriate emission factor.
4.6.3.3 HDDV Vehicle Class Weighting
After PARTS emission factors are generated, the PARTS HDDV subclass emission factors
(2BHDDV, LHDDV, MHDDV, HHDDV, and BUSES) are weighted together to develop a single
HDDV emission factor, to correspond with the VMT data already developed for the NET Inventory.
These weighting factors are based on truck VMT by weight and truck class from the Truck Inventory and
Use Survey21 and FHWA's Highway Statistics.4
4.6.3.4 Exhaust PM Emissions
Monthly, county-level, SCC-specific PM emissions from on-road vehicle exhaust components were
calculated by multiplying year specific monthly county-level, SCC-specific VMT by year specific state-
level, SCC-specific exhaust PM emission factors generated using PARTS. Since none of the inputs
affecting the calculation of the PM exhaust emission factors vary by month, only annual PM exhaust
emission factors were calculated. PARTS total exhaust emission factors are the sum of lead, soluble
organic fraction, remaining carbon portion, and direct SO4 (sulfates) emission factors.
4.6.3.5 Exhaust SO2 Emissions
National annual SO2 on-road vehicle exhaust emission factors by vehicle type and speed were
calculated using PARTS. These emission factors calculated within PARTS vary according to fuel
density, the weight percent of sulfur in the fuel, and the fuel economy of the vehicle (which varies by
speed). None of these parameters vary by month or state. Monthly/county/SCC-specific SO2 emissions
were then calculated by multiplying each county's monthly VMT at the road type and vehicle type level
by the SO2 emission factor (calculated for each vehicle type and speed) that corresponds to the vehicle
type and road type.
4.6.3.6 PM Brake Wear Emissions
The PARTS PM emission factors for brake wear are 0.013 grams per mile for PM-10 and ? grams
per mile for PM-2.5. This value was applied to estimate brake wear emissions for all vehicle types.
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4.6.3.7 PM Tire Wear Emissions
PARTS emission factors for tire wear are proportional to the average number of wheels per vehicle.
The emission factor is 0.002 grams per mile per wheel for PM-10 and ? grams per mile per wheel for
PM-2.5. Therefore, separate tire wear emission factors were calculated for each vehicle type. Estimates
of the average number of wheels per vehicle by vehicle class were developed using information from the
Truck Inventory and Use Survey.21 Tire wear PM emissions were then calculated at the
monthly/county/SCC level by multiplying the monthly/county/SCC level VMT by the tire wear emission
factor for the appropriate vehicle type.
4.6.3.8 1970 to 1984 PM and SO2 Emissions
Emission factors for 1970 to 1984 PM-10 and SO2 were not calculated with PARTS. Therefore,
PM-10 and SO2 emission factors using data from AP-42 and other applicable EPA documents. Emission
factors for both of these pollutants were developed on a national basis by vehicle type for each year. The
procedure followed for developing these emission factors is discussed below.
4.6.3.8.1 PM-10 Emission Factors —
On-road vehicle PM-10 emission factors were calculated using the methodology to develop the
Regional Particulate Inventory for 1990.22 National annual 1990 PM-10 emission factors were
calculated for this inventory by vehicle type. Gasoline PM-10 exhaust emission factors were based on
exhaust particulate emission factors specific to the technology type of the vehicle (i.e., catalyst vs. no
catalyst) and model year group.23 These basic exhaust emission factors were then applied within a
spreadsheet to the corresponding portion of the vehicle fleet for each model year from age 1 to 25
comprising the 1990 fleet. Model year specific data indicating the fraction of vehicles with catalysts
were obtained from the MOBILESa source code.8 After obtaining the model year weighted emission
factor for each of the gasoline vehicle types, the model year specific emission factors were then weighted
by the model year travel fraction, obtained using the by-model-year option in MOBILESa that lists VMT
fractions for each model year for the calendar year specified. These model year-weighted emission
factors were then summed to obtain the fleet average exhaust particulate emission factor for each of the
gasoline vehicle types. These particulate emission factors were then multiplied by the PM-10 particle
size multiplier from AP-42. The PM-10 emission factors calculated for LDGVs were also applied to
motorcycles.
The same procedure was applied to obtain 1970 and 1984 PM-10 exhaust emission factors for
gasoline-fueled vehicles. PM-10 exhaust emission factors for the intermediate years were calculated by
straight line interpolation. Total PM-10 emission factors were then calculated by adding the brake and
tire wear PM-10 emission factors from AP-42 (which do not vary by year).
PM-10 emission factors from diesel vehicles were calculated using a similar methodology, but
using data by model year and vehicle type for diesel particulate emission factors and diesel travel
fractions.24 Again, the particulate emission factors were multiplied by the AP-42 particle size multipliers
to obtain PM-10 exhaust emission factors, and PM-10 brake and tire wear emission factors were added
to the exhaust emission factors.
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The PM-10 emission factors by vehicle type and year used in Emission Trends inventory are shown
in table 4.6-23. These emission factors include the exhaust, brake, and tire wear components of PM-10.
4.6.3.8.2 SO2 Emission Factors —
Equation 4.6-13 was used to calculate the on-road vehicle SO2 emission factors by vehicle type.
SOJSF*
= SULFCONT , x 0.98 x FUELDENS^ x 453.59 x
FUELECON ,. (Eq. 4.6-13)
x,y
where:
SO2EFxy
SULFCONTy,
FUELDENSZ'
FUELECON,
= SO2 emission factor for vehicle type x in year y (grams per mile)
= Sulfur content in year y for fuel type z (fractional value)
= Fuel density of fuel type z (pounds per gallon)
= Fuel economy for vehicle type x in year y (miles per gallon)
The factor of 0.98 in the above equation represents the fraction of sulfur in the fuel that is converted to
SOj25 while the 2 represents the weight molecular ratio of sulfur to SO2. The remaining term (453.59) is
the conversion from pounds to grams.
The value used for sulfur content of the fuel depends only on whether is gasoline-fueled or diesel-
fueled. A fuel sulfur content of 0.000339 was used for gasoline-fueled vehicles based on the fuel sulfur
content of EPA baseline fuel while a fuel sulfur content of 0.00226 was used for diesel-fueled vehicles
through September 1993. Fuel density values of 6.17 pounds per gallon for gasoline and 7.05 pounds
per gallon for diesel were used in all years.26
Fleet average fuel economy varies slightly from year to year for each vehicle type. The values used
for fuel economy from 1982 to 1984 were obtained from output from the draft MOBHJE4.1 Fuel
Consumption Model27 for all vehicle types except motorcycles. 1982 was the earliest model year
included in this output. Fuel economy values for 1970 through 1981 were estimated using fuel economy
data from Highway Statistics.4 Adjustments were made to the Highway Statistics fuel economy data
since the vehicle classes included in Highway Statistics differ from the MOBILE vehicle classes and to
smooth out the discontinuity in fuel economy estimates between the two sources from 1981 to 1982.
This was done using Equation 4.6-14.
FEXV = FE(HS)XV x
x,y ^ 'x,y
(Eq. 4.6-14)
where: FEr
FE(FCM)X,1982
FE(HS)Xi,9g2
Fuel economy value for vehicle type x in year y used SO2 emission
factor calculations (mpg)
Highway Statistics fuel economy for vehicle type x in year y (mpg)
MOBBUE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model fuel economy for vehicle type
x in 1982
Highway Statistics fuel economy for vehicle type x in 1982
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This equation was complicated by the differences in vehicle class definitions used in the MOBILE4.1
Fuel Consumption Model versus those used in Highway Statistics. Therefore, a singe light duty vehicle
and a single light duty truck fuel economy value were calculated for each year. The weighing of
gasoline and diesel vehicles was made using the same OMS apportionment as was used for allocating
the EDPMS VMT to the diesel and gasoline categories. Motorcycles were not included in the
MOBILE4.1 Fuel consumption Model. Therefore, a fuel economy value of 50 mpg was used for
motorcycles in all years from 1970 through 1984 based on AAMA motorcycle fuel economy data.11 The
fuel economy values used for each vehicle type and year are shown in table 4.6-24.
The resulting SO2 emission factors by vehicle type and year are shown in table 4.6-25.
4.6.4 Calculation of Ammonia (NH3) Emission Factors
Little research has been done to date on ammonia (NH3) emission factors from motor vehicles. The
most comprehensive vehicle testing including NH3 emission factors available for use in this analysis is
summarized in a report by Volkswagen AG.19 In the testing program described in this report, 18
different Volkswagen/Audi vehicles from the 1978 through 1986 model years were tested. The vehicles
were selected to represent a cross-section of the Volkswagen/Audi passenger car production program.
The vehicles all had either 4 or 5 cylinder gasoline or diesel engines. Seven of the gasoline vehicles
were equipped with 3-way catalysts with oxygen sensors, seven of the vehicles were diesel-fueled, and
the remaining four vehicles were gasoline vehicles with no catalysts.
Emissions from each of these vehicles were measured using a chassis dynamometer over three
different test procedures: the U.S. FTP, the U.S. Sulfate Emission Test (SET), and the U.S. Highway
Driving Test. The FTP includes both cold and hot engine starts with a cumulative mileage of 11.1 miles
over 505 seconds. The SET simulates 13.5 miles of travel on a freeway in Los Angeles with heavy
traffic over a time of 1,398 seconds. The Highway Driving Test, also known as the Highway Fuel
Economy Test (HFET), results in an average speed of 48.1 mph over 10.2 miles with a maximum speed
of 59.9 mph. Both the SET and the HFET are hot start tests (no cold starts are included). Each vehicle
was tested on all three test cycles on the same day, with three to five repeated measurements carried out
for each vehicle on consecutive days.
The mean results of Volkswagen's emission testing program were reported for each of the 18
vehicles tested and for each of the test cycles. The report also shows the total mean value over all three
tests by engine type (gasoline with catalyst, gasoline without catalyst, and diesel). These values
accounting for all three test cycles were used in this analysis to calculate NH3 emission since most types
of driving would be included in one of the three test cycles (i.e., urban driving would be represented by
the FTP; stop and go driving on expressways would be represented by the SET; and freeway driving
would be represented by the HFET). These mean emission factors are shown below.
Engine Type
Mean NH3 Emission Factor (grams/mile)
Gasoline Engine without Catalyst
Gasoline Engine with 3-Way Catalyst
Diesel Engine
0.00352
0.13743
0.00188
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Using the NH3 emission factors listed above, emission factors by vehicle type and model year were
calculated using MOBILESb data listing the fraction of vehicles with 3-way catalysts by vehicle type and
travel fractions from MOBILESb output by model year and vehicle type. For the Trends analysis,
motorcycles were assigned the non-catalyst gasoline engine emission factor while all diesel vehicle types
were assigned the diesel engine emission factor listed above.
To calculate the LDGV emission factor for 1995, a MOBILESb run was made to produce
by-model-year output for LDGVs in 1995. The by-model-year travel fractions were extracted from the
resulting MOBILESb output file. Then, for each of the 25 model years included in the by-model-year
output, a weighted emission factor was calculated by multiplying the fraction of LDGVs with 3-way
catalysts in that model year by the emission factor listed above for gasoline engines with 3-way catalysts
(i.e., 0.13743 g/mi) and adding to this the product of the fraction of LDGVs without 3-way catalysts in
that model year and the emission factor for gasoline engines without 3-way catalysts (i.e., 0.00352 g/mi).
This weighted emission factor was then multiplied by the LDGV travel fraction for that model year,
giving a model year-weighted emission factor. This procedure was repeated for each of the 25 model
years included in the by-model-year output for 1995 and the 25 model-year weighted emission factors
were then summed to give the composite 1995 LDGV NH3 emission factor.
The above procedure was repeated for 1995,1996, and each projection year for LDGVs, LDGTls,
LDGT2s, and HDGVs. Table 4.6-26 summarizes the catalyst fractions used in this analysis by model
year and vehicle type. The resulting NH3 emission factors by year and vehicle type are shown in table
4.6-27. These emission factors were used in calculating NH3 highway vehicle emissions for all counties
in the United States without exception. Note that the NH3 emission factors for each gasoline vehicle
type increase with time as the fraction of vehicles with 3-way catalysts increases, since the Volkswagen
study showed that NH3 emission factors for gasoline vehicles with catalysts are significantly higher than
those for vehicles without catalysts.
4.6.5 Calculation of Emissions
Once the emission factors for all pollutants and VMT were calculated at the level of detail
described above for 1995,1996, and each of the projection years, emissions were calculated by
multiplying the appropriate emission factors by the corresponding VMT values. Emissions for the
MOBILESb pollutants (VOC, NOX, and CO) were calculated with emission factors and VMT at the
month, county, roadway type, and vehicle type (for the eight MOBILESb vehicle types) level of detail.
The emission factors for the PART5 pollutants (PM-10, PM-2.5, and SO2) did not vary by month, so the
same emission factors were multiplied by the monthly VMT at the county, roadway type, and vehicle
type (for the 12 PARTS vehicle types) level of detail. Ammonia emission factors varied only by vehicle
type, so the eight emission factors by vehicle type were multiplied by VMT representing the same
vehicle type at the monthly, county, and roadway type level of detail. Emissions for all pollutants were
calculated by multiplying the appropriate emission factor in grams per mile by the corresponding VMT
in millions of miles, and then converting the answer to units of tons of emissions.
Emission factors were not calculated separately for each county. To determine the emission factor
sets to be modeled in each State, a county-level database was prepared for each year modeled. For each
county, the control programs applicable in that year were indicated. The data base also included
information on non-default inputs to be modeled, such as registration distributions and other State-
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supplied data from OTAG, for each county. Next, for each State, all unique combinations of control
programs and other non-default inputs were determined for each modeled year. MOBDJESb model runs
were then made modeling each of these unique combinations. Each combination was identified using
the county code of one of the counties with this combination of controls and inputs. To apply the
emission factors to the appropriate counties, a county correspondence file was developed which mapped
all counties with the same unique set of input data and control programs to the MOBTJLESb emission
factors modeled for the county representing that unique combination of inputs and control programs. In
some States, a single set of emission factors was applied to all counties in the State, while in other
States, a separate set of emission factors was calculated for each county. Most States, however, fell in
between these two extremes with several sets of emission factors calculated for the State, with each set
applying to one or more counties within the State. A similar process was followed in mapping the
PARTS emission factors to the appropriate counties. •
4.6.6 References
1. "Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual," Federal Highway Administration, U.S.
Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, December 1987.
2. "Traffic Monitoring Guide," Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Washington, DC, June 1985.
3. "1980 Census of Population, Volume I Characteristics of Population, Chapter B Number of
Inhabitants," Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, April 1983.
4. Highway Statistics 1985. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Washington, DC, 1986.
5. Letter from Mark Wolcott, Technical Support Branch, Office of Mobile Sources, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., dated January 5, 1994
6. "Traffic Volume Trends Table 5A and Traffic Volume Trends 5B," ASCII text files received by
E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. from Mr. Kenneth Welty of the Federal Highway Administration,
Washington, DC, March 1994.
7. "The 1985 NAPAP Emissions Inventory: Development of Temporal Allocation Factors," EPA-
600/7-89-0lOd, Air & Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, April 1990.
8. "User's Guide to MOBILES (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)," U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, EPA-AA-AQAB-94-01, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, May 1994.
9. National Climatic Center, data files to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Asheville, NC, 1994.
10. "National Data Book and Guide to Sources, Statistical Abstract of the United States - 1993," U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC. 1994.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-199
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
11. "Facts and Figures 1996," American Automobile Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC,
1996.
12. "1988 Annual Book of ASTM Standards," American Society for Testing and Materials, (Section 5:
Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels; Volume 05.01: Petroleum Products and
Lubricants Q: D 56 - D 1947), Philadelphia, PA, 1988.
13. "User's Guide to MOBILE4 (Mobile Source Emission Factor Model)," EPA-AA-TEB-89-01, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, February 1989.
14. Table provided by Greg Janssen, Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., May 11,1996.
15. "1996 Market Data Book," Automotive News, 1996: Automotive News, Detroit, MI, 1996.
16. "Study of Vehicle Scrappage Rates," Miaou, Shaw-Pin, ORNL, Oak Ridge National Laboratories,
Oak Ridge, TN, August 1990.
17. "Major Modeling Elements for Operating I/M Programs," table provided by Joseph Somers, Office
of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, to E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc., July 10,1997.
18. "State Winter Oxygenated Fuel Programs," table provided by Joseph Somers, Office of Mobile
Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, to E.H. Pechan & Associates,
Inc., February 25,1997.
19. "Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis: NMHC+NOX Emission Standards for 2004 and Later Model
Year On-Highway Heavy Duty Engines," Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Ann Arbor, MI, January 26,1996.
20. "Draft User's Guide to PART 5: A Program For Calculating Particle Emissions From Motor
Vehicles," EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile
Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, July 1994.
21. 1987 Census of Transportation: Truck Inventory and Use Survey -. United States, TC87-T-52, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, August 1990.
22. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., "Regional Particulates Inventory for the National Particulate Matter
Study," prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and
Evaluation/Office of Policy Analysis, June 1994.
23. "Air Toxics Emissions from Motor Vehicles," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Mobile Sources, EPA-AA-TSS-PA-86-5, Ann Arbor, MI, September 1987.
24. "Motor Vehicle-Related Air Toxics Study," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Mobile Sources, Public Review Draft, Ann Arbor, MI, December 1992.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-200
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
25. "Regulatory Impact Analysis: Control of Sulfur and Aromatics Contents of On-Highway Diesel
Fuel," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, 1990.
26. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, AP-42, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency,
1975.
27. "MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model (Draft)," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, August 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-201
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-1. Data Components of HPMS
Universe - All Road Mileage
Identification
System
Jurisdiction
Operation
Other
Contains state, county, and rural/small urbanized codes and a unique
identification of location reference.
Optionally, the latitude and longitude coordinates for the beginning and
ending points of universe and sample sections are provided.
Provides for coding of functional system and federal-aid system.
Provides for coding of state or local highway system and special funding
category.
Includes type of facility, truck prohibition, and toll.
Contains length of highway section and fields for the coding of AADT
and the number of through lanes.
Sample - Statistical Samp]e_of_U_niyers_e_
Identification
Computational
Elements
Pavement Attributes
Improvements
Geometries/
Configuration
Traffic/Capacity
Environment
Supplemental Data
Contains unique identification for the sample section portion of the
record.
Provides data items used to expand sample information to universe
values.
Contains data items used to evaluate the physical characteristics of
pavement, pavement performance, and the need for pavement overlays.
Describes the improvement type for the year of the improvement
completion.
Describes the physical attributes used to evaluate the capacity and
operating characteristics of the facility.
Provides operational data items used to calculate the capacity of a
section and the need for improvements.
Contains items that marginally affect the operation of a facility but are
important to its structural integrity.
Provides linkage to existing structure and railroad crossing information
systems.
Areawide - State Summaries
Road mileage
Vehicle miles traveled, percent travel by vehicle type
Number of accidents
Number of injuries
Area population
Mileage
Travel
Accidents
Injuries
Population
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-202
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-2. Apportionment Percentages for Conversion of HPMS Vehicle Type
Categories to MOBILESa Categories
HPMS Vehicle Type Category MOBILESa Vehicle Type Category and Apportionment Percentages
Motorcycle
Passenger Car
Other 2-Axle, 4-tire
Buses
Other Single Unit Trucks
Combination Trucks
MC
LDGV
LDDV
LDGT1
LDGT2
LDDT
HDGV
HDDV
HDGV
HDDV
HDDV
1.0000
0.9864
0.0136
0.6571
0.3347
0.0082
0.1028
0.8972
0.7994
0.2006
1.0000
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-203
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
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National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-204
1985-1996 Methodology
Solvent Utilization
-------
Table 4.6-4. 1995 to 1996 VMT Growth Factors by State and Roadway Type
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Alabama INTERSTATE 1.021
Alabama OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.986
Alabama MINOR ARTERIAL 1.005
Alabama MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.035
Alabama MINOR COLLECTOR 0.999
Alabama LOCAL 1.005
Alaska INTERSTATE 0.993
Alaska OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.991
Alaska MINOR ARTERIAL 1.026
Alaska MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.022
Alaska MINOR COLLECTOR 1.001
Alaska LOCAL 1.007
Arizona INTERSTATE 1.023
Arizona OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.981
Arizona MINOR ARTERIAL . 1.006
Arizona MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.011
Arizona MINOR COLLECTOR 1.017
Arizona LOCAL . 1.013
Arkansas INTERSTATE 1.033
Arkansas OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.028
Arkansas MINOR ARTERIAL 1.011
Arkansas MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.009
Arkansas MINOR COLLECTOR 0.970
Arkansas LOCAL 1.012
California INTERSTATE 1.041
California OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.009
California MINOR ARTERIAL 1.028
California MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.028
California MINOR COLLECTOR 1.028
California LOCAL 1.028
Colorado INTERSTATE 1.034
Colorado OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.010
Colorado MINOR ARTERIAL 1.025
Colorado MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.977
Colorado MINOR COLLECTOR 1.020
Colorado LOCAL 1.013
Connecticut INTERSTATE 1.029
Connecticut OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.026
Connecticut MINOR ARTERIAL 1.014
Connecticut MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.986
Connecticut MINOR COLLECTOR 1.016
Connecticut LOCAL 1.016
DC INTERSTATE NA
DC OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL NA
DC MINOR ARTERIAL NA
DC MAJOR COLLECTOR NA
DC MINOR COLLECTOR NA
DC LOCAL NA
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.000
1.006
0.999
0.989
0.983
1.005
1.018
NA
1.010
0.993
1.046
1.008
1.013
1.031
1.015
1.014
1.015
1.015
1.009
1.031
1.005
1.024
1.028
1.017
1.023
1.033
1.028
1.028
1.028
1.028
1.032
1.063
1.006
1.015
1.001
1.003
1.012
1.001
1.036
1.015
1.016
1.016
1.041
0.956
0.969
0.983
0.985
0.987
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-205
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-4 (continued)
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Florida
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Georgia
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Idaho
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Indiana
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
Iowa
INTERSTATE NA
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.015
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.001
MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.007
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.036
LOCAL 1.011
INTERSTATE 1.041
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.010
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.030
MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.009
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.031
LOCAL 1.028
INTERSTATE 1.041
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.044
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.047
MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.029
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.010
LOCAL 1.057
INTERSTATE NA
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.971
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.018
MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.980
MINOR COLLECTOR 0.984
LOCAL 0.981
INTERSTATE 1.022
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.999
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.015
MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.025
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.012
LOCAL 1.013
INTERSTATE 1.021
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.042
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.014
MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.997
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.018
LOCAL 1.019
INTERSTATE 1.001
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.004
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.006
MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.998
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.001
LOCAL 1.001
INTERSTATE 1.020
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.024
MINOR ARTERIAL 1.009
MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.009
MINOR COLLECTOR 1.036
LOCAL 0.913
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.013
1.066
1.017
1.004
0.975
1.011
1.043
1.028
1.029
1.016
1.051
1.031
1.050
1.061
1.014
1.048
1.017
1.011
0.980
0.935
0.974
0.979
0.979
0.979
1.041
NA
1.005
0.997
0.988
1.014
1.020
1.018
1.005
1.032
1.019
1.019
1.010
1.037
0.991
0.988
1.009
1.001
1.041
NA
1.015
0.991
1.090
1.001
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-206
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-4 (continued)
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Kansas INTERSTATE 1.034
Kansas OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.023
Kansas MINOR ARTERIAL 1.009
Kansas MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.988
Kansas MINOR COLLECTOR 1.012
Kansas LOCAL 1.011
Kentucky INTERSTATE 1.030
Kentucky OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.012
Kentucky MINOR ARTERIAL 1.005
Kentucky MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.013
Kentucky MINOR COLLECTOR 1.018
Kentucky LOCAL 1.015
Louisiana INTERSTATE 1.043
Louisiana OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.050
Louisiana MINOR ARTERIAL 1.033
Louisiana MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.014
Louisiana MINOR COLLECTOR 1.046
Louisiana LOCAL 1.022
Maine INTERSTATE 1.035
Maine OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.017
Maine MINOR ARTERIAL 1.011
Maine MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.012
Maine MINOR COLLECTOR 1.028
Maine LOCAL 1.034
Maryland INTERSTATE 1.015
Maryland OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.018
Maryland MINOR ARTERIAL 1.007
Maryland MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.021
Maryland MINOR COLLECTOR 1.061
Maryland LOCAL 1.016
Massachusetts INTERSTATE 1.028
Massachusetts OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.012
Massachusetts MINOR ARTERIAL 0.992
Massachusetts MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.015
Massachusetts MINOR COLLECTOR 1.013
Massachusetts LOCAL 1.014
Michigan INTERSTATE 1.013
Michigan OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.013
Michigan MINOR ARTERIAL 1.015
Michigan MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.014
Michigan MINOR COLLECTOR 1.001
Michigan LOCAL 1.001
Minnesota INTERSTATE 1.012
Minnesota OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.022
Minnesota MINOR ARTERIAL 1.016
Minnesota MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.002
Minnesota MINOR COLLECTOR 1.015
Minnesota LOCAL 0.988
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
Ml NOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.041
1.091
0.996
0.991
0.947
0.956
1.016
0.991
1.025
1.006
0.992
1.009
1.023
1.029
1.013
1.043
1.007
1.029
1.039
0.998
1.000
1.000
1.062
1.021
1.016
1.021
1.009
1.016
0.998
1.016
1.015
1.020
1.022
1.000
1.015
1.014
1.010
1.001
0.965
1.021
1.001
0.960
1.025
1.010
1.013
1.014
1.026
1.018
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-207
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-4 (continued)
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Mississippi INTERSTATE 1.042
Mississippi OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.044
Mississippi MINOR ARTERIAL 0.999
Mississippi MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.983
Mississippi MINOR COLLECTOR 1.018
Mississippi LOCAL 1.021
Missouri INTERSTATE 1.042
Missouri OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.029
Missouri MINOR ARTERIAL 1.004
Missouri MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.022
Missouri MINOR COLLECTOR 1.016
Missouri LOCAL 1.016
Montana INTERSTATE 0.981
Montana OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.998
Montana MINOR ARTERIAL 0.997
Montana MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.013
Montana MINOR COLLECTOR 1.000
Montana LOCAL 1.044
Nebraska INTERSTATE 1.042
Nebraska OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.998
Nebraska MINOR ARTERIAL 1.040
Nebraska MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.958
Nebraska MINOR COLLECTOR 0.969
Nebraska LOCAL 1.022
Nevada INTERSTATE 1.022
Nevada OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.981
Nevada MINOR ARTERIAL 1.071
Nevada MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.076
Nevada MINOR COLLECTOR 1.014
Nevada LOCAL 1.014
New Hampshire INTERSTATE 1.031
Now Hampshire OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.027
New Hampshire MINOR ARTERIAL 0.997
New Hampshire MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.994
New Hampshire MINOR COLLECTOR 1.021
New Hampshire LOCAL 1.018
New Jersey INTERSTATE 1.076
New Jersey OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.004
New Jersey MINOR ARTERIAL 0.962
New Jersey MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.985
New Jersey MINOR COLLECTOR 1.010
New Jersey LOCAL 1.001
New Mexico INTERSTATE 1.031
New Mexico OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.988
New Mexico MINOR ARTERIAL 1.006
New Mexico MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.994
New Mexico MINOR COLLECTOR 1.040
New Mexico LOCAL 1.014
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.034
1.149
1.005
1.008
1.018
1.019
1.011
1.026
0.987
1.017
1.019
1.017
1.010
NA
0.984
1.000
0.886
1.000
1.053
1.020
1.028
1.027
1.051
1.022
1.034
1.081
0.983
0.981
1.013
1.013
1.028
1.059
1.011
1.031
1.021
1.021
1.008
1.008
1.003
0.970
1.002
1.001
1.044
0.694
1.002
1.023
1.014
1.014
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-208
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-4 (continued)
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
New York INTERSTATE 1.019
New York OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.020
New York MINOR ARTERIAL 1.004
New York MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.977
New York MINOR COLLECTOR 1.013
New York LOCAL 1.012
North Carolina INTERSTATE 1.043
North Carolina OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.031
North Carolina MINOR ARTERIAL 1.011
North Carolina MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.039
North Carolina MINOR COLLECTOR 1.015
North Carolina LOCAL 1.040
North Dakota INTERSTATE 1.016
North Dakota OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.007
North Dakota MINOR ARTERIAL 0.996
North Dakota MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.977
North Dakota MINOR COLLECTOR NA
North Dakota LOCAL 1.017
Ohio INTERSTATE 1.043
Ohio OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.017
Ohio MINOR ARTERIAL 1.032
Ohio MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.044
Ohio MINOR COLLECTOR 0.985
Ohio LOCAL 1.010
Oklahoma INTERSTATE . 1.047
Oklahoma OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.044
Oklahoma MINOR ARTERIAL 1.044
Oklahoma MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.023
Oklahoma MINOR COLLECTOR 1.050
Oklahoma LOCAL 1.024
Oregon INTERSTATE 0.997
Oregon OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 0.995
Oregon MINOR ARTERIAL 1.017
Oregon MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.988
Oregon MINOR COLLECTOR 1.011
Oregon LOCAL 1.010
Pennsylvania INTERSTATE 1.021
Pennsylvania OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.007
Pennsylvania MINOR ARTERIAL 1.012
Pennsylvania MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.018
Pennsylvania MINOR COLLECTOR 1.077
Pennsylvania LOCAL 1.010
Rhode Island INTERSTATE 1.021
Rhode Island OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.018
Rhode Island MINOR ARTERIAL 1.047
Rhode Island MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.051
Rhode Island MINOR COLLECTOR 1.013
Rhode Island LOCAL 1.026
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.018
1.015
1.011
1.011
1.010
1.011
1.037
1.033
1.004
1.026
1.038
1.025
1.001
NA
1.062
1.013
1.010
1.010
1.029
1.034
1.018
0.979
0.976
1.019
1.018
1.029
1.016
1.045
0.996
1.016
1.028
1.037
1.039
0.998
1.010
1.010
1.011
0.998
0.991
1.015
0.987
1.010
1.037
1.002
0.985
0.999
1.013
1.014
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-209
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-4 (continued)
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
South Carolina INTERSTATE 1.036
South Carolina OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.057
South Carolina MINOR ARTERIAL 1.038
South Carolina MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.058
South Carolina MINOR COLLECTOR 1.042
South Carolina LOCAL 1.042
South Dakota INTERSTATE 1.035
South Dakota OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.019
South Dakota MINOR ARTERIAL 1.005
South Dakota MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.970
South Dakota MINOR COLLECTOR 0.954
South Dakota LOCAL 1.009
Tennessee INTERSTATE 1.043
Tennessee OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.021
Tennessee MINOR ARTERIAL 0.984
Tennessee MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.049
Tennessee MINOR COLLECTOR 0.893
Tennessee LOCAL 1.017
Texas INTERSTATE 1.042
Texas OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.052
Texas MINOR ARTERIAL 1.044
Texas MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.030
Texas MINOR COLLECTOR 1.059
Texas LOCAL 1.030
Utah INTERSTATE 1.041
Utah OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.035
Utah MINOR ARTERIAL 1.032
Utah MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.994
Utah MINOR COLLECTOR 1.029
Utah LOCAL . 1.030
Vermont INTERSTATE 1.024
Vermont OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.008
Vermont MINOR ARTERIAL 1.009
Vermont MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.006
Vermont MINOR COLLECTOR 1.012
Vermont LOCAL 1.012
Virginia INTERSTATE 1.006
Virginia OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.004
Virginia MINOR ARTERIAL 0.988
Virginia MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.000
Virginia MINOR COLLECTOR 0.993
Virginia LOCAL 0.998
Washington INTERSTATE 1.000
Washington OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.000
Washington MINOR ARTERIAL 0.984
Washington MAJOR COLLECTOR 0.980
Washington MINOR COLLECTOR 1.008
Washington LOCAL 1.008
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.041
1.037
1.034
1.025
1.041
1.042
1.020
1.024
1.004
1.004
0.937
1.010
1.012
1.017
1.015
1.017
1.061
1.017
1.023
1.016
1.013
1.045
1.007
1.031
1.028
1.019
1.010
1.041
1.029
1.029
1.022
1.008
1.025
1.005
1.013
1.012
1.000
0.994
1.004
0.999
1.006
1.002
1.017
1.013
1.024
1.008
1.008
1.008
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-210
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-4 (continued)
State
Rural Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
Urban Roadway Type
Growth
Factor
West Virginia INTERSTATE 1.024
West Virginia OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.011
West Virginia MINOR ARTERIAL 1.013
West Virginia MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.024
West Virginia MINOR COLLECTOR 1.031
West Virginia LOCAL 1.009
Wisconsin . INTERSTATE 1.012
Wisconsin OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.030
Wisconsin MINOR ARTERIAL 1.035
Wisconsin MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.015
Wisconsin MINOR COLLECTOR 1.029
Wisconsin LOCAL 1.028
Wyoming INTERSTATE 1.018
Wyoming OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL 1.011
Wyoming MINOR ARTERIAL 1.014
Wyoming MAJOR COLLECTOR 1.006
Wyoming MINOR COLLECTOR 1.048
Wyoming LOCAL 1.015
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
INTERSTATE
OTH FREEWAYS & EXPRESSWAYS
OTHER PRINCIPAL ARTERIAL
MINOR ARTERIAL
COLLECTOR
LOCAL
1.018
1.005
1.006
0.999
0.986
1.013
1.047
1.018
1.020
1.042
1.028
1.027
1.032
0.968
1.003
0.999
0.976
1.008
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-211
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-5. State-level Daily VMT Totals In the OTAG Inventory
STATE
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
TOTAL
1990 VMT
WMT/SUMMER DAY^
130,293,139
64,893,375
80,795,439
21,688,232
9,512,227
301,401,066
215,733,554
254,405,708
146,238,700
70,914,717
70,274,093
103,468,764
85,036,022
36,687,471
124,790,087
128,906,395
244,651,250
119,486,368
75,306,141
144,836,950
42,949,068
30,337,965
177,882,767
327,206,333
159,748,582
18,241,880
249,268,477
101,777,917
262,877,528
22,482,474
106,001,636
21,648,546
143,924,247
456,338,143
18,055,581
184,879,090
47,716,623
116,510,029
4,917,166,586
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-212
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-6. Cities Used for Temperature Data Modeling from 1970 through 1996
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
City
Birmingham
Anchorage
Phoenix
Little Rock
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Denver
Hartford
Dover
Washington
Orlando (1974-1 993)
Atlanta
Honolulu
Boise
Springfield
Indianapolis
Des Moines
Topeka
Louisville
Baton Rouge
Portland
Baltimore
Boston
Detroit
Minneapolis
Jackson
Springfield
Billings
Lincoln
Las'Vegas
Concord
Newark
Albuquerque
New York City
Greensboro
Bismarck
Columbus
Oklahoma City
Eugene
Harrisburg (1970-1991),
Middletown (1991-1993)
Providence
Columbia
Pierre
Nashville
Dallas/Fort Worth (1974-1993)
Salt Lake City
Montpelier
Richmond
Seattle
Charleston
Milwaukee
Casper
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-213
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-7. Surrogate City Assignment
Nonattainment Area/MSA
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA
Albuquerque, NM MSA
Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ MSA
Altoona, PA MSA
Anchorage, AK MSA
Anderson, SC MSA
Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, WI MSA
Atlanta
Atlantic City, NJ MSA
Bakersfield, CA MSA
Baltimore, MD MSA
Baton Rouge
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX MSA
Bennington Co., VT
Birmingham, AL MSA
Boston Metropolitan Area
Boston Metropolitan Area
Bowling Green, KY
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA
Canton, OH MSA
Charleston, WV MSA
Charlotte-Gastonia-Rock Hill, NC-SC MSA
Chattanooga, TN-GA MSA
Cherokee Co., SC
Chester Co., SC
Chicago-Gary-Lake County, IL-IN-WI CMSA
Chico, CA MSA
Cincinnati-Hamilton, OH-KY-IN CMSA
Cleveland Metropolitan Area
Clinton Co., OH
Colorado Springs, CO MSA
Columbia, SC MSA
Columbus, OH MSA
Dallas-Ft. Worth, TX CMSA
Dayton-Springfield, OH MSA
Denver-Boulder, CO CMSA
Detroit-Ann Arbor,- Ml CMSA
Door Co., WI
Duluth, MN-WI MSA
Edmonson Co., KY
El Paso, TX MSA
Erie, PA MSA
Essex Co., NY
Evansville, IN-KY MSA
Fairbanks, AK
Fayetteville, NC MSA
Flint, Ml MSA
State
NY
NM
PA-NJ
PA
AK
SC
WI
GA
NJ
CA
MD
LA
TX
VT
AL
MA
MA-NH
KY
NY
OH
WV
NC
GA-TN
SC
SC
IL-IN-WI
CA
OH-KY-IN
OH
OH
CO
SC
OH
TX
OH
CO
Ml
WI
MN
KY
TX
PA
NY
IN-KY
AK
NC
Ml
Survey City
New York City
Albuquerque
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Atlanta
Chicago
Atlanta
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Washington, DC -
New Orleans
Dallas
Boston
Atlanta
Boston
Boston
Chicago
New York City
Cleveland
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Atlanta
Atlanta
Atlanta
Chicago
San Francisco
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Denver
Atlanta
Cleveland
Dallas
Cleveland
Denver
Detroit
Chicago
Minneapolis
Chicago
Albuquerque
Cleveland
New York City
Chicago
Cleveland
Atlanta
Detroit
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-214
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-7 (continued)
Nonattainment Area/MSA
Fort Collins-Loveland, CO MSA
Fresno, CA MSA
Glens Falls, NY MSA
Grand Rapids, Ml MSA
Great Falls, MT MSA
Greater Connecticut Metropolitan Area
Greeley, CO MSA
Greenbrier Co., WV
Greensboro-Winston-Salem-High Point PMSA
Greenville-Spartanburg, SC MSA
Hancock Co., ME
Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA MSA
Hartford-New Britain-Middletown, CT
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria, TX CMSA
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSA
Huntsville, AL MSA
Indianapolis, IN MSA
Jacksonville, FL MSA
Janesville-Beloit, Wl MSA
Jefferson Co., NY
Jersey Co., IL
Johnson City-Kingsport-Bristol, TN-VA MSA
Johnstown, PA MSA
Josephine Co., OR
Kansas City, MO-KS MSA
Kent and Queen Anne's Cos., MD
Kewaunee Co., Wl
Kings Co., CA
Klamath Co., OR
Knox Co., ME
Knoxville, TN MSA
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN MSA
Lake Charles, LA MSA . .
Lake Tahoe South Shore, CA
Lancaster, PA MSA
Las Vegas, NV MSA
Lawrence Co., PA
Lewiston, ME
Lexington-Fayette, KY MSA
Lincoln Co., ME
Livingston Co., KY
Longmont, CO
Longview-Marshall, TX MSA
Los Angeles-Anaheim-Riverside, CA CMSA
Los Angeles-South Coast Air Basin, CA
Louisville, KY-IN MSA
Manchester, NH MSA
State
CO
CA
NY
Ml
MT
CT
CO
WV
NC
SC
ME
PA
CT
TX
WV-KY-OH
AL
IN
FL
Wl
NY
IL
TN
PA
OR
MO
MD
Wl
CA
OR
ME
TN
IN
LA
CA
PA
NV
PA
ME
KY
ME
KY
CO
TX
CA
CA
KY-IN
NH
Survey City
Denver
San Francisco
New York City
Chicago
Billings
Boston
Denver
Washington, DC
Atlanta
Atlanta
Boston
Philadelphia
Boston
Dallas
Washington, DC
Chicago
Chicago
Miami
Chicago
Philadelphia
Chicago
Atlanta
Philadelphia
Seattle
Kansas City
Philadelphia
Chicago
San Francisco
San Francisco
Boston
Atlanta
Chicago
New Orleans
San Francisco
Philadelphia
Las Vegas
Cleveland
Boston
Chicago
Boston
St. Louis
Denver
Dallas
Los Angeles
Los Angeles
Chicago
Boston
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-215
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-7 (continued)
Nonattainment Area/MSA
Manitowoc Co., Wl
Medford, OR MSA
Memphis, TN-AR-MS MSA
Miami-Fort Lauderdale, FL CMSA
Milwaukee Metropolitan Area
Minneapo!is-St. Paul, MN-WI MSA
Missoula, MT
Mobile, AL MSA
Modesto, CA MSA
Montgomery, AL MSA
Muskegon, Ml MSA
Nashville, TN MSA
New Orleans, LA MSA
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island CMSA
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News, VA MSA
Northampton Co., VA
Oklahoma City, OK MSA
Owensboro, KY MSA
Paducah, KY
Parkersfaurg, WV
Parkersburg-Marietta, WV-OH MSA
Philadelphia Metropolitan Area
Phoenix, AZ MSA
Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA CMSA
Portland, ME
Portland-Vancouver, OR-WA CMSA
Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester, NH-ME MSA
Poughkeepsie, NY MSA
Providence-Pawtucket-Fall River, RI-MA CMSA
Provo-Orem, UT MSA
Raleigh-Durham, NC MSA
Reading, PA MSA
Reno, NV MSA
Richmond-Petersburg
Rochester, NY MSA
Sacramento, CA MSA
Salt Lake City-Ogden, UT MSA
San Antonio, TX MSA
San Diego, CA MSA
San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose, CA CMSA
San Joaquin Valley, CA
Santa Barbara-Santa Maria-Lompoc, CA MSA
Scranton-Wilkes-Barre, PA MSA
Seattle-Tacoma, WA
Sheboygan, Wl MSA
Smyth Co., VA
South Bend-Elkhart, IN
State
Wl
OR
TN-AR-MS
FL
Wl
MN-WI
MT
AL
CA
AL
Ml
TN
LA
NY-NJ-CT
VA
VA
OK
KY
KY
WV
OH-WV
PA-NJ-DE-MD
AZ
PA
ME
OR-WA
ME-NH
NY
MA-RI
UT
NC
PA
NV
VA
NY
CA
UT
TX
CA
CA
CA
CA
PA
WA
Wl
VA
IN
Survey City
Chicago
San Francisco
St. Louis
Miami
Chicago
Minneapolis
Billings
New Orleans
San Francisco
Atlanta
Chicago
Atlanta
New Orleans
New York City
Washington, DC
Washington, DC
Dallas
Atlanta
Chicago
Cleveland
Cleveland
Philadelphia
Phoenix
Philadelphia
Boston
Seattle
Boston
New York City
Boston
Denver
Atlanta
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Washington, DC
Philadelphia
San Francisco
Denver
San Antonio
Los Angeles
San Francisco
San Francisco
Los Angeles
Philadelphia
Seattle
Chicago
Washington, DC
Chicago
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-216
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-7 (continued)
Nonattainment Area/MSA
State
Survey City
South Bend-Mishawaka, IN MSA
Southeast Desert Modified AQMA, CA
Spokane, WA MSA
Springfield, MA MSA
St. Louis, MO-IL MSA
Steubenville-Weirton, OH-WV MSA
Stockton, CA MSA
Sussex Co., DE
Syracuse, NX MSA
Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, MSA
Toledo, OH MSA
Tulsa, OK MSA
Ventura Co., CA
Visalia-Tulare-Porterville, CA MSA
Waldo Co., ME
Walworth Co., Wl
Washington, DC-MD-VA MSA
Wheeling, WV-OH MSA
Winnebago Co., Wl
Winston-Salem, NC
Worcester, MA MSA
Yakima, WA MSA
York, PA MSA
Youngstown-Warren, OH MSA
Yuba City. CA MSA
IN
CA
WA
MA
MO-IL
OH-WV
CA
DE
NY
FL
OH
OK
CA
CA
ME
Wl
DC-MD-VA
WV-OH
Wl
NC
MA
WA
PA
OH
CA
Chicago
Los Angeles
Seattle
Boston
St. Louis
Cleveland
San Francisco
Philadelphia
New York City
Miami
Detroit
Kansas City
Los Angeles
San Francisco
Boston
Chicago
Washington, DC
Cleveland
Chicago
Atlanta
Boston
Seattle
Philadelphia
Cleveland
San Francisco
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-217
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-8. Substitute Survey City Assignment
Nonattainment Area/MSA
Albany-Schenectady-Troy, NY MSA
Allentown-Bethlehem, PA-NJ MSA
Altoona, PA MSA
Appleton-Oshkosh-Neenah, Wl MSA
Beaumont-Port Arthur, TX MSA
Bennington Co., VT
Bowling Green, KY
Buffalo-Niagara Falls, NY CMSA
Charleston, WV MSA
Door Co., Wl
Edmonson Co., KY
Essex Co., NY
Evansville, IN-KY MSA
Glens Falls, NY MSA
Grand Rapids, Ml MSA
Greenbrier Co., WV
State
NY
PA-NJ
PA
Wl
TX
VT
KY
NY
WV
Wl
KY
NY
IN-KY
NY
Ml
WV
Harrisburg-Lebanon-Carlisle, PA MSA PA
Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH MSAWV-KY-OH
Huntsville, AL MSA
Indianapolis, IN MSA
Jefferson Co., NY
Jersey Co., IL
Johnstown, PA MSA
Kewaunee Co., Wl
Lafayette-West Lafayette, IN MSA
Lancaster, PA MSA
Longview-Marshall, TX MSA
Louisville, KY-IN MSA
Manitowoc Co., Wl
Muskegon, Ml MSA
Northampton Co., VA
Oklahoma City, OK MSA
Paducah, KY
Pittsburgh-Beaver Valley, PA CMSA
Reading, PA MSA
Rochester, NY MSA
Sheboygan, Wl MSA •
Smyth Co., VA
South Bend-Elkhart, IN
South Bend-Mishawaka, IN MSA
Syracuse, NY MSA
Waldo Co., ME
Walworth Co., Wl
York, PA MSA
AL
IN
NY
IL
PA
Wl
IN
PA
TX
KY-IN
Wl
Ml
VA
OK
KY
PA
PA
NY
Wl
VA
IN
IN
NY
ME
Wl
PA
Original Survey City New Survey City
New York City
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Chicago
Dallas
Boston
Chicago
New York City
Washington, DC
Chicago
Chicago
New York City
Chicago
New York City
Chicago
Washington, DC
Philadelphia
Washington, DC
Chicago
Chicago
Philadelphia
Chicago
Philadelphia
Chicago
Chicago
Philadelphia
Dallas
Chicago
Chicago
Chicago
Washington, DC
Dallas
Chicago
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Philadelphia
Chicago
Washington, DC
Chicago
Chicago
New York City
Boston
Chicago
Philadelphia
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Minneapolis
New Orleans
Minneapolis
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Minneapolis
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Detroit
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Atlanta
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Minneapolis
Cleveland
Cleveland
New Orleans
Cleveland
Minneapolis
Detroit
Atlanta
St. Louis
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Minneapolis
Atlanta
Cleveland
Cleveland
Cleveland
Minneapolis
Minneapolis
Cleveland
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-218
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-9. Monthly RVP Values Modeled in 1995
State
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
MI
Ml
MN
MN
MS
MO
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
Applicable
Counties
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Los Angeles Region
San Francisco Region
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Madison, Monroe, St. Clair
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Boone, Campbell, Kenton
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Macomb, Oakland, Wayne
Rest of State
Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin,
Ramsey, Scott, Washington, Wright
Rest of State
Entire State
Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles, St.
Louis, St. Louis City
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
1995 Monthly RVP (psi)
Jan
12.1
14.1
8.7
13.8
11.5
11.3
13.4
12.4
12.3
12.9
11.7
12.0
10.0
14.1
13.9
13.9
14.3
15.0
13.2
14.0
14.0
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.1
14.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
13.8
13.5
13.5
13.6
14.1
10.7
12.1
13.0
11.3
14.1
12.0
15.0
Feb
12.1
14.1
7.9
13.8
11.5
11.3
12.4
12.4
12.3
10.5
11.7
12.0
10.0
12.5
13.9
13.9
14.3
15.0
11.5
11.8
11.8
12.4
12.5
12.6
12.1
14.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
13.8
11.7
11.7
13.6
14.1
9.4
12.1
13.0
11.3
14.1
12.0
15.0
Mar
9.3
14.1
7.2
10.0
11.5
11.3
11.1
10.5
10.5
10.5
7.5
9.2
10.0
12.5
11.5
11.5
12.2
13.4
9.3
11.8
11.8
9.7
10.6
10.5
10.3
11.8
11.8
12.6
12.6
10.0
11.7
11.7
12.1
12.5
8.4
10.3
11.1
10.0
12.0
12.0
13.4
Apr
9.3
14.1
7.2
10.0
9.2
11.3
11.1
10.5
10.5
7.2
7.5
9.2
10.0
10.3
11.5
11.5
12.2
11.2
9.3
8.9
8.9
9.7
10.6
10.5
10.3
11.8
11.8
12.6
12.6
10.0
9.2
9.2
10.1
10.3
8.4
10.3
11.1
9.0
12.0
9.2
13.4
May
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
7.5
9.0
9.0
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
10.0
8.7
7.1
8.4
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.6
8.4
7.8
8.6
8.6
8.4
8.7
7.6
9.0
Jun
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
7.5
7.5
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
10.0
8.7
7.1
8.4
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.6
8.4
7.8
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Jul
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
7.5
7.5
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
9.5
8.7
7.1
8.4
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.6
8.4
7.8
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Aug
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
7.5
7.5
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
10.0
8.7
7.1
8.4
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.7
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.6
8.4
7.8
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Sep Oct
7.8 9.3
13.0 14.1
6.8 6.8
7.1 10.0
7.5 7.4
7.5 7.4
7.8 10.1
8.6 10.5
8.5 8.1
7.5 7.2
7.4 7.5
7.6 9.2
10.0 10.0
8.7 8.7
7.1 8.2
8.4 8.2
9.0 9.3
9.0 11.2
7.4 7.6
9.3 8.9
8.6 8.9
7.3 9.7
8.6 10.6
7.8 7.7
8.6 10.3
8.7 11.8
8.9 11.8
9.3 9.5
9.0 9.5
7.1 10.0
7.1 9.2
7.3 9.2
8.6 10.1
8.4 8.6
7.8 7.8
8.6 10.3
8.6 11.1
7.8 9.0
8.7 12.0
7.6 9.2
9.0 11.2
Nov Dec
9.3 12.1
14.1 14.1
7.2 7.9
13.8 13.8
9.2 11.5
9.1 11.3
11.1 12.4
10.5 12.4
10.5 12.3
10.5 12.9
7.5 11.7
9.2 12.0
10.0 10.0
10.3 12.5
11.5 13.9
11.5 13.9
12.2 14.3
13.4 15.0
9.3 11.5
11.8 14.0
11.8 14.0
9.7 12.4
10.6 12.5
10.5 12.6
10.3 12.1
11.8 14.0
11.8 14.0
12.6 15.0
12.6 15.0
10.0 13.8
11.7 11.7
11.7 11.7
12.1 13.6
10.3 12.5
8.4 9.4
10.3 12.1
11.1 13.0
10.0 11.3
12.0 14.1
12.0 12.0
13.4 15.0
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-219
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-9 (continued)
State
OH
OH
OK
OR
PA
PA
Rl
SC
SD
TN
TX
TX
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
Applicable
Counties
Butler, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Lake,
Lorain
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Clarion, Crawford, Elk, Erie, Forest,
Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Mercer,
Venango, Warren
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
El Paso
Hardin, Harris, Jefferson, Orange
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
1995 Monthly RVP (psi)
Jan
14.4
14.4
13.5
13.2
14.1
14.1
12.1
12.0
15.0
12.4
11.6
11.6
11.6
13.4
15.0
12.5
14.5
14.4
14.5
13.5
Feb
14.4
14.4
13.5
11.0
14.1
14.1
12.1
12.0
15.0
12.4
11.6
11.6
11.6
12.4
15.0
10.2
14.5
14.4
14.5
13.5
Mar
12.3
12.3
10.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
10.3
12.0
13.4
12.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
12.4
12.6
10.2
12.0
12.3
12.1
12.2
Apr
12.3
12.3
10.0
11.0
12.0
12.0
10.3
9.2
11.2
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
11.1
12.6
7.2
12.0
12.3
12.1
10.4
May
9.3
9.0
7.4
8.1
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
9.0
8.6
7.5
8.7
8.5
9.0
9.0
Jun
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.8
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
8.6
7.5
8.7
8.5
9.0
9.0
Jul
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.8
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
8.6
7.5
8.7
8.5
9.0
9.0
Aug
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.8
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
8.6
7.5
8.7
8.5
9.0
9.0
Sep Oct
9.3 9.4
9.0 9.4
7.4 7.4
7.8 8.1
9.3 12.0
8.5 12.0
8.6 10.3
7.6 9.2
9.0 9.5
7.5 9.4
8.2 7.8
7.4 7.8
7.7 7.8
7.8 10.1
8.6 12.6
7.5 7.2
8.7 8.7
8.5 9.5
9.0 9.0
9.0 9.0
Nov Dec
12.3 14.4
12.3 14.4
10.0 13.5
11.0 13.2
12.0 14.1
12.0 14.1
10.3 12.1
12.0 12.0
11.2 13.4
12.4 12.4
9.4 11.6
9.4 11.6
9.4 11.6
11.1 12.4
12.6 15.0
10.2 12.5
12.0 14.5
12.3 14.4
12.1 14.5
10.4 12.2
Note: May through September RVP values modeled for areas receiving reformulated gasoline are set within
MOBILESb and are not reflected here.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-220
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-10. Monthly RVP Values Modeled in 1996
State
AL
AK
AZ
AR
CA
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
GA
HI
ID
IL
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
KY
LA
ME
MD
MA
Ml
MN
MN
MS
MO
MO
MT
NE
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
ND
Applicable
Counties
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Los Angeles Region
San Francisco Region
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Madison, Monroe, St. Clair
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Boone, Campbell, Kenton
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin,
Ramsey, Scott, Washington, Wright
Rest of State
Entire State
Franklin, Jefferson, St. Charles, St.
Louis, St. Louis City
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
1996 Monthly RVP (psi)
Jan
12.4
14.1
8.7
13.7
11.9
11.7
13.2
13.0
13.5
12.8
11.8
124
10.0
13.9
14.1
141
14.5
14.9
14.0
14.2
14.2
12.4
13.2
13.2
12.9
14.1
14.9
14.9
13.7
13.9
13.9
13.8
14.5
10.5
12.9
13.7
11.7
14.3
12.4
14.9
Feb Mar
12.4 9.5
14.1 14.1
7.9 7.2
13.7 9.8
11.9 11.9
11.7 11.7
12.1 10.7
13.0 10.8
13.5 11.1
10.3 10.3
11.8 7.4
12.4 9.4
10.0 10.0
12.3 12.3
14.1 11.4
14.1 11.4
14.5 12.0
14.9 13.3
12.1 9.5
11.7 11.7
11.7 11.7
12.4 9.6
13.2 11.0
13.2 10.8
12.9 10.7
14.1 11.2
14.9 12.6
14.9 12.6
13.7 9.8
11.9 11.9
11.9 11.9
13.8 12.3
14.5 12.7
9.2 8.2
12.9 10.7
13.7 11.3
11.7 10.2
14.3 11.9
12.4 12.4
14.9 13.3
Apr
9.5
14.1
7.2
9.8
9.0
11.7
10.7
10.8
11.1
7.0
7.4
P4
10.0
10.2
11.4
11 4
12.0
11.2
9.5
8.4
8.4
9.6
11.0
10.8
10.7
11.2
12.6
12.6
9.8
9.2
9.2
10.2
10.4
8.2
10.7
11.3
9.1
11.9
9.4
13.3
May
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
6.9
9.0
9.0
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7fi
10.0
8.6
7.1
84
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.7
8.4
7.6
8.6
8.6
8.4
8.7
7.6
9.0
Jun
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
10.0
8.6
7.1
8.4
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.7
8.4
7.6
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Jul
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7.6
9.5
8.6
7.1
8.4
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.7
8.4
7.6
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Aug
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7fi
10.0
8.6
7.1
84
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.7
8.4
7.6
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Sep
7.8
13.0
6.8
7.1
6.9
6.9
7.8
8.6
8.5
7.5
7.4
7fi
10.0
8.6
7.1
84
9.0
9.0
7.4
9.3
8.6
7.3
8.6
7.8
8.6
8.9
9.3
9.0
7.1
7.1
7.3
8.7
8.4
7.6
8.6
8.6
7.8
8.7
7.6
9.0
Oct
9.5
14.1
6.8
9.8
6.9
7.0
9.6
10.8
7.9
7.0
7.4
94
10.0
8.6
7.8
7R
8.7
11.2
7.6
8.4
8.4
9.6
11.0
7.5
10.7
11.2
9.6
9.6
9.8
9.2
9.2
10.2
8.6
7.6
10.7
11.3
9.1
11.9
9.4
11.2
Nov Dec
9.5 12.4
14.1 14.1
7.2 7.9
13.7 13.7
9.0 11.9
9.0 11.7
10.7 12.1
10.8 13.0
11.1 13.5
10.3 12.8
7.4 11.8
9.4 12.4
10.0 10.0
10.2 12.3
11.4 14.1
11.4 14.1
12.0 14.5
13.3 14.9
9.5 12.1
11.7 14.2
11.7 14.2
9.6 12.4
11.0 13.2
10.8 13.2
10.7 12.9
11.2 14.1
12.6 14.9
12.6 14.9
9.8 13.7
11.9 11.9
11.9 11.9
12.3 13.8
10.4 12.7
8.2 9.2
10.7 12.9
11.3 13.7
10.2 11.7
11.9 14.3
12.4 12.4
13.3 14.9
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-221
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-10 (continued)
State
OH
OH
OK
OR
PA
PA
Rl
SC
SD
TN
TX
TX
TX
UT
VT
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
Applicable
Counties
Butler, Cuyahoga, Hamilton, Lake,
Lorain
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Clarion, Crawford, Elk, Erie, Forest,
Jefferson, Lawrence, McKean, Mercer,
Venango, Warren
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
El Paso
Hardin, Harris, Jefferson, Orange
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
1996 Monthly RVP (psi)
Jan
14.6
14.6
13.9
13.1
14.4
14.4
12.9
12.4
14.9
12.7
12.2
12.2
12.2
13.2
14.9
12.6
14.0
14.6
14.6
13.5
Feb Mar
14.6 12.1
14.6 12.1
13.9 10.1
10.8 10.8
14.4 12.0
14.4 12.0
12.9 10.7
12.4 12.4
14.9 13.3
12.7 12.7
12.2 10.0
12.2 10.0
12.2 10.0
12.1 12.1
14.9 12.6
10.2 10.2
14.0 11.6
14.6 12.1
14.6 12.2
13.5 12.1
Apr
12.1
12.1
10.1
10.8
12.0
12.0
10.7
9.4
11.2
9.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.7
12.6
7.1
11.6
12.1
12.2
10.2
May
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.7
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
9.0
9.0
7.5
8.5
8.8
9.0
8.8
Jun
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.7
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
9.0
7.5
8.5
8.8
9.0
8.8
Jul
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.7
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
9.0
7.5
8.5
8.8
9.0
8.8
Aug
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.7
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
9.0
7.5
8.5
8.8
9.0
8.8
Sep
9.3
9.0
7.4
7.7
9.3
8.5
8.6
7.6
9.0
7.5
8.2
7.4
7.7
7.8
9.0
7.5
8.5
8.8
9.0
8.8
Oct Nov
8.7 12.1
8.7 12.1
7.2 10.1
7.7 10.8
12.0 12.0
12.0 12.0
10.7 10.7
9.4 12.4
9.6 11.2
9.5 12.7
8.3 10.0
8.3 10.0
8.3 10.0
9.6 10.7
12.6 12.6
7.1 10.2
8.5 11.6
8.8 12.1
9.0 12.2
8.8 10.2
Dec
14.6
14.6
13.9
13.1
14.4
14.4
12.9
12.4
13.3
12.7
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.1
14.9
12.6
14.0
14.6
14.6
12.1
Note: May through September RVP values modeled for areas receiving reformulated gasoline are set within
MOBILESb and are not reflected here.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-222
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
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CD
00
TJ*
^
CO
CD
•<*
CO
CD
CO
TJ-
in
CO
T—
CD
to
CO
-*
CO
to
2
03
O
in
in
(a
Q.
To
CO
to
05
T—
CO
O3
T—
00
Tf
^
CO
CO
CO
§
-^>
to
CO
CD
to
O>
5
^.
to
to
CD
CO
CO
CO"
^
O5
CO
CO
to
^
CO
to
in
>
oS
in
Q.
_0
O
CO
CM
CO
00
O5
^
r-
fs».
rt
CM
CD
c\i
CO
CO
. CO
CO
IO
TJ-
to
to
_aj
CM
ffi
D)
CO
T-
CO
T—
cd
T—
o
CO
to
5
^
to
CO.
O3
CM
T—
CO
CO
CO
CO
o
CO
CO
CO
to
le 3+ Axle
D)
CO
to
^
T—
CO
-^
*
s
rf
s
CM
fs^
CO
to
CM
0)
EM
^
CD
CO
CD
CO
o
CO
i 4+ Axle
3
CO
^f
V
to
^!
^~
CO
00
8
^.
CO
CO
to
CM
CM
05
CO
CM
CM
CD
CO
CO
CO
CO
Y~*
^
_o
IO
"3
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-223
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-12. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type
(MPH)
Principal
Interstate Arterial
Rural
Minor Major Minor
Arterial Collector Collector Local
LDV
LOT
HDV
60
55
40
45
45
35
40
40
30
35
35
25
30
30
25
30
30
25
Urban
Other Freeways Principal Minor
Interstate & Expressways Arterial Arterial Collector Local
LDV
LOT
HDV
45
45
35
45
45
35
20
20
15
20
20
15
20
20
15
20
20
15
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-224
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-13. State-Supplied Operating Mode Inputs
State
County
Percent of VMT Accumulated by:
Non-catalyst
Vehicles in
Cold Start Mode
Catalyst Equipped
Vehicles in
Hot Start Mode
Catalyst Equipped
Vehicles in
Cold Start Mode
Texas Brazoria Co
Chambers Co
Fort Bend Co
Galveston Co
Harris Co
Liberty Co
Montgomery Co
Waller Co
16.0
14.3
23.3
Texas
Collin Co
Dallas Co
Denton Co
Tarrant Co
16.5
14.6
24.9
Maryland
Allegany Co
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore Co
Caroline Co
Carroll Co
Cecil Co
Dorchester Co
Garrett Co
Harford Co
Howard Co
Kent Co
Queen Annes Co
St. Mary's Co
Somerset Co
Talbot Co
Washington Co
Wicomico Co
Worcester Co
Baltimore
22.3
14.6
22.3
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-225
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-14. I/M Program Documentation (1995 and 1996)
I/M Program Name
I/M Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Stringency Level (Percent)
Model Years Covered
Waiver Rate For Pre-1981 Model Years (%)
Waiver Rate For 1981 and Later Models (%)
Compliance Rate (%)
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Test Type
I/M Outpoints
Effectiveness Rates (% HC/CO/NOx)
I/M Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Stringency Level (Percent)
Model Years Covered
Waiver Rate For Pre-1981 Model Years (%)
Waiver Rate For 1981 and Later Models (%)
Compliance Rate (%)
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Test Type
I/M Cutpoints
Effectiveness Rates (% HC/CO/NOx)
Anil-Tampering Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Program Type
Effectiveness Rate
Inspection Frequency
Compliance Rate (%)
Inspections Performed
Air Pump System
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet Restrictor
AK1IMATP
1986
20
1968-2020
15
15
95
TRC
Biennial
YES
YES
YES
NO
2500/ldle Test
220/1 .2/999
0.85/0.85/0.85
0.85/0.85/0.85
1986
1968-2020
YES
YES
YES
NO
TRC
0.85
Biennial
95
YES
YES
NO
AKIMATP
1986
20
1975-2020
15
15
95
TRC
Biennial
YES
YES
YES
NO
2500/ldle Test
220/1.2/999
0.85/0.85/0.85
0.85/0.85/0.85
1986
1975-2020
YES
YES
YES
NO
TRC
0.85
Biennial
95
YES
YES
NO
AZPIMATP
1978
20
1967-1980
3
3
96
TO
Annual
YES
YES
YES
YES
Idle Test
220/1.2/999
1.00/1.00/1.00
1978
20
1981-2020
3
3
96
TO
Biennial
YES
YES
YES
YES
Transient Test
1.20/20.0/3.00
1.00/1.00/1.00
1988
1984-2020
YES
YES
YES
YES
TO
1.00
Biennial
96
YES
YES
NO
AZTIMATP
1978
31
1967-2020
8
8
96
TO
Biennial
YES
YES
YES
YES
Idle Test
220/1 .2/999
1.00/1.00/1.00
1 .00/1 .00/1 .00
1988
1967-2020
YES
YES
YES
YES
TO
1.00
Biennial
96
YES
YES
NO
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-226
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-14 (continued)
I/M Program Name
Tailpipe Lead Deposit Test
EGR System
Evaporative Emission Control System
PCV System
Gas Cap
AK1IMATP
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
AKIMATP AZPIMATP AZTIMATP
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
YES
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
Functional Pressure Test Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Effectiveness Rate
Vehicle Types Tested
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Compliance Rate (%)
Purge Test Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Effectiveness Rate
Vehicle Types Tested
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Compliance Rate (%)
Years of Program Usage
95,96
95,96
1995
1983-2020
1.00
YES
YES
YES
YES
TO
Biennial
96
1995
1986-2020
1.00
YES
YES
YES
YES
TO
Biennial
96
95,96
1995
1967-2020
0.40
YES
YES
YES
YES
TRC
Biennial
96
95,96
Notes:
TO=Test Only
TRC=Test And Repair (Computerized)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-227
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-15. Counties Included in 1995 and 1996 I/M Programs
l/M Program Name Included Counties
AK1IMATP Anchorage Ed
AKIMATP Fairbanks Ed
AZPIMATP Marlcopa Co
AZTIMATP Pima Co
CAIMATP Fresno Co, Kern Co, Los Angeles Co, Napa Co, Sacramento Co, San Diego Co,
San Francisco Co
CODIMATP Adams Co, Arapahoe Co, Boulder Co, Denver Co, Douglas Co, Jefferson Co
COSIMATP El Paso Co, Larimer Co, Teller Co, Weld Co,
CTIMATP Fairfield Co, Hartford Co, Litchfield Co, Middlesex Co, New Haven Co,
New London Co, Tolland Co, Windham Co
DCIMATP Washington
DEIMATP1 Kent Co, Sussex Co
DEIMATP2 New Castle Co
FLIMATP Broward Co, Dade Co, Duval Co, Hillsborough Co, Palm Beach Co, Pinellas Co
GA1M95 Cobb Co, De Kalb Co, Fulton Co, Gwinnett Co
GAIM96 Cobb Co, De Kalb Co, Fulton Co, Gwinnett Co
IDIMATP Ada Co
ILIM95 Cook Co, Du Page Co, Lake Co, Madison Co, St. Clair Co
ILIM952 Grundy Co, Kane Co, Kendall Co, McHenry Co, Will Co
INIMATP Clark Co, Floyd Co, Lake Co, Porter Co
KYIMATP1 Boone Co, Campbell Co, Kenton Co
KYIMATP2 Jefferson Co
LAIMATP Ascension Par, Calcasieu Par, East Baton Rouge Par, Iberville Par, Livingston Par,
Pointe Coupee Par, West Baton Rouge Par
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-228
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-15 (continued)
I/M Program Name Included Counties
MAIM95
MDIM95
MDIMATP
MIIM95
MNIMATP
MOIMATP1
MOIMATP2
NCIM931
NCIM932
NCIMATP3
NHIM95
NJIMATP
NMIMATP
NVIMATP
NYIMATP2
NYIMATP3
OHIM96
OHIMATP1
OHIMATP2
Barnstable Co, Berkshire Co, Bristol Co, Dukes Co, Essex Co, Franklin Co,
Hampden Co, Hampshire Co, Middlesex Co, Nantucket Co, Norfolk Co, Plymouth Co,
Suffolk Co, Worcester Co
Calvert Co, Cecil Co, Charles Co, Frederick Co, Queen Annes Co, Washington Co
Anne Arundel Co, Baltimore, Baltimore Co, Carroll Co, Harford Co, Howard Co,
Montgomery Co, Prince Georges Co
Macomb Co, Oakland Co, Wayne Co
Anoka Co, Carver Co, Dakota Co, Hennepin Co, Ramsey Co, Scott Co, Washington Co,
Wright Co
Jefferson Co, St. Charles Co, St. Louis, St. Louis Co
Franklin Co
Wake Co
Mecklenburg Co
Davidson Co, Davie Co, Durham Co, Forsyth Co, Gaston Co, Granville Co, Guilford Co
Hillsborough Co, Rockingham Co
Atlantic Co, Bergen Co, Burlington Co, Camden Co, Cape May Co, Cumberland Co,
Essex Co, Gloucester Co, Hudson Co, Hunterdon Co, Mercer Co, Middlesex Co,
Monmouth Co, Morris Co, Ocean Co, Passaic Co, Salem Co, Somerset Co, Sussex Co,
Union Co, Warren Co
Bernalillo Co
Clark Co, Washoe Co
Albany Co, Allegany Co, Broome Co, Cattaraugus Co, Cayuga Co, Chautauqua Co,
Chemung Co, Chenango Co, Clinton Co, Columbia Co, Cortland Co, Delaware Co,
Dutchess Co, Erie Co, Essex Co, Franklin Co, Fulton Co, Genesee Co, Greene Co,
Hamilton Co, Herkimer Co, Jefferson Co, Lewis Co, Livingston Co, Madison Co,
Monroe Co, Montgomery Co, Niagara Co, Oneida Co, Onondaga Co, Ontario Co,
Orange Co, Orleans Co, Oswego Co, Otsego Co, Putnam Co, Rensselaer Co,
Saratoga Co, Schenectady Co, Schoharie Co, Schuyler Co, Seneca Co, St. Lawrence Co,
Steuben Co, Sullivan Co, Tioga Co, Tompkins Co, Ulster Co, Warren Co,
Washington Co, Wayne Co, Wyoming Co, Yates Co
Bronx Co, Kings Co, Nassau Co, New York Co, Queens Co, Richmond Co,
Rockland Co, Suffolk Co, Westchester Co
Butler Co, Cuyahoga Co, Hamilton Co, Lake Co, Lorain Co
Butler Co, Hamilton Co, Lake Co, Lorain Co
Cuyahoga Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-229
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-15 (continued)
I/M Program Name Included Counties
OKIMATP1
OKIMATP2
ORIMATP
PAIMATP
RIIMATP
TNIM951
TNIM952
TXIMATP2
TXIMATP3
TXIMATP4
UT1IMATP
UT2IMATP
UT3IMATP
UT4IMATP
VAIM95
WAIMATP
WIIM93
WIIM96
WIIMSHEB
Creek Co, Osage Co, Rogers Co, Tulsa Co, Wagoner Co
Canadian Co, Cleveland Co, Kingfisher Co, Lincoln Co, Logan Co, McClain Co,
Oklahoma Co, Pottawatomie Co
Clackamas Co, Jackson Co, Multnomah Co, Washington Co
Allegheny Co, Beaver Co, Bucks Co, Chester Co, Delaware Co, Lehigh Co,
Montgomery Co, Northampton Co, Philadelphia Co, Washington Co, Westmoreland Co
Bristol Co, Kent Co, Newport Co, Providence Co, Washington Co
Davidson Co
Shelby Co
Harris Co
Collin Co, Denton Co, Ellis Co, Johnson Co, Kaufman Co, Parker Co, Rockwall Co
Dallas Co, Tarrant Co
Utah Co
Weber Co
Davis Co
Salt Lake Co
Alexandria, Arlington Co, Fairfax, Fairfax Co, Falls Church, Manassas, Manassas Park,
Prince William Co
King Co, Snohomish Co, Spokane Co
Kenosha Co, Milwaukee Co, Ozaukee Co, Racine Co, Washington Co, Waukesha Co
Kenosha Co, Milwaukee Co, Ozaukee Co, Racine Co, Sheboygan Co, Washington Co,
Waukesha Co
Shebovqan Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-230
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-16. Oxygenated Fuel Modeling Parameters
State
Alaska
Arizona
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Colorado
Connecticut
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Minnesota
Montana
Nevada
Nevada
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Oregon
Texas
Utah
Washington
Washington
Wisconsin
County
Anchorage Ed
Maricopa Co
Adams Co
Arapahoe Co
Boulder Co
Douglas Co
Jefferson Co
Denver Co
El Paso Co
Larimer Co
Fairfield Co
Anoka Co
Carver Co
Dakota Co
Hennepin Co
Ramsey Co
Scott Co
Washington Co
Wright Co
Chisago Co
Isanti Co
Missoula Co
Clark Co
Washoe Co
Bergen Co
Essex Co
Hudson Co
Hunterdon Co
Middlesex Co
Monmouth Co
Morris Co
Ocean Co
Passaic Co
Somerset Co
Sussex Co
Union Co
Bronx Co
Kings Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
Rockland Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
Orange Co
Putnam Co
Clackamas Co
Jackson Co
Multnomah Co
Washington Co
Josephine Co
Klamath Co
Yamhill Co
El Paso Co
Utah Co
Clark Co
Spokane Co
St. Croix Co
Market Shares (%)
MTBE Alcohol Blends
0
80
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
75
90
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
15
20
1
1
10
100
20
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
10
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
90
100
100
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5 '
5
5
5
5 ,
5
5
5
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
85
80
99
99
90
Oxygen
MTBE
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
Content (%) Oxygenated
Alcohol Blends Fuel Season
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
NOV - FEE
OCT - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
OCT - JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT -JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT - JAN
OCT -JAN
NOV - FEB
OCT - MAR
OCT -JAN
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV -FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
NOV - FEB
SEP - FEB
OCT -JAN
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-231
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-17. State-Supplied Trip Length Distribution Inputs
Percentage of Total VMT Accumulated in Trips of:
State
Georgia
Illinois
Illinois
Indiana
Michigan
Missouri
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Nonattainment
Area
Washington, DC/MD/VA
Baltimore
Houston
Dallas
Table 4.6-1 8
Applicable Area
Entire State
<10 11 to 20 21 to 30 31 to 40 41 to 50
Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
16.6 33.9 23.4 13.3 6.1
15.1 31.7 26 13.3 6.5
14.8 27.9 22.4 14.3 8.5
9.8 19 23.8 19.4 13.6
. State-Supplied Alcohol Fuels Data
Ether Alcohol Oxygen
Blends Blends Content of
Market Market Ether
Share (%) Share (%) Blends (%)
0.0 2.5
Chicago Nonattainment Area 17.0 83.0 2.1
Rest of State
Entire State excluding RFG
Entire State
Entire State
0.0 33.0
Counties 0.0 1 9.0
0.0 12.7
0.0 33.0
Milwaukee Nonattainment Area 17.0 83.0 2.1
Rest of State excluding St. Croix County 0.0 1 0.0
>50
Minutes
6.7
7.4
12.1
14.4
Oxygen
Content of
Alcohol
Blends (%)
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
1.0 psi
RVP
Waiver
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-232
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6.19. State-Provided Diesel Sales Inputs
Delaware-Kent County
.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.032.001.015.004.015.001.009
.002.005.000.008.003.005.002.004.004.009.010.007.011.015.020.017.033.020.004.003
.001.000.002.003.001.002.002.000.006.000
Delaware-New Castle County
.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.001.011.002.010.002.009.001.009
.001.003.000.006.001.004.001.005.003.005.004.005.008.009.014.014.019.014.000.000
.001.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
Delaware-Sussex County
.000.050.000.050.000.050.000.050.000.050.000.050.001.022.002.010.005.008.001.010
.001.005.000.008.003.003.002.005.005.010.007.010.009.011.019.022.020.036.014.002
.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
Maryland-Baltimore, Carroll, Harford, and Howard Counties, and Baltimore City
.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.001.007.000.006.003.007.004.012
.014.015.018.024.021.027.040.074.055.055.048.028.023.012.011.005.008.001.010.001
.014.001.007.001.003.000.004.000.001.001
Maryland-Calvert County
.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.002.000.005.000.004.002.003.003.016
.019.032.020.051.027.042.025.145.041.122.031.106.015.019.009.000.004.000.005.000
.005.038.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000
Maryland-Charles County
.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.003.000.005.003.010.002.009
.007.007.008.030.006.031.017.085.020.055.013.051.006.011.004.000.000.000.000.000
.006.000.003.000.003.000.000.000.004.048
Maryland-Frederick County
.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.000.005.001.003.000.002.001.006.004.011
.008.020.009.032.005.046.014.082.022.142.021.057.007.016.005.009.003.000.005.000
.003.000.002.000.000.000.000.000.000.023
Maryland-Montgomery County
.001.004.001.004.001.004.001.004.001.004.001.004.001.009.000.008.006.009.006.026
.019.027.026.053.033.059.052.207.065.174.056.130.044.022.021.019.018.006.023.006
.022.006.011.000.003.006.003.000.002.000
Maryland-Prince Georges County
.001.010.001.010.001.010.001.010.001.010.001.010.001.019.000.013.005.019.005.033
.013.044.018.064.022.076.038.195.050.146.039.108.019.025.012.021.006.005.005.018
.010.008.006.000.001.005.003.000.001.000
Virginia-Alexandria City
.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.001.000.000.000.003.002.005.005
.014.017.019.029.022.067.041.193.046.172.038.010.019.009.011.000.007.000.009.024
.009.017.006.000.001.000.002.000.004.019
Virginia-Arlington County
.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.006.000.006.001.002.000.001.002.007.004.014
.013.017.021.057.020.068.038.221.049.248.032.070.023.013.015.007.009.000.010.000
.010.000.004.009.002.000.005.013.006.000
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-233
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-19 (continued)
Virginia-Fairfax County and Fairfax City
.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.002.001.005.000.002.003.006.005.013
.015.014.022.032.028.041.048.124.062.154.054.035.030.011.015.005.009.002.013.006
.017.000.007.000.005.000.004.000.005.008
Virginia-Prince William County
.001.003.001.003.001.003.001.003.001.003.001.003.001.003.000.003.001.005.005.011
.011.014.019.029.022.048.046.114.062.154.043.021.020.020.010.003.004.004.004.000
.010.000.004.009.001.000.003.000.003.007
Virginia-Loudoun County
.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.001.001.001.004.006.007.010
.013.024.023.029.029.033.049.101.066.134.043.033.027.009.012.009.006.006.008.007
.010.070.008.000.006.009.002.000.003.000
Virginia-Stafford County
.003.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.003.002.002.003.000.000.002.003.007.008
.016.007.022.032.030.045.060.155.063.080.045.018.017.005.005.004.005.005.004.000
.005.000.004.014.001.000.006.000.002.000
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-234
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-20. Counties Modeled with Federal Reformulated Gasoline
State (ASTM Class)/
Nonattainment Area County
State (ASTM Class)/
Nonattainment Area County
Arizona (B)
Phoenix
Maricopa Co
Connecticut ©
Greater Connecticut
Hartford Co
Litchfield Co
Middlesex Co
New Haven Co
New London Co
Tolland Co
Windham Co
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island
Fairfield Co
District of Columbia (B)
Washington DC
Washington
Delaware ©
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Kent Co
New Castle Co
Sussex County
Sussex Co
Illinois ©
Chicago-Gary-Lake County
Cook Co
Du Page Co
Grundy Co
Kane Co
Kendall Co
Lake Co
McHenry Co
Will Co
Indiana ©
Chicago-Gary-Lake County
Lake Co
Porter Co
Kentucky ©
Cincinnati-Hamilton
Boone Co
Campbell Co
Kenton Co
Maine ©
Knox & Lincoln Counties
Knox Co
Lincoln Co
Lewiston-Auburn
Androscoggin Co
Kennebec Co
Portland
Cumberland Co
Sagadahoc Co
York Co
Maryland (B)
Baltimore
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore
Baltimore Co
Carroll Co
Harford Co
Howard Co
Kent & Queen Annes Counties
Kent Co
Queen Annes Co
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Cecil Co
Washington DC
Calvert Co
Charles Co
Frederick Co
Montgomery Co
Prince Georges Co
Massachusetts ©
Boston-Lawrence-Worcester-Eastern MA
Barnstable Co
Bristol Co
Dukes Co
Essex Co
Middlesex Co
Nantucket Co
Norfolk Co
Plymouth Co
Suffolk Co
Worcester Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-235
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-20 (continued)
State (ASTM Class)/
Nonattainment Area County
State (ASTM Class)/
Nonattainment Area County
Louisville
Bullitt Co
Jefferson Co
Oldham Co
New Hampshire ©
Manchester
Hillsborough Co
Merrimack Co
Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester
Rockingham Co
Strafford Co
New Jersey ©
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
Warren Co
Atlantic City
Atlantic Co
Cape May Co
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island
Bergen Co
Essex Co
Hudson Co
Hunterdon Co
Middlesex Co
Monmouth Co
Morris Co
Ocean Co
Passaic Co
Somerset Co
Sussex Co
Union Co
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Burlington Co
Camden Co
Cumberland Co
Gloucester Co
Mercer Co
Salem Co
New York©
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island
Bronx Co
Kings Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Springfield/Pittsfield-Western MA
Berkshire Co
Franklin Co
Hampden Co
Hampshire Co
New York ©
Poughkeepsie
Dutchess Co
Putnam Co
Pennsylvania ©
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Bucks Co
Chester Co
Delaware Co
Montgomery Co
Philadelphia Co
Rhode Island ©
Providence
Bristol Co
Kent Co
Newport Co
Providence Co
Washington Co
Texas(B)
Dallas-Fort Worth
Collin Co
Dallas Co
Denton Co
Tarrant Co
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria
Brazoria Co
Chambers Co
Fort Bend Co
Galveston Co
Harris Co
Liberty Co
Montgomery Co
Waller Co
Virginia (B)
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News
Chesapeake
Hampton
James City Co
Newport News
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-236
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-20 (continued)
State (ASTM Class)/
Nonattainment Area County
State (ASTM Class)/
Nonattainment Area County
Orange Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
Rockland Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
Norfolk
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Suffolk
Virginia Beach
Williamsburg
York Co
Virginia (B)
Richmond-Petersburg
Washington DC
Charles City Co
Chesterfield Co
Colonial Heights
Hanover Co
Henrico Co
Hopewell
Richmond
Alexandria
Arlington Co
Fairfax
Fairfax Co
Falls Church
Loudoun Co
Manassas
Manassas Park
Prince William Co
Stafford Co
Wisconsin ©
Milwaukee-Racine
Kenosha Co
Milwaukee Co
Ozaukee Co
Racine Co
Washington Co
Waukesha Co
Notes: Reformulated gasoline was only modeled in Phoenix beginning with the projection years, as the opt-in date for
Phoenix was 1997. California reformulated gasoline was modeled statewide in California.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document/or ] 900-1996
4-237
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-21 PARTS Vehicle Classes
Vehicle Class
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
MC
LDDV
LDDT
2BHDDV
LHDDV
MHDDV
HHDDV
BUSES
light-duty gasoline vehicles
light-duty gasoline trucks, I
light-duty gasoline trucks, II
heavy-duty gasoline trucks
motorcycles
light-duty diesel vehicles
light-duty diesel trucks
class 2B heavy-duty diesel vehicles
light heavy-duty diesel vehicles
medium heavy-duty diesel vehicles
heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicles
buses
FHWA
Class
1
2A
2B-8B
1
2A
2B
3,4,5
6,7,8A
8B
Gross Vehicle
Weiaht ttbs^
<6,000
6,001-8,500
>8,500
<6,000
6,001-8,500
8,501-10,000
10,001-19,500
19,501-33,000
33,000+
Table 4.6-22 Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type
Rural Road Speeds (mph)
Vehicle
Tvos
LDV
LOT
HDV
Vehicle
TVD©
LDV
LOT
HDV
Interstate
60
55
40
Interstate
45
45
35
Principal
Artejial
45
45
35
Urban
Other Freeways
& Expresswavs
45
45
35
Minor
Arterial
40
40
30
Major
Collector
35
35
25
Minor
Collector
30
30
25
Local
30
30
25
Road Speeds (mph)
Principal
Arterial
20
20
15
Minor
Arterial
20
20
15
Collector
20
20
15
Local
20
20
15
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-238
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-23. PM-10 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory
Emission Factor (grams per mile)
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
LDGV
0.070
0.066
0.063
0.060
0.057
0.054
0.051
0.048
0.045
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.030
0.026
LDGT1
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
069
066
063
060
057
054
051
049
046
043
040
037
0.034
0.
0.
032
029
Table 4.6-24.
LDGT2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.070
.067
.064
.062
.059
.057
.054
.052
.049
.047
.044
.042
.039
.037
.034
HDGV
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
0.062
LDDV
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.585
0.555
0.525
0.495
0.465
0.435
,0.405
0.375
Fuel Economy Values Used
Emission Factors
for the
LDDT
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.615
0.583
0.552
0.520
0.489
0.457
0.426
0.395
0.363
HDDV
2.367
2.367
2.367
2.367
2.351
2.335
2.319
2.303
2.287
2.271
2.255
2.239
2.223
2.207
2.191
in Calculation of
MC
0.070
0.066
0.063
0.060
0.057
0.054
0.051
0.048
0.045
0.042
0.039
0.036
0.033
0.030
0.026
SO2
Emission Trends Inventory
Fuel Economy (miles/gallon)
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
LDGV
12.68
12.70
12.57
12.48
12.59
12.68
12.69
12.94
13.17
13.52
14.50
14.95
15.49
16.13
16.78
LDGT
10.18
10.39
10.51
10.69
11.15
11.40
11.39
11.63
11.81
12.00
12.54
12.72
12.96
13.42
13.90
HDGV
6.79
6.85
6.86
6.90
7.11
7.16
7.05
7.05
6.97
6.94
7.13
7.07
7.65
7.96
8.15
LDDV
12.68
12.70
12.57
12.48
12.59
12.68
12.69
12.94
13.17
13.52
14.50
14.95
24.90
25.10
25.21
LDDT
10.18
10.39
10.51
10.69
11.15
11.40
11.39
11.63
11.81
12.00
12.54
12.72
24.59
24.85
24.96
HDDV
5.05
5.17
5.27
5.32
5.47
5.62
5.47
5.47
5.45
5.45
5.64
5.56
5.30
5.44
5.57
MC
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
50.00
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-239
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-25. SO2 Emission Factors used in the Emission Trends Inventory
Emission Factor (grams per mile)
Year
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
LDGV
0.147
0.146
0.148
0.149
0.148
0.147
0.147
0.144
0.141
0.138
0.128
0.124
0.120
0.115
0.111
LDGT1
0.183
0.179
0.177
0.174
0.167
0.163
0.163
0.160
0.158
0.155
0.148
0.146
0.144
0.139
0.134
LDGT2
0.183
0.179
0.177
0.174
0.167
0.163
0.163
0.160
0.158
0.155
0.148
0.146
0.144
0.139
0.134
HDGV
0.274
0.272
0.271
0.270
0.262
0.260
0.264
0.264
0.267
0.268
0.261
0.263
0.243
0.234
0.228
LDDV
0.989
0.987
0.997
1.004
0.996
0.989
0.988
0.969
0.952
0.927
0.865
0.839
0.503
0.499
0.497
LDDT
1.231
1.207
1.193
1.173
1.124
1.100
1.101
1.078
1.061
1.045
1.000
0.986
0.510
0.504
0.502
HDDV
2.482
2.425
2.379
2.356
2.292
2.231
2.292
2.292
2.300
2.300
2.223
2.255
2.365
2.304
2.251
MC
0.037
9.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
0.037
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-240
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-26. Fractions of Vehicles Equipped with 3-Way Catalysts by
Vehicle Type and Model Year
Model
Year
1 990 and
later
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979 and
earlier
LDGVs
With Without
Catalyst Catalyst
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.88
0.86
0.07
0.07
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
0.14
0.93
0.93
1.00
LDGT1
With Without
Catalyst Catalyst
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.95
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.00
LDGT2
With Without
Catalyst Catalyst
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.90
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
HDGVs
With Without
Catalyst Catalyst
0.25
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.75
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 190O-1996
4-241
1985-1996 Methodology
On-toad Vehicles
-------
Table 4.6-27. Ammonia Emission Factors by Year and Vehicle Type
Year
1999
2000
2002
2005
2007
2008
2010
LDGV
0.13429
0.13510
0.13610
0.13691
0.13738
0.13744
0.13746
LDGT1
0.11845
0.12135
0.12513
0.12816
0.12925
0.12959
0.13019
Ammonia Emission Factor
LDGT2 HDGV LDDV
0.10175
0.10505
0.10967
0.11352
0.11497
0.11575
0.11660
0.02425
0.02579
0.02881
0.03216
0.03356
0.0341 1
0.03486
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
(g/mi)
LDDT
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
HDDV
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
0.00188
MC
0.00352
0.00352
0.00352
0.00352
0.00352
0.00352
0.00352
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-242
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
Figure 4.6-1. State-Provided Registration Distributions
State: Delaware
Counties: Kent Co
.0020.
.0680.
.0050.
.0010,
.0540.
.0080.
.0070,
.0430,
.0170,
.0020,
.0490,
.0320
.0020
.0680
.0050
.0010
.0540
.0080
.0030
.0570
.0210
.0060
.0370
.0000
0630.
0440.
0050,
0550.
,0370,
,0070,
,0360,
,0380,
,0150,
,0480,
.0320,
,0300
.0630,
.0440
.0050
.0550
.0370
.0070
.0260
.0310
.0270
.0490
.4400
.0000
0690.
0320.
0050.
0720.
,0260.
,0070,
,0560,
,0330.
,0110,
,0430,
,0250,
,0200,
.0690,
.0320
.0050,
,0720
.0260
.0070
.0320
.0400
.0130
.0580
.0000
.0000
0720.
0280.
0040.
0730.
0210.
0060,
,0620,
,0280,
,0090,
,0440,
,0370
,0150
,0720
,0280
.0040
,0730
.0210
,0060
.0400
.0270
.0070
.0590
.0000
.0000
0750.
0240.
,0240
,0710.
,0210,
,0330
,0790,
,0220.
,0420
,0590,
.0230,
.0760
.0750,
,0240,
,0240
.0710
.0210
.0330
.0370
.0520
.0630
.0470
.0000
.0000
0810.0860.0840.0820.0750
0250.0190.0140.0090.0050
0900.0900.0870.0810.0600
0310.0260.0200.0140.0090
,0820.0820.0540.0770.0590
0470.0330.0310.0220.0150
,0590.0600.0560.0720.0590
,0420.0300.0340.0240.0290
,0810.0860.0840.0820.0750
,0250.0190.0140.0090.0050
,0900.0900.0870.0810.0600
.0310.0260.0200.0140.0090
.0660.0710.0560.0610.0580
.0780.0590.0260.0140.0350
.0770.0350.0530.0820.0570
.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-243
1985-1996 Methodology
On-toad Vehicles
-------
Figure 4.6-2. OTAG Inventory Source of Data - VMT
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-244
1985-1996 Methodology
On-road Vehicles
-------
4.7 NON-ROAD ENGINES AND VEHICLES
The "Non-road Engines and Vehicles" heading includes the following Tier I and Tier n categories:
Tier 1 Category
(11) Non-road Engines and Vehicles
Tier n Category
All
The Tier n category includes the estimated emissions from aircraft, commercial marine vessels,
railroads, and all other non-road vehicles and equipment. The methodology used to generate the
emissions for these sources is described in this section.
4.7.1 1990 Interim Inventory
The 1990 emissions from aircraft, commercial marine vessels, and railroads have been estimated
from the area source portion of the 1985 National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)
inventory by the process described in section 4.7.1.2. The bases for the remaining non-road categories
are the emission inventories1 prepared by the United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency's
(EPA) Office of Mobile Sources (OMS) for 27 nonattainment areas (NAAs). These inventories were
combined and used to create national county-level emissions. These emissions are detailed in section
4.7.1.1.
4.7.1.1 Non-road Engines and Vehicle Emissions
Non-road engines and vehicles include motorized vehicles and equipment that are not normally
operated on public roadways to provide transportation. The non-road mobile source emissions in the
1990 Interim inventory are based on 1990 non-road emissions2 compiled by EPA's Emission Factors and
Inventory Group (EFIG). The EFIG non-road data contains total emissions for non-road sources at the
county level. These emissions include all non-road sources except aircraft, commercial marine vessels,
and railroads. The EFIG non-road emissions were developed from non-road emission inventories for 27
ozone NAAs by OMS. The OMS inventories contained 1990 emissions at the SCC-level for each
county within one of the 27 NAAs. These non-road data do not include emissions for sulfur dioxide
(SO2). The SO2 emissions in the 1985 NAPAP inventory from the non-road sources were approximately
92,000 short tons and are not included in the NET inventory.
A two step process was used to convert the OMS NAA emissions to county-SCC-level emissions
needed for the NET inventory. The first step, performed by EFIG, used the OMS 1990 non-road
emissions for the 27 ozone NAAs to estimate non-road emissions for the rest of the country. The second
step used the EFIG total non-road emissions for each county to create 1990 county-SCC-level non-road
emissions.
Step 1. Creation of National County-Level 1990 Non-road Emissions
OMS prepared 1990 non-road emission inventories for 27 ozone and six carbon monoxide (CO)
NAAs. (Data from the CO NAAs were not used because it did not include VOC and NOX emissions.)
Table 4.7-1 lists the 27 ozone NAAs for which non-road inventories were compiled. Each NAA
inventory contained county-level emissions for 279 different equipment/engine type combinations for
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-245
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
each county in the NAA. For this information to be useful for the 1990 Interim inventory, non-road
emissions were needed for the entire country (excluding Alaska and Hawaii). The following
methodology was used to create 1990 non-road emissions for the entire country:
(a) volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOX), and CO per capita emission factors
were developed for each NAA by summing each pollutant's emissions for all equipment/engine
categories for all counties within the NAA and dividing by the NAA population
(b) for counties entirely within one of the 27 NAAs, the emissions in the QMS inventories were
used
(c) for counties partially in one of the 27 NAAs, emissions were calculated by multiplying the
NAA per capita emission factor by the total county population
(d) all other counties were assigned a "surrogate NAA" based on geography and climate,
emissions were calculated by multiplying the surrogate NAA per capita emission factors by the
total county population. Figure 4.7-1 shows the surrogate NAA each area of the country was
assigned.
Step 2. Distribution of Total Non-road Emissions to SCCs
The resulting emissions from step 1 above, represent total county non-road emissions. To be
incorporated into the 1990 Interim inventory, these emissions must be distributed to the appropriate
SCCs. The following methodology was used to distribute total non-road emissions to SCCs:
(a) an SCC was assigned to each of the 279 equipment/engine type combinations in the QMS
inventories; the 27 SCCs used are listed in Table 4.7-2
(b) for each of the 27 OMS inventories, the percentage of emissions from sources assigned to each
of the 27 SCCs was calculated
(c) each county's total non-road emissions were distributed to the 27 SCCs using the SCC
percentages from its surrogate NAA.
4.7.1.2 Aircraft, Marine Vessels and Railroads
The area source emissions from the 1985 NAPAP inventory have been projected to the year 1990
based on BEA historic earnings data or other growth indicators. The specific growth indicator was
assigned based on the source category. The Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) earnings data were
converted to 1982 dollars as described in section 4.7.1.2.2. All growth factors were calculated as the
ratio of the 1990 data to the 1985 data for the appropriate growth indicator.
When creating the 1990 emissions inventory, changes were made to emission factors from the 1985
inventory for some sources. The 1990 emissions for CO, NOX, SO2, and VOC were calculated using the
following steps: (1) projected 1985 controlled emissions to 1990 using the appropriate growth factors,
(2) calculated the uncontrolled emissions using control efficiencies from the 1985 NAPAP inventory,
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and (3) calculated the final 1990 controlled emissions using revised emission factors. The 1990 PM-10
emissions were calculated using the total suspended particulates (TSP) emissions from the 1985 NAPAP
inventory. The 1990 uncontrolled TSP emissions were estimated in the same manner as the other
pollutants. The 1990 uncontrolled particulate matter less than 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter
(PM-10) estimates were calculated from these TSP emissions by applying source classification code-
(SCC-) specific uncontrolled particle size distribution factors.3 The controlled PM-10 emissions were
estimated in the same manner as the other pollutants.
4.7.1.2.1 Emission Factor Changes —
Emission factors for several sources were updated to reflect recent technical improvements in
AP-42 and other emission inventory guidance documents. Emission factors for all four pollutants were
updated for railroads. The SO2 emission factors for aircraft were also updated.
Railroad emission factors in NAPAP were derived from data in AP-42. Improved emission factors
for railroad locomotives have recently been developed in a revision to EPA's mobile source emission
inventory guidance.4 These updated emission factors were incorporated into the 1990 Interim estimates.
Railroad emission factors are summarized in Table 4.7-3 for line-haul locomotives and yard (switch)
locomotives. Because only one set of emission factors is required for railroads, the separate emission
factors for line-haul and yard locomotives were weighted by fuel usage. The Association of American
Railroads (AAR) provided data on fuel consumption by line-haul and yard locomotives for Class I
railroads for 1985 through 1990, as shown in Table 4.7-4.
AP-42 SO2 emission rates were compared with emission rates published in EPA's emission
inventory guidance.5 SO2 rates were on average 54 percent lower, due to changes in fuel sulfur content.
This change was incorporated into the aircraft emissions for the 1990 Interim inventory. (Although new
data were available only for civil aircraft, the emission factor change was incorporated for all aircraft).
Aircraft emission factors for VOC, NOX, and CO have not changed. Table 4.7-5 compares SO2 emission
rates from aircraft.
4.7.1.2.2 1990 Growth Indicators for Aircraft, Marine Vessels, and Railroads —
Emissions from the 1985 NAPAP inventory were grown to the 1990 Interim inventory years based
on historical BEA earnings data or other category-specific growth indicators. Table 4.7-6 shows the
growth indicators used for each area source by NAPAP category.
Activity levels for aircraft are measured by the number of landing-takeoff operations (LTOs).
Annual LTO totals are compiled by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) on a regional basis.
Commercial aircraft growth is derived by summing the air carrier and air taxi regional totals of LTOs
from FAA-operated control towers and FAA traffic control centers.6 Since these data are compiled on a
regional basis, the regional trends were applied to each state. Civil aircraft growth indicators were also
developed from regional LTO totals. Civil aircraft activity levels were determined from terminal area
activity for the years 1985 through 1989, and from a 1990 forecast of terminal area activity.7a Since
military aircraft LTO totals were not available, BEA data were used.
The changes in the military aircraft emissions were equated with the changes in historic earnings by
state and industry. Emissions in the 1985 NAPAP inventory were projected to the years 1985 through
1991 based on the growth in earnings by industry (two-digit SIC code). Historical annual state and
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industry earnings data from BEA's Table S A-5 (Reference 8) were used to represent growth in earnings
from 1985 through 1990.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are expressed in nominal dollars. To estimate
growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data
for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE.9 The
PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982 dollars are:
Year
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1982 PCE Deflator
111.6
114.3
124.2
129.6
136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through
1990. Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985
through 1990) to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used where
possible to fill in missing data elements. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that
were missing at least one data point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the point source inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state
and the two-digit SIC. Table 4.7-7 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of
the two-digit SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all
point sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.7-7 also shows the
national average growth and earnings by industry from BEA Table SA-5.
Railroad data are provided by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). National totals of
revenue-ton-miles for the years 1985 through 1990 are used to estimate changes in activity during this
period. The national growth is therefore applied to each state and county.10
Marine vessel activity is recorded annually by the U.S. Army Corp of Engineers. Cargo tonnage
national totals are used to determine growth in diesel- and residual-fueled vessel use through the year
1989." Since gasoline-powered vessels are used predominantly for recreation, growth for this category is
therefore based on population.
4.7.1.2.3 Emissions Calculations —
A four-step process was used to calculate emissions incorporating rule effectiveness. First, base
year controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using the following equation (Equation
4.7-1).
CEi = CEBY + (CEBY x EG.)
(Eq. 4.7-1)
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where: CE; = Controlled Emissions for inventory year I
CEW = Controlled Emissions for base year
EG; = Earnings Growth for inventory year I
Earnings growth is calculated using Equation 4.7-2.
DAT.
EG: = 1-
DAT,
(Eq. 4.7-2)
BY
where: EG; = Earnings growth for year I
D AT; = Earnings data for inventory year I
DATBY = Earnings data in the base year
Second, uncontrolled emissions in the inventory year are back-calculated from the controlled emissions
based on the control efficiency using Equation 4.7-3.
UEt =
CE:
l _ CEFF]
100 J
(Eq. 4.7-3)
where: UEj = Uncontrolled Emissions for inventory year I
CE; = Controlled Emissions for inventory year I
CEFF = Control Efficiency (percent)
For aircraft, marine vessels, and railroads this equation reduces to Equation 4.7-4 since the control
efficiency is equal to zero.
UE; = CE;
(Eq. 4.7-4)
Third, controlled emissions are recalculated incorporating revised emission factors using the following
equation (Equation 4.7-5).
CER. = UC; x
EF,
BY)
(Eq. 4.7-5)
where: CER;
EF,
EFBY
= Controlled Emissions Incorporating Rule Effectiveness
= Uncontrolled Emissions
= Emission factor for inventory year I
= Emission factor for base year
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The last step in the creation of the inventory was matching the NAPAP categories to the new AMS
categories. This matching is provided in Table 4.7-8. Note that there is not always a one-to-one
correspondence between NAPAP and AMS categories.
4.7.2 Emissions, 1970 through 1989
The non-road emissions for the years 1970 through 1989 have been based on the 1990 estimates.
Historic Economic Growth Analysis System (E-GAS) growth factors12 were obtained by representative
NAA and rest of state counties and by Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) codes and then correlated to the
non-road SCCs and counties.
Emissions.
(,county,SCC,year)
= Growth
'(county,SCC,year)
x Emissions,
(county,SCC,l99Q)
(Eq. 4.7-6)
4.7.3 1990 National Emissions Trends
The 1990 National Emission Trends (NET) data base is based primarily on state data, with the
Interim data filling in the data gaps. The state data were extracted from the Ozone Transport Assessment
Group (OTAG) inventory. As part of the OTAG Inventory development, 24 states submitted emission
estimates for non-road sources. Of these states, 17 submitted emission estimates for the entire state and
7 submitted emission estimates for a portion of their state. Since the goal of the OTAG Inventory
development effort was to create an inventory of ozone season daily (OSD), daily emission estimates
were submitted by all states, except Texas which submitted annual emissions. Daily emissions were
converted to annual emissions using EPA's default SCC-specific temporal allocation factors. Table
4.6-7 shows which states submitted non-road estimates for the OTAG Inventory and what type of data
they submitted.
The actual incorporation of emission estimates from the OTAG Inventory was performed by
determining the counties for which state submitted data was available from the OTAG Inventory.
Emission estimates for those counties were then removed from the Trends Inventory. Then the county/
SCC-level emission estimates from the OTAG Inventory were added to the Trends Inventory. Since the
OTAG Inventory was primarily an inventory of VOC, NOX, and CO, very little SO2 or PM emission
estimates were included in the state submissions. In cases where SO2 and/or PM emission estimates
were submitted they were used, otherwise the SO2 and PM emission estimates from the Interim
Inventory were kept.
The final 1990 non-road diesel emission estimates were adjusted so that the national emissions in
the Trends report would be consistent with national emissions estimated by OMS as part of the EPA
Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for non-road diesel engine.13 The methods used for
developing 1995 emission estimates are documented in the next section of this chapter. Making this
adjustment for 1995 resulted in a large discontinuity in the emission estimates between 1995 and the
years preceding it. To remove this large discontinuity, emission estimates for years prior to 1995
(including the base year, 1990) were adjusted to be consistent with the final 1995 emissions. This
adjustment was implemented by multiplying the emissions for each county by the following ratio:
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FinalNational 1995Estimates
PreliminaryNationall995Estimates
(Eq. 4.7-7)
The final 1995 national estimates are after adjusting for emissions for consistency with the NPRM
emissions and the preliminary 1995 national estimates are prior to adjusting to the NPRM emissions.
Applying this ratio maintains the geographic distribution of the base year estimates while adjusting the
size of the emission estimates to be consistent with the 1995 emissions from the NPRM.
4.7.4 Emissions, 1991 through 1994
The 1991 through 1994 area source emissions were grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through
1989 estimates, except for using a different base year inventory. The base year for the 1991 through
1994 emissions is the 1990 NET inventory.
Base year emission estimates were projected to 1991 through 1994 using BEA historical earnings
data as a surrogate for growth. Historical earnings for the years 1990 through 1995 were obtained from
BEA's Table SA-5 - Total Personal Income by Major Sources.8 The BEA earnings data is by state and
2-digit SIC. There were three steps taken in using the BEA data to project growth: (1) BEA data was
converted from nominal dollars to constant dollars, (2) 1996 growth factors were developed based on the
1990 through 1995 normalized data, and (3) growth factors were applied to 1990 emissions based on a
SIC to SCC crosswalk.
The earnings data in BEA Table SA-5 is in nominal dollars. In order to use the data to generate
growth factors it was converted to 1992 constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data
for each year was converted to 1992 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE. The PCE
deflators used to convert earnings to 1992 dollars are:
Year
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1992 PCE Deflator
93.6
97.3
100.0
102.6
104.9
107.6
The BEA earnings data for 1996 were not published or available for use on this project. 1996
earnings data were estimated by linear growth in earnings from 1990 to 1995. The following equation
was used to estimate the 1996 earnings:
1996 Earnings = 1995 Earnings
1995 Earnings - 1990 Earnings
(Eq. 4.7-8)
1995 and 1996 growth factors were calculated based on the change in earnings from the base year
(1990) to the year emissions were being estimated for (1995 or 1996). For each county-level emission
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estimate, the appropriate growth factor was selected based on the state and SCC. The crosswalk
between SCC and growth factors is displayed in Table 4.7-10. The growth factor was then multiplied by
the 1990 emissions resulting in the 1995 or 1996 emissions. The following equation was used.
Earnings^
(Eq. 4.7-9)
Emissions.
95 or 96
= EmissionSgQ*
Earnings^
Tables 4.7-11 and 4.7-12 lists the 1990 through 1996 growth indicators by BEA earnings and
population. Commercial aircraft emissions were projected using FAA estimates of LTOs for the years
1990 through 1996.7b-7c
The 1991 through 1995 emissions for NOX locomotive and all commercial aircraft emission
estimates were developed using 1990 Interim Inventory emissions and applying growth factors using
Equation 4.7-5. The growth factors were obtained from the prereleased E-GAS, version 2.0.12 The
E-GAS generates growth factors at the SCC-level for counties representative of all counties within each
ozone nonattainment area classified as serious and above and for counties representative of all counties
within both the attainment portions and the marginal and moderate nonattainment areas within each
state. The appropriate growth factors were applied by county and SCC to the 1990 emissions as shown
by Equation 4.7-5.
There are approximately 150 representative counties in E-GAS and 2000 SCCs present in the base
year inventory. This yields a matrix of 300,000 growth factors generated to determine a single year's
inventory. To list all combinations would be inappropriate.
The final 1991-1994 non-road diesel emission estimates were adjusted so that the national
emissions in the Trends report would be consistent with national emissions estimated by OMS as part of
the EPA NPRM for non-road diesel engines.13 The methods used for developing 1995 emission
estimates are documented in the next section of this chapter. Making this adjustment for 1995 resulted
in a large discontinuity in the emission estimates between 1995 and the years preceding it. To remove
this large discontinuity, emission estimates for years prior to 1995 (including the base year, 1990) were
adjusted to be consistent with the final 1995 emissions. This adjustment was implemented by
multiplying the emissions for each county by the following ratio:
Final National 1995 Estimates
Preliminary National 1995 Estimates
(Eq. 4.7-10)
The final 1995 national estimates are after adjusting for emissions for consistency with the NPRM
emissions and the preliminary 1995 national estimates are prior to adjusting to the NPRM emissions.
Applying this ratio maintains the geographic distribution of the base year estimates while adjusting the
size of the emission estimates to be consistent with the 1995 emissions from the NPRM.
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4.7.5 1995 Emissions
The 1995 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1991 through 1994 estimates.
Exceptions are noted in section 4.7.7.
4.7.6 1996 Emissions
The 1996 emission estimates were derived in a similar manner as the 1995 emissions. The
following three subsections describe the projected 1996 emissions.
4.7.6.1 Grown Estimates
The 1996 area source emissions were grown using the 1995 NET inventory as the basis. The
algorithm for determining the estimates is detailed in section 4.7.1.2.3 and is described by the equation
below. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in Tables 4.7-11 and 4.7-12. The
1996 BEA and SEDS data were determined using linear interpretation of the 1988 through 1995 data.
Equation 4.7-11 describes the calculation used to estimate the 1996 emissions.
CER1996 ~ UC1995 X
GS
1996
GS
1995
(Eq. 4.7-11)
where: CER
1996
GS
REEF .=
CEFF =
RP
controlled emissions incorporating rule effectiveness
uncontrolled emissions
growth surrogate (either BEA or SEDS data)
rule effectiveness (percent)
control efficiency (percent)
rule penetration (percent)
The rule effectiveness for 1996 was always assumed to be 100 percent. The control efficiencies and rule
penetrations are detailed in the following subsections.
4.7.6.2 Non-road Engine Controls-Spark-Ignition Engines < 25 hp
EPA is currently in the process of developing regulations for spark ignition engines less than
25 horsepower (hp) that are designed to reduce hydrocarbons (HC), NOX, and CO emissions. Expected
to be included under these rules are most general utility equipment (i.e., lawn and garden and light
commercial/industrial equipment), as well as farm and construction engines less than 25 hp.
A 3 percent reduction to the VOC emissions was applied nationally for all two-stroke gasoline
engines (SCC = 2260xxxxxx) and all four-stroke gasoline engines (SCC = 2265xxxxxx). An additional
3.3 percent reduction was added to areas with reformulated gasoline. The counties with reformulated
gasoline programs are listed in Table 4.7-13.
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4.7.6.3 Non-road Diesel Engines
A 37 percent reduction to the NOX emissions was applied nationally to all diesel compression
ignition engines. A rule effectiveness of 100 percent was applied as well as a rule penetration rate of
between 0.5 and 1 percent, depending on type of equipment. Table 4.7-14 lists the reductions by SCC.
4.7.7 1995 and 1996 Emission Revisions
As an update to portions of the NET non-road inventory, QMS agreed to provide emission
estimates from their models and analyses being used for the Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA)
documents. Categories for which OMS provided data are non-road diesel engines, non-road spark-
ignition marine engines, and locomotives. For each of these categories OMS provided national/SCC
level emission estimates. For the diesel non-road engines the pollutants covered included VOC, NOX,
CO, PM-10, and PM-2.5. For the non-road spark-ignition marine engines, only VOC and NOX were
provided. For locomotives, only NOX and PM-10 were provided
These national OMS numbers were used to update the 1995 and 1996 NET emission estimates such
that the sum of the county/SCC level NET estimates would equal the national/SCC level OMS
estimates. Listed below is the procedure used to incorporate the national OMS emission estimates.
1. 1995 and 1996 county/SCC level emission estimates were developed from the 1990 NET emissions
using the normal procedure (i.e., BEA growth factors were applied and applicable credits for
control programs were accounted for.)
2. The 1995 and 1996 county/SCC level emission estimates developed in Step 1 were aggregated to
national/SCC level emission estimates. This was done at the equipment level (e.g., construction,
agriculture, lawn and garden, etc.) rather than the specific engine level; although the OMS data was
supplied at the specific engine level, a large portion of the NET emission estimates are at the engine
category level.
3. Pollutant-specific adjustment factors for each applicable engine category were developed by
calculating the ratio of the OMS estimate to the NET estimate.
4. The NET county/SCC level estimates developed in Step 1 were then multiplied by the appropriate
adjustment factor resulting in final NET county/SCC level estimates that equal the OMS estimates
when aggregated to the national level.
For locomotives, the national OMS estimates were close to the national NET estimates prior to any
adjustments for all pollutants except PM-10. Therefore, only PM-10 and PM-2.5 (calculated as
92 percent of the revised PM-10) were adjusted for locomotives. For non-road diesel engines and non-
road spark-ignition marine engines, adjustments were made to all pollutants for which OMS provided
information (VOC, NOX, CO, PM-10, and PM-2.5 for non-road diesel, VOC and NOX for non-road
spark-ignition marine engines.)
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Tables 4.7-15 through 4.7-17 show the national NET estimates prior to adjustments and the QMS
provided estimates for non-road diesel engines, non-road spark-ignition marine engines, and
locomotives, respectively.
One final adjustment was made to the 1995 and 1996 emission estimates. Emissions from non-road
agricultural engines were re-allocated to the county level based on county level acres of crops harvested
in the 1992 Census of Agriculture.14 This adjustment was performed because the methods used to
allocated emissions from non-road agricultural engines for the Interim Inventory were thought to be
deficient. Since the geographic allocation of the non-road emissions in the Interim Inventory were based
on emissions in 27 urban nonattainment areas and most farm equipment usage occurs in rural areas, the
Interim Inventory allocation of emissions from non-road farm may not be accurate. This adjustment was
performed by aggregating the emissions from non-road farm equipment to the national level for each
pollutant. The national level emissions were then allocated to the county level based on the numbers of
acres harvested in that county. This adjustment was made for both gasoline and diesel engines.
4.7.8 References
1. Documentation for Estimation of Non-road Emission Estimates for the United States, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, November 1992.
2. Non-road Engine Emission Inventories for CO and Ozone Nonattainment Boundaries, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, ME, October 1992.
3. Barnard, W.R., and P. Carlson, PM-10 Emission Calculation, Tables 1 and 4, E.H. Pechan &
Associates, Inc. Contract No. 68-DO-1020, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Emission
Factor and Methodologies Section, Research Triangle Park, NC. June 1992.
4. Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, Draft revision,
Chapter 6, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, 1991.
5. Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources, Draft revision,
Chapter 5, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI,
November 1991.
6. Air Traffic Activity, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,
Washington, DC, 1991.
7. Terminal Area Forecasts, FY1991-2005, FAA-APO-91-5, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC, July 1991.
a. July 1991
b. February 1992, Table 27
c. March 1997, Table 28
8. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990, data files, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC, September 1991.
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9. Survey of Current Business, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis,
Washington, DC, July 1986, July 1987, July 1988, July 1989, July 1990, July 1991.
10. Railroad Ten-Year Trends 1981-1990, Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1991.
11. Waterborne Commerce of the United States, Calendar Year 1989, WRSC-WCUS-89, Part 5, U.S.
Army Corp of Engineers, New Orleans, LA, June 1991.
12. E-GAS Growth Factors and BLS to SCC Cross Reference. Computer PC model and files received
by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. from TRC Environmental Corporation, Chapel Hill, NC.
June 1994.
13. "Emission Inventories Used in the Nonroad Diesel Proposed Rule," Office of Mobile Sources, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, MI. E-mail to Sharon Nizich, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
August 27,1997.
14. "1994 Census of Agriculture - Geographic Area Series 1 A, IB, and 1C," (CD-ROM), Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1995.
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Table 4.7-1. Ozone Nonattainment Areas with QMS-Prepared Non-road Emissions
Atlanta, GA
Baltimore, MD
Baton Rouge, LA
Beaumont, TX
Boston, MA
Chicago, IL
Cleveland, OH
Denver, CO
El Paso, TX
Hartford, CT
Houston, TX
Miami, FL
Milwaukee, Wl
Muskegon, Ml
New York, NY
Philadelphia, PA
Phoenix, AZ
Portsmouth, NH
Providence, Rl
San Diego, CA
San Joaquin, CA
Seattle, WA
Sheboygan, Wl
South Coast, CA
Springfield, MA
St. Louis, MO
Washington, DC
Figure 4.7-1. Assignment of Surrogate Nonattainment Areas
Providence
irtford
Chicago I, Cleveland
$t. Liuis
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Table 4.7-2. Source Categories Used for Nonroad Emissions
AMS SCC
Category Description
2260001000
2260002000
2260003000
2260004000
2260005000
2260006000
2260007000
2260008000
2265001000
2265002000
2265003000
2265004000
2265005000
2265006000
2265007000
2265008000
2270001000
2270002000
2270003000
2270004000
2270005000
2270006000
2270007000
2270008000
2282005000
2282010000
2282020000
Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Light Commercial: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Light Commercial: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Recreational Vehicles: Diesel
Construction Equipment: Diesel
Industrial Equipment: Diesel
Lawn & Garden Equipment: Diesel
Farm Equipment: Diesel
Light Commercial: Diesel
Logging Equipment: Diesel
Airport Service Equipment: Diesel
Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
Recreational Marine Vessels: Diesel
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Table 4.7-3. Railroad Locomotives Diesel Fuel Consumption, 1985 to 1990
(million gallons)
Year
Line-Haul
Switch
1985
1990
2,889
2,876
255
258
Source: "Railroad Ten-Year Trends 1981 -1990," Association of
American Railroads, Washington, DC, 1991.
Table 4.7-4. Railroad Emission Factors
(lbs/1,000 gallons)
NAPAP
Revised
Line-haul
Yard
New Wtd. Avg.
Wtg. Factor
2,876
258
NOV
370
493.1
504.4
494
CO
130
62.6
89.4
65
HC
90
20.1
48.2
22
SO2
57
36.0
36.0
36
Source: "Procedures for Emission Inventory Preparation, Volume IV: Mobile Sources," Draft revision,
. Chapter 5, Office of Mobile Sources, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ann Arbor, Ml,
November 1991.
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Table 4.7-5. Civil Aircraft SO, Emission Factors
Engine
Type
250B17B
501D22A
TPE-331-3
JT3D-7
JT9D-7
PT6A-27
Fuel
Rate
(Ibs/hr)
63
265
245
85
610
2376
2198
1140
112
458
409
250
1013
9956
8188
3084
1849
16142
13193
4648
115
425
400
215
AP-42 SO2
Emission
Factor
(Ibs/hr)
0.06
0.27
0.25
0.09
0.61
2.38
2.2
1.14
0.11
0.46
0.41
0.25
1.01
9.96
8.19
3.08
1.85
16.14
13.19
4.65
0.12
0.43
0.4
0.22
New SO2
Emission
Factor
(Ibs/hr)
0.03
0.14
0.13
0.05
0.33
1.28
1.19
0.62
0.06
0.25
0.22
0.14
0.55
5.38
4.39
1.67
1.00
8.72
7.12
2.51
0.06
0.23
0.22
0.12
Fuel
Rate
Engine Type (Ibs/hr)
PT6A-41 147
510
473
273
Dart RDa7 41 1
1409
1248
645
0-200 8.24
45.17
45.17
25.5
TSIO-360C 11.5
133
99.5
61
O-320 9.48
89.1
66.7
46.5
AP-42 SO2
Emission
Factor
(Ibs/hr)
0.15
0.51
0.47
0.27
0.41
1.41
1.25
0.65
0
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0.02
0.01
0.01
New SO2
Emission
Factor
(Ibs/hr)
0.08
0.28
0.26
0.15
0.22
0.76
0.67
0.35
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.01
Source: "Supplement D to Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and
Area Sources," AP-42, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC,
September 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-260
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
Table 4.7-6. Area Source Growth Indicators
NAPAP
sec
Category Description
Data
Source
Growth Indicator
45 Railroad Locomotives AAR
46 Aircraft LTOs - Military BEA
47 Aircraft LTOs - Civil FAA
48 Aircraft LTOs - Commercial ^ FAA_
49 Vessels-Coal j Corp of
50 Vessels - Diesel Oil j Engineers
51 Vessels - Residual Oil j
Railroad ton-miles (national)
Military
Aircraft - civil
Aircraft - commercial
Cargo tonnage (national)
Cargo tonnage (national)
Cargo tonnage (national)
Table 4.7-7. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by
Industry
Industry
SIC
Percent Growth
1985 to 1987
1987 to 1988
1988 to 1989
1989 to 1990
Federal, military
97
1.96
-1.07
-1.58
-3.19
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for J 900-J 996
4-261
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
Table 4.7-8. AMS to NAPAP Source Category Correspondence
AMS
sec
Category
NAPAP
SCC Category
Mobile Sources
2275001001 Aircraft - Military Aircraft (LTOs)
2275020000 Aircraft - Commercial Aircraft (LTOs)
2275050000 Aircraft - Civil Aircraft (LTOs)
2280001000 Marine Vessels - Coal
2280002000 Marine Vessels - Diesel
2280003000 Marine Vessels - Residual Oil
2285002000 Railroads - Diesel
2260001000 Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260002000 Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260003000 Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260004000 Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260005000 Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260006000 Light Commercial: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260007000 Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2260008000 Airport Service Equipment: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2265001000 Recreational Vehicles: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265002000 Construction Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265003000 Industrial Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265004000 Lawn & Garden Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265005000 Farm Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265006000 Light Commercial: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265007000 Logging Equipment: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2265008000 Airport Service Equipment Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2270001000 Recreational Vehicles: Diesel
2270002000 Construction Equipment: Diesel
2270003000 Industrial Equipment: Diesel
2270004000 Lawn & Garden Equipment: Diesel
2270005000 Farm Equipment: Diesel
2270006000 Light Commercial: Diesel
2270007000 Logging Equipment: Diesel
2270008000 Airport Service Equipment: Diesel
2282005000 Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 2-Stroke
2282010000 Recreational Marine Vessels: Gasoline, 4-Stroke
2282020000 Recreational Marine Vessels: Diesel
46 Aircraft LTOs - Military
48 Aircraft LTOs - Commercial
47 Aircraft LTOs - Civil
49 Vessels - Coal
50 Vessels - Diesel Oil
51 Vessels - Residual Oil
45 Railroad Locomotives
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
39 Non-road Sources Gasoline Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
44 Non-road Sources Diesel Vehicles
52 Marine Vessels - Gasoline
52 Marine Vessels - Gasoline
N/A
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-262
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
Table 4.7-9. Non-road Data Submitted for OTAG Inventory
State
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Data Source/Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - Hard copy
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
State - State format
State - State format
State - State Format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiles
State - Hard copy
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Temporal
Resolution
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Geographic Coverage
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jacksonville, Miami/
Ft. Lauderdale, Tampa
Atlanta Urban Airshed
(47 Counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Kentucky Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
Baton Rouge Nonattainment
Area (20 Parishes)
Entire State
Entire State
49 Southern Michigan
Counties
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Canton, Cleveland Columbus,
Dayton, Toledo, and
Youngstown
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charleston, Huntington/
Ashland, and Petersburg
[5 counties total)
Entire State
Adjustments to Data
None
None
None
Added Nonroad emission estimates
from Int. Inventory to Jacksonville
(Duval County)
None
None
Nonroad emissions submitted were
county totals. Nonroad emissions
distributed to specific SCCs based
on Int. Inventory
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Assigned SCCs and converted
from kgs to tons. NOX and CO from
Int. Inventory added to Canton,
Dayton, and Toledo counties.
Nonroad emissions submitted were
county totals. Nonroad emissions
distributed to specific SCCs based
on Int. Inventory
None
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
^Jone
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-263
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
Table 4.7-10. Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis
FILE CODE
SCC
FILE CODE
SCC
RLE CODE
2260000000 SEDS TPOPP
2260001000 SEDS TPOPP
2260001010 SEDS TPOPP
2260001020 SEDS TPOPP
2260001030 SEDS TPOPP
2260001050 SEDS TPOPP
2260001060 SEDS TPOPP
2260002000 BEA 300
2260002006 BEA 300
2260002009 BEA 300
2260002021 BEA 300
2260002033 BEA 300
2260003000 BEA 400
2260003010 BEA 400
2260003020 BEA 400
2260003030 BEA 400
2260003040 BEA 400
2260004000 SEDS TPOPP
2260004010 SEDS TPOPP
2260004015 SEDS TPOPP
2260004020 SEDS TPOPP
2260004025 SEDS TPOPP
2260004030 SEDS TPOPP
2260004035 SEDS TPOPP
2260004050 SEDS TPOPP
2260004075 SEDS TPOPP
2260005000 BEA 081
2260006000 BEA 400
2260006005 BEA 400
2260006010 BEA 400
2260006015 BEA 400
2260006020 BEA 400
2260007000 BEA 100
2260007005 BEA 100
2260008000 BEA 542
2260008010 BEA 542
2265000000 SEDS TPOPP
2265001000 SEDS TPOPP
2265001010 SEDS TPOPP
2265001030 SEDS TPOPP
2265001040 SEDS TPOPP
2265001050 SEDS TPOPP
2265001060 SEDS TPOPP
2265002000 BEA 300
2265002021 BEA 300
2265002024 BEA 300
2265002027 BEA 300
2265002030 BEA 300
2265002033 BEA 300
2265002039 BEA 300
2265002042 BEA 300
2265002045 BEA 300
2265002054 BEA 300
2265002057 BEA 300
2265002060 BEA 300
2265002066 BEA 300
2265002072 BEA 300
2265002078 BEA 300
2265002081 BEA 300
2265003000 BEA 400
2265003010 BEA 400
2265003020 BEA 400
2265003030 BEA 400
2265003040 BEA 400
2265003050 BEA 400
2265004000 SEDS TPOPP
2265004010 SEDS TPOPP
2265004015 SEDS TPOPP
2265004025 SEDS TPOPP
2265004030 SEDS TPOPP
2265004035 SEDS TPOPP
2265004040 SEDS TPOPP
2265004045 SEDS TPOPP
2265004050 SEDS TPOPP
2265004055 SEDS TPOPP
2265004060 SEDS TPOPP
2265004065 SEDS TPOPP
2265004070 SEDS TPOPP
2265004075 SEDS TPOPP
2265005000 BEA 081
2265005010 BEA 081
2265005015 BEA 081
2265005020 BEA 081
2265005030 BEA 081
2265005035 BEA 081
2265005040 BEA 081
2265005045 BEA 081
2265005050 BEA 081
2265006015 BEA 400
2265006025 BEA 400
2265006030 BEA 400
2265007000 BEA 100
2265007010 BEA 100
2265008000 BEA 542
2265008005 BEA 542
2265008010 BEA 542
2270000000 SEDS TPOPP
2270001000 SEDS TPOPP
2270001010 SEDS TPOPP
2270001050 SEDS TPOPP
2270001060 SEDS TPOPP
2270002000 BEA 300
2270002003 BEA 300
2270002009 BEA 300
2270002012 BEA 300
2270002015 BEA 300
2270002018 BEA 300
2270002021 BEA 300
2270002027 BEA 300
2270002030 BEA 300
2270002033 BEA 300
2270002036 BEA 300
2270002039 BEA 300
2270002042 BEA 300
2270002045 BEA 300
2270002048 BEA 300
2270002051 BEA 300
2270002054 BEA 300
2270002057 BEA 300
2270002060 BEA 300
2270002063 BEA 300
2270002066 BEA 300
2270002069 BEA 300
2270002072 BEA 300
2270002075 BEA 300
2270002078 BEA 300
2270002081 BEA 300
2270003000 BEA 400
2270003010 BEA 400
2270003020 BEA 400
2270003030 BEA 400
2270003040 BEA 400
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-264
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
Table 4.7-10. (continued)
SCC
FILE CODE
sec
FILE CODE
SCC
FILE CODE
2265002003 BEA 300
2265002006 BEA 300
2265002009 BEA 300
2265002015 BEA 300
2270004055 SEDS TPOPP
2270004060 SEDS TPOPP
2270004065 SEDS TPOPP
2270004070 SEDS TPOPP
2270004075 SEDS TPOPP
2270005000 BEA 081
2270005015 BEA 081
2270005020 BEA 081
2270005025 BEA 081
2270005035 BEA 081
2270005045 BEA 081
2270005050 BEA 081
2270005055 BEA 081
2270006000 BEA 400
2270006005 BEA 400
2270006010 BEA 400
2270006015 BEA 400
2270006025 BEA 400
2270006030 BEA 400
2270007000 BEA 100
2270007015 BEA 100
2270007020 BEA 100
2265005055 BEA 081
2265006000 BEA 400
2265006005 BEA 400
2265006010 BEA 400
2270008000 BEA 542
2270008005 BEA 542
2270008010 BEA 542
2275000000 BEA 542
2275001000 BEA 920
2275020000 BEA 542
2275020021 BEA 542
2275050000 BEA 542
2275060000 BEA 542
2275070000 BEA 542
2275900000 BEA 542
2275900101 BEA 542
2275900102 BEA 542
2280000000 BEA 530
2280001000 BEA 530
2280002000 BEA 530
2280002010 BEA 530
2280002020 BEA 530
2280002040 BEA 530
2280003000 BEA 530
2280003010 BEA 530
2280003020 BEA 530
2270003050 BEA 400
2270004000 SEDS TPOPP
2270004010 SEDS TPOPP
2270004040 SEDS TPOPP
2280003030 BEA 530
2280004020 BEA 530
2282000000 SEDS TPOPP
2282005000 SEDS TPOPP
2282005010 SEDS TPOPP
2282005015 SEDS TPOPP
2282005025 SEDS TPOPP
2282010000 SEDS TPOPP
2282010005 SEDS TPOPP
2282010010 SEDS TPOPP
2282010015 SEDS TPOPP
2282010020 SEDS TPOPP
2282010025 SEDS TPOPP
2282020000 SEDS TPOPP
2282020005 SEDS TPOPP
2282020010 SEDS TPOPP
2282020020 SEDS TPOPP
2282020025 SEDS TPOPP
2283002000 BEA 920
2285000000 BEA 510
2285002000 BEA 510
2285002005 BEA 510
2285002010 BEA 510
Table 4.7-11. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu)
Fuel Tvoe End-User Code
Population
TPOPP
Table 4.7-1 2. BEASA-5
Industrv
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
248,709 252,131 255
National Earnings by
LNUM SIC
Farm 81 1,2
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other 100 7-9
Construction 300 15-17
Manufacturing 400 998
Railroad transportation 510 40
Water transportation 530 44
Transportation by air 542 • 45
Federal, military 920 992
,025 257,785 259,693 261,602 263,510
Industry, 1990-1996 (million $)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
48 41 46 45 42 31 29
24 24 24 24 26 27 27
218 197 195 199 216 219 219
710 690 705 705 725 740 747
12 12 13 12 12 12 12
7776666
30 30 31 31 31 31 31
50 50 51 48 45 44 43
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-265
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
Table 4.7-13. Counties in the United States with Stage II Programs
that use Reformulated Gasoline
Countv
State
Countv
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
11
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
21
21
21
21
21
21
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
"M
Calfomla
CaStomia
CaKbmia
Cafiorrda
CaBomia
Calomia
Caibmta
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connectfcut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Connecticut
Delaware
Delaware
Delaware
Dlst Columbia
Mnois
(Moots
MnoEs
linois
linofe
linofe
Illinois
linois
Indiana
Indiana
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Kentucky
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maine
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
Maryland
19
29
37
55
67
73
75
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
1
3
5
1
31
43
63
89
93
97
111
197
89
127
15
29
37
111
117
185
1
5
11
13
15
23
31
3
5
9
13
15
17
21
25
27
29
31
33
35
Fresno Co
Kern Co
Los Angeles Co
Napa Co
Sacramento Co
San Diego Co
San Francisco Co
FaWield Co
Hartford Co
LHchfieWCo
Middlesex Co
New Haven Co
New London Co
TollandCo
Wmdham Co
Kent Co
New Castle Co
Sussex Co
Washington
Cook Co
Du Page Co
GrundyCo
Kane Co
Kendall Co
Lake Co
McHenryCo
Will Co
Lake Co
Porter Co
BooneCo
BullittCo
Campbell Co
Jefferson Co
Kenton Co
OWhamCo
Androscoggin Co
Cumberland Co
KennebecCo
KNOxCo
Lincoln Co
SagadahocCo
York Co
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore Co
Cah/ertCo
Carroll Co
Cecil Co
Charles Co
Frederick Co
Harford Co
Howard Co
Kent Co
Montgomery Co
Prince George's Co
Queen Annes Co
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
42
42
42
Maryland
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
510
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
11
13
15
17
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
5
27
47
59
61
71
79
81
85
87
103
119
17
29
45
Baltimore
Bamstable Co
Berkshire Co
Bristol Co
Dukes Co
Essex Co
Franklin Co
Hampden Co
Hampshire Co
Middlesex Co
NantucketCo
Norfolk Co
Plymouth Co
Suffolk Co
Worcester Co
Hillsborough Co
Mem'mack Co
Rockingham Co
Stratford Co
Atlantic Co
Bergen Co
Burlington Co
Camden Co
Cape May Co
Cumberland Co
Essex Co
Gloucester Co
Hudson Co
Hunterdon Co
Mercer Co
Middlesex Co
Monmouth Co
Morris Co
Ocean Co
Passaic Co
Salem Co
Somerset Co
Sussex Co
Union Co
Warren Co
Bronx Co
Dutchess Co
Kings Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Orange Co
Putnam Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
Rockland Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
Bucks Co
Chester Co
Delaware Co
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
55
55
55
55
55
55
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Rhode Island
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Texas
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Virginia
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
Wisconsin
91
101
1
3
5
7
9
39
71
85
113
121
157
167
201
291
339
439
473
13
36
41
85
87
95
107
153
159
179
199
510
550
570
600
610
650
670
683
685
700
710
735
740
760
800
810
830
59
79
89
101
131
133
Montgomery Co
Philadelphia Co
Bristol Co
Kent Co
Newport Co
Providence Co
Washington Co
Brazoria Co
Chambers Co
Collin Co
Dallas Co
Denton Co
Fort Bend Co
Galveston Co
Harris Co
Liberty Co
Montgomery Co
TarrantCo
Waller Co
Arlington Co
Charles City Co
Chesterfield Co
Hanover Co
Henrico Co
James City Co
Loudoun Co
Prince William Co
Richmond Co
Stafford Co
York Co
Alexandria
Chesapeake
Colonial Heights
Fairfax
Falls Church
Hampton
Hopewell
Manassas
Manassas Park
Newport News
Norfolk
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Richmond
Suffolk
Virginia Beach
Williamsburg
Kenosha Co
Milwaukee Co
Ozaukee Co
Racine Co
Washington Co
Waukesha Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-266
1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
-------
»
o
^
.a
8
"o
c
fl)
]o
UJ
2
o
o
__
(0
2
o
z
X
o
z
•
J*
•
_c>
s
«0
o>
u.
u.
UJ
z
o
o
(O
0)
z
UJ
CL
OC
0
OC
o
o
z
UJ
5
z
-------
Table 4.7-15. National Nonroad Diesel Emissions
(tons)
Engine Tvoe
Recreational VOC
Vehicles NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Construction VOC
NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Industrial VOC
NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Lawn and Garden VOC
NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Agricultural VOC
NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Light VOC
Commercial NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Logging VOC
NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
Airport Service VOC
NOX
CO
PM-10
PM-2.5
19!
NET
1
547
7
0
0
98,658
794,859
477,757
145,900
134,228
233,948
216,66
98,727
24,866
22,877
723
5,946
3,351
898
827
23,691
118,414
113,801
20,076
18,470
2,284
15,386
9,884
2,953
2,717
654
8,665
3,999
1,165
1,072
12,045
100,442
46,446
17,971
16,534
35
QMS
1,160
7,672
4,795
959
882
166,439
1 ,389,600
767,523
163,983
150,865
32,255
260,134
126,916
30,527
28,085
9,568
63,250
39,532
7,906
7,273
219,496
1,105,995
830,206
204,237
187,898
14,393
95,148
59,467
11,893
10,941
12,002
74,186
29,365
7,727
7,109
10,273
90,835
39,318
10,381
9,550
1996
NET QMS
1
547
7
0
0
100,161
804,137
484,772
148,235
136,376
23,797
214,30*
98,080
24,921
22,929
730
5,983
3,380
906
834
32,625
164,323
149,409
21,158
19,466
2,314
15,532
10,011
2,989
2,750
670
8,844
4,095
1,180
1,086
12,201
101,350
46,959
18,316
16,851
1,170
7,747
4,876
975
897
167,115
1,385,862
775,071
166,034
152,752
32,667
262,874
129,074
31,047
28,563
9,706
64,184
40,174
8,034
7,392
219,594
1,111,779
842,638
207,506
190,905
14,609
96,607
60,478
12,095
11,127
1 1 ,652
72,616
29,688
7,812
7,187
10,001
86,672
39,987
10,557
9,713
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Non-road Sources
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Table 4.7-16. National Spark Ignition Marine Engine Emissions
(tons)
Pollutant
voc
NOX
1995
NET
492,248
27,731
QMS
431 ,504
41 ,756
1996
NET
495,491
27,945
QMS
459,072
41,968
Table 4.7-17. National Locomotive Emissions
(tons)
Pollutant
1995 NET
1995 QMS
PM-10
50,000
26,900
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1985-1996 Methodology
Non-road Sources
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4.8 FUGITIVE DUST
The "Fugitive Dust" grouping includes the estimated emissions for several Tier n source categories.
These Tier n source categories are components of two Tier I source categories: Natural Sources and
Miscellaneous Sources. The PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions from the Natural Sources category discussed
here are from geogenically derived wind erosion. PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions in the Miscellaneous
Sources category are divided into two Tier n subcategories: agriculture and forestry, and fugitive dust.
This section presents a description of the methodology used to estimate the emissions for the following
tier categories:
Tier I Category
(13) Natural Sources
(14) Miscellaneous
Tier n Category
(02) Geogenic (agricultural wind erosion)
(01) Agriculture and Forestry
(07) Fugitive Dust
PM-2.5 emissions were calculated only for the years 1990 through 1996. Although several of the
source categories listed above have information concerning the PM-2.5 particle size multiplier that
should be applied to the AP-42 emission factor to calculate PM-2.5 emissions, much of that data is fairly
old. As a consequence, EPA, Pechan, and Midwest Research Institute (MRI) performed an evaluation of
more recent particle size distribution information.1 That review indicated that the PM-2.5/PM-10 ratio
for several of the source categories listed above should be reduced. Table 4.8-1 shows the particle size
ratios used to calculate PM-2.5 particle size multipliers from the PM-10 particles size multipliers used to
develop PM-10 emissions for each fugitive dust category in this section.
4.8.1 Natural Sources, Geogenic, Wind Erosion
The wind erosion emissions were estimated for the years 1985 through 1996 using the following
methodology. PM-10 and PM-2.5 wind erosion emissions estimates for agricultural lands were made
using a modification of the methodology used by Gillette and Passi2 to develop wind erosion emissions
for 1985 NAPAP. Several simplifying assumptions were made in order to perform the calculations
using a spreadsheet model.3
The NAPAP methodology and the method used to develop the wind erosion estimates presented
here both develop an expectation of the dust flux based on the probability distribution of wind energy.
The methodology uses the mean wind speed coupled with information concerning the threshold friction
velocity for the soil and information on precipitation to predict the wind erosion flux potential for soils.
The basic equation used to determine the expected dust flux is given by Equation 4.8-1.
,4 "\
I = k x C2 x Cd x
u
0.8864
x T(3,jc)
(Eq. 4.8-1)
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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where:
I
k
C
Cd
u
r(3,x)
dust flux (gm/cm2/sec)
PM-10 particle size multiplier (= 0.9)
PM-2.5 particle size multiplier (= 0.135)
constant (= 4 x 10"14 gm/cm2/sec)
drag coefficient
mean wind speed (cm/sec)
incomplete gamma function
To evaluate r(3,x), x must be determined from Equation 4.8-2.
x = \ut x
0.886^ 2
u }}
(Eq. 4.8-2)
The threshold velocity (ut) can be determined from the threshold friction velocity (u*t - which is a
function of soil type and precipitation) from Equation 4.8-3.
ut =
,0.5
(Eq. 4.8-3)
Values of the threshold friction velocity for different soil types both before and after rain to account for
crusting of the soil surface have been reported by Gillette and Passi.2
4.8.1.1 Determination of Correction Parameters
In order to calculate the flux of emissions from wind erosion using the above equation, information
concerning the average monthly wind speed, total monthly precipitation and anemometer height for the
wind speed was necessary. Values for monthly wind speed, total monthly precipitation and anemometer
height were obtained from the Local Climatological Data4 for several meteorological stations within
each state. For most states, several meteorological stations data were obtained and an overall average
was determined for the state. The anemometer height was utilized to determine the drag coefficient (Cd)
from Equation 4.8-4.
cd =
0.23
In*
(Eq. 4.8-4)
where:
zs = anemometer height
Information concerning the average soil type for each state was determined from the USDA surface
soil map.5 A single soil type was assigned to each state in order to determine a single value for the
threshold friction velocity (u*t). The threshold friction velocity (u*t) utilized represented either a before
or after rain value, depending upon whether or not precipitation exceeded 5.08 cm during a month. If
precipitation exceeded this amount, the after rain u*t value was utilized for all succeeding months until
the time of a significant tillage operation or plant emergence. The value of u, was then calculated using
the value of un determined and Cd. Once ut was determined, then x could be calculated and the
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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incomplete gamma function could be evaluated using an asymptotic expansion. Following evaluation of
the incomplete gamma function, the flux for each month was determined.
Wind erosion was assumed to be zero from the time of plant emergence until harvest. Separate flux
estimates were made for fall planted crops and spring planted crops. This meant that flux estimates were
only calculated from July to October for fall planted crops and from September until May for spring
planted crops. This approach is consistent with the methodology utilized by Gillette and Passi.2 For the
years 1985 through 1989, the before rain un value was always utilized for January for spring planted
crops rather than evaluating whether or not any month between September and December of the previous
year had more than 5.08 cm of precipitation.
4.8.1.2 1990-1996 Modification
The method for estimating 1990 through 1996 emissions from geogenic wind erosion is similar to
the above wind erosion methodology with the exception that previous years rain data for September
through December was used. This data was used to determine whether or not any month between
September and December of the previous year had more than 5.08 cm of precipitation. Gillette and Passi
utilized previous year precipitation information to assign the threshold friction velocity to an area.
4.8.L3 Activity Data
Once the emission flux potential for each month for each crop type (fall or spring planted) for each
state was calculated, then the acres of spring or fall planted crops in each state were required (and the
number of seconds per month) to determine the emissions. The acres of crops planted in each state was
obtained for each of the 11 years from the USD A.6 Evaluation of which crops were spring planted or fall
planted for each state was made using information available from the USD A.7 The emissions calculated
were then estimated for each state.
4.8.1.4 County Distribution (1985-1989)
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using estimates of county rural
land area from the U.S. Census Bureau.8 liquation 4.8-5 was used.
County Emissions = f C°Unty *»"* Lmf\ x State Emissions
\ State Rural Land )
(Eq. 4.8-5)
4.8.1.5 County Distribution (1990-1996)
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using estimates of acres of land
tilled from the Conservation Information Technology Center.9 Equation 4.8-6 was used.
County Emissions = [ County Cropland Tilled}
\^ State Croplant Tilled )
(Eq. 4.8-6)
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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4.8.2 Miscellaneous Sources
The methodology used to estimate the emissions from agricultural crops, agricultural livestock, and
fugitive dust are described in this section. The PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions arise from construction
activities, mining and quarrying, paved road resuspension, and unpaved roads. The general methodology
used for these categories estimated the emissions by using an activity indicator and an emission factor
with one or more correction factors. The activity indicator for a given category varied from year to year
as may the correction factors.
4.8.2.1 Agricultural Crops (1985-1989)
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were estimated using the AP-42 emission
factor equation for agricultural tilling.10 The activity data for this calculation were the acres of land
planted. The emission factor, developed to estimate of the mass of TSP produced per acre-tilled was
adjusted to estimate PM-10 using the following constant parameters: the silt content of the surface soil, a
particle size multiplier, and the number of tillings per year.
The following AP-42 particulate emission factor equation (Equation 4.8-7) was used to determine
state PM-10 emissions from agricultural tilling for 1985 through 1989:
E = c x k x
x p x a
(Eq. 4.8-7)
where: E = PM-10 emissions
c = constant 4.8 Ibs/acre-pass
k = dimensionless particle size multiplier (PM-10=0.21)
s = silt content of surface soil, defined as the mass fraction of particles smaller than
75 um diameter found in soil to a depth of 10 cm (%)
p = number of passes or tillings in a year (assumed to be 3 passes)
a = acres of land planted
4.8.2.1.1 Determination of Correction Parameters —
4.8.2.1.1.1 Silt content (s). By comparing the USD A5 surf ace soil map with the USD A11 county map,
soil types were assigned to all counties of the continental United States. Silt percentages were
determined by using a soil texture classification triangle,12 For those counties with organic material as
its soil type, Pechan used the previous silt percentages presented by Cowherd.13 The weighted mean
state silt values were determined by weighing the county value by the number of hectares within the
county and summing across the entire state. Table 4.8-2 shows the silt percentages used for 1985
through 1989. These silt values were assumed constant for the 5-year period examined.
4.8.2.1.1.2 Number of Tillings per year (v). Cowherd etal.13 reported that crops are tilled three
times each year, on average, and this value was used for p.
4.8.2.1.2 Activity Data —
The acres of crops planted (a) in each state was obtained for each of the 5 years from the USD A.6
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dvist
-------
4.8.2.1.3 County Distribution —
State-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-level using county estimates of cropland
harvested from the 1987 Census of Agriculture.14 Equation 4.8-8 was used.
_, ~ • • ( County Cropland Harvested]
County Emissions =
\ State Croplant Harvested )
x
Emissions
(Eq. 4.8-8)
4.8.2.2 Agricultural Crops (1990-1996)
The methodology to determine agricultural crop emissions for the years 1990 through 1996 was
similar to the methodology for the years 1985 through 1989, with several exceptions. The PM-10 and
PM-2.5 emissions for the years 1990 through 1996 were also estimated using the AP-42 emission factor
equation for agricultural tilling.10 The activity data for this calculation were the acres of land tilled. The
emission factor, developed to estimate the mass of TSP produced per acre-tilled was adjusted to estimate
PM-10 and PM-2.5 using the following constant parameters: the silt content of the surface soil, a particle
size multiplier, and the number of tillings per year.
The following AP-42 particulate emission factor equation (Equation 4.8-9) was used to determine
regional PM-10 emissions from agricultural tilling for 1990 through 1996:
E = c x k x s°-6 x p x a (Eq. 4.8-9)
where: E = PM emissions
c = constant 4.8 Ibs/acre-pass
k = dimensionless particle size multiplier
(PM-10=0.21; PM-2.5=0.042)
s = silt content of surface soil, defined as the mass fraction of particles smaller than
75 jam diameter found in soil to a depth of 10 cm (%)
p = number of passes or tillings in a year
a = acres of land tilled
4.8.2.2.1 Determination of Correction Parameters —
4.8.2.2.1.1 Silt content (s). By comparing the USD A5 surface soil map with the USD A11 county
map, soil types were assigned to all counties of the continental U.S. Silt percentages were determined by
using a soil texture classification triangle.12 For those counties with organic material as its soil type,
Pechan used the previous silt percentages presented by Cowherd.13 These silt factors were then corrected
using information from Spatial Distribution of PM-10 emissions from Agricultural Tilling in the San
Joaquin Valley.15 Information in that report indicates that silt contents determined from the classification
triangle are typically based on wet sieving techniques. The AP-42 silt content is based on dry sieving
techniques. Wet sieving tends to desegregate finer materials thus leading to a higher than expected silt
content based on the soil triangle estimates. The overestimation is dependent upon the soil type. As a
consequence, the values for silt loam and loam were reduced by a factor of 1.5. The values for clay loam
and clay were reduced by a factor of 2.6. The values for sand, loamy sand, sandy loam and organic
material remained the same. Table 4.8-3 shows the percent silt used for each soil type for 1990 through
1996. These silt values were assumed constant for the 6-year period examined. This differs from the
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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1989 through 1985 methodology in that the silt factors are applied on the county level, and are corrected
values.
4.8.2.2.1.2 Number of Tiltinss per year (v). The number of tillings for 1990 through 1996 were
determined for each crop type, and for conservational and conventional use using information from
Agricultural Activities Influencing Fine Particulate Matter Emissions.16 The tillage emission factor ratio
column in the tables in that report were totaled by crop type when the agricultural implement code was
not blank. Harvesting was not included in this total. When the tilling instrument was felt to deeply
disturb the soil, the value of the tillage emission factor ratio was equal to one. However, other field
instruments were not felt to disturb the soil to the extent of the instruments used to develop the original
AP-42 emission factor and thus had an emission factor ratio of less than one. Discussions with the
organization that developed the original emission factor and the report referenced above indicated that
these values should be used to calculate the number of tillings rather than a single value for each
implement usage.17 Where there were data from more than one region for a single crop, an average
value was used. Information for both conservation and convention tillage methods were developed. The
tallies were rounded to the nearest whole number, since it is not physically possible to have a partial
tillage event.
These totals were tallied for corn, cotton, rice, sorghum, soybeans, spring wheat, and winter wheat.
Table 4.8-4 shows the number of tilling used for each crop type, and for conservational and conventional
use included in the database provided by the Conservation Information Technology Center (CTIC).9 The
number of tillings for categories not included in Agricultural Activities Influencing Fine Particulate
Matter Emissions were determined by contact with the CTIC.18
Rice and spring wheat are included in the category "spring-seeded small grain" in the database
provided by the CTIC.9 Winter wheat was assumed to prevail in all states except Arkansas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, and Texas. Rice was assumed to prevail in these four states, and the number of tillings for
rice were applied to the acres harvested in these states. Both rice and winter wheat are grown in
California. A ratio of rice to winter wheat acres harvested for 1990 through 1996 was obtained from the
U.S. Land Use Summary.6 This ratio was used to calculate a modified number of tillings for spring-
seeded small grain in California for each year.
Acres reported in the CTIC database for no till, mulch till, and ridge till were considered
conservation tillage. Those with 0 to 15 percent residue, and 15 to 30 percent residue were considered
conventional tillage.
4.8.2.2.2 Activity Data —
The acres of crops tilled (a) in each county for each crop type and tilling method was obtained for
each of the 6 years from the CTIC.9
4.8.2.2.3 County Distribution —
All emissions for agricultural crops for 1990-1996 were calculated on a county basis.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 19QQ-1996
4-275
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive DusV
-------
4.8.2.3 Agricultural Livestock
The 1990 emissions from agricultural livestock were determined from activity data, expressed in
terms of the number of heads of cattle14 and a national PM-10 emission factor.19 Equation 4.8-10 was
used.
_ _ . . ( County Head of Cattle \ ,„
Comity Emissions = x 17
V 1,000 )
(Eq. 4.8-10)
The emissions for the years 1985 through 1989 were produced using the methodology described in
section 4.8.2.8.3. The emissions for the years 1991 through 1996 were produced using the method
described in section 4.8.2.8.4.1. The PM-2.5 emissions for agricultural livestock for the years 1990
through 1996 were determined by multiplying the PM-10 emission for that year by the size adjustment
factor of 0.15, shown in table 4.8-1.
Due to double counting in the NPI, emissions for the following SCCs were deleted: 2805001000,
2805010000,2805015000, and 2805005000.
Agricultural sources (i.e., livestock operations and fertilizer application) make up approximately
90 percent of NH3 emissions in current inventories. Because of the high relative contribution from these
sources, efforts were made to use the most recent information available to estimate their emissions.
Sections 4.8.2.3.1 and 4.8.2.3.2 describe the methodology used to estimate NH3 emissions from
livestock operations and fertilizer application, respectively.
4.8.2.3.1 Livestock Operations —
The livestock NH3 emissions in the inventory were estimated using activity data from the 1992 Census
of Agriculture.20 These data included county-level estimates of number of head for the following
livestock: cattle and calves, hogs and pigs, poultry, sheep, horses, goats, and minks. The emission
factors used to calculate emissions were taken from a study of NH3 emissions conducted in the
Netherlands,21 and are listed in table 4.8-5.
4.8.2.3.2 Fertilizer Application —
NH3 emissions from fertilizer application may comprise up to ten percent of total NH3 emissions
nationally. The activity data used to estimate emissions were obtained from the Commercial Fertilizers
Data Base compiled by TVA and now maintained by Association of American Plant Food Control
Officials.22 This database includes county-level usage of over 100 different types of fertilizers, including
those that emit NH3.
The emission factors used for fertilizer application were also obtained from the Netherlands NH3
study.21 This source lists emission factors for ten different types of fertilizers including the following:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqua ammonia
Nitrogen solutions
Ammonium sulfate
Ammonium thiosulfate
Other straight nitrogen
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Urea
Ammonium nitrate
• Ammonium phosphates
• N-P-K
4.8.2.4 PM Emissions from Reentrained Road Dust from Unpaved Roads
Estimates of PM emissions from reentrained road dust on unpaved roads were developed for each
county. PARTS reentrained road dust emission factors depend on the average weight, speed, and
number of wheels of the vehicles traveling on the unpaved roadways, the silt content of the roadway
surface material, and the percentage of days in the year with minimal (less than 0.01 inches) or no
precipitation. Emissions were calculated by month at the state/road type level for the average vehicle
fleet and then allocated to the county/road type level by land area. The activity factor for calculating
reentrained road dust emissions on unpaved roads is the VMT accumulated on these roads. The
specifics of the emission estimates for reentrained road dust from unpaved roads are discussed in more
detail below.
4.8.2.4.1 PM Emission Factor Calculation —
Equation 4.8-11, used in PARTS to calculate PM emission factors from Reentrained road dust on
unpaved roads, is based on an empirical formula from AP-42.23
UNPVD = PSUNPPS * 5.9 * (SILT/12) * (SPD/30) * (WEIGHT/3f * (WHEELS/4)^ *
(365-/PDA75)/365 * 453.392
(Eq. 4.8-11)
where: UNPVD = unpaved road dust emission factor for all vehicle classes combined (grams per
mile)
PSUNPps = fraction of particles less than 10 or 2.5 microns from unpaved road dust (0.36
for PM-10 and ? For PM-2.5)
SILT = percentage silt content of the surface material
SPD = average speed of all vehicle types combined (miles per hour [mph])
WEIGHT = average weight of all vehicle types combined (tons)
WHEELS = average number of wheels per vehicle for all vehicle types combined
IPDAYS = number of precipitation days per year with greater than 0.01 inches of rain
493.592 = number of grams per pound
The above equation is based on roadside measurements of ambient particulate matter, and is
therefore representative of a fleet average emission factor rather than a vehicle-specific emission factor.
In addition, because this equation is based on ambient measurements, it includes particulate matter from
tailpipe exhaust, brake wear, tire wear, and ambient background particulate concentrations. Therefore,
the PARTS fleet average PM emission factors for the tailpipe, tire wear, and brake wear components
were subtracted from the unpaved road fugitive dust emission factors before calculating emissions from
Reentrained road dust on unpaved roads.
4.8.2.4.1.1 Silt Content Inputs. Average state-level, unpaved road silt content values developed as
part of the 1985 NAPAP Inventory, were obtained from the Illinois State Water Survey.24 Silt contents
of over 200 unpaved roads from over 30 states were obtained. Average silt contents of unpaved roads
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
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1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dvxst
-------
were calculated for each state that had three or more samples for that state. For states that did not have
three or more samples, the average for all samples from all states was substituted.
4.8,2,4.1,2 Precipitation Inputs. Rain data input to the emission factor equation above is in the form
of the total number of rain days in the year. However, the equation uses the number of days simply to
calculate a percentage of rain days. Therefore, to calculate unpaved road dust emission factors that
represent monthly conditions, data from the National Climatic Data Center4 showing the number of days
per month with more than 0.01 inches of rain were used. Precipitation event accumulation data were
collected for several meteorological stations within each state.
4,8,2,4,1,3 Vehicle Wheel. Weight, and Speed Inputs. The speeds shown in table 4.8-6 for light
duty vehicles and trucks were also assumed to be the average unpaved road speeds for the corresponding
unpaved road classification. However, because the fugitive dust emission factors are representative of
the entire vehicle fleet, these speeds for each road type were weighted by vehicle-specific VMT to obtain
road type-specific speeds. These speeds are shown in table 4.8-6. Estimates of average vehicle weight
and average number of wheels per vehicle over the entire vehicle fleet were based on data provided in
the Truck Inventory and Use Survey?5 MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Figures '91™ and the 1991
Market Data Book?1 Using these data sources, a fleet average vehicle weight of 6,358 pounds was
modeled with a fleet average number of wheels per vehicle of five.
4,8.2.4.2 Unpaved Road VMT—
The calculation of unpaved road VMT was performed in two parts. Separate calculations were
performed for county and noncounty (state or federally) maintained roadways. The 1995 unpaved VMT
was also used for 1996, as unpaved growth is very uncertain, but expected to be minimum.
Equation 4.8-12 is used to calculate unpaved road VMT.
VMTUP = ADTV * FSRM * DPY
(Eq. 4.8-12)
where: VMTUP =
ADTV =
FSRM =
DPY
VMT on unpaved roads (miles/year)
average daily traffic volume (vehicles/day/mile)
functional system roadway mileage (miles)
number of days in a year
4,8,2,4,2,1 Estimating Local Unpaved VMT. Unpaved roadway mileage estimates were retrieved
from the FHWA's annual Highway Statistics2* report. State-level, county-maintained roadway mileage
estimates are organized by surface type, traffic volume, and population category. From these data, state-
level unpaved roadway mileage estimates were derived for the volume and population categories listed
in table 4.8-7. This was done by first assigning an average daily traffic volume (ADTV) to each volume
category, as shown in table 4.8-7.
The above equation was then used to calculate state-level unpaved road VMT estimates for the
volume and population categories listed in table 4.8-7. These detailed VMT data were then summed to
develop state-level, county-maintained unpaved roadway VMT.
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4.8.2.4.2.2 Estimation of Federal and State-Maintained Unpaved Roadway VMT. The calculation
of noncounty (state or federally) maintained unpaved road VMT differed from the calculation of county-
maintained unpaved road VMT. This was required since noncounty unpaved road mileage was
categorized by arterial classification, not roadway traffic volume.
To calculate noncounty, unpaved road VMT, state-level ADTV values for urban and rural roads
were multiplied by state-level, rural and urban roadway mileage estimates. Assuming the ADTV does
not vary by roadway maintenance responsibility, the county-maintained ADTV values were assumed to
apply to noncounty-maintained roadways as well. To develop noncounty unpaved road ADTV
estimates, county-maintained roadway VMT was divided by county-maintained roadway mileage
estimates, as shown in Equation 4.8-13.
ADTV = VMT I MILEAGE
(Eq. 4.8-13)
where: ADTV = average daily traffic volume for state and federally maintained roadways
VMT = VMT on county-maintained roadways (miles/year)
MILEAGE = state-level roadway mileage of county-maintained roadways (miles)
Federal and state-maintained roadway VMT was calculated by multiplying the state-level roadway
mileage of federal and state-maintained unpaved roads28 by the state-level ADTV values calculated as
discussed above for locally-maintained roadways. Equation 4.8-14 illustrates.
VMT = ADTV * RM * 365
(Eq. 4.8-14)
where: VMT
ADTV
RM
VMT at the state level for federally and state-maintained unpaved roadways
(miles/year)
average daily traffic volume derived from local roadway data
state-level federally and state-maintained roadway mileage (mi)
4.8.2.4.2.3 Unvaved VMT For 1993 and Later Years. The calculation of unpaved VMT differs for
years before 1993 and for the year 1993 and later years. This split in methodology is due a difference in
the data reported by states in the annual Highway Statistics. In both instances the calculation was
performed in two stages.
Unpaved VMT for 1993 and later years was calculated by multiplying the total number of miles of
unpaved road by state and functional class by the annualized traffic volume, where the annualized traffic
volume is calculated as the average daily traffic volume multiplied by the total number of days per year.
This calculation is illustrated in Equation 4.8-15.
UnpavedVMTRoadtype=MileageRoadtype*ADTV*DPY
(Eq. 4.8-15)
where: Unpaved VMT
Mileage
road type specific unpaved Vehicle Miles Traveled (miles/year)
total number of miles of unpaved roads by functional class (miles)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-279
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive I>ust
-------
ADTV
DPY
= Average daily traffic volume (vehicle/day)
= number of days per year
The total number of unpaved road miles by state and functional class was retrieved from the federal
Highway Administrations Highway Statistics.28 In Highway Statistics, state level Local functional class
unpaved mileage is broken out by ADTV category. The ADTV categories differed for urban and rural
areas. Table MV-1 of Highway Statistics shows the ADTV categories for rural and urban local
functional classes and the assumed traffic volume for each category. Local functional class unpaved
VMT was calculated for each of these ADTV categories using the equation illustrated above.
Unpaved road mileage for functional classes other than Local (rural minor collector, rural major
collector, rural minor arterial, rural other principal arterial, urban collector, urban minor arterial, urban
other principal arterial) are not broken out by ADTV in Highway Statistics. An average ADTV was
calculated for these functional classes by dividing state level unpaved Local VMT by the total number of
miles of Local unpaved road. Separate calculations were preformed for urban and rural areas. The
resulting state level urban and rural ADTV was then multiplied by the total number of unpaved miles in
each of the non-local functional classes.
One modification was made to the Local functional class mileage reported in Highway Statistics.
The distribution of mileage between the ADTV categories for Mississippi resulted in unrealistic
emissions. Total unpaved road mileage in Mississippi was redistribute within the ADTV categories
based on the average distributions found in Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana.
4.8.2.4.3 Calculation of State-Level Emissions —
The state and federally maintained unpaved road VMT were added to the county- maintained VMT
for each state and road type to determine each state's total unpaved road VMT by road type. The state-
level unpaved road VMT by road type were then temporally allocated by month using the same NAPAP
temporal allocation factors used to allocate total VMT. These monthly state-level, road type-specific
VMT were then multiplied by the corresponding monthly, state-level, road type-specific emission factors
developed as discussed above. These state-level emission values were then allocated to the county level
using the procedure discussed below.
4.8.2.4.4 Allocation of State-Level Emissions to Counties —
The state/road type-level unpaved road PM emission estimates were then allocated to each county
in the state using estimates of county rural and urban land area from the U.S. Census Bureau29 for the
years 1985 through 1989. Equation 4.8-16 was used for this allocation.
PMXY = (CNTYLANDURBj/STATLANDURB) * PMSTURBY
+ (CNTYLANDRURX/STATLANDRUR) *
(Eq. 4.8-16)
where: PMx>y
CNTYLANDURB,X
PM,
•ST,URB,Y
CNTYLANDRUR,X =
unpaved road PM emissions (tons) for county x and road type y
urban land area in county x
urban land area in entire state
unpaved road PM emissions in entire state for urban road type y
rural land area in county x
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-280
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
STATLANDRUR = rural land area in entire state
PM,
ST.RUR.Y
= unpaved road PM emissions in entire state for rural road type y
For the years 1990 through 1996,1990 county-level rural and urban population was used to distribution
the state-level emissions instead of land area.
4.8.2.4.5 Nonattainment Area 1995 and 1996 Unpaved Road Controls —
PM control measures were applied to the unpaved road emission estimates for the years 1995 and
1996 and for the projection years. The level of control assumed varied by PM nonattainment area
classification and by rural and urban areas. On urban unpaved roads in moderate PM nonattainment
areas, the assumed control was paving the unpaved roads. This control was applied with a 96 percent
control efficiency and a 50 percent penetration rate. On rural roads in serious PM nonattainment areas,
chemical stabilization was the assumed control. This control was applied with a 75 percent control
efficiency and a 50 percent penetration rate. On urban unpaved roads in serious PM nonattainment
areas, paving and chemical stabilization were the controls assumed to be applied. This combination of
controls was applied with an overall control efficiency of 90 percent and a penetration rate of 75 percent.
4.8.2.5 PM Emissions from Reentrained Road Dust from Paved Roads
Estimates of PM emissions from reentrained road dust on paved roads were developed at the county
level in a manner similar to that for unpaved roads. PARTS reentrained road dust emission factors for
paved roads depend on the road surface silt loading and the average weight of all of the vehicles
traveling on the paved roadways. The equation used in PARTS to calculate PM emission factors from
reentrained road dust on paved roads is a generic paved road dust calculation formula from AP-42,
shown in Equation 4.8-17.30
PAVED = PSDPVD * (PVS/LT/2)0-65 * (WEIGHT/3)1-5
(Eq. 4.8-17)
where: PAVED
PSDPVD
PVSILT
WEIGHT
paved road dust emission factor for all vehicle classes combined (grams per
mile)
base emission factor for particles of less than 10 or 2.5 microns in diameter
from paved road dust (7.3 g/mi for PM-10 and ? for PM-2.5)
road surface silt loading (g/m2)
average weight of all vehicle types combined (tons)
Paved road silt loadings were assigned to each of the twelve functional roadway classifications (six
urban and six rural) based on the average annual traffic volume of each functional system by state. One
of three values were assigned to each of these road classes, 1 (gm/m2) was assigned Local functional
class roads, and either 0.20 (gm/m2) or 0.04 (gm/m2) were assigned to each of the other functional class
roads. A silt loading of 0.20 (gm/m2) was assigned to a road types that had an ADTV less than 5000 and
0.04 (gm/m2) was assigned to road types that had an ADTV greater than or equal to 5000. ADTV was
calculated by dividing annual VMT by state and functional class by state specific functional class
roadway mileage.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for JPOO-1PP6
4-281
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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As with the PARTS emission factor equation for unpaved roads, the above PM emission factor
equation for paved roads is representative of a fleet average emission factor rather than a vehicle-specific
emission factor and it includes particulate matter from tailpipe exhaust, brake wear, tire wear, and
ambient background particulate concentrations. Therefore, the PARTS fleet average PM emission
factors for the tailpipe, tire wear, and brake wear components were subtracted from the paved road
fugitive dust emission factors before calculating emissions from reentrained road dust on paved roads.
The emission factors obtained from PARTS were modified to account for the number of days with a
sufficient amount of precipitation to prevent road dust resuspension. The PARTS emission factors were
multiplied by the fraction of days in a month with less than 0.01 inches of precipitation. This was done
by subtracting data from the National Climatic Data Center showing the number of days per month with
more than 0.01 inches of precipitation from the number of days in each month and dividing by the total
number of days in the month. These emission factors were developed by month at the state and road
type level for the average vehicle fleet.
For the years 1990 to 1996 the rain correction factor applied to the paved road fugitive dust
emission factors was reduced by 50 percent.
VMT from paved roads was calculated at the state/road type level by subtracting the state/road type-
level unpaved road VMT from total state/road type-level VMT. Because there are differences in
methodology between the calculation of total and unpaved VMT there are instances where unpaved
VMT is higher than total VMT. For these instances, unpaved VMT was reduced to total VMT and
paved road VMT was assigned a value of zero. The paved road VMT were then temporally allocated by
month using the NAPAP temporal allocation factors for VMT. These monthly/state/road type-level
VMT were then multiplied by the corresponding paved road emission factors developed at the same
level.
These paved road emissions were allocated to the county level according to the fraction of total
VMT in each county for the specific road type. Equation 4.8-18 illustrates this allocation.
PVDEMISXY =
* VMTxy/VMTSTiY
(Eq. 4.8-18)
where:
PVDEMIS
VMTX.Y
'ST.Y
= paved road PM emissions (tons) for county x and road type y
= paved road PM emissions (tons) for the entire state for road type y
= total VMT (million miles) in county x and road type y
— total VMT (million miles) in entire state for road type y
PM control measures were applied to the paved road emission estimates for the years 1995 and
1996. The control assumed was vacuum sweeping on paved roads twice per month to achieve an control
level of 79 percent. This control was applied to urban and rural roads in serious PM nonattainment areas
and to urban roads in moderate PM nonattainment areas. The penetration factor used varied by road type
and NAA classification (serious or moderate).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-282
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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4.8.2.6 Calculation ofPM-2.5 Emissions from Paved and Unpaved Roads
EPA, Pechan, and Midwest Research Institute (MRI) performed an evaluation of more recent
particle size distribution information.1 That review indicated that the PM-2.5/PM-10 ratio for reentrained
road dust from paved and unpaved roads should be reduced from the older AP-42 particle size
multipliers. The table 4.8-1 shows the particle size ratios used to calculate PM-2.5 emissions from the
PM-10 emissions for these sources.
Thus, all PM-2.5 emission from paved and unpaved roads were calculated by multiplying the final
PM10 emissions at the county/road type/month level by 0.25 for paved roads and by 0.15 for unpaved
roads.
4.8.2.7 Other Fugitive Dust Sources
The other fugitive dust sources are from construction and mining and quarrying activities.
Construction sources are explained in section 4.8.2.7.1 and mining and quarrying methodology is
detailed in section 4.8.2.7.2.
4.8.2.7.1 Construction Activities •—
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1995, and the PM-2.5 emission for the years 1990
through 1995 were calculated from an emission factor, an estimate of the acres of land under
construction, and the average duration of construction activity.31 The acres of land under construction
were estimated from the dollars spent on construction.32 The PM-10 emission factor for the years 1985
through 1989 was calculated from the TSP emission factor for construction obtained from AP-42 and
data on the PM-10/TSP ratio for various construction activities.19 The PM-10 emission factor for the,
years 1990 through 1995 was obtained from Improvement of Specific Emission Factors.33 The 1996
emissions were extrapolated from the 1995 emissions using the ratio between the number of residential
construction permits issued in 1996 and the number issued in 1995.32 A control efficiency was applied to
emissions for 1995 and 1996 for counties classified as PM nonattainment areas.34
4.8.2.7.1.1 1985- 1989 Emission Factor Equation. The following AP-42 particulate emission factor
equation (Equation 4.8-19) for heavy construction was used to determine regional PM-10 emissions
from construction activities for 1985 through 1989.
x $ x/x m x P
(Eq. 4.8-19)
where: E = PM-10 emissions
T = TSP emission factor (1.2 ton/acre of construction/month of activity)
$ = dollars spent on construction ($ million)
f = factor for converting dollars spent oh construction to acres of construction (varies by
type of construction, acres/$ million)
m = months of activity (varies by type of construction)
P = dimensionless PM-10/TSP ratio (0.22).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-283
1985-1996 Methodology
-------
4,8,2.7,1,2 1990 through 1995 Emission Factor Equation. Equation 4.8-20 is a variation of the
AP-42 particulate emission factor equation for heavy construction and was used to determine regional
PM-10 and PM-2.5 emissions from construction activities for 1990 through 1995. The PM-2.5 emission
factor used for the years 1990 through 1995 was the PM-10 emission factor multiplied by the particle
size adjustment factor of 0.2, shown in table 4.8-1. A control efficiency was applied to PM
nonattainment areas for 1995 and 1996.
= P x $ x/x m x 1 -
100,
(Eq. 4.8-20)
where: E = PM emissions
P = PM emission factor (ton/acre of construction/month of activity)
(PM-10 = 0.11; PM-2.5 = 0.022)
$ = dollars spent on construction ($ million)
f = factor for converting dollars spent on construction to acres of construction (varies by
type of construction, acres/$ million)
m = months of activity (varies by type of construction)
CE = control efficiency (percent)
4.8.2.7,1.2,1 Dollars spent on construction ($). Estimates of the dollars spent on the various types of
construction by EPA region for 1987 were obtained from the Census Bureau.35 The fraction of total U.S.
dollars spent in 1987 for each region for each construction type was calculated. Since values from the
Census Bureau are only available every five years, the Census dollars spent for the United States for
construction were normalized using estimates of the dollars spent on construction for the United States
as estimated by the F.W. Dodge32 corporation for the other years. This normalized Census value was
distributed by region and construction type using the above calculated fractions. An example of how
this procedure was applied for SIC 1521 (general contractor, residential building: single family) is shown
in Equation 4.8-21.
-------
4.8.2.7.1.2.2 Determination of construction acres (f). Information developed by Cowherd et al.31
determined that for different types of construction, the number of acres was proportional to dollars spent
on that type construction. This information (proportioned to constant dollars using the method
developed by Heisler36) was utilized along with total construction receipts to determine the total number
of acres of each construction type.
4.8.2.7.1.2.3 Months of construction (m). Estimates of the duration (in months) for each type
construction were derived from Cowherd et al.31
4.8.2.7.1.2.4 PM-10/TSP Ratio (P) (1985-1989). The PM-10/TSP ratio for construction activities was
derived from Midwest Research Institute [MRI].19 In MRI's report, the data in Table 9, "Net Particulate
Concentrations and Ratios" is cited from Kinsey et al.37 That table included the ratios of PM-10/TSP for
19 test sites for three different construction activities. MRI suggests averaging the ratios for the
construction activity of interest. Since Pechan was looking at total construction emissions from all
sources, Pechan averaged the PM-10/TSP ratios for all test sites and construction activities.
4.8.2.7.1.2.5 PM-10 and PM-2.5 Ratio (P) (1990-1995). The PM-10 emission factor used for the
years 1990 through 1995 for construction activities was obtained from Improvement of Specific
Emission Factors.33 This study reported an emission factor of 0.11 ton PM-10/acre-month. This value is
the geometric mean of emission factors for 7 different sites considered in the study. Emission inventories
for the sites were prepared for the construction activities observed at each site. The PM-2.5 emission
factor used for the years 1990-1995 was the PM-10 emission factor (0.11 ton PM-10/acre-month)
multiplied by the particle size adjustment factor of 0.2, shown in table 4.8-1.
4.8.2.7.1.2.6 Control Efficiency (1990-1996). A control efficiency was applied to emissions for 1995
and 1996 for counties classified as PM nonattainment areas.34 Therefore, the control efficiency for the
years 1990 through 1994 is zero for all counties. The PM-10 control efficiency used for 1995 and 1996
PM nonattainment areas is 62.5. The PM-2.5 control efficiency for these years and areas is 37.5.
4.8.2.7.1.2.7 County Distribution. Regional-level PM-10 estimates were distributed to the county-
level using county estimates of payroll for construction (SICs 15,16, 17) from County Business
Patterns.38 Equation 4.8-22 was used.
„ T-* • • County Construction Payroll „ . , „ . .
County Emissions = x Regional Emissions
Regional Construction Payroll
(Eq. 4.8-22)
4.8.2.7.2 Mining and Quarrying —
The PM-10 emissions for the years 1985 through 1995 were the sum of the emissions from metallic
ore, nonmetallic ore, and coal mining operations. The 1996 PM-10 emissions were produced through a
linear projection of the emissions for the years 1990 through 1995.The PM-2.5 emissions for the years
1990 through 1996 were determined by multiplying the PM-10 emissions for that year by the particle
size adjustment factor of 0.2, represented in table 4.8-1.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-285
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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PM-10 emissions estimates from mining and quarrying operations include only the following
sources of emissions: 1) overburden removal, 2) drilling and blasting, 3) loading and unloading and
4) overburden replacement. Transfer and conveyance operations, crushing and screening operations and
storage were not included. Travel on haul roads was also omitted. These operations were not included
in order to be consistent with previous TSP emissions estimates from these sources (i.e., Evans and
Cooper39), because they represent activities necessary for ore processing, but not necessary for actual
extraction of ore from the earth, and because these activities are the most likely to have some type of
control implemented.
Pechan's emissions of mining and quarrying operations is a summation of three types of mining
(metallic, non-metallic and coal) which are expressed in Equation 4.8-23.
E = E.
+ £„
(Eq. 4.8-23)
where:
"P =
E =
Ec =
PM-10 emissions from mining and quarrying operations
PM-10 emissions from metallic mining operations
PM-10 emissions from non-metallic mining operations
PM-10 emissions from coal mining operations
4.8.2.7,2.1 Determination of Correction Parameters. It was assumed that, for the four operations
listed above, the TSP emission factors utilized in developing copper ore processing Emission Trends
estimates applied to all metallic minerals. PM-10 emission factors were determined for each of the four
operations listed above by making the following assumptions. Table 11.2.3-2 of AP-4210 was used to
determine that 35 percent of overburden removal TSP emissions were PM-10. For drilling and blasting
and truck dumping, 81 percent of the TSP emissions were assumed to be PM-10.40 For loading
operations, 43 percent of TSP emissions were assumed to be PM-10.40
Non-metallic mineral emissions were calculated by assuming that the PM-10 emission factors for
western surface coal mining41 applied to all non-metallic minerals.
Coal mining includes two additional sources of PM-10 emissions compared to the sources
considered for metallic and non-metallic minerals. The two additional sources are overburden
replacement and truck loading and unloading of that overburden. Pechan assumed that tons of
overburden was equal to ten times the tons of coal mined.39
4,8.2,7.2.2 Activity Data. The regional metallic and non-metallic crude ore handled at surface mines
for 1985 through 1995 were obtained from the U.S. Geological Survey.42 Some state-level estimates are
withheld by the U.S. Geological Survey to avoid disclosing proprietary data. Known distributions from
past years were used to estimate these withheld data.
The regional production figures for surface coal mining operations were obtained from the Coal
Industry Annual43 for 1985 through 1995.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-286
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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4.8.2.7.2.2.1 Metallic Mining Operations. The following PM-10 emissions estimate equation
(Equation 4.8-24) calculates the emissions from overburden removal, drilling and blasting, and loading
and unloading during metallic mining operations.
EF + B
EFl + EFa
(Eq. 4.8-24)
where: Am =
EF0 =
B =
EFb =
EF, =
EFd =
metallic crude ore handled at surface mines (1000 short tons)
PM-10 open pit overburden removal emission factor for copper ore processing
(Ibs/ton)
fraction of total ore production that is obtained by blasting at metallic mines
PM-10 drilling/blasting emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 loading emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 truck dumping emission factor for copper ore processing (Ibs/ton)
4.5.2.7.2.2.2 Non-metallic Mining Operations. The following PM-10 emissions estimate equation
(Equation 4.8-25) calculates the emissions from overburden removal, drilling and blasting, and loading
and unloading during non-metallic mining operations.
En = An x (EFv + DxEFr
EFa+
(Eq. 4.8-25)
where:
EFV
D
EFr
EFa
EFe
EFt
non-metallic crude ore handled at surface mines (1000 short tons)
PM-10 open pit overburden removal emission factor at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton)
fraction of total ore production that is obtained by blasting at non-metallic
mines
PM-10 drilling/blasting emission factor at western surface coal mining
operations (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 loading emission factor at western surface coal mining operations
(Ibs/ton)
PM-10 truck unloading: end dump-coal emission factor at western surface
coal mining operations (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 truck unloading: bottom dump-coal emission factor at western
surface coal mining operations (Ibs/ton)
4.8.2.7.2.2.3 Coal Mining. The following PM-10 emissions estimate equation (Equation 4.8-26)
calculates the emissions from overburden removal, drilling and blasting, loading and unloading, and
overburden replacement during coal mining operations.
Ec = Ac x (lOx (EFto
EF
EF + EF + EF
(EFe
(Eq. 4.8-26)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-287
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive T>ust
-------
where:
Ac
Ef,
to
Efdt
EFV
EFr
EF
EFt
coal production at surface mines (1000 short tons)
PM-10 emission factor for truck loading overburden at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton of overburden)
PM-10 emission factor for overburden replacement at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton of overburden)
PM-10 emission factors for truck unloading: bottom dump-overburden at
western surface coal mining operations (Ibs/ton of overburden)
PM-10 open pit overburden removal emission factor at western surface coal
mining operations (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 drilling/blasting emission factor at western surface coal mining
operations (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 loading emission factor at western surface coal mining operations
(Ibs/ton)
PM-10 truck unloading: end dump-coal emission factor at western surface
coal mining operations (Ibs/ton)
PM-10 truck unloading: bottom dump-coal emission factor at western
surface coal mining operations (Ibs/ton)
4.8.2.7.2.3 1996 Emissions Methodology. For the year 1996 PM-10 emissions from mining and
quarrying operations were projected based on linear regression of the previous 5 years. Pechan was
unable to obtain regional metallic and non-metallic crude ore handled at surface mines for 1996. The
U.S. Geological Survey publishes summary statistics on mining and quarrying with a one year delay.
4.8.2.7.2.4 County Distribution. Regional-level emissions were distributed equally among counties
within each region (Equation 4.8-27).
County Emissions =
1
Number of Counties inRegion
x Regional Emissions
(Eq. 4.8-27)
4.8.2.8 Grown Emissions
Point source fugitive dust sources in the 1990 NET inventory were wind erosion, unpaved roads,
and paved roads. (A complete list of source categories is presented in table 4.8-9.) Emissions from
these sources were grown from the 1990 NET inventory based on BEA earnings. The cattle feedlot
emissions estimated above were also grown from year to year.
4.8.2.8.1 Emissions Calculations —
Base year controlled emissions are projected to the inventory year using Equation 4.8-28.
CEi = CEBY
(CEBY x EG.)
(Eq. 4.8-28)
where: CE;
CEBY
= Controlled Emissions for inventory year I
= Controlled Emissions for base year
= Earnings Growth for inventory year I
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-288
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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Earnings growth (EG) is calculated as shown in Equation 4.8-29.
DAT.
EG: = 1-
DAT,
(Eq. 4.8-29)
BY
where: DAT; = Earnings data for inventory year I
D ATBY = Earnings data in the base year
4.8.2.8.2 1990 Emissions —
The 1990 National Emission Trends is based primarily on state data, with the 1990 interim data
filling in the gaps. The database houses U.S. annual and average summer day emission estimates for the
50 states and the District of Columbia. Seven pollutants (CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, PM-10, PM-2.5, and
NH3) were estimated in 1990. The state data were extracted from three sources, the OTAG inventory,
the GCVTC inventory, and AIRS/FS.
Since EPA did not receive documentation on how these inventories were developed, this section
only describes the effort to collect the data and any modifications or additions made to the data.
4.8.2.8.2.1 OTAG. The OTAG inventory for 1990 was completed in December 1996. The database
houses emission estimates for those states in the Super Regional Oxidant A (SUPROXA) domain. The
estimates were developed to represent average summer day emissions for the ozone pollutants (VOC,
NOX, and CO). This section gives a background of the OTAG emission inventory and the data collection
process.
4.8.2.8.2.1.1 Inventory Components. The OTAG inventory contains data for all states that are partially
or fully in the SUPROXA modeling domain. The SUPROXA domain was developed in the late 1980s
as part of the EPA regional oxidant modeling (ROM) applications. EPA had initially used three smaller
regional domains (Northeast, Midwest, and Southeast) for ozone modeling, but wanted to model the full
effects of transport in the eastern United States without having to deal with estimating boundary
conditions along relatively high emission areas. Therefore, these three domains were combined and
expanded to form the Super Domain. The western extent of the domain was designed to allow for
coverage of the largest urban areas in the eastern United States without extending too far west to
encounter terrain difficulties associated with the Rocky Mountains. The Northern boundary was
designed to include the major urban areas of eastern Canada. The southern boundary was designed to
include as much of the United States as possible, but was limited to latitude 26 °N, due to computational
limitations of the photochemical models. (Emission estimates for Canada were not extracted from
OTAG for inclusion in the NET inventory.)
The current SUPROXA domain is defined by the following coordinates:
North:
South:
47.00 °N
26.00°N
East:
West:
67.00 °W
99.00 °W
Its eastern boundary is the Atlantic Ocean and its western border runs from north to south through North
Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. In total, the OTAG Inventory
completely covers 37 states and the District of Columbia.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 19OO-1996
4-289
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
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The OTAG inventory is primarily an ozone precursor inventory. It includes emission estimates of
VOC, NOX, and CO for all applicable source categories throughout the domain. It also includes a small
amount of SO2 and PM-10 emission data that was sent by states along with their ozone precursor data.
No quality assurance (QA) was performed on the SO2 and PM-10 emission estimates for the OTAG
inventory effort.
Since the underlying purpose of the OTAG inventory is to support photochemical modeling for
ozone, it is primarily an average summer day inventory. Emission estimates that were submitted as
annual emission estimates were converted to average summer day estimates using operating schedule
data and default temporal profiles and vice versa.
The OTAG inventory is made up of three major components: (1) the point source component,
which includes segment/pollutant level emission estimates and other relevant data (e.g., stack
parameters, geographic coordinates, and base year control information) for all stationary point sources in
the domain; (2) the area source component, which includes county level emission estimates for all
stationary area sources and non-road engines; and (3) the on-road vehicle component, which includes
county/roadway functional class/vehicle type estimates of VMT and MOBEJESa input files for the entire
domain.
4.8.2.8.2.1.2 Interim Emissions Inventory (OTAG Default). The primary data sources for the OTAG
inventory were the individual states. Where states were unable to provide data, the 1990 Interim
Inventory M was used for default inventory data.
4.8.2.8.2.1.3 State Data Collection Procedures. Since the completion of the Interim Inventory in 1992,
many states had completed 1990 inventories for ozone nonattainment areas as required for preparing
SIPs. Li addition to these SIP inventories, many states had developed more comprehensive 1990
emission estimates covering their entire state. Since these state inventories were both more recent and
more comprehensive than the Interim Inventory, a new inventory was developed based on state inventory
data (where available) in an effort to develop the most accurate emission inventory to use in the OTAG
modeling.
On May 5,1995, a letter from John Seitz (Director of EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards [OAQPS]) and Mary Gade (Vice President of EGOS) to State Air Directors, states were
requested to supply available emission inventory data for incorporation into the OTAG inventory.45
Specifically, states were requested to supply all available point and area source emissions data for VOC,
NOX, CO, SO2, and PM-10, with the primary focus on emissions of ozone precursors. Some emission
inventory data were received from 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain. To minimize the burden to
the states, there was no specified format for submitting state data. The majority of the state data was
submitted in one of three formats:
1) an Emissions Preprocessor System Version 2.0 (EPS2.0) Workfile
2) an ad hoc report from AIRS/FS
3) data files extracted from a state emission inventory database
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4.8.2.8.2.1.4 State Data Incorporation Procedures/Guidelines. The general procedure for incorporating
state data into the OTAG Inventory was to take the data "as is" from the state submissions. There were
two main exceptions to this policy. First, any inventory data for years other than 1990 was backcast to
1990 using BEA Industrial Earnings data by state and two-digit SIC code. This conversion was required
for five states that submitted point source data for the years 1992 through 1994. All other data submitted
were for 1990.
Second, any emission inventory data that included annual emission estimates but not average
summer day values were temporally allocated to produce average summer day values. This temporal
allocation was performed for point and area data supplied by several states. For point sources, the
operating schedule data, if supplied, were used to temporally allocate annual emissions to average
summer weekday using the following equation:
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONSAmuAL * SUMTHRU * 1/(13 * DPW)
(Eq. 4.8-30)
where:
EMISSIONS
ASD
SUMTHRU
DPW
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= summer throughput percentage
= days per week in operation
If operating schedule data were not supplied for the point source, annual emissions were temporally
allocated to an average summer weekday using EPA's default Temporal Allocation file. This computer
file contains default seasonal and daily temporal profiles by SCC. The following equation was used:
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONS
I (SUMFACSCC * WDFACSCC)
(Eq. 4.8-31)
where:
EMISSIONSASD
EMISSIONSANNUAL
SUMFACSCC
WDFACSCC
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
= default summer season temporal factor for SCC
= default summer weekday temporal factor for SCC
There were a small number of SCCs that were not in the Temporal Allocation file. For these SCCs,
average summer weekday emissions were assumed to be the same as those for an average day during the
year and were calculated using the following equation:
EMISSIONSASD = EMISSIONSANNUAL I 365
(Eq. 4.8-32)
where:
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EMISSIONSASD
EMISSIONSANNUAL
= average summer day emissions
= annual emissions
4.8.2.8.2.1.5 Point. For stationary point sources, 36 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied
emission estimates covering the entire state. Data from the Interim Inventory were used for the two
states (Iowa and Mississippi) that did not supply data. Most states supplied 1990 point source data,
although some states supplied data for later years because the later year data reflected significant
improvements over their 1990 data. Inventory data for years other than 1990 were backcast to 1990
using BEA historical estimates of industrial earnings at the 2-digit SIC level. Table 4.8-10 provides a
brief description of the point source data supplied by each state.
4.8.2.8.2.1.6 Area. For area sources, 17 of the 38 states in the OTAG domain supplied 1990
emission estimates covering the entire state, and an additional nine states supplied 1990 emission
estimates covering part of their state (partial coverage was mostly in ozone nonattainment areas).
Interim Inventory data were the sole data source for 12 states. Where the area source data supplied
included annual emission estimates, the default temporal factors were used to develop average summer
daily emission estimates. Table 4.8-11 provides a brief description of the area source data supplied by
each state.
4.8.2.8.2.1.7 Rule Effectiveness. For the OTAG inventory, states were asked to submit their best
estimate of 1990 emissions. There was no requirement that state-submitted point source data include
rule effectiveness for plants with controls in place in that year. States were instructed to use their
judgment about whether to include rule effectiveness in the emission estimates. As a result, some states
submitted estimates that were calculated using rule effectiveness, while other states submitted estimates
that were calculated without using rule effectiveness.
The use of rule effectiveness in estimating emissions can result in emission estimates that are much
higher than estimates for the same source calculated without using rule effectiveness, especially for
sources with high control efficiencies (95 percent or above). Because of this problem, there was concern
that the OTAG emission estimates for states that used rule effectiveness would be biased to larger
estimates relative to states that did not include rule effectiveness in their computations.
To test if this bias existed, county level maps of point source emissions were developed for the
OTAG domain. If this bias did exist, one would expect to see sharp differences at state borders between
states using rule effectiveness and states not using rule effectiveness. Sharp state boundaries were not
evident in any of the maps created. Based on this analysis, it was determined that impact of rule
effectiveness inconsistencies was not causing large biases in the inventory.
4,8,2.8.2.2 Grand Canyon Visibility Transport Commission Inventory. The GCVTC inventory
includes detailed emissions data for eleven states: Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana,
Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming.46 This inventory was developed by
compiling and merging existing inventory databases. The primary data sources used were state
inventories for California and Oregon, AIRS/FS for VOC, NOX, and SO2 point source data for the other
nine states, the 1990 Interim Inventory for area source data for the other nine states, and the 1985
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NAPAP inventory for NH3 and TSP data. In addition to these existing data, the GCVTC inventory
includes newly developed emission estimates for forest wildfires and prescribed burning.
After a detailed analysis of the GCVTC inventory, it was determined that the following portions of
the GCVTC inventory would be incorporated into the PM inventory:
• complete point and area source data for California
• complete point and area source data for Oregon
• forest wildfire data for the entire eleven state region
• prescribed burning data for the entire eleven state region
State data from California and Oregon were incorporated because they are complete inventories
developed by the states and are presumably based on more recent, detailed and accurate data than the
Interim Inventory (some of which is still based on the 1985 NAPAP inventory). The wildfire data in the
GCVTC inventory represent a detailed survey of forest fires in the study area and are clearly more
accurate than the wildfire data in the Interim Inventory. The prescribed burning data in the GCVTC
inventory are the same as the data in the Interim Inventory at the state level, but contain more detailed
county-level data.
Non-utility point source emission estimates in the GCVTC inventory from states other than
California and Oregon came from ATRS/FS. Corrections were made to this inventory to the VOC and
PM emissions. The organic emissions reported in GCVTC inventory for California are total organics
(TOG). These emissions were converted to VOC using the profiles from EPA's SPECIATE47 database.
4.8.2.8.2.3 AIRS/FS. SO2 and PM-10 (or PM-10 estimated from TSP) sources of greater than 250
tons per year as reported to AIRS/FS that were not included in either the OTAG or GCVTC inventories
were appended to the NET inventory. The data were extracted from AIRS/FS using the data criteria set
listed in table 4.8-12. The data elements extracted are also listed in table 4.8-12. The data were
extracted in late November 1996. It is important to note that estimated emissions were extracted.
4.8.2.8.2.4 Data Gays. As stated above, the starting point for the 1990 NET inventory is the
OTAG, GCVTC, AIRS, and 1990 Interim inventories. Data added to these inventories include estimates
of SO2?, PM-10, PM-2.5, and NH3, as well as annual or ozone season daily (depending on the inventory)
emission estimates for all pollutants. This section describes the steps taken to fill in the gaps from the
other inventories.
4.8.2.8.2.4.1 S02 and PM Emissions. For SO2 and PM-10, state data from OTAG were used where
possible. (The GCVTC inventory contained SO2 and PM annual emissions.) In most cases, OTAG data
for these pollutants were not available. For point sources, data for plants over 250 tons per year for SO2
and PM-10 were added from AIRS/FS. The AIRS/FS data were also matched to the OTAG plants and
the emissions were attached to existing plants from the OTAG data where a match was found. Where no
match was found to the plants in the OTAG data, new plants were added to the inventory. For OTAG
plants where there were no matching data in AIRS/FS and for all area sources of SO2 and PM-10,
emissions were calculated based on the emission estimates for other pollutants.
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The approach to developing SO2 and PM-10 emissions from unmatched point and area sources
involved using uncontrolled emission factor ratios to calculate uncontrolled emissions. This method
used SO2 or PM-10 ratios to NOX. NOX was the pollutant utilized to calculate the ratio because (1) the
types of sources likely to be important SO2 and PM-10 emitters are likely to be similar to important NOX
sources and (2) the generally high quality of the NOX emissions data. Ratios of SO2/NOX and PM-10/
NOX based on uncontrolled emission factors were developed. These ratios were multiplied by
uncontrolled NOX emissions to determine either uncontrolled SO2 or PM-10 emissions. Once the
uncontrolled emissions were calculated, information on VOC, NOX, and CO control devices was used to
determine if they also controlled SO2 and/or PM-10. If this review determined that the control devices
listed did not control SO2 and/or PM-10, plant matches between the OTAG and Interim Inventory were
performed to ascertain the SO2 and PM-10 controls applicable for those sources. The plant matching
component of this work involved only simple matching based on information related to the state and
county PIPS code, along with the plant and point IDs.
There was one exception to the procedures used to develop the PM-10 point source estimates. For
South Carolina, PM-10 emission estimates came from the Interim Inventory. This was because South
Carolina had no PM data in AIRS/FS for 1990 and using the emission factor ratios resulted in
unrealistically high PM-10 emissions.
There were no PM-2.5 data in either OTAG or AIRS/FS. Therefore, the point and area PM-2.5
emission estimates were developed based on the PM-10 estimates using source-specific uncontrolled
particle size distributions and particle size specific control efficiencies for sources with PM-10 controls.
To estimate PM-2.5, uncontrolled PM-10 was first estimated by removing the impact of any PM-10
controls on sources in the inventory. Next, the uncontrolled PM-2.5 was calculated by multiplying the
uncontrolled PM-10 emission estimates by the ratio of the PM-2.5 particle size multiplier to the PM-10
particle size multiplier. (These particle size multipliers represent the percentage to total particulates
below the specified size.) Finally, controls were reapplied to sources with PM-10 controls by
multiplying the uncontrolled PM-2.5 by source/control device particle size specific control efficiencies.
4,8.2.8.3 Growth Indicators, 1985-1989 —
The changes in the point and area source emissions were equated with the changes in historic
earnings by state and industry. Emissions from each point source in the 1985 NAPAP inventory were
projected to the years 1985 through 1990 based on the growth in earnings by industry (two-digit SIC
code). Historical annual state and industry earnings data from BEA's Table SA-548 were used to
represent growth in earnings from 1985 through 1990.
The 1985 through 1990 earnings data in Table SA-5 are expressed in nominal dollars. To estimate
growth, these values were converted to constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data
for each year were converted to 1982 constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE.49 The
PCE deflators used to convert each year's earnings data to 1982 dollars are:
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Year
1985
1987
1988
1989
1990
1982 PCE Deflator
111.6
114.8
124.2
129.6
136.4
Several BEA categories did not contain a complete time series of data for the years 1985 through
1990. Because the SA-5 data must contain 1985 earnings and earnings for each inventory year (1985
through 1990) to be useful for estimating growth, a log linear regression equation was used where
possible to fill in missing data elements. This regression procedure was performed on all categories that
were missing at least one data point and which contained at least three data points in the time series.
Each record in the inventory was matched to the BEA earnings data based on the state and the two-
digit SIC. Table 4.8-13 shows the BEA earnings category used to project growth for each of the two-
digit SICs found in the 1985 NAPAP Emission Inventory. No growth in emissions was assumed for all
point sources for which the matching BEA earnings data were not complete. Table 4.8-13 also shows
the national average growth and earnings by industry from Table SA-5.
4.8.2.8.4 Growth Indicators, 1991 through 1996—
The 1991 through 1996 area source emissions were grown in a similar manner as the 1985 through
1989 estimates, except for using a different base year inventory. The point source inventory was also
grown for those states that did not want their ATRS/FS data used. (See Table 14 for a list of states that
chose AIRS/FS.) For those states requesting that EPA extract their data from AIRS/FS, the years 1990
through 1995 were downloaded from the EPA IBM Mainframe. The 1996 emissions were not extracted
since states are not required to have the 1996 data uploaded into AIRS/FS until July 1997.
4.8.2.8.4.1 Grown Estimates. The 1991 through 1996 point and area source emissions were
grown using the 1990 NET inventory as the basis. The algorithm for determining the estimates is
detailed in section 4.8.2.8. The 1990 through 1996 SEDS and BEA data are presented in tables 4.8-15
and 4.8-16. The 1996 BEA and SEDS data were determined based on linear interpretation of the 1988
through 1995 data. Point sources were projected using the first two digits of the SIC code by state. Area
source emissions were projected using either BEA or SEDS. Table 4.8-17 lists the SCC and the source
for growth.
The 1990 through 1996 earnings data in BEA Table SA-5 (or estimated from this table) are
expressed in nominal dollars. In order to be used to estimate growth, these values were converted to
constant dollars to remove the effects of inflation. Earnings data for each year were converted to 1992
constant dollars using the implicit price deflator for PCE. The PCE deflators used to convert each year's
earnings data to 1992 dollars are:
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?ar
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1992 PCE Deflator
93.6
97.3
100.0
102.6
104.9
107.6
109.7
4.8.2.8,4.2 AIRS/FS. Several states responded to EPA's survey and requested that their 1991
through 1995 estimates reflect their emissions as reported in AIRS/FS. The list of these states, along
with the years available in AIRS/FS is given in table 4.8-14.
As noted in table 4.8-14, several states did not report emissions for all pollutants for all years for the
1990 to 1995 time period. To fill these data gaps, EPA applied linear interpolation or extrapolated the
closest two years worth of emissions at the plant level. If only one year of emissions data were
available, the emission estimates were held constant for all the years. The segment-SCC level emissions
were derived using the average split for all available years. The non-emission data gaps were filled by
using the most recent data available for the plant.
Many states do not provide PM-10 emissions to AIRS. These states' TSP emissions were
converted to PM-10 emissions using uncontrolled particle size distributions and AP-42 derived control
efficiencies. The PM-10 emissions are then converted to PM-2.5 in the same manner as described in
section 4.8.2.8.2.4.1. The State of South Carolina provided its own conversion factor for estimating
PM-10 from TSP.50
4.8.9 References
1. Memorandum from Chatten Cowherd of Midwest Research Institute, to Bill Kuykendal of the U.S.
EPA, Emission Factors and Inventories Group, and W.R. Barnard of E.H. Pechan and Associates,
Inc., September 1996.
2. Gillette, D.A., and R. Passi, "Modeling Dust Emission Caused by Wind Erosion," Journal of
Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, #D11, pp. 14233-14242, November, 1988.
3. Gillette, D.A. personal communication with W.R. Barnard of E. H. Pechan & Associates, Durham,
NC. 1991.
4. Local Climatological Data, National Climatic Data Center, Monthly, 1985-1996.
5. Soil Conservation Service Soil Geography - NATSGO Map Series Dominant Surface Soil Texture,
Data Source: USDA-SCS 1982 NRI & Soil-5 Databases & 1984 MLRA Map: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Sept 1988: L.D. Spivey, Jr. & R.L. Glenn. 1988.
6. U.S. Land Use Summary, from the Feed Grains and Oil Seeds Section of ASCS-U.S. Department of
Agriculture, 1985-1996, annual.
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7. Usual Planting and Harvesting Dates for U.S. Field Crops, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Statistical Reporting Service, Agriculture Handbook Number 628,1984.
8. "1990 Census of Population and Housing," county data file, Bureau of the Census, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1994.
9. National Crop Residue Management Survey, Conservation Technology Information Center,
1990-1996.
10. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," 4th Edition, EPA Publication AP-42, including
Supplements A and B, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1988.
11. Major Land Resource Areas of the United States Adjusted to County Boundaries for Compilations
of Statistical Data, U.S. Department of Soil Conservation Service. USGS National Atlas Base.
Agricultural Handbook 296. 1978.
12. Brady, Nyle C., The Nature & Properties of Soils, 8th Edition, New York, MacMillan, 1974. p 48.
13. Cowherd, C.C. Jr., K. Axtell, C.M. Guenther, & G. A. Jutze, Development of Emission Factors for
Fugitive Dust Sources. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. June
1974. EPA-450/3-74-037.
14. "1987 Census of Agriculture, Volume 1: Geographic Area Series," county data file, Bureau of the
Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC, 1987.
15. Shimp, D.R. Campbell, S.G., and Francis, S.R. "Spatial Distribution of PM-10 emissions from
Agricultural Tillingin the San Joaquin Valley," California Air Resources Board, 1996.
16. Woodard, Kenneth R. "Agricultural Activities Influencing Fine Particulate Matter Emissions,"
Midwest Research Institute, March 1996.
17. Cowherd, C.C., Midwest Research Institute, personal communication with W.R. Barnard of E.H.
Pechan and Associates, Inc., Durham, NC, 1997.
18. Towery, D., Conservation Information Technology Center (CTIC), Purdue University, personal
communication with W.R. Barnard of E.H. Pechan and Associates, Inc., Durham, NC, 1997.
19. Midwest Research Institute, "Gap Filling PM-10 Emission Factors for Selected Open Area Dust
Sources," U.S. EPA Rept. No. EPA-450/4-88-003, February, 1988.
20. 1992 Census of Agriculture - Geographic Area Series 1A, IB, and 1C, (CD-ROM), U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, Washington, DC, 1992.
21. Asman, William, A.H., Ammonia Emissions in Europe: Updated Emission and Emission
Variations, National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection, Biltoven, The
Netherlands, May 1992.
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22. Commercial Fertilizers Data -1989 and 1990, National Fertilizer Research Center, Tennessee
Valley Authority, Muscle Shoals, AL, 1990.
23. "Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors," AP-42 with Supplement F, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July
1993.
24. Stensland, G., Illinois State Water Survey, personal communication with W. Barnard of E.H.
Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC, 1989.
25. 1987 Census of Transportation: Truck Inventory and Use Survey - United States, TC87-T-52, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census, August 1990.
26. MVMA Motor Vehicle Facts and Gifures'91, Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association, Detroit,
MI, 1991.
27. 1991 Market Data Book, Automotive News, Grain Communications, Inc., May 19,1991.
28. Highway Statistics, ISBN 0-16-035995-3, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway
Administration, annually from Ocotober 1990 to 1996.
29. "Rural and Urban Land Area by County Data," Bureau of Census, CPHL79.DAT, Query Request
by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., 1992.
30. 'Draft User's Guide to PARTS: A Program for Calculating Particle Emissions from Motor
Vehicles," EPA-AA-AQAB-94-2, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile
Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, July 1994.
31. Cowherd, C. C. Jr., C. Guenther and D. Wallace, Emission Inventory of Agricultural Tilling,
Unpaved Roads and Airstrips and Construction Sites, MRI, U.S. EPA Rept. No. EPA-450/3-74-
085, NTIS PB-238 919, November 1974.
32. Construction Review. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC,
annual
33. Improvement of Specific Emission Factors. Midwest Research Institute, BACM Project No. 1,
March 1996.
34. 2010 Clean Air Act Baseline Emission Projections for the Integrated Ozone, Particulate Matter, and
Regional Haze Cost Analysis. E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., May 1997.
35. U.S. DOC, Bureau of Census, Industrial Series Census of Construction, Table 10, Value of
Construction Work for Establishments with Payroll by Location of Construction Work. .1987.
36. Heisler, S.L, "Interim Emissions Inventory for Regional Air Quality Studies," Electric Power
Research Institute Report EPRIEA-6070, November 1988.
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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37. Kinsey, J.S., et al.. Study of Construction Related Dust Control, Contract No. 32200-07976-01,
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Roseville, MN, April 19, 1983.
38. "1990 County Business Patterns," Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC, 1992.
39. Evans, J.S. and D.W. Cooper, "An Inventory of Particulate Emissions from Open Sources," Journal
Air Pollution Control Association, Vol. 30, #12, pp. 1298-1303, December 1980.
40. U.S. EPA, "Generalized Particle Size Distributions for Use in Preparing Size-Specific Particulate
Emissions Inventories," U.S. EPA Kept. No. EPA-450/4-86-013, July 1986.
41. AIRS Facility Subsystem Source Classification Codes and Emission Factor Listing for Criteria Air
Pollutants. EPA-450/4-90-003. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. March 1990.
42. Correspondence with Jean Moore of the US Geological Survey, U.S. Department of Interior,.
March 1997.
43. "Coal Industry Annual." DOE/EIA-0584, U.S. Department of Energy, November, 1985-1996.
44. Regional Interim Emission Inventories (1987-1991), Volume I: Development Methodologies, EPA-
454/R-23-021a, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC. May 1993.
45. Seitz, John, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, Memorandum to
State Air Directors. May 5, 1995.
46. An Emission Inventory for Assessing Regional Haze on the Colorado Plateau, Grand Canyon
Visibility Transport Commission, Denver, CO. January 1995.
47. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC)/Particulate Matter (PM) Speciation Data System (SPECIATE)
User's Manual, Version 1.5, Final Report, Radian Corporation, EPA Contract No. 68-DO-0125,
Work Assignment No. 60, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. February 1993.
48. Table SA-5 — Total Personal Income by Major Sources 1969-1990. Data files. Bureau of
Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, DC. 1991.
49. Survey of Current Business. Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC. 1988, 1987, 1988,1989, 1990, 1991.
50. Internet E-mail from J. Nuovo to J. Better of the Department of Health and Environmental Control
(DHEC), Columbia, South Carolina, entitled Total Suspended Particulate (TSP)/PM-10 Ratio.
Copy to P. Carlson, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Durham, NC. April 10, 1997.
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Table 4.8-1. Particle Size Ratios
Source Category
Ratio of PM-2.5 to PM-10
Wind Erosion - Agricultural Land
Agricultural Crops
Agricultural Livestock
Wind Erosion - Non-Agricultural Land
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
Construction Activities
Mining and Quarrying
0.15
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.25
0.15
0.20
0.20
Table 4.8-2. Silt Content by Soil Type, 1985 to 1989
Soil Type
Silt Loam
Sandy Loam
Sand
Loamy Sand
Clay
Clay Loam
Organic Material
Loam
Silt Content (%)
78
33
12
12
75
75
10-82
60
Table 4.8-3. Silt Content by Soil Type, 1990 to 1996
Soil Type
Silt Content (%)
Silt Loam
Sandy Loam
Sand
Loamy Sand
Clay
Clay Loam
Organic Material
Loam
52
33
12
12
29
29
10-82
40
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Table 4.8-4. Number of THIings by Crop Type
Crop
Number of Tillings
Conservational Use Conventional Use
Corn
Spring Wheat
Rice
Fall-Seeded Small Grain
Soybeans
Cotton
Sorghum
Forage
Permanent Pasture
Other Crops
Fallow
Annual Conservation Use
2
1
5
3
1
5
1
3
1
3
1
6
4
5
5
6
8
6
3
1
3
1
(No method, not used after 1995; number of tillings = 1)
Table 4.8-5. Livestock Operations Ammonia Emission Factors
Category
Cattle and Calves
Pigs and Hogs
Poultry
Sheep
Horses
Goats
Mink
Emission Factor
AMS SCC (Ib NHa/Head)
2805020000
2805025000
2805030000
2805040000
2710020030
2805045001
2205045002
50.5
20.3
0.394
7.43
26.9
14.1
1.28
Table 4.8-6 Speeds Modeled for Unpaved Roads
Rural Roads
Speed (mph)
Urban Roads
Speed (mph)
Minor Arterial
Major Collector
Minor Collector
Local
39
34
30
30
Other Principal Arterial
Minor Arterial
Collector
Local
20
20
20
20
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Table 4.8-7 Assumed Values for Average Daily Traffic Volume by Volume Group
Vehicles Per Day Per Mile
Volume Category for Rural Roads Less than 50 50-199 200-499 500 and over
Assumed ADTV Value for Rural
Roads
125"
350"
550
Volume Category for Urban Roads Less than 200 200-499 500-1999 2000 and over
Assumed ADTV Value for Urban
Roads
20
350
1250"
2200"
NOTE(S): '10% of volume group's maximum range endpoint.
"Average of volume group's range endpoints.
™110% of volume group's minimum.
Table 4.8-8. PM-2.5 to PM-10 Ratios for Paved and Unpaved Roads
Source Category
Ratio of PM-2.5 to PM-10
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
0.25
0.15
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-302
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-9. List of Grown Sources
* nocrrintinn
TIFR1 TIFR9
2307010000 Industrial Processes Wood Products: SIC 24 Logging Operations Total 14 01
2710020030 Natural Sources Biogenic Horses and Ponies 14 01
2801000001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Agriculture-Crops Land Breaking 14 01
2801000002 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Agriculture-Crops Planting 14 01
2801000003 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops Tilling 14 01
2801000004 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops Defoliation 14 01
2801000005 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops Harvesting 14 01
2801000006 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops Drying 14 01
2801000007 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Crops Agriculture - Crops Loading 14 01
2801000008 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Agriculture-Crops Transport 14 01
2801700001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700002 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700003 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application • 14 01
2801700004 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700005 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700006 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application ' 14 01
2801700007 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700008 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700009 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2801700010 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Crops Fertilizer Application 14 01
2805000000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Livestock Agriculture-Livestock Total 14 01
2805001000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Livestock Beef Cattle Feedlots Total 14 01
2805001001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Livestock Beef Cattle Feedlots Feed Preparation 14 01
2805005000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Livestock Poultry Operations Total 14 01
2805005001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Livestock Poultry Operations Feed Preparation 14 01
2805010000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Livestock Dairy Operations Total 14 01
2805010001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production-Livestock Dairy Operations Feed Preparation 14 01
2805015000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Livestock Hog Operations Total 14 01
2805015001 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Livestock Hog Operations Feed Preparation 14 01
2805020000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Animal Husbandry Cattle and Calves Composite 14 01
2805025000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Animal Husbandry Hogs and Pigs Composite 14 01
2805030000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Animal Husbandry Poultry - Chickens Composite 14 01
2805040000 Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Animal Husbandry Sheep and Lambs Composite 14 01
2805045001 -Miscellaneous Area Sources Agriculture Production - Animal Husbandry Goats 14 01
2275085000 Mobile Sources Aircraft Unpaved Airstrips Total 14 07
2650000005 Waste Disposal, Treatment, & Recovery Scrap & Waste Materials Scrap & Waste Materials Storage Piles 14 07
30300519 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Primary Copper Smelting Unpaved Road Traffic: Fugitive Emissions 14 07
30300831 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Fugitive Emissions: Roads Unpaved Roads: LDV 14 07
30300832 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Fugitive Emissions: Roads Unpaved Roads: MDV 14 07
30300833 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Fugitive Emissions: Roads Unpaved Roads: HDV 14 07
30300834 Primary Metal Production Iron Production Fugitive Emissions: Roads Paved Roads: All Vehicle Types 14 07
30302321 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Haul Road: Rock 14 07
30302322 Primary Metal Production Primary Metal Production Taconite Iron Ore Processing Haul Road: Taconite 14 07
30501024 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Hauling 14 07
30501031 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Scrapers: Travel Mode 14 07
30501039 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Hauling: Haul Trucks 14 07
30501045 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Bulldozing: Overburden 14 07
30501046 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Bulldozing: Coal 14 07
30501047 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Grading 14 07
30501049 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Wind Erosion: Exposed Areas 14 07
30501050 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Vehicle Traffic: Light/Medium Vehicles 14 07
30501090 Mineral Products Mineral Products Surface Mining Operations Haul Roads: General 14 07
30502011 Mineral Products Mineral Products Stone Quarrying/Processing Hauling 14 07
30502504 Mineral Products Mineral Products Sand/Gravel Hauling 14 07
31100101 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Building Contractors Site Preparation: Topsoil Removal 14 07
31100102 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Building Contractors Site Preparation: Earth Moving (Cut & Fill) 14 07
31100103 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Building Contractors Site Preparation: Aggregate Hauling {on dirt) 14 07
31100205 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Demolition of Structures On-Site Truck Traffic 14 07
31100206 Building Construction Building Construction Construction: Demolition of Structures On-Site Truck Traffic 14 07
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-303
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-10. Point Source Data Submitted
State
Alabama
Arkansas
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia - Atlanta
Urban Airshed (47
counties) domain
Data Source/Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
Georgia - Rest of AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky - Jefferson
County
Kentucky - Rest of
State
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
New Hampshire
Now Jersey
Now York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Pennsylvania -
Allegheny County
Pennsylvania -
Philadelphia County
Pennsylvania - Rest
of State
Rhode Island
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
Jefferson County - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfiie
State - EPS Workfiles
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - State Format
Allegheny County - County Format
Philadelphia County - County Format
State - EPS Workfiie
State - EPS Workfile
Temporal
Resolution
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Annual
Daily
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Annual
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Year of
Data
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1993
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1994
1990
1990
1990
1990
Adjustments to Data
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
None
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Backcast to 1 990 using BEA. Average Summer
Day estimated using methodology described
above.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-304
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-10 (continued)
State
Data Source/Format
Temporal Year of
Resolution Data Adjustments to Data
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
AIRS-AFS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Annual 1991 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using default
temporal factors.
Daily 1992 Backcast to 1990 using BEA.
Daily 1990 None
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Annual 1990 Average Summer Day estimated using
methodology described above.
Daily 1990 None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-305
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-11. Area Source Data Submitted
State
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Indiana
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Michigan
Missouri
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ddt0 Sourcs/Formst
State- EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - Hard copy
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State format
State - State format
State - State format
State - State Format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - State Format
AIRS-AMS- Ad hoc retrievals
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
State- EPS Workfiles
Temporal
Resolution
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Annual
Geographic Coveraae
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jacksonville, Miami/
Ft. Lauderdale, Tampa
Atlanta Urban Airshed
(47 Counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Kentucky Ozone Nonattainment
Areas
Baton Rouge Nonattainment
Area (20 Parishes)
Entire State
Entire State
49 Southern Michigan
Counties
St. Louis area (25 counties)
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Adjustments to Data
None
None
None
Added Non-road emission .
estimates from Int. Inventory to
Jacksonville (Duval County)
None
None
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
None
None
None
None
None
Only area source combustion data
was provided. All other area
source data came from Int.
Inventory
None
None
None
Average Summer Day estimated
Onto
Pennsylvania
State - Hard copy
State - EPS Workfile
Daily Canton, Cleveland Columbus,
Dayton, Toledo, and
Youngstown
Daily Entire State
using default temporal factors.
Assigned SCCs and converted
from kgs to tons. NOX and CO from
Int. Inventory added to Canton,
Dayton, and Toledo counties.
Non-road emissions submitted
were county totals. Non-road
emissions distributed to specific
SCCs based on Int. Inventory
Rhode Island
Tennessee
Texas
Vermont
Virginia
West Virginia
Wisconsin
State - EPS Workfile
State - State format
State - State Format
State - EPS Workfile
State - EPS Workfile
AIRS-AMS - Ad hoc retrievals
State - State Format
Daily
Daily
Annual
Daily
Daily
Daily
Daily
Entire State
42 Counties in Middle
Tennessee
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charleston, Huntington/
Ashland, and Parkersburg
(5 counties total)
Entire State
None
No non-road data submitted. Non-
road emissions added from Int.
Inventory
Average Summer Day estimated
using default temporal factors.
None
None
None
None
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-306
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
o
Q.
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(C
u
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CO
egment Output
Pollutant
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NEDS POINT ID
n
7
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POINT ID
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7
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NEDS POINT ID
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SEGMENT NUMBER
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CO
R
CO
o
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CO
CO
8
CO
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O
%
X
CO
WINTER
THROUGHPUT
£
LU
S
Z
Q_
LU
S
Q.
H
0.
LU
o
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o_
UJ
POLLUTANT COD
3
DL
HEAT CONTENT
55
T"
K DIAMETER
O
£
Q
CO
SPRING
THROUGHPUT
P
LATITUDE PLANT
H
i
o
UJ
(D
CO
LU
Q
OSD EMISSIONS
co
o
Q
ANNUAL FUEL
FHROUGHPUT
K
Q_
LL
KEXIT
ERATURE
O **-
ft$
tn
CO
SUMMER
THROUGHPUT
P
LONGITUDE PLA^
o
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s-
r~
UJ
5
a
Q
OSD EMISSION
UNITS
S
Q
SULFUR CONTENT
LL
_J
CO
K EXIT VELOCITY
O
S
Si
CO
,_
Q.
FALL THROUGH
P
E
m
STANDARD INDU
CODE
o
CO
o
CO
LU
5
Z
DEFAULT
ESTIMATED
EMISSIONS
LU
Q
ASH CONTENT
o
CO
Z3
D-
X
n .
NUMBER
DAYS/WEEK
I
O
t
STATE REGISTR/
NUMBER
CO
cc
CO
CONTROL
EFFICIENCY
LU
m,
o
NUMBER
HOURS/YEAR
O
i
PRIMARY CONTR
DEVICE CODE
_i
o
LU
SECONDARY
CONTROL DEVIC
CODE
3
o
RULE
EFFECTIVENESS
a.
LU
EC
METHOD CODE
|
3
Emission factor
CO
?
UJ
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-307
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-13. Bureau of Economic Analysis's SA-5 National Changes in Earnings by
Industry
Percent Growth from:
Industry
SIC 1985 to 1987 1987 to 1988 1988 to 1989 1989 to 1990
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry,
01,02
07, 08, 09
14.67
23.58
-2.73
5.43
14.58
1.01
-3.11
2.48
fisheries, and other
Coalmining 11,12 -17.46 -6.37
Metal mining 10 -3.03 18.01
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels 14 2.33 3.74
Construction 15,16,17 7.27 4.81
-4.16
8.94
-2.79
-1.36
4.73
4.56
-0.45
-3.80
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-308
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-14. Emission Estimates Available from AIRS/FS by State, Year, and Pollutant
State
1990
C N S P T V
1991
N S P
1992
N S P T V
1993
1994
N S P T V
1995
N S P T V
Alabama
/
Alaska
Arizona
y
California
V
olorado
V
onnecticut
Hawaii
S
V
Illinois
y
Louisiana
Michigan
/
Minnesota
/
S
S
Montana •
S
S
S
Nebraska
S
Nevada
V
Mew
Hampshire
S
New Mexico
/
y
North Dakota
y
Oregon
y
Pennsylvani
South
Carolina
South
Dakota
Texas
Utah
V
s
Vermont
V
S
Virginia
S
S
Washington
V
S
S
Wisconsin
Wyoming
/
y
y
S
Notes:
C = CO
= NOP
= SO2
= PM-10 T = TSP
V = VOC
Pennsylvania only includes Allegheny County (State 42, County 003); New Mexico only includes Albuquerque (State 35,
County 001); Washington only includes Puget Sound (State 53, County 033, 053, or 061); Nebraska includes all except
Omaha City (State 31, County 055); the CO emissions in NET were maintained for South Dakota (State 46).
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-309
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
Table 4.8-15. SEDS National Fuel Consumption, 1990-1996 (trillion Btu)
Fust TVPB End-Ussr
Population
Code 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
TPOPP 248,709 252.131 255,025 257,785 259,693 261,602 263,510
Table 4.8-16. BEA SA-5 National Earnings by Industry, 1990-1996 (million $)
SIC
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996
Farm
Farm
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Nonmetallic minerals, except fuels
Construction
Construction
Construction
Construction
Primary metal industries
Transportation by air
81
82
90
100
110
120
121
122
123
200
240
300
310
320
330
423
542
1,2
1,2
1,2
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
7-9
14
15-17
15-17
15-17
15-17
33
45
48
3,586
3,001
24
20
4
1
2
1
36
4
218
54
29
135
33
30
41
3,552
2,957
24
20
3
1
2
1
37
4
197
47
28
123
30
30
46
3,686
3,079
24
21
3
1
2
1
36
4
195
46
28
121
31
31
45
3,740
3,126
24
22
3
0
2
1
34
4
199
47
27
125
30
31
42
3,849
3,228
26
23
3
1
2
1
35
4
216
51
29
136
32
31
31
3,980
3,353
27
24
3
1
2
1
35
4
219
51
29
138
33
31
29
4,058
3,423
27
25
3
1
1
1
35
4
219
50
29
139
32
31
Table 4.8-17 Area Source Listing by SCC and Growth Basis
SCO
RLE CODE
SCC
FILE CODE
2275000000
2275001000
2275020000
2275020021
2275050000
2275060000
2275070000
2275085000
2275900000
2275900101
2275900102
2301000000
2301010000
2301020000
2301030000
2301040000
2710020030
2801000003
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
.BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
542
920
542
542
542
542
542
542
542
542
542
471
471
471
471
471
081
081
2801000005
2801700001
2801700002
2801700003
2801700004
2801700005
2801700006
2801700007
2801700008
2801700009
2801700010
2805000000
2805001000
2805020000
2805025000
2805030000
2805040000
2805045001
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
BEA
100
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
081
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
4-310
1985-1996 Methodology
Fugitive Dust
-------
SECTION 6.0
NATIONAL CRITERIA POLLUTANT ESTIMATES
PROJECTIONS METHODOLOGY
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The general approach for developing the projections estimates involved using the 1995 emissions
estimates as the base year and applying growth factors and control efficiencies, as appropriate. The
following sections describe the specific procedures used for each section of the inventory: nonutility
point sources; utilities; area sources; highway mobile sources; and non-road mobile sources.
6.2 NONUTILITY POINT SOURCE PROJECTIONS
6.2.1 Growth Factors
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) guidance for projecting emissions lists the following
economic variables (in order of preference) for projecting emissions:1
product output
value added
earnings
employment
In the absence of product output projections, EPA guidance recommends value added projections. Value
added is the difference between the value of industry outputs and inputs. U.S. Department of Commerce
Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) gross state product (GSP) projections represent a measure of value
added and are a fuller measure of growth than BEA's earnings projections because earnings represent
only one component of GSP. GSP measures reflect the value added to revenue from selling a product
minus the amounts paid for inputs from other firms. By incorporating inputs to production, GSP reflects
future changes in production processes, efficiency, and technological changes. BEA's GSP projections
are available by state at the 2-digit Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code level.2
Growth factors were developed for each projection year and each 2-digit SIC from BEA GSP data
for the base year (1995) and the projection years, using the following equation:
where:
GFy
GSPy
GSP
95
GFy = (GSPy)/(GSP95)
growth factor for year y
gross state product for year y
gross state product for base year 1995
A file containing the growth factors used to develop Trends emission projections can be found on the
following EPA Web page: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.html.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-1
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
6.2.2 Control Assumptions/Factors
Controls applied to the projected emissions are those mandated under the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 (CAAA). CAAA provisions affecting nonutility industrial point sources include:
• National volatile organic compound (VOC) rules
• Benzene national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAPs)
• Title m 2-year and 4-year maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards
• VOC and oxides of nitrogen (NOX) reasonably available control technology (RACT)
requirements in ozone nonattainment areas
• New Control Techniques Guidelines (CTGs)
• Ozone rate-of-progress requirements
Controls assumed for each pollutant to project emissions are described in the following sections.
6.2.2.1 VOC Controls
Control measures for VOC include RACT, new CTGs, and Title m MACT controls. The
stringency of the Title IH MACT standard is based on draft or final standards where available. The
promulgation and compliance dates for the 2-year and 4-year MACT standards are listed in table 6.2-1.
For other sources, emission standards (expressed as percentage reductions in emissions) are based on
technology transfer from other categories and engineering judgement. Title m MACT controls are
generally as stringent, or more stringent, than RACT controls and are thus the dominant control option
for many source categories. VOC control efficiencies are summarized in table 6.2-2. A 100 percent rule
effectiveness (RE) is assumed for all control measures.
The Trends projections estimates do not include the following provisions which could further
reduce VOC emissions in ozone nonattainment areas:
• Ozone nonattainment areas and the northeast ozone transport region (OTR) are subject to
offset requirements for major new source growth and major modifications.
• Areas must attain the ozone standard by deadlines set according to their nonattainment
classification. The mix of VOC and NOX reductions chosen as the attainment strategy is
determined through Urban Airshed Modeling. These reduction requirements are area-specific
and are unknown for many areas at this time.
6.2.2.2
NOX Controls
Industrial point source NOX controls include NOX RACT. Major stationary source NOX emitters in
marginal and above nonattainment areas and in the northeast OTR are required to install RACT-level
controls under the ozone nonattainment related provisions of Title I. RACT control levels are specified
by each state. Representative RACT levels were chosen for each source type (see table 6.2-3) in order to
model the reductions associated with this requirement. These control levels were based on EPA
Alternative Control Techniques documents (ACTs) and an assumed RE of 100 percent. Note that NOX
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-2
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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RACT was already implemented by 1996 for all nonattainment areas except Louisville, Kentucky. NOX
RACT controls in Louisville were modeled in 1996 and beyond.
6.2,2.3 CO, SOz and PM Controls
No CO controls were applied to the projected emissions, although some CO nonattainment areas
may have adopted controls for specific point sources within the nonattainment areas. Sulfur dioxide
(SO2) nonattainment provisions of the CAA do not specify any mandatory controls for SO2 emitters,
although individual states or nonattainment areas may require further controls. No SO2 controls were
applied to the Trends projected emissions. Possible control initiatives for particulates under the CAAA
would result from the Title I provisions related to particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter
(PM-10) nonattainment. Because review of the draft SIPs available indicate that the controls are mainly
targeting area source emitters, no PM controls were applied to the projected emissions.
6.2.3 Other Issues
An emission cap of 5.6 million tons of SO2 per year was set by the CAAA for industrial sources. If
this cap is exceeded, the Administrator may promulgate new regulations. To reflect improved fuel
efficiency for combustion sources, adjustments were made to the projected industrial, commercial/
institutional and residential combustion emissions. The adjustments to industrial emissions projections
are described below. Similar adjustments were made to the commercial/institutional and residential
emissions projections and are described in section 6.2.3.2.
6.2.3.1 Industrial Emissions Adjustments
Adjustments were made to the projected emissions for combustion sources in the industrial sector
by assuming increases in fuel efficiencies for future years. Efficiency adjustment factors (EAFs) were
developed from data on energy consumption per unit output from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
publication Annual Energy Outlook 1997.* Using 1995 as the base year, the EAFs were calculated for
each fuel (e.g., natural gas, steam coal, residual fuel, etc.) as the ratio between the base year consumption
per unit output and the projection year consumption per unit output, as shown below:
EAFy = Cy/C95
where: EAR,
-95
= efficiency adjustment factor for projection year y
= consumption per unit output for projection year y
= consumption per unit output for base year 1995
Table 6.2-4 shows the industrial sector EAFs calculated for each fuel for each projection year.
Source classification codes (SCCs) for the industrial sector were identified from the Tier categories
and each SCC was assigned to one of the fuel categories. These assignments were performed
electronically for most SCCs, however, some assignment had to be performed manually for certain
SCCs.
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1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Appropriate EAFs were applied to growth-factor based emissions projections for all pollutants for
each SCC to develop the revised emissions projections. Note that no adjustments were made to the
electricity fuel sector.
6.2.3.2 Commercial/Institutional and Residential Emission Adjustments
Adjustments were made to the projected emissions for combustion sources in the commercial/
institutional and residential sectors by assuming increases in fuel efficiencies for future years. Efficiency
adjustment factors (EAFs) were developed from data on energy consumption by fuel type and square
footage obtained from the DOE publication Annual Energy Outlook 1997.l It was assumed that fuel
efficiency increases if square footage increases and fuel consumption decreases. Consumption factors
(CFs) were developed for each fuel for each year by multiplying the square footage (total floor space for
commercial/institutional and average house square footage for residential) by the delivered energy
consumption by fuel.
Using 1995 as the base year, the EAFs were calculated for each fuel (e.g., natural gas, coal, etc.) as
the ratio between the base year CF and the projection year CF, as shown below:
=CF,,/CF,
95
where: EAFy
CFV
CF,
95
= efficiency adjustment factor for projection year y
= consumption factor for projection year y
= consumption factor for base year 1995
Table 6.2-5 shows the commercial/institutional and residential sector EAFs calculated for each fuel for
each projection year.
SCCs for the commercial/institutional and residential sectors were identified from the Tier
categories and each SCC was assigned to one of the fuel categories. These assignments were performed
electronically for most SCCs, however, some assignments had to be performed manually for certain
SCCs. Appropriate EAFs were applied to the growth factor based emissions projections for all
pollutants for each SCC to develop the revised emissions projections. Note that no adjustments were
made to the electricity fuel sector.
6.2.4 References
1. Procedures for Preparing Emissions Projections, EPA-450/4-91-019, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, July 1991.
2. Regional State Projections of Economic Activity and Population to 2045, U.S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Washington, DC, July 1995.
3. National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1995, EPA-454/R-96-005, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, July
1996.
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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4. Annual Energy Outlook 1997 with Projections to 2015, DOE/EIA-0383(97), U.S. Department of
Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC, December 1996.
Table 6.2-1. Compliance Dates for Promulgated 2-Year and 4-Year MACT Standards3
Source Category
Promulgation
Date
Compliance
Date
2- Year Standards:
Hazardous Organic National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (HON)
Commercial (point/area) and Industrial Dry-cleaning
4-Year Standards:
Aerospace Industries
Chromic Acid Anodizing (point/area)
Coke Ovens: Charging, Top Side, & Door Leaks
Commercial Sterilization Facilities (point/area)
Decorative and Hard Chromium Electroplating (point/area)
Gasoline Distribution-Stage I
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners (point/area)
Industrial Process Cooling Towers
Magnetic Tapes (Surface Coating)
Marine Vessel Loading
Off-site Waste Operations
Petroleum Refineries - other sources not distinctly listed
Polymers/Resins Group I
Polymers/Resins Group II
Polymers/Resins Group IV
Printing/Publishing (Surface Coating)
Secondary Lead Smelting (point)
Shipbuilding and Ship Repair (Surface Coatings)
Wood Furniture
February 1994
September 1993
July 1995
November 1994
October 1993
November 1994
November 1994
November 1994
November 1994
July 1994
November 1994
July 1995
May 1996
July 1995
July 1996
February 1995
May 1996
May 1996
May 1995
November 1995
November 1995
October 1994
December 1993
September 1998
January 1996
November 1993
December 1997
January 1996
December 1997
December 1997
March 1996
December 1996
September 1999
July 1999
August 1998
July 1999
March 1998
September 1999
May 1999
June 1997
December 1997
November 1997
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Table 6.2-2. Point Source VOC Controls
Source Category
VOC Control
Efficiency (%)
National Rules
Marine vessel loading: petroleum liquids
TSDFs
Benzene NESHAP (national)
By-product coke mfg
By-product coke - flushing-liquor circulation tank
By-product coke - excess-ammonia liquor tank
By-product coke mfg. - tar storage
By-product coke mfg. - light oil sump
By-product coke mfg. - light oil dec/cond vents
By-product coke mfg. - tar bottom final cooler
By-product coke mfg. - naphthalene processing
By-product coke mfg. - equipment leaks
By-product coke manufacture - other
By-product coke manufacture - oven charging
Coke ovens - door and topside leaks
Coke oven by-product plants
2-Year MACT (national)
Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI) HON
-SOCMI processes
— VOL storage
- SOCMI fugitives (equipment leak detection and repair)
- SOCMI wastewater
— Ethylene oxide manufacture
— Phenol manufacture
— Acrylonitrile manufacture
— Polypropylene manufacture
- Polyethylene manufacture
— Ethylene manufacture
Dry Cleaning
- Perchioroethylene
-Other
4-Year MACT (national)*
TSDFs (offsite waste operations)
Shipbuilding and repair
Polymers and resins II
Polymers and resins IV
Styrene-butadiene rubber manufacture (polymers & resins group I)
Wood furniture surface coating
Aircraft surface coating (aerospace)
80
96
85
95
98
98
98
98
81
100
83
94
94
94
94
79
95
60
0
98
98
98
98
98
98
95
70
96
24
78
70
70
30
60
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-6
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Projections
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Table 6.2-2 (continued)
Source Category
VOC Control
Efficiency (%)
Petroleum Refineries: other sources
- Fixed roof petroleum product tanks
- Fixed roof gasoline tanks
- External floating roof petroleum product tanks
- External floating roof gasoline tanks
- Petroleum refinery wastewater treatment
- Petroleum refinery fugitives
- Petroleum refineries - Slowdown w/o control
- Vacuum distillation
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
- Open top degreasing - halogenated
- In-line (conveyorized) degreasing - halogenated
Printing
- Flexographic
- Gravure
Gasoline Marketing
- Storage
- Splash loading
- Balanced loading
- Submerged loading
- Transit
- Leaks
7/10-Year MACT (national)
Paint and varnish manufacture
Rubber tire manufacture
Green tire spray
Automobile surface coating
Beverage can surface coating
Paper surface coating
Flatwood surface coating
Fabric printing
Metal surface coating
Plastic parts surface coating
Pulp and paper production
Agricultural chemical production
Pharmaceutical production
Polyesters
Fabric coating
Petroleum refineries - fluid catalytic cracking
Oil and natural gas production
Explosives
98
96
90
95
72
72
78
72
63
39
32
27
5
99
87
99
5
39
35
70
90
79
57
78
90
80
90
45
70
79
79
70
70
70
90
70
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Projections
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Table 6.2-2 (continued)
Source Category
VOC Control
Efficiency (%)
Plywood/particle board
Reinforced plastics
7/10-Year MACT (national) (continued)
Publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs)
Phthalate plasticizers
Polymers and resins III
Rayon production
Polyvinyl chloride
Spandex production
Nylon 6 production
Alkyd resins
Polyester resins
Chelating agents
New CTGs (moderate and above)
SOCMI reactor
SOCMI distillation
Printing - lithographic
Non-CTG and Group III CTG RACT (moderate and above)*
Carbon black manufacture
Whiskey fermentation - aging
Charcoal manufacturing
Cold cleaning
Bakeries
Urea resins - general
Organic acids manufacture
Leather products
CTG RACT (marginal and above)**
Terephthalic acid manufacture
Cellulose acetate manufacture
Vegetable oil manufacture
Dry cleaning - stoddard
Stage I - splash unloading
Stage I - submerged unloading
Open top degreasing
In-line (conveyorized) degreasing
Petroleum refineries - blowdown
70
70
70
70
78
70
70
70
70
70
70
70
85
85
44
90
85
80
63
95
90
90
90
98
54
42
70
95
95
42
42
98
NOTE(S): "Compliance dates for 2- and 4-year MACT standards are listed by source category in 6.2-2.
"RACT controls are effective in 1995 or 1996, depending on the geographic area.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-8
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Table 6.2-3. NOX Nonutility Point Source RACT Controls*
Source Category
ICI Boilers - Coal
ICI Boilers - Residual Oil
ICI Boilers - Distillate Oil
ICI Boilers - Natural Gas
ICI Boilers - Wood/Bark
ICI Boilers - Cyclone
ICI Boilers - Stoker
Internal Combustion Engines - Oil
Internal Combustion Engines - Gas
Gas Turbines - Oil
Gas Turbines - Natural Gas
Process Heaters - Distillate Oil
Process Heaters - Residual Oil
Process Heaters - Natural Gas
Adipic Acid Manufacturing
Nitric Acid Manufacturing
Glass Manufacturing - Container
Glass Manufacturing - Flat
Glass Manufacturing - Pressed/Blown
Cement Manufacturing - Dry
Cement Manufacturing - Wet
Iron & Steel Mills - Reheating
Iron & Steel Mills - Annealing
Iron & Steel Mills - Galvanizing
Municipal Waste Combustors
Medical Waste Incinerators
Open Burning
LNB = Low NOX burners
LNC2 = Low NOX burners plus overfire air
NGR = Natural gas reburning
SNCR = Selective noncatalytic reduction
IR = Ignition timing retardation
AF = Air/Fuel adjustment
ULNB = Ultra-low NOX burners
Control Strategy
LNB
LNB
LNB
LNB
None
NGR
SNCR
IR
AF+IR
Water Injection
LNB
ULNB
ULNB
ULNB
Thermal Reduction
Extended Absorption
LNB
LNB
LNB
Mid-Kiln Firing
Mid-Kiln Firing
LNB
LNB
LNB
SNCR
SNCR
None
NOX Percentage
Reduction
50
50
50
50
0
53
55
25
30
68
84
74
73
75
81
95
40
40
40
25
25
66
50
50
45
45
0
NOTE:
*RACT controls are effective in 1995 or 1996, depending on the geographic area.
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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Projections
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Table 6.2-4. EAFs for Industrial Sector
RATIO
CODE
SC
RO
DO
NG
RE
MCC
OP
LP
RATIO
CODE
RDO
RNQ
RRE
ROF
RLP
CDO
CNG
ORE
COF
NAME
Steam Coal -
Industrial
Residual Oil - Industrial
Distillate Oil -
Industrial
Natural Gas - Industrial
1999
0.977
0.667
1.000
0.976
Renewables (hydroelectric, wood, wood waste, solid waste) - Industrial 0.979
Metallurgical Coal and Coke - Industrial
Other Petroleum (pet. Coke, asphalt, road oil, lubricants, gasoline) -
Industrial
LPG - Industrial
NAME
Distillate ON
Natural Gas
Renewables
Table 6.2-5. EAFs for Commercial
- Residential
- Residential
(Wood) - Residential
Other Fuels (kerosene and coal) - Residential
LPG - Residential
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
Renowables
Other Fuels
- Commercial
- Commercial
(Wood) - Commercial
(kerosene, coal, Ipg, residual fuel oil) - Commercial
0.880
0.991
0.927
2000
0.977
0.778
1.000
0.970
0.979
0.840
0.973
0.909
2002
0.953
0.778
1.000
0.943
0.979
0.760
0.945
0.909
2005
0.907
0.778
0.968
0.902
0.979
0.680
0.900
0.873
2007
0.884
0.778
0.935
0.879
0.957
0.640
0.873
0.836
2008
0.884
0.667
0.935
0.868
0.957
0.640
0.864
0.836
2010
0.860
0.667
0.935
0.845
0.957
0.600
0.836
0.818
and Residential Sector
1999
0.937
1.005
0.949
0.876
0.996
0.866
1.017
1.000
0.850
2000
0.913
0.995
0.935
0.863
1.005
0.859
1.012
1.000
0.870
2002
0.857
0.973
0.895
0.841
0.979
0.821
1.003
1.000
0.855
2005
0.803
0.949
0.860
0.741
0.963
0.801
0.993
1.000
0.834
2007
0.773
0.933
0.823
0.722
0.939
0.766
0.988
1.000
0.846
2008
0.763
0.930
0.813
0.713
0.948
0.760
0.983
1.000
0.840
2010
0.727
0.916
0.795
0.697
0.927
0.748
0.981
1.000
0.826
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6.3 UTILITY PROJECTIONS
6.3.1 Existing Unit Projections
Electric utility generation projections were based on the 1995 Trends utility database. This file was
summed to the boiler level and compared to generation data found on DOE, Energy Information
Administration (EIA) Forms 759l and 7672 to find one-to-one boiler to generator matches. Where these
matches were found, generation data were taken from Form 767 and where a one-to-one correspondence
was not available, a heat input (MMBtu) boiler to plant, fuel type ratio was established for use in
allocating Form 759 plant level/fuel type generation to the boilers.
Heat input of the base file was totaled to the fuel/plant level and a boiler to plant level ratio was
calculated for each point. The base file was then mapped by plant to the Form 759 plant level generation
file and the boiler/plant ratio was multiplied by the Form 759 generation data to estimate boiler
generation allocation.
Additionally, boilers were mapped into the Form 767 file and when a one-to-one boiler to generator
correspondence was determined, the Form 767 generation value was used. Only in cases where plant
level generation was positive and where boiler level generation was zero or where a one-to-one boiler to
generator correspondence was not established was the Form 759 generation allocation used. The noted
exception occurred at Warrick (ORIS 6705). The baseline file for this plant showed it had several
boilers in the inventory base year. However, only Boiler 4 was determined to have operated during this
period. The additional boilers were therefore eliminated from the file.
Once base year generation was established for each of the inventory's boilers, an operating profile
type was associated based on the calculated capacity utilization factor. This factor was calculated at the
boiler level using the following equation:
Capacity Factor Utilization = Generation (GW-hr)/[Boiler Capacity (MW) x 8.76J
where: 8.76 is the product of the 8,760 operating hours per year and the 10"3 factor converting MW to
GW.
Previously, historical capacity utilization factors were used to estimate utility profiles, however,
because generation data were available for the operating years 1990 and 1995, only the actual operating
data for that year (1995) were used. Within each profile, a maximum change in capacity factor was
established (as part of the Ozone Transport Assessment Group [OTAG] process and used in ERCAM-
NOX) to estimate future year fuel use, emissions, and generation for each unit. Table 6.3-1 presents the
profile types and their associated maximum change in capacity factors.
Total projected generation from these existing units was compared to NERC region-fuel generation
demands and new units were brought on-line or capacity utilization at existing units was decreased in
order to meet total generation.
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6-11
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Projections
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6.3.2 Planned Units
Listings of electric utility units expected to begin operation over the next 10 years are published
annually by the DOE.3 Available unit-specific data for these planned units include the unit's location,
capacity, primary fuel type, and expected year of startup. These data were downloaded from the DOE's
web site and converted to dBase format.
In most cases, the planned unit data include the county that the unit is expected to be sited in. For
these units, latitude and longitude coordinates were assigned to planned units corresponding to the
centroid of the county listed for the unit. Planned units without a county designation were sited as
described below for siting generic units. The following additional unit parameters were assigned to
planned units.
Coal-Fired Units Oil-Fired Units Gas-Fired Units
Heat Rate (Btu/kWh) 10,070
Capacity Utilization Factor 0.90
9,680
0.20
9,680
0.90
6.3.3 Generic Units
Additional generation capacity, above that which is expected to be provided by existing and
planned utility units, will be needed in projection years to meet electricity demand. This generation
demand is assumed to be filled by units termed "generic units." Generic units were created in the utility
data base to meet the generation demands in the projection years that will not be met by existing and
planned units. Generic units are essentially place-holders used to account for emissions caused by the
generation of electricity expected to be needed in each state beyond the generation that will be provided
by existing and planned units.
Total generation demand is projected by DOE by region and fuel type. These generation forecasts
are also broken down by utility generation and nonutility generation. Table 6.3-2 presents these
generation forecasts by NERC region and fuel type. The procedure used to estimate the unmet
generation in the projection years is described below.
• Generation from the electric utility units existing in the 1995 Trends inventory and the known
planned units was estimated for the projection years by multiplying the 1995 generation at
these units by the ratio of the future capacity factor (calculated as discussed above) to the 1995
capacity factor. Units projected to retire in the future have a future year capacity factor of 0.
• The 1995 generation from the fossil-fuel fired utility units included in the Trends inventory
were totaled by state and fuel type and by federal DOE region and fuel type.
• The DOE regional/fuel type generation projections for 1990, 2000, and 2010 were interpolated
to give generation estimates by region and fuel type for 1996, 1999, 2005, 2007, and 2008.
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• The projected generation from the existing and planned units at the regional/fuel level was
subtracted from the corresponding generation demand projection to give the generation
requirement that would need to be filled by generic units.
• Generation from generic units at the regional/fuel level was allocated at the state/fuel level
based on the fraction of each state's generation for a specific fuel type in the specific projection
year out of the total generation for that fuel in that region for the specific projection year.
• The total generic generation needed for a state was divided into individual generic combined
cycle (CC) and combustion turbine (CT) units with assumed capacities of 200 MW for oil,
450 MW for gas, and 500 MW for coal units. Other characteristics of generic units were
assumed to be the same as those listed above for planned units.
Combined cycle and combustion turbine plants have proven to be superior in terms of low
emissions, improved heat rates, low cost, load flexibility, and are showing increasing use in the electric
generating sector. As a result of these trends, it was assumed that generic units would shift to CCs (oil)
and CTs (natural gas), rather than coal-fired boilers.
The generic units were sited at existing fossil-fuel fired plant sites. When possible, generic units
were not sited in nonattainment areas. Because of the large number of generic units in some states and
the limited number of existing plant sites to choose from, a hierarchy was developed for siting the
generic units. First, in attainment areas only, generic units were sited to replace units scheduled to retire
by the projection year. Second, generic units were sited at plant sites that were constructed in 1970 or
later. New utility units generally tend to be added to sites with other relatively new units, rather than
with older units. Third, if necessary, generic units were sited at plant sites older than 1970. If additional
generic units remained to be sited after all available existing sites in attainment areas were filled, the
above hierarchy was repeated using sites in nonattainment areas.
6.3.4 Control Assumptions
Both NOX and SO2 controls were applied to the utility projections.
6.3.4.1
NOX Controls
Controlled NOX emissions at electric utility units were estimated by applying ERCAM-NOX control
strategies to meet emission rate limits. Emission rates for certain coal-fired boiler types are specified in
the CAAA's Title IV. Additional rates for units required to apply RACT controls under Title I are
specified in the NOX Supplement to the Title I General Preamble. These include emission rate limits for
oil- and gas-fired boilers. New units sited in nonattainment areas or the OTR are subject to NSR and,
therefore, more stringent emission limits. The control limits applied encompass controls specified by
Title I, Title IV, the Ozone Transport Commission's memorandum of understanding (MOU) Phase n
limits, and New Source Performance Standard (NSPS) NOX regulations.
Existing units located in ozone nonattainment areas or located within the OTR may be subject to
Title I requirements which include RACT for electric generating units.
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Projections
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Under Title IV, coal-fired boilers are subject to certain NOX emission rate limits based on their
bottom and firing types. No limits have been established for Group n boilers, however, actual emission
rate data from EPA's Acid Rain Division were used. Table 6.3-3 presents NOX emission rate limits for
Group I and H boilers as modeled. Some oil and gas plants were also subject to emission rate limit.
requirements and the limits modeled in this study are included in this table. Title IV limits are applied to
boilers in ozone nonattainment areas, boilers in the OTR if unit level emissions exceed 100 tons NOX per
year, and to any Phase I unit.
In 1994, the OTR's MOU was signed by 10 northeastern states and the District of Columbia, which
required NOX controls beyond RACT on major sources (in some states). Beginning in 1999, major
sources located within the OTR's inner corridor are required to reduce NOX emissions to either 0.20 Ibs/
MMBtu or achieve a 65 percent reduction from 1990 baseline levels, as specified in the Phase H round
of control. Outer region units are required to reduce emissions to either the 0.20 Ibs/MMBtu or a 55
percent emission reduction under this plan. These reductions were modeled in projection year emission
estimates.
6.3.4.2 SO2 Controls
The electric utility SO2 reductions were developed using B2-SO2, a system built on the AIRCOST
system, which was used extensively to analyze proposed utility SO2 controls leading up to Title IV of the
CAAA. B2-SO2 develops least cost control measures at the unit/boiler level to meet a target emissions
reduction tonnage input by the user.
National reductions were developed from pre-control estimates of plant emissions and Title IV
Phase I and n emissions targets as shown below.
Year
1999
2000
2002
2005
2007
2008
2010
SO2 Emission Target
(kilotons/year)
11,060
10,216
10,329
10,442
10,295
10,148
10,002
SO2 National Reduction
Requirement
2,730
3,610
3,512
3,311
3,551
3,367
3,453
Candidate SO2 controls were developed for each of the coal burning units in the data file which
showed high enough SO2 emissions to make controls cost-effective. Three types of controls were
possible: (1) coal fuel switching; (2) wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD); and (3) 100 percent natural gas
conversion by coal plants.
Costs of the fuel switching control options were estimated using the most recent DOE data on cost
and quality of fuel at electricity utility plants (FERC Form 423 for 1993, 1994, and 1995).4 The FGD
options were estimated using engineering cost parameters in a format similar to the Electric Power
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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Projections
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Research Technology (EPRI) Technology Assessment Guide approach, with cost parameters updated to
reflect the most recent information on costs. Capital costs for FGD were developed from the results of
IAPCS model for standardized units. Operating and maintenance (O&M) cost parameters were based on
experience with six retrofit scrubbers as outlined in a recent paper by DOE.5 Finally, state-level cost
adjustment factors were applied, varying from 85 to 118 percent, representing regional differences in
construction costs.
While the actual cost factors for wet scrubbing are rather complex, the algorithm results in the
following costs for a 90 percent removal scrubber on a 500 megawatt unit:
Capital recovery factor
Capital
O&M (total fixed + variable)
0.11 (11 percent per year)
154.26 $/kW (1995 dollars)
1.93 mils/kWh
The percentage reduction for the FGD options is a user-stipulated variable. However, it was found
that the maximum, 97 percent, was the least cost removal level, and was selected for all of the FGD units
the model built.
The cost fuel switching module applied different costs and modeling approaches for bituminous as
opposed to sub-bituminous coals. Fuel switching "down-rank," from bituminous to sub-bituminous, was
modeled separately.
All candidate unit control options are input to a data file and sorted by increasing incremental cost
per ton of SO2 removed. The model then selects options for each unit up to the level at which total
reductions just exceed the desired target reduction tonnage. The most expensive option selected for the
each boiler (if any) by this procedure is the control reported for the unit.
The B2-SO2 system is applied to all units, excluding those known to be retiring prior to the
scenario date. The files include known planned start-ups, and "generic" units required to meet
generation forecasts by fuel type. However, the planned and generic units will not normally be
controlled, since they must meet the Phase n standards, and any further reductions are typically found to
be uneconomic.
6.3.5 Other Issues
6.3.5.1 Particulate Matter Emissions
When fuel switching control options are applied to utility boilers to control SO2 emissions, PM
emissions change, depending on the fuel type and quality. Percent ash content of fuel was found to
directly influence the amount of PM emitted by a boiler. For this reason, ash content algorithms were
established to estimate the percent ash content in fuels chosen by the SO2 reduction model. In
conjunction with reported percent ash content in the Trends baseline file, new percent ash content values
were directly ratioed to calculate new PM emission levels. This was done for both PM-10 and for every
boiler where fuel switching occurred.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-15
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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6.3.6 References
1. Form 759, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC.
2. Form 767, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Washington, DC.
3. Supplement to the Annual Energy Outlook 1997, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information
Administration, Washington, DC, electronic download, 1997.
4. Form 423, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, electronic download, 1997.
5. The Effects of Title W of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 on Electric Utilities: An Update,
DOE/EIA-0582(97), U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC, March 1997.
Table 6.3-1. Profile Types and Maximum Change in Capacity Factors
Historical Average
Capacity Factor
Profile Type
Maximum Change
in Capacity Factor
>90%
78 - 90%
66 - 77%
47 - 65%
20 - 46%
<20%
Base
Base with moderate turndown
Base with significant turndown
Intermediate
Peaking with long runtime
Peaking with short runtime
No change
Increase capacity factor to 90%
Increase capacity factor to 77%
Increase capacity factor to 65%
Increase capacity factor to 46%
No change
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-16
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Table 6.3-2. Utility Projections by NERC Region and Fuel Type3
(Generation in Billions of kWh)
Region
ECAR
ERGOT
MAAC
MAIN
MAPP
NPCC/NY
NPCC/NE
SERC/FL
SERC
SPP
WSCC/NWP
WSCC/RA
WSCC/CNV
Fuel Type
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
1995
450.36
1.56
3.62
93.86
2.24
80.34
104.45
6.40
11.29
127.70
1.07
4.12
108.65
0.70
1.35
25.84
7.86
23.43
16.22
11.20
13.76
58.84
21.58
35.39
340.16
2.16
9.58
154.55
0.90
83.54
74.07
0.11
5.73
83.33
0.12
5.27
32.51
1.37
41.38
1996
451.71
2.44
8.88
98.23
0.59
95.70
98.70
7.33
15.16
131.75
1.58
10.09
99.98
0.89
3.63
23.25
4.70
17.18
16.11
9.00
15.05
60.32
22.71
28.19
342.22
5.30
13.52
159.73
0.92
74.38
72.33
0.08
2.46
89.18
0.18
11.81
36.37
0.85
26.97
1999
477.00
1.46
8.26
99.06
0.48
105.58
103.58
4.79
32.27
142.19
0.78
17.04
112.64
0.90
4.45
24.70
6.65
18.98
15.49
13.37
14.95
61.61
17.47
34.90
363.05
4.33
32.68
172.28
0.45
70.24
82.44
0.58
26.26
88.94
0.18
19.90
35.80
1.22
53.24
2002
477.26
1.44
12.85
104.95
0.40
111.71
104.34
2.38
54.60
136.55
0.73
20.97
117.32
1.00
5.59
24.37
2.18
18.85
15.50
20.40
18.54
63.87
13.30
42.44
378.50
2.52
73.42
176.71
0.56
86.15
83.92
0.69
35.12
91.27
0.16
24.15
35.52
0.96
47.72
2005
494.36
1.86
20.09
105.04
0.43
125.07
101.99
2.65
79.26
121.81
0.67
54.21
121.84
0.88
14.05
24.39
1.75
27.98
15.70
20.88
23.65
67.23
14.66
52.03
396.01
3.97
83.84
177.87
0.53
103.21
85.93
0.45
43.03
93.18
0.13
32.99
47.80
0.96
41.79
2007
514.49
2.49
25.00
115.66
0.38
123.24
106.41
2.21
76.31
126.31
0.84
63.30
124.30
1.01
17.27
26.64
2.02
31.23
15.70
20.84
28.65
67.61
15.11
55.85
398.45
4.36
98.63
178.03
0.54
116.09
85.93
1.24
51.24
93.08
0.13
37.02
62.67
0.95
36.35
2010
515.09
2.47
46.47
117.07
0.32
133.63
106.35
2.19
83.43
124.81
0.74
73.93
124.81
1.13
24.60
26.95
2.39
39.34
15.70
17.88
39.99
70.10
14.20
63.33
397.28
4.39
133.58
180.88
0.51
127.09
86.37
1.35
55.12
95.29
0.13
40.87
81.07
0.89
26.49
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Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-17
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Table 6.3-3. Title IV or RACT NOX Emission Rate Limits
Source Category
NOX Emission Rate Limit
(Ibs/MMBtu)*
Coal-Fired Boilers
Dry bottom, wall-fired
** Dry bottom, wall-fired (Phase I)
Dry bottom, tangentially-fired
** Dry bottom, tangentially-fired (Phase I)
Wet bottom
Cyclone
Vertically-fired
Fluidized bed combustor
Cell burner
Other
Oil/Gas-Fired Boilers
Wall-fired
Tangentially-fired
0.45
0.50
0.38
0.45
0.86
0.94
0.80
0.29
0.68
1.00
0.30
0.20
These rates are based on the draft Title IV NOX rulemaking.
Group I boilers; all others are Group II.
_
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-18
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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6.4 AREA SOURCE PROJECTIONS
Area source projections include small stationary sources not included in the point source data base
(e.g., dry cleaners, graphic arts, industrial fuel combustion, gasoline marketing, etc.) and solvent use
(e.g., consumer solvents, architectural coatings). Highway mobile and non-road mobile are described in
sections 6.5 and 6.6, respectively.
6.4.1 Growth Factors
As with the nonutility point sources, area source growth factors were developed for each year and
each 2-digit SIC from BEA GSP data for the base year (1995) and projection years. A file containing the
growth factors used to develop Trends emission projections can be found on the following EPA Web
page: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ei_data.html.
6.4.2 Control Assumptions/Factors
Controls applied to the projected area source emissions are those mandated under the CAAA and
address VOC, NOX, and PM emissions as described below.
6.4.2.1 VOC Controls
Control measures for VOC include RACT, new CTGs, Stage n vapor recovery, federal consumer
solvent controls, and Title m MACT standards. VOC percent reduction and rule effectiveness are
summarized in table 6.4-1.
6.4.2.2
NOX Controls
As with point sources, NOX RACT had already been implemented in the 1995 emission estimates
for every nonattainment area except for the Louisville nonattainment area. NOX RACT controls were
added for Louisville for the projections. Table 6.4-2 shows the area source industrial fuel combustion
NOX RACT penetration rates.
6.4.2.3 PM Controls
For the area source projections, PM controls were implemented in PM nonattainment areas. The
controls modeled depend on the severity of PM nonattainment and the level of emissions from source
categories for which controls are available. Table 6.4-3 shows the area source PM-10 control measures.
6.4.3 Other Issues
Efficiency adjustment factors were applied to area source fuel combustion sources within the
industrial, commercial/institutional, and residential sectors. These factors were calculated using the
same procedure used for efficiency adjustment factors for nonutility point sources described in sections
6.2.3. land 6.2.3.2.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-19
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Table 6.4-1. Area Source VOC Control Measures
Control Measure
VOC
Percentage
Reduction
VOC
Rule
Effectiveness
Federal Control Measures (National)
Consumer Solvents
Architectural and Industrial Maintenance (AIM) Coatings
Onboard Refueling Vapor Recovery Systems
Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
Title 111 MACT (National)
Wood Furniture Surface Coating
Aerospace Surface Coating
Marine Vessel Surface Coating
Halogenated Solvent Cleaners
Autobody Refinishing
Perchloroethylene Dry Cleaning
Petroleum Refinery Fugitives
SOCMI Fugitives
Title I RACT (Ozone NAAs)
Synthetic Rber Manufacture
Pharmaceutical Manufacture
Petroleum Dry Cleaning
Bulk Terminals
Paper Surface Coating
Oil and Natural Gas Production Fields
Service Stations - Stage I
Cutback Asphalt
New CTGs (Moderate and Above)
SOCMI Batch Reactor
Web Offset Lithography
Stage II Vapor Recovery (Serious and Above, OTR)
25
25
*
94
82
30
60
24
63
37
44
78
60
54
37
44
51
78
37
95
100
78
80
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
80
100
100
100
100
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
80
"The effects of onboard vapor recovery and Stage II are modeled using MOBILESa. Because MOBILE5a does not model the phase-in
schedule for onboard, a series of runs were performed with different start dates and a weighted gram per gallon emission factor was
calculated.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-20
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Table 6.4-2. Area Source Industrial Fuel Combustion NOX PACT Penetration Rates
NOV Penetration Rate (%)
RACT Size Cutoff
Moderate
Serious and Above
LNB Control Efficiencies
Coal
23
45
21
Oil
8
16
Residual: 42
Distillate: 36
Gas
11
22
31
Table 6.4-3. Area Source PM-10 Control Measures
Category
Serious
Moderate
Paved Roads
Unpaved Roads
Construction
Cattle Feedlots
Residential Wood Combustion
Agricultural Burning
Vacuum sweeping - urban and rural roads - 2
times per month to achieve 79% control level.
Penetration factor varies by road type.
Pave urban unpaved roads (96% control and
50% penetration). Water rural roads (96%
control and 25% penetration)
Dust control plan (50% control, 75%
penetration)
Watering (50% control)
Switch to natural gas (44% reduction in 2000,
74% reduction in 2010)
Propane and bale/stack burning (control level
varies from 50% to 63 % by state according to
the types of crop)
Vacuum sweeping - urban roads - 2 times
per month to achieve 79% control level.
Penetration factor varies by road type.
Pave urban paved roads (96% control
and 50% penetration)
Dust control plan (50% control, 75%
penetration)
Watering (50% control)
EPA Phase II stoves (41% reduction in
2000, 63% reduction in 2010)
Propane and bale/stack burning (control
level varies from 50% to 63% by state
according to the types of crop)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-21
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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6.5 HIGHWAY MOBILE SOURCE PROJECTIONS
This section describes how highway mobile source emissions were projected to future years. Note
that this section does not provide guidance for using the MOBILE5b model. MOBILESb guidance is
available in Reference 1.
6.5.1 VMT Projection Methodologies
The 1995 vehicle miles traveled (VMT) data were used as the starting point for calculating the
projection year VMT estimates. Growth factors used in the projection year VMT calculations were
developed at the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) level by vehicle class. These VMT growth factors
were calculated by multiplying national vehicle class growth factors, calculated from national VMT
projection data by vehicle type output by EPA's MOBHJE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model (FCM),2 by the
ratio of MSA-specific population growth to national population growth. The equation below illustrates
how the projection year VMT growth factors were calculated.
i fn jf"T™x"% I™" Pit V"/»US. - PYti\fi
VMTGFPY,/T M= !—!—x :—
PY,VT,M \/MT POP
VIVI' 95, VT.US rUr95,M
POPq,us
, 95,C/&
-
where: VMTGFpY,vT,M
VMTPYiVTiUS
VMT
POP
POP
95
-------
used the same temporal allocation factors used for the 1995 VMT allocation. Table 6.5-1 summarizes
the VMT data for the projection years by vehicle type. State-level VMT totals for the same years are
shown in table 6.5-2.
6.5.2 Registration Distribution for Projection Years Used as MOBILESb Inputs
Due to the uncertainties and shifts in the automobile and truck sales markets, creating projection
year registration distributions result in a high degree of uncertainty. Several methodologies were
considered for projecting the registration distributions. In consultation with EPA's Office of Mobile
Sources (QMS), it was determined that the default MOBILESb and PARTS registration distributions
would provide sufficiently reasonable values to use as the registration distributions for the projection
years. However, because the State-provided distributions include valuable information on local trends in
fleet turnover, any county modeled with a State-supplied registration distribution in 1995 and 1996 was
modeled with the same distribution in the projection years. All other counties were modeled with the
MOBILESb and PARTS registration distribution defaults.
6.5.3 Additional MOBILESb Inputs
Additional MOBILESb inputs include Reid vapor pressure (RVP), temperature, speed data,
operating mode, altitude, MONTH flag, and control program data. These inputs for the projection years
inventories are described in this section.
6.5.3.1 RVP Values
The RVP values calculated for 1996 for all months except May through September were used in all
of the projection years. For the months from May through September, the RVP values were replaced
with the appropriate Phase n RVP limit, using 8.7 psi in 9.0 psi areas to account for the allowable
margin of safety in meeting the RVP limits. Table 6.5-3 lists the RVP modeled by month for all areas in
the projection years.
6.5.3.2 Temperature Data
Actual temperature data are not available for the projection years. Also, due to the variability in
temperature patterns from year to year, selecting a single historical year's data to model in the projection
years would be inappropriate. Therefore, 30-year average temperature data are used in the projection
year estimates. The average minimum and maximum daily temperature for each month and state were
obtained from the Statistical Abstracts.3 A single site within each state was chosen to be representative
of the temperature conditions within the entire state. As with the temperature data for historical years,
California was modeled with two temperature regions. Table 6.5-4 shows the temperatures modeled by
state and month in the projection years.
6.5.3.3 Speed Data
The 1990 speeds used for 1995 and 1996 (obtained from the HPMS impact analysis output4) were
also used for the projection years. Table 6.5-5 presents the average speed used for each road type/
vehicle type combination.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-23
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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6.5.3.4 Operating Mode
The operating mode assumptions of the Federal Test Procedure (FTP) were used for 1995 and 1996
were also used in the projection years MOB IT ,E5b input files.
6.5.3.5 Altitude
The entire states of Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah were modeled as high altitude areas
for the projection years. All other states were modeled as low altitude areas.
6.5.3.6 MONTH Flag
When modeling months from January through June for the projection years, the MONTH flag
within the MOBILESb input files was set to "1" to simulate January registration distributions. For
months from July through December, the flag was set for "2" to model July registration distributions.
6.5.3.7 Additional Inputs from OTAG
In addition to the inputs described above, several additional MOBILESb inputs (trip length
distributions, alcohol fuel market shares, and diesel sales shares) were supplied by the states for the
OTAG modeling and were incorporated into the Trends MOBILESb input files. Specifically, State-
supplied trip length distribution data were'applied in the 1995,1996, and in the projection years. Table
6.5-6 summarizes the state-supplied trip length distribution data.
6.5.3.8 Control Program Inputs
6.5.3.8.1 Inspection and Maintenance Programs — The primary sources of data describing inspection
and maintenance (I/M) program inputs for the 1999, 2000, and 2002 projection years was the latest QMS
I/M program summary sheet.5 In consultation with OMS, it was agreed that the stringency rate inputs,
waiver rate inputs, and compliance rate inputs should be standardized for all areas. Stringency rate were
set to 20 percent, waiver rates were set to 3 percent, and compliance rates were set to 96 percent. These
rates are consistent with the corresponding rates included in EPA's enhanced I/M performance standard
and are by far the most common rates claimed in the modeling demonstrations submitted to EPA by the
states. There is very little variance from these rates in state FM program plans. States may change these
rates at some time in the future, but for now they should be considered accurate. The specific inputs
modeled for each area's I/M program in 1999, 2000, and 2002 are shown in table 6.5-7. This table also
indicates which year or years the inputs were modeled in. Table 6.5-8 shows which counties each set of
I/M program inputs were applied to.
For the 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2010 projection years, the area-specific inputs were replaced with the
corresponding EPA I/M program performance standards (i.e., it was assumed that any area that is
supposed to have enhanced I/M receives full credit for it). EPA's rationale behind this approach is that
in that time frame, by whatever means, EPA is assuming I/M programs would improve to the point
where higher credits are appropriate. The split between 2002 and 2005 was a semi-arbitrary split
between current/near term years and later years. The specific inputs modeled for each of the I/M
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-24
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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program performance standards are shown in table 6.5-9. Table 6.5-10 shows which counties each set of
I/M program inputs were applied to.
I/M program coverage for the projection years was based on data collected by EPA for OTAG and
Section 812 emission projections.6'7 During this data collection process, each state was contacted to
confirm which counties in that state would be implementing an I/M program. Each state was also asked
to indicate which of the EPA I/M program types the program would most closely resemble-high
enhanced, low enhanced, basic, or OTR low enhanced. Responses were collected from each state with a
planned CAAA I/M program. These data were used in the Trends emission projection calculations by
assigned the I/M programs defined in the QMS I/M program summary for a given state to the counties
within that state listed as having a projected I/M program.
6.5.3.8.2 Reformulated Gasoline — Table 6.5-11 lists the areas that participated in the federal
reformulated gasoline program. The only change in coverage between 1995 and 1996 and the projection
years is the addition of the Phoenix, Arizona nonattainment area. This area opted in to the program in
1997 and therefore was modeled with reformulated gasoline in the projection years, but not in 1995 or
1996.
6.5.3.8.3 Oxygenated Fuel — The areas modeled with oxygenated fuel for the projection years were the
same as those modeled with oxygenated fuel for 1995 and 1996.
6.5.3.8.4 National Low Emission Vehicle Program — A National Low Emission Vehicle (NLEV)
program was modeled in the projection years using EPA's most current (at the time the modeling was
performed) assumptions about the characteristics of the proposed NLEV program. This program was
modeled as starting in the Northeast Ozone Transport Commission (OTC) states in 1999 and in the
remaining (non-California) states in 2001. The implementation schedule of the NLEV program is shown
below.
Federal Tier I Transitional LEV
Model Year Standards Standards LEV Standards
1999
2000
2001 and later
30%
40%
40%
30%
60%
100%
States in the OTC that had already adopted a LEV program on their own at this time were modeled
with the characteristics of the OTC-LEV program until the start date of the NLEV program. These states
included Massachusetts, New York, and Connecticut. The programs in Massachusetts and New York
began with the 1996 model year. The Connecticut program began with the 1998 model year. The
implementation schedule followed by these states prior to 1999 (the start year of the NLEV program)
was based on the implementation schedule of the OTC-LEV program, and is shown below. Only the
1998 model year is applicable in Connecticut.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-25
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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Model
Year
Federal Tier I
Standards
TLEV Standards
Intermediate LEV
Standards
LEV Standards
Intermediate
ULEV Standards
ULEV Standards
1996
1997
1998
80%
73%
47%
20%
25%
2%
51%
2%
These implementation schedules differ from the MOBILESb default LEV implementation schedule,
which was designed to model the California LEV program. For the model to access the implementation
schedule of the NLEV program, the PROMPT flag in the applicable MOBILESb input files was set to
"5" and the name of the file containing the NLEV implementation schedule was entered when prompted
by MOBILESb. In addition to setting the PROMPT flag, the REGION flag was set to "4" to properly
model the NLEV program in the MOBILESb input files. The setting of "4" for the REGION flag
indicates that an additional line is being added to the input file to model a LEV program. The necessary
inputs for this additional program line include the start year of the LEV program and whether an
"appropriate" I7M program will be implemented in conjunction with the LEV program. The start year of
the LEV program was set to "96" for input files modeling Massachusetts and New York, "98" for input
files modeling Connecticut, "99" for input files modeling all other states within the OTC (including the
Washington, DC nonattainment area portion of Virginia), and "01" for all remaining States (including
the remainder of Virginia), except California.
With an "appropriate" I/M program, maximum benefits of the LEV program are modeled by
MOBILESb, implementing a lower set of deterioration rates (DRs). For the modeling projection years
1999,2000, and 2002, areas implementing an IM240 program were assumed to meet this requirement
and were modeled with the maximum LEV program benefits (flag setting of "2"). These I/M programs
are identified in table 6.5-8 with an asterisk following the I/M. program name. In addition, for the 2005
and later emission projections, all areas modeled with the enhanced I/M program performance standard
were modeled with this same setting. All other areas in all projection years were modeled to receive the
minimum LEV program benefits (i.e., a flag setting of "1").
The following table shows the emission standards of the Federal Tier 1 program, the transitional
LEV (TLEV) standards, the LEV standards, and the Ultra-Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) standards.
These standards apply to the LDGV and LDGTla classes of vehicles, according to the implementation
schedules shown above. The LDGTlb category is also included in the NLEV program, but the emission
standards for these vehicles are slightly less stringent than those listed below for the lighter vehicles.
Emission Standard Nonmethane Organic Gas (NMOG)
CO
NOV
Federal Tier 1
Transitional LEV (TLEV)
LEV
ULEV
0.250 grams/mile
nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC)
0.125 grams/mile
0.075 grams/mile
0.040 grams/mile
3.4 grams/mile 0.40 grams/mile
3.4 grams/mile 0.40 grams/mile
3.4 grams/mile 0.20 grams/mile
1.7 grams/mile 0.20 grams/mile
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
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1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
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The REGION flag, used to indicate that a LEV program is being modeled in a MOBDJESb input
file, is the same flag that is used to indicate that an area is a high altitude area. An area cannot be
modeled as being both a high altitude area and having a LEV program simultaneously. Thus, when the
NLEV program was modeled for the four high altitude states, the standards modeled for LDGT2s,
HDGVs, and all diesel vehicles are those for low altitude areas. To correct this, two sets of input files
were created for the high altitude areas for projection years 2002 and beyond. In the first set, the
REGION flag was set to "4" and the additional line was added for each scenario to model the NLEV
program. In the second set, the REGION flag was set to "2" to model the high altitude standards. The
LDGV and LDGT1 emission factors from the first set of files, including the effects of the NLEV
program, were then combined with the LDGTs, HDGV, light duty diesel vehicle (LDDV), light duty
diesel truck (LDDT), HDDV, and motorcycle (MC) emission factors from the second set of files, which
included the effects of the high altitude standards. This was done by replacing the LDGV and LDGT1
emission factors created by the second, or high altitude, set of files with the LDGV and LDGT1 emission
factors created by the first, or NLEV, set of files.
6.5.3.8.5 Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Corrections and Controls —
Basic Emission Rate Corrections. The same input corrections for the basic emission rates (BERs)
for HDDVs and HDGVs used in the 1995 and 1996 input files were used for the projection year input
files. The zero mile level (ZML) and DR inputs are given below.
Vehicle
Category
HDGV
HDGV
HDDV
Model Year
1998 +
1994 +
1994-
2003
ZML
(g/bhp-hr)
3.19
NOX
DR
(g/bhp-hr/10kmi)
0.045
voc
ZML
(g/bhp-hr)
0.364
0.283
DR
(g/bhp-hr/10kmi)
0.023
0.000
HDDV Controls. EPA has determined that additional reductions in NOX and NMHC emissions are
needed at the national level from heavy duty vehicles. In response, EPA has issued more stringent
emission standards for HDDVs starting with the 2004 model year. These standards are found in
40 CFR, 62, No. 203, 54694-54730, October 21, 1997. This new standard, referred to as the HDDV
2.0 g/bhp-hr NOX standard, is not incorporated in MOBILESb. To simulate the effects of the new
HDDV standard, BERs for heavy-duty diesel vehicles were input to MOBILESb, as shown below. This
input line was included in the projection year files for 2005 and beyond, for both low and high altitude
areas. These input files also included the heavy-duty vehicle (HDV) BER corrections as documented
above. As with the files that only included the BER corrections, NEWELG was set to "2."
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-27
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Vehicle
Category
HDDV
Model Year
2004 +
ZML
(g/bhp-hr)
1.84
NOX
DR
(g/bhp-hr/10kmi)
0.000
voc
ZML
(g/bhp-hr)
0.257
DR
(g/bhp-hr/10k mi)
0.000
6.5.3.8.6 California-specific Inputs — Because California's highway vehicle fleet has been subject to
different emission standards than the rest of the county, an EPA-modified version of MOBILESa,
referred to as CALK, was used for California. Input files used with this model are essentially identical
to MOBILE5a input files, and the model internally handles the different emission standards.
Phase n of California's reformulated, gasoline program began on June 1,1996. This was modeled
by setting the reformulated gasoline flag to "5" starting with the June 1996 scenarios in the CALIS input
files and in all of the projection year files. The RVP value modeled for California in all projection years
was 7.0 psi, following EPA guidance.
California's low emission vehicle program began in 1994. This was modeled in the CALIS input
files indicating a start year of 1994 for this program and minimum LEV credits. Because MOBILESa
did not include LDGT2s in the LEV modeling, this was carried forward to CALIS. However,
California's LEV program does include LDGT2s. To model the LDGT2s in the LEV program,
additional BER input lines were added to model the ZML and DR of the California LEV program
standard for LDGT2s. Two sets of BERs were developed-one modeling the maximum LEV benefits for
LDGT2s and the other modeling the minimum benefits. The maximum LEV benefits were applied in
areas modeled with the high enhanced I7M program beginning in 2005. Table 6.5-12 shows the ZMLs
and DRs modeled for both areas.
6.5.4 Additional PARTS Model Inputs
The HDDV VMT splits used in 1995 and 1996 were also used for the projection years. In addition,
the values developed for the average number of wheels per vehicle per vehicle class were used for all
years, including the projection years.
6.5.5 Calculation of Highway Vehicle Emission Inventories
Emissions from highway vehicles were calculated the same way (multiplying the appropriate
emission factors by the corresponding VMT values) for all years, including the projection years.
6.5.6 References
1. MOBILESb Users Manual, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, Ann
Arbor, MI.
2. MOBILE4.1 Fuel Consumption Model (Draft), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Mobile Sources, Ann Arbor, MI, August 1991.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-28
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
3. Statistical Abstract of the United States -1993, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the
Census, Washington, DC, 1994.
4. Highway Performance Monitoring System Field Manual, U.S. Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, December 1987.
5. Major Modeling Elements for Operating I/M Programs, table provided by Joseph Somers, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, to E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc.,
February 25,1997.
6. Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) Emission Inventory Development Report-Volume III:
Projections and Controls, Draft report prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., for the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, June 1997.
7. Emission Projections for the Clean Air Act Section 812 Prospective Analysis, External draft report
prepared by E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., for Industrial Economics, Inc., Cambridge, MA,
February 1997.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-29
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-1. National Annual Highway Vehicle VMT Projections by Vehicle Type
Vehicle
Type
National Annual Highway Vehicle VMT Projections (million miles/year)
1999
2000
2002
2005
2007
2008
2010
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
LDDV
LOOT
HDDV
2BHDDV
Light HDDV
Medium HDDV
Heavy HDDV
Buses
MC
TOTAL
1,720,746
451,510
230,022
57,188
7,970
2,931
154,067
191
4,049
15,646
126,374
7,808
11,281
2,422,820
1,750,598
465,153
236,973
58,881
5,983
2,569
159,931
198
4,203
16,241
131,184
8,105
11,476
2,691,564
1,809,586
491,886
250,592
62,357
3,529
2,028
171,272
213
4,502
17,393
140,484
8,680
11,862
2,803,112
1,901,018
531,881
270,967
67,627
2,107
1,753
188,361
233
4,951
19,128
154,504
9,546
12,460
2,976,174
1,963,516
558,639
284,599
71 ,539
678
1,427
199,580
248
5,246
20,267
163,704
10,114
12,868
3,092,846
1,995,184
572,088
291,450
73,547
463
1,327
205,21 1
256
5,395
20,840
168,320
10,400
13,076
3,152,346
2,059,873
599,170
305,248
77,537
65
1,264
216,487
270
5,692
27,985
177,569
10,972
13,499
3,273,141
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-30
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-2. Annual State VMT Totals by Year
(million miles/year)
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
DC
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Total
1995
50,628
4,121
39,653
26,653
276,372
35,059
28,043
7,517
3,467
127,809
85,384
7,945
12,297
94,189
64,551
25,986
25,152
41,095
38,647
12,590
44,881
48,054
85,702
44,072
29,558
59,347
9,440
15,808
13,974
10,643
61,013
21,149
115,091
76,054
6,545
100,788
38,490
30,034
94,518
6,894
38,722
7,668
56,213
181,096
18,781
6,206
69,811
49,248
17,422
51,396
7,045
2,422,820
1999
54,366
4,531
44,759
28,946
304,433
39,045
29,969
8,201
3,805
142,451
94,812
8,636
13,696
101,036
69,136
27,673
27,252
44,047
41,494
13,554
48,812
51,484
90,695
47,907
31,803
64,007
10,392
17,086
16,239
11,509
65,465
23,615
121,278
83,957
6,991
107,151
41,622
33,144
100,641
7,332
42,371
8,388
61,530
199,555
21,249
6,788
75,784
54,652
18,493
55,304
7,628
2,635,715
2000
55,342
4,638
46,100
29,541
311,847
40,086
30,483
8,383
3,896
147,558
97,288
8,816
14,063
102,847
70,334
28,107
27,801
44,816
42,246
13,804
49,837
52,403
91,988
48,906
32,383
65,222
10,639
17,412
16,832
11,738
66,633
24,265
122,919
86,034
7,108
108,831
42,446
33,955
102,206
7,443
43,329
8,576
62,920
204,410
21,903
6,939
77,357
56,073
18,772
56,307
7,784
2,691,564
2002
57,342
4,845
48,637
30,725
326,719
42,116
31,620
8,731
4,077
155,709
102,031
9,178
14,718
106,583
72,786
29,041
28,877
46,420
43,779
14,358
51,907
54,334
94,707
50,888
33,540
67,713
11,114
18,072
17,954
12,207
68,986
25,514
126,199
89,991
7,342
112,240
44,055
35,562
1055,545
7,698
45,266
8,948
65,559
213,615
23,179
7,245
80,599
59,005
19,341
58,420
8,080
2,803,112
2005
60,408
5,169
52,591
32,550
349,935
45,288
33,372
9,274
4,356
168,402
109,442
9,742
15,735
112,439
76,570
30,481
30,530
48,884
46,156
15,208
55,101
57,306
98,878
53,936
35,317
71,568
11,853
19,088
19,702
12,928
72,629
27,466
131,250
96,136
7,701
17,499
46,550
38,055
110,671
8,098
48,273
9,530
69,667
227,923
25,180
7,716
85,615
63,582
20,210
61,678
8,538
2,976,174
2007
62,557
5,376
55,188
33,786
365,126
48,401
34,592
9,641
4,546
176,919
114,430
10,122
16,406
116,339
79,206
31,465
31,645
50,600
47,751
15,790
57,268
59,376
101,810
55,966
36,546
74,175
12,339
19,772
20,858
13,424
75,103
28,754
134,739
100,321
7,949
121,143
48,249
39,710
114,280
8,371
50,297
9,913
72,454
237,359
26,474
8,035
89,082
66,614
20,836
63,902
8,843
3,092,846
2008
63,663
5,480
56,522
34,427
372,854
48,474
35,210
9,829
4,642
181,271
116,957
10,315
16,743
118,353
80,544
31,969
32,209
51,468
48,570
16,089
58,363
60,407
103,298
57,000
37,166
75,512
12,590
20,121
21,451
13,673
76,370
29,412
136,501
102,464
8,074
123,024
49,111
40,548
116,115
8,516
51,340
10,112
73,870
242,198
27,144
8,199
90,839
68,151
21,162
65,030
8,996
3,152,346
2010
65,874
5,695
59,235
35,704
388,693
50,672
36,454
10,212
4,838
190,143
122,143
10,711
17,436
122,367
83,254
32,985
33,362
53,218
50,212
16,693
60,606
62,536
106,314
59,083
38,421
78,211
13,094
20,822
22,657
14,185
78,932
30,752
140,085
106,815
8,328
126,769
50,865
42,256
119,828
8,803
53,440
10,506
76,742
252,007
28,493
8,528
94,403
71,312
21,813
67,326
9,309
3,273,141
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-31
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-3. Monthly RVP Values Modeled in Projection Years
(in psi)
State
AL
AL
AK
AZ
AZ
AR
CA
CO
CT
DE
DC
FL
FL
FL
GA
GA
HI
ID
IL
IN
IA
KS
KY
LA
LA
LA
ME
MD
MD
MD
MD
MD
MA
Mi
MN
MS
MO
MO
MT
HE
NV
NV
NH
NJ
NM
NY
NC
NC
NC
NC
NO
OH
OK
OR
OR
Nonattalnment Area or
Other Applicable Area
Birmingham
Rest of State
Entire State
Phoenix
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
MSaml-Ft Laud-W Pirn Bea
Tampa-St Petersbg-Clrwtr
Rest of State
Atlanta
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Baton Rouge ,
Lake Charles
Rest of State
Entire State
Baltimore
Phila-Wilmington-Trenton
Washington DC
Kent & Queen Anne Cos
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
St. Louis
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Reno
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Charlotte-Gastonia
Greensboro
Raleigh-Durham
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Portland-Vancouver
Rest of State
Jan
12.4
12.4
14.1
8.7
8.7
13.7
7.0
13.2
13.0
13.5
12.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
12.4
12.4
10.0
13.9
14.1
14.5
14.9
14.0
14.2
12.4
12.4
12.4
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
12.9
14.1
14.9
13.7
13.9
13.9
13.8
14.5
10.5
10.5
12.9
13.7
11.7
14.3
12.4
12.4
. 12.4
12.4
14.9
14.6
13.9
13.1
13.1
Feb
12.4
12.4
14.1
7.9
7.9
13.7
7.0
12.1
13.0
13.5
10.3
11.8
11.8
11.8
12.4
12.4
10.0
12.3
14.1
14.5
14.9
12.1
11.7
12.4
12.4
12.4
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
12.9
14.1
14.9
13.7
11.9
11.9
13.8
14.5
9.2
9.2
12.9
13.7
11.7
14.3
12.4
12.4
12.4
12.4
14.9
14.6
13.9
10.8
10.8
Mar
9.5
9.5
14.1
7.2
7.2
9.8
7.0
10.7
10.8
11.1
10.3
7.4
7.4
7.4
9.4
9.4
10.0
12.3
11.4
12.0
13.3
9.5
11.7
9.6
9.6
9.6
11.0
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.7
11.2
12.6
9.8
11.9
11.9
12.3
12.7
8.2
8.2
10.7
11.3
10.2
11.9
12.4
12.4
12.4
12.4
13.3
12.1
10.1
10.8
10.8
Apr
9.5
9.5
14.1
7.2
7.2
9.8
7.0
10.7
10.8
11.1
7.0
7.4
•7.4
7.4
9.4
9.4
10.0
10.2
11.4
12.0
11.2
9.5
8.4
9.6
9.6
9.6
11.0
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.7
11.2
12.6
9.8
9.2
9.2
10.2
10.4
8.2
8.2
10.7
11.3
9.1
11.9
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
13.3
12.1
10.1
10.8
10.8
May
7.8
8.7
9.5
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
9.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
Jun
7.8
8.7
9.5
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
9.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
Jul
7.8
8.7
9.5
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
9.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
8.7
87.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
Aug
7.8
8.7
9.5
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
9.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
Sep
7.8
8.7
9.5
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.0
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
9.5
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
Oct
9.5
9.5
14.1
6.8
6.8
9.8
7.0
9.6
10.8
7.9
7.0
7.4
7.4
7.4
9.4
9.4
10.0
8.6
7.8
8.7
11.2
7.6
8.4
9.6
9.6
9.6
11.0
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
7.5
10.7
11.2
9.6
9.8
9.2
9.2
10.2
8.6
7.6
7.6
10.7
11.3
9.1
11.9
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
11.2
8.7
7.2
7.7
7.7
Nov
9.5
9.5
14.1
7.2
7.2
13.7
7.0
10.7
10.8
- 11.1
10.3
7.4
7.4
7.4
9.4
9.4
10.0
10.2
11.4
12.0
13.3
9.5
11.7
9.6
9.6
9.6
1.0
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.7
11.2
12.6
9.8
11.9
11.9
12.3
10.4
8.2
8.2
10.7
11.3
10.2
11.9
12.4
12.4
12.4
12.4
13.3
12.1
10.1
10.8
10.8
Dec
12.4
12 .4
14.1
7.9
7.9
13.7
7.0
12.1
13.0
13.5
12.8
11.8
11.8
11.8
12.4
12.4
10.0
12.3
14.1
14.5
14.9
12.1
14.2
12.4
12.4
12.4
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
13.2
12.9
14.1
14.9
13.7
11.9
11.9
13.8
12.7
9.2
9.2
12.9
13.7
11.7
14.3
12.4
12.4
12.4
12.4
14.9
14.6
13.9
13.1
13.1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-32
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-3 (continued)
State
PA
Rl
SC
SC
SD
TN
TN
TN
TN
TX
TX
TX
TX
TX
UT
UT
VT
VA
VA
VA
VA
VA
WA
WV
Wl
WY
Nonattainment Area or
Other Applicable Area
Entire State
Entire State
Cherokee Co SC
Rest of State
Entire State
Knoxville
Memphis
Nashville
Rest of State
Beaumont-Port Arthur
Dallas-Fort Worth
El Paso
Houstn-Galvestn-Brazonia
Rest of State
Salt Lake City
Rest of State
Entire State
Norfolk-Virginia
Richmond-Petersburg
Washington DC
Smyth Co VA
Rest of State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Entire State
Jan
14.4
12.9
12.4
12.4
14.9
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
13.2
13.2
14.9
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
14.0
14.6
14.6
13.5
Feb
14.4
12.9
12.4
12.4
14.9
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.1
14.9
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
14.0
14.6
14.6
13.5
Mar
12.0
10.7
12.4
12.4
13.3
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
12.1
12.1
12.6
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
11.6
12.1
12.2
12.1
Apr
12.0
10.7
9.4
9.4
11.2
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.7
10.7
12.6
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
11.6
12.1
12.2
10.2
May
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
Jun
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
Jul
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
Aug
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
Sep
8.7
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
7.8
8.7
8.7
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
8.7
Oct
12.0
10.7
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.5
9.5
9.5
9.5
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
9.6
9.6
12.6
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
8.5
8.8
9.0
8.8
Nov
12.0
10.7
12.4
12.4
11.2
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.7
10.7
12.6
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
10.2
11.6
12.1
12.2
10.2
Dec
14.4
12.9
12.4
12.4
13.3
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.7
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.2
12.1
12.1
14.9
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
12.6
14.0
14.6
14.6
12.1
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-33
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
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-------
73
O
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0
iq
-------
Table 6.5-5. Average Speeds by Road Type and Vehicle Type
(MPH)
LDV
LOT
HDV
Interstate
60
55
40
Rural
Principal Minor Major Minor
Arterial Arterial Collector Collector Local
45 40 35 30 30
45 40 35 30 30
35 30 25 25 25
Urban
LDV
LOT
HDV
Interstate
45
45
35
Other Freeways Principal Minor
& Expressways Arterial Arterial Collector
45 20 20 20
45 20 20 20
35 15 15 15
Local
20
20
15
Table 6.5-6. State-Supplied Trip Length Distribution Inputs
Percentage of Total VMT
Nonattalnment Area
Washington, DC/MD/VA
Baltimore
Houston
Dallas
<10
Minutes
16.6
15.1
14.8
9.8
11 to 20
Minutes
33.9
31.7
27.9
19
21 to 30
Minutes
23.4
26
22.4
23.8
Accumulated in Trips of:
31 to 40
Minutes
13.3
13.3
14.3
19.4
41 to 50
Minutes
6.1
6.5
8.5
13.6
>50
Minutes
6.7
7.4
12.1
14.4
-
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-38
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-7. State-Specific I/M Program Inputs - Projection Years
I/M Program Name
AKIM991
AKIM992
AZIM991
AZIM992
1978
1967-2020
TO
Biennial
YES
YES
YES
YES
idle Test
220/1.2/999
1.00/1.00/1.00
I/M Program Control Flap Record
Technical Training and Certification Program
Remote Sensing Device Inspections Program
I/M Program Parameters
Program Start Year 1986 1986
Model Years Covered 1968-2020 1975-2020
Program Type TRC TRC
Inspection Frequency Biennial Biennial
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV YES YES
LDGT1 YES YES
LDGT2 YES YES
HDGV NO NO
Test Type 2500/ldle Test 2500/ldle Test
I/M Outpoints 220/1.2/999 220/1.2/999
Effectiveness Rates (% HC/CO/NOJ 0.85/0.85/0.85 0.85/0.85/0.85
I/M Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Test Type
I/M Cutpoints
Effectiveness Rates (% HC/CO/NOJ
Anti-Tamperinq Program Parameters
Program Start Year 1986 1986
Model Years Covered 1968-2020 1975-2020
Program Type TRC TRC
Effectiveness Rate 0.85 0.85
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV YES YES
LDGT1 YES YES
LDGT2 YES YES
HDGV NO NO
Inspection Frequency Biennial Biennial
Inspections Performed
Air Pump System YES YES
Catalyst YES YES
Fuel Inlet Restrictor NO NO
Tailpipe Lead Deposit Test NO NO
0.85/0.85/0.85 0.85/0.85/0.85
1978
1967-1980
TO
Annual
YES
YES
YES
YES
Idle Test
220/1.2/999
1.00/1.00/1-00
1978
1981-2020
TO
Biennial
YES
YES
YES
YES
Transient Test
1.20/20.0/3.00
1.00/1.00/1.00
1977
1975-2020
TO
1.00
YES
YES
YES
YES
Biennial
YES
YES
NO
NO
1.00/1.00/1.00
1977
1975-2020
TO
1.00
YES
YES
YES
YES
Biennial
YES
YES
NO
NO
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-39
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-8. Counties included in State-Specific I/M Projection Year Programs
l/M Program
Name
Included Counties
AKIM991 Anchorage Ed
AKIM992 Fairbanks Ed
AZIM991 Maricopa Co
AZIM992 PimaCo
CAIM991 Alameda Co, Butte Co, Contra Costa Co, El Dorado Co, Merced Co, Orange Co, Placer Co, Riverside Co,
San Bernardino Co, Solano Co, Stanislaus Co, Sutter Co, Yolo Co, Marin Co, Monterey Co, San Mateo
Co, Sonoma Co, Fresno Co, Kern Co, Los Angeles Co, Napa Co, Sacramento Co, San Diego Co, San
Francisco Co
CAIM992 Colusa Co, Glenn Co, Kings Co, Madera Co, Nevada Co, San Benito Co, San Joaquin Co, Santa Clara
Co, Shasta Co, Tehama Co, Tulare Co, Ventura Co, Yuba Co, San Luis Obispo Co, Santa Barbara Co,
Santa Cruz Co
COIM991* Adams Co, Arapahoe Co, Boulder Co, Douglas Co, Jefferson Co, Denver Co
COIM992 Pitkin Co, El Paso Co, Larimer Co, Weld Co
CTIM99 Fairfield Co, Hartford Co, Litchfield Co, Middlesex Co, New Haven Co, New London Co, Tolland Co,
Windham Co
DCIM99* Washington
DEIM991 Kent Co, Sussex Co
DEIM992 New Castle Co
FLIM99 Broward Co, Dade Co, Duval Co, Hillsborough Co, Palm Beach Co, Pinellas Co
GAIM001 Cobb Co, De Kalb Co, Fulton Co, Gwinnett Co
GAIM002 Cherokee Co, Clayton Co, Coweta Co, Douglas Co, Fayette Co, Forsyth Co, Henry Co, Paulding Co,
Rockdale Co
GAIM021 Cobb Co, De Kalb Co, Fulton Co, Gwinnett Co
GA1M022 Cherokee Co, Clayton Co, Coweta Co, Douglas Co, Fayette Co, Forsyth Co, Henry Co, Paulding Co,
Rockdale Co
GAIM991 Cobb Co, De Kalb Co, Fulton Co, Gwinnett Co
GAIM992 Cherokee Co, Clayton Co, Coweta Co, Douglas Co, Fayette Co, Forsyth Co, Henry Co, Paulding Co,
Rockdale Co
IDIM99 Ada Co
1LIM991* Cook Co, Du Page Co, Lake Co, Madison Co, St. Clair Co
ILIM992* Kane Co, Kendall Co, McHenry Co, Will Co, Monroe Co
INIM99* Clark Co, Floyd Co, Lake Co, Porter Co
KYIM991 Boone Co, Campbell Co, Kenton Co
KYIM992 Jefferson Co
KYIM993 Boyd Co, Greenup Co
LAIM99 Ascension Par, East Baton Rouge Par, Iberville Par, Livingston Par, Pointe Coupee Par, West Baton
Rouge Par
MAIM99 Bamstable Co, Berkshire Co, Bristol Co, Dukes Co, Essex Co, Franklin Co, Hampden Co, Hampshire Co,
Middlesex Co, Nantucket Co, Norfolk Co, Plymouth Co, Suffolk Co, Worcester Co
MDIM001* Anne Arundel Co, Baltimore Co, Carroll Co, Harford Co, Howard Co, Baltimore, Montgomery Co, Prince
Georges Co
MDIM002* Calvert Co, Cecil Co, Queen Annes Co, Charles Co, Frederick Co, Washington Co
MDIM021* Anne Arundel Co, Baltimore Co, Carroll Co, Harford Co, Howard Co, Baltimore, Montgomery Co, Prince
Georges Co
MDIM022" Calvert Co, Cecil Co, Queen Annes Co, Charles Co, Frederick Co, Washington Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-40
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-8 (continued)
I/M Program
Name
Included Counties
MDIM991* Anne Arundel Co, Baltimore Co, Carroll Co, Harford Co, Howard Co, Baltimore, Montgomery Co, Prince
Georges Co
MDIM992* Calvert Co, Cecil Co, Queen Annes Co, Charles Co, Frederick Co, Washington Co
MEIM99 Cumberland Co
MNIMOO Anoka Co, Carver Co, Dakota Co, Hennepin Co, Ramsey Co, Scott Co, Washington Co
MNIN02 Anoka Co, Carver Co, Dakota Co, Hennepin Co, Ramsey Co, Scott Co, Washington Co
MNIN99 Anoka Co, Carver Co, Dakota Co, Hennepin Co, Ramsey Co, Scott Co, Washington Co
MOIM02 Jefferson Co, St. Charles Co, St. Louis Co, St. Louis
MOIM99 Jefferson Co, St. Charles Co, St. Louis Co, St. Louis
NCIM991 Mecklenburg Co
NCIM992 Durham Co, Wake Co
NCIM993 Forsyth Co, Guilford Co, Gaston Co
NCIM994 Cabarrus Co, Union Co, Orange Co
NHIM99 Hillsborough Co, Rockingham Co
NJIM99 Atlantic Co, Cape May Co, Warren Co, Burlington Co, Camden Co, Cumberland Co, Gloucester Co,
Salem Co, Bergen Co, Essex Co, Hudson Co, Hunterdon Co, Middlesex Co, Monmouth Co, Morris Co,
Ocean Co, Passaic Co, Somerset Co, Sussex Co, Union Co, Mercer Co
NMIM99 Bernalillo Co
NVIM99 Clark Co, Washoe Co
NYIM001 Bronx Co, Kings Co, Nassau Co, New York Co, Queens Co, Richmond Co, Rockland Co, Suffolk Co,
Westchester Co
NYIM002 Orange Co
NYIM021 Bronx Co, Kings Co, Nassau Co, New York Co, Queens Co, Richmond Co, Rockland Co, Suffolk Co,
Westchester Co
NYIM022 Orange Co
NYIM993 Albany Co, Allegany Co, Broome Co, Cattaraugus Co, Cayuga Co, Chautauqua Co, Chemung Co,
Chenango Co, Clinton Co, Columbia Co, Cortland Co, Delaware Co, Erie Co, Essex Co, Franklin Co,
Fulton Co, Genessee Co, Greene Co, Hamilton Co, Herkimer Co, Jefferson Co, Lewis Co, Livingston Co,
Madison Co, Monroe Co, Montgomery Co, Niagara Co, Oneida Co, Onondaga Co, Ontario Co, Orleans
Co, Oswego Co, Otsegb Co, Rensselaer Co, St. Lawrence Co, Saratoga Co, Schenectady Co, Schoharie
Co, Schuyler Co, Seneca Co, Steuben Co, Sullivan Co, Tioga Co, Tompkins Co, Ulster Co, Warren Co,
Washington Co, Wayne Co, Wyoming Co, Yates Co, Duchess Co, Putnam Co
OHIM001* Clermont Co, Geauga Co, Medina Co, Portage Co, Summit Co, Warren Co, Butler Co, Hamilton Co, Lake
Co, Lorain Co, Cuyahoga Co
OHIM002* Clark Co, Greene Co, Montgomery Co
OHIM021* Clermont Co, Geayga Co, Medina Co, Portage Co, Summit Co, Warren Co, Butler Co, Hamilton Co, Lake
Co, Lorain Co, Cuyahoga Co
OHIM022* Clark Co, Greene Co, Montgomery Co
OHIM991* Clermont Co, Geauga Co, Medina Co, Portage Co, Summit Co, Warren Co, Butler Co, Hamilton Co, Lake
Co, Lorain Co, Cuyahoga Co
OHIM992* Clark Co, Greene Co, Montgomery Co
ORIM991 * Jackson Co, Josephine Co
ORIM992* Clackamas Co, Multnomah Co, Washington Co
PAIM991 Lehigh Co, Northampton Co
PAIM992 Berks Co, Clair Co, Cambria Co, Centre Co, Cumberland Co, Dauphin Co, Lackawanna Co, Lancaster
Co, Lebanon Co, Luzerne Co, Lycoming Co, York Co, Erie Co, Mercer Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-41
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-8 (continued)
t/M Program
Name
Included Counties
PAIM993 Bucks Co, Chester Co, Delaware Co, Montgomery Co, Philadelphia Co
PAIM994 Allegheny Co, Beaver Co, Washington Co, Westmoreland Co
RIIM99 Bristol Co, Kent Co, Newport Co, Providence Co, Washington Co
TNIM991 Davidson Co
TNIM992 Shelby Co
TNIM993 Rutherford Co, Sumner Co, Williamson Co, Wilson Co
TXIM001 Harris Co
TXIMQQ2 Dallas Co, Tarrant Co
TXIM003 El Paso Co
TXIM021 Harris Co
TXIM022 Dallas Co, Tarrant Co
TXIM023 El Paso Co
TXIM991 Harris Co
TXIM992 Dallas Co, Tarrant Co
TXIM993 El Paso Co
UTIM991 Utah Co
UTIM992 Weber Co
UTIM993 Davis Co, Salt Lake Co
VAIM991 Arlington Co, Fairfax Co, Prince William Co, Alexandria, Manassas, Manassas Park, Fairfax, Falls Church
VAIM992 Loudoun Co, Stafford Co
VTIM99 Addison Co, Bennington Co, Caledonia Co, Chittenden Co, Essex Co, Franklin Co, Grand Isle Co,
Lamoille Co, Orange Co, Orleans Co, Rutland Co, Washington Co, Windham Co, Windsor Co
WAIM001 King Co, Snohomish Co
WAIMQ02 Pierce Co, Clark Co
WAIM003 Spokane Co
WAIM021 King Co, Snohomish Co
WAIM022 Pierce Co, Clark Co
WAIM023 Spokane Co
WAIM991 King Co, Snohomish Co
WAIM992 Pierce Co, Clark Co
WAIM993 Spokane
WIIM991* Kenosha Co, Milwaukee Co, Ozaukee Co, Racine Co, Washington Co, Waukesha Co
WIIM992* Sheboygan Co '
"Indicates that the maximum LEV benefits were applied.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-42
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-9. I/M Performance Standard Program Inputs
I/M Program Name
\/M Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Stringency Level (Percent)
Model Years Covered
Waiver Rate for Pre-1981 Model Years (%)
Waiver Rate for 1981 and Later Models (%)
Compliance Rate (%)
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Test Type
I/M Outpoints
Effectiveness Rates (% HC/CO/NO,,)
I/M Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Stringency Level (Percent)
Model Years Covered
Waiver Rate for Pre-1981 Model Years (%)
Waiver Rate for 1981 and Later Models (%)
Compliance Rate (%)
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Test Type
I/M Outpoints (g/mi HC/CO/NOJ
Anil-Tampering Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Vehicle Types Inspected
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Program Type
Effectiveness Rate
Inspection Frequency
Compliance Rate (%)
Inspections Performed
Air Pump System
Catalyst
Fuel Inlet Restrictor
Tailpipe Lead Deposit Test
EGR System
Evaporative Emission Control System
PCV System
Gas Cap
Basic I/M Low Enhanced I/M High Enhanced I/M
Performance Standard Performance Standard Performance Standard
1983
20
1968-2020
0
0
100
TO
Annual
YES
NO
NO
NO
Idle Test
220/1.2/999
1.00/1.00/1.00
1983
20
1968-2020
3
3
96
TO
Annual
YES
YES
YES
NO
Idle Test
220/1.2/999
1.00/1.00/1.00
1995
1972-2020
YES
YES
YES
NO
TO
1.00
Annual
96
NO
NO
NO
NO
YES
NO
NO
NO
1983
20
1968-1985
3
3
96
TO
Annual
YES
YES
YES
NO
2500/ldle Test
220/1.2/999
1.00/1.00/1.00
1983
20
1986-2020
3
3
96
TO
Annual
YES
YES
YES
NO
Transient Test
0.80/20.0/2.00
1.00/1.00/1.00
1995
1984-2020
YES
YES
YES
NO
TO
1.00
Annual
96
NO
YES
YES
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-43
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-9 (continued)
I/M Program Name
Basic I/M
Performance Standard
Low Enhanced I/M
Performance Standard
High Enhanced I/M
Performance Standard
Functional Pressure Test Program
Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Effectiveness Rate
Vehicle Types Tested
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Compliance Rate (%)
Purge Test Program Parameters
Program Start Year
Model Years Covered
Effectiveness Rate
Vehicle Types Tested
LDGV
LDGT1
LDGT2
HDGV
Program Type
Inspection Frequency
Compliance Rate (%)
Years of Program Usage
05, 07, 08,10
05,07,08, 10
1995
1983-2020
1.00
YES
YES
YES
NO
TO
Annual
96
1995
1986-2020
1.00
YES
YES
YES
NO
TO
Annual
96
05, 07, 08,10
Notes: TO * Test Only
TRC = Test and Repair (Computerized)
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-44
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-10. States Modeled with I/M Performance Standard Inputs
in 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2010
I/M Performance
Standard Modeled State
Basic Alaska
Arizona
Colorado
Florida
Idaho
Kentucky
Minnesota
New Mexico
North Carolina
Tennessee
Low Enhanced Delaware
Louisiana
Nevada
Pennsylvania
Texas
Utah
Washington
High Enhanced Alaska
Arizona
California
County
Fairbanks Ed
Pima Co
Pitkin Co, El Paso Co, Larimer Co, Weld Co
Broward Co, Dade Co, Duval Co, Hillsborough Co, Palm Beach Co, Pinellas Co
Ada Co
Boyd Co, Greenup Co, Boone Co, Campbell Co, Kenton Co, Jefferson Co
Anoka Co, Carver Co, Dakota Co, Hennepin Co, Ramsey Co, Scott Co, Washington Co
Bernalillo Co
Cabarrus Co, Union Co, Orange Co, Forsyth Co, Guilford Co, Durham Co, Gaston Co,
Mecklenburg Co, Wake Co
Rutherford Co, Sumner Co, Williamson Co, Wilson Co, Davidson Co, Shelby Co
Kent Co, New Castle Co, Sussex Co
Ascension Par, East Baton Rouge Par, Iberville Par, Livingston Par, Pointe Coupee Par,
West Baton Rouge Par
Clark Co, Washoe Co
Berks Co, Blair Co, Cambria Co, Centre Co, Cumberland Co, Dauphin Co, Lackawanna
Co, Lancaster Co, Lebanon Co, Luzerne Co, Lycoming Co, York Co, Allegheny Co,
Beaver Co, Washington Co, Westmoreland Co, Erie Co, Mercer Co, Lehigh Co,
Northampton Co
El Paso Co
Davis Co, Salt Lake Co, Utah Co, Weber Co
Pierce Co, Clark Co, King Co, Snohomish Co, Spokane Co
Anchorage Ed
Maricopa Co
Alameda Co, Butte Co, Colusa Co, Contra Costa Co, El Dorado Co, Glenn Co, Kings Co,
Colorado
Connecticut
DC
Madera Co, Merced Co, Nevada Co, Orange Co, Placer Co, Riverside Co, San Benito Co,
San Bernardino Co, San Joaquin Co, Santa Clara Co, Shasta Co, Solano Co, Stanislaus
Co, Sutler Co, Tehama Co, Tulare Co, Ventura Co, Yolo Co, Yuba Co, Marin Co,
Monterey Co, San Luis Obispo Co, San Mateo Co, Santa Barbara Co, Santa Cruz Co,
Sonoma Co, Fresno Co, Kern Co, Los Angeles Co, Napa Co, Sacramento Co, San Diego
Co, San Francisco CO
Adams Co, Arapahoe Co, Boulder Co, Douglas Co, Jefferson Co, Denver CO
Fairfield Co, Hartford Co, Litchfield Co, Middlesex Co, New Haven Co, New London Co,
Tolland Co, Windham Co
Washington
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-45
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-10 (continued)
l/M Performance
Standard Modeled
State
County
Htoh Enhanced Georgia Cherokee Co, Clayton Co, Coweta Co, Douglas Co, Fayette Co, Forsyth Co, Henry Co,
(continued) Paulding Co, Rockdale Co, Cobb Co, De Kalb Co, Fulton Co, Gwinnett Co
Illinois Cook Co, Du Page Co, Lake Co, Kane Co, Kendall Co, McHenry Co, Will Co, Madison Co,
St. Clair Co, Monroe Co
Indiana Clark Co, Floyd Co, Lake Co, Porter Co
Maryland Anne Arundel Co, Baltimore Co, Carroll Co, Harford Co, Howard CO, Baltimore, Calvert
Co, Cecil Co, Queen Annes Co, Charles Co, Frederick Co, Montgomery Co, Prince
Georges CO, Washington Co
Massachusetts Bamstable Co, Berkshire Co, Bristol Co, Dukes Co, Essex Co, Franklin Co, Hampden Co,
Hampshire Co, Middlesex Co, Nantucket Co, Norfolk Co, Plymouth Co, Suffolk Co,
Worcester Co
Missouri Jefferson Co, St. Charles Co, St. Louis Co, St. Louis
New Hampshire Hillsborough Co, Rockingham Co, Strafford Co
New Jersey Atlantic Co, Cape May Co, Warren Co, Burlington Co, Camden Co, Cumberland Co,
Gloucester Co, Salem Co, Bergen Co, Essex Co, Hudson Co, Hunterdon Co, Middlesex
Co, Monmouth Co, Morris Co, Ocean Co, Passaic Co, Somerset Co, Sussex Co, Union
Co, Mercer Co
New York Bronx Co, Kings Co, Nassau Co, New York Co, Queens Co, Richmond Co, Rockland Co,
Suffolk Co, Westchester Co, Orange Co
Ohio
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Texas
Virginia
Wisconsin
Clark Co, Clermont Co, Geauga Co, Greene Co, Medina Co, Montgomery Co, Portage Co,
Summit Co, Warren Co, Butler Co, Hamilton Co, Lake Co, Lorain Co, Cuyahoga Co
Clackamas Co, Jackson Co, Multnomah Co, Washington Co, Josephine Co
Bucks Co, Chester Co, Delaware Co, Montgomery Co, Philadelphia Co
Bristol Co, Kent Co, Newport Co, Providence Co, Washington Co
Dallas Co, Tarrant Co, Harris Co
Arlington Co, Fairfax Co, Loudoun Co, Prince William Co, Stafford Co, Alexandria,
Manassas, Manassas Park, Fairfax, Falls Church
Kenosha Co, Milwaukee Co, Ozaukee Co, Racine Co, Washington Co, Waukesha Co,
Sheboygan
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-46
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-11. Counties Modeled with Federal Reformulated Gasoline
State (ASTM Class*)/
Nonattainment Area County
State (ASTM Class*)/
Nonattainment Area County
Arizona (B)
Phoenix**
Maricopa Co
Connecticut (C)
Greater Connecticut
Hartford Co
Litchfield Co
Middlesex Co
New Haven Co
New London Co
Tolland Co
Windham Co
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island
Fairfield Co
District of Columbia (B)
Washington DC
Washington
Delaware (C)
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Kent Co
New Castle Co
Sussex County
Sussex Co
Illinois (C)
Chicago-Gary-Lake County
Cook Co
Du Page Co
Grundy Co
Kane Co
Kendall Co
Lake Co
McHenry Co
Will Co
Indiana (C)
Chicago-Gary-Lake County
Lake Co
Porter Co
Kentucky (C)
Cincinnati-Hamilton
Boone Co
Campbell Co
Kenton Co
Maine (C)
Knox & Lincoln Counties
Knox Co
Lincoln Co
Lewiston-Auburn
Androscoggin Co
Kennebec Co
Portland
Cumberland Co
Sagadahoc Co
York Co
Maryland (B)
Baltimore
Anne Arundel Co
Baltimore
Baltimore Co
Carroll Co
Harford Co
Howard Co
Kent & Queen Annes Counties
Kent Co
Queen Annes Co
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Cecil Co
Washington DC
Calvert Co
Charles Co
Frederick Co
Montgomery Co
Prince Georges Co
Massachusetts (C)
Boston-Lawrence-Worcester-Eastern MA
Barnstable Co
Bristol Co
Dukes Co
Essex Co
Middlesex Co
Nantucket Co
Norfolk Co
Plymouth Co
Suffolk Co
Worcester Co
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for ] 900-1996
6-47
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-11 (continued)
State (ASTM Class*)/
Nonattalnment Area County
State (ASTM Class*)/
Nonattainment Area County
Louisville
Bullitt Co
Jefferson Co
Oldham Co
New Hampshire (C)
Manchester
Hillsborough Co
Merrimack Co
Portsmouth-Dover-Rochester
Rockingham Co
Stratford Co
New Jersey (C)
AHentown-Bethlehem-Easton
Warren Co
Atlantic City
Atlantic Co
Cape May Co
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island
Bergen Co
Essex Co
Hudson Co
Hunterdon Co
Middlesex Co
Monmouth Co
Morris Co
Ocean Co
Passaic Co
Somerset Co
Sussex Co
Union Co
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Burlington Co
Camden Co
Cumberland Co
Gloucester Co
Mercer Co
Salem Co
New York (C)
New York-Northern New Jersey-Long Island
Bronx Co
Kings Co
Nassau Co
New York Co
Springfield/Pittsfield-Western MA
Berkshire Co
Franklin Co
Hampden Co
Hampshire Co
New York (C)
Poughkeepsie
Dutchess Co
Putnam Co
Pennsylvania (C)
Philadelphia-Wilmington-Trenton
Bucks Co
Chester Co
Delaware Co
Montgomery Co
Philadelphia Co
Rhode Island (C)
Providence
Bristol Co
Kent Co
Newport Co
Providence Co
Washington Co
Texas (B)
Dallas-Fort Worth
Collin Co
Dallas Co
Denton Co
Tarrant Co
Houston-Galveston-Brazoria
Brazoria Co
Chambers Co
Fort Bend Co
Galveston Co
Harris Co
Liberty Co
Montgomery Co
Waller Co
Virginia (B)
Norfolk-Virginia Beach-Newport News
Chesapeake
Hampton
James City Co
Newport News
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-48
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-11 (continued)
State (ASTM Class*)/
Nonattainment Area
County
Orange Co
Queens Co
Richmond Co
Rockland Co
Suffolk Co
Westchester Co
State (ASTM Class*)/
Nonattainment Area County
Norfolk
Poquoson
Portsmouth
Suffolk
Virginia Beach
Williamsburg
York Co
Virginia (B)
Richmond-Petersburg
Wisconsin (C)
Milwaukee-Racine
Washington DC
Charles City Co
Chesterfield Co
Colonial Heights
Hanover Co
Henrico Co
Hopewell
Richmond
Alexandria
Arlington Co
Fairfax
Fairfax Co
Falls Church
Loudoun Co
Manassas
Manassas Park
Prince William Co
Stafford Co
Kenosha Co
Milwaukee Co
Ozaukee Co
Racine Co
Washington Co
Waukesha Co
Notes: * ASTM Class B areas are subject to the Southern reformulated gasoline region requirements while ASTM Class C areas are
subject to the Northern reformulated gasoline region requirements.
** Reformulated gasoline was only modeled in Phoenix beginning with the projection years, as the opt-in date for Phoenix was 1997.
California reformulated gasoline was modeled statewide in California.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-49
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.5-12. California Basic Emission Rate Limits
Vehicle
Typo
HDQV
LDGT2
LDGT2
Pollutant
NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
VOC
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
NO,
LEV
Credits
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Minimum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Maximum
Model Years
Covered
1998-2003
2004 +
1991 - 1997
1998-2003
2004 +
1994-2003
2004 +
1994-2003
2004 +
1995-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 +
1995-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 +
1995-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 +
1995-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 +
1995-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003 +
1995-1997
1998
1999
2000
2001 +
Zero Mile Level -
(HDVs: g/bhp-hr)
(LDVs: g/mi)
3.1900
1.6600
4.6000
3.6800
1.8400
0.3640
0.2770
0.2830
0.2570
0.2413
0.2345
0.2297
0.1780
0.1547
0.1522
0.1403
2.9111
2.9823
3.0957
3.2091
2.8523
2.5961
2.3399
0.3744
0.3594
0.3454
0.3315
0.2125
0.2413
0.2345
0.2297
0.1780
0.1547
0.1522
0.1403
2.9111
2.9823
3.0957
3.2091
2.8523
2.5961
2.3399
0.3744
0.3594
0.3454
0.3315
0.2125
Deterioration Rate
<50,000 mi
(HDVs: G/bhp-hr/10 kmi)
(LDVs: g/mi/10 kmi)
0.0450
0.0210
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0230
0.0180
0.0000
0.0000
0.0720
0.0720
0.0720
0.0720
0.0720
0.0720
0.0720
1.4480
1.4480
1.4480
1.4480
1.4480
1.4480
1.4480
0.0830
0.0830
0.0830
0.0830
0.0830
0.0272
0.0263
0.0257
0.0190
0.0159
0.0156
0.0140
0.3398
0.3585
0.3718
0.3850
0.4373
0.4596
0.4819
0.0931
0.0894
0.0859
0.0825
0.0528
>50,000 mi
(HDVs: g/bhp-hr/10 kmi)
(LDVs: g/mi/10 kmi)
0.0450
0.0210
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0230
0.0180
0.0000
0.0000
0.2730
0.2730
0.2730
0.2730
0.2730
0.2730
0.2730
3.4340
3.4340
3.4340
3.4340
3.4340
3.4340
3.4340
0.1860
0.1860
0.1860
0.1860
0.1860
0.0272
0.0263
0.0257
0.0190
0.0159
0.0156
0.0140
0.3398
0.3585
0.3718
0.3850
0.4373
0.4596
0.4819
0.0931
0.0894
0.0859
0.0825
0.0528
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-50
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
6.6 NON-ROAD MOBILE SOURCES
Non-road emissions were projected to 1999, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2007, 2008, and 2010. The Trends
1995 emission estimates were used as the base year for the emission projections.
6.6.1 Growth Factors
1995 emissions were projected to each projection year using BEA GSP projections by state and
industry1 as a surrogate for growth. These growth factors were applied in much the same manner as the
growth factors were applied to the 1990 data to estimate 1995 and 1996 emissions. There were several
minor differences in the procedures used to project future year emissions. First, since the BEA GSP
projection data were already in constant dollars, no adjustments to account for inflation were needed.
Second, the BEA GSP projection data did not contain data points for all years of interest. The BEA data
project GSP for the following years: 1998, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2025, and 2040. Data points for
1999, 2002, 2007, and 2008 were developed by assuming linear growth between the two closest
surrounding years.
The crosswalk between SCC and growth factors is the same as the one used for the 1995 and 1996
estimates, and is shown in table 6.6-1. Zero growth was assumed for all railroad SCCs. This
assumption is based on information that shows railroad use and earning increasing, but fuel use
remaining constant due to efficiency gains in locomotive design.2 For the 1995 and 1996 estimates,
Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) landing-takeoff (LTO) data were used as the growth surrogates
for commercial aircraft. The FAA LTO data included all years of interest except 2010. 2010 LTO
estimates were developed assuming straight line growth in air carrier LTOs from 1996 through 2010.
Table 6.6-2 lists the 1999 through 2010 growth factors by state and SIC.
6.6.2 Control Factors
The impact of the following four non-road control programs are included in the emission
projections: 1) Phase I of the compression ignition standards for diesel engines, 2) Phase I of the spark
ignition standards for gasoline engines, 3) recreational marine vessel controls, and 4) reformulated
gasoline. The impact of the compression ignition standards and the recreational marine controls were
incorporated in the adjustments to emissions from non-road diesel engines and recreational marine
engines based on the OMS national emission estimates. The procedure for adjusting emissions based on
the OMS national emission estimates is described below.
Emission reductions resulting from Phase I of the spark ignition standard were modeled using
overall percentage reductions estimated by OMS .3
6.6.3 Use of OMS National Emissions Estimates
OMS supplied national emission estimates from its rulemaking analyses that were used to develop
emissions for each projection year. The OMS emission estimates (for 1992) were developed by taking
per capita emissions values from one of 27 areas and then applying these estimates to the remainder of
the country (applied at the county level). This method provides total non-road emissions for each
county. The emissions from OMS were provided in 27 7-digit SCCs. The percent of the total emissions
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-51
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
represented by each of these 27 SCCs was calculated for each of the 27 areas for which OMS provided
detailed emission inventories. These percentages were then applied to the total emissions for each
county based on the per capita emissions scaling described above in order to apportion the total
emissions to the 27 SCCs. New national totals for each year (including the projection years) were
obtained by using the growth factors described above.
OMS also used the EPCD non-road model to calculate new national non-road diesel values for all
years. These diesel emissions did not reflect the proposed Phase n standards. For the non-road diesel
estimates, a factor reflecting the "final/initial" ratio for all years was developed for the eight diesel
7-digit SCCs. These eight ratios were then applied to the initial county estimates to develop final county
emission estimates. The only difference in the way these data were applied was for the emissions from
railroads. Railroad emissions for all pollutants were held constant after 1996 for all projection years.
Some of the emissions data used as the basis for the projections was obtained directly from States.
As part of the OTAG effort, 24 States provided actual data for these sources (17 States provided
complete State data, 7 provided partial State data). The data provided as part of the OTAG effort were
generally daily emissions data. The daily data were converted to annual data.
Finally, the national diesel non-road agriculture emissions were allocated to the county using
information on the acreage of crops harvested, rather than population.
6.6.4 References
1. Regional Projections to 2045, data files, U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic
Analysis, Washington, DC, August 1995.
2. Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (40 CFR, 62, No. 28, 6366-6405), February 11,1995.
3. Fleet Average Annual Emission Reduction Percentages Small Gasoline Engines Phase I, E-mail
sent to Sharon Nizich, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Mobile Sources, July 23,1997.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-52
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-1. SCC-SIC Crosswalk
SCCs
2260001, 2265001, 2270001
2260002, 2265002, 2270002
2260003, 2265003, 2270003
2260004, 2265004, 2270004
2260005, 2265005, 2270005
2260006, 2265006, 2270006
2260007, 2265007, 2270007
2260008, 2265008, 2270008
2275 (except 2275001 and 2275002)
2275001
2275002
2280
2282
2283
2285**
Non-road Segment
Recreational Vehicles
Construction
Industrial
Lawn and Garden
Farm
Light Commercial
Logging
Airport Service
Aircraft (except Military and
Commercial)
Military Aircraft
Commercial Aircraft
Commercial Marine Vessels
Recreational Marine Vessels
Military Marine Vessels
Railroads
SIC
999*
15
998*
999*
01
998*
07
45
45
992*
LTD*
44
999*
992*
40
SIC Name
Population
Construction
Total Manufacturing
Population
Farm
Total Manufacturing
Agricultural Services, Forestry, Fisheries,
and Other
Transportation by Air
Transportation by Air
Federal, military
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Water Transportation
Population
Federal, military
Railroad Transportation
NOTES: "Growth factor does not correspond to an SIC.
**E-GAS growth factors
used for 1995 and 1996 NOX emissions.
Zero growth assumed after 1996 for all pollutants.
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-53
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2. 1999 - 2010 Growth Factors
State
Code
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
01
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
02
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
04
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
05
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
06
08
08
08
08
08
08
08
SIC
01
07
15
40
44
44
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO'
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
SIC Name
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Water Transportation
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation -
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
1999
1.092
1.214
1.044
1.136
1.007
1.237
0.949
1.114
1.030
1.095
1.131
1.172
1.087
1.000
1.058
1.156
0.946
1.045
1.057
1.095
1.154
1.229
1.140
1.213
1.140
1.196
0.988
1.145
1.084
1.095
1.029
1.210
1.064
1.168
1.162
1.262
0.877
1.125
1.035
1.095
1.076
1.176
1.046
1.162
0.984
1.164
0.905
1.084
1.055
1.095
1.123
1.242
1.116
1.242
1.114
1.226
0.962
2000
1.123
1.259
1.046
1.170
1.008
1.296
0.939
1.136
1.036
1.124
1.166
1.212
1.083
1.000
1.072
1.195
0.942
1.070
1.071
1.124
1.202
1.280
1.154
1.266
1.158
1.245
0.993
1.172
1.104
1.124
1.045
1.259
1.070
1.210
1.198
1.327
0.870
1.145
1.042
1.124
1.105
1.219
1.066
1.203
0.980
1.205
0.894
1.113
1.072
1.124
1.157
1.292
1.121
1.303
1.143
1.283
0.955
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.166
1.365
1.064
1.243
1.011
1.396
0.947
1.183
1.048
1.182
1.217
1.294
1.110
1.000
1.078
1.261
0.948
1.106
1.095
1.182
1.251
1.393
1.199
1.360
1.175
1.328
0.999
1.229
1.139
1.182
1.080
1.366
1.090
1.286
1.216
1.413
0.870
1.194
1.056
1.182
1.145
1.313
1.109
1.272
0.978
1.289
0.900
1.154
1.099
1.182
1.203
1.408
1.149
1.410
1.200
1.386
0.963
1.231
1.523
1.092
1.353
1.014
1.547
0.960
1.254
1.067
1.263
1.297
1.417
1.151
1.000
1.086
1.360
0.957
1.160
1.131
1.263
1.324
1.564
1.267
1.500
1.211
1.454
1.008
1.314
1.190
1.263
1.132
1.526
1.119
1.399
1.243
1.540
0.871
1.267
1.078
1.263
1.204
1.453
1.173
1.376
0.975
1.415
0.908
1.215
1.140
1.263
1.274
1.581
1.189
1.570
1.257
1.541
0.974
1.268
1.627
1.111
1.419
1.020
1.649
0.971
1.300
1.082
1.328
1.343
1.495
1.177
1.000
1.093
1.424
0.966
1.196
1.153
1.328
1.365
1.677
1.309
1.589
1.228
1.536
1.017
1.366
1.223
1.328
1.162
1.632
1.138
1.467
1.261
1.624
0.876
1.315
1.093
1.328
1.237
1.544
1.212
1.438
0.976
1.497
0.916
1.254
1.166
1.328
1.316
1.696
1.217
1.672
1.286
1.645
0.985
2008
1.286
1.679
1.121
1.452
1.022
1.701
0.976
1.323
1.089
1.358
1.366
1.533
1.190
1.000
1.096
1.457
0.971
1.213
1.163
1.358
1.386
1.734
1.331
1.633
1.246
1.577
1.021
1.392
1.240
1.358
1.177
1.685
1.148
1.502
1.270
1.667
0.877
1.339
1.101
1.358
1.253
1.590
1.231
1.469
0.977
1.538
0.920
1.274
1.178
1.358
1.337
1.754
1.230
1.722
1.314
1.697
0.990
2010
1.324
1.783
1.140
1.518
1.028
1.803
0.988
1.369
1.103
1.387
1.411
1.611
1.216
1.000
1.103
1.521
0.980
1.248
1.185
1.387
1.427
1.848
1.373
1.722
1.263
1.659
1.030
1.445
1.272
1.387
1.206
1.791
1.167
1.570
1.288
1.751
0.882
1.386
1.116
1.387
1.286
1.680
1.271
1.532
0.978
1.620
0.929
1.313
1.204
1.387
1.379
1.870
1.257
1.824
1.343
1.801
1.000
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-54
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code SIC
08
08
08
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
09
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
15
15
15
15
15
998*
999*
LTD*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01 •
07
15
40
44
SIC Name
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
1999
1.120
1.073
1.095
1.114
1.211
1.039
1.000
1.005
1.165
0.924
1.053
1.023
1.095
0.978
1.208
1.049
1.263
0.982
1.145
1.002
1.036
1.047
1.095
1.000
1.282
0.937
1.311
1.283
1.135
0.959
1.007
0.976
1.095
1.149
1.203
1.105
1.189
1.068
1.225
0.911
1.117
1.075
1.095
1.043
1.227
1.090
1.130
1.032
1.152
0.989
1.118
1.059
1.095
1.157
1.197
1.049
1.000
1.041
2000
1.145
1.089
1.124
1.147
1.257
1.050
1.000
1.005
1.206
0.917
1.065
1.032
1.124
0.995
1.250
1.076
1.328
0.977
1.182
1.011
1.045
1.059
1.124
1.000
1.350
0.926
1.388
1.348
1.167
0.951
1.010
0.974
1.124
1.188
1.252
1.127
1.236
1.085
1.282
0.902
1.143
1.095
1.124
1.062
1.273
1.093
1.162
1.040
1.190
0.990
1.140
1.072
1.124
1.212
1.251
1.070
1.000
1.051
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.193
1.119
1.182
1.194
1.356
1.071
1.000
1.012
1.288
0.924
1.087
1.047
1.182
1.014
1.351
1.097
1.439
0.982
1.271
1.018
1.073
1.080
1.182
1.000
1.476
0.926
1.502
1.337
1.228
0.951
1.019
0.970
1.182
1.241
1.356
1.163
1.332
1.117
1.359
0.908
1.191
1.131
1.182
1.095
1.382
1.123
1.232
1.047
1.255
0.998
1.187
1.097
1.182
1.291
1.355
1.089
1.000
1.066
1.265
1.164
1.263
1.263
1.504
1.102
1.000
1.022
1.412
0.935
1.120
1.071
1.263
1.044
1.502
1.127
1.605
0.991
1.402
1.029
1.114
1.110
1.263
1.000
1.670
0.925
1.675
1.315
1.321
0.952
1.033
0.965
1.263
1.320
1.512
1.218
1.475
1.166
1.474
0.918
1.263
1.184
1.263
1.144
1.546
1.168
1.337
1.058
1.353
1.011
1.257
1.133
1.263
1.410
1.510
1.118
1.000
1.088
1.312
1.193
1.328
1.303
1.600
1.123
1.000
1.031
1.494
0.945
1.140
1.087
1.328
1.059
1.599
1.148
1.711
1.000
1.492
1.040
1.142
1.131
1.328
1.000
1.796
0.926
1.781
1.315
1.381
0.956
1.042
0.966
1.328
1.364
1.615
1.252
1.563
1.196
1.547
0.927
1.307
1.218
1.328
1.171
1.653
1.198
1.401
1.068
1.416
1.022
1.302
1.158
1.328
1.481
1.612
1.137
1.000
1.104
2008
1.335
1.207
1.358
1.323
1.649
1.134
1.000
1.037
1.535
0.950
1.151
1.096
1.358
1.066
1.649
1.158
1.765
1.000
1.534
1.045
1.155
1.141
1.358
1.000
1.854
0.927
1.834
1.304
1.409
0.957
1.047
0.966
1.358
1.386
1.667
1.269
1.607
1.211
1.584
0.931
1.330
1.235
1.358
1.185
1.707
1.213
1.432
1.072
1.448
1.028
1.325
1.170
1.358
1.517
1.663
1.147
1.000
1.112
2010
1.381
1.236
1.387
1.362
1.745
1.155
1.000
1.046
1.617
0.960
1.171
1.112
1.387
1.082
1.747
1.178
1.871
1.009
1.623
1.055
1.183
1.162
1.387
1.000
1.981
0.928
1.940
1.304
1.470
0.961
1.056
0.967
1.387
1.429
1.769
1.304
1.695
1.241
1.657
0.941
1.374
1.270
1.387
1.212
1.814
1.244
1.496
1.082
1.512
1.039
1.370
1.194
1.387
1.588
1.765
1.166
1.000
1.128
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-55
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
15
1S
15
15
15
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
18
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
21
21
21
SIC
45
992'
998*
999'
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992'
998*
999*
LTO'
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
SIC Name
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
1999
1.130
0.965
1.007
1.053
1.095
1.116
1.226
1.087
1.142
1.056
1.248
0.965
1.182
1.067
1.095
0.970
1.195
1.038
1.158
1.118
1.199
0.912
1.102
1.027
1.095
1.038
1.218
1.055
1.166
1.064
1.292
0.944
1.121
1.027
1.095
0.955
1.191
1.057
1.166
1.132
1.207
0.967
1.115
1.015
1.095
1.013
1.225
1.048
1.145
1.150
1.198
0.976
1.107
1.032
1.095
1.066
1.201
1.062
2000
1.163
0.965
1.012
1.068
1.124
1.147
1.278
1.090
1.178
1.056
1.310
0.953
1.216
1.080
1.124
0.994
1.239
1.045
1.198
1.148
1.249
0.901
1.119
1.035
1.124
1.068
1.266
1.059
1.207
1.080
1.364
0.930
1.140
1.033
1.124
1.006
1.234
1.060
1.208
1.160
1.258
0.952
1.132
1.019
1.124
1.032
1.276
1.048
1.182
1.150
1.248
0.973
1.128
1.041
1.124
1.100
1.248
1.068
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.232
0.971
1.027
1.093
1.182
1.195
1.392
1.105
1.249
1.093
1.415
0.960
1.288
1.102
1.182
1.021
1.345
1.062
1.258
1.156
1.327
0.905
1.151
1.049
1.182
1.118
1.380
1.077
1.283
1.106
1.474
0.939
1.179
1.045
1.182
1.050
1.331
1.077
1.278
1.188
1.338
0.961
1.171
1.027
1.182
1.067
1.391
1.066
1.256
1.150
1.337
0.979
1.171
1.055
1.182
1.153
1.356
1.086
1.336
0.980
1.051
1.129
1.263
1.268
1.564
1.128
1.355
1.148
1.572
0.972
1.394
1.134
1.263
1.062
1.504
1.088
1.347
1.168
1.444
0.911
1.201
1.070
1.263
1.193
1.549
1.105
1.397
1.145
1.638
0.952
1.238
1.063
1.263
1.116
1.477
1.103
1.384
1.236
1.459
0.974
1.230
1.039
1.263
1.119
1.563
1.092
1.366
1.200
1.473
0.988
1.236
1.075
1.263
1.233
1.518
1.112
1.403
0.990
1.068
1.154
1.328
1.310
1.678
1.144
1.419
1.185
1.678
0.982
1.463
1.155
1.328
1.085
1.609
1.105
1.400
1.179
1.521
0.918
1.231
1.084
1.328
1.236
1.662
1.124
1.467
1.172
1.748
0.964
1.275
1.076
1.328
1.153
1.572
1.119
1.447
1.264
1.536
0.986
1.267
1.048
1.328
1.148
1.677
1.109
1.433
1.200
1.561
0.997
1.277
1.089
1.328
1.280
1.626
1.130
2008
1.437
0.994
1.077
1.166
1.358
1.331
1.735
1.152
1.452
1.204
1.732
0.987
1.497
1.165
1.358
1.096
1.662
1.113
1.427
1.183
1.559
0.922
1.247
1.091
1.358
1.257
1.718
1.133
1.502
1.185
1.803
0.970
1.294
1.083
1.358
1.172
1.620
1.127
1.479
1.271
1.574
0.992
1.285
1.053
1.358
1.163
1.734
1.118
1.467
1.250
1.606
1.002
1.297
1.096
1.358
1.304
1.679
1.139
2010
1.505
1.004
1.094
1.190
1.387
1.373
1.850
1.169
1.516
1.241
1.838
0.998
1.566
1.186
1.387
1.119
1.767
1.130
1.479
1.194
1.636
0.929
1.278
1.105
1.387
1.301
1.830
1.152
1.571
1.212
1.913
0.981
1.331
1.096
1.387
1.210
1.715
1.144
1.543
1.299
1.651
1.003
1.322
1.062
1.387
1.192
1.848
1.135
1.534
1.250
1.694
1.011
1.338
1.110
1.387
1.351
1.786
1.157
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-56
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
26
27
SIC
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTD*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
SIC Name
Railroad Transportation !
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
1999
1.077
0.964
1.222
0.970
1.114
1.028
1.095
1.042
1.192
1.035
1.176
0.992
1.122
0.916
1.075
1.024
1.095
1.102
1.143
1.042
1.076
1.043
1.388
0.863
1.080
1.026
1.095
1.010
1.197
1.024
0.998
0.949
1.193
0.954
1.044
1.043
1.095
1.110
1.141
1.088
1.232
1.023
1.172
0.881
1.059
1.025
1.095
1.055
1.206
1.048
1.119
1.078
1.152
0.869
1.082
1.017
1.095
0.976
2000
1.097
0.955
1.277
0.967
1.132
1.034
1.124
1.071
1.235
1.041
1.220
0.990
1.153
0.913
1.090
1.030
1.124
1.142
1.175
1.053
1.093
1.051
1.484
0.848
1.098
1.035
1.124
1.035
1.240
1.028
0.998
0.936
1.241
0.946
1.052
1.054
1.124
1.142
1.177
1.097
1.290
1.028
1.215
0.857
1.072
1.031
1.124
1.082
1.249
1.048
1.149
1.097
1.190
0.847
1.090
1.021
1.124
1.035
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.148
0.961
1.370
0.974
1.170
1.047
1.182
1.112
1.332
1.062
1.294
0.989
1.210
0.922
1.125
1.042
1.182
1.198
1.250
1.073
1.147
1.060
1.595
0.854
1.131
1.050
1.182
1.074
1.341
1.042
1.027
0.928
1.346
0.950
1.073
1.074
1.182
1.189
1.253
1.118
1.384
1.035
1.294
0.864
1.091
1.046
1.182
1.125
1.355
1.064
1.200
1.113
1.254
0.851
1.115
1.029
1.182
1.103
1.224
0.970
1.509
0.985
1.226
1.065
1.263
1.173
1.478
1.093
1.406
0.988
1.296
0.935
1.178
1.061
1.263
1.282
1.363
1.104
1.228
1.077
1.760
0.863
1.180
1.074
1.263
1.132
1.493
1.062
1.070
0.916
1.503
0.956
1.103
1.104
1.263
1.260
1.367
1.149
1.526
1.044
1.413
0.876
1.119
1.068
1.263
1.188
1.516
1.088
1.277
1.135
1.350
0.859
1.152
1.041
1.263
1.205
1.267
0.979
1.603
0.995
1.263
1.079
1.328
1.208
1.572
1.113
1.474
0.990
'1.351
0.947
1.212
1.073
1.328
1.332
1.433
1.124
1.277
1.085
1.871
0.872
1.212
1.091
1.328
1.164
1.591
1.076
1.091
0.913
1.608
0.963
1.123
1.124
1.328
1.301
1.439
1.169
1.613
1.052
1.491
0.886
1.137
1.083
1.328
1.224
1.621
1.104
1.323
1.151
1.413
0.866
1.177
1.050
1.328
1.262
2008
1.289
0.983
1.650
0.999
1.281
1.086
1.358
1.226
1.620
1.124
1.508
0.991
1.378
0.952
1.229
1.080
1.358
1.356
1.469
1.134
1.300
1.094
1.928
0.876
1.228
1.100
1.358
1.180
1.639
1.083
1.101
0.910
1.662
0.967
1.133
1.133
1.358
1.321
1.475
1.179
1.656
1.057
1.530
0.891
1.146
1.091
1.358
1.242
1.674
1.112
1.346
1.160
1.444
0.870
1.190
1.055
1.358
1.291
2010
1.332
0.992
1.744
1.009
1.318
1.100
1.387
1.261
1.714
1.144
1.576
0.993
1.433
0.964
1.263
1.092
1.387
1.406
1.539
1.154
1.349
1.102
2.039
0.885
1.260
1.116
1.387
1.212
1.737
1.097
1.122
0.906
1.768
0.974
1.153
1.153
1.387
1.362
1.547
1.200
1.744
1.065
1.609
0.901
1.164
1.107
1.387
1.278
1.779
1.128
1.392
1.176
1.507
0.878
1.215
1.064
1.387
1.349
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-57
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
27
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
30
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
SIC
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998'
999'
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999'
LTO'
01
07
15
40
44
45
992'
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO'
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999'
SIC Name
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
1999
1.191
1.051
1.154
0.947
1.110
0.950
1.125
1.037
1.095
0.980
1.200
1.115
1.157
1.000
1.259
1.027
1.119
1.026
1.095
1.021
1.201
1.056
1.161
0.835
1.032
0.929
1.083
1.032
1.095
1.155
1.225
1.095
1.199
1.000
1.207
1.001
1.060
1.056
1.095
1.022
1.200
1.097
1.177
1.000
1.191
0.893
1.117
1.028
1.095
1.183
1.240
1.194
1.178
1.197
1.217
0.970
1.198
1.114
2000
1.234
1.061
1.193
0.934
1.138
0.946
1.148
1.046
1.124
0.991
1.244
1.118
1.196
0.999
1.324
1.027
1.142
1.031
1.124
1.061
1.246
1.051
1.201
0.794
1.040
0.918
1.097
1.040
1.124
1.173
1.278
1.109
1.249
1.000
1.259
0.994
1.077
1.069
1.124
1.045
1.246
1.105
1.222
1.000
1.238
0.887
1.133
1.036
1.124
1.237
1.283
1.212
1.222
1.246
1.271
0.972
1.225
1.137
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.334
1.080
1.254
0.927
1.211
0.953
1.194
1.062
1.182
1.029
1.346
1.143
1.261
1.000
1.431
1.035
1.191
1.041
1.182
1.105
1.346
1.069
1.275
0.776
1.084
0.925
1.130
1.055
1.182
1.237
1.388
1.139
1.322
1.000
1.351
1.001
1.107
1.091
1.182
1.079
1.349
1.132
1.304
1.000
1.320
0.894
1.174
1.048
1.182
1.292
1.404
1.257
1.293
1.279
1.367
0.977
1.295
1.185
1.483
1.109
1.345
0.918
1.321
0.965
1.262
1.086
1.263
1.087
1.498
1.179
1.359
1.001
1.592
1.047
1.264
1.057
1.263
1.171
1.497
1.095
1.387
0.748
1.150
0.935
1.179
1.077
1.263
1.334
1.555
1.185
1.433
1.200
1.487
1.011
1.152
1.125
1.263
1.130
1.503
1.172
1.428
1.043
1.443
0.904
1.235
1.067
1.263
1.375
1.585
1.323
1.400
1.344
1.511
0.984
1.398
1.257
1.580
1.127
1.399
0.915
1.393
0.975
1.306
1.101
1.328
1.121
1.599
1.203
1.418
1.006
1.700
1.058
1.310
1.069
1.328
1.209
1.595
1.113
1.455
0.735
1.191
0.945
1.211
1.092
1.328
1.392
1.666
1.213
1.500
1.200
1.578
1.021
1.181
1.146
1.328
1.158
1.604
1.196
1.504
1.043
1.522
0.914
1.274
1.080
1.328
1.424
1.706
1.366
1.465
1.377
1.611
0.992
1.466
1.302
2008
1.629
1.136
1.426
0.915
1.429
0.981
1.327
1.109
1.358
1.138
1.648
1.215
1.447
1.009
1.754
1.064
1.334
1.075
1.358
1.228
1.644
1.121
1.489
0.729
1.212
0.950
1.227
1.100
1.358
1.421
1.721
1.227
1.533
1.400
1.622
1.026
1.196
1.157
1.358
1.172
1.654
1.208
1.542
1.043
1.562
0.919
1.294
1.086
1.358
.448
.767
.387
.496
.410
.661
0.995
1.500
1.325
2010
1.725
1.154
1.479
0.913
1.502
0.991
1.370
1.125
1.387
1.172
1.749
1.239
1.505
1.013
1.863
1.075
1.381
1.086
1.387
1.266
1.742
1.139
1.556
0.715
1.253
0.959
1.258
1.116
1.387
1.479
1.832
1.255
1.600
1.400
1.713
1.036
1.226
1.178
1.387
1.200
1.755
1.233
1.618
1.043
1.642
0.929
1.333
1.099
1.387
1.497
1.888
1.429
1.561
1.443
1.761
1.003
1.568
1.370
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-58
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
32
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
33
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
38
38
38
38
38
38
38
SIC
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
SIC Name
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation-
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
1999
1.095
1.084
1.210
1.069
1.090
1.069
1.433
0.963
1.110
1.045
1.095
1.085
1.180
1.055
1.177
0.962
1.236
0.934
1.028
1.033
1.095
1.114
1.240
1.152
1.161
1.250
1.322
0.985
1.207
1.062
1.095
1.063
1.162
0.996
1.130
0.912
1.084
0.959
1.014
1.010
1.095
1.020
1.219
1.103
1.102
0.988
1.192
1.008
1.107
1.054
1.095
0.918
1.207
1.097
1.256
1.000
1.227
0.963
2000
1.124
1.104
1.257
1.079
1.101
1.086
1.542
0.949
1.130
1.057
1.124
1.115
1.215
1.066
1.220
0.952
1.295
0.930
1.035
1.042
1.124
1.142
1.300
1.167
1.201
1.250
1.402
0.981
1.241
1.076
1.124
1.097
1.199
0.999
1.162
0.890
1.105
0.949
1.019
1.013
1.124
1.043
1.265
1.118
1.127
0.984
1.240
1.010
1.127
1.067
1.124
0.932
1.252
1.109
1.320
1.000
1.284
0.952
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.182
1.150
1.367
1.104
1.157
1.103
1.705
0.959
1.169
1.077
1.182
1.160
1.297
1.087
1.289
0.941
1.387
0.937
1.049
1.057
1.182
1.196
1.426
1.208
1.273
1.375
1.523
0.987
1.312
1.102
1.182
1.142
1.276
1.004
1.220
0.857
1.146
0.960
1.027
1.017
1.182
1.067
1.373
1.149
1.183
1.004
1.326
1.018
1.168
1.090
1.182
0.969
1.354
1.135
1.418
1.000
1.382
0.957
1.263
1.218
1.533
1.140
1.236
1.121
1.950
0.973
1.227
1.107
1.263
1.227
1.421
1.119
1.392
0.925
1.523
0.949
1.071
1.080
1.263
1.277
1.615
1.270
1.382
1.500
1.705
0.996
1.418
1.141
1.263
1.210
1.391
1.011
1.306
0.809
1.206
0.976
1.039
1.023
1.263
1.103
1.536
1.195
1.268
1.033
1.455
1.031
1.229
1.123
1.263
1.025
1.509
1.173
1.566
1.000
1.527
0.966
1.328
1.258
1.642
1.164
1.281
1.138
2.115
0.986
1.262
1.128
1.328
1.266
1.499
1.139
1.453
0.918
1.614
0.959
1.085
1.096
1.328
1.325
1.736
1.310
1.448
1.500
1.828
1.005
1.485
1.165
1.328
1.248
1.460
1.017
1.356
0.784
1.243
0.989
1.047
1.029
1.328
1.123
1.643
1.226
1.318
1.053
1.542
1.043
1.269
1.146
1.328
1.057
1.610
1.197
1.655
1.000
1.615
0.974
2008
1.358
1.277
1.697
1.177
1.315
1.138
2.198
0.990
1.280
1.138
1.358
1.285
1.538
1.149
1.484
0.915
1.659
0.964
1.092
1.103
1.358
1.349
1.797
1.330
1.481
1.625
1.890
1.010
1.518
1.178
1.358
1.268
1.495
1.020
1.381
0.771
1.262
0.996
1.051
1.031
1.358
1.132
1.696
1.242
1.343
1.064
1.585
1.048
1.288
1.157
1.358
1.074
1.661
1.208
1.700
1.000
1.662
0.979
2010
1.387
1.317
1.806
1.201
1.360
1.155
2.363
1.002
1.315
1.158
1.387
1.324
1.616
1.169
1.545
0.909
1.749
0.975
1.106
1.119
1.387
1.397
1.918
1.370
1.547
1.625
2.013
1.019
1.585
1.203
1.387
1.307
1.565
1.025
1.431
0.747
1.299
1.009
1.059
1.037
1.387
1.152
1.804
1.273
1.393
1.084
1.672
1.060
1.328
1.180
1.387
1.106
1.763
1.232
1.790
1.000
1.751
0.987
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-59
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
38
38
38
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
39
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
41
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
42
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
44
45
45
45
45
45
SIC
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
SIC Name
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landtng-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
1999
1.182
1.012
1.095
1.028
1.192
1.073
1.112
1.006
1.170
0.933
1.091
1.019
1.095
1.105
1.237
1.085
1.114
1.151
1.173
0.981
1.129
1.030
1.095
1.031
1.189
1.092
1.183
1.004
1.233
0.966
1.097
1.055
1.095
1.041
1.183
1.020
1.188
0.973
i210
0.931
1.061
1.017
1.095
1.105
1.133
1.049
1.134
0.954
1.215
0.917
1.068
1.017
1.095
1.060
1.201
1.081
1.096
1.023
2000
1.211
1.016
1.124
1.056
1.236
1.079
1.141
1.008
1.213
0.923
1.105
1.023
1.124
1.142
1.293
1.098
1.143
1.189
1.216
0.983
1.153
,1.038
1.124
1.049
1.228
1.103
1.229
1.004
1.291
0.958
1.117
1.067
1.124
1.070
1.226
1.023
1.235
0.966
1.262
0.922
1.070
1.023
1.124
1.129
1.166
1.059
1.165
0.939
1.269
0.910
1.083
1.025
1.124
1.085
1.248
1.100
1.119
1.029
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.271
1.023
1.182
1.098
1.339
1.098
1.185
1.014
1.287
0.930
1.137
1.031
1.182
1.195
1.418
1.121
1.201
1.208
1.294
0.990
1.199
1.052
1.182
1.096
1.324
1.133
1.301
1.000
1.399
0.966
1.158
1.091
1.182
1.114
1.318
1.032
1.297
0.963
1.341
0.929
1.090
1.032
1.182
1.167.
1.242
1.078
1.216
0.939
1.358
0.916
1.108
1.038
1.182
1.120
1.349
1.133
1.184
1.043
1.360
1.032
1.263
1.162
1.492
1.126
1.253
1.025
1.399
0.942
1.186
1.045
1.263
1.276
1.606
1.157
1.288
1.245
1.409
1.001
1.268
1.072
1.263
1.167
1.468
1.178
1.408
0.993
1.562
0.979
1.219
1.125
1.263
1.180
1.457
1.047
1.391
0.958
1.460
0.939
1.120
1.045
1.263
1.225
1.356
1.107
1.299
0.934
1.493
0.927
1.146
1.058
1.263
1.173
1.499
1.183
1.280
1.065
1.416
1.040
1.328
1.199
1.593
1.144
1.290
1.034
1.473
0.953
1.217
1.055
1.328
1.323
1.732
1.180
1.339
1.283
1.485
1.012
1.311
1.086
1.328
1.208
1.561
1.207
1.473
0.993
1.670
0.990
1.258
1.147
1.328
1.218
1.546
1.057
1.445
0.959
1.539
0.948
1.139
1.056
1.328
1.258
1.428
1.127
1.351
0.934
1.582
0.936
1.171
1.072
1.328
1.202
1.597
1.215
1.338
1.079
2008
1.444
1.044
1.358
1.217
1.644
1.154
1.309
1.039
1.510
0.958
1.233
1.060
1.358
1.347
1.795
1.192
1.364
1.283
1.523
1.017
1.332
1.093
1.358
1.229
1.607
1.222
1.505
0.992
1.725
0.996
1.278
1.158
1.358
1.237
1.590
1.062
1.473
0.959
1.578
0.953
1.149
1.061
1.358
1.274
1.464
1.136
1.371
0.934
1.627
0.941
1.183
1.079
1.358
1.216
1.647
1.231
1.367
1.086
2010
1.500
1.052
1.387
1.253
1.745
1.172
1.346
1.048
1.583
0.968
1.264
1.070
1.387
1.395
1.921
1.215
1.416
1.321
1.599
1.027
1.375
1.108
1.387
1.271
1.701
1.250
1.570
0.992
1.833
1.007
1.318
1.181
1.387
1.275
1.679
1.072
1.527
0.959
1.657
0.962
1.168
1.072
1.387
1.307
1.536
1.156
1.423
0.934
1.716
0.951
1.208
1.093
1.387
1.245
1.745
1.264
1.425
1.101
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-60
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
45
45
45
45
45
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
48
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
51
51
51
SIC
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
SIC Name
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
1999
1.215
0.906
1.139
1.044
1.095
1.018
1.195
1.083
1.213
1.000
1.220
0.960
1.225
1.037
1.095
1.045
1.218
1.091
1.122
1.063
1.212
0.949
1.123
1.048
1.095
1.108
1.207
1.073
1.201
1.025
1.209
0.998
1.112
1.056
1.095
1.094
1.264
1.150
1.179
1.150
1.246
0.953
1.186
1.087
1.095
1.064
1.202
1.072
1.127
1.000
1.283
1.007
1.085
1.041
1.095
0.948
1.213
1.067
2000
1.268
0.907
1.172
1.056
1.124
1.041
1.232
1.092
1.267
1.000
1.273
0.948
1.265
1.047
1.124
1.076
1.264
1.103
1.152
1.078
1.265
0.944
1.146
1.060
1.124
1.133
1.253
1.087
1.252
1.032
1.261
0.998
1.134
1.068
1.124
1.128
1.319
1.167
1.224
1.150
1.308
0.951
1.225
1.108
1.124
1.097
1.253
1.087
1.155
1.000
1.350
1.005
1.110
1.053
1.124
0.967
1.256
1.074
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.382
0.914
1.231
1.077
1.182
1.076
1.325
1.116
1.342
1.000
1.360
0.959
1.353
1.064
1.182
1.124
1.375
1.128
1.217
1.100
1.366
0.952
1.191
1.079
1.182
1.187
1.362
1.115
1.335
1.037
1.352
1.002
1.180
1.090
1.182
1.174
1.450
1.219
1.304
1.150
1.412
0.957
1.302
1.147
1.182
1.144
1.358
1.110
1.211
1.000
1.448
1.018
1.146
1.072
1.182
0.991
1.363
' 1.100
1.551
0.924
1.319
1.109
1.263
1.130
1.463
1.150
1.455
1.000
1.493
0.974
1.485
1.089
1.263
1.196
1.541
1.166
1.315
1.134
1.519
0.964
1.257
1.108
1.263
1.269
1.526
1.156
1.461
1.044
1.489
1.009
1.248
1.123
1.263
1.243
1.646
1.297
1.423
1.200
1.567
0.967
1.418
1.206
1.263
1.215
1.516
1.143
1.289
1.019
1.601
1.037
1.200
1.100
1.263
1.028
1.524
1.138
1.664
0.934
1.375
1.130
1.328
1.162
1.553
1.172
1.524
1.000
1.583
0.987
1.570
1.106
1.328
1.238
1.650
1.191
1.373
1.156
1.618
0.975
1.299
1.127
1.328
1.317
1.634
1.183
1.538
1.052
1.581
1.018
1.292
1.144
1.328
1.282
1.779
1.347
1.497
1.200
1.672
0.976
1.490
1.242
1.328
1.256
1.619
1.165
1.331
1.038
1.704
1.050
1.234
1.120
1.328
1.048
1.631
1.164
2008
1.720
0.939
1.402
1.141
1.358
1.177
1.597
1.183
1.557
1.000
1.627
0.993
1.612
1.114
1.358
1.260
1.705
1.204
1.402
1.166
,1.668
0.981
1.320
1.137
1.358
1.341
1.688
1.196
1.577
1.056
1.627
1.022
1.314
1.154
1.358
1.302
1.846
1.372
1.534
1.250
1.725
0.980
1.527
1.260
1.358
1.276
1.670
1.176
1.359
1.038
1.753
1.059
1.251
1.130
1.358
1.058
1.684
1.177
2010
1.832
0.949
1.458
1.162
1.387
1.209
1.687
1.205
1.626
1.000
1.717
1.006
1.697
1.130
1.387
1.302
1.815
1.229
1.460
1.188
1.768
0.992
1.363
1.157
1.387
1.388
1.796
1.222
1.654
1.064
1.718
1.030
1.358
1.175
1.387
1.342
1.979
1.421
1.608
1.250
1.830
0.989
1.599
1.295
1.387
1.317
1.774
1.198
1.401
1.058
1.857
1.073
1.285
1.150
1.387
1.078
1.790
1.203
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-61
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
Table 6.6-2 (continued)
State
Code
51
51
51
51
51
51
51
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
55
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
SIC
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992'
998'
999'
LTD*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
01
07
15
40
44
45
992*
998*
999*
LTO*
SIC Name
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landlng-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
Farm
Agricultural services, forestry, fisheries, and other
Construction
Railroad Transportation
Water Transportation
Transportation by air
Federal, military
Total Manufacturing
Population
Landing-Takeoff Operations
1999
1.164
0.996
1.174
0.963
1.062
1.043
1.095
1.013
1.146
1.053
1.201
0.996
1.137
0.981
1.062
1.064
1.095
1.144
1.233
1.069
1.109
1.011
1.164
0.979
1.035
1.014
1.095
1.014
1.214
1.064
1.206
.000
.188
0.971
.120
.032
.095
.138
.228
.075
.162
.071
1.209
1.047
1.116
1.039
1.095
2000
1.205
0.994
1.218
0.963
1.075
1.054
1.124
1.020
1.186
1.068
1.251
0.995
1.171
0.979
1.079
1.079
1.124
1.192
1.286
1.073
1.136
1.014
1.205
0.995
1.040
1.018
1.124
1.060
1.265
1.075
1.258
1.000
1.235
0.957
1.140
1.041
1.124
1.162
1.279
1.083
1.203
1.071
1.257
1.071
1.139
1.048
1.124
Growth Factors
2002 2005 2007
1.286
1.003
1.292
0.971
1.108
1.074
1.182
1.065
1.272
1.096
1.331
1.002
1.249
0.986
1.125
1.109
1.182
1.278
1.408
1.082
1.199
1.017
1.276
1.005
1.060
1.024
1.182
1.130
1.373
1.096
1.325
0.996
1.322
0.967
1.183
1.055
1.182
1.218
1.395
1.108
1.282
1.071
1.340
1.079
1.184
1.064
1.182
1.406
1.017
1.404
0.982
1.158
1.104
1.263
1.132
1.400
1.137
1.449
1.012
1.366
0.997
1.193
1.154
1.263
1.407
1.591
1.097
1.293
1.022
1.380
1.022
1.090
1.032
1.263
1.233
1.535
1.128
1.426
0.991
1.452
0.983
1.247
1.078
1.263
1.301
1.568
1.146
1.402
1.143
1.461
1.090
1.253
1.088
1.263
1.481
1.028
1.478
0.993
1.190
1.125
1.328
1.172
1.481
1.164
1.523
1.022
1.442
1.008
1.238
1.183
1.328
1.485
1.714
1.108
1.349
1.028
1.451
1.034
1.109
1.041
1.328
1.288
1.642
1.150
1.486
0.991
1.539
0.996
1.287
1.093
1.328
1.350
1.684
1.171
1.476
1.143
1.545
1.100
1.297
1.103
1.328
2008
1.518
1.033
1.515
0.998
1.207
1.135
1.358
1.193
1.522
1.177
1.559
1.027
1.481
1.013
1.261
1.197
1.358
1.525
1.774
1.114
1.377
1.034
1.486
1.042
1.119
1.046
1.358
1.316
1.695
1.160
1.516
0.991
1.583
1.003
1.308
1.101
1.358
1.374
1.741
1.183
1.513
1.143
1.581
1.106
1.319
1.110
1.358
2010
1.592
1.045
1.589
1.008
1.240
1.156
1.387
1.233
1.604
1.203
1.632
1.036
1.557
1.023
1.306
1.226
1.387
1.603
1.897
1.126
1.433
1.039
1.557
1.054
1.139
1.055
1.387
1.371
1.802
1.181
1.576
0.991
1.670
1.016
1.348
1.117
1.387
1.423
1.857
1.208
1.587
1.143
1.665
1.116
1.363
1.126
1.387
National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
Procedures Document for 1900-1996
6-62
1997-2010 Methodology
Projections
-------
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(PLEASE READ INSTRUCTIONS ON THE REVERSE BEFORE COMPLETING)
1. REPORT NO.
EPA-454/R-98-008
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTANT TRENDS PROCEDURES DOCUMENT,
1990-1996 AND 1999-2010
SECTIONS 1, 4, AND 6
5. REPORT DATE
6/1/98
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
USEPA/OAQPS/EMAD/EFIG
7. AUTHOR(S)
SHARON V. NIZICH AND E. H. PECHAN & ASSOCIATES
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
EMISSION FACTOR AND INVENTORY GROUP, MD-14
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA 27711
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-D7-0067
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
DIRECTOR. OFFICE OF AIR QUALITY PLANNING AND STANDARDS
OFFICE OF AIR AND RADIATION
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27711
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
TECHNICAL 1900-1996,1999-2010
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
EPA/200/04
16. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Emission Factor and Inventory Group (EFIG) annually produces a publication on the trends in emissions of
criteria pollutants. These publications are needed by the States to evaluate emission trends in each State and to
compare emission trends among the States. The latest such report, entitled National Air Pollutant Emission Trends
1900-1996 (EPA-454-R-97-011) was published in December 1997. Data from this report has also been used for the
Biennial Assessment report, the Air Quality Trends report, the Industrial SO2 Report to Congress, and.the 1994 Report
to Congress. The emission estimates developed and included in the Emission Trends data base have been utilized to
support development of the National Particulates Inventory, in support of recent evaluations of the particulate matter
and ozone NAAQS, in support of the FACA process, and in support of the CAA Section 812 retrospective analysis.
The enclosed procedures document provides information on the methods and data used in the beforementioned report
Methods for calculating 1900-1996 and projecting estimates for 1999-2010 are also included.
KEYWORDS/DESCRIPTORS: CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANT, EMISSION TRENDS,
17.
KEYWORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
a. DESCRIPTORS
AIR EMISSION TRENDS
AIR POLLUTION
AMMONIA
BtOGENICS
CANADA
CARBON MONOXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
NITROGEN OXIDES
OZONE
PARTICULATE MATTER
SULFUR DIOXIDE
TOTAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
b. IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION RESEARCH
AIR POLLUTION TRENDS
c. COSATI FIELD/GROUP
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
UNLIMITED
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
407
22. PRICE
UNCLASSIFIED
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