EPA 510-K-92-814
     FREE-PRODUCT RELEASE DETECTION FOR
     UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK SYSTEMS
                  VOLUME 2
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PETROLEUM TANK RELEASE
      DETECTION WITH WELLS IN FLORIDA
                PREPARED FOR:
   U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
   OFFICE OF UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANKS
              WASHINGTON, D.C.
               SUBMITTED TO:

        MIDWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE
        FALLS CHURCH. VIRGINIA  22041
         EPA CONTRACT  NO. 68-01-7383
               FEBRUARY 1988
           ^•fGERAGHTY
               & MILLER, INC.
              Ground-Water Consultants
                                       Printed on Recycled Paper

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                       ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
     Funding for this project was provided under EPA Contract
68-01-7383,  Work Assignment  5  (Subtask  7),  administered by
EPA's  Office  of  Underground  Storage  Tanks  (OUST).    The
Technical Project Monitor for OUST was Mr.  David J. O'Brien.
This document was prepared by Geraghty & Miller, Inc.,  (G&M)
for  the  EPA prime  contractor,  Midwest Research  Institute
(MRI).    Mr.  Don  A.  Lundy  served  as  Project and  Program
Manager  for G&M  and Mr.  Jeffrey s.  Mahan  was Officer-in-
Charge.   They were assisted  by Ms.  Michele  c.  Ruth  and Mr.
David L.  O'Brien in the Annapolis office and by Messrs. Fred
Sequitti and Paul Jacob in the G&M Florida offices.

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                       TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                           Page


1. 0  INTRODUCTION	     1

2.0  FLORIDA REGULATIONS REGARDING UST MONITOR-WELL
     DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS	     3

     2.1  Monitor-Well Construction Specifications
          Under the Provisions of Chapter 17-61	     4
     2.2  Monitoring-Well System Performance Criteria...     5

3.0  EFFECTIVENESS OF MONITORING WELLS FOR UST LEAK
     DETECTIONS WITH RESPECT TO HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING...     7

4.0  POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE UTILIZATION OF
     MONITORING WELLS FOR DETECTING LEAKS FROM USTS	     9

     4.1  Problems Associated with Hydrogeologic
          Conditions	     9
     4.2  Problems Associated with Well Construction....     9
     4.3  Problems Associated with Monitoring Programs..    15

5. 0  SUMMARY	    17

APPENDIX A:  Florida Stationary Tanks Regulations	   A-l

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                      1.0  INTRODUCTION

     As part  of its program to  regulate  underground storage
tank  (UST)  systems,  the Office  of Underground  Storage Tanks
of the U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency is  considering a
number of methods  for  detecting tank  releases to  the sub-
surface environment.   One method  of interest is  the  use of
ground-water  monitoring  wells  for  detection  of  either
separate  liquid-phase hydrocarbons  (free  product), dissolved
hydrocarbons, or  organic vapors  that could serve as evidence
of a release.

     This  report  is the second  of a two-volume report that
provides  information and  insight  into the  use of  wells to
detect product  releases.   Volume  1  identifies  hypothetical
conditions  under  which wells  are  either  capable  or  sig-
nificantly  limited in detecting  1ighter-than-water petroleum
products as a separate phase liquid.   Volume 2 focuses on the
effectiveness of  wells  in  an on-going regulatory program for
petroleum UST systems in Florida.   As  a  basis  for Volume 2,
Geraghty  &  Miller,  Inc,  (G&M)  collected information based on
its experience at a number of petroleum UST sites in Florida.
G&M's Florida experience has included the design and instal-
lation of wells for detection and spill  cleanup monitoring.
Florida's  Stationary Tank  Program is  one of the  first and
most  comprehensive State programs in the nation established

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to regulate  storage tanks used  to store fuel  for  vehicular
uses.   The primary objective  of this report is  to identify
and  assess the  prevalence  of both  successes  and problems
encountered  in the use  of  monitoring  wells  for  UST  site
conditions in Florida.

     Information upon which this study is based was primarily
obtained by interviewing  selected  key personnel in G&M's two
Florida offices over  a  two-day period.   Much of the informa-
tion on monitor-well  failures is based  on  the  field experi-
ence of  these persons.   Very little of the information is
formally documented.  This information base was supplemented
with limited  interviews with one vendor of product detection
well equipment and one major oil company that has a number of
UST  systems  currently  monitored under the  Florida program.
Very little  specific  data was obtained  from either of these
two additional sources.

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      2.0   FLORIDA REGULATIONS REGARDING UST MONITOR-WELL
               DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
     The  Florida Stationary Tank  Program was established on
May  21,  1984, to regulate  facilities  within the state which
store  petroleum products  in above- and  below-ground tanks.
It  is  also  referred to  as  Chapter  17-61  of  the Florida
Administrative  Code  and  is included  in  Appendix A of this
report.    The  Stationary  Tank Program   specifies  facility
construction,  operation  and repair  standards,  including a
schedule  for the implementation of  regulations for existing
tanks.   By  1989,  all existing  tanks  must  have an approved
monitoring  system  installed,  as well as overfill protection.
All  tanks  installed after September 1,  1984 are required to
be equipped with reliable monitoring  systems  at the time of
construction.

     The  Stationary  Tank Rule  allows  several  options  for
acceptable  leak-detection systems, including  product inven-
tory reconciliation, hydrocarbon vapor detection, and ground-
water and/or  free-product monitoring wells.  Monitoring wells
may  be inspected  and/or  sampled  manually  once a  month  or
monitored  continuously by electronic  sensing devices.   The
following is  a  discussion of the specifications for monitor-
ing wells as used for leak detection.

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2.1  Monitor-Well  Construction  Specifications  Under  the
     Provisions of Chapter 17-61
     If  monitoring wells are  used to meet  the requirements
for  release detection monitoring  systems,  the well  screens
.should be within the  excavation  zone around each  new tank.
Secondary  containment  involves the emplacement of  an imper-
vious material along  the excavation  boundaries.   In those
cases,  only  one  monitoring  well is required  within  the
backfill  for  each  tank;  if  no   secondary  contaminant  is
present, a minimum of four monitoring wells must be installed
around the tank or tanks.  Emplacement of wells into backfill
around  older tanks  is not  required  due to  the  uncertainty
about exactly where backfill is located.

     In  addition  to  the above  location requirements,  the
monitoring  wells  must be constructed  in  accordance with the
specifications stated  within the rule.  These specifications
state that  the well casing shall:

     1.  Be  a minimum of two  (2) inches in diameter;
     2.  Be  slotted from the bottom to at least two  (2) feet
         above the  annual  high water table;
     3.  Have a minimum slot  size of 0.010 inches;
     4.  Be  completed by  backfilling  with appropriate  clean-
         filter pack or wrapped  in  an appropriate filter cloth
         to  prevent clogging  under  soil conditions where silty
         fines will blind  the minimum slot size;
     5.  Be  constructed of Schedule 40  PVC  or other  material
         which  is impervious  to  the pollutant  stored;

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     6. Be  sealed into the  borehole at the  surface with an
        impervious barrier designed to prevent contamination
        of  the well  by surface  pollutants  and damage to the
        well;
     7. Be  equipped with a water-tight cap; and
     8. Be  of  sufficient length that:
        a.  The bottom of the  casing shall be at  least five
            (5)  feet   below the  water level  at  the  time of
            drilling, but no deeper than 25 feet; or
        b.  The casing shall extend to within six  (6) inches
            of  the bottom  of the secondary  containment,  but
            shall not contact the containment.

     Most   of  these  well  construction  specifications  are
fairly standard for all monitoring purposes.  However, Item 8
does restrict  the use of monitoring wells to site conditions
where  the  water table  is  closer  than  20  feet  to ground
surface,  if no  secondary contaminant  is  used.    Monitoring
wells can then be used inside the secondary containment zone
independent of the depth to ground water.

2.2  Monitoring-Well System Performance Criteria

     The Stationary Tanks Rule also dictates how the monitor-
ing  well   leak-detection   system  must  be  maintained  and
operated.  Along with the requirements that each of the wells
be  thoroughly developed  and  that  the wells shall  be kept
capped when not  being tested,  the rule also makes provisions
for  two different  types  of  monitoring:  1)  manual, or  2)
continuously functioning.

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      If a manual detection program is  employed, the  operator
 must sample the  surface  fluids from each well at least  once
 each month.  These fluid samples may be  screened for product
 using one or more of  the  following three  methods:

      1.  Poured  into   a  clean,  clear  glass  container,  and
         examined  for signs  of  an  oily layer  or  odor of
         pollutant;  or
      2.  Tested (analyzed) at  the  site;  or
      3.  Sent to a laboratory  and  tested (analyzed).

      If   continuously  functioning   devices  are  used,  the
 operator has a wide  choice of  types of devices which may be
 installed inside  the well.    All  automatic  leak  detection
 devices  must be  checked  on  a  monthly basis  to  ensure that
 they  are functioning  properly.

      It  is not  required to analyze for dissolved constituents
 unless  a spill or  leak  is detected.   Once a  leak  has been
 detected/  the  required  analytical  program  which   must  be
 implemented  is  currently controlled  by  the  provisions  of
 Chapter   17-70  Clean-Up  Criteria  Rule   (Chapter  17-70  is
proposed, not  promulgated,  and is used as a guideline) . This
rule  requires  that the water sample be analyzed by  specific
EPA methods  for dissolved hydrocarbons depending on the type
of product spilled.

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            3.0  EFFECTIVENESS OF MONITORING WELLS
             FOR UST LEAK DETECTIONS WITH RESPECT
                   TO HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING

     The  effectiveness  of a  monitoring-well system  at any
given   site  is  strongly  dependent  on  the   site-specific
hydrogeologic  conditions.   Generally, monitoring  wells are
most  effective  for  leak  detection  when the water table is
shallow and  is located  within unconsolidated  materials of
relatively  high permeability.    Monitoring wells  are  least
effective when  the water  table  is relatively deep,  or when it
is located  within bedrock or low permeability, unconsolidated
materials   (i.e., clays  and  silts),  or  when there  are un-
defined preferential  pathways  of  high  permeability  that
control product migration (e.g., buried utilities).

     G&M's  experience  in Florida  has generally been at sites
where the water table  is shallow  (i.e.,  less than seven feet
below ground  surface)  and where water-table fluctuations are
limited to  several  feet.  The water table at  these sites
often occurs within a layer of unconsolidated sandy materials
with the exception  of  limestone terrains in the southern and
some central portions of the state.

     The Florida settings  involving  a  shallow  water table
with minimal  fluctuations in  sandy,  unconsolidated units are
well  suited for  implementing  monitoring  well  networks for
detecting UST releases.   Except for  the Miami  area,  these

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settings  typify coastal  lowlands  where most  of the  human
population  resides.    These  same  areas have  the  greatest
density of petroleum UST systems, and therefore, the greatest
potential  for  exposure  and need  for  reliable  monitoring
systems.  The general success of the Florida UST program can,
in part, be attributed to this favorable situation.

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       4.0  POTENTIAL PROBLEMS WITH THE UTILIZATION OF
        MONITORING WELLS FOR DETECTING LEAKS FROM USTS

     There  are  several  potential problems which  may occur
with  respect  to the use of  monitoring wells  for product-
release detection.   The major factors  which are most likely
to  affect the  success  or  failure of  wells are  the hydro-
geologic  conditions,   well-construction  details,  and  the
methods by which well observations are made.

4.1  Problems Associated with Hydroqeoloqic Conditions

     As discussed previously, the hydrogeologic conditions of
a particular site strongly affect the performance of monitor-
ing wells for product-leak detection. The location and nature
of the water table is of primary importance to the effective-
ness  of  the monitoring-well  system.   In addition,  the site
geology may  also strongly  influence  released-product migra-
tion, and therefore, the effectiveness of a well system.

     The depth of the water table is an important influence
on the  effectiveness  of wells.   Deep water-table conditions
will result in a more significant environmental impact due to
migration  of   liquid-phase  hydrocarbons  vertically  under
gravity.  The  hydrocarbon will adhere to the  soil matrix as
it migrates making it difficult to recover.   These absorbed
hydrocarbons may serve as  a source  of  dissolved components

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leached to the water table with infiltrating water.  For this
reason, Florida has restricted the use of monitoring wells to
conditions where  the water table  is closer than 20 feet from
ground  surface.    Given  sufficient product release,  free or
.dissolved product will eventually  reach the water  table in
all hydrogeologic settings in Florida.   However,  the objec-
tive is to minimize the  degree of environmental impact prior
to  detection, thus  rendering  subsequent remedial  measures
more manageable,  effective and less costly.

     In some parts of Florida, especially near surface waters
or  in  coastal  areas,  a  shallow  water table  can  create
problems for  effective product-release monitoring.   In areas
where the water-table is within a few feet of ground surface,
it becomes very difficult to construct a well which meets the
Chapter 17-61 specification of  having a  slotted  screen two
feet above  the annual high water table  while  meeting local
water district  specifications  for a surface  seal  around the
well.   If  the local rule  supercedes the Chapter 17-61 rule,
free product  will not  be detectable within the well when the
water tables rises to the level of the well seal.

     Water-table  fluctuations  are generally  a  common source
of well failure for leak detection.  It is essential that the
well screen  is situated such  that it  always intercepts the
water table,  and  therefore,  any potential  floating product
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 layer.    However,  sometimes it  is difficult  to predict  the
 expected water-table  fluctuation  at  a  given  site  prior to
 monitoring.    Water-table  fluctuations  may  follow natural
 seasonal trends, tide  cycles,  or may be attributed to ground-
.water pumping or injection.  If the monitoring-well  system is
 installed during high  water-table  conditions,  the water table
 may  drop too low,  rendering the wells dry and unsuitable  for
 product  detection.  If the  wells are installed  during  low
water-table  conditions, the water  table may rise sufficiently
 such  that  the  water  table,   and therefore,   any  floating
product  layer,  may  be above  the screened  interval.   This
 condition is of  particular concern because it is likely that
 an operator monitoring the well may not notice that the water
table is too high,  and  released product may  go undetected.
Water-table  fluctuations in Florida are generally small (less
 than five feet), so that this problem usually does not occur;
however,  in  the  few areas where  larger  water-table fluctua-
tions occur, or when the water table  moves due to pumping or
injection, the problem has been reported.   There have been a
few cases noted where  the  water table was above the screened
interval  of  some  of  the  wells,  and floating  product  went
undetected during the  high water-table season; it is possible
that this situation has occurred  at  other sites  in Florida
but has gone unnoticed.
                              11

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      The composition, texture  and sequence  of  strata over-
 lying the water table may  also  influence the  effectiveness of
 monitoring-wells in  Florida.   In the  karstic limestone and
 fractured bedrock  areas,  the  well must be hydraulically
 connected with the portion of the bedrock which receives the
 released product.   Whether  or  not one or more  wells in the
 network  is  hydraulically connected with the  product mass is
 frequently a  matter of  chance.   This is especially true when
 openings in  the rock are  small and  widely spaced.   When the
 water table  is located  within low permeability units such as
 clay,  detection problems  may also arise  because  product is
 unlikely to  migrate  through water-saturated clay  and silt
 units.   This  a  result  of the  relatively  low wettability of
 floating product compared  with  that  of  water and the prefer-
 ence  for movement  in larger pores  of  coarser-grained mate-
 rials  that may occur in backfill  of tank  or utility excava-
 tions.   If product  is  released to  a subsurface environment
which  contains  layers  of  clay  and/or   silt within  sandy
material  above the water  table,  product  will tend  to perch
upon and  flow  around the clay and silt units.  Perching units
 can  slow down vertical  migration of product and delay  its
 arrival  at the water table,  or control flow direction other
than  the water-table gradient,  thereby  delaying  its dis-
 covery.   Free product is  harder to  detect  above  a  perching
horizon,  especially  if no  water is also perched prior to the
 accumulation of product.
                              12

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 4.2   Problems Associated with Well  Construction

      It   is  essential  that  monitoring  wells  be  properly
 constructed  and  maintained  to  effectively  detect product
 releases.   Of primary  importance  is the proper construction
 and  development of  the screened  zone  of the well, and the
 sealing  of  the annulus  between  the gravel  pack  and land
 surface.

      It   is  critical   to  maintain  hydraulic  communication
 between  surrounding  strata and the well.   Three problems can
 be identified based  on  G&M's experience:

         Improper drilling, design, or construction techniques
         Inadequate well development
         Clogging of  screens by bacteria

In southern  Florida, particularly  in settings which contain
softer limestones,  drilling through the  bedrock with augers
can result in the production of a limestone paste which seals
the   fractures  along   the  borehole wall,   inhibiting  the
transmission of fluids from  the surrounding  aquifer.   When
wells are  constructed  in these types of  boreholes,  it maybe
impossible to  ever  develop  the well sufficiently  to ensure
reliable monitoring.   Although other drilling methods could
possibly prevent  this  problem,  auger drilling is  still the
                             13

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method  of choice  in  Florida due  to  lower costs,  greater
mobility, avoidance of cross  contamination between wells and
other advantages related to well construction.

     In areas underlain by unconsolidated sediments,  monitor
well screens must be  installed with a gravel or sand pack of
an appropriate  size distribution to prevent the accumulation
of sand or silt in the well.   After the well is constructed,
the  well  should  be  developed  sufficiently  to  remove  a
majority  of  the fine  materials from  the system.   Without
sufficient hydraulic   communication  between the  aquifer and
the well,  the use of  monitoring wells for product detection
cannot  be considered  reliable.   This problem  appears  to be
very  rare probably because gravel-packed monitor  wells are
being drilled  without drilling muds  and  are being developed
adequately to establish good hydraulic communication.

     At some  locations in  Florida  it has been reported that
well  screens   can  become  clogged  with  bacterial  growth,
particularly  if diesel  fuel  is  present  in  the subsurface.
Bacterial clogging of screens is more likely to be a problem
during clean-up monitoring  rather than detection monitoring.

     Above the  well  screen, the annulus between the borehole
and the casing must  be properly sealed to ensure the surface
fluids  do not  enter  the wells.   This is important to prevent
                              14

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entry  of contaminants  from the surface  environment,  and to
eliminate the  occurrence of false  alarms which could result
from product  on the surface short-circuiting  to the aquifer
through  the annulus around the well.    Once wells  are in
place,  it  is important  that  the integrity  of the wells are
maintained.    Well  casings  and  surface seals  may  become
structurally damaged, particularly  in sandy  soils, via impact
by motor vehicles.

4.3  Problems Associated with Monitoring  Programs

     Monitoring-well  systems  may  be  checked  manually  or
equipped with  continuously detection  systems.   There  are a
few potential problems associated with each  type of program.

     If a manual detection program  is employed, Chapter 17-61
Florida  requires  that each monitoring  well  be  checked  on a
monthly  basis  for any  evidence of  product  release.    The
obvious potential problem with this type  of program is that a
significant  leak  could  occur  shortly  after  the  day  of
monitoring, and not be  detected until  up to  a month later.
If the leak is large enough, significant  environmental impact
could  occur  prior to detection.   If an  operator chooses to
observe the  wells at the beginning of  one  month  and  at the
end of the  succeeding  month,  almost two months  can  elapse
without  any  observations being  made.   Although significant
                             15

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releases could go undetected between such infrequent observa-
tions,  none were  reported  in G&M's  limited investigation.
This  is  probably because  daily  product  inventories  would
allow  discovery of  significant losses within  the two-month
time frame.

     In addition, slow leaks could result in the degradation
of water  quality by  slowly  imparting  dissolved hydrocarbons
to the  aquifer without being  visibly  or  odiferously notice-
able.    In  this type of  situation,   slow  leaks could  go
undetected for a long period of time.

     There are a variety of commercially available continuous
detection systems which can be installed inside wells.  These
types of systems also have some potential problems associated
with their use.   The mechanism by which these systems detect
hydrocarbons varies,  but  generally they are triggered by the
presence  of  product.    For  this  reason,  as  with  manual
programs, slow leaks resulting only in dissolved hydrocarbon
constituents in the aquifer can go undetected.  Also, many of
these automatic  systems are  reported to be prone to trigger-
ing  of false  alarms.   This  commonly results  in operators
disconnecting  the   systems,   thus rendering  the  systems
ineffective.  The possibility of these systems malfunctioning
also exists.  Chapter 17-61 requires these to be checked on a
monthly basis  to ensure that  they  are functioning properly.
                            16

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As with  manual monitoring  programs,  a release  could poten-
tially go  undetected for  up to a  two months and  result in
significant problems.   However,  no  such events were noted in
our investigation.
                              17

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                         5.0  SUMMARY

     Based on G&M's experience, monitoring wells can and have
been used effectively to detect released product from USTs in
Florida.  However, it is important to recognize the potential
limitations  of  monitoring  wells  for this  purpose.    The
primary  influences  on the effectiveness of monitoring wells
for a leak detection system are:

     1. The hydrogeologic setting,
     2. Monitoring-well design, construction and development,
        and
     3. The methods by which well observations are made.

     The hydrogeologic settings of Florida are generally well
suited  for the use  of monitoring wells  for product  leak
detection.   Monitoring-well design/construction/development,
and  monitoring-program  implementation,  have  apparently
created only a  few instances in Florida when monitoring wells
have failed to  detect a  leak.  In the vast majority of cases,
these failures  have not  resulted in additional serious damage
to  the  environment or  to  increased risks  of  exposure to
humans.

     It  is important  to note that monitoring successes are
much more easy to  recognize than  failures.   It is possible
that,  due to  limitations of  current monitoring technology,
some failures have  gone  unnoticed.
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             APPENDIX A
FLORIDA STATIONARY TANK REGULATIONS
                 A-l

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DER 17-61
                               STATIONARY  TANKS
                                                                              9/86
17-61.001
17-61.002
17-61.003
17-61.004
17-61.005
17-61.006
17-61.007
17-61.008
17-61.009
                              TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction and  Scope.
Definitions.
Referenced  Standards.
Applicability.
General Provisions.
Facility Construction, Operation and Repair Standards.
Financial  Responsibility. (Reserved)       .   .
Approval  of Alternative Procedures and Requirements.
Stationary Tank Forms.
LISTING OF AMENDMENTS
                              '? - C,l. 005(5)(a. )   =
                Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee,  Florida
                                        1

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DER 17-61.001
                               STATIONARY TANKS
9/86
17-61.001  Introduction and Scope.

   (1)  In  Section  376.30,  Florida  Statutes,  the  Legislature  finds  and  declares
   that:           .   '

      (a)  the  storage  of  pollutants within the  state is a  hazardous undertaking
      and  that the discharge of pollutants poses  a great  threat to the environment
      and  the citizens of Florida, and

      (b)  the  preservation of surface  water and groundwater  quality is  a primary
      public  concern  and  the benefit of regulating the  storage  of pollutants  out-
      weighs the burden imposed on  facilities by  these rules.

   (2)  This  chapter establishes  rules  regulating  underground and  aboveground  pol-
   lutant  storage facilities.    In  addition  to  the requirements  of  this  chapter,
   facilities  may be subject to the  groundwater  requirements of Chapters 17-3 and
   17-4, FAC.

Specific Authority:  376.303, F.S.
Law Implemented:  376.303, F.S.
History:  New  5-21-84.


17-51.002  Definitions.

   (1)  "Abandoned" means a storage system  which:

      (a)  is not intended  to  be  returned to  service, or

      (b)  has been out of  service for over three (3) years, or

      (c)  cannot be tested in accordance with  the requirements of this Chapter.

   (2)  "Aboveground  tank" means  that more than ninety  percent (90%) of the  tank
   volume  is not buried below the ground surface.  An aboveground tank may either
   be in contact  with the  ground, or elevated above it.

   (3)  "API" means American Petroleum Institute.

   (4)  "ASTM" means American  Society  for  Testing and Materials.

   (5)  "Department" means the Department of Environmental Regulation.
                                              *
   (6)  "Discharge"  shall   include, but  not  be  limited  to,  any  spilling,  leaking,
   seeping, pouring, emitting,  emptying, or dumping  of any pollutant which occurs
                Copyright 1986  REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                         2

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                               STATIONARY TANKS   -
PER 17-61.002(6)	.      g/8g
   and affects lands and the surface waters  and groundwaters of the state  not regu-
   lated  by Sections 376.011 - 376.21,  Florida Statutes.

   (7)  "Discovery"  means either actual discovery or  knowledge of the existence of
   the abandoned facility or discharge.

   (8)  "Emergency  replacement" means the  replacement of the damaged parts of a
   storage system  when  that storage  system is leaking and cannot be repaired to
   meet  the  standards  contained  in Sections  17-61.005 and  17-61.006.

   (9)  "Existing" means  a  facility  or  tank  for which  installation of a tank began
   prior  to September  1, 1984.

   (10)   "Facility"  means any  nonresidential location  or  part  thereof containing a
   stationary  storage  system  or systems  which contain pollutants,  which have  an
   individual storage  capacity greater  than  550  gallons, and  which  are  not regu-
   lated  by Sections 376.011 - 376.21,  Florida Statutes. ,

   (11)   "Impervious  material" means  a  material  of  sufficient  thickness,  density
   and  composition  (e.g.,   concrete,  metal,  plastic,  clay) that  will prevent  the
   discharge  to  the lands,  ground waters,  or  surface  waters  of the state  of  any
   pollutant  for  a period at least as  long as the  maximum anticipated time during
   which the pollutant will  be  in contact  with the  material.

   (12)   "In  service"  means a  storage system  which  contains pollutants  and  has
   pollutants regularly  added or withdrawn.

   (13).   "Integral piping  system" means continuous on-site wetted pipes  within the
   facility used  in  the transfer  or transmission of pollutant to and  from  a storage
   tank.

   (14)   "NACE"  means National Association of Corrosion Engineers.

   (15)   "New" means a  facility  or tank for  which the  installation of a tank began
   on or  after  September 1, 1984.

   (16)   "NFPA"  means National Fire Protection  Association, Inc.

   (17)   "Non-residential" means  the  primary purpose  of the tank is the  operation
   of a business  rather than domestic use  such as home heating at the facility.

   (18)   "Operator"  means any person  operating. a facility whether  by lease,  con-
   tract,  or other form of agreement.

   (19)  "Out of  Service" means a storage system which:

      (a)  is  not in use; that is,  which  does  not have pollutants  regularly added
      to  or  withdrawn  from  the storage system;  and

      (b)  is  intended to  be placed in service.
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                               STATIONARY TANKS   -
DER 17-61.002(20)                                       	:	9/86
   (20)  "Owner" means any person owning a storage system  or part  thereof.

   (21)  "Person"  means  any  individual,  partner,  joint  venture, corporation;  any
   group  of  the  foregoing,  organized  or united  for  a  business purpose;  or  any
   governmental entity.

   .(22)  "Pipe" means any hollow cylinder or tubular conveyance which  is constructed
   of  non-earthen materials  (e.g.,  concrete,  metal, plastic,  glass)  and is designed
   to transport pollutant.    .            .     .

   (23)  "Pollutant" in accordance  with Section 1376.32(6) is interpreted to mean:

      (a)  "oil  of any  kind and in any form"  and "derivatives thereof" to  include,
    "  but  not  be limited  to, crude  petroleum or  liquid products that are derived
      from  crude petroleum  by  distillation,  cracking,  hydroforming,  and/or  other
      petroleum refinery processes  to include "gasoline";
                     \
      (b)  "pesticides"  means  all  preparations  intended  for  use  as  insecticides,
      rodentieides,  nematocides,   fungicides,  herbicides,   amphibian  and   reptile
      poisons  or  repellents,  fish  poisons or  .repellents,  mammal  poisons or  re-
       pellents,  invertebrate  animal  poisons  or  repellents,  plant regulators,  plant
       defoliants, and plant  desiccants.  A product shall be  deemed to be  a  pesti-
       cide  regardless of  whether  intended for  use as packaged or after dilution or
      mixture with other substances, such as  carriers  of baits.   Products  intended
      only  for use after further, processing  or  manufacturing, such as grinding to
      dust  or  more  extensive operations, shall  not  be  deemed to  be  pesticides.
       Substances which have recognized commercial uses other than uses as pestici-
       des  shall not be deemed to  be  pesticides unless  such substances are:

          1.  specially prepared for use  as pesticides, or

          2.  labeled, represented, or intended  for use as pesticides;

       (c)  "ammonia"  and  "derivatives  thereof  include, but are  not limited  to,
       anhydrous liquid ammonia (NH«), ammonia  in aqueous solution (NH .OH), ammonium
       salts  or  other  liquid  chemical  preparations which  when  discharged release
       free ammonia  (NH3),  or ammonium ion (NH4+);

       (d)  "chlorine"  and   "derivatives  thereof1  include,  but are  not limited  to,
       anhydrous  liquid chlorine (Clo), chlorine in  aqueous  solution  (H+ HOC1 CO,
       compounds  containing   hypochlorite   (C1O-),   chlorite  (ClOj-),    chlorate
       (C1O3-),  perchlorate  (ClOy-) ions, and  other liquid preparations which,  when
       discharged, release  free chlorine (Cl or C19)  or any of the above chlorine-
       containing ions.

   (24)  "Pollutant-tight"  means   a  material  which  is not  subject  to  significant
   chemical or  physical  deterioration by the  pollutant  which is or  could  be  con-
   tained  therein so as to  prevent discharge  of the pollutant.
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                               STATIONARY  TANKS
PER 17-61.002(25)     	                       9/86
   (25)  "Retrofit"  means  to modify  a storage system  to meet  standards  contained
   in this Chapter.

   (26)  "Secretary" means  the  secretary of the Department of Environmental  Regu-
   lation.

   (27)  "Significant loss or  gain"  means  a loss  or gain of  pollutant  in  a storage
   system over  five  (5)  consecutive  inventory periods  which exceeds one  percent
   (1%)  of the storage system  capacity, or one percent (1%) of the  output,  or  50
   gallons, whichever is greater.

   (28)  "Stationary"  means  a tank or tanks not  meant  for  multiple  site use or a
   tank  or tanks  which  remain  at  the facility  site  for a period of 180  days  or
   longer.

   (29)  "Storage system"  means  a storage  tank  and all associated integral piping,
   excluding aboveground dispensing units.

   (30)  "Substantial  modifications"  shall  mean the  construction  of  any additions
   to  an  existing  storage system  or  restoration,  refurbishment or renovation  which
   significantly  impairs  or  affects  the  physical  integrity  of  the  storage  system
   or its monitoring system.

   (31)  "Tank"  means an  enclosed stationary device which  is constructed primarily
   of  non-earthen  materials (e.g.,  concrete,  metal,  plastic, glass)   and  which  is
   designed for the primary  purpose of storing pollutants.

   (32)  WUL" means Underwriters Laboratories,  Inc.

   (33)  "Underground tank"  means that ten percent (1090 or more of the tank volume
   is buried below the ground surface.

Specific  Authority:   376.303, F.S.
Law Implemented:   376.303,  F.S.
History:   New 5-21-84.

1REGfile.system  Editor's  Note:   Section 376.32(6)  in session  law chapter  83-310 s.
84 was renumbered as  376.301(10), Florida  Statutes.


17-61.003  Referenced Standards.

   (1)  Referenced standards are  available  for  inspection at  the  Department  of
   Environmental Regulation's  District and Tallahassee Offices and   from the fol-
   lowing sources:

       (a)  American  Petroleum  Institute  (API), 1220 L Street, N.W.,  Washington,
       D.C. 20005;
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                               STATIONARY TANKS   '
DER 17-61.003(b)                                          	'       9/86
      (b)  National  Association of  Corrosion  Engineers (NACE), P.O.  Box  218340,
      Houston, Texas  77218;

      (c)  National  Fire  Protection  Association  (NFPA), Batterymarch  Park,  Quincy,
      Massachusetts 02269;

      (d)  American Society  for Testing and  Materials (ASTM),  1916  Race Street,
      Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania 19103; and

      (e)  Underwriters  Laboratories  (UL),  333  Pfingston  Road,  Northbrook,  Illi-
      nois 60062.                                                    .

   (2)  Titles of documents.   Specific references to documents listed in (a)  through
   (e) below are  made throughout this Chapter.  Each of these documents or parts
   thereof are adopted and incorporated as standards  only  to  the  extent  that  they
   are specifically referenced in this Chapter.

      (a)  National  Fire  Protection  Association Standards.

          1.  Standard Number  30, 1981, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code";

          2.  Standard. Number 329, 1983, "Underground Leakage of Flammable and Com-
          bustible Liquids".

      (b)  American Petroleum Institute Standards.

          1;  Standard . Number  650, 1980, "Welded Steel  Tanks for  Oil  Storage,"
          Seventh Edition;

          2.'  Standard Number  620,  1982, "Recommended Rules for  Design  and  Con-
          struction of Large, Welded, Low-Pressure  Storage Tanks,"  Seventh Edition;

          3.  Publication 1110, 1981, "Recommended Practice for the Pressure Testing
          of  Liquid  Petrole'um Pipelines";

          4.  Specification Number  12B,  1977  (and Supplement  1,  1982),  "Specifi-
          cation  for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids,"  Twelveth Edi-
          tion;

          5.  Specification Number  12D,  1982  (and Supplement  1,  1983),  "Specifi-
          cation  for Field Welded  Tanks  for  Storage  of  Production  Liquids," Ninth
          Edition;

          6.  Specification Number  12F,  1982  (and Supplement  1,  1983),  "Specifi-
          cation  for Shop Welded Tanks  for  Storage of Production Liquids," Eighth
          Edition;

          7.  Bulletin   1615,  1979,  "Installation  of Underground Petroleum  Storage
          Systems";
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          PER 17-61.003(2)(b)8.           STATIONARY TANKS   -
^r
                   o'f
                   10.  Publication 1631, 1983, "Recommended Practice for the Interior r !„,•„„
                   of Existing Steel Underground  Storage  Tanks"; and        •   .   Ior Llnln8

                                                              *««- ** Bulk Liquid Stock





               (d)  Underwriters. Laboratories standards.


                                                        Tanks
                                                                              and Comtoti-
        Specific Authority:  376.303. F.S.
        Law Implemented:   376.303, F.S.                          *
        History:  New 5-21-84.                       •''••-.      *'


        17-61.004  Applicability.

          (1)  Standards  contained  in this  Chapter  shall
          used  on and off roads, aircraft, watercraft. afijl. and Twhi  "J2rf2'  sto°r?








          ® ^ Exemptions.  The following are exempt from the  requirements of this Chap-



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    . ,                  "          STATIONARY TANKS   -
    DER.7-61.004(2)(a)
          (a)   Stationary storage systems which contain liquefied petroleum Up)  gas;

          (b)   Stationary storage  systems whose contents have a softening point above
          100°F.

          (c)   Aboveground tanks  which are  elevated above the soil and  comply  with
          subparagraph  17-61.006(l)(c)2. shall  comply  only with  the  req uvements  of
       .   paragraph  17-61.005(4)(b) concerning  discharges,  subsection 17-61-°°nnRmST
          cerning  registration  and  notification,   and  subparagraphs  17-61.006(l)(d)2.
          and  3. concerning repair.                      .       "

      . (3)   This  rule shall not apply ,to new large  petroleum storage facilities (often
     :•<-. known as tank farms)  which have more than five (5) above-ground storage tanks
    # whose  total combined  storage  capacity exceeds 500,000 gallons of stored petro-
    I leum product 'at any one  time.   The department will  regulate these new large
    I   petroleum  storage   facilities on  a case-by-case basis until  such  time as speci-
    '.   fie  rules governing. such facilities are adopted.
                         ^
    Specific Authority:  376.303, F.S.
    Law Implemented:  376.303, F.S.
,    History: New  5-21-84.


    17-61.005  General  Provisions.

     •• (1)   Registration and Notification Requirements.

           (a)  Each owner or  operator shall register the following on  forms  provided
           by the department:

              1.  All existing facilities  by December  31, 1984.

              2.  All new storage  systems  or facilities at  feast ten (10) days prior  to
              start of installation of  tanks  except in cases of  emergency  replacement.

              3.  A  non-pollutant  containing  installation which is to be  converted  to a
              facility, at  least ten  (10) days  prior to the placement  of pollutants in
              such a facility.           .                     '   *

           (b)  'Each owner or operator shall  make  notification of the following on  forms
           provided by the department.    .

              1.  All storage systems within ten (10) days of abandonment.

              2.  Facility  sale within ten  (10) days of the sale.   Notice shall be  made
              by  the seller.

             -  3.   Retrofitting  of  existing  facilities  within  ten  (10) days  of  comple-
              tion.
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„   •          , ,               STATIONARY TANKS   -
PER 17-61.005(lXb)4.	                    '	9/86
         4.  Results  of tank  testing  which  reveals a  discharge within  three  (3)
         working days of testing.

         5.  Discharges exceeding 100 gallons on  pervious surfaces as  described  in
         Section 17-61.005(4)(b) within three (3) working  days of discovery.

         6. * Positive   response  of  a  detection  device, monitoring  well  test   or
         sample  or laboratory report within three (3) working days of discovery.

   (2)  Overfill protection.  No  person  shall  construct,  install,  use,  or  maintain
   any new facility without  providing a  reliable means of detecting  and preventing
   an  overfilling  condition  of a  storage system  before  any discharge  can occur.
   Overfill protection  may  consist of:

      (a)   an impervious containment system, or

      (b)   a tight fill device, or

      (c)   another equivalent design approved  by the department.

   (3)  Storage system  status.  A  facility may contain storage systems which are:

      (a)  In-service  storage  systems.  Any  pollutant  may  be  placed  in an  in-
      service  storage  system if   the  storage system is   pollutant-tight  and meets
      the requirements of  this Chapter.

    .  (b)  Out-of-service storage  systems.

         1. An  out-of-service storage system shall  have recorded a weekly inven-
         tory  of contents and the results of monthly leak detection and monitoring
         system  examinations unless  the storage  system  contains  no  free liquid
         pollutant or  vapors.   An out-of-service storage system which  contains no
         pollutant shall be secured  against tampering  and unauthorized  filling and
         inspected monthly for signs of damage to the security system.   The storage
         system  may  be  filled  with  water  for   ballasting.  The water  shall be
         disposed of in an  environmentally sound manner  consistent with department
         rules when pumped out of the system.                  •

         2.  A storage  system may be  kept in the  out-of-service status for more
         than  three  (3) years and  not  deemed  abandoned if approved by  the depart-
         ment.

     (c)   Abandoned storage  systems.     '         •           -  :

        1.  The owner of an abandoned storage system  must within 90  days  after
        discovery, pump the  system clean  of  free  liquid, and remove the  storage
        system in a safe manner, except that underground tanks may be  filled with
        sand, concrete, or other  inert  material in  lieu of removal,  in  accordance
        with the requirements in  API Bulletin 1604,  1981, Chapter 2.
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• DiR •iT-SI.OOSCSXO*.          STATIONARY TAHKS
9/86
           2.   The owner or  operator  of an  abandoned  tank shall not  dispose  of  it
           unless  he  meets the requirements of API 1604, Chapters 3 and 6, and:

              a.  the tank  is removed for  sale  or  use  elsewhere, in which case  it
              must be  permanently labeled "Not For Food Use" if it  has at any time
              contained leaded  fuel,  cleaned, and  made vapor  free to be safe  in
              transit; or

              b.  the tank  is disposed  of as junk  by rendering  it  vapor  free, and
              dismantling or perforating it in  a safe  manner  so as to render it  unfit
              for  further use.                 .    .

           3.   An abandoned storage system may be  brought into service  only  if  it
           has been completely retrofitted in  compliance  with the applicable require-
           ments in Section  17-61.006.

           4.   No  person shall place pollutants in an abandoned storage system.
                      \         '          .
    (4)   Record Keeping, Discharge Reporting  and Contamination Cleanup.

       (a)   Records required in  Sections  17-61.005, and 17-61.006  shall be maintained
       in permanent  form for two .(2) years and shall be available for  inspection by
     .  the department  at the facility.   If records are not kept  at the  facility  they
       shall  be available at the  facility or other location  approved  by the depart-
       ment  upon two  (2) working days notice.  Records of the following are required
       as a minimum.

           1.   Measurements taken and reconciliations  of  inventory.

           2.   Results of  examinations  of monitoring-wells and other leak detection
          systems.

        •  3.  Dates of retrofitting of existing storage systems.

          4.  Results of maintenance examinations of  storage systems.

          5.  Results of interior examinations of aboveground tanks.

          6.  Results of all NFPA 329 tests of  underground tanks.

          7.  Results of tests of pipes.

         . 8.  Descriptions of repairs.

       (b)  Any person discharging pollutants from a facility described in Section
       17-61.004(1) shall:                         .   .

          1.  immediately undertake to  contain,  remove, and abate the  discharge;
          and
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DER 17-61.005(4)(c)2.
                               STATIONARY TANKS
                                                                                 9786
          2.  in  the  case of  a discharge to  the  groundwater  in  violation of appli-
          cable  standards,  as soon  as  possible  institute  such  further  corrective
          action as necessary  under the provisions of Section 17-4.245(7), FAC.

      (c)  Leak Detection Systems, Inventory  Schedules  and Loss investigation.

          1.  Leak detection devices.

             a.   All  continuously  operating  leak detection systems  or devices shall
             be  installed,  maintained,  and  operated  in accordance with  manufac-
             turer's requirements,  and shall  include  a warning device  to  indicate
             the  presence  of  a  leak  of pollutant  or  other failure  or  breach  of
             integrity.   A leak detection device shall be inspected at least once a
             month to determine that the device is functioning.

             b.  All monitoring wells for which manual  test  devices or  methods are
             used  shall .be  tested  at  least  once  a month in  a manner which  will
             indicate the  presence of  a pollutant leak or  other failure  or breach
             of integrity.                                %      •

             c.  All monitoring wells not tested with  automatic or manual detection
             devices or methods shall be  tested at least once a month in accordance
             with the requirements in 17-61.005(5)(b) below.

            d.  A  monitoring well which contains less  than one  (1) foot of water
            may not  be  tested  by removal  of a sample as  described in  Section
             17-61.005(5)(b)  below,  but must be tested with  a manual  or automatic
            detection method.

         2.  Inventory records.

            a.  All facilities  shall maintain  inventory  records for  each  pollutant-
            containing  tank as required  in  Section 17-614006.   The  data required
            shall be  accumulated for each day a tank has pollutants added or with-
            drawn, but not  less frequently than'once a  week.

            b.   Losses  or  gains  from  each day's  inventory shall be averaged for
            each five (5) consecutive readings  or once a  week.  For any  average
            which  is a  significant loss  or  gain, the  investigation procedure  below
            shall be  followed.                                     •   .     .

         3.   Investigation  procedure.   The  investigation  shall not stop until  the
         source  of  the  discrepancy has been  found,  the  tank  has been  tested,
         repaired, or replaced, or  the  entire procedure has been completed.

            a.  Inventory,  input,  and  output  records shall  be checked for  arith-
            metical error.

            b.  Inventory shall be checked for error in measurement.
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PER 17-61.005(4)to)3.e.         STATIONARY TANKS
             c.   If  the  significant  loss or  gain is  not reconcilable  by steps  a.
             and  b., or  cannot  be  affirmatively  demonstrated  to  be the  result  of
             theft,  the  accessible parts of  the storage system shall be checked  for
             damage or  leaks.

             d.   Monitoring wells and  leak  detection systems  shall be  checked  for
             signs of a discharge.

             e. *  Calibration of  the inventory  measuring system  and  any dispensers
             shall be checked.                 .   .  -

.  ,  •   '   •  f•  The entire storage system,  excluding  the vent but including joints
             and' remote fill lines,  shall  be tested  in accordance  with  the appli-
             cable portions of Section 17-61.006.

             g.  If  a discharge  or  leak is  discovered,  the requirements  of appli-
             cable Sections 17-61.006(l)(d), (2)(d), or (3Xd) shall be  met.

 i  (5)  Monitoring wells.
 V                      •  -                       '
  \ ,  (a).  Monitoring wells used to  meet  the  requirements of  Section  17-61.006
   \   shall be designed  to meet the  following specifications, or  shall be  a part
   ,   of an  approved groundwater  monitoring  plan  for  the pollutant storage  faci-
   »   lity  pursuant  to  17-4.245.   Monitoring  wells installed  before' the  effective
   ,  date of  this  Chapter may be used  as  a. part  of  a monitoring  system   as
   •  approved by the department.  The well casing shall:

   I      1.  be a minimum of two (2) inches in diameter;

         2.  be slotted from the bottom to  at least two (2) feet above the normal
         annual high water table;

         3.  have a minimum slot size of .010  inches;   *
   i  .
   I      4.  be  completed  by  backfilling  with  appropriate  clean  filter pack   or
         wrapping in an appropriate  filter cloth  to prevent  clogging under  soil
         conditions  where silty fines will blind the minimum slot size;

         5.  be-constructed of  schedule 40  PVC or other  material which  is imper-
         vious  to the pollutant stored;                 .

         6.  be  sealed   into  the  bore  hole  at  the  surface  with  an impervious
         barrier  designed to  prevent  contamination of  the well by  surface pollu-
         tants  and damage to the well;

         7.  be equipped with a watertight  cap; and

         8..  be of sufficient length that:                             •
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                                        12

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PER 17-61.005ft)(a)a.».         STATIOHARY  TAHgS   ,.	
             a.   the  bottom  of the casing shall  be at least five  (5) fe'et below the
             water level  at the  time  of drilling but  no  deeper than  twenty-five
             (25) feet; or                                                     J

             b.   the  casing shall  extend  to  within six  (6)  inches of  the bottom  of
             a secondary containment, but shall not contact the containment.

      (b)   All monitoring wells shall:

         1.  be placed as  required in Section 17-61.006; and

         2.  if  water  enters the. well, be  developed upon drilling until the water
         is clear  and relatively  sand  free by  overpumping,  bailing, surging with
         compressed  air, backwashing, a combination of the above, or other methods
         approved  by the department; and                                   U«SMIWK>

         3.  if  not  equipped with a continuously functioning detection device  or
         tested  with  a portable device inserted  into  the well,  be sampled by'the
         removal of  at least one  (1) cup  of  fluid from the  well, using a Kemmerer-
         type sampler, bailer,  or a  sampler of similar design.  The  fluid  shall be
         taken from  the  surface of the  water table.   The fluid shall:

            a.  be poured into a clean,  clear glass container  kept  for  the pur-
            pose, and examined for signs of  an oily layer or odor of pollutant; or

            b.  be tested at the site; or

                be sent to a laboratory and  tested.

     (c)  The positive response of a detection device, the presence  of  a layer or
     odor  of pollutant,  or  the positive  report  of  a laboratory  that the  sample
     contains pollutant shall be  treated  as a discharge unless the owner  or ooe-
     rator affirmatively demonstrates that no discharge his occurred.

     (d)  All  wells shall  be kept capped when  not being tested.

  (6)  Required  testing.

     (a) In  addition to  the  testing  requirements  of Section  17-61.005(4)(c)3.f.,
     the  owner  or  operator of  a  storage  system  shall  test  the entire  storage
     system whenever the  department has ordered that such a test is necessary to
     protect  the lands,  ground  waters,  or surface waters   of  the  state.   The
     department  may order a test if:                •-»

        1.  the  operator of  a  storage system has failed to comply  with the orovi-
        sions  of  Section  17-61.006; or                            *           P

        2.   a discharge  detection device or monitoring  well  indicates that pollu-
        tant has been or is being discharged; or
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                                       13

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                               STATIONARY TANKS
DER  17-61.005(6)(a)3.                                   	9/86
          3.  groundwater  contamination  exists in  the  vicinity  and the  facility  is
          reasonably likely to be a source of the contamination.

       (b)  Testing shall  be conducted  in accordance  with the requirements of Sec-
       tions 17-61.006(l)(d)4., 17-61.006(2)(d)4., and  17-61.006(3)(a)4.

Specific Authority:   376.303, F.S.    •
Law Implemented:  376.303, F.S.
History:   New 5-21-84.     .                 . ... .  .   •


17-61.006  Facility Construction, Operation  and Repair Standards.

   (D  Aboveground Facilities

       (a)  All  storage  tanks.    Inventory  records  as  required  by  subparagraph
       17-61.005(4)(c)2^' shall  be-  maintained for  all  aboveground  tanks and shall
       include:

         '1. -pollutant contained,

          2.   physical inventory,

          3.   inputs and  outputs of pollutant, and

          4.   reconciliation of the above.

       (b)  New storage tanks.

          1.   No person  shall install, use or maintain any new  aboveground storage
          system in a  manner which  will allow the discharge of a pollutant  to the
          lands, groundwaters, or  surface waters of the £tate,  and without meeting
          the  requirements contained in NFPA  30,  Chapters 2-1, 2-2, 2-5 and  2-7;
          API Standards  650, 620, 12B  and Supplement 1, 12D and. Supplement  1, 12F
          and  Supplement 1, and UL 142, as applicable.

          2.   No person  shall use or maintain  any  new aboveground storage  system
          without having  constructed around and under it an impervious containment
          system,  including a dike enclosing the  tank or  tanks, conforming  to the
          requirements  of NFPA Sp^phapter 2-2.3,  regardless of whether  or not the
          tank is in contact with the" containment or supported above it.

            a.  The dikes and  the entire areas enclosed  by the dikes including the
            area under  the  tanks shall be made impervious to  the  types of pollu-
            tants stored in the tanks.              ...

            b.  Drainage  of precipitation  from  within  the  diked area shall  be
            controlled in  a manner  that will prevent pollutants from entering the
            lands, groundwaters or surface waters of the state in excess of water
            quality standards established by department rule.
                Copyright 1986  REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                         14

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PER 17-61.006H1(b)3.           STATIONARY TANKS   ,	
          3.  No person  shall  construct,  install,  use or  maintain any  new  above-
          ground metal tank making contact with  the  soil unless  portions in contact
          with  the soil are  corrosion  protected.   Such corrosion  protection shall be
          in accordance with NACE Standard Number  RP-01-69.

      (c)   Existing storage tanks.

          1.  Commencing January  1, 1990,  no  person  shall use, maintain  or fill
          with   pollutants  any  existing  in-service   aboveground storage   system
          without  conforming to all  of  the requirements  of Section  17-61.006(l)(a)
          and  (b)  above,  except that impervious barriers are  not required  under
          existing  field-erected  tanks in  contact  with  the  soil.   In  lieu of  the
          impervious barrier,  existing  field-erected tanks  in contact with  the  soil
         shall  have:

            a.  the interior  bottom  and  at least 18 inches of  the  interior sides
            joining  the'  bottom of  the tank  coated  with a glass fiber-reinforced
            epoxy coating or  other  suitable  material which in impervious to  the
            pollutant  to  be  stored; or

            b.  a network of monitoring  wells installed outside  of and around  the
            dike  surrounding  the tank  or  tanks.   There shall  be  at  least  four
            wells in  each network,  with no  two consecutive wells farther  apart
            than 150  feet.  Each well shall be within 25 feet of the dike,  and may
            be part of more  than one network; or

            c.  a groundwater  monitoring plan submitted  and implemented for  the
            poUutant  storage  facility  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  in
            Chapter 17-4.245, FAC, or

            d.  a copy of a Spill Prevention  Control and  Countermeasure plan  for
            the poUutant storage  facility as  required bv  40 CFR Part 112, sub-
            mitted to  the department; or

            e.   the  portions  of the  tank in  contact with  the  soil corrosion pro-
            tected in  accordance with NACE RP-01-69.
      +

        2.  Commencing  January 1, 1990, no  person  shall use, maintain or fill any
        existing tank elevated  above the soil without  placing  an impervious con-
        tainment  system  under  and around  It and sealed  to its  supports in-accor-
        dance with NFPA 30, Section 2-2.3.3.

     (d)   Pollutant leaks, maintenance, and repairs.

        1.  The owner or operator of an aboveground  facility  shall  at least once
        a month  inspect the exterior of each  pollutant-containing  tank and the
        dike and  impervious containment  surrounding  the tank for wetting, disco-
        loration,  blistering,  corrosion,   cracks,  or  other  signs  of   structural
        damage, paying  particular  attention to  the  condition of the  containment
        at the base of the tank.
              Copyright  1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                       15

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  •   •                          STATIONARY TANKS
DER 17-61.006(l)(d)2.                      	'	§/86
          2.   Any aboveground tank which shows signs of damage which  could  impair
          the ability  of  the  tank  to  retain  pollutants  shall, as  soon  as  prac-
          ticable, be drained of sufficient contents to permit repair.

          3.   When  an aboveground tank  is found to be  leaking, the leak  shall be
          contained  as soon  as  practicable  or  the  tank  must be  drained of  suf-
          ficient contents to prevent further leakage  and allow repair.

          4.   When  the inventory records  of an aboveground tank show  a significant
          loss' or  gain-of pollutant and tank  testing  is required, the tank  shall be
         "emptied,  cleaned,  and  visually and  mechanically or  electronically  exa-
          mined on ..the  interior and  bottom,  or tested by other means  approved by
          the department.   •          ...

          5.   No person shall  use or  repair an aboveground tank which  is leaking or
          which has leaked without:
           "         \
             a.   containing the leak;                  >    '

           -  6.   performing or having the repairs performed in a manner which re-
             stores  the  structural  integrity  of  the  tank,  except  that temporary
             repairs may be made to lesser standards and may remain in place  for up
             to six  (6) months.

          6.   Any dike or impervious containment which shows damage which could
          impair its ability to retain  pollutants shall be repaired.

   (2)  Underground Facilities.

      (a)  All storage tanks.

          1.   Inventory  records . as  required  by subparagraph  17-61.005(4)(c)2.  shall
          be  maintained  for all  underground  tanks  in a  manner equivalent to  that
          shown in  API 1621, Appendices A, D, and  J3, and shall include as a  mini-
          mum:                                         :

             a.  pollutant contained,

             b.  physical  inventory,           .

             c.  inputs and outputs of pollutant,

           •  d.  amount  of water in tank, and  .

             e.  reconciliation of the above.

          2.   Where a tank .has pollutants added and  withdrawn for 24 hours per day,
          physical inventory shall be measured at least every 24 hours.

      (b)  New storage tanks.
                Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                         16

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                               STATIONARY TANKS
PER 17-61.006(2)(b)l.
          1.  All  new tanks  installed  for the  underground  storage of  pollutants
          shall  be  designed  and  constructed  in  a  manner  which  will  prevent
          discharges  of pollutant  to the  land,  groundwaters, or surface  waters of
          the  state.   Acceptable designs  for  tank construction  include  cathodically
          protected   steel,  glass  fiber-reinforced plastic,  steel  clad  with  glass
          fiber-reinforced   plastic,   double-walled  steel   or  plastic,   or  other
          equivalent  design  approved  by  the  department.  Design,  construction  and
          installation  of  new  underground tanks  shall  be in accordance with stan-
          dards contained  in NFPA 30, Chapters 2-1 and 2-3, API 1615, Chapters 3(3)
          and  3(4), and UL  58 or  UL  1316, and  manufacturers' requirements.   The
          design of  double-walled  tanks shall be  approved by the  department  on a
          case-by-case basis.

          2.  All new  tanks shall be  equipped with a strike  plate beneath the fill
          pipe and gauge opening.

          3.  All new  tanks must be  provided with a  means  of monitoring  for  any
          leakage  and  spillage  of the stored  pollutant  at  the  time  of  installation.
          The  monitoring system may consist of:

            a.  a  continuous   leak  detection system  in  between  the  walls of  a
            double-walled tank; or

            b.  a  single  monitoring  well  or detector  located in  an  impervious
            secpndary_.containment; or

           4n.  a  continuously operatlng_leak. ..detection system placed  around  a
          / tank in an excavation or  secondary containment "in accordance with the
        ^•^manufacturer's requirements; or            .~

            d.  a network of  at least  four monitoring  wells placed  in the  excava-
           tion  around a tank or tanks in compliance with requirements of Section
            17-61.005; or
                                     •*•-
            e.  a groundwater monitoring plan submitted to  and approved by  the
            department for  the  pollutant storage  facility  pursuant   to  Chapter
            17-4.245; or

           .f.  a  Spill Prevention  Control and Countermeasure  plan  for the pollu-
            tant storage facility as required by 40 CFR Part  112, submitted to  the
            department; or

          ^=.g. .another alternative approved by the department.

        4.  A cathodically protected  tank  -shall meet the  specifications  in   API
        1632,  be coated in accordance with NACE RP-01-69,  and shall  meet  the
        following requirements:

           a.   A sacrificial anode-type tank  shall be electrically isolated.
               Copyright 1986  REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida

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DER 17-61.006(2)(b)4.b.
                               STATIONARY TANKS
9/86
             b.  A tank protected  by an impressed current system shall:

                       i.  be designed so that  the  impressed current source cannot
                       be  de-energized at any time, including  during closure of  the
                       facility, except during power failures  or to  perform  service
                       work on the storage system or the impressed current cathodic
                       protection system; and

                       iu   include  a continuously operating meter  to show that  the
                  .    system is working.  .     .         .

          5.   A glass fiber-reinforced plastic tank shall:

             a.  be tested in accordance with ASTM Specification  D4021-81;  and

             b.  be labeled on the tank and fill cap "Non-metallic  Underground Tank
             for Petroleum Products,  Alcohols,  and Alcohol-Gasoline  Mixtures",  or
             "Non-metallic Underground Tank for Petroleum Products Only".

          6.   A glass fiber-reinforced plastic-clad steel tank  shall as a minimum:

             a.  be cleaned by sandblasting to SSPC 6;

             b.  be  dad  with  a  mixture  of  isophthalic resin and fiberglass  100
             mils thick;

             c.  be tested by a 10,000 volt Jioliday test performed  over  100  percent
             of the surface;  and        .    tf

             d.  be electrically isolated.

       (c)  Existing storage tanks.                       *

          1.   Commencing  January 1, 1999,  no person  shall  use,  maintain,  or fill
          any  in-service  existing  underground  storage  system  without  retrofitting
          the system  so as to comply with  all  of  the provisions  of 17-61.006(2)(b),
          except that:

             a.  strike plates are  not required to be retrofitted; and

             b.  tanks which are other than the approved types must either be lined
             in accordance with the  recommendations  in  API 1631, or replaced with
             an  approved  type tank.  A tank  which has been lined shall  be tightness
             tested before being put  into service.

          2.   In achieving the above compliance, retrofitting shall be completed by
          December 31 of the appropriate year shown in the  table  below.  [Table I
          located at end  of  chapter] . If the  age of the  tank  cannot be determined,
          retrofitting shall be completed by the  earliest date shown.
                 Copyright 1986 REGfiles,  inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                         18

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DEK l,-».,oe(2)M)            STAT10HARY TAKKS   -
      (d)  Pollutant leaks, maintenance and repairs.

          1.  All underground  tanks  shall be maintained in the following  manner.

             a.   A sacrificial  anode type  tank shall have the sjpac' structure-to-soil
             potential  tested  six (6)  weeks  after installation or  construction in
             the  area,  at the  end  of the  first  year,  and every  five  (5)  years
             thereafter.   If  the  cathodic  protection  system  is  not  operating in
             accordance with  manufacturer's requirements, the cause  shall be deter-
             mined and the necessary repairs made  within  60  days  of the test.

             b.   An impressed current type tank shall  be inspected monthly, and if
             the  protective  system  is  not operating in  accordance  with  manufac-
             turer's requirements,  the cause shall be determined and  the  necessary
             repairs made.within 60  days of the test.

             c.  A glass  fiber  reinforced tank  shall  be tested  for deflection in
             accordance with  manufacturer's  requirements at the time  of installa-
             tion.

         2.  When an  underground  tank  is found to be leaking, the  tank must be
         emptied   of   all  free  liquid  and  meet the.  requirements  of  Section
         17-61.005(4).

         3.  No person shall put back into service any underground tank which has
         leaked  or  has otherwise failed,  for  the  purpose of  reusing the facility
         without:

            a.   containing the leak;

            b.   performing or having  the  repairs  performed  in  a  manner  which
            restores  the structural  integrity  of the tank or meets  the specifica-
            tions in API 1631; and

            c.   testing or having the tank tested.

         4.   Testing and inspection.

            a.   All  testing  of underground tanks  shall  be  done  by the  precision
            test  of  NFPA  329,  Chapter  4-3.10  or other  test  of  equivalent or
            superior accuracy.

            b.  Such tests shall be  conducted by a  person trained and certified by
            the  manufacturer  of the test  equipment or  his agent in the correct  use
            of the necessary equipment, and shall be performed in accordance with
            the  testing  procedures  and  requirements of  the  test  system  manufac-
            turer.

            c.  If for any reason  testing  required  by  this Chapter  cannot be per-
            formed,  the  tank shall be deemed  abandoned.
              Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc.,  Tallahassee, Florida
                                       19

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                               STATIONARY TANKS   :
PER 17-61.006(3)	             	            9/86
   (3)   Integral Piping Systems.

      (a)  All  systems.

         1.  All  integral  piping  systems shall be  installed, used,  and maintained
         in a  manner which will prevent the  discharge of pollutants  to  the lands,
         groundwaters and surface waters of the  state.

        , 2.  All  integral  piping  systems shall be  constructed  in accordance with
         accepted engineering  practices, and NFPA  30,  Chapter 3.

         3.  All  integral  piping  systems ' shall  be  designed,  constructed  and
         installed  in  a  manner  which will permit  periodic  testing  of the  entire
         system.                   .          .

         4.  Each owner or operator  of any  integral  piping system shall  test the
         piping whenever  the  associated tank is tested.   All tests shall  be con-
         ducted in accordance  with API 1110,  or  other  equivalent methods approved
         by the department.

      (b)  Systems in  contact with the ground.

         1.  New systems.

            a.  All integral piping systems shall:

                      i.   be constructed of  corrosion  resistant materials; or

                      ii.  for  metal integral   piping  systems be  protected  against
                      corrosion by the use  of  double-walled piping oV  cathodic pro-
                      tection in accordance with  API 1632, NACE RP-01-69, or an
                      equivalent system.                ^

           ' b.  Cathodically  protected  piping systems  of  the sacrificial  anode
            type shall:

                      L   be designed and installed  to permit  measurement of struc-
                      ture  to  soil potential,  and  be  tested six (6)  weeks after
                      installation or. construction., in  the area,  at  the end of the
                      first year, and every  five (5)  years thereafter; and

                      ii.  if inadequate  cathodic   protection   is   indicated,  the
                      cause determined, and necessary repairs made to meet manufac-
                      turer's requirements within  60 days of the test.

            c.  Cathodically protected  integral  piping systems  of the  impressed
            current type  shall:

                      i.  -be designed so that  the  impressed  current source cannot
                      be de-energized at any time including during closure of the
              • Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc.,  Tallahassee, Florida
                                        20

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'   „          ,  ., %     -        STATIONARY TANKS   .-
 PER 17-61.006(3)(b)l.c.i.	-       g/86
                       facility, except  during power  failures or  to perform  service
                       work on the storage system or the impressed current cathodic
                       protection system; and

                       ii.  be  equipped with a continuously operating meter  to show
                       that the  system  is working.   The  system shall be inspected
                       monthly,  and if  any  test indicates that  the system  in not
                       functioning in  accordance with  manufacturer's  requirements,
                       the cause  shall be determined and the necessary repairs made
                       within 60 days of the  test.

             d.  All integral piping systems  shall be equipped  with .a leak detec-
             tion system which may consist of: .

                       i.  a network of monitoring wells; or

                       ii.  a continuously operating leak detector in  the excavation
                       along the  piping, between the  walls  of double-walled  piping
                       or in a  secondary containment in which the piping lies;  or

                       iii.   a  single  monitoring  well  or  detector in an impervious
                       underground catchment basin where piping  is installed so that
                       all leaks will enter  the basin;  or

                       iv.  a groundwater monitoring plan submitted to and approved
                       by the  department for  the pollutant  storage  facility  sub-
                       sequent  to Chapter  17-4.245;

                       v.  a Spill  Prevention  Control and Countermeasure plan for
                       the  pollutant  storage  facility  as required by 40 CFR 112,
                       submitted to the department; or
                                                         «
                       vi.  another alternative approved by the department.

            e.   Where monitoring wells  are used, they shall:

                       i.   be installed  in the excavation  beside  the  integral piping
                       system  and shall be located along its  entire  length, with one
                       well within 100  feet of each end of the excavation; and

                       ii.  be located  so that no  two  (2) consecutive wells are  more
                       than  250 feet apart.

         2.  Existing systems.   Commencing January 1,  1999, no person shall  use  or
         maintain  any  existing  in-service  integral  piping   system  in association
         with  any  facility unless  the  existing  system  complies with  all  of the
         provisions  of 17-61.006(3)(a)  and (b)l.   An integral piping  system  shall
         be retrofitted on the same schedule  as  the associated tank.

      (c)  Systems not in contact with  the ground.   All  new  and existing systems.
               Copyright 1986 REGfiles,  inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                        21

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                                STATIONARY TANKS   <•
 DER 17-61.006(3)(c)l.                                                            9/86
          1.  All integral piping systems shall be  inspected  at least  once a  month
          for  wetting,  discoloration,  blistering,  corrosion,   cracks  or  other  signs
          of surface or structural  damage.

          2.  Any integral  piping  system which shows signs  of damage  which could
          impair  its ability to  retain  pollutants shall,  as soon  as practicable,  be
          drained of sufficient  contents  to  permit  repair,  and  be repaired  in  a
          manner which restores the structural integrity  of the  system.

         .3.  Commencing January  1, 1990, no person shall use  or maintain any existing
          in-service • integral piping system which does not meet the requirements in
          17-61.006(3)(a).  'An  integral  piping .system shall  be retrofitted  on  the
       *   same schedule  as  the associated tank. "•' •       •  •

       (d)  Product  leaks  and repairs.

          1..  When  ah integral piping system  is found to be leaking,  the leak must
          be contained as soon as practicable  or the  system must be drained of suf-
          ficient contents to prevent  further leakage  and allow  repair.

          2.  No person shall use or repair an integral piping  system which is leaking
          or which has leaked  without:

             a.  containing  the leak;

             b.  performing  or  having  the  repairs performed  in  a manner  which
             restores  the  structural integrity  of  the  storage  system  and  is  in
             accordance  with accepted  engineering  practices;  and

             c.  testing  the integral piping system.

Specific  Authority:   376.303, F.S.                      ,
Law Implemented:   376.303, F.S.
History:   New  5-21-84.


17-61.007  Financial Responsibility.   (Reserved)


17-61.008  Approval of Alternative Procedures  and  Requirements.


   (1)  The  owner   or  operator of  a  facility subject  to   the  provisions  of  this
   Chapter may  request  in  writing a determination by the Secretary or  his designee.
   that  any  requirement  of  this  Chapter  shall  not apply  to  such  facility,  and
   shall  request  approval of alternate procedures as requirements.

   (2)  The request  shall set forth at a minimum the following  information:

       (a)  Specific  facility  for which an exception  is sought.
                Copyright  1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                         22

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.  .'DfeR17.61.008(2Kb)            STATIONARY TANKS
           (b)  The  specific  provision  of  Chapter  17-61  from  which an  exception  is
           sought.    Any  provisions  which  reference  this  section  are subject  to the
           approval procedures  set forth herein.

           (c)  The basis  for  the exception  including,  but not  limited to,  the hardship
           which would result  from compliance  with the established provision.

           (d)  The alternate procedure or  requirement  for which approval is  sought and
           a  demonstration  that  the  alternate  procedure  or  requirement  provides  a
           substantially equivalent degree  of protection for .the lands, surface waters,
           or groundwaters of  the state as  the  established requirement.

           (e)  A demonstration that the alternate procedure  or requirement  is at  least
           as effective as the  established procedure or  requirement.

       (3)  The Secretary or his designee  shall specify by  order each alternate  proce-
       dure or  requirement approved for  an individual .facility  in accordance with  this
       section  or shall  issue  an order  denying the  request  for such approval.    The
       department's  order shall be  final agency action/ reviewable in accordance  with
       Section  120.57, Florida Statutes.

    Specific Authority: 376.303, F.S.
    Law Implemented:  376.303, F.S.
    History:  New 5-21-84.


    17-61.009   Stationary Tank Forms.  The forms used by the Department  in  the  Hazar-
    dous  Waste  Management Program are adopted and incorporated by reference in  this
    section.  The 'forms are listed by- rule number, which is also the  form number  and
    with  the subject   title and  effective  date.  Copies of -forms may be  obtained by
    writing to the Director, Division of Environmental Programs, Department of Environ-
    mental  Regulation, 2600  Blair Stone Road-, TaUahasssee, Florida 32301.

      (1)  Form 17-61.009(2),  Stationary Tank Registration/Notification  Form,  September
      (2)  Form 17-61.009(3),  Discharge Notification Form, September 1,  1984.

      (3)  Form  17-61.009(5),  Federal/State  Storage  Tank  Notification  Form,  October
      31, 1985.                                         ...

      (4)  Form 17-61.009(6),  Post  Card Notification Form, July 24,  1986.

   Specific Authority:  376.303 and 376.307,  F.S.                  -
   Law  Implemented:  376.303 and  376.307(5), F.S.    .                                •
   History:  New 9-28-86.
                  Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc.,  Tallahassee, Florida
                                           23

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DER 17-61
                             STATIONARY TANKS
                                                 9/86
                                    Table  I
                              Retrofitting Schedule
                                      For
                             Existing Storage Tanks
                          [Reference  17-61.06(2)(c)2.]
             Year Tank
             Installed
                                 Year  Retrofitting Required
1987  1388  1989  1992   1995   1998
            13
          PrftSr to 1970
              *   .   "*•*
          ~1970 - 1975


           1976 - 1980


           1981 -
          Sept. 1, 1984
(JiK>
             LR
                                LR
                                      LR
           MO =  installation of Monitoring system and devices  and
                Overfill  protection.

           LR = Lining  or Replacement of Non-Approved-Type Tanks.
                Copyright  1986  REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee, Florida
                                       24

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 DER 17-61	        STATIONARY TANKS   -

                           LISTING  OF AMENDMENTS                      	
SECTION             CHANGE     EFFECTIVE DATE: DESCRIPTION  OF CHANGE
UPDATE: 9/86

17-61
                    Amendment  September 28, 1986:  Renumbering rule 17-61 to
                                 conform with the requirements of FAC 1S-1.

17-61.009            Addition     September 28, 1986:  Adding section  to identify
                                 forms  used by the  Department in the hazardous
                                 waste   management  program;  adding   new  form
                                 ffl7-l.218(6; to meet the requirements  of the 1986
                                 amendments  to  Section  376.303(l)(a),(2),  which
                                 mandate the  submission of data on storage tanks
                                 with a capacity of 550 gallons or  less.
             Copyright 1986 REGfiles, inc., Tallahassee,  Florida
                                     25

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