EPA 510-K-92-814
FREE-PRODUCT RELEASE DETECTION FOR
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SYSTEMS
VOLUME 2
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PETROLEUM TANK RELEASE
DETECTION WITH WELLS IN FLORIDA
PREPARED FOR:
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
OFFICE OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
SUBMITTED TO:
MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
FALLS CHURCH. VIRGINIA 22041
EPA CONTRACT NO. 68-01-7383
FEBRUARY 1988
^•fGERAGHTY
& MILLER, INC.
Ground-Water Consultants
Printed on Recycled Paper
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Funding for this project was provided under EPA Contract
68-01-7383, Work Assignment 5 (Subtask 7), administered by
EPA's Office of Underground Storage Tanks (OUST). The
Technical Project Monitor for OUST was Mr. David J. O'Brien.
This document was prepared by Geraghty & Miller, Inc., (G&M)
for the EPA prime contractor, Midwest Research Institute
(MRI). Mr. Don A. Lundy served as Project and Program
Manager for G&M and Mr. Jeffrey s. Mahan was Officer-in-
Charge. They were assisted by Ms. Michele c. Ruth and Mr.
David L. O'Brien in the Annapolis office and by Messrs. Fred
Sequitti and Paul Jacob in the G&M Florida offices.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 FLORIDA REGULATIONS REGARDING UST MONITOR-WELL
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 3
2.1 Monitor-Well Construction Specifications
Under the Provisions of Chapter 17-61 4
2.2 Monitoring-Well System Performance Criteria... 5
3.0 EFFECTIVENESS OF MONITORING WELLS FOR UST LEAK
DETECTIONS WITH RESPECT TO HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING... 7
4.0 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE UTILIZATION OF
MONITORING WELLS FOR DETECTING LEAKS FROM USTS 9
4.1 Problems Associated with Hydrogeologic
Conditions 9
4.2 Problems Associated with Well Construction.... 9
4.3 Problems Associated with Monitoring Programs.. 15
5. 0 SUMMARY 17
APPENDIX A: Florida Stationary Tanks Regulations A-l
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
As part of its program to regulate underground storage
tank (UST) systems, the Office of Underground Storage Tanks
of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency is considering a
number of methods for detecting tank releases to the sub-
surface environment. One method of interest is the use of
ground-water monitoring wells for detection of either
separate liquid-phase hydrocarbons (free product), dissolved
hydrocarbons, or organic vapors that could serve as evidence
of a release.
This report is the second of a two-volume report that
provides information and insight into the use of wells to
detect product releases. Volume 1 identifies hypothetical
conditions under which wells are either capable or sig-
nificantly limited in detecting 1ighter-than-water petroleum
products as a separate phase liquid. Volume 2 focuses on the
effectiveness of wells in an on-going regulatory program for
petroleum UST systems in Florida. As a basis for Volume 2,
Geraghty & Miller, Inc, (G&M) collected information based on
its experience at a number of petroleum UST sites in Florida.
G&M's Florida experience has included the design and instal-
lation of wells for detection and spill cleanup monitoring.
Florida's Stationary Tank Program is one of the first and
most comprehensive State programs in the nation established
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to regulate storage tanks used to store fuel for vehicular
uses. The primary objective of this report is to identify
and assess the prevalence of both successes and problems
encountered in the use of monitoring wells for UST site
conditions in Florida.
Information upon which this study is based was primarily
obtained by interviewing selected key personnel in G&M's two
Florida offices over a two-day period. Much of the informa-
tion on monitor-well failures is based on the field experi-
ence of these persons. Very little of the information is
formally documented. This information base was supplemented
with limited interviews with one vendor of product detection
well equipment and one major oil company that has a number of
UST systems currently monitored under the Florida program.
Very little specific data was obtained from either of these
two additional sources.
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2.0 FLORIDA REGULATIONS REGARDING UST MONITOR-WELL
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
The Florida Stationary Tank Program was established on
May 21, 1984, to regulate facilities within the state which
store petroleum products in above- and below-ground tanks.
It is also referred to as Chapter 17-61 of the Florida
Administrative Code and is included in Appendix A of this
report. The Stationary Tank Program specifies facility
construction, operation and repair standards, including a
schedule for the implementation of regulations for existing
tanks. By 1989, all existing tanks must have an approved
monitoring system installed, as well as overfill protection.
All tanks installed after September 1, 1984 are required to
be equipped with reliable monitoring systems at the time of
construction.
The Stationary Tank Rule allows several options for
acceptable leak-detection systems, including product inven-
tory reconciliation, hydrocarbon vapor detection, and ground-
water and/or free-product monitoring wells. Monitoring wells
may be inspected and/or sampled manually once a month or
monitored continuously by electronic sensing devices. The
following is a discussion of the specifications for monitor-
ing wells as used for leak detection.
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2.1 Monitor-Well Construction Specifications Under the
Provisions of Chapter 17-61
If monitoring wells are used to meet the requirements
for release detection monitoring systems, the well screens
.should be within the excavation zone around each new tank.
Secondary containment involves the emplacement of an imper-
vious material along the excavation boundaries. In those
cases, only one monitoring well is required within the
backfill for each tank; if no secondary contaminant is
present, a minimum of four monitoring wells must be installed
around the tank or tanks. Emplacement of wells into backfill
around older tanks is not required due to the uncertainty
about exactly where backfill is located.
In addition to the above location requirements, the
monitoring wells must be constructed in accordance with the
specifications stated within the rule. These specifications
state that the well casing shall:
1. Be a minimum of two (2) inches in diameter;
2. Be slotted from the bottom to at least two (2) feet
above the annual high water table;
3. Have a minimum slot size of 0.010 inches;
4. Be completed by backfilling with appropriate clean-
filter pack or wrapped in an appropriate filter cloth
to prevent clogging under soil conditions where silty
fines will blind the minimum slot size;
5. Be constructed of Schedule 40 PVC or other material
which is impervious to the pollutant stored;
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6. Be sealed into the borehole at the surface with an
impervious barrier designed to prevent contamination
of the well by surface pollutants and damage to the
well;
7. Be equipped with a water-tight cap; and
8. Be of sufficient length that:
a. The bottom of the casing shall be at least five
(5) feet below the water level at the time of
drilling, but no deeper than 25 feet; or
b. The casing shall extend to within six (6) inches
of the bottom of the secondary containment, but
shall not contact the containment.
Most of these well construction specifications are
fairly standard for all monitoring purposes. However, Item 8
does restrict the use of monitoring wells to site conditions
where the water table is closer than 20 feet to ground
surface, if no secondary contaminant is used. Monitoring
wells can then be used inside the secondary containment zone
independent of the depth to ground water.
2.2 Monitoring-Well System Performance Criteria
The Stationary Tanks Rule also dictates how the monitor-
ing well leak-detection system must be maintained and
operated. Along with the requirements that each of the wells
be thoroughly developed and that the wells shall be kept
capped when not being tested, the rule also makes provisions
for two different types of monitoring: 1) manual, or 2)
continuously functioning.
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If a manual detection program is employed, the operator
must sample the surface fluids from each well at least once
each month. These fluid samples may be screened for product
using one or more of the following three methods:
1. Poured into a clean, clear glass container, and
examined for signs of an oily layer or odor of
pollutant; or
2. Tested (analyzed) at the site; or
3. Sent to a laboratory and tested (analyzed).
If continuously functioning devices are used, the
operator has a wide choice of types of devices which may be
installed inside the well. All automatic leak detection
devices must be checked on a monthly basis to ensure that
they are functioning properly.
It is not required to analyze for dissolved constituents
unless a spill or leak is detected. Once a leak has been
detected/ the required analytical program which must be
implemented is currently controlled by the provisions of
Chapter 17-70 Clean-Up Criteria Rule (Chapter 17-70 is
proposed, not promulgated, and is used as a guideline) . This
rule requires that the water sample be analyzed by specific
EPA methods for dissolved hydrocarbons depending on the type
of product spilled.
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3.0 EFFECTIVENESS OF MONITORING WELLS
FOR UST LEAK DETECTIONS WITH RESPECT
TO HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
The effectiveness of a monitoring-well system at any
given site is strongly dependent on the site-specific
hydrogeologic conditions. Generally, monitoring wells are
most effective for leak detection when the water table is
shallow and is located within unconsolidated materials of
relatively high permeability. Monitoring wells are least
effective when the water table is relatively deep, or when it
is located within bedrock or low permeability, unconsolidated
materials (i.e., clays and silts), or when there are un-
defined preferential pathways of high permeability that
control product migration (e.g., buried utilities).
G&M's experience in Florida has generally been at sites
where the water table is shallow (i.e., less than seven feet
below ground surface) and where water-table fluctuations are
limited to several feet. The water table at these sites
often occurs within a layer of unconsolidated sandy materials
with the exception of limestone terrains in the southern and
some central portions of the state.
The Florida settings involving a shallow water table
with minimal fluctuations in sandy, unconsolidated units are
well suited for implementing monitoring well networks for
detecting UST releases. Except for the Miami area, these
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settings typify coastal lowlands where most of the human
population resides. These same areas have the greatest
density of petroleum UST systems, and therefore, the greatest
potential for exposure and need for reliable monitoring
systems. The general success of the Florida UST program can,
in part, be attributed to this favorable situation.
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4.0 POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE UTILIZATION OF
MONITORING WELLS FOR DETECTING LEAKS FROM USTS
There are several potential problems which may occur
with respect to the use of monitoring wells for product-
release detection. The major factors which are most likely
to affect the success or failure of wells are the hydro-
geologic conditions, well-construction details, and the
methods by which well observations are made.
4.1 Problems Associated with Hydroqeoloqic Conditions
As discussed previously, the hydrogeologic conditions of
a particular site strongly affect the performance of monitor-
ing wells for product-leak detection. The location and nature
of the water table is of primary importance to the effective-
ness of the monitoring-well system. In addition, the site
geology may also strongly influence released-product migra-
tion, and therefore, the effectiveness of a well system.
The depth of the water table is an important influence
on the effectiveness of wells. Deep water-table conditions
will result in a more significant environmental impact due to
migration of liquid-phase hydrocarbons vertically under
gravity. The hydrocarbon will adhere to the soil matrix as
it migrates making it difficult to recover. These absorbed
hydrocarbons may serve as a source of dissolved components
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leached to the water table with infiltrating water. For this
reason, Florida has restricted the use of monitoring wells to
conditions where the water table is closer than 20 feet from
ground surface. Given sufficient product release, free or
.dissolved product will eventually reach the water table in
all hydrogeologic settings in Florida. However, the objec-
tive is to minimize the degree of environmental impact prior
to detection, thus rendering subsequent remedial measures
more manageable, effective and less costly.
In some parts of Florida, especially near surface waters
or in coastal areas, a shallow water table can create
problems for effective product-release monitoring. In areas
where the water-table is within a few feet of ground surface,
it becomes very difficult to construct a well which meets the
Chapter 17-61 specification of having a slotted screen two
feet above the annual high water table while meeting local
water district specifications for a surface seal around the
well. If the local rule supercedes the Chapter 17-61 rule,
free product will not be detectable within the well when the
water tables rises to the level of the well seal.
Water-table fluctuations are generally a common source
of well failure for leak detection. It is essential that the
well screen is situated such that it always intercepts the
water table, and therefore, any potential floating product
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layer. However, sometimes it is difficult to predict the
expected water-table fluctuation at a given site prior to
monitoring. Water-table fluctuations may follow natural
seasonal trends, tide cycles, or may be attributed to ground-
.water pumping or injection. If the monitoring-well system is
installed during high water-table conditions, the water table
may drop too low, rendering the wells dry and unsuitable for
product detection. If the wells are installed during low
water-table conditions, the water table may rise sufficiently
such that the water table, and therefore, any floating
product layer, may be above the screened interval. This
condition is of particular concern because it is likely that
an operator monitoring the well may not notice that the water
table is too high, and released product may go undetected.
Water-table fluctuations in Florida are generally small (less
than five feet), so that this problem usually does not occur;
however, in the few areas where larger water-table fluctua-
tions occur, or when the water table moves due to pumping or
injection, the problem has been reported. There have been a
few cases noted where the water table was above the screened
interval of some of the wells, and floating product went
undetected during the high water-table season; it is possible
that this situation has occurred at other sites in Florida
but has gone unnoticed.
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The composition, texture and sequence of strata over-
lying the water table may also influence the effectiveness of
monitoring-wells in Florida. In the karstic limestone and
fractured bedrock areas, the well must be hydraulically
connected with the portion of the bedrock which receives the
released product. Whether or not one or more wells in the
network is hydraulically connected with the product mass is
frequently a matter of chance. This is especially true when
openings in the rock are small and widely spaced. When the
water table is located within low permeability units such as
clay, detection problems may also arise because product is
unlikely to migrate through water-saturated clay and silt
units. This a result of the relatively low wettability of
floating product compared with that of water and the prefer-
ence for movement in larger pores of coarser-grained mate-
rials that may occur in backfill of tank or utility excava-
tions. If product is released to a subsurface environment
which contains layers of clay and/or silt within sandy
material above the water table, product will tend to perch
upon and flow around the clay and silt units. Perching units
can slow down vertical migration of product and delay its
arrival at the water table, or control flow direction other
than the water-table gradient, thereby delaying its dis-
covery. Free product is harder to detect above a perching
horizon, especially if no water is also perched prior to the
accumulation of product.
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4.2 Problems Associated with Well Construction
It is essential that monitoring wells be properly
constructed and maintained to effectively detect product
releases. Of primary importance is the proper construction
and development of the screened zone of the well, and the
sealing of the annulus between the gravel pack and land
surface.
It is critical to maintain hydraulic communication
between surrounding strata and the well. Three problems can
be identified based on G&M's experience:
Improper drilling, design, or construction techniques
Inadequate well development
Clogging of screens by bacteria
In southern Florida, particularly in settings which contain
softer limestones, drilling through the bedrock with augers
can result in the production of a limestone paste which seals
the fractures along the borehole wall, inhibiting the
transmission of fluids from the surrounding aquifer. When
wells are constructed in these types of boreholes, it maybe
impossible to ever develop the well sufficiently to ensure
reliable monitoring. Although other drilling methods could
possibly prevent this problem, auger drilling is still the
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method of choice in Florida due to lower costs, greater
mobility, avoidance of cross contamination between wells and
other advantages related to well construction.
In areas underlain by unconsolidated sediments, monitor
well screens must be installed with a gravel or sand pack of
an appropriate size distribution to prevent the accumulation
of sand or silt in the well. After the well is constructed,
the well should be developed sufficiently to remove a
majority of the fine materials from the system. Without
sufficient hydraulic communication between the aquifer and
the well, the use of monitoring wells for product detection
cannot be considered reliable. This problem appears to be
very rare probably because gravel-packed monitor wells are
being drilled without drilling muds and are being developed
adequately to establish good hydraulic communication.
At some locations in Florida it has been reported that
well screens can become clogged with bacterial growth,
particularly if diesel fuel is present in the subsurface.
Bacterial clogging of screens is more likely to be a problem
during clean-up monitoring rather than detection monitoring.
Above the well screen, the annulus between the borehole
and the casing must be properly sealed to ensure the surface
fluids do not enter the wells. This is important to prevent
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entry of contaminants from the surface environment, and to
eliminate the occurrence of false alarms which could result
from product on the surface short-circuiting to the aquifer
through the annulus around the well. Once wells are in
place, it is important that the integrity of the wells are
maintained. Well casings and surface seals may become
structurally damaged, particularly in sandy soils, via impact
by motor vehicles.
4.3 Problems Associated with Monitoring Programs
Monitoring-well systems may be checked manually or
equipped with continuously detection systems. There are a
few potential problems associated with each type of program.
If a manual detection program is employed, Chapter 17-61
Florida requires that each monitoring well be checked on a
monthly basis for any evidence of product release. The
obvious potential problem with this type of program is that a
significant leak could occur shortly after the day of
monitoring, and not be detected until up to a month later.
If the leak is large enough, significant environmental impact
could occur prior to detection. If an operator chooses to
observe the wells at the beginning of one month and at the
end of the succeeding month, almost two months can elapse
without any observations being made. Although significant
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releases could go undetected between such infrequent observa-
tions, none were reported in G&M's limited investigation.
This is probably because daily product inventories would
allow discovery of significant losses within the two-month
time frame.
In addition, slow leaks could result in the degradation
of water quality by slowly imparting dissolved hydrocarbons
to the aquifer without being visibly or odiferously notice-
able. In this type of situation, slow leaks could go
undetected for a long period of time.
There are a variety of commercially available continuous
detection systems which can be installed inside wells. These
types of systems also have some potential problems associated
with their use. The mechanism by which these systems detect
hydrocarbons varies, but generally they are triggered by the
presence of product. For this reason, as with manual
programs, slow leaks resulting only in dissolved hydrocarbon
constituents in the aquifer can go undetected. Also, many of
these automatic systems are reported to be prone to trigger-
ing of false alarms. This commonly results in operators
disconnecting the systems, thus rendering the systems
ineffective. The possibility of these systems malfunctioning
also exists. Chapter 17-61 requires these to be checked on a
monthly basis to ensure that they are functioning properly.
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As with manual monitoring programs, a release could poten-
tially go undetected for up to a two months and result in
significant problems. However, no such events were noted in
our investigation.
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5.0 SUMMARY
Based on G&M's experience, monitoring wells can and have
been used effectively to detect released product from USTs in
Florida. However, it is important to recognize the potential
limitations of monitoring wells for this purpose. The
primary influences on the effectiveness of monitoring wells
for a leak detection system are:
1. The hydrogeologic setting,
2. Monitoring-well design, construction and development,
and
3. The methods by which well observations are made.
The hydrogeologic settings of Florida are generally well
suited for the use of monitoring wells for product leak
detection. Monitoring-well design/construction/development,
and monitoring-program implementation, have apparently
created only a few instances in Florida when monitoring wells
have failed to detect a leak. In the vast majority of cases,
these failures have not resulted in additional serious damage
to the environment or to increased risks of exposure to
humans.
It is important to note that monitoring successes are
much more easy to recognize than failures. It is possible
that, due to limitations of current monitoring technology,
some failures have gone unnoticed.
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APPENDIX A
FLORIDA STATIONARY TANK REGULATIONS
A-l
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DER 17-61
STATIONARY TANKS
9/86
17-61.001
17-61.002
17-61.003
17-61.004
17-61.005
17-61.006
17-61.007
17-61.008
17-61.009
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction and Scope.
Definitions.
Referenced Standards.
Applicability.
General Provisions.
Facility Construction, Operation and Repair Standards.
Financial Responsibility. (Reserved) . .
Approval of Alternative Procedures and Requirements.
Stationary Tank Forms.
LISTING OF AMENDMENTS
'? - C,l. 005(5)(a. ) =
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
1
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DER 17-61.001
STATIONARY TANKS
9/86
17-61.001 Introduction and Scope.
(1) In Section 376.30, Florida Statutes, the Legislature finds and declares
that: . '
(a) the storage of pollutants within the state is a hazardous undertaking
and that the discharge of pollutants poses a great threat to the environment
and the citizens of Florida, and
(b) the preservation of surface water and groundwater quality is a primary
public concern and the benefit of regulating the storage of pollutants out-
weighs the burden imposed on facilities by these rules.
(2) This chapter establishes rules regulating underground and aboveground pol-
lutant storage facilities. In addition to the requirements of this chapter,
facilities may be subject to the groundwater requirements of Chapters 17-3 and
17-4, FAC.
Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S.
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S.
History: New 5-21-84.
17-51.002 Definitions.
(1) "Abandoned" means a storage system which:
(a) is not intended to be returned to service, or
(b) has been out of service for over three (3) years, or
(c) cannot be tested in accordance with the requirements of this Chapter.
(2) "Aboveground tank" means that more than ninety percent (90%) of the tank
volume is not buried below the ground surface. An aboveground tank may either
be in contact with the ground, or elevated above it.
(3) "API" means American Petroleum Institute.
(4) "ASTM" means American Society for Testing and Materials.
(5) "Department" means the Department of Environmental Regulation.
*
(6) "Discharge" shall include, but not be limited to, any spilling, leaking,
seeping, pouring, emitting, emptying, or dumping of any pollutant which occurs
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
2
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STATIONARY TANKS -
PER 17-61.002(6) . g/8g
and affects lands and the surface waters and groundwaters of the state not regu-
lated by Sections 376.011 - 376.21, Florida Statutes.
(7) "Discovery" means either actual discovery or knowledge of the existence of
the abandoned facility or discharge.
(8) "Emergency replacement" means the replacement of the damaged parts of a
storage system when that storage system is leaking and cannot be repaired to
meet the standards contained in Sections 17-61.005 and 17-61.006.
(9) "Existing" means a facility or tank for which installation of a tank began
prior to September 1, 1984.
(10) "Facility" means any nonresidential location or part thereof containing a
stationary storage system or systems which contain pollutants, which have an
individual storage capacity greater than 550 gallons, and which are not regu-
lated by Sections 376.011 - 376.21, Florida Statutes. ,
(11) "Impervious material" means a material of sufficient thickness, density
and composition (e.g., concrete, metal, plastic, clay) that will prevent the
discharge to the lands, ground waters, or surface waters of the state of any
pollutant for a period at least as long as the maximum anticipated time during
which the pollutant will be in contact with the material.
(12) "In service" means a storage system which contains pollutants and has
pollutants regularly added or withdrawn.
(13). "Integral piping system" means continuous on-site wetted pipes within the
facility used in the transfer or transmission of pollutant to and from a storage
tank.
(14) "NACE" means National Association of Corrosion Engineers.
(15) "New" means a facility or tank for which the installation of a tank began
on or after September 1, 1984.
(16) "NFPA" means National Fire Protection Association, Inc.
(17) "Non-residential" means the primary purpose of the tank is the operation
of a business rather than domestic use such as home heating at the facility.
(18) "Operator" means any person operating. a facility whether by lease, con-
tract, or other form of agreement.
(19) "Out of Service" means a storage system which:
(a) is not in use; that is, which does not have pollutants regularly added
to or withdrawn from the storage system; and
(b) is intended to be placed in service.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
3
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STATIONARY TANKS -
DER 17-61.002(20) : 9/86
(20) "Owner" means any person owning a storage system or part thereof.
(21) "Person" means any individual, partner, joint venture, corporation; any
group of the foregoing, organized or united for a business purpose; or any
governmental entity.
.(22) "Pipe" means any hollow cylinder or tubular conveyance which is constructed
of non-earthen materials (e.g., concrete, metal, plastic, glass) and is designed
to transport pollutant. . . .
(23) "Pollutant" in accordance with Section 1376.32(6) is interpreted to mean:
(a) "oil of any kind and in any form" and "derivatives thereof" to include,
" but not be limited to, crude petroleum or liquid products that are derived
from crude petroleum by distillation, cracking, hydroforming, and/or other
petroleum refinery processes to include "gasoline";
\
(b) "pesticides" means all preparations intended for use as insecticides,
rodentieides, nematocides, fungicides, herbicides, amphibian and reptile
poisons or repellents, fish poisons or .repellents, mammal poisons or re-
pellents, invertebrate animal poisons or repellents, plant regulators, plant
defoliants, and plant desiccants. A product shall be deemed to be a pesti-
cide regardless of whether intended for use as packaged or after dilution or
mixture with other substances, such as carriers of baits. Products intended
only for use after further, processing or manufacturing, such as grinding to
dust or more extensive operations, shall not be deemed to be pesticides.
Substances which have recognized commercial uses other than uses as pestici-
des shall not be deemed to be pesticides unless such substances are:
1. specially prepared for use as pesticides, or
2. labeled, represented, or intended for use as pesticides;
(c) "ammonia" and "derivatives thereof include, but are not limited to,
anhydrous liquid ammonia (NH«), ammonia in aqueous solution (NH .OH), ammonium
salts or other liquid chemical preparations which when discharged release
free ammonia (NH3), or ammonium ion (NH4+);
(d) "chlorine" and "derivatives thereof1 include, but are not limited to,
anhydrous liquid chlorine (Clo), chlorine in aqueous solution (H+ HOC1 CO,
compounds containing hypochlorite (C1O-), chlorite (ClOj-), chlorate
(C1O3-), perchlorate (ClOy-) ions, and other liquid preparations which, when
discharged, release free chlorine (Cl or C19) or any of the above chlorine-
containing ions.
(24) "Pollutant-tight" means a material which is not subject to significant
chemical or physical deterioration by the pollutant which is or could be con-
tained therein so as to prevent discharge of the pollutant.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
4
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STATIONARY TANKS
PER 17-61.002(25) 9/86
(25) "Retrofit" means to modify a storage system to meet standards contained
in this Chapter.
(26) "Secretary" means the secretary of the Department of Environmental Regu-
lation.
(27) "Significant loss or gain" means a loss or gain of pollutant in a storage
system over five (5) consecutive inventory periods which exceeds one percent
(1%) of the storage system capacity, or one percent (1%) of the output, or 50
gallons, whichever is greater.
(28) "Stationary" means a tank or tanks not meant for multiple site use or a
tank or tanks which remain at the facility site for a period of 180 days or
longer.
(29) "Storage system" means a storage tank and all associated integral piping,
excluding aboveground dispensing units.
(30) "Substantial modifications" shall mean the construction of any additions
to an existing storage system or restoration, refurbishment or renovation which
significantly impairs or affects the physical integrity of the storage system
or its monitoring system.
(31) "Tank" means an enclosed stationary device which is constructed primarily
of non-earthen materials (e.g., concrete, metal, plastic, glass) and which is
designed for the primary purpose of storing pollutants.
(32) WUL" means Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
(33) "Underground tank" means that ten percent (1090 or more of the tank volume
is buried below the ground surface.
Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S.
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S.
History: New 5-21-84.
1REGfile.system Editor's Note: Section 376.32(6) in session law chapter 83-310 s.
84 was renumbered as 376.301(10), Florida Statutes.
17-61.003 Referenced Standards.
(1) Referenced standards are available for inspection at the Department of
Environmental Regulation's District and Tallahassee Offices and from the fol-
lowing sources:
(a) American Petroleum Institute (API), 1220 L Street, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20005;
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STATIONARY TANKS '
DER 17-61.003(b) ' 9/86
(b) National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE), P.O. Box 218340,
Houston, Texas 77218;
(c) National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Batterymarch Park, Quincy,
Massachusetts 02269;
(d) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 1916 Race Street,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103; and
(e) Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 333 Pfingston Road, Northbrook, Illi-
nois 60062. .
(2) Titles of documents. Specific references to documents listed in (a) through
(e) below are made throughout this Chapter. Each of these documents or parts
thereof are adopted and incorporated as standards only to the extent that they
are specifically referenced in this Chapter.
(a) National Fire Protection Association Standards.
1. Standard Number 30, 1981, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code";
2. Standard. Number 329, 1983, "Underground Leakage of Flammable and Com-
bustible Liquids".
(b) American Petroleum Institute Standards.
1; Standard . Number 650, 1980, "Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage,"
Seventh Edition;
2.' Standard Number 620, 1982, "Recommended Rules for Design and Con-
struction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks," Seventh Edition;
3. Publication 1110, 1981, "Recommended Practice for the Pressure Testing
of Liquid Petrole'um Pipelines";
4. Specification Number 12B, 1977 (and Supplement 1, 1982), "Specifi-
cation for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids," Twelveth Edi-
tion;
5. Specification Number 12D, 1982 (and Supplement 1, 1983), "Specifi-
cation for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids," Ninth
Edition;
6. Specification Number 12F, 1982 (and Supplement 1, 1983), "Specifi-
cation for Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids," Eighth
Edition;
7. Bulletin 1615, 1979, "Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage
Systems";
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PER 17-61.003(2)(b)8. STATIONARY TANKS -
^r
o'f
10. Publication 1631, 1983, "Recommended Practice for the Interior r !„,•„„
of Existing Steel Underground Storage Tanks"; and • . Ior Llnln8
*««- ** Bulk Liquid Stock
(d) Underwriters. Laboratories standards.
Tanks
and Comtoti-
Specific Authority: 376.303. F.S.
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S. *
History: New 5-21-84. •''••-. *'
17-61.004 Applicability.
(1) Standards contained in this Chapter shall
used on and off roads, aircraft, watercraft. afijl. and Twhi "J2rf2' sto°r?
® ^ Exemptions. The following are exempt from the requirements of this Chap-
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. , " STATIONARY TANKS -
DER.7-61.004(2)(a)
(a) Stationary storage systems which contain liquefied petroleum Up) gas;
(b) Stationary storage systems whose contents have a softening point above
100°F.
(c) Aboveground tanks which are elevated above the soil and comply with
subparagraph 17-61.006(l)(c)2. shall comply only with the req uvements of
. paragraph 17-61.005(4)(b) concerning discharges, subsection 17-61-°°nnRmST
cerning registration and notification, and subparagraphs 17-61.006(l)(d)2.
and 3. concerning repair. . "
. (3) This rule shall not apply ,to new large petroleum storage facilities (often
:•<-. known as tank farms) which have more than five (5) above-ground storage tanks
# whose total combined storage capacity exceeds 500,000 gallons of stored petro-
I leum product 'at any one time. The department will regulate these new large
I petroleum storage facilities on a case-by-case basis until such time as speci-
'. fie rules governing. such facilities are adopted.
^
Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S.
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S.
, History: New 5-21-84.
17-61.005 General Provisions.
•• (1) Registration and Notification Requirements.
(a) Each owner or operator shall register the following on forms provided
by the department:
1. All existing facilities by December 31, 1984.
2. All new storage systems or facilities at feast ten (10) days prior to
start of installation of tanks except in cases of emergency replacement.
3. A non-pollutant containing installation which is to be converted to a
facility, at least ten (10) days prior to the placement of pollutants in
such a facility. . ' *
(b) 'Each owner or operator shall make notification of the following on forms
provided by the department. .
1. All storage systems within ten (10) days of abandonment.
2. Facility sale within ten (10) days of the sale. Notice shall be made
by the seller.
- 3. Retrofitting of existing facilities within ten (10) days of comple-
tion.
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PER 17-61.005(lXb)4. ' 9/86
4. Results of tank testing which reveals a discharge within three (3)
working days of testing.
5. Discharges exceeding 100 gallons on pervious surfaces as described in
Section 17-61.005(4)(b) within three (3) working days of discovery.
6. * Positive response of a detection device, monitoring well test or
sample or laboratory report within three (3) working days of discovery.
(2) Overfill protection. No person shall construct, install, use, or maintain
any new facility without providing a reliable means of detecting and preventing
an overfilling condition of a storage system before any discharge can occur.
Overfill protection may consist of:
(a) an impervious containment system, or
(b) a tight fill device, or
(c) another equivalent design approved by the department.
(3) Storage system status. A facility may contain storage systems which are:
(a) In-service storage systems. Any pollutant may be placed in an in-
service storage system if the storage system is pollutant-tight and meets
the requirements of this Chapter.
. (b) Out-of-service storage systems.
1. An out-of-service storage system shall have recorded a weekly inven-
tory of contents and the results of monthly leak detection and monitoring
system examinations unless the storage system contains no free liquid
pollutant or vapors. An out-of-service storage system which contains no
pollutant shall be secured against tampering and unauthorized filling and
inspected monthly for signs of damage to the security system. The storage
system may be filled with water for ballasting. The water shall be
disposed of in an environmentally sound manner consistent with department
rules when pumped out of the system. •
2. A storage system may be kept in the out-of-service status for more
than three (3) years and not deemed abandoned if approved by the depart-
ment.
(c) Abandoned storage systems. ' • - :
1. The owner of an abandoned storage system must within 90 days after
discovery, pump the system clean of free liquid, and remove the storage
system in a safe manner, except that underground tanks may be filled with
sand, concrete, or other inert material in lieu of removal, in accordance
with the requirements in API Bulletin 1604, 1981, Chapter 2.
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• DiR •iT-SI.OOSCSXO*. STATIONARY TAHKS
9/86
2. The owner or operator of an abandoned tank shall not dispose of it
unless he meets the requirements of API 1604, Chapters 3 and 6, and:
a. the tank is removed for sale or use elsewhere, in which case it
must be permanently labeled "Not For Food Use" if it has at any time
contained leaded fuel, cleaned, and made vapor free to be safe in
transit; or
b. the tank is disposed of as junk by rendering it vapor free, and
dismantling or perforating it in a safe manner so as to render it unfit
for further use. . .
3. An abandoned storage system may be brought into service only if it
has been completely retrofitted in compliance with the applicable require-
ments in Section 17-61.006.
4. No person shall place pollutants in an abandoned storage system.
\ ' .
(4) Record Keeping, Discharge Reporting and Contamination Cleanup.
(a) Records required in Sections 17-61.005, and 17-61.006 shall be maintained
in permanent form for two .(2) years and shall be available for inspection by
. the department at the facility. If records are not kept at the facility they
shall be available at the facility or other location approved by the depart-
ment upon two (2) working days notice. Records of the following are required
as a minimum.
1. Measurements taken and reconciliations of inventory.
2. Results of examinations of monitoring-wells and other leak detection
systems.
• 3. Dates of retrofitting of existing storage systems.
4. Results of maintenance examinations of storage systems.
5. Results of interior examinations of aboveground tanks.
6. Results of all NFPA 329 tests of underground tanks.
7. Results of tests of pipes.
. 8. Descriptions of repairs.
(b) Any person discharging pollutants from a facility described in Section
17-61.004(1) shall: . .
1. immediately undertake to contain, remove, and abate the discharge;
and
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DER 17-61.005(4)(c)2.
STATIONARY TANKS
9786
2. in the case of a discharge to the groundwater in violation of appli-
cable standards, as soon as possible institute such further corrective
action as necessary under the provisions of Section 17-4.245(7), FAC.
(c) Leak Detection Systems, Inventory Schedules and Loss investigation.
1. Leak detection devices.
a. All continuously operating leak detection systems or devices shall
be installed, maintained, and operated in accordance with manufac-
turer's requirements, and shall include a warning device to indicate
the presence of a leak of pollutant or other failure or breach of
integrity. A leak detection device shall be inspected at least once a
month to determine that the device is functioning.
b. All monitoring wells for which manual test devices or methods are
used shall .be tested at least once a month in a manner which will
indicate the presence of a pollutant leak or other failure or breach
of integrity. % •
c. All monitoring wells not tested with automatic or manual detection
devices or methods shall be tested at least once a month in accordance
with the requirements in 17-61.005(5)(b) below.
d. A monitoring well which contains less than one (1) foot of water
may not be tested by removal of a sample as described in Section
17-61.005(5)(b) below, but must be tested with a manual or automatic
detection method.
2. Inventory records.
a. All facilities shall maintain inventory records for each pollutant-
containing tank as required in Section 17-614006. The data required
shall be accumulated for each day a tank has pollutants added or with-
drawn, but not less frequently than'once a week.
b. Losses or gains from each day's inventory shall be averaged for
each five (5) consecutive readings or once a week. For any average
which is a significant loss or gain, the investigation procedure below
shall be followed. • . .
3. Investigation procedure. The investigation shall not stop until the
source of the discrepancy has been found, the tank has been tested,
repaired, or replaced, or the entire procedure has been completed.
a. Inventory, input, and output records shall be checked for arith-
metical error.
b. Inventory shall be checked for error in measurement.
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PER 17-61.005(4)to)3.e. STATIONARY TANKS
c. If the significant loss or gain is not reconcilable by steps a.
and b., or cannot be affirmatively demonstrated to be the result of
theft, the accessible parts of the storage system shall be checked for
damage or leaks.
d. Monitoring wells and leak detection systems shall be checked for
signs of a discharge.
e. * Calibration of the inventory measuring system and any dispensers
shall be checked. . . -
. , • ' • f• The entire storage system, excluding the vent but including joints
and' remote fill lines, shall be tested in accordance with the appli-
cable portions of Section 17-61.006.
g. If a discharge or leak is discovered, the requirements of appli-
cable Sections 17-61.006(l)(d), (2)(d), or (3Xd) shall be met.
i (5) Monitoring wells.
V • - '
\ , (a). Monitoring wells used to meet the requirements of Section 17-61.006
\ shall be designed to meet the following specifications, or shall be a part
, of an approved groundwater monitoring plan for the pollutant storage faci-
» lity pursuant to 17-4.245. Monitoring wells installed before' the effective
, date of this Chapter may be used as a. part of a monitoring system as
• approved by the department. The well casing shall:
I 1. be a minimum of two (2) inches in diameter;
2. be slotted from the bottom to at least two (2) feet above the normal
annual high water table;
3. have a minimum slot size of .010 inches; *
i .
I 4. be completed by backfilling with appropriate clean filter pack or
wrapping in an appropriate filter cloth to prevent clogging under soil
conditions where silty fines will blind the minimum slot size;
5. be-constructed of schedule 40 PVC or other material which is imper-
vious to the pollutant stored; .
6. be sealed into the bore hole at the surface with an impervious
barrier designed to prevent contamination of the well by surface pollu-
tants and damage to the well;
7. be equipped with a watertight cap; and
8.. be of sufficient length that: •
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PER 17-61.005ft)(a)a.». STATIOHARY TAHgS ,.
a. the bottom of the casing shall be at least five (5) fe'et below the
water level at the time of drilling but no deeper than twenty-five
(25) feet; or J
b. the casing shall extend to within six (6) inches of the bottom of
a secondary containment, but shall not contact the containment.
(b) All monitoring wells shall:
1. be placed as required in Section 17-61.006; and
2. if water enters the. well, be developed upon drilling until the water
is clear and relatively sand free by overpumping, bailing, surging with
compressed air, backwashing, a combination of the above, or other methods
approved by the department; and U«SMIWK>
3. if not equipped with a continuously functioning detection device or
tested with a portable device inserted into the well, be sampled by'the
removal of at least one (1) cup of fluid from the well, using a Kemmerer-
type sampler, bailer, or a sampler of similar design. The fluid shall be
taken from the surface of the water table. The fluid shall:
a. be poured into a clean, clear glass container kept for the pur-
pose, and examined for signs of an oily layer or odor of pollutant; or
b. be tested at the site; or
be sent to a laboratory and tested.
(c) The positive response of a detection device, the presence of a layer or
odor of pollutant, or the positive report of a laboratory that the sample
contains pollutant shall be treated as a discharge unless the owner or ooe-
rator affirmatively demonstrates that no discharge his occurred.
(d) All wells shall be kept capped when not being tested.
(6) Required testing.
(a) In addition to the testing requirements of Section 17-61.005(4)(c)3.f.,
the owner or operator of a storage system shall test the entire storage
system whenever the department has ordered that such a test is necessary to
protect the lands, ground waters, or surface waters of the state. The
department may order a test if: •-»
1. the operator of a storage system has failed to comply with the orovi-
sions of Section 17-61.006; or * P
2. a discharge detection device or monitoring well indicates that pollu-
tant has been or is being discharged; or
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DER 17-61.005(6)(a)3. 9/86
3. groundwater contamination exists in the vicinity and the facility is
reasonably likely to be a source of the contamination.
(b) Testing shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements of Sec-
tions 17-61.006(l)(d)4., 17-61.006(2)(d)4., and 17-61.006(3)(a)4.
Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S. •
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S.
History: New 5-21-84. . . ... . . •
17-61.006 Facility Construction, Operation and Repair Standards.
(D Aboveground Facilities
(a) All storage tanks. Inventory records as required by subparagraph
17-61.005(4)(c)2^' shall be- maintained for all aboveground tanks and shall
include:
'1. -pollutant contained,
2. physical inventory,
3. inputs and outputs of pollutant, and
4. reconciliation of the above.
(b) New storage tanks.
1. No person shall install, use or maintain any new aboveground storage
system in a manner which will allow the discharge of a pollutant to the
lands, groundwaters, or surface waters of the £tate, and without meeting
the requirements contained in NFPA 30, Chapters 2-1, 2-2, 2-5 and 2-7;
API Standards 650, 620, 12B and Supplement 1, 12D and. Supplement 1, 12F
and Supplement 1, and UL 142, as applicable.
2. No person shall use or maintain any new aboveground storage system
without having constructed around and under it an impervious containment
system, including a dike enclosing the tank or tanks, conforming to the
requirements of NFPA Sp^phapter 2-2.3, regardless of whether or not the
tank is in contact with the" containment or supported above it.
a. The dikes and the entire areas enclosed by the dikes including the
area under the tanks shall be made impervious to the types of pollu-
tants stored in the tanks. ...
b. Drainage of precipitation from within the diked area shall be
controlled in a manner that will prevent pollutants from entering the
lands, groundwaters or surface waters of the state in excess of water
quality standards established by department rule.
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PER 17-61.006H1(b)3. STATIONARY TANKS ,
3. No person shall construct, install, use or maintain any new above-
ground metal tank making contact with the soil unless portions in contact
with the soil are corrosion protected. Such corrosion protection shall be
in accordance with NACE Standard Number RP-01-69.
(c) Existing storage tanks.
1. Commencing January 1, 1990, no person shall use, maintain or fill
with pollutants any existing in-service aboveground storage system
without conforming to all of the requirements of Section 17-61.006(l)(a)
and (b) above, except that impervious barriers are not required under
existing field-erected tanks in contact with the soil. In lieu of the
impervious barrier, existing field-erected tanks in contact with the soil
shall have:
a. the interior bottom and at least 18 inches of the interior sides
joining the' bottom of the tank coated with a glass fiber-reinforced
epoxy coating or other suitable material which in impervious to the
pollutant to be stored; or
b. a network of monitoring wells installed outside of and around the
dike surrounding the tank or tanks. There shall be at least four
wells in each network, with no two consecutive wells farther apart
than 150 feet. Each well shall be within 25 feet of the dike, and may
be part of more than one network; or
c. a groundwater monitoring plan submitted and implemented for the
poUutant storage facility in accordance with the requirements in
Chapter 17-4.245, FAC, or
d. a copy of a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure plan for
the poUutant storage facility as required bv 40 CFR Part 112, sub-
mitted to the department; or
e. the portions of the tank in contact with the soil corrosion pro-
tected in accordance with NACE RP-01-69.
+
2. Commencing January 1, 1990, no person shall use, maintain or fill any
existing tank elevated above the soil without placing an impervious con-
tainment system under and around It and sealed to its supports in-accor-
dance with NFPA 30, Section 2-2.3.3.
(d) Pollutant leaks, maintenance, and repairs.
1. The owner or operator of an aboveground facility shall at least once
a month inspect the exterior of each pollutant-containing tank and the
dike and impervious containment surrounding the tank for wetting, disco-
loration, blistering, corrosion, cracks, or other signs of structural
damage, paying particular attention to the condition of the containment
at the base of the tank.
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• • STATIONARY TANKS
DER 17-61.006(l)(d)2. ' §/86
2. Any aboveground tank which shows signs of damage which could impair
the ability of the tank to retain pollutants shall, as soon as prac-
ticable, be drained of sufficient contents to permit repair.
3. When an aboveground tank is found to be leaking, the leak shall be
contained as soon as practicable or the tank must be drained of suf-
ficient contents to prevent further leakage and allow repair.
4. When the inventory records of an aboveground tank show a significant
loss' or gain-of pollutant and tank testing is required, the tank shall be
"emptied, cleaned, and visually and mechanically or electronically exa-
mined on ..the interior and bottom, or tested by other means approved by
the department. • ...
5. No person shall use or repair an aboveground tank which is leaking or
which has leaked without:
" \
a. containing the leak; > '
- 6. performing or having the repairs performed in a manner which re-
stores the structural integrity of the tank, except that temporary
repairs may be made to lesser standards and may remain in place for up
to six (6) months.
6. Any dike or impervious containment which shows damage which could
impair its ability to retain pollutants shall be repaired.
(2) Underground Facilities.
(a) All storage tanks.
1. Inventory records . as required by subparagraph 17-61.005(4)(c)2. shall
be maintained for all underground tanks in a manner equivalent to that
shown in API 1621, Appendices A, D, and J3, and shall include as a mini-
mum: :
a. pollutant contained,
b. physical inventory, .
c. inputs and outputs of pollutant,
• d. amount of water in tank, and .
e. reconciliation of the above.
2. Where a tank .has pollutants added and withdrawn for 24 hours per day,
physical inventory shall be measured at least every 24 hours.
(b) New storage tanks.
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STATIONARY TANKS
PER 17-61.006(2)(b)l.
1. All new tanks installed for the underground storage of pollutants
shall be designed and constructed in a manner which will prevent
discharges of pollutant to the land, groundwaters, or surface waters of
the state. Acceptable designs for tank construction include cathodically
protected steel, glass fiber-reinforced plastic, steel clad with glass
fiber-reinforced plastic, double-walled steel or plastic, or other
equivalent design approved by the department. Design, construction and
installation of new underground tanks shall be in accordance with stan-
dards contained in NFPA 30, Chapters 2-1 and 2-3, API 1615, Chapters 3(3)
and 3(4), and UL 58 or UL 1316, and manufacturers' requirements. The
design of double-walled tanks shall be approved by the department on a
case-by-case basis.
2. All new tanks shall be equipped with a strike plate beneath the fill
pipe and gauge opening.
3. All new tanks must be provided with a means of monitoring for any
leakage and spillage of the stored pollutant at the time of installation.
The monitoring system may consist of:
a. a continuous leak detection system in between the walls of a
double-walled tank; or
b. a single monitoring well or detector located in an impervious
secpndary_.containment; or
4n. a continuously operatlng_leak. ..detection system placed around a
/ tank in an excavation or secondary containment "in accordance with the
^•^manufacturer's requirements; or .~
d. a network of at least four monitoring wells placed in the excava-
tion around a tank or tanks in compliance with requirements of Section
17-61.005; or
•*•-
e. a groundwater monitoring plan submitted to and approved by the
department for the pollutant storage facility pursuant to Chapter
17-4.245; or
.f. a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure plan for the pollu-
tant storage facility as required by 40 CFR Part 112, submitted to the
department; or
^=.g. .another alternative approved by the department.
4. A cathodically protected tank -shall meet the specifications in API
1632, be coated in accordance with NACE RP-01-69, and shall meet the
following requirements:
a. A sacrificial anode-type tank shall be electrically isolated.
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DER 17-61.006(2)(b)4.b.
STATIONARY TANKS
9/86
b. A tank protected by an impressed current system shall:
i. be designed so that the impressed current source cannot
be de-energized at any time, including during closure of the
facility, except during power failures or to perform service
work on the storage system or the impressed current cathodic
protection system; and
iu include a continuously operating meter to show that the
. system is working. . . .
5. A glass fiber-reinforced plastic tank shall:
a. be tested in accordance with ASTM Specification D4021-81; and
b. be labeled on the tank and fill cap "Non-metallic Underground Tank
for Petroleum Products, Alcohols, and Alcohol-Gasoline Mixtures", or
"Non-metallic Underground Tank for Petroleum Products Only".
6. A glass fiber-reinforced plastic-clad steel tank shall as a minimum:
a. be cleaned by sandblasting to SSPC 6;
b. be dad with a mixture of isophthalic resin and fiberglass 100
mils thick;
c. be tested by a 10,000 volt Jioliday test performed over 100 percent
of the surface; and . tf
d. be electrically isolated.
(c) Existing storage tanks. *
1. Commencing January 1, 1999, no person shall use, maintain, or fill
any in-service existing underground storage system without retrofitting
the system so as to comply with all of the provisions of 17-61.006(2)(b),
except that:
a. strike plates are not required to be retrofitted; and
b. tanks which are other than the approved types must either be lined
in accordance with the recommendations in API 1631, or replaced with
an approved type tank. A tank which has been lined shall be tightness
tested before being put into service.
2. In achieving the above compliance, retrofitting shall be completed by
December 31 of the appropriate year shown in the table below. [Table I
located at end of chapter] . If the age of the tank cannot be determined,
retrofitting shall be completed by the earliest date shown.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
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DEK l,-».,oe(2)M) STAT10HARY TAKKS -
(d) Pollutant leaks, maintenance and repairs.
1. All underground tanks shall be maintained in the following manner.
a. A sacrificial anode type tank shall have the sjpac' structure-to-soil
potential tested six (6) weeks after installation or construction in
the area, at the end of the first year, and every five (5) years
thereafter. If the cathodic protection system is not operating in
accordance with manufacturer's requirements, the cause shall be deter-
mined and the necessary repairs made within 60 days of the test.
b. An impressed current type tank shall be inspected monthly, and if
the protective system is not operating in accordance with manufac-
turer's requirements, the cause shall be determined and the necessary
repairs made.within 60 days of the test.
c. A glass fiber reinforced tank shall be tested for deflection in
accordance with manufacturer's requirements at the time of installa-
tion.
2. When an underground tank is found to be leaking, the tank must be
emptied of all free liquid and meet the. requirements of Section
17-61.005(4).
3. No person shall put back into service any underground tank which has
leaked or has otherwise failed, for the purpose of reusing the facility
without:
a. containing the leak;
b. performing or having the repairs performed in a manner which
restores the structural integrity of the tank or meets the specifica-
tions in API 1631; and
c. testing or having the tank tested.
4. Testing and inspection.
a. All testing of underground tanks shall be done by the precision
test of NFPA 329, Chapter 4-3.10 or other test of equivalent or
superior accuracy.
b. Such tests shall be conducted by a person trained and certified by
the manufacturer of the test equipment or his agent in the correct use
of the necessary equipment, and shall be performed in accordance with
the testing procedures and requirements of the test system manufac-
turer.
c. If for any reason testing required by this Chapter cannot be per-
formed, the tank shall be deemed abandoned.
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STATIONARY TANKS :
PER 17-61.006(3) 9/86
(3) Integral Piping Systems.
(a) All systems.
1. All integral piping systems shall be installed, used, and maintained
in a manner which will prevent the discharge of pollutants to the lands,
groundwaters and surface waters of the state.
, 2. All integral piping systems shall be constructed in accordance with
accepted engineering practices, and NFPA 30, Chapter 3.
3. All integral piping systems ' shall be designed, constructed and
installed in a manner which will permit periodic testing of the entire
system. . .
4. Each owner or operator of any integral piping system shall test the
piping whenever the associated tank is tested. All tests shall be con-
ducted in accordance with API 1110, or other equivalent methods approved
by the department.
(b) Systems in contact with the ground.
1. New systems.
a. All integral piping systems shall:
i. be constructed of corrosion resistant materials; or
ii. for metal integral piping systems be protected against
corrosion by the use of double-walled piping oV cathodic pro-
tection in accordance with API 1632, NACE RP-01-69, or an
equivalent system. ^
' b. Cathodically protected piping systems of the sacrificial anode
type shall:
L be designed and installed to permit measurement of struc-
ture to soil potential, and be tested six (6) weeks after
installation or. construction., in the area, at the end of the
first year, and every five (5) years thereafter; and
ii. if inadequate cathodic protection is indicated, the
cause determined, and necessary repairs made to meet manufac-
turer's requirements within 60 days of the test.
c. Cathodically protected integral piping systems of the impressed
current type shall:
i. -be designed so that the impressed current source cannot
be de-energized at any time including during closure of the
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' „ , ., % - STATIONARY TANKS .-
PER 17-61.006(3)(b)l.c.i. - g/86
facility, except during power failures or to perform service
work on the storage system or the impressed current cathodic
protection system; and
ii. be equipped with a continuously operating meter to show
that the system is working. The system shall be inspected
monthly, and if any test indicates that the system in not
functioning in accordance with manufacturer's requirements,
the cause shall be determined and the necessary repairs made
within 60 days of the test.
d. All integral piping systems shall be equipped with .a leak detec-
tion system which may consist of: .
i. a network of monitoring wells; or
ii. a continuously operating leak detector in the excavation
along the piping, between the walls of double-walled piping
or in a secondary containment in which the piping lies; or
iii. a single monitoring well or detector in an impervious
underground catchment basin where piping is installed so that
all leaks will enter the basin; or
iv. a groundwater monitoring plan submitted to and approved
by the department for the pollutant storage facility sub-
sequent to Chapter 17-4.245;
v. a Spill Prevention Control and Countermeasure plan for
the pollutant storage facility as required by 40 CFR 112,
submitted to the department; or
«
vi. another alternative approved by the department.
e. Where monitoring wells are used, they shall:
i. be installed in the excavation beside the integral piping
system and shall be located along its entire length, with one
well within 100 feet of each end of the excavation; and
ii. be located so that no two (2) consecutive wells are more
than 250 feet apart.
2. Existing systems. Commencing January 1, 1999, no person shall use or
maintain any existing in-service integral piping system in association
with any facility unless the existing system complies with all of the
provisions of 17-61.006(3)(a) and (b)l. An integral piping system shall
be retrofitted on the same schedule as the associated tank.
(c) Systems not in contact with the ground. All new and existing systems.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
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STATIONARY TANKS <•
DER 17-61.006(3)(c)l. 9/86
1. All integral piping systems shall be inspected at least once a month
for wetting, discoloration, blistering, corrosion, cracks or other signs
of surface or structural damage.
2. Any integral piping system which shows signs of damage which could
impair its ability to retain pollutants shall, as soon as practicable, be
drained of sufficient contents to permit repair, and be repaired in a
manner which restores the structural integrity of the system.
.3. Commencing January 1, 1990, no person shall use or maintain any existing
in-service • integral piping system which does not meet the requirements in
17-61.006(3)(a). 'An integral piping .system shall be retrofitted on the
* same schedule as the associated tank. "•' • • •
(d) Product leaks and repairs.
1.. When ah integral piping system is found to be leaking, the leak must
be contained as soon as practicable or the system must be drained of suf-
ficient contents to prevent further leakage and allow repair.
2. No person shall use or repair an integral piping system which is leaking
or which has leaked without:
a. containing the leak;
b. performing or having the repairs performed in a manner which
restores the structural integrity of the storage system and is in
accordance with accepted engineering practices; and
c. testing the integral piping system.
Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S. ,
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S.
History: New 5-21-84.
17-61.007 Financial Responsibility. (Reserved)
17-61.008 Approval of Alternative Procedures and Requirements.
(1) The owner or operator of a facility subject to the provisions of this
Chapter may request in writing a determination by the Secretary or his designee.
that any requirement of this Chapter shall not apply to such facility, and
shall request approval of alternate procedures as requirements.
(2) The request shall set forth at a minimum the following information:
(a) Specific facility for which an exception is sought.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
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. .'DfeR17.61.008(2Kb) STATIONARY TANKS
(b) The specific provision of Chapter 17-61 from which an exception is
sought. Any provisions which reference this section are subject to the
approval procedures set forth herein.
(c) The basis for the exception including, but not limited to, the hardship
which would result from compliance with the established provision.
(d) The alternate procedure or requirement for which approval is sought and
a demonstration that the alternate procedure or requirement provides a
substantially equivalent degree of protection for .the lands, surface waters,
or groundwaters of the state as the established requirement.
(e) A demonstration that the alternate procedure or requirement is at least
as effective as the established procedure or requirement.
(3) The Secretary or his designee shall specify by order each alternate proce-
dure or requirement approved for an individual .facility in accordance with this
section or shall issue an order denying the request for such approval. The
department's order shall be final agency action/ reviewable in accordance with
Section 120.57, Florida Statutes.
Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S.
Law Implemented: 376.303, F.S.
History: New 5-21-84.
17-61.009 Stationary Tank Forms. The forms used by the Department in the Hazar-
dous Waste Management Program are adopted and incorporated by reference in this
section. The 'forms are listed by- rule number, which is also the form number and
with the subject title and effective date. Copies of -forms may be obtained by
writing to the Director, Division of Environmental Programs, Department of Environ-
mental Regulation, 2600 Blair Stone Road-, TaUahasssee, Florida 32301.
(1) Form 17-61.009(2), Stationary Tank Registration/Notification Form, September
(2) Form 17-61.009(3), Discharge Notification Form, September 1, 1984.
(3) Form 17-61.009(5), Federal/State Storage Tank Notification Form, October
31, 1985. ...
(4) Form 17-61.009(6), Post Card Notification Form, July 24, 1986.
Specific Authority: 376.303 and 376.307, F.S. -
Law Implemented: 376.303 and 376.307(5), F.S. . •
History: New 9-28-86.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
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DER 17-61
STATIONARY TANKS
9/86
Table I
Retrofitting Schedule
For
Existing Storage Tanks
[Reference 17-61.06(2)(c)2.]
Year Tank
Installed
Year Retrofitting Required
1987 1388 1989 1992 1995 1998
13
PrftSr to 1970
* . "*•*
~1970 - 1975
1976 - 1980
1981 -
Sept. 1, 1984
(JiK>
LR
LR
LR
MO = installation of Monitoring system and devices and
Overfill protection.
LR = Lining or Replacement of Non-Approved-Type Tanks.
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DER 17-61 STATIONARY TANKS -
LISTING OF AMENDMENTS
SECTION CHANGE EFFECTIVE DATE: DESCRIPTION OF CHANGE
UPDATE: 9/86
17-61
Amendment September 28, 1986: Renumbering rule 17-61 to
conform with the requirements of FAC 1S-1.
17-61.009 Addition September 28, 1986: Adding section to identify
forms used by the Department in the hazardous
waste management program; adding new form
ffl7-l.218(6; to meet the requirements of the 1986
amendments to Section 376.303(l)(a),(2), which
mandate the submission of data on storage tanks
with a capacity of 550 gallons or less.
Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
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